[{"question": "When did Beyonce start becoming popular?", "answer": "in the late 1990s"}, {"question": "What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?", "answer": "singing and dancing"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? ", "answer": "Houston, Texas"}, {"question": "In which decade did Beyonce become famous?", "answer": "late 1990s"}, {"question": "In what R&B group was she the lead singer?", "answer": "Destiny's Child"}, {"question": "What album made her a worldwide known artist?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love"}, {"question": "Who managed the Destiny's Child group?", "answer": "Mathew Knowles"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 rise to fame?", "answer": "late 1990s"}, {"question": "What role did Beyonc\u00e9 have in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "lead singer"}, {"question": "What was the first album Beyonc\u00e9 released as a solo artist?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Dangerously in Love?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win for her first solo album?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's role in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "lead singer"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first solo album?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love"}, {"question": "After her second solo album, what other entertainment venture did Beyonce explore?", "answer": "acting"}, {"question": "Which artist did Beyonce marry?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "To set the record for Grammys, how many did Beyonce win?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "For what movie did Beyonce receive  her first Golden Globe nomination?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce take a hiatus in her career and take control of her management?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which album was darker in tone from her previous work?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "After what movie portraying Etta James, did Beyonce create Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "Cadillac Records"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child end their group act?", "answer": "June 2005"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second solo album?", "answer": "B'Day"}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first acting job, in 2006?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9 married to?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter-ego?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce"}, {"question": "In her music, what are some recurring elements in them?", "answer": "love, relationships, and monogamy"}, {"question": "Time magazine named her one of the most 100 what people of the century?", "answer": "influential"}, {"question": "Which magazine declared her the most dominant woman musician?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "In which decade did the Recording Industry Association of America recognize Beyonce as the The Top Certified Artist?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "What magazine rated Beyonce as the most powerful female musician in 2015?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "How did Beyonce describe herself as a feminist?", "answer": "modern-day feminist"}, {"question": "In which years did Time rate Beyonce in the 100 most influential people in the world?", "answer": "2013 and 2014"}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonce sold in her 19 year career?", "answer": "118 million"}, {"question": "How many records did Beyonc\u00e9 sell as part of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "60 million"}, {"question": "After leaving Destiny's Child, how many records did Beyonc\u00e9 release under her own name?", "answer": "118 million"}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What magazine named Beyonc\u00e9 as the most powerful female musician for 2015?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "Beyonce's younger sibling also sang with her in what band?", "answer": "Destiny's Child"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce get her name from?", "answer": "her mother's maiden name"}, {"question": "What race was Beyonce's father?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "Beyonce's childhood home believed in what religion?", "answer": "Methodist"}, {"question": "Beyonce's father worked as a sales manager for what company?", "answer": "Xerox"}, {"question": "Beyonce's mother worked in what industry?", "answer": "hairdresser and salon owner"}, {"question": "What younger sister of Beyonce also appeared in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Solange"}, {"question": "Beyonce is a descendent of what Arcadian leader?", "answer": "Joseph Broussard"}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9's father work for when she was a child?", "answer": "Xerox"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9's mother own when Beyonc\u00e9 was a child?", "answer": "salon"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's younger sister?", "answer": "Solange"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 is a descendant of which Acadian leader?", "answer": "Joseph Broussard."}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was raised in what religion?", "answer": "Methodist"}, {"question": "What town did Beyonce go to school in?", "answer": "Fredericksburg"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to notice Beyonce's singing ability?", "answer": "Darlette Johnson"}, {"question": "Beyonce moved to which town after she left her first elementary school?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "Which of her teachers discovered Beyonce's musical talent?", "answer": "dance instructor Darlette Johnson"}, {"question": "I which church was Beyonce  a member and soloist  in the choir?", "answer": "St. John's United Methodist Church"}, {"question": "What type of school was Parker Elementary School?", "answer": "music magnet school"}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonce sing to win a competition at age 7?", "answer": "Imagine"}, {"question": "What city was Beyonc\u00e9's elementary school located in?", "answer": "Fredericksburg"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first dance instructor?", "answer": "Darlette Johnson"}, {"question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she won a school talent show?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What choir did Beyonc\u00e9 sing in for two years?", "answer": "St. John's United Methodist Church"}, {"question": "Who decided to place Beyonce's group in Star Search the talent show?", "answer": "Arne Frager"}, {"question": "In 1995, who decided to manage the girls singing group?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9's father"}, {"question": "Who was the first record label to give the girls a record deal?", "answer": "Elektra Records"}, {"question": "Who brought Beyonce to California and enter her group in Star Search?", "answer": "Arne Frager"}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce's father quit his job to manage her group?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What large record company recorded Beyonce's group's first album?", "answer": "Sony Music"}, {"question": "What record company first signed Beyonce's group and later cut them?", "answer": "Elektra Records"}, {"question": "At what age did Beyonce meet LaTavia Robertson?", "answer": "age eight"}, {"question": "How old was Beyonc\u00e9 when she met LaTavia Roberson?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first group Beyonc\u00e9 was a part of?", "answer": "Girl's Tyme"}, {"question": "Who placed Girl's Tyme in Star Search?", "answer": "Arne Frager"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 begin to manage the girl group?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Who signed the girl group on October 5, 1995?", "answer": "Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment"}, {"question": "Which film featured Destiny's Child's first major single?", "answer": "Men in Black"}, {"question": "For which song, did Destiny's Child take home the grammy award for best R&B performance?", "answer": "\"Say My Name\""}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce record with for the movie \"The Best Man?\"", "answer": "Marc Nelson"}, {"question": "Beyonce's group changed their name to Destiny's Child in what year?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "The name Destiny's Child was based on a quote in which book of the Bible?", "answer": "Book of Isaiah"}, {"question": "Debut song, \"Killing Time\" was featured on what movie's sound track?", "answer": "Men in Black"}, {"question": "What song won Best R&B Performance in the 43 Annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Say My Name"}, {"question": "What singer did Beyonce record a song with for the movie, ''The Best Man\"?", "answer": "Marc Nelson"}, {"question": "Where did Destiny's Child get their name from?", "answer": "Book of Isaiah."}, {"question": "Destiny's Child song, Killing Time, was included in which film's soundtrack?", "answer": "Men in Black."}, {"question": "What was Destiny's Child's first major song hit?", "answer": "No, No, No"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release their second album?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sing a duet with for \"The Best Man\" film?", "answer": "Marc Nelson"}, {"question": "What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?", "answer": "depression"}, {"question": "What event occured after she was publicly criticized?", "answer": "boyfriend left her"}, {"question": "Who supported Beyonce through her depression?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "What event caused Beyonce's depression?", "answer": "split with Luckett and Rober"}, {"question": "How long was Beyonce depressed?", "answer": "a couple of years"}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams."}, {"question": "Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Farrah Franklin"}, {"question": "\"Charlie's Angels\" featured which single from the band members?", "answer": "Independent Women Part I"}, {"question": "How many weeks did their single \"Independent Women Part I\" stay on top?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "For what network, did Beyonce land a major movie role in?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "Their third album, Survivor, sold how many during its first week?", "answer": "663,000 copies"}, {"question": "What French composer wrote the original opera ''Carmen'' in the 19th century?", "answer": "Georges Bizet"}, {"question": "What album caused a lawsuit to be filed in 2001?", "answer": "Survivor"}, {"question": "Independent Women Part I was on which 2000 film's soundtrack?", "answer": "Charlie's Angels."}, {"question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in 2001 with Mekhi Phifer?", "answer": "Carmen: A Hip Hopera"}, {"question": "What was the name of Destiny Child's third album?", "answer": "Survivor"}, {"question": "Who filed a lawsuit over Survivor?", "answer": "Luckett and Roberson"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child announce their hiatus?", "answer": "October 2001"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce star with in the movie, \"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"?", "answer": "Mike Myers"}, {"question": "Which three countries did Beyonce's song \"Work It Out\" achieve top ten status?", "answer": "UK, Norway, and Belgium"}, {"question": "Beyonce starred with Cuba Gooding Jr. in which film?", "answer": "The Fighting Temptations"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce record the lead single with in the movie \"The Fighting Temptations\"?", "answer": "Missy Elliott"}, {"question": "Which other song from the soundtrack did better in the charts?", "answer": "Summertime"}, {"question": "What film did Beyonce appear in with Mike Myers?", "answer": "Austin Powers in Goldmember"}, {"question": "What large amount did the movie \"Goldmember\" gross?", "answer": "73 million"}, {"question": "What genre of movie did Beyonce star in with Cuba Gooding, Jr?", "answer": "musical comedy"}, {"question": "What song was the lead single from the film's sound track?", "answer": "Fighting Temptations"}, {"question": "How did the critics view the movie, ''The Fighting Temptations''?", "answer": "mixed reviews"}, {"question": "What film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Mike Myers in 2002?", "answer": "Austin Powers in Goldmember"}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's character called in Austin Powers in Goldmember?", "answer": "Foxxy Cleopatra"}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single for Austin Powers in Goldmember's soundtrack?", "answer": "Work It Out"}, {"question": "What musical comedy did Beyonc\u00e9 star in along with Cuba Gooding, Jr. in 2003?", "answer": "The Fighting Temptations"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 release as the lead single from The Fighting Tempations?", "answer": "Fighting Temptations"}, {"question": "What was the highest Beyonce's first solo recording achieved in the Billboard Hot 100?", "answer": "number four"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first album by herself was called what?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love"}, {"question": "How many has \"Dangerously in Love\" sould worldwide since its debut?", "answer": "11 million"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first number one song was which song?", "answer": "Crazy in Love"}, {"question": "How many top five singles came from her first album?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first solo album in the U.S. with what artist in the lead single?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "What solo album did Beyonce release in 2003?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love"}, {"question": " The album, Dangerously in Love  achieved what spot on the Billboard Top 100 chart?", "answer": "number four"}, {"question": "\"The Closer I get to You\" was recorded with which artist?", "answer": "Luther Vandross"}, {"question": "Which artist was associated with Beyonc\u00e9's premiere solo recording?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her first solo album?", "answer": "June 24, 2003"}, {"question": "What is the lead single on Beyonc\u00e9's first album?", "answer": "Crazy in Love"}, {"question": "Who helped Beyonc\u00e9 earn a Grammy award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group at the 46th annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Luther Vandross."}, {"question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 46th Grammy's Awards?", "answer": "five."}, {"question": "Destiny's Child's final album was named what?", "answer": "Destiny Fulfilled"}, {"question": "Destiny's Child got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce embark on her Dangerously in Love tour of Europe?", "answer": "November 2003"}, {"question": "What was the name of the final album of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Destiny Fulfilled"}, {"question": "It was announced that Destiny's Child would  disban in what European city?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child get their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame?", "answer": "March 2006"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's European start that started in November 2003?", "answer": "Dangerously in Love Tour"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tour with for the Verizon Lades First Tour?", "answer": "Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys"}, {"question": "What major event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at on February 1, 2004?", "answer": "Super Bowl XXXVIII"}, {"question": "What is the name of the final studio album from Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Destiny Fulfilled."}, {"question": "How many albums did Beyonce sell in the first week when she released her second album?", "answer": "541,000"}, {"question": "The lead single from the album was which song?", "answer": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu"}, {"question": "How many countries did her song \"Irreplaceable\" get number one status in?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many singles did her second album produce?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What birthday did Beyonce's album B'Day celebrate?", "answer": "twenty-fifth birthday"}, {"question": "What artist did Beyonce duet with in the single, \"Deja Vu''?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "How high did ''Deja Vu'' climb on the Billboard chart?", "answer": "top five"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's second album?", "answer": "B'Day"}, {"question": "How many copies did B'Day sell during the first week of its release?", "answer": "541,000"}, {"question": "Who collaborated with Beyonc\u00e9 on the single, Deja Vu?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "Which single from B'Day was only released in the U.K.?", "answer": "Green Light"}, {"question": "What movie did Beyonce act in 2006?", "answer": "The Pink Panther"}, {"question": "Her second movie Beyonce did was what film?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "The single, \"Listen\" was featured in which movie?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first world tour was when?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How much money did Beyonce's tour make in 2007?", "answer": "24 million"}, {"question": "How many millions of dollars did ''The Pink Panther'' gross world-wide?", "answer": "158.8 million"}, {"question": "What did Beyonce call her first concert tour?", "answer": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience"}, {"question": "Who was Beyonce's duet with in ''Beautiful Liar''?", "answer": "Shakira"}, {"question": "Which film did Beyonc\u00e9 star with Steve Martin in?", "answer": "The Pink Panther"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's role in Dreamgirls was based on what pop singer?", "answer": "Diana Ross."}, {"question": "What was the lead single for the Dreamgirls soundtrack?", "answer": "Listen"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's first international tour?", "answer": "The Beyonc\u00e9 Experience"}, {"question": "What pop singer did a duet with Beyonc\u00e9 on Beautiful Liar?", "answer": "Shakira"}, {"question": "Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "Her third album, \"I am...Sasha Fierce\" was released when?", "answer": "November 18, 2008"}, {"question": "For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?", "answer": "119.5 million"}, {"question": "How did she reveal the marriage?", "answer": "in a video montage"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?", "answer": "March 2009"}, {"question": "Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "How much did the second world tour make in dollars?", "answer": "119.5 million"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 get married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 marry?", "answer": "Jay Z."}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce"}, {"question": "The video for what song won Beyonc\u00e9 the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?", "answer": "Single Ladies"}, {"question": "Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyonc\u00e9 instead of Taylor Swift?", "answer": "Kanye West"}, {"question": "Beyonce portrayed which character in the film, Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Etta James"}, {"question": "Beyonce gave her entire salary from Cadillac Records to which organization?", "answer": "Phoenix House"}, {"question": "Which song did Beyonce sing at the first couple's inaugural ball? ", "answer": "At Last"}, {"question": "What genre of film was the movie, Obsessed, in which Beyonce starred in?", "answer": "thriller"}, {"question": "A fight scene from the movie, Obsessed, won which award for Beyonce?", "answer": "MTV Movie Award for Best Fight"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce donate her salary from the movie Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Phoenix House"}, {"question": "What thriller film did Beyonce star in?", "answer": "Obsessed"}, {"question": "What was the name of the woman she played in Obsessed?", "answer": "Sharon Charles"}, {"question": "How much more that the buget did the film gross?", "answer": "60 million"}, {"question": "Which singer did Beyonc\u00e9 portray in Cadillac Records?", "answer": "Etta James"}, {"question": "Which organization received Beyonc\u00e9's entire Cadillac Records salary?", "answer": "Phoenix House"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform on January 20, 2009?", "answer": "the First Couple's first inaugural ball."}, {"question": "Which thriller film did Beyonc\u00e9 star in with Ali Larter?", "answer": "Obsessed."}, {"question": "How many awards was Beyonce nominated for at the 52nd Grammy Awards?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Beyonce tied with which artist for most nominations by a female artist?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill"}, {"question": "In 2010, Beyonce worked with which other famous singer?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "How many number one singles did Beyonce now have after the song \"Telephone\"?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Beyonce tied who for most number one singles by a female?", "answer": "Mariah Carey"}, {"question": "Beyonce received how many nominations at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards?", "answer": "ten nominations"}, {"question": "What song was the sixth first place song for Beyonce?", "answer": "Telephone"}, {"question": "Who else appeared with Beyonce in Telephone?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "Who did they tie with for six top songs?", "answer": "Mariah Carey"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce tie with for the most nominations in a year?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill"}, {"question": "How many nominations did Beyonc\u00e9 receive at the 52nd Grammy Awards ceremony?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tie with for the most Grammy nominations for female artists?", "answer": "Lauryn Hill"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was a featured artist on which singer's hit, Telephone?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Lady Gaga tie with for the most number one hits since 1992?", "answer": "Mariah Carey"}, {"question": "Beyonce would take a break from music in which year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which year did Beyonce and her father part business ways?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which famous landmark did Beyonce see in China?", "answer": "the Great Wall of China"}, {"question": "In what year did Beyonce have her hiatus?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who inspired this hiatus?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "When did she stop using her father as a manager?", "answer": "During the break"}, {"question": "How long did the hiatus last?", "answer": "nine months"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 announce in January 2010?", "answer": "a hiatus"}, {"question": "Who suggested the hiatus for Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 part ways with during her hiatus?", "answer": "her father"}, {"question": "How long did her hiatus last?", "answer": "nine months"}, {"question": "In which year was reports about Beyonce performing for Muammar Gaddafi surface?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce donate the money to earned from her shows?", "answer": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund"}, {"question": "Beyonce became the first female artist to perform solo in 20 years at which stage?", "answer": "the 2011 Glastonbury Festival"}, {"question": "Which organization did Beyonce's spokespeople confirm her donations to?", "answer": "The Huffington Post"}, {"question": "Beyonce was listed in 2011 as the highest paid performer per what?", "answer": "minute"}, {"question": "Hoe did everyone learn that Beyonce performed for Kaddafi?", "answer": "documents obtained by WikiLeaks"}, {"question": "When did this leak happen?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who did she tell about the donation?", "answer": "The Huffington Post"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce perform in 2011?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 perform privately for in 2011?", "answer": "Muammar Gaddafi."}, {"question": "Who released the information about Beyonc\u00e9's performance for the Libyan ruler?", "answer": "WikiLeaks"}, {"question": "Which organization did Beyonc\u00e9 donate her pay for the private performance to?", "answer": "Clinton Bush Haiti Fund."}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the first female singer to headline what at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival?", "answer": "Pyramid stage"}, {"question": "Beyonce's fourth album debuted in what year?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Which single had the most success from that album?", "answer": "Love on Top"}, {"question": "Beyonce won an award for which activity in 2011?", "answer": "writing"}, {"question": "in 2011, Beyonce performed for four nights where?", "answer": "New York's Roseland Ballroom"}, {"question": "When was Beyonce's forth album released?", "answer": "June 28, 2011"}, {"question": "How many copies did the album sell in its first week?", "answer": "310,000 copies"}, {"question": "Who awarded Beyonce and award for writing?", "answer": "New York Association of Black Journalists"}, {"question": "When did she perform at the Roseland ballroom?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's fourth studio album?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "When was 4 released?", "answer": "June 28, 2011"}, {"question": "How many copies of 4 sold in the first week?", "answer": "310,000"}, {"question": "What magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 write a story for about her earlier hiatus?", "answer": "Essence"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 perform for four nights of standing room only concerts in 2011?", "answer": "New York's Roseland Ballroom"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "answer": "January 7, 2012"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce give birth to her first child?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first child is named what?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "Her first appearance performing since giving birth was where?", "answer": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce have her first child?", "answer": "January 7, 2012"}, {"question": "What was the child's name?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "How long was it after the birth of her child before she performed again?", "answer": "Five months"}, {"question": "How many nights did she perform at Atlantic City?", "answer": "four nights"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to a daughter?", "answer": "January 7, 2012"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 name her daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "Where was Blue Ivy born?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital in New York."}, {"question": "Where was Beyonc\u00e9's first public performance after giving birth?", "answer": "Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall"}, {"question": "How many nights did Beyonc\u00e9 play at the resort?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Destiny's Child released a compilation album about which topic?", "answer": "romance"}, {"question": "Beyonce's documentary movie was called what?", "answer": "Life Is But a Dream"}, {"question": "What did Beyonce sign in 2013?", "answer": "global publishing agreement"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release its album \"Love Songs\"?", "answer": "January 2013"}, {"question": "What was the title of the added track in Love Songs?", "answer": "Nuclear"}, {"question": "At whose inauguration did she perform the National Anthem?", "answer": "President Obama"}, {"question": "How many Tweets per minute did the half time show get?", "answer": "268,000 tweets per minute"}, {"question": "When did Destiny's Child release Love Songs?", "answer": "January 2013"}, {"question": "What was the new track for Love Songs?", "answer": "Nuclear"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at President Obama's second inauguration?", "answer": "the American national anthem"}, {"question": "What event did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at one month after Obama's inauguration? ", "answer": "Super Bowl XLVII halftime show"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's documentary film?", "answer": "Life Is But a Dream"}, {"question": "How many dates did Beyonce's \"The Mrs. Carter Show\" entail?", "answer": "132"}, {"question": "One of Beyonce's most successful tours yet was which one?", "answer": "The Mrs. Carter Show"}, {"question": "Beyonce wrote which song for the movie \"Epic\"?", "answer": "Rise Up"}, {"question": "Beyonce voiced a character in which animated film?", "answer": "Epic"}, {"question": "When did the tour begin?", "answer": "April 15"}, {"question": "Of what event was Beyonce honorary chair?", "answer": "2013 Met Gala"}, {"question": "What part did she voice for the movie Epic?", "answer": "Queen Tara"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonce record for the film Epic?", "answer": "Rise Up"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonc\u00e9's tour that she started on April 15?", "answer": "The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour"}, {"question": "How many dates did the Mrs. Carter Show World Tour have?", "answer": "132"}, {"question": "Which Amy Winehouse song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover and release in May 2014?", "answer": "Back to Black"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was an honorary chair of the 2013 what?", "answer": "Met Gala."}, {"question": "Which character in the film, Epic, was voiced by Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "Queen Tara"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce release her 5th album to a huge surprise?", "answer": "the iTunes Store"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce get her fifth consecutive number one hit album?", "answer": "December 13, 2013"}, {"question": "Where was the album released? ", "answer": "the iTunes Store"}, {"question": "Who joined Beyonce on her On The Run Tour?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "Who reported Beyonce to e the top earning woman in music?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "How much more were her earnings that the year before?", "answer": "more than double her earnings"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release her fifth studio album?", "answer": "December 13, 2013"}, {"question": "How many digital copies of her fifth album did Beyonc\u00e9 sell in six days?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "What song on Beyonc\u00e9's fifth studio album featured her husband?", "answer": "Drunk in Love"}, {"question": "What was the name of the tour featuring both Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z?", "answer": "On the Run Tour."}, {"question": "How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?", "answer": "Beck"}, {"question": "Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay"}, {"question": "Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?", "answer": "Beck"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay"}, {"question": "If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?", "answer": "six awards"}, {"question": "On what magazine was she the cover model?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay"}, {"question": "With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?", "answer": "Coldplay"}, {"question": "How many awards was Beyonc\u00e9 nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many awards did Beyonc\u00e9 win at the 57th Annual Grammys?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?", "answer": "Beck"}, {"question": "Which magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?", "answer": "Coldplay"}, {"question": "Beyonce released the song \"Formation\" on which online music service?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "Beyonce's new single released before the super bowl was called what?", "answer": "Formation"}, {"question": "What day did Beyonce release her single, Formation?", "answer": "February 6, 2016"}, {"question": "How was the single released?", "answer": "exclusively"}, {"question": "What was the name of the streaming service?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "What kind of platform was the song released?", "answer": "music streaming"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 release Formation?", "answer": "February 6, 2016"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 exclusively release her single, Formation?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "As of April 2014, how many albums have Jay Z and Beyonce sold together?", "answer": "300 million"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonce become pregnant?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Beyonce described what as the \"hardest thing she had to endure\"?", "answer": "miscarriage"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce have a relationship with?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "When were Beyonce and Jay Z married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008"}, {"question": "Together how records have they sold ?", "answer": "300 million"}, {"question": "How did Beyonce deal with the miscarriage of her child?", "answer": "wrote music"}, {"question": "Where was Beyonce when she became pregnant?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "In which music video did Beyonc\u00e9 star as Jay Z's girlfriend, creating speculation about their relationship?", "answer": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde"}, {"question": "When were Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z married?", "answer": "April 4, 2008"}, {"question": "How many records combined have Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z sold?", "answer": "300 million"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the saddest thing in her life?", "answer": "miscarriage"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 get pregnant?", "answer": "Paris."}, {"question": "Jay Z and Beyonce attended which event together in August of 2011?", "answer": "MTV Video Music Awards"}, {"question": "Beyonce confirmed what after performing one of her songs?", "answer": "her pregnancy"}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Music Awards?", "answer": "12.4 million"}, {"question": "Where did she announce her pregnancy?", "answer": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards"}, {"question": "Why was the broadcast the most-watched in history?", "answer": "Her appearance"}, {"question": "What even was recorded in the Guinness World Records?", "answer": "most tweets per second"}, {"question": "What was the most searched term in week of Aug 29, 2011?", "answer": "Beyonce pregnant"}, {"question": "What song did she perform at the MTV Awards?", "answer": "Love on Top"}, {"question": "Where did Beyonc\u00e9 announce her pregnancy?", "answer": "2011 MTV Video Music Awards"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing prior to announcing her pregnancy?", "answer": "Love on Top"}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards?", "answer": "12.4 million"}, {"question": "What was the most searched term on Google for the week of August 29, 2011?", "answer": "Beyonce pregnant"}, {"question": "Jay Z has a website called what?", "answer": "Lifeandtimes.com"}, {"question": "Which song by Jay Z talked about the pregnancy struggles?", "answer": "Glory"}, {"question": "What was the name of Beyonce's daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "At what hospital was the baby delivered?", "answer": "Lenox Hill Hospital"}, {"question": "What was the named of the song  dedicated to the child?", "answer": "Glory"}, {"question": "What does B.I.C. stand for?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "Who was credited for her cries on the song?", "answer": "B.I.C."}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 give birth to her daughter?", "answer": "January 7, 2012"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay Z name their daughter?", "answer": "Blue Ivy Carter"}, {"question": "What song did Jay Z release two days after Blue Ivy was born?", "answer": "Glory"}, {"question": "What is included at the end of Glory?", "answer": "Blue Ivy's cries"}, {"question": "How was Blue Ivy credited on Glory?", "answer": "B.I.C."}, {"question": "Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?", "answer": "George Zimmerman"}, {"question": "Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?", "answer": "America the Beautiful"}, {"question": "How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?", "answer": "4 million"}, {"question": "What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?", "answer": "same sex marriage"}, {"question": "What did they attend in July 2013?", "answer": "a rally"}, {"question": "What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?", "answer": "America the Beautiful"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?", "answer": "America the Beautiful"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.", "answer": "At Last"}, {"question": "What social media platform did Beyonc\u00e9 upload a picture of her paper ballot on?", "answer": "Tumblr"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 endorse on March 26, 2013?", "answer": "same sex marriage"}, {"question": "Beyonce did an interview with which magazine and was asked about feminism?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "Beyonce supported which campaign that encourages leadership in girls?", "answer": "Ban Bossy campaign"}, {"question": "Where was Beyonce quoted as saying that she is a modern-day feminist?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "When did she say the she is a feminist?", "answer": "April 2013"}, {"question": "What campaign did she contribute to?", "answer": "Ban Bossy"}, {"question": "What song did she release in 2013 in response to a speech?", "answer": "Flawless"}, {"question": "What does Ban Bossy encourage?", "answer": "leadership in girls"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 used words from which Nigerian author in her song, Flawless?", "answer": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie"}, {"question": "Which campaign does Beyonc\u00e9 contribute to that encourages leadership in females?", "answer": "Ban Bossy"}, {"question": "Beyonce signed a letter with who in 2015?", "answer": "the ONE Campaign"}, {"question": "An important UN summit took place when?", "answer": "September 2015"}, {"question": "The letter Beyonce signed focused on what issue?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What had to be set in developing funding?", "answer": "priorities"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce sign a letter for ONE Campaign?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "To whom was the letter addressed?", "answer": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"}, {"question": "Who are these women?", "answer": "head of the G7 in Germany"}, {"question": "When will they meet?", "answer": "September 2015"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 sign a letter for in 2015?", "answer": "the ONE Campaign"}, {"question": "Who was the letter addressed to?", "answer": "Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma"}, {"question": "What was Angela Merkel serving as in relation to the letter?", "answer": "the head of the G7 in Germany"}, {"question": "What did the letter want the two recipients to focus on?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?", "answer": "Freddie Gray"}, {"question": "Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?", "answer": "protesters"}, {"question": "Who's death caused this protest?", "answer": "Freddie Gray"}, {"question": "How much bail money did they spend?", "answer": "thousands of dollars"}, {"question": "Beyonce beat out which musical artists for most paid between June 2007 and June 2008?", "answer": "Madonna and Celine Dion"}, {"question": "Beyonce and Jay Z got a Guinness World record for what in 2009?", "answer": "highest-earning power couple"}, {"question": "Beyonce became the highest-paid black musician in which year?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Up until May of 2015, how much is Beyonce's total worth?", "answer": "250 million"}, {"question": "Between 2008 and 2009, which entertainers did Beyonce beat in earnings?", "answer": "Madonna and Celine Dion"}, {"question": "In 2012 who placed Beyonce at 16 in the Celebrity List?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "When did she and Jay Z become the highest paid black celebrity couple?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How much did she earn in 2014?", "answer": "115 million"}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's net worth in 2015?", "answer": "250 million"}, {"question": "Who began reporting Beyonc\u00e9's annual earnings, starting in 2008?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 become the highest paid black musician, ever?", "answer": "April 2014."}, {"question": "Who predicted that Beyonc\u00e9 would become the highest paid black entertainer?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "When did Jay Z and Beyonc\u00e9 become the first music couple worth over a billion dollars?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Beyonce's range in singing is how many octaves?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "who talked about Beyonce's tone and timbre as distinctive?", "answer": "Jody Rosen"}, {"question": "Which critic called Beyonce's voice \"versatile\"?", "answer": "The Daily Mail"}, {"question": "Which era was credited to have influenced Beyonce's singing style by Jody Rosen?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "How many octaves does Beyonce have?", "answer": "four octaves"}, {"question": "What did the Daily Mail say about Beyonce's voice?", "answer": "versatile"}, {"question": "What does Rosen claim influenced Beyonce's style?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "What do other critics claim?", "answer": "praise her range and power"}, {"question": "How many octaves does Beyonc\u00e9's voice span?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Why is Beyonc\u00e9 known as the centerpiece of Destiny's Child?", "answer": "Her vocal abilities"}, {"question": "New York Times' Jon Pareles calls Beyonc\u00e9's voice velvety yet what?", "answer": "tart"}, {"question": "What does Jody Rosen say influenced Beyonc\u00e9's vocal style?", "answer": "the hip hop era"}, {"question": "Music from Beyonce is generally categorized as what genre?", "answer": "R&B"}, {"question": "Besides R&B, which genres does Beyonce dabble in?", "answer": "pop, soul and funk"}, {"question": "Beyonce mostly releases English songs, but what other language did she release songs?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Spanish songs Beyonce released were for what?", "answer": "re-release of B'Day"}, {"question": "Beyonce was coached for her Spanish songs by which American?", "answer": "Rudy Perez"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Beyonce do?", "answer": "R&B"}, {"question": "What language does she mainly sing?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What other language has she sung?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What album did she re-release in Spanish?", "answer": "B'Day"}, {"question": "What style of music does Beyonc\u00e9 usually perform?", "answer": "R&B"}, {"question": "What language did Beyonc\u00e9 release several songs in?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Who coached Beyonc\u00e9 for her Spanish recordings?", "answer": "Rudy Perez."}, {"question": "What album did the Spanish songs come from?", "answer": "B'Day."}, {"question": "Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?", "answer": "beats"}, {"question": "An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?", "answer": "Cater 2 U"}, {"question": "What theme was Beyonce's early music?", "answer": "female-empowerment"}, {"question": "With Jay Z what were her new themes?", "answer": "man-tending anthems"}, {"question": "What does she get credits for in her music?", "answer": "co-producing credits"}, {"question": "What part of production does she do?", "answer": "melodies"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's early recordings empowered who?", "answer": "Women"}, {"question": "In addition to co-writing credits, Beyonc\u00e9 also got what credits for most of her albums?", "answer": "co-producing"}, {"question": "Rather than beats, what two things does Beyonc\u00e9 usually come up with for producers?", "answer": "melodies and ideas"}, {"question": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?", "answer": "American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards"}, {"question": "Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?", "answer": "Diane Warren"}, {"question": "Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?", "answer": "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?", "answer": "Billboard magazine"}, {"question": "Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?", "answer": "third woman"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?", "answer": "Pop Songwriter of the Year award"}, {"question": "Who gave Beyonc\u00e9 the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?", "answer": "the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards."}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 \"Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters\" list.", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What number was Beyonc\u00e9 on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?", "answer": "vocal runs"}, {"question": "Who influenced Beyonce?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?", "answer": "Vision of Love"}, {"question": "Who is Beyonc\u00e9's biggest musical influence?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first concert?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 feel is an all-around entertainer?", "answer": "Diana Ross"}, {"question": "Who does she credit for the inspiration to \"get up there and do what she did\"?", "answer": "Whitney Houston"}, {"question": "What song caused Beyonc\u00e9 to practice runs as a child?", "answer": "Vision of Love"}, {"question": "What themes were influenced by her acting role in Dreamgirls?", "answer": "feminism and female empowerment"}, {"question": "Which singer did Beyonce honor by entertaining with her song \"Deja Vu\"?", "answer": "Josephine Baker"}, {"question": "Who motivated Beyonce to explore other areas of music?", "answer": "Etta James"}, {"question": "What movie influenced Beyonce towards empowerment themes? ", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "How did Etta James influence her?", "answer": "boldness"}, {"question": "Where did she perform wearing Baker's hula skirt?", "answer": "2006 Fashion Rocks concert"}, {"question": "What singer inspired Beyonc\u00e9's B'Day album?", "answer": "Josephine Baker."}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 sing at a 2006 concert to honor Josephine Baker?", "answer": "D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu"}, {"question": "Beyonce has noted which first lady with saying \"She proves you can do it all\"?", "answer": "Michelle Obama"}, {"question": "Which month and year did Beyonce credit Madonna for inspiring her to take control of her career?", "answer": "February 2013"}, {"question": "Beyonce has said that who embodies the \"definition of inspiration and a strong woman\"?", "answer": "Oprah Winfrey"}, {"question": "Who personally influences Beyonce?", "answer": "Michelle Obama"}, {"question": "Hoe does she describe Oprah Winfrey?", "answer": "a strong woman"}, {"question": "How does she describe Jean- Michel Basquiat?", "answer": "lyrical and raw"}, {"question": "How does Madonna influence her?", "answer": "to take control of her own career"}, {"question": "How does she describe Jay Z?", "answer": "continuing inspiration"}, {"question": "Who inspires Beyonc\u00e9 because \"she does it all?\"", "answer": "First Lady Michelle Obama"}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as the definition of inspiration?", "answer": "Oprah Winfrey"}, {"question": "Who does Beyonc\u00e9 describe as lyrical and raw?", "answer": "Jean-Michel Basquiat"}, {"question": "Who inspired Beyonc\u00e9 to take control of her career?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?", "answer": "Suga Mama"}, {"question": "Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?", "answer": "The Mamas"}, {"question": "The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?", "answer": "Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqu\u00e9 Riddick"}, {"question": "The Mamas first appearance was when?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?", "answer": "Suga Mama"}, {"question": "What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?", "answer": "Suga Mama"}, {"question": "Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?", "answer": "2006 BET Awards"}, {"question": "What band supports Beyonce in her tours?", "answer": "Suga Mama"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's female tour band?", "answer": "Suga Mama"}, {"question": "Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyonc\u00e9 album?", "answer": "B'Day"}, {"question": "What are Beyonc\u00e9's backup singers called?", "answer": "The Mamas"}, {"question": "When did The Mamas make their debut?", "answer": "the 2006 BET Awards"}, {"question": "What characteristics has Beyonce received acclaim for?", "answer": "stage presence and voice"}, {"question": "Which former president of Def Jam called Beyonce the greatest entertainer alive?", "answer": "L.A. Reid"}, {"question": "For what does Beyonce receive praise?", "answer": "stage presence"}, {"question": "Who chose her as number one on his list of Best singers/ Dancers?", "answer": "Jarett Wieselman"}, {"question": "How has L.A. Reid described her?", "answer": "greatest entertainer alive"}, {"question": "How does Alice Jones describe her?", "answer": "she's almost too good"}, {"question": "Who has Beyonc\u00e9 at number one on her Five Best Singer/Dancers?", "answer": "Jarett Wieselman"}, {"question": "Who has said that Beyonc\u00e9 is the best entertainer alive?", "answer": "L.A. Reid"}, {"question": "Beyonce self proclaimed alter ego is named what?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce"}, {"question": "Her alter ego was born when according to Beyonce?", "answer": "making of \"Crazy in Love\""}, {"question": "What year did Beyonce do away with Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Beyonce brought back Sasha Fierce during which event?", "answer": "Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live"}, {"question": "How does she describe Sasha?", "answer": "too aggressive, too strong"}, {"question": "Later what did she say about Sasha?", "answer": "she would bring her back"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's alter ego?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce."}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce Sasha Fierce?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Sasha Fierce was created during the making of what song?", "answer": "Crazy in Love"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in February 2010 that Sasha Fierce was no longer needed?", "answer": "Allure magazine"}, {"question": "Beyonce's sex appeal is characterized as what?", "answer": "wide-ranging"}, {"question": "Which music journalist described Beyonce as a \"crossover sex symbol?\"", "answer": "Tour\u00e9"}, {"question": "Which word spawned from a term used to describe Beyonce in 2006?", "answer": "Bootylicious"}, {"question": "Bootylicious was a song from which act that Beyonce performed with?", "answer": "Destiny's Child"}, {"question": "Oxford Dictionary added which word from the 2000s dedicated to Beyonce?", "answer": "Bootylicious"}, {"question": "What word is often used to describe Beyonce/", "answer": "Bootylicious"}, {"question": "When was the term added to the dictionary?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What journalist wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 was a \"sex symbol\"?", "answer": "Tour\u00e9"}, {"question": "Because of Beyonc\u00e9's physical shape, what slang term has been used to describe her?", "answer": "Bootylicious"}, {"question": "In what year was the slang term from a title of a Destiny's Child song that is also used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 put in the dictionary?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How does Beyonc\u00e9 say she likes to dress off-stage?", "answer": "sexily"}, {"question": "in September 2010, what career area did Beyonce start exploring?", "answer": "modelling"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first modelling event was at where?", "answer": "Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show"}, {"question": "\"World's Most Beautiful woman\" was declared to Beyonce by which national magazine?", "answer": "People"}, {"question": "Which month and year did GQ feature Beyonce on its cover?", "answer": "January 2013"}, {"question": "What TV network listed Beyonce as number 1 on its 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "answer": "VH1"}, {"question": "Who called Beyonce the World's most Beautiful Woman?", "answer": "People"}, {"question": "Who called her Hottest Female Singer of all Time?", "answer": "Complex"}, {"question": "When did she appear on the cover of GQ?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "VH1 listed her at what number on their 100 Sexiest Artists list?", "answer": "number 1"}, {"question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 first model for Tom Ford?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?", "answer": "People"}, {"question": "What title did Complex award Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "Hottest Female Singer of All Time"}, {"question": "What museum has made several models of Beyonc\u00e9 in wax?", "answer": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museums"}, {"question": "Which parent of Beyonce's help co-write a book?", "answer": "Her mother"}, {"question": "Which African-American woman before Beyonce had posed for SI Swimsuit issue?", "answer": "Tyra Banks"}, {"question": "What was the title of Beyonce's mother's book?", "answer": "Destiny's Style"}, {"question": "When was she on the Sports Illustrated cover?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who was she the second  African American on the cover after?", "answer": "Tyra Banks"}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9 was the second African American woman featured as a swimsuit cover on the magazine, who was first?", "answer": "Tyra Banks"}, {"question": "What magazine said Beyonc\u00e9 was the \"best-dressed celebrity\"?", "answer": "People"}, {"question": "Beyonce has a fan base that is referred to as what?", "answer": "The Bey Hive"}, {"question": "Before the Bey Hive, fans of Beyonce were called what?", "answer": "The Beyontourage"}, {"question": "Which social media company proclaimed Beyonce fans are know as the Bey Hive?", "answer": "Twitter"}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's fan base called?", "answer": "Bey Hive"}, {"question": "What did the fans used to be called?", "answer": "Beyontourage"}, {"question": "What is the latest term used to describe Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "answer": "Bey Hive"}, {"question": "What was the former word given to Beyonc\u00e9 fans?", "answer": "Beyontourage"}, {"question": "What word does \"Bey Hive\" derive from?", "answer": "beehive"}, {"question": "Beyonce has a clothing line known as what?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Which French magazine did Beyonce show up on the cover of?", "answer": "L'Officiel"}, {"question": "Beyonce was seen wearing what on the french magazine that caused controversy?", "answer": "blackface and tribal makeup"}, {"question": "Which year did PETA spark controversy with Beyonce?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What did PETA criticize Beyonce for in 2006?", "answer": "for wearing and using fur"}, {"question": "What French Magazine cover did the media criticize?", "answer": "L'Officiel"}, {"question": "How was she dressed on the cover of L'Officiel?", "answer": "in blackface and tribal makeup"}, {"question": "What French magazine did Beyonc\u00e9 appear in wearing blackface and tribal makeup?", "answer": "L'Officiel"}, {"question": "What clothing line of Beyonc\u00e9 drew PETA criticism?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on."}, {"question": "What type of magazine is L'Officiel?", "answer": "French fashion magazine"}, {"question": "Which racial community gave criticism to Beyonce?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "Which professor from Northeastern University wrote about how race correlates with these criticisms of Beyonce?", "answer": "Emmett Price"}, {"question": "Which company was accused of coloring Beyonce's hair?", "answer": "L'Or\u00e9al"}, {"question": "What did Vogue request?", "answer": "natural pictures be used"}, {"question": "How did L'Oreal respond to accusations of changing pictures?", "answer": "it is categorically untrue"}, {"question": "In addition to her light skin color, what else has made part of the African American community criticize Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "costuming"}, {"question": "In 2007, which music professor said he believes this criticism does involve race as well?", "answer": "Emmett Price"}, {"question": "Who was accused of lightening Beyonc\u00e9's skin for an advertisement?", "answer": "L'Or\u00e9al"}, {"question": "What advertisement was Beyonc\u00e9's skin supposedly lightened in?", "answer": "Feria hair color advertisements"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 tell in 2013 to only use natural pictures of her rather than retouched images?", "answer": "H&M"}, {"question": "Artist of the Decade was bestowed upon Beyonce from which magazine?", "answer": "The Guardian"}, {"question": "Whats the first year that Beyonce appear on the Time 100 list?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Beyonce than appeared again on the Time 100 list in what year?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What did the Guardian name her?", "answer": "Artist of the Decade"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce first make the Time 100 List?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "When was she again on the Time 100 List and on the cover?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Who said that she is the reigning national voice?", "answer": "Baz Luhrmann"}, {"question": "Who stated that Beyonc\u00e9 is the most important musician of the 21st century?", "answer": "Jody Rosen"}, {"question": "Which publication named Beyonc\u00e9 the Artist of the Decade?", "answer": "The Guardian"}, {"question": "What list did Beyonc\u00e9 make in 2013?", "answer": "Time 100 list"}, {"question": "Who said Beyonc\u00e9 is the heir-apparent diva of the United States?", "answer": "Baz Luhrmann"}, {"question": "What year was Beyonc\u00e9 featured both on the Time 100 list as well as the cover of the issue?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Which rock band cited Beyonce on their third album?", "answer": "White Rabbits"}, {"question": "Which friend learned from Beyonce while preparing for the film, \"Country Strong?\"", "answer": "Gwyneth Paltrow"}, {"question": "Nicky Minaj became a spokesperson for which brand of soda after seeing Beyonce involved with it?", "answer": "Pepsi"}, {"question": "What influenced Nicki Minaj to join the Pepsi global campaign?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial"}, {"question": "Which band listed Beyonce as an inspiration on their latest album?", "answer": "White Rabbits"}, {"question": "What about Beyonce has influenced many entertainers?", "answer": "work"}, {"question": "For what film was Paltrow studying Beyonce ?", "answer": "Country Strong"}, {"question": "Which Indie band said Beyonc\u00e9 was an inspiration for one of hteir albums?", "answer": "White Rabbits"}, {"question": "What was the name of the White Rabbits' album?", "answer": "Milk Famous"}, {"question": "Who studied Beyonc\u00e9 during live concerts for research for a film's music role?", "answer": "Gwyneth Paltrow"}, {"question": "What was the name of the film that Gwyneth Paltrow starred in as a musician?", "answer": "Country Strong."}, {"question": "Beyonc\u00e9's Pepsi commercial inspired which star to join Pepsi's global campaign in 2012?", "answer": "Nicki Minaj"}, {"question": "VH1 declared what song the \"Greatest song of the 2000s?\"", "answer": "Crazy in Love"}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did \"Crazy in Love\" win?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many did Crazy in Love sell to become one of the greatest selling singles in history?", "answer": "8 million"}, {"question": "What type of organism was named after Beyonce in 2012?", "answer": "fly"}, {"question": "A place for Beyonce in the Rock and Roll Hall of fame was awarded when?", "answer": "July 2014"}, {"question": "Which of Beyonce's songs was called Greatest Song of the 2000s?", "answer": "Crazy in Love"}, {"question": "How many Grammy awards did Crazy in Love get?", "answer": "earned two Grammy Awards"}, {"question": "How many copies did Crazy in Love sell?", "answer": "around 8 million copies"}, {"question": "Who released the single Girls Love Beyonce?", "answer": "Drake"}, {"question": "Which publication considers Crazy in Love to be one of the top 500 songs of all time?", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "Who sang \"Girls Love Beyonc\u00e9\" in 2013?", "answer": "Drake"}, {"question": "What did Bryan Lessard name after Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "a species of horse fly"}, {"question": "How many copies of her albums as Beyonce sold in the US?", "answer": "15 million"}, {"question": "Totaling worldwide, how many records as Beyonce sold?", "answer": "118 million"}, {"question": "How many certifications was Beyonce awarded by the RIAA?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "When Beyonce was with Destiny's Child, how many albums did she manage to sell?", "answer": "60 million"}, {"question": "Who was the first female to achieve the International Artist Award at the American Music Awards?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "How many albums has Beyonce as a solo artist sold in the U.S?", "answer": "15 million"}, {"question": "How many has she sold worldwide?", "answer": "118 million"}, {"question": "How many records has she sold with Destiny's Child?", "answer": "60 million"}, {"question": "When did she receive the Legend Award?", "answer": "2008 World Music Awards"}, {"question": "How many music certifications has she received in the 2000s?", "answer": "64 certifications"}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold in the United States?", "answer": "over 15 million"}, {"question": "How many records has Beyonc\u00e9 sold throughout the world?", "answer": "over 118 million"}, {"question": "Who cited Beyonc\u00e9 as being the top certified artist of the 2000s?", "answer": "The Recording Industry Association of America"}, {"question": "How many certifications did RIAA give Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "When did Beyonc\u00e9 receive the Legend Award?", "answer": "the 2008 World Music Awards"}, {"question": "How many Grammys has Beyonce won total with and without Destiny's Child?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who is the only other woman with more Grammy awards than Beyonce?", "answer": "Alison Krauss"}, {"question": "Beyonce has been awarded how many Grammy nominations?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "Beyonce holds the record for how many wins in one night by a female?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many awards at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards in 2006 did Beyonce bring home?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many Grammies has Beyonce won?", "answer": "20 Grammy Awards"}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations does Beyonce have?", "answer": "52 nominations"}, {"question": "When did she set the record for most Grammy awards won in one night?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who tied her record for most Grammies won in one night in 2012?", "answer": "Adele"}, {"question": "How many Grammys has Beyonc\u00e9 won?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations has Beyonc\u00e9 had?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "What Beyonc\u00e9 song was song of the year on 2010?", "answer": "\"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\""}, {"question": "What movie had Beyonc\u00e9 nominated as Best Actress for Golden Globe Awards?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "Which soda company has Beyonce partnered with since 2002?", "answer": "Pepsi"}, {"question": "Pepsi paid Beyonce how much in 2012 for her endorsement?", "answer": "50 million"}, {"question": "Which organization wrote a letter to Beyonce after her Pepsi endorsement deal?", "answer": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"}, {"question": "What percentage of people were positive about Beyonce's endorsement of Pepsi?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin doing Pepsi advetisments?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who was in the commercial with Beyonce in 2004?", "answer": "Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias"}, {"question": "What did she agree to do for 50 million dollars in 2012?", "answer": "endorse Pepsi"}, {"question": "Who sent her a letter asking that she reconsider the Pepsi deal?", "answer": "Center for Science in the Public Interest"}, {"question": "What soft drink company has Beyonc\u00e9 worked with since 2002?", "answer": "Pepsi"}, {"question": "How much did Beyonc\u00e9 get for a deal with a soft drink company in 2012?", "answer": "$50 million"}, {"question": "Who asked her to change her mind about the soft drink deal due to the nature of the product?", "answer": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPINET)"}, {"question": "What organization discovered that the advertisements Beyonc\u00e9 did for the soft drink company were 70% positive?", "answer": "NetBase"}, {"question": "Beyonce worked with who on her perfumes, True Star and True Star Gold?", "answer": "Tommy Hilfiger"}, {"question": "The world's best selling celebrity perfume line belongs to whom?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "Beyonce's first fragrance had what name?", "answer": "Heat"}, {"question": "The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition was released in what year?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How much money did The Mrs. Carter Show Limited Edition fragrance make?", "answer": "400 million"}, {"question": "What was Beyonce's 2010  perfume called?", "answer": "Heat"}, {"question": "When was her second perfume, Heat Rush, released?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What was Beyonce's third perfume named?", "answer": "Pulse"}, {"question": "How many editions of Heat have been launched?", "answer": "six editions"}, {"question": "Which Emporio Armani fragrance did Beyonc\u00e9 promote in 2007?", "answer": "Diamonds"}, {"question": "What year did Beyonc\u00e9 introduce her first fragrance?", "answer": "2010."}, {"question": "What was Beyonc\u00e9's first fragrance called?", "answer": "Heat"}, {"question": "How many editions of Heat exist?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?", "answer": "since the age of 18"}, {"question": "How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?", "answer": "70 staff"}, {"question": "How was the suit settled?", "answer": "out of court"}, {"question": "What was the name of the video game?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "What video game did Beyonc\u00e9 back out of?", "answer": "Starpower: Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "What company was producing the video game?", "answer": "GateFive"}, {"question": "How many people lost their jobs over Beyonc\u00e9 backing out of the deal?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "When was the disagreement settled out of court?", "answer": "June 2013"}, {"question": "Who did Bayonce's management go into business with in 2014?", "answer": "fashion retailer Topshop"}, {"question": "After their agreement together, Beyonce's and Topshop\" new business was called what?", "answer": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}, {"question": "What type of clothing does Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd produce?", "answer": "activewear"}, {"question": "The company and products were set to be in stores when?", "answer": "fall of 2015"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce partner with in London?", "answer": "Topshop"}, {"question": "When will the new line launch?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What is the name of Beyonc\u00e9's management company?", "answer": "Parkwood Entertainment"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 and Parkwood Entertainment partner with in October 2014?", "answer": "Topshop"}, {"question": "Where is Topshop located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What was the new division of Topshop because of the partnership?", "answer": "activewear"}, {"question": "When was it discovered Beyonce was a co-owner of the music service, Tidal?", "answer": "March 30, 2015"}, {"question": "The parent company of Tidal became under the ownership of whom in 2015?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "When was it announced that Beyonce was  a co-owner in Tidal?", "answer": "March 30, 2015"}, {"question": "What kind of service is Tidal?", "answer": "music streaming service"}, {"question": "What is a criticism of other streaming services?", "answer": "low payout of royalties"}, {"question": "What music streaming system is Beyonc\u00e9 part owner of?", "answer": "Tidal."}, {"question": "What is the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "answer": "Aspiro"}, {"question": "Who acquired the parent company of the music service Beyonc\u00e9 owns part of?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "What music service is accused of providing low royalty amounts?", "answer": "Spotify"}, {"question": "House of Dereon became known through Beyonce and which of Beyonce's relatives?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "Beyonce's grandma's name was?", "answer": "Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Beyonce's family's company name is what?", "answer": "Beyond Productions"}, {"question": "What types of garments are sold by Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "sportswear, denim offerings with fur, outerwear and accessories that include handbags and footwear"}, {"question": "Which two countries can you purchase Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "US and Canada"}, {"question": "Who partnered with Beyonce to start the clothing line, Dereon?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce and her mother start Dereon?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Who was the business named for in Beyonce's family?", "answer": "grandmother, Agn\u00e8z Der\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Where were items from the clothing line displayed?", "answer": "in Destiny's Child's shows and tours"}, {"question": "Who shares in the House of Der\u00e9on fashion line introduction with Beyonc\u00e9?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "What is the name of the House of Der\u00e9on junior collection?", "answer": "Der\u00e9on."}, {"question": "What type of accessory company did Beyonce partner with in 2005?", "answer": "shoe"}, {"question": "In 2010, Beyonce released Dereon to what country?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "Back-to-school shopping was introduced in what year of Beyonce's clothing line?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What did Beyonce's Fashion Diva  feature?", "answer": "House of Der\u00e9on collection"}, {"question": "What new idea did Beyonce and her mother launch in 2009?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on"}, {"question": "When did Beyonce partner with C&A to sell fashion in Brazil?", "answer": "May 27, 2010"}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 get together with in 2005 to add shoes to her fashions?", "answer": "House of Brands"}, {"question": "What was the name of the game put out by Starwave Mobile in 2008 that featured Beyonc\u00e9 fashions?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Fashion Diva"}, {"question": "What was the name of the junior fashions launched in 2009 by Beyonc\u00e9 and her mother?", "answer": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 team up with in 2010 to get her fashions into Brazil?", "answer": "C&A"}, {"question": "Sasha Fierce for Der\u00e9on fashions were sold at stores that included Macy's and what other store?", "answer": "Dillard's"}, {"question": "Beyonce, during October 2014, partnered with whom to produce an outdoor line of clothing?", "answer": "Topshop"}, {"question": "Beyonce and Topshops first products were to be sold in stores when?", "answer": "autumn 2015"}, {"question": "What is the new business called?", "answer": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}, {"question": "What is Beyonce's percentage of ownership in the new venture?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "When will the full line appear?", "answer": "April 2016"}, {"question": "What company did Beyonc\u00e9 contract with to sell clothing in England?", "answer": "Topshop"}, {"question": "What is the name of the equal partnership's fashion line between Beyonc\u00e9 and the British company to come out in 2016?", "answer": "Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd"}, {"question": "What type of clothing does the British partnership with Beyonc\u00e9 sell?", "answer": "activewear"}, {"question": "What national disaster caused Beyonce to create the Survivor Foundation?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina"}, {"question": "How much cash did Beyonce put into the venture, the Survivor Foundation at startup?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "What hurricane years later after Katrina did the organization provide support for?", "answer": "Ike"}, {"question": "What did Beyonce and Rowland found in 2005?", "answer": "the Survivor Foundation"}, {"question": "How much did Beyonce initially contribute to the foundation?", "answer": "$250,000"}, {"question": "How has this foundation changed in recent years?", "answer": "expanded to work with other charities"}, {"question": "What foundation did Beyonc\u00e9 start after Hurricane Katrina?", "answer": "Survivor Foundation"}, {"question": "How much money did Beyonc\u00e9 contribute at the beginning of her Hurricane Katrina foundation?", "answer": "$250,000."}, {"question": "What other hurricane did Beyonc\u00e9's foundation help with?", "answer": "Hurricane Ike"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonce participate with in the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit?", "answer": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean"}, {"question": "Beyonce opened a cosmetology center in what location?", "answer": "Brooklyn Phoenix House"}, {"question": "After Osama Bin Laden's death, what single did Beyonce cover?", "answer": "God Bless the USA"}, {"question": "How much did the T-shirt with Beyonce's image on it make? ", "answer": "$1 million"}, {"question": "What enterprise did Beyonce and her mother start on March 5, 2010?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center at the Brooklyn Phoenix House"}, {"question": "What charity benefited from  the release of the song, God Bless the USA?", "answer": "New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund"}, {"question": "What did she participate in with George Clooney?", "answer": "Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit"}, {"question": "Which two stars did Beyonc\u00e9 help with their Haiti Earthquake organization?", "answer": "George Clooney and Wyclef Jean"}, {"question": "What did Beyonc\u00e9 open at the Brooklyn Phoenix House in 2010?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9 Cosmetology Center"}, {"question": "What Lee Greenwood song did Beyonc\u00e9 cover after Osama bin Laden was killed?", "answer": "God Bless the USA"}, {"question": "Which national event caused Beyonce to produce \"Demand a Plan?\"", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonce contribute to the campaign?", "answer": "I Was Here"}, {"question": "Beyonce is contributing to which food-donation campaign?", "answer": "Miss a Meal"}, {"question": "On June 1 , 2013 where was the concert held for \"a Chime for Change\"?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Beyonce was speaking about whom when she said her gift was \"finding the best qualities in every human being.\"?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "The Demand a Plan video campaign followed what tragic event?", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting."}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Gucci Chime for Change campaign?", "answer": "spread female empowerment"}, {"question": "What crowdfunding platform was used in the concert?", "answer": "Catapult"}, {"question": "What is the name of the campaign that Beyonc\u00e9 and others are involved in that deals with gun control?", "answer": "Demand A Plan"}, {"question": "What school shooting prompted the creation of Demand A Plan?", "answer": "Sandy Hook Elementary School"}, {"question": "What song did Beyonc\u00e9 donate to the 2012 World Humanitarian Day campaign?", "answer": "I Was Here"}, {"question": "Who did Beyonc\u00e9 work with in 2013 on the Chime for Change campaign?", "answer": "Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini"}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's nationalities?", "answer": "Polish and French"}, {"question": "In what era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric active in?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "For what instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write primarily for?", "answer": "solo piano"}, {"question": "In what area was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "answer": "Duchy of Warsaw"}, {"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric depart from Poland?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What year was Chopin born?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "What era was Chopin active during?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin grow up?", "answer": "Warsaw"}, {"question": "What instrument did he mostly compose for?", "answer": "solo piano"}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "When did Chopin die?", "answer": "17 October 1849"}, {"question": "What was Chopin's full name?", "answer": "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin"}, {"question": "The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?", "answer": "solo piano"}, {"question": "Chopin was active during what era?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "In what year was Chopin born?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "In what city was Chopin born and raised?", "answer": "Warsaw"}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when he left Poland?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "In what era of music did Chopin compose?", "answer": "Romantic"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin die?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Paris?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many public performances was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric estimated to have given during the remainder of his life?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric obtain citizenship in France?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "In what area had Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most productive period of composition taken place?", "answer": "Majorca"}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's most likely cause of death?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "Where did he end up living when he was 21?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "How many public shows did he perform during the last years of his life?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?", "answer": "Franz Liszt"}, {"question": "What year did he gain citizenship in France?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "What is the name of the woman he had a relationship with from 1837-847?", "answer": "Maria Wodzi\u0144ska"}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin move to Paris?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "During the last 18 years he lived about how many times did Chopin perform in public?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin become a citizen of France?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "In the last years of his life who was the person that supported him financially?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin money in the last years of his life?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "What was the likely cause of death for Chopin?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What instrument did every composition by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric include?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "What concept was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric credited with creating?", "answer": "instrumental ballade"}, {"question": "Whose music did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric admire the most and thus provide influence on his work?", "answer": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}, {"question": "What features marked Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's performance style and made them unique?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity"}, {"question": "What establishments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric frequently visit in Paris that influenced his career?", "answer": "Paris salons"}, {"question": "Which instrument do every one of his compositions include?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "What concept did Chopin create?", "answer": "instrumental ballade"}, {"question": "What are two things Chopin's performances were known for?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity"}, {"question": "What three composers influenced Chopin's work?", "answer": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}, {"question": "Chopin wrote some music to lyrics, what language were the lyrics?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "What instrument is involved in all of Chopin's work?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "Chopin composed several songs to lyrics of what language?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "Chopin's performances were known for what?", "answer": "nuance and sensitivity"}, {"question": "What three composers did Chopin take inspiration from?", "answer": "J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert"}, {"question": "What instrument was all of Chopin's compositions written for?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "What language were some songs written in that Chopin wrote music for?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "Of what venue was Chopin an often invited guest?", "answer": "Paris salons"}, {"question": "What was the degree of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's association with political insurrection?", "answer": "indirect"}, {"question": "What parts of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?", "answer": "his love life and his early death"}, {"question": "In which era was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "In what forms of media has Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric been the subject of?", "answer": "films and biographies"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Chopin is a native of what country?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "He had a non-direct association with what?", "answer": "political insurrection"}, {"question": "Chopin is closely associated with what era?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin create most of his works?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Chopin was indirectly related to what?", "answer": "political insurrection"}, {"question": "Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "In what village was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in?", "answer": "\u017belazowa Wola"}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born on?", "answer": "22 February 1810"}, {"question": "Despite the birthdate given by parish baptismal, what date is given by the composer and his family instead?", "answer": "1 March"}, {"question": "What was the latin form of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's full name?", "answer": "Fridericus Franciscus"}, {"question": "How many miles was the village Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric born in located to the west of Warsaw?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin born?", "answer": "\u017belazowa Wola"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the creation of the Duchy of Warsaw?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "When was his birthday recorded as being?", "answer": "22 February 1810"}, {"question": "What birth date is now considered as his actual birthday?", "answer": "1 March"}, {"question": "Chopin's given names in Latin are what?", "answer": "Fridericus Franciscus"}, {"question": "The Duchy of Warsaw was created by whom?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "Chopin's birth is recorded as when?", "answer": "22 February 1810"}, {"question": "What birth date is now considered correct for Chopin?", "answer": "1 March"}, {"question": "What is the Latin form of Chopin's name?", "answer": "Fridericus Franciscus"}, {"question": "Chopin was actually born outside of Warsaw at what location?", "answer": "\u017belazowa Wola"}, {"question": "What famous French leader had established the Polish state at this time?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father marry in 1806?", "answer": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska"}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric baptised?", "answer": "23 April 1810"}, {"question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father, Nicolas, insist on using in the household?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "What was the given name of Chopin's father?", "answer": "Nicolas"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's father from?", "answer": "Lorraine"}, {"question": "Chopin's father married who?", "answer": "Justyna Krzy\u017canowska"}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's godfather?", "answer": "Fryderyk Skarbek"}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's eldest sister?", "answer": "Ludwika"}, {"question": "What was Chopin's father's first name?", "answer": "Nicolas"}, {"question": "From where id Chopin's father emigrate from?", "answer": "Lorraine"}, {"question": "What is Chopin's older sister's name?", "answer": "Ludwika"}, {"question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric move to Warsaw with his family?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What language did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father teach after they had moved to Warsaw?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live with his family while they were in Warsaw?", "answer": "the Palace grounds"}, {"question": "What two instruments did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's father play during this time?", "answer": "flute and violin"}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric prone to during early childhood as a result of his slight build?", "answer": "illnesses"}, {"question": "When did Chopin's family move to Warsaw?", "answer": "October 1810"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin's father get a teaching position?", "answer": "Warsaw Lyceum"}, {"question": "What instruments did Chopin's father play?", "answer": "flute and violin"}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when his family moved to Warsaw?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What language did Chopin's father teach?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What two instruments did Chopin's father play?", "answer": "flute and violin"}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin's mother teach at the boarding house?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin live with his family in Warsaw?", "answer": "Saxon Palace."}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first professional teacher in music?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}, {"question": "Which sister did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?", "answer": "Ludwika"}, {"question": "At what age did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric start giving public concerts?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose during the year of 1817?", "answer": "two polonaises"}, {"question": "What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821"}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}, {"question": "Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?", "answer": "Ludwika"}, {"question": "At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin compose his first work?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  \u017bywny?", "answer": "1816 to 1821"}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?", "answer": "Ludwika"}, {"question": "How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?", "answer": "Wojciech \u017bywny"}, {"question": "In what year was the Saxon Palace taken by the Russian governor for use regarding the military?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "What establishment today contains what was known as the Warsaw Lyceum during that time?", "answer": "Warsaw University"}, {"question": "What building was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's new home adjacent to?", "answer": "Kazimierz Palace"}, {"question": "What palace was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric sometimes invited to as a companion of the ruler's son?", "answer": "Belweder Palace"}, {"question": "What short poem spoke of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's popularity as a child?", "answer": "Nasze Przebiegi"}, {"question": "The Saxon Palace was taken over for military use in what year?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "The Warsaw Lyceum was moved to where?", "answer": "Kazimierz Palace"}, {"question": "As a child Chopin was invited to play with the son of whom?", "answer": "Grand Duke Constantine"}, {"question": "What did Chopin create for Grand Duke Constantine?", "answer": "a march"}, {"question": "In one of his works who affirmed the popularity of Chopin as a child?", "answer": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz"}, {"question": "What was the place Chopin was invited to as a friend of ruler's son?", "answer": "Belweder Palace"}, {"question": "What is the title and name of the ruler whose son Chopin was friends with?", "answer": "Grand Duke Constantine"}, {"question": "What type of musical piece did Chopin compose for his friend's ruling father?", "answer": "a march"}, {"question": "Who wrote in 1818 about the popularity of Chopin?", "answer": "Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz"}, {"question": "During what years did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit the Warsaw Lyceum for lessons?", "answer": "1823 to 1826"}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a student of involving music theory starting in 1826?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}, {"question": "What was the name of the mechanical organ Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric performed on during 1825?", "answer": "eolomelodicon"}, {"question": "Which tsar did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform for due to his success in previous concerts?", "answer": "Alexander I"}, {"question": "On what date was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance that earned international esteem?", "answer": "10 June 1825"}, {"question": "Who taught Chopin to play the organ?", "answer": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel"}, {"question": "Chopin had three years of lessons with whom?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play in front of Tsar Alexander I?", "answer": "eolomelodicon"}, {"question": "What gift did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "answer": "diamond ring"}, {"question": "What was the first of Chopin's works to gain international renown? ", "answer": "Rondo Op. 1"}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin instruction on how to play the organ?", "answer": "Wilhelm W\u00fcrfel"}, {"question": "What was the name of the teacher of Chopin's three year course that began in the fall of 1826?", "answer": "J\u00f3zef Elsner"}, {"question": "What is th ename of the mechanical organ Chopin played in 1825?", "answer": "eolomelodicon"}, {"question": "What did Tsar Alexander I give to Chopin?", "answer": "a diamond ring."}, {"question": "What is the title of his first commercially successful work?", "answer": "Rondo Op. 1."}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his visit of Szafarnia in 1824 and 1825?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}, {"question": "In which village did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric first experience rural Polish folk music?", "answer": "Szafarnia"}, {"question": "To whom did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write letters to during his stay in Szafarnia?", "answer": "his family"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric write parodies of in his letters?", "answer": "Warsaw newspapers"}, {"question": "During his vacation in 1824 and 1825 who did Chopin spend his vacation with?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}, {"question": "What type of music did Chopin discover for the first time while staying in Szafarnia?", "answer": "Polish rural folk music"}, {"question": "What was the name of the person who hosted Chopin as a guest when he discovered Polish rural folk music?", "answer": "Dominik Dziewanowski"}, {"question": "What was the title chopin gave of some spoof letters he wrote?", "answer": "The Szafarnia Courier"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin spend his vacation in 1824 and 1825?", "answer": "Szafarnia"}, {"question": "During what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's youngest sister, Emilia, pass away?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What street did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's family move to after the death of his youngest sister?", "answer": "Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie"}, {"question": "What year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric leave Warsaw after moving with his family to the south annex of Krasi\u0144ski Palace?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What did the Chopin's family business become in the 20th century?", "answer": "a museum"}, {"question": "Which artist created the first known portrait of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin's sister Emilia die?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What was the Chopin family's business?", "answer": "boarding house for male students"}, {"question": "What artist painted the Chopin family?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}, {"question": "Who in Chopin's family died shortly before they moved in 1827?", "answer": "sister Emilia"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin leave Warsaw?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What was the Chopin boarding house called in English?", "answer": "Chopin Family Parlour"}, {"question": "What artist made portraits of the Chopin family in 1829?", "answer": "Ambro\u017cy Mieroszewski"}, {"question": "Was the Chopin family boarding house for male or female students?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "Of the individuals that became intimate with Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during their stay at the family apartments, which two became part of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's social environment in Paris?", "answer": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "Which singer was cited specifically as someone Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was attracted to?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}, {"question": "What four boys from his family's boarding house became friends with Chopin?", "answer": "Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Bia\u0142ob\u0142ocki, Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "Which singer did Chopin become fascinated with?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's works was unknowingly dedicated to Gladkowska?", "answer": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"}, {"question": "When did Chopin receive his last Conservatory report?", "answer": "July 1829"}, {"question": "Which two of Chopin's friends became part of his Paris milieu?", "answer": "Jan Matuszy\u0144ski and Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "What was the name of the singing student Chopin was attracted to?", "answer": "Konstancja G\u0142adkowska"}, {"question": "To whom did Chopin reveal in letters which parts of his work were about the singing student he was infatuated with?", "answer": "Tytus Woyciechowski"}, {"question": "What musical piece had a Larghetto dedicated to the female singing student Chopin was infatuated with?", "answer": "Piano Concerto No. 1 (in E minor)"}, {"question": "How many boarders of his family's boarding house became intimate friends with Chopin?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit Berlin with in September 1828?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki"}, {"question": "Which opera director did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric see works of during his stay in Berlin?", "answer": "Gaspare Spontini"}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a guest of during his stay in Berlin in 1829?", "answer": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"}, {"question": "What piece did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create specifically for the prince and the prince's daughter, Wanda?", "answer": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"}, {"question": "When did Chopin visit Berlin?", "answer": "September 1828"}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin go to Berlin?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki"}, {"question": "While in Berlin he saw the operatic work of who?", "answer": "Gaspare Spontini"}, {"question": "In 1829 on a trip back to Berlin Chopin was a guest of who?", "answer": "Prince Antoni Radziwi\u0142\u0142"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin create for Prince Antoni?", "answer": "Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major for cello and piano, Op. 3"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin visit Berlin while still a student?", "answer": "1828"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin go to Berlin with?", "answer": "Feliks Jarocki"}, {"question": "What did the person who Chopin went with to Berlin do for his work?", "answer": "zoologist"}, {"question": "Who directed the operas they enjoyed in Berlin?", "answer": "Gaspare Spontini"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin return to Berlin?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric compose after hearing Niccol\u00f2 Paganini perform on the violin?", "answer": "Souvenir de Paganini"}, {"question": "During what month did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric make his first appearance in Vienna?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "How many piano concerts did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric perform in Vienna during this time?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?", "answer": "17 March 1830"}, {"question": "What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?", "answer": "Souvenir de Paganini"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?", "answer": "Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21"}, {"question": "When did Chopin return to Warsaw?", "answer": "September 1829"}, {"question": "Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?", "answer": "accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?", "answer": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric begin his journey into Western Europe?", "answer": "2 November 1830"}, {"question": "Which country did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric go to first after setting out for Western Europe?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "In what year did his companion Woyciechowski depart to Poland to enlist for the uprising in Warsaw?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What historian commented that the events involving Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's friend in Poland contributed to his maturing?", "answer": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki"}, {"question": "Who said that Chopin set out \"into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever?\"", "answer": "Zdzis\u0142aw Jachimecki"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin leave for Austria with?", "answer": "Woyciechowski"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin intend to go after Austria?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Woyciechowski left Chopin to enlist in what?", "answer": "the November 1830 Uprising"}, {"question": "What geographicla region was opened for Chopin due to his composing and performances?", "answer": "western Europe"}, {"question": "When Chopin started to take his music to the world, what is the last name of the person who went with him to Austria?", "answer": "Woyciechowski"}, {"question": "What year did the uprising begin in Warsaw?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?", "answer": "\"I curse the moment of my departure.\""}, {"question": "What year did Chopin learn that the uprising in Warsaw was crushed?", "answer": "1831"}, {"question": "What event was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric a part of when he arrived in Paris during the later part of September in 1831?", "answer": "the Polish Great Emigration"}, {"question": "What version of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's birth name did he begin using after arriving in France?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "In what year did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric officially acquire French citizenship?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "What were the two kinds of relationships stated as Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric having with his fellow Poland natives in exile?", "answer": "friends and confidants"}, {"question": "What nationality is stated as the one Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric felt most identified by?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "When did Chopin reach Paris?", "answer": "September 1831"}, {"question": "By not going back to Poland Chopin became part of what?", "answer": "Polish Great Emigration"}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin become a French citizen?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's biographer?", "answer": "Adam Zamoyski"}, {"question": "After 1831, what country did Chopin never return to?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "What country's passport did he have from 1835?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What language was Chopin never completely at ease speaking?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What biographer of Chopin wrote that Chopin never considered himself French?", "answer": "Adam Zamoyski"}, {"question": "Due to the numbers of expatriates of Poland after the uprising, what did it become to be known as?", "answer": "Polish Great Emigration"}, {"question": "In what city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric achieve celebrity status?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who was the principal of the Polish Literary Society that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric became acquainted with?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric create from verses of the poet Adam Mickiewicz?", "answer": "songs"}, {"question": "What poet did Chopin use verses from for songs?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz"}, {"question": "What people did Chopin meet while in Paris?", "answer": "Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny"}, {"question": "What was the name of the poet Chopin became acquainted with in Paris?", "answer": "Adam Mickiewicz"}, {"question": "What position did the poet who Chopin knew in Paris hold?", "answer": "principal of the Polish Literary Society"}, {"question": "Which friend of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric failed to achieve success in England?", "answer": "Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "Who was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's trusted adviser while in Paris?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "What familial role was Albert Grzyma\u0142a compared to in regards to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "elder brother"}, {"question": "Who is stated as a jack of all trades in service to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "What nationality were the two friends who served as a pivotal influence in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's life while in Paris?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "Julian Fontana tried to find his way where before moving to Paris?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Where did Julian Fontana fail to get established?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin know that became rich in Paris?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "Which friend of Chopin became like an older brother to him?", "answer": "Albert Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "Which friend took on the role of several jobs to help Chopin including copyist?", "answer": "Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "Where were Chopin and Fontana students together?", "answer": "Warsaw Conservatory"}, {"question": "Who gave Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric his first significant public approval in regards to his compositions?", "answer": "Robert Schumann"}, {"question": "On what date did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric give his first performance at the Salle Pleyel?", "answer": "26 February 1832"}, {"question": "What is stated as a hindrance for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's ability to perform in large concert spaces?", "answer": "intimate keyboard technique"}, {"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric rely upon financially before earning a great income from his works?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "From whom did Chopin receive his first big endorsement?", "answer": "Robert Schumann"}, {"question": "When did Chopin debut at Salle Pleyel ?", "answer": "26 February 1832"}, {"question": "What affluent family did Chopin gain a patronage from?", "answer": "Rothschild"}, {"question": "When did Chopin receive his first major endorsement from Robert Schumann?", "answer": "1831"}, {"question": "What did Chopin realize was not ideal for larger spaces after his first successful concert in Paris?", "answer": "keyboard technique"}, {"question": "Once Chopin stopped performing concerts, how did he earn his income?", "answer": "publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students"}, {"question": "What was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's favorite environment to perform in?", "answer": "his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends"}, {"question": "What instrument did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?", "answer": "pianos"}, {"question": "Chopin gave a yearly performance where?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel"}, {"question": "Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?", "answer": "Hexameron"}, {"question": "In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?", "answer": "Maurice Schlesinger"}, {"question": "What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?", "answer": "Adolphe Gutmann"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?", "answer": "apartment"}, {"question": "On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?", "answer": "Liszt and Hiller"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?", "answer": "Maurice Schlesinger"}, {"question": "Who did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric meet in the spring of 1834 at the Lower Rhenish Music Festival?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn"}, {"question": "What two activities did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric do while visiting for a day in D\u00fcsseldorf with Mendelssohn and Hiller?", "answer": "playing and discussing music"}, {"question": "Who was the director of the Academy of Art that Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric met while in D\u00fcsseldorf?", "answer": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow"}, {"question": "Where were Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's parents located at when he saw them for the final time in 1835?", "answer": "Carlsbad"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin meet Felix Mendelssohn?", "answer": "the Lower Rhenish Music Festival"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin attend the Lower Rhenish Music Festival with?", "answer": "Hiller"}, {"question": "In 1835 where did Chopin and his parents visit?", "answer": "Carlsbad"}, {"question": "When did Chopin propose marriage to Maria Wodzi\u0144ski?", "answer": "July 1836"}, {"question": "Who was Maria's mother?", "answer": "Countess Wodzi\u0144ska"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin meet at a music festival early in 1834?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Hiller go with the person Chopin met in the spring of 1834?", "answer": "D\u00fcsseldorf"}, {"question": "What was Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow position?", "answer": "director of the Academy of Art"}, {"question": "What was the first name of the girl Chopin proposed to?", "answer": "Maria"}, {"question": "Who was the recipient of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?", "answer": "Woyciechowski"}, {"question": "What are the three names stated in Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?", "answer": "Herz, Liszt, Hiller"}, {"question": "Who is stated as being in attendance of Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?", "answer": "Liszt"}, {"question": "What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?", "answer": "26 February 1832"}, {"question": "Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?", "answer": "Woyciechowski"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?", "answer": "the Salle Pleyel"}, {"question": "What address did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric live at during his stay in Paris?", "answer": "38 Rue de la Chauss\u00e9e-d'Antin"}, {"question": "How far down the road did Liszt live from Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during this time?", "answer": "a few blocks"}, {"question": "How many times did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt collaborate in performances during the years of 1833 to 1841?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "For whose benefit was the first of these concerts performed for on 2 April 1833?", "answer": "Harriet Smithson"}, {"question": "At which two establishments was the last of these performances conducted at on 25 and 26 April 1841?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"}, {"question": "When was the first time Liszt and Chopin performed together?", "answer": "2 April 1833"}, {"question": "What was the charity that Liszt and Chopin last performed for?", "answer": "the Beethoven Memorial in Bonn"}, {"question": "Where did Liszt and Chopin last perform together?", "answer": "Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory"}, {"question": "When Liszt lived close to Chopin, where did he call home?", "answer": "the H\u00f4tel de France on the Rue Lafitte"}, {"question": "How many times did Chopin and Liszy perform together in public?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who did the first concert of Chopin and Liszt benefit?", "answer": "Harriet Smithson"}, {"question": "What term describes the qualities of the relationship between Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Liszt?", "answer": "love-hate relationship"}, {"question": "What three qualities of Liszt are stated to have captivated Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "theatricality, showmanship and success"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric receive from Liszt when the latter performed a nocturne with certain embellishments added?", "answer": "an apology"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric introduce Liszt as in when referring to him in his letters up to 1848?", "answer": "my friend Liszt"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Liszt?", "answer": "Op. 10 \u00c9tudes"}, {"question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin dedicate the Op. 10 \u00c9tudes to?", "answer": "Liszt"}, {"question": "Who apologized to Chopin for adding embellishments to a musical piece he perforemed that was written by Chopin?", "answer": "Liszt"}, {"question": "What was the name of Liszt's mistress?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin write to displaying his desire to take away a performers ability to play his music?", "answer": "Hiller"}, {"question": "What was the name of the man who biogrpahers think Chopin was concerned about Liszt's growing relationship with?", "answer": "George Sand"}, {"question": "Who was the host of the gathering where Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric was introduced to George Sand?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric label the place in which he placed Maria and her mother's letters about the unlikely marriage?", "answer": "My tragedy"}, {"question": "Who did George Sand write to when admitting having a strong affection for Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "What is the name of the author Chopin met at a gathering put on by Marie d'Agoult?", "answer": "George Sand"}, {"question": "What was a possible reason for Chopin's failed engagement to Maria Wodzi\u0144ska?", "answer": "his poor health"}, {"question": "What did Chopin write on the box of letters from Maria and her mother?", "answer": "My tragedy"}, {"question": "Who hosted the party whre Chopin met George Sand?", "answer": "Marie d'Agoult"}, {"question": "What year did Maria Wodzi\u0144ska's mother tell Chopin that he likely would not marry her daughter?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What did Chopin write on the package that contained letters from Maria and her mother?", "answer": "My tragedy"}, {"question": "Who did Sand confide to in a letter about her feelings for Chopin in June, 1838?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "What city did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric visit in June 1837?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What event occurred on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's return to Paris?", "answer": "his association with Sand began in earnest"}, {"question": "How many years older was George Sand compared to Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What adjective is used to describe Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand's time together during the winter of 1838?", "answer": "miserable"}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand venture to after Majorca became unlivable when it was discovered they were not married?", "answer": "Valldemossa"}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin go to London with in 1837?", "answer": "Camille Pleyel"}, {"question": "What was James Broadwood's occupation?", "answer": "piano maker"}, {"question": "How much older was George Sands than Chopin?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "During Sands and Chopin's visit to Majorca who were they fleeing?", "answer": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille"}, {"question": "After it became known that Sands and Chopin were unmarried where did they end up taking up shelter?", "answer": "a former Carthusian monastery"}, {"question": "When did Chopin and Sand become lovers?", "answer": "June 1838"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand go between November 1838 and February 1839?", "answer": "Majorca"}, {"question": "Who joined Chopin and Sand on their trip to Majorca?", "answer": "Sand's two children"}, {"question": "One of the reasons Chopin and Sand went to Majorca was to escape the threats of who?", "answer": "F\u00e9licien Mallefille."}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand stay in Valldemossa?", "answer": "a former Carthusian monastery"}, {"question": "How many doctors saw Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric by the 3rd of December?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "What did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric have trouble playing as a result of his growing illness?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "What condition did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric describe the piano that arrived to him through many dangerous obstacles?", "answer": "best possible condition"}, {"question": "How many doctors visited Chopin?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What month did Chopin's piano arrive?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "What did Chopin compalin about?", "answer": "his bad health"}, {"question": "What did Chopin have a hard time getting delivered to Majorca?", "answer": "his Pleyel piano"}, {"question": "What month did Chopin's Pleyel piano arrive in Majorca?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin send his Preludes to?", "answer": "Pleyel"}, {"question": "What is stated as having a negative effect on Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric's health during this productive time?", "answer": "bad weather"}, {"question": "What culture of French people did Sand sell the piano to?", "answer": "Canuts"}, {"question": "What city did the group travel to in order to help Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric recover?", "answer": "Marseilles"}, {"question": "Where was Sand's estate located where they stayed for the summers until 1846?", "answer": "Nohant"}, {"question": "Where did Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and Sand move to in 1842 in buildings next to each other?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "Who did Sand sell Chopin's piano to?", "answer": "the Canuts"}, {"question": "Where did the group travel to after Barcelona?", "answer": "Marseilles"}, {"question": "Where was Sand's home?", "answer": "Nohant"}, {"question": "After returning to Paris where was Chopin's apartment?", "answer": "5 rue Tronchet"}, {"question": "In 1842 where did Chopin and Sand move?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "What had a negative effect on Chopin's health?", "answer": "the bad weather"}, {"question": "Who did Sand sell the piano to?", "answer": "the Canuts."}, {"question": "Where did they travel after leaving Barcelona?", "answer": "Marseilles"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin and Sand move to in 1842?", "answer": "Square d'Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "Where did they spend most summers until 1846?", "answer": "Nohant"}, {"question": "What event were Chopin and Sand at on 26 July 1840?", "answer": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"}, {"question": "What anniversary was the July Revolution that Sand and Chopin were present at a dress rehearsal for?", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "At whose funeral did Chopin play in 1839?", "answer": "Adolphe Nourrit"}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "answer": "organ"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin play at  Adolphe Nourrit's funeral?", "answer": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne"}, {"question": "Chopin attended the funeral of who in 1839?", "answer": "Adolphe Nourrit"}, {"question": "What did Chopin play at the funeral?", "answer": "Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne."}, {"question": "What was the dress rehearsal for?", "answer": "Berlioz's Grande symphonie fun\u00e8bre et triomphale"}, {"question": "It was in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of what?", "answer": "the July Revolution."}, {"question": "What is the example given of a work produced by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric during calm summers at Nohant?", "answer": "Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53"}, {"question": "Which of the two people that visited Chopin were tutored by him on piano?", "answer": "Pauline Viardot"}, {"question": "On what date did Delacroix write a letter based on his visit at Nohant?", "answer": "7 June 1842"}, {"question": "What did Chopin help Pauline Viardot with?", "answer": "piano technique and composition"}, {"question": "Who were two visitors to Chopin while in Nohant?", "answer": "Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot"}, {"question": "What two things did Chopin advise Viardot on?", "answer": "piano technique and composition."}, {"question": "Who wrote a letter on June 7, 1842 about a stay in Nohant?", "answer": "Delacroix"}, {"question": "In which year did Chopin begin experiencing a serious decline in health?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "To whom did Chopin write a letter on 21 February 1842 about his agonizing pain?", "answer": "Grzyma\u0142a"}, {"question": "What performance was Chopin forced to decline due to his increasing ill health?", "answer": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's"}, {"question": "What instrument did Chopin play for Charles Hall\u00e9 when the latter visited him?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "What has current day research suggested that Chopin was suffering from alongside his other illnesses?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy"}, {"question": "Starting in what year did Chopin start showing evidence of very bad health?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "What second performance did Chopin have to decline to play?", "answer": "Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement"}, {"question": "What specific illness does modern evidence point to Chopin having?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy"}, {"question": "When did Chopin show signs of serious illness?", "answer": "From 1842 onwards"}, {"question": "Chopin wrote in 1842 that he had to lie in bed all day because what ached so much?", "answer": "mouth and tonsils"}, {"question": "Chopin had to decline who's invitation in 1843 to particpate in a performance at Erard's?", "answer": "Alkan"}, {"question": "Who visited Chopin in 1844 and wrote about his inability to move?", "answer": "Charles Hall\u00e9"}, {"question": "Modern medicine indicates Chopin may have suffered from what condition?", "answer": "temporal lobe epilepsy."}, {"question": "What was the name of Sand's daughter's fiance that contributed to deteriorating the relationship between Sand and Chopin?", "answer": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer"}, {"question": "What was the interest Sand had that Chopin showed apathy towards?", "answer": "radical political pursuits"}, {"question": "What did Sand begin referring to Chopin as as his illness got worse?", "answer": "third child"}, {"question": "What was the name of Sand's novel she published in reference to her situation with Chopin?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani"}, {"question": "In what year did Chopin and Sand ultimately bring their relationship to a close?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "When did Chopin's relationship with Sand start to deteriorate?", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "Whom did Sand's daughter Solange become engaged to?", "answer": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer"}, {"question": "What novel did Sand write in 1847?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani"}, {"question": "Who was the fortune hunter engaged to Sand's daughter?", "answer": "Auguste Cl\u00e9singer."}, {"question": "What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?", "answer": "nurse"}, {"question": "What was the name of Sand's book where the main characters can be interpreted as Sand and Chopin?", "answer": "Lucrezia Floriani"}, {"question": "When did Chopin end his relationship with Sand?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?", "answer": "Op. 58 sonata"}, {"question": "What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?", "answer": "more refined than many of his earlier compositions"}, {"question": "How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?", "answer": "a dozen"}, {"question": "How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?", "answer": "Op. 58 sonata"}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1842?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1843?", "answer": "six shorter pieces"}, {"question": "How many works did Chopin write in 1845?", "answer": "three mazurkas"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?", "answer": "February 1848"}, {"question": "With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?", "answer": "Auguste Franchomme"}, {"question": "When did Chopin last perform?", "answer": "February 1848"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin last perform with?", "answer": "Auguste Franchomme"}, {"question": "Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?", "answer": "struggle financially."}, {"question": "Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?", "answer": "Auguste Franchomme"}, {"question": "What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?", "answer": "Cello"}, {"question": "What television station made a documentary on Chopin?", "answer": "BBC"}, {"question": "What two people created a documentary on Chopin for Italian tv?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}, {"question": "What was the title of the documentary the BBC released?", "answer": "The Women Behind The Music"}, {"question": "What television station released a documentary on Chopin?", "answer": "BBC"}, {"question": "What was the name of the documentary released by the BBC?", "answer": "Chopin \u2013 The Women Behind The Music"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two people that created a documentary for Italian tele vision?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}, {"question": "Who did a work for Italian television about Chopin's life?", "answer": "Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1945 movie released about Chopin?", "answer": "A Song to Remember"}, {"question": "What is the name of the actor who received and Oscar nomination for his role as Chopin?", "answer": "Cornel Wilde"}, {"question": "What year was  La valse de l'adieu released?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Who starred as Chopin in Impromptu?", "answer": "Hugh Grant"}, {"question": "Chopins relations with whom have been fictionalized in movies?", "answer": "George Sand"}, {"question": "What 1945 film was a fictionalized accounting of the relationship between Chopin and Sand?", "answer": "A Song to Remember"}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in A Song to Remember?", "answer": "Cornel Wilde"}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1928 film, La valse de l'adieu?", "answer": "Pierre Blanchar"}, {"question": "Who portrayed Chopin in the 1991 film, Impromptu?", "answer": "Hugh Grant"}, {"question": "When was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "Where was the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life created?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the first fictionalized account of Chopin's life?", "answer": "Giacomo Orefice"}, {"question": "What is thought to be the first fictionalized work about Chopin?", "answer": "Chopin"}, {"question": "What style is the fictionalized \"Chopin\" in?", "answer": "opera"}, {"question": "Who wrote the fictionalized \"Chopin?\"", "answer": "Giacomo Orefice"}, {"question": "When was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "answer": "1901."}, {"question": "Where was the fictionalized \"Chopin\" produced?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "An 1830 sonnet was written about Chopin by what man?", "answer": "Leon Ulrich"}, {"question": "Aside from George Sands what two French authors have written about Chopin?", "answer": "Marcel Proust and Andr\u00e9 Gide"}, {"question": "Leon Ulrich wrote about Chopin in what format?", "answer": "sonnet"}, {"question": "What is the earliest sighting of Chopin in Polish Literature?", "answer": "sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich"}, {"question": "When did Ulrich do his sonnet on Chopin?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "In addition to Polish and French, what other language has numerous biogrpahies of Chopin?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "The Warsaw Chopin Society holds the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin how often?", "answer": "every five years."}, {"question": "What is the name of the event that The Warsaw Chopin Society holds?", "answer": "Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin"}, {"question": "On Chopin's 200th anniversary critics of what publication made recommendations on recordings of Chopin's work?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "Who organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings?", "answer": "The Warsaw Chopin Society"}, {"question": "How often is the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings held?", "answer": "every five years."}, {"question": "Upon Chopin's bicentenary, who recommended a list of who should perform Chopin?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "What year was the earliest Chopin recording created?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What is the title of the earliest known recording of Chopin's work?", "answer": "Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2"}, {"question": "Who played the earlier known recording of Chopin's work?", "answer": "Paul Pabst"}, {"question": "What has stated that every pianist in the recording era has used Chopin's music?", "answer": "The British Library"}, {"question": "When did Pabst record his Chopin performance?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Who has given a discography of pianists' representation of Chopin's pedagogic style?", "answer": "Methuen-Campbell"}, {"question": "What is the name of the oldest music essay competition?", "answer": "International Chopin Piano Competition"}, {"question": "What year was the International Chopin Piano Competition founded?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "Where is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "answer": "Warsaw"}, {"question": "How often is the International Chopin Piano Competition held?", "answer": "every five years"}, {"question": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland includes approximately how many recordings of Chopin's work from Youtube?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "What is the world's oldest monographic music competition?", "answer": "the International Chopin Piano Competition"}, {"question": "When was the International Chopin Piano Competition established?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "There are over 80 societies throughout the world that have been established because of Chopin and his music according to who?", "answer": "The Fryderyk Chopin Institute of Poland"}, {"question": "How many known works of Chopin's music were on YouTube up to the beginning of 2014?", "answer": "nearly 1,500"}, {"question": "What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?", "answer": "Chopiniana"}, {"question": "Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?", "answer": "Michel Fokine"}, {"question": "Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?", "answer": "Les Sylphides"}, {"question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "answer": "Alexander Glazunov"}, {"question": "What year was the Chopiniana released?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?", "answer": "Chopiniana"}, {"question": "Who choreographed Chopiniana?", "answer": "Michel Fokine"}, {"question": "Who orchestrated Chopiniana?", "answer": "Alexander Glazunov."}, {"question": "Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?", "answer": "Les Sylphides."}, {"question": "Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What two people suggested the 1848 tour?", "answer": "Jane Stirling and her elder sister"}, {"question": "Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?", "answer": "Revolution"}, {"question": "What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?", "answer": "Scottish"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin stay while in London?", "answer": "Dover Street"}, {"question": "What company provided Chopin with a piano while in London?", "answer": "Broadwood"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's initial performance?", "answer": "Stafford House"}, {"question": "What two notable guests were present during his premiere performance at Stafford House?", "answer": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert"}, {"question": "What date did he perform with Viardot?", "answer": "7 July"}, {"question": "What steet did Chopin stay on in London?", "answer": "Dover Street"}, {"question": "What did Broadway provide for Chopin?", "answer": "a grand piano."}, {"question": "What two dignitaries where at his first performance in London?", "answer": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert."}, {"question": "In addition to hearing him play, what else did people seek from Chopin in London?", "answer": "piano lessons"}, {"question": "Who sang chopin arrangements on July 7 of the year Chopin was in London?", "answer": "Viardot"}, {"question": "Where did Jane Stirling invite Chopin?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What doctor was with Chopin when he wrote out his will?", "answer": "Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin invited to in late summer?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What city did Chopin perform at on September 27?", "answer": "Glasgow"}, {"question": "What did Chopin write while staying with Doctor Adam \u0141yszczy\u0144ski?", "answer": "will"}, {"question": "When did Chopin last appear in public?", "answer": "16 November 1848"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "answer": "Guildhall"}, {"question": "Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?", "answer": "Polish refugees."}, {"question": "What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?", "answer": "terminal"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's last public performance?", "answer": "London's Guildhall"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin play for while she sang?", "answer": "Delfina Potocka"}, {"question": "In 1849 where did Chopin live?", "answer": "Chaillot"}, {"question": "Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?", "answer": "Princess Obreskoff"}, {"question": "When did Chopin return to Paris?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?", "answer": "Delfina Potocka"}, {"question": "Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?", "answer": "Chaillot"}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?", "answer": "Princess Obreskoff."}, {"question": "When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?", "answer": "June 1849"}, {"question": "When did his sister come to stay with Chopin?", "answer": "June 1849"}, {"question": "In September 1849 where did Chopin take up residence?", "answer": "Place Vend\u00f4me 12"}, {"question": "Which family member came to Paris in June 1849?", "answer": "his sister"}, {"question": "Who accompanied Chopin's sister to Paris?", "answer": "her husband and daughter"}, {"question": "Who gave Chopin a loan in September for an apartment?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "What did Parisian ladies consider proper etiquette when in Chopin's room?", "answer": "to faint"}, {"question": "Why did Chopin request being cut open after his death?", "answer": "fear of being buried alive"}, {"question": "What did Chopin reply to the doctor when asked is he was suffering?", "answer": "\"No longer\""}, {"question": "Who made Chopin's death mask?", "answer": "Cl\u00e9singer"}, {"question": "Why did Chopin want his body opened when he died?", "answer": "fear of being buried alive"}, {"question": "What did Solange's husband make hours after Chopin's death along with his death mask?", "answer": "a cast of his left hand."}, {"question": "What is listed as Chopin's official cause of death?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What was the name of Chopin's doctor?", "answer": "Jean Cruveilhier"}, {"question": "What has the Polish government not allowed to find true cause of death?", "answer": "DNA testing"}, {"question": "What was the cause of death on Chopin's death certificate?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's physician?", "answer": "Jean Cruveilhier"}, {"question": "Other possiblities for Chopin's death include cirrhosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and what?", "answer": "cystic fibrosis"}, {"question": "Who has denied testing Chopin's DNA to determine the actual cause of death?", "answer": "the Polish government."}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "answer": "Church of the Madeleine"}, {"question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "answer": "two weeks"}, {"question": "How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Over 3,000"}, {"question": "Where was Chopin's funeral held?", "answer": "the Church of the Madeleine in Paris"}, {"question": "How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?", "answer": "two weeks"}, {"question": "How many people arrived without an invitation?", "answer": "Over 3,000"}, {"question": "What song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Mozart's Requiem"}, {"question": "Who was the organist at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly"}, {"question": "Who led Chopin's funeral procession?", "answer": "Prince Adam Czartoryski"}, {"question": "What was played at his graveside?", "answer": "Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"}, {"question": "What Mozart song was sung at Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Mozart's Requiem"}, {"question": "Who was the organist for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Louis Lef\u00e9bure-W\u00e9ly"}, {"question": "Which cemetery was Chopin buried in?", "answer": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery"}, {"question": "Who led the funeral procession?", "answer": "Prince Adam Czartoryski"}, {"question": "What was played at Chopin's graveside?", "answer": "the Funeral March from Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2"}, {"question": "Who sculpted Chopin's tombstone?", "answer": "Cl\u00e9singer"}, {"question": "What is the name of the muse carved on Chopin's tombstone?", "answer": "Euterpe"}, {"question": "How much did Chopin's funeral cost?", "answer": "5,000 francs"}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "Chopin's sister Ludwika took his heart back to Warsaw preserved in what?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "Who designed Chopin's tombstone?", "answer": "Cl\u00e9singer."}, {"question": "How much did Chopin's funeral and monument cost?", "answer": "5,000 francs"}, {"question": "Who paid for Chopin's funeral?", "answer": "Jane Stirling"}, {"question": "Who took Chopin's heart to Poland?", "answer": "sister"}, {"question": "Who ended up with the 200 letters from Sand to Chopin?", "answer": "Sand"}, {"question": "How many of Chopin's works still exist?", "answer": "Over 230"}, {"question": "All of his pieces include what instrument?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "How many Chopin pieces are known to have survived?", "answer": "Over 230"}, {"question": "Only a few of Chopin's pieces involve more than the piano, including piano concertos, songs and what?", "answer": "chamber music."}, {"question": "Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?", "answer": "Clementi"}, {"question": "Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?", "answer": "Clementi"}, {"question": "Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?", "answer": "Bach and Mozart"}, {"question": "Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?", "answer": "Haydn"}, {"question": "Who is credited with creating the nocturne?", "answer": "John Field"}, {"question": "Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?", "answer": "ballades and scherzi"}, {"question": "What new genre di John Field invent?", "answer": "nocturne"}, {"question": "Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?", "answer": "ballades and scherzi"}, {"question": "What musical concept did Chopin exploit?", "answer": "concert \u00e9tude"}, {"question": "What three other musicians were developing the new genre?", "answer": "Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles"}, {"question": "How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?", "answer": "mazurkas"}, {"question": "What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?", "answer": "faster tempos"}, {"question": "What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?", "answer": "greater range of melody and expression."}, {"question": "Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?", "answer": "concert hall"}, {"question": "What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?", "answer": "the mazurka"}, {"question": "How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?", "answer": "waltzes"}, {"question": "What is another title Op. 10, No. 12 has garnered? ", "answer": "the Revolutionary \u00c9tude"}, {"question": "What is the only piece Chopin gave an actual title to?", "answer": "Funeral March"}, {"question": "The Funeral March was written as part of what piece?", "answer": "Sonata No. 2"}, {"question": "How many instrumental works did Chopin give a descriptive name to?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What descriptive name was Op. 10, No. 12 given?", "answer": "Revolutionary \u00c9tude"}, {"question": "What descriptive name was Op. 64, No. 1 given?", "answer": "Minute Waltz"}, {"question": "What was the last number Chopin gave to an opus?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's musical executor?", "answer": "Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "How many unfinished pieces did Julian Fontana make into eight more opus numbers?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "Op. 74 is made up of how many Polish songs?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What is the last opus number that Chopin used?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "Who grouped 23 unpublished pieces and published them as Opp. 66-73 in 1855?", "answer": "Julian Fontana"}, {"question": "When was Op. 74 published?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "The Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue was named for who?", "answer": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska"}, {"question": "Pieces published after what year stopped receiving opus numbers?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What have pieces published after 1857 been given rather than opus numbers?", "answer": "alternative catalogue designations"}, {"question": "What is the current musicologist reference for Chopin's pieces?", "answer": "the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue"}, {"question": "What is the shortened reference for the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "answer": "KK"}, {"question": "Who compiled the Kobyla\u0144ska Catalogue?", "answer": "Krystyna Kobyla\u0144ska."}, {"question": "Who released the first collection of Chopin's works?", "answer": "Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel"}, {"question": "Who edited the Polish \"National Edition\" of Chopin's works?", "answer": "Jan Ekier"}, {"question": "Maurice Schlesinger and Camille Pleyel were what to Chopin?", "answer": "original publishers"}, {"question": "Where did Chopin's work start t oshow up?", "answer": "popular 19th-century piano anthologies."}, {"question": "What was the name under scholarly publications of Chopin's work form 1937 to 1966?", "answer": "Paderewski"}, {"question": "Who edited the Polish National Edition?", "answer": "Jan Ekier"}, {"question": "What is central to Chopin's process?", "answer": "Improvisation"}, {"question": "Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?", "answer": "the four-bar phrase"}, {"question": "What is central to Chopin's creativeness?", "answer": "Improvisation"}, {"question": "Who wrote that \"improvisation is designed for an audience\"?", "answer": "Nicholas Temperley"}, {"question": "What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?", "answer": "his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit."}, {"question": "What piece does J. Barrie Jones pinpoint as a great example of Chopin's palette?", "answer": "the Barcarolle Op. 60"}, {"question": "What does J. Barrie Jones feel stands supreme of Chopin's concert pieces?", "answer": "the four ballades and four scherzos"}, {"question": "What form does Temperley feel that Chopin's ballades and scherzos are based on?", "answer": "departure and return"}, {"question": "Chopin's mazurkas contain more of what than his other compositions? ", "answer": "folk features"}, {"question": "What form are Chopin's mazurkas and waltzes in?", "answer": "straightforward ternary or episodic form, sometimes with a coda."}, {"question": "Which of Chopin's works shows more folk aspects?", "answer": "mazurkas"}, {"question": "What type of bass do Chopin's mazurkas exhibit?", "answer": "drone bass"}, {"question": "What does Chopin's Op. 63 No. 3 have that is rare?", "answer": "a canon at one beat's distance"}, {"question": "What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?", "answer": "triple time"}, {"question": "Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?", "answer": "Elsner"}, {"question": "Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?", "answer": "martial"}, {"question": "Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?", "answer": "formidable"}, {"question": "How many nocturnes did Chopin compose?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What is it about the middle of Chopin's nocturnes that increases their drama?", "answer": "agitated expression"}, {"question": "Chopin's nocturnes were more structured than who?", "answer": "Field"}, {"question": "What year did Chopin meet Field?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "Which type of Chopin's compositons were difficult for perfomers due to their middle sections?", "answer": "nocturnes"}, {"question": "What pieces of his did Chopin use to teach his technique?", "answer": "\u00e9tudes"}, {"question": "What form are most of Chopin's \u00e9tudes in?", "answer": "straightforward ternary"}, {"question": "Chopin often taught his piano technique using what form of music he wrote?", "answer": "\u00e9tudes"}, {"question": "What piece of Bach's did Chopin take inspiration for his preludes?", "answer": "The Well-Tempered Clavier"}, {"question": "Who suggested that Chopin's preludes were not intended to be played as a group?", "answer": "Kenneth Hamilton"}, {"question": "What was described as \"the beginning of studies\" by Schumann?", "answer": "The preludes"}, {"question": "What inspired Chopin for his preludes?", "answer": "J.S. Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier"}, {"question": "Kenneth Hamilton suggests that the preludes may not have been meant as a group but rather as what?", "answer": "generic preludes to others of his pieces"}, {"question": "Who did a recording where \u00c9tude Op. 10 No. 5. follows relude Op. 28 No. 7?", "answer": "Ferruccio Busoni"}, {"question": "How many movements are No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58 in?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What two people claimed that Op 58 was \"worthy of Brahms\"?", "answer": "Kornel Micha\u0142owski and Jim Samson"}, {"question": "How many movements are in No. 2, Op. 35 and No. 3, Op 58?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which movement was found lacking in musicality by Schumann?", "answer": "The last movement"}, {"question": "According to music historians, which sonata is similar to German tradition and worthy of Brahms?", "answer": "Op. 58"}, {"question": "Chopin's chord progressions are similar in style to what other composer?", "answer": "Claude Debussy"}, {"question": "What likely arose due to Chopin's technique with keyboards?", "answer": "harmonic innovations"}, {"question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"novel harmonic effects\"?", "answer": "Temperley"}, {"question": "What was Chopin's style based upon?", "answer": "independent finger technique"}, {"question": "Who wrote about a Chopin 1841 recital?", "answer": "L\u00e9on Escudier"}, {"question": "What writing of Chopin talks about everything about piano playing has to do with proper fingering?", "answer": "his Projet de m\u00e9thode"}, {"question": "According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?", "answer": "Karol Szymanowski"}, {"question": "Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?", "answer": "national modes and idioms"}, {"question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "answer": "Nikolai Zverev"}, {"question": "Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?", "answer": "Karol Szymanowski"}, {"question": "Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?", "answer": "Alexander Scriabin"}, {"question": "Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?", "answer": "Nikolai Zverev"}, {"question": "Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?", "answer": "Jonathan Bellman"}, {"question": "What did Chopin tend to avoid?", "answer": "rigid procedures"}, {"question": "What has been falsely credited to Chopin?", "answer": "\"always crescendo to a high note\""}, {"question": "What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?", "answer": "hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art"}, {"question": "Who wrote about Chopin's \"chromatic embroidery\"?", "answer": "Berlioz"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a \"colorful wreath of flowers\"?", "answer": "Hiller"}, {"question": "Chopin's compositions are often played with what?", "answer": "rubato"}, {"question": "What does rubato mean?", "answer": "the practice in performance of disregarding strict time"}, {"question": "In Chopin's music where strict timing is disregarded, what is it called?", "answer": "rubato"}, {"question": "What type of Chopin's music had the most disregard for strict timing according to Charles Rosen?", "answer": "mazurkas"}, {"question": "According to who did Chopin demand strictly sticking with rhythm?", "answer": "Friederike M\u00fcller"}, {"question": "Which student said Chopin made sure his students knew his legato, cantabile style of playing?", "answer": "Friederike M\u00fcller"}, {"question": "According to Friederike M\u00fcller, Chopin insisted his students have the strictest adherence to what?", "answer": "rhythm."}, {"question": "Chopin was noted as introducing music to what?", "answer": "sense of nationalism"}, {"question": "What year did Schumann review Chopin's piano concertos?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "In his review Schumann made note of Chopin's emotions for what?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "Why did Schumann say the Poles were in mourning?", "answer": "the failure of the November 1830"}, {"question": "A biography on Chopin released under Franz Liszt's name was likely written by who?", "answer": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"}, {"question": "Chopin was able to bring about a new sense of nationalism with his music because of his mazurkas and what?", "answer": "polonaises"}, {"question": "Who wrote a glowing review of Chopin's love for his country through his music in 1836?", "answer": "Schumann"}, {"question": "Schumann described Chopin's music as cannons buried in what?", "answer": "flowers"}, {"question": "Though Franz Liszt is credited with Chopin's 1863 biography, who probably actually wrote it?", "answer": "Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein"}, {"question": "Who said that Chopin's familiarity with Polish music was more \"urbanised\"  than true folk music?", "answer": "Barbara Milewski"}, {"question": "George Golos references what two musicians when claiming Chopin's nationalism was overrated? ", "answer": "Micha\u0142 Kleofas Ogi\u0144ski and Franciszek Lessel"}, {"question": "Who said Chopin's works were modeled after Bach, Beethoven, Schubert and Field?", "answer": "Richard Taruskin"}, {"question": "William Atwood suggested that Chopin's music wasn't purposely patriotic but what?", "answer": "intuitive"}, {"question": "A modern commentator, William Atwood, feels Poles not only sought solace in Chopin's music but also found them a source of strength as they continued to fight for what?", "answer": "freedom"}, {"question": "Where were Poles scattered to?", "answer": "Europe and the New World"}, {"question": "Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?", "answer": "Byronic flamboyance"}, {"question": "Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?", "answer": "Liszt and Henri Herz"}, {"question": "What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?", "answer": "Arthur Hutchings"}, {"question": "In what suite did Schumann name a work for Chopin?", "answer": "Carnaval"}, {"question": "What piece of Chopin's work was dedicated to Schumann? ", "answer": "Ballade No. 2 in F major"}, {"question": "How many of Chopin's Polish songs did Liszt transliterate for piano?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "With who did Chopin feel comfortable speaking of folk music with?", "answer": "Alkan"}, {"question": "What was recognized about Chopin from his musical peers?", "answer": "qualities as a pianist and composer"}, {"question": "What Schumann suite contained the name of a piece Schumann named for Chopin?", "answer": "Carnaval"}, {"question": "What piece did Chopin dedicate to Schumann?", "answer": "Ballade No. 2 in F major"}, {"question": "What other musician shows to have elements of Chopin in his work?", "answer": "Liszt"}, {"question": "Who dedicated his 1915 piano \u00c9tudes to Chopin?", "answer": "Debussy"}, {"question": "For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?", "answer": "Jacques Durand"}, {"question": "Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?", "answer": "Raoul Koczalski"}, {"question": "What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?", "answer": "Chopin's"}, {"question": "Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?", "answer": "Mainland Chinese scholars"}, {"question": "What important trade did the Ming Dynasty have with Tibet?", "answer": "horse trade"}, {"question": "During what years did the Mongol leader Kublai Khan rule?", "answer": "1402\u20131424"}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor try to build a religious alliance with?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa"}, {"question": "Deshin Shekpa was the head of what school?", "answer": "the Karma Kagyu school"}, {"question": "The Tibetan leaders had a diplomacy with what neighboring state?", "answer": "Nepal"}, {"question": "What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?", "answer": "armed resistance"}, {"question": "Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?", "answer": "the Mongols"}, {"question": "Which regime did G\u00fcshi Khan help establish? ", "answer": "the Ganden Phodrang"}, {"question": "When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?", "answer": "1578"}, {"question": "In what century did the Tibetan Empire fall?", "answer": "the 9th century"}, {"question": "Who signed multiple peace treaties with the Tang? ", "answer": "The Yarlung rulers of Tibet"}, {"question": "What did one of the treaties between the Tang and Tibet help fix?", "answer": "the borders between Tibet and China"}, {"question": "Who was the Tangs biggest rival?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "What year did Tang and Tibet sign a treaty to fix the borders?", "answer": "821"}, {"question": "When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?", "answer": "907\u2013960"}, {"question": "When did the Song dynasty take place?", "answer": "960\u20131279"}, {"question": "What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?", "answer": "Song dynasty"}, {"question": "Who ruled the Liao dynasty?", "answer": "the Khitan"}, {"question": "Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?", "answer": "Jurchen"}, {"question": "Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?", "answer": "Genghis Khan"}, {"question": "Who was Genghis Khan's successor? ", "answer": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}, {"question": "What years did \u00d6gedei Khan rule?", "answer": "1229\u20131241"}, {"question": "Who invaded Tibet? ", "answer": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}, {"question": "Who was the Mongol prince?", "answer": "Godan"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism?", "answer": "Sakya Pandita"}, {"question": "Who was the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "answer": "T\u00f6regene Khatun"}, {"question": "In what years was T\u00f6regene Khatun the regent of the Mongol Empire?", "answer": "1241\u20131246"}, {"question": "How many states were ruled by myriarchies?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What title did prince Kublai rule as from 1260 to 1294?", "answer": "Khagan"}, {"question": "Who was the superior of prince Kublai?", "answer": "\u00d6gedei Khan"}, {"question": "Who became the second Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Karma Pakshi"}, {"question": "With whom did Kublai Khan have a unique relationship with? ", "answer": "the Phagpa lama"}, {"question": "When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?  ", "answer": "1279"}, {"question": "When did the Yuan dynasty rule?", "answer": "1271\u20131368"}, {"question": "Which dynasty ruled all of china? ", "answer": "the Yuan dynasty"}, {"question": "What did Khubilai claim for a while?", "answer": "universal rule"}, {"question": "Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? ", "answer": "1358"}, {"question": "Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?", "answer": "the Mongols in Tibet"}, {"question": "Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? ", "answer": "the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}, {"question": "Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  ", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa Dynasty"}, {"question": "Who created the Ming Dynasty? ", "answer": "Zhu Yuanzhang"}, {"question": "Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?", "answer": "the Red Turban Rebellion"}, {"question": "Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "Zhu Yuanzhang"}, {"question": "What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "1368\u20131398"}, {"question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?", "answer": "Yuan officeholders"}, {"question": "Who was the fourth Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Rolpe Dorje"}, {"question": "Who rejected an invitation by the Hongwu Emperor?", "answer": "Rolpe Dorje"}, {"question": "What did the the Hongwu Emperor want to continue to promote?", "answer": "the Buddhist link between Tibet and China"}, {"question": "Who did Rolpe Dorje send as envoys to court in Nanjing?", "answer": "disciples"}, {"question": "Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?", "answer": "Ming government"}, {"question": "What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1402\u20131424"}, {"question": "Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?", "answer": "the Yongle Emperor"}, {"question": "What years did the Qing dynasty rule?", "answer": "1644\u20131912"}, {"question": "what year was the history of Ming produced? ", "answer": "1739"}, {"question": "What did the Ming dynasty create?", "answer": "\u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office"}, {"question": "How many Qianhu offices were there?", "answer": "seventeen Qianhu offices"}, {"question": "where was the \u00c9-L\u00ec-S\u012b Army-Civilian Marshal Office established?", "answer": "western Tibet"}, {"question": "How many princes of Dharma were assigned by the Ming court?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who established the Tibetan law code?", "answer": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}, {"question": "Who was the Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen"}, {"question": "who was a professor of the University of Washington?", "answer": "Turrell V. Wylie"}, {"question": "Who had a large amount of contacts with china during Yuan?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "Who believed that Tibet barely had any diplomatic relations with the Ming?", "answer": "Morris Rossabi"}, {"question": "Who supported van Praag's beliefs? ", "answer": "historian Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa"}, {"question": "Who did not agree with van Praag and Shakabpa?", "answer": "Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain"}, {"question": "Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?", "answer": "Wang and Nyima"}, {"question": "What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?", "answer": "1371"}, {"question": "What did the lamas called themselves?", "answer": "princes"}, {"question": "What edicts did the Ming issue?", "answer": "imperial edicts"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?", "answer": "Journalist and author Thomas Laird"}, {"question": "who colonized India and New Zealand?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?", "answer": "the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?", "answer": "A Mongol dynasty of China"}, {"question": "How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?", "answer": "the line of Mongol rulers in China"}, {"question": "What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?", "answer": "a non-Chinese polity"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?", "answer": "Rossabi"}, {"question": "When did the yuan dynasty start and end?", "answer": "1271 to 1368"}, {"question": "When did Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan reign?", "answer": "1311\u20131320"}, {"question": "During the Yuan what existed between China and Tibet? ", "answer": "a licensed border market"}, {"question": "Who was granted higher status than the Han Chinese majority?", "answer": "the Mongols and other ethnicities"}, {"question": "Who abolished the policy council?", "answer": "the Ming"}, {"question": "What was the Tibetan leader  Choskunskyabs  appointed as? ", "answer": "the General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office"}, {"question": "Who governed most areas of Tibet?", "answer": "Ming dynasty's \u00dc-Tsang Commanding Office"}, {"question": "Where is the China Tibetology Research Center located?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "Who was the Director of the History Studies Institute?", "answer": "Chen Qingying"}, {"question": "How many households were the offices of Qianhu in charge of?", "answer": "1,000 households"}, {"question": "How many households were the offices of Wanhu in charge of?", "answer": "10,000 households"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Tibetologist?", "answer": "John Powers"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming emperors send invitations to?", "answer": "ruling lamas"}, {"question": "When the lamas received an invite from the emperors, who did they send instead? ", "answer": "subordinates"}, {"question": "What was the western regions composed of?", "answer": "the Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan"}, {"question": "Who believed that they were the true Han Western representatives? ", "answer": "foreign officials"}, {"question": "What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?", "answer": "Education Minister"}, {"question": "What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?", "answer": "Degsi"}, {"question": "What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?", "answer": "Phagmodrupa Dynasty"}, {"question": "What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?", "answer": "Wang and Nyima"}, {"question": "Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?", "answer": "The Tai Situpa"}, {"question": "Who divided Central Tibet into districts? ", "answer": "Changchub Gyaltsen"}, {"question": "Who strongly believed Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to restore the glories of its Imperial age to Tibet?", "answer": "Van Praag"}, {"question": "What university was Lok-Ham Chan a professor at?", "answer": "the University of Washington"}, {"question": "What did Lok-Ham Chan claim  Changchub Gyaltsen wanted to remove?", "answer": "all traces of Mongol suzerainty"}, {"question": "Who did the Hongwu Emperor grant the title Initiation State Master to?", "answer": "Sagya Gyaincain"}, {"question": "Who suggested to the emperor that an official title be granted to second Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "the Ming officer of Hezhou"}, {"question": "Who was the second Phagmodru ruler?", "answer": "Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen"}, {"question": "Who told the emperor that the situation in Dbus and Gtsang were under control?", "answer": "the Ming officer of Hezhou"}, {"question": "Where were the envoys sent?", "answer": "to the Ming court"}, {"question": "Who lost their power over Tibet?", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa"}, {"question": "What year did the Phagmodrupa lose their power over Tibet?", "answer": "1434"}, {"question": "What year did the 5th Dalai lama start to dominate over Tibet?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "What did the other families fail to establish?", "answer": "hegemonies"}, {"question": "The Ming Dynasty granted what titles to lamas of schools?", "answer": "the Karmapa Kargyu"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming Dynasty decline titles from after receiving invitations?", "answer": "Mongol"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Gelug school?", "answer": "Je Tsongkhapa"}, {"question": "Who invited Je Tsongkhapa to come pay tribute?", "answer": "the Ming Yongle Emperor"}, {"question": "Who wrote the letter declining the Emperor's invitation?", "answer": "Tsongkhapa"}, {"question": "When did the Ming first request Tsongkhapa to come to court?", "answer": "1407"}, {"question": "When did the Ming court send a second request to Tsongkhapa?", "answer": "1413"}, {"question": "Who did Tsongkhapa send in his place to Nanjing?", "answer": "his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes"}, {"question": "When was Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?", "answer": "1414"}, {"question": "Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?", "answer": "Dawa Norbu"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming appoint titles to?", "answer": "eastern Tibetan princes"}, {"question": "What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?", "answer": "an army"}, {"question": "What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "What was the name of the  eunuch?", "answer": "Yang Sanbao"}, {"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "answer": "1413"}, {"question": "Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?", "answer": "the allegiance of various Tibetan princes"}, {"question": "Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?", "answer": "to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states"}, {"question": "Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?", "answer": "the Ming court"}, {"question": "Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?", "answer": "1430s"}, {"question": "What was the Gelug not mentioned in?", "answer": "the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu"}, {"question": "Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?", "answer": "various lamas"}, {"question": "Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?", "answer": "the Phagmodru myriarchy"}, {"question": "Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?", "answer": "Melvyn C. Goldstein"}, {"question": "What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?", "answer": "1435\u20131565"}, {"question": "Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?", "answer": "Melvyn C. Goldstein"}, {"question": "What years did the Tsangpa start and end?", "answer": "1565\u20131642"}, {"question": "What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?", "answer": "1398\u20131402"}, {"question": "Who aided the Yongle Emperor?", "answer": "the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao"}, {"question": "Who was Yongle Emperor's father?", "answer": "the Hongwu Emperor"}, {"question": "When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?", "answer": "March 10, 1403"}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?", "answer": "Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang"}, {"question": "Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?", "answer": "to seek out the Karmapa"}, {"question": "When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?", "answer": "1407"}, {"question": "Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?", "answer": "through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan"}, {"question": "When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?", "answer": "1403"}, {"question": "Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?", "answer": "the Karmapa"}, {"question": "Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?", "answer": "Kublai"}, {"question": "Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?", "answer": "the Yongle Emperor"}, {"question": "At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?", "answer": "Linggu Temple"}, {"question": "Where was the Linggu Temple located?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?", "answer": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"}, {"question": "Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?", "answer": "religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects"}, {"question": "Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past? ", "answer": "the Mongols"}, {"question": "Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose? ", "answer": "religious purposes"}, {"question": "What was said to be the  Yongle Emperor plans?", "answer": "to send a military force into Tibet"}, {"question": "Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?", "answer": "to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools"}, {"question": "Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa"}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?", "answer": "Jianwen Emperor"}, {"question": "Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa"}, {"question": "What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?", "answer": "Deshin Shekpa's miracles"}, {"question": "According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?", "answer": "Chinese Communist historians"}, {"question": "What were the items of tribute?", "answer": "Buddhist artifacts"}, {"question": "Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?", "answer": "Josef Kolma\u0161"}, {"question": "What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?", "answer": "1435\u20131449"}, {"question": "Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?", "answer": "The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC"}, {"question": "Who was the edict addressed to? ", "answer": "the Karmapa"}, {"question": "Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?", "answer": "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma"}, {"question": "When was the edict written?", "answer": "after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?", "answer": "the Karmapa hierarchs"}, {"question": "What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?", "answer": "1446"}, {"question": "When did  Deshin Shekpa  die?", "answer": "1415"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?", "answer": "the Karmapa"}, {"question": "Why did Yongle order the construction?", "answer": "to facilitate trade with Tibet"}, {"question": "What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?", "answer": "tea, horses, and salt"}, {"question": "where did the trade route pass through?", "answer": "through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan"}, {"question": "Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?", "answer": "to secure urgently needed horses"}, {"question": "What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?", "answer": "Silk workshops"}, {"question": "What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhist"}, {"question": "who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?", "answer": "the Ming"}, {"question": "Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?", "answer": "a mandatory \"corv\u00e9e\" tax"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming trade horses with?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the T\u00fcmed Mongols?", "answer": "Altan Khan"}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan overthrow?", "answer": "the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony"}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan make peace with?", "answer": "the Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?", "answer": "Altan Khan"}, {"question": "When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?", "answer": "the 14th century"}, {"question": "When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?", "answer": "November 1378"}, {"question": "How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "How many animals did Mu Ying capture?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?", "answer": "Ming general Qu Neng"}, {"question": "What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?", "answer": "recovery of the Ordos region"}, {"question": "Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids? ", "answer": "the Mongols"}, {"question": "Where were the Mongols trying to raise? ", "answer": "Ming China"}, {"question": "Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?", "answer": "to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes"}, {"question": "What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?", "answer": "divide-and-rule"}, {"question": "When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?", "answer": "after the Sakya regime had fallen"}, {"question": "Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?", "answer": "fifth Karmapa"}, {"question": "Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?", "answer": "many different Tibetan lamas"}, {"question": "Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?", "answer": "the Phagmodrupa"}, {"question": "When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?", "answer": "1498"}, {"question": "What was the most important event to the Gelug?", "answer": "New Years ceremonies and prayers"}, {"question": "When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?", "answer": "1518"}, {"question": "When did the Zhengde Emperor rule? ", "answer": "1505\u20131521"}, {"question": "Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?", "answer": "the company of lamas"}, {"question": "Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?", "answer": "Miky\u00f6 Dorje"}, {"question": "Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?", "answer": "Chinese writers of the early 20th century"}, {"question": "What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?", "answer": "China's intervening Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China? ", "answer": "the 13th century"}, {"question": "When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "During Which dynasty does Josef Kolma\u0161 claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?", "answer": "the Qing dynasty"}, {"question": "Josef Kolma\u0161  states that Tibet became subject to what government? ", "answer": "the Chinese central government"}, {"question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?", "answer": "the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans"}, {"question": "Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?", "answer": "the Republic of China and its Communist successors"}, {"question": "Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?", "answer": "the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco"}, {"question": "Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?", "answer": "the Mongols"}, {"question": "The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?", "answer": "patron and priest relationship"}, {"question": "When was Tibet included into the territory of Yuan dynasty's China?", "answer": "the 13th century"}, {"question": "Who was said to have gained the right to rule Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "When was China Daily started?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "Who does the article claim had two itinerant high commands over Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming"}, {"question": "According to article Tibet has remained under what jurisdiction?", "answer": "the central government of China"}, {"question": "When did the Jiajing Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1521\u20131567"}, {"question": "What ideology was sponsored at the Ming court?", "answer": "the native Chinese ideology of Daoism"}, {"question": "Who stopped their trips to Ming China?", "answer": "the Tibetan lamas"}, {"question": "Who was the Grand Secretary under Jiajing?", "answer": "Yang Tinghe"}, {"question": "Who broke the eunuch influence at court?", "answer": "Yang Tinghe"}, {"question": "Who was Zhengde's successor? ", "answer": "Jiajing"}, {"question": "What establishment did the politics at court shift in favor of? ", "answer": "Neo-Confucian establishment"}, {"question": "Which embassy did the Neo-Confucian establishment reject?", "answer": "the Portuguese embassy"}, {"question": "Who did the Neo-Confucian establishment have animosity towards?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhism and lamas"}, {"question": "Evelyn S. Rawski claims that Ming's relationship with Tibetan prelates ended during who's reign?", "answer": "Jiajing"}, {"question": "What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?", "answer": "the Kokonor region"}, {"question": "Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?", "answer": "the Ming Chinese frontier"}, {"question": "The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? ", "answer": "the Ming"}, {"question": "When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?", "answer": "1571"}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?", "answer": "the third hierarch of the Gelug\u2014S\u00f6nam Gyatso"}, {"question": "What practice did Altan Khan put to an end?", "answer": "the native Mongol practices of shamanism and blood sacrifice"}, {"question": "Who did Altan Khan persuade to convert to Gelug Buddhism?", "answer": "the Mongol princes and subjects"}, {"question": "What did Altan Khan threaten the Mongol princes and subjects with if they did not convert?", "answer": "execution"}, {"question": "Who did the Mongol princes ask to grant them titles?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Why did the Mongol princes ask for titles?", "answer": "Committed to their religious leader"}, {"question": "Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?", "answer": "T\u00fcmen Khan"}, {"question": "To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?", "answer": "the great-grandson of Altan Khan"}, {"question": "Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?", "answer": "the 5th Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?", "answer": "In 1642"}, {"question": "Who was given the grandiose title?", "answer": "Sonam Gyatso"}, {"question": "Who granted Sonam Gyatso the title of grandiose?", "answer": "Altan Khan"}, {"question": "Who did Sonam Gyatso send gifts to?", "answer": "Zhang Juzheng"}, {"question": "Who was the Ming Chinese official?", "answer": "Zhang Juzheng"}, {"question": "Where did Sonam Gyatso die?", "answer": "Mongolia"}, {"question": "Who did the Ming dynasty showed favors to?", "answer": "the third Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "What was the the third Dalai Lama allowed to do?", "answer": "pay tribute"}, {"question": "What title was Sonam Gyatso granted in 1587?", "answer": "the title Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "In 1653 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "answer": "the fifth Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "In 1713 who did the Qing emperor grant a title to?", "answer": "the fifth Panchen Lama"}, {"question": "What title was the fourth Dalai Lama granted? ", "answer": "Master of Vajradhara"}, {"question": "Who was the fourth Dalai Lama?", "answer": "Yonten Gyatso"}, {"question": "When did the Wanli Emperor grant the title Master of Vajradhara to Yonten Gyatso?", "answer": "1616"}, {"question": "Who did the Wanli Emperor invite to Beijing in 1616?", "answer": "Yonten Gyatso"}, {"question": "Why didn't Yonten Gyatso make it to Beijing?", "answer": "he died"}, {"question": "Who's presence increased in Tibet?", "answer": "the Mongols"}, {"question": "What were the Mongols trying to reclaim?", "answer": "their old vassal of Tibet"}, {"question": "When did the conquest of Tibet reach its peak?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "Who's lack of concern helped the Mongols jump at a chance to reclaim their old vassal of Tibet?", "answer": "the Ming court"}, {"question": "When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?", "answer": "1565"}, {"question": "Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?", "answer": "Karma Phuntsok Namgyal"}, {"question": "When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?", "answer": "1611\u20131621"}, {"question": "Who did \u00dc-Tsang king have an alliance with?", "answer": "the Karmapa"}, {"question": "Who refused an audience with the \u00dc-Tsang king?", "answer": "The fourth Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Who did the 5th Dalai Lama beg for help from?", "answer": "the Mongol prince G\u00fcshi Khan"}, {"question": "What role did G\u00fcshi Khan take on?", "answer": "protector"}, {"question": "Which enemies did G\u00fcshi Khan defeat? ", "answer": "the Gelugpas"}, {"question": "Where did G\u00fcshi Khan resettle his tribe?", "answer": "Amdo"}, {"question": "When did the  \u00dc-Tsang forces surrender?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan organize a welcome ceremony for?", "answer": "Lozang Gyatso"}, {"question": "What did G\u00fcshi Khan present as a gift to the Dalai Lama?", "answer": "his conquest of Tibet"}, {"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan enthrone the ruler of Tibet?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Who did G\u00fcshi Khan grant the governing authority to?", "answer": "the regent Sonam Ch\u00f6pel"}, {"question": "The title of 'King of Tibet belonged to whom?", "answer": "G\u00fcshi Khan"}, {"question": "Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?", "answer": "the rebellion of Li Zicheng"}, {"question": "According to Kolma\u0161 who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?", "answer": "Shunzhi"}, {"question": "Who tried to spread their territory into Tibet?", "answer": "the Dzungar Mongols"}, {"question": "Who helped the Tibetan? ", "answer": "the Kangxi Emperor"}, {"question": "When did the Kangxi Emperor occupy Lhasa?", "answer": "1720"}, {"question": "When was The Qing dynasty garrison established in Tibet?", "answer": "1751"}, {"question": "When did the Qianlong Emperor reign? ", "answer": "1735\u20131796"}, {"question": "Which company produces the iPod?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "When was the original iPod released?", "answer": "October 23, 2001"}, {"question": "How many different types of iPod are currently available?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What kind of device is the iPod?", "answer": "portable media players"}, {"question": "The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?", "answer": "touchscreen"}, {"question": "In what year was the first iPod released?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What company manufactures the iPod?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "How many versions of the iPod currently exist?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "Which is the smallest version of the iPod?", "answer": "Shuffle"}, {"question": "In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "In addition to playing music, what other function can the iPod perform?", "answer": "data storage"}, {"question": "What is the smallest data capacity for an iPod product?", "answer": "2 GB"}, {"question": "What is the largest data capacity for an iPod product?", "answer": "128 GB"}, {"question": "Which iPod product features the smallest data storage capacity?", "answer": "iPod Shuffle"}, {"question": "Which current iPod product features the largest data storage capacity?", "answer": "iPod Touch"}, {"question": "What's the storage capacity of the iPod Shuffle?", "answer": "2 GB"}, {"question": "What's the storage capacity for the iPod Touch?", "answer": "128 GB"}, {"question": "What Apple program is used to communicate between computers and portable devices?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "Which operating systems are compatible with iTunes?", "answer": "Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows"}, {"question": "What's the name of the software used to manage music and other media on Apple devices?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?", "answer": "iPhone"}, {"question": "With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?", "answer": "iOS 5"}, {"question": "In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?", "answer": "\"Music\" and \"Videos\""}, {"question": "What processor model is used in the iPod Touch?", "answer": "A8"}, {"question": "Which generation of iPod Touch was made availalbe in July of 2015?", "answer": "sixth"}, {"question": "What's the most recent generation of iPod Touch?", "answer": "sixth"}, {"question": "In what year was the most recent iPod Touch released?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What type of processor does the current iPod Touch use?", "answer": "A8"}, {"question": "In how many colors is the current iPod Touch available?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "In what year was the iPod first introduced?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "In what year did iPod sales show improvement?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Which Apple engineer led original iPod design group?", "answer": "Jon Rubinstein"}, {"question": "What radio was the primary inspiration for the look of the iPod?", "answer": "Braun T3 transistor radio"}, {"question": "What was the storage capacity of the first iPod?", "answer": "5 GB"}, {"question": "in what year was the original iPod released?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How large was the hard drive on the original iPod?", "answer": "5 GB"}, {"question": "What other popular music player did Apple compare their new product to?", "answer": "the Walkman"}, {"question": "What is the name of Apple's hardware engineering chief who helped design the iPod?", "answer": "Jon Rubinstein"}, {"question": "Who manufactured the hard drives for the first iPods?", "answer": "Toshiba"}, {"question": "Which company worked with Apple in creating the user interface for the iPod?", "answer": "Pixo"}, {"question": "What was the name of the font used prior to the release of the iPod Mini?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "In what year was the 6th gen iPod Classic released?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "The 6th gen iPod Classic and 3rd gen iPod nano featured which font?", "answer": "Helvetica"}, {"question": "Who supervised the design and implementation of the iPod user interface?", "answer": "Steve Jobs"}, {"question": "What software did Apple use as the basis for their iPod software?", "answer": "PortalPlayer"}, {"question": "What typeface does the current iPod use?", "answer": "Helvetica"}, {"question": "In what year was a special edition of the iPod produced?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "For what musical group was a special edition of the iPod first made?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "What color was the metal on the U2 version of the iPod?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What type of media was included with purchase of the U2 version of the iPod?", "answer": "video"}, {"question": "Of what band did Apple present a special edition iPod 5G?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "What color was the special U2 iPod model?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "In what year did apple release the special U2 model of the iPod?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?", "answer": "Burst.com"}, {"question": "Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?", "answer": "Kane Kramer"}, {"question": "In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?", "answer": "IXI"}, {"question": "What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?", "answer": "Burst.com"}, {"question": "What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?", "answer": "IXI"}, {"question": "Who was the holder of the previous patent for the \"plastic music box\"?", "answer": "Kane Kramer"}, {"question": "Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?", "answer": "Vinnie Chieco"}, {"question": "What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?", "answer": "freelance copywriter"}, {"question": "What film inspired the name of the iPod?", "answer": "2001: A Space Odyssey"}, {"question": "Who first trademarked the iPod name?", "answer": "Joseph N. Grasso"}, {"question": "In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What movie inspired the iPod name?", "answer": "2001: A Space Odyssey"}, {"question": "What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name \"iPod\"?", "answer": "Vinnie Chieco"}, {"question": "Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?", "answer": "Joseph N. Grasso"}, {"question": "When were images of new iPod colors leaked?", "answer": "mid-2015"}, {"question": "Who leaked the photos of new iPod colors?", "answer": "Pierre Dandumont"}, {"question": "What version of iTunes contained the leaked photos of new iPod colors?", "answer": "12.2"}, {"question": "What was the latest version of iTunes as of mid-2015?", "answer": "12.2"}, {"question": "Who first leaked the photos of the new iPod color scheme?", "answer": "Pierre Dandumont"}, {"question": "What audio deficiency was found in the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "weak bass response"}, {"question": "What kind of headphones could partially mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "high-impedance"}, {"question": "What is an example of a device that could entirely mitigate the bass response issues of the 3rd gen iPods?", "answer": "external headphone amplifier"}, {"question": "What part of audio output was substandard on 3rd generation iPods?", "answer": "bass"}, {"question": "What component was to blame for the weak bass of the 3rd generation iPod?", "answer": "undersized DC-blocking capacitors"}, {"question": "What acoustic element could be distorted by different audio settings in iPods prior to 2007?", "answer": "Bass"}, {"question": "Name four sound profiles that would result in bass distortion on pre-2007 iPods.", "answer": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"}, {"question": "What specific problem caused the issue with bass distortion?", "answer": "clipping"}, {"question": "iPods released before what year had issues with distorted bass?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What EQ settings were known to have issues with bass distortion?", "answer": "R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster"}, {"question": "What type of sensory issue was a concern prior to the release of 5th gen iPods?", "answer": "hearing loss"}, {"question": "In what markets did 6th gen iPods limit the highest volume of the player?", "answer": "EU"}, {"question": "What was the limit imposed on how loud the iPod could play sounds in the EU?", "answer": "100 dB"}, {"question": "In what country did Apple have to recall iPods?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What is the highest volume output level of European 6th-generation iPods?", "answer": "100 dB"}, {"question": "What country originally pulled iPods due to higher-than-allowed volume levels?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What was the first type of connection used by the iPod to charge and transfer files?", "answer": "FireWire"}, {"question": "What was an alternate method of charging the iPod?", "answer": "power adapter"}, {"question": "What type of connector was originally required to upload songs or recharge the iPod?", "answer": "FireWire"}, {"question": "In which generation did iPod start providing compatibility with USB?", "answer": "third generation"}, {"question": "What iPod feature allowed for USB connections with the device?", "answer": "30-pin dock connector"}, {"question": "Which generation of iPod Classic was the first to abandon use of FireWire in transferring files?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "Starting with which generation of iPod Nano was FireWire charging functionality no longer available?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What kind of connection is provided on the iPod Shuffle for both audio output and file transfer?", "answer": "3.5 mm minijack"}, {"question": "Which generation iPod was the first to include the 30-pin dock connector?", "answer": "third generation"}, {"question": "Which model of iPod combined the headphone jack and data port?", "answer": "Shuffle"}, {"question": "What interface was gradually phased out for both charging and data transfer?", "answer": "FireWire"}, {"question": "What interface replaced FireWire in later iterations of the iPod?", "answer": "USB"}, {"question": "Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?", "answer": "iPod Hi-Fi"}, {"question": "What are two companies that make iPod accessories?", "answer": "Belkin and Griffin"}, {"question": "What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?", "answer": "dock connector"}, {"question": "What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?", "answer": "paying royalties"}, {"question": "The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?", "answer": "third parties"}, {"question": "What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?", "answer": "iPod Hi-Fi"}, {"question": "What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?", "answer": "Lightning"}, {"question": "What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?", "answer": "seventh generation iPod Nano"}, {"question": "How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many pins did the Lightning connector have?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?", "answer": "both sides"}, {"question": "What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?", "answer": "Lightning"}, {"question": "What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?", "answer": "fifth generation"}, {"question": "What is the name of an Apple-produced iPod accessory?", "answer": "iPod Hi-Fi"}, {"question": "What is an example of an iPod accessory made work exercise?", "answer": "Nike+iPod pedometer"}, {"question": "What are six companies that made some of the first peripherals for the iPod?", "answer": "Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation"}, {"question": "What can A/V cables be used to connect the iPod to?", "answer": "TV"}, {"question": "Who manufactures a pedometer accessory for the iPod?", "answer": "Nike"}, {"question": "Which company manufactures the iPod Hi-Fi accessory?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?", "answer": "BMW"}, {"question": "In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?", "answer": "Scion"}, {"question": "Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?", "answer": "BMW"}, {"question": "Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?", "answer": "Scion"}, {"question": "What companies have developed iPod interfacing for their stereo systems?", "answer": "JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon"}, {"question": "What type of transmitter is used in the iTrip?", "answer": "FM"}, {"question": "What has become a standard inclusion in cars for several different auto companies?", "answer": "audio input jacks"}, {"question": "Which type of iPod car integration product is illegal in certain countries?", "answer": "FM transmitters"}, {"question": "What audio integration feature has become standard on many car models?", "answer": "audio input jacks"}, {"question": "In 2007, which airlines made deals to include iPod connections on their planes?", "answer": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"}, {"question": "Where can people using iPods on planes view the device's interface?", "answer": "individual seat-back displays"}, {"question": "What are two airlines that considered implementing iPod connections but did not join the 2007 agreement?", "answer": "KLM and Air France"}, {"question": "Which airlines first agreed to install seat connections for iPods?", "answer": "United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates"}, {"question": "In what year did airlines first start to accommodate the iPod?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the name of an audio format developed by Apple?", "answer": "Apple Lossless"}, {"question": "Which product enabled users to view images on the device?", "answer": "iPod photo"}, {"question": "What Microsoft media format is not natively supported by Apple devices?", "answer": "WMA"}, {"question": "What does DRM stand for?", "answer": "Digital Rights Management"}, {"question": "What computer OS did iPod software exclusively work with at launch?", "answer": "Mac OS"}, {"question": "What are some examples of audio formats supported by the iPod?", "answer": "MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless"}, {"question": "What was the first model to support JPEG and other still image formats?", "answer": "iPod photo"}, {"question": "How many hosts are recognized by an iPod the first time they're used?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What will be erased if an iPod is set to sync with a different computer?", "answer": "library"}, {"question": "What must an iPod be connected to before iTunes can synchronize?", "answer": "host computer"}, {"question": "How many buttons do most iPods use?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "On what part of newer iPods can you find the buttons?", "answer": "click wheel"}, {"question": "Where are the controls located on the 3rd gen iPod Shuffle?", "answer": "earphone cable"}, {"question": "What kind of interface does the iPod touch use instead of the click wheel?", "answer": "touch screen"}, {"question": "What other device shares the interface used by the iPod Touch?", "answer": "iPhone"}, {"question": "Most iPods feature how many buttons?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The 3rd generation of which iPod model had its controls only on the earphone cable?", "answer": "Shuffle"}, {"question": "Which other Apple product does the iPod Touch share an interface and OS with?", "answer": "iPhone"}, {"question": "When was the Apple iTunes Store launched?", "answer": "April 29, 2003"}, {"question": "What program is required to access the iTunes Store?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "When were videos made available through the iTunes store?", "answer": "October 12, 2005"}, {"question": "When did Apple begin selling entire films through the iTunes store?", "answer": "September 12, 2006"}, {"question": "In what year was the iTunes store established?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "In what year did videos first become available on iTunes?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "When were full-length moved added to the iTunes store?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "When the iTunes store was launched, what type of file format was used?", "answer": "AAC"}, {"question": "How many computers were allowed to play files that used the FairPlay DRM system?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "In what category could files without digital rights management be found on the iTunes store?", "answer": "iTunes Plus"}, {"question": "When did Apple reveal that most of the iTunes selection was free from DRM?", "answer": "January 6, 2009"}, {"question": "By what time did Apple project its entire catalog would be free of DRM?", "answer": "April 2009"}, {"question": "What was the original format for purchased audio files on iTunes?", "answer": "AAC"}, {"question": "What was the name of the DRM system originally used by Apple and iTunes?", "answer": "FairPlay"}, {"question": "What was the name of the premium service that offered higher quality and DRM-free songs?", "answer": "iTunes Plus"}, {"question": "In what year was DRM completely eliminated from the iTunes offerings?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What are two stores which sell files with DRM not compatible with iPods?", "answer": "Napster and MSN Music"}, {"question": "For what device's sales does Apple leverage the iTunes store?", "answer": "iPods"}, {"question": "The iPod can play music from other online stores as long as they don't contain what feature?", "answer": "DRM"}, {"question": "What company ended its deal with Apple's music store in July of 2007?", "answer": "Universal Music Group"}, {"question": "What entity did Universal have a contract with prior to July of 2007?", "answer": "iTunes Store"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal Music Group let their contract with iTunes lapse?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was the name of the event at which the iTunes Wi-Fi store was launched?", "answer": "The Beat Goes On..."}, {"question": "On what date was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store launched?", "answer": "September 5, 2007"}, {"question": "In what year was the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store introduced?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Which Apple device has the ability to sync with iTunes via the phone network?", "answer": "iPhone"}, {"question": "On what devices can video games be used?", "answer": "iPods"}, {"question": "What was included on the first iPod?", "answer": "Brick"}, {"question": "Who created Brick?", "answer": "Steve Wozniak"}, {"question": "What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?", "answer": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"}, {"question": "What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?", "answer": "easter egg"}, {"question": "What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?", "answer": "Brick"}, {"question": "What other games were later added to the original iPod?", "answer": "Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz"}, {"question": "In what year did the iTunes store begin allowing users to buy video games?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Which version of iTunes was introduced with the ability to purchase games?", "answer": "iTunes 7"}, {"question": "What was the first generation of iPod Classic on which games like Mahjong and Tetris could be played?", "answer": "5th generation"}, {"question": "On which generation of iPod Nano can games be played?", "answer": "4th generation"}, {"question": "In what year did iTunes 7 launch, along with a plethora of additional games?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Which generation iPod was required to enjoy the new games available on iTunes 7?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "What are the names of companies producing video games for Apple's MP3 player?", "answer": "Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft"}, {"question": "What market can Apple participate in now that it has a variety of games available for iPod?", "answer": "video game handheld console market"}, {"question": "What two publications have covered iPod games?", "answer": "GamePro and EGM"}, {"question": "What format is used for iPod game files?", "answer": ".ipg"}, {"question": "What file format is being covered up by the use of ipg files?", "answer": ".zip"}, {"question": "What does SDK stand for?", "answer": "software development kit"}, {"question": "What is the only operating system on which iPhone SDK-made games can be played?", "answer": "iOS"}, {"question": "What file format are iPod games distributed in?", "answer": ".ipg"}, {"question": "An app produced with the iPhone SDK can only run on what devices?", "answer": "iPod Touch and iPhone"}, {"question": "Is the Apple SDK available to third-party game publishers?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "What kind program is commonly used to move files between iTunes and an iPod?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "What kind of other applications enable communication between iTunes and an iPod?", "answer": "third-party"}, {"question": "Rather than copying media files directly to it, what software must be used for this purpose so that they are accessible?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "What kind of security determines if files moved to a computer can be played?", "answer": "DRM"}, {"question": "What minimum version of iTunes is required to transfer purchased media from an iPod to an authorized computer?", "answer": "iTunes 7"}, {"question": "In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?", "answer": "hidden"}, {"question": "On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?", "answer": "host"}, {"question": "What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?", "answer": "manual"}, {"question": "In what year did Apple face multiple intellectual property lawsuits?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What did the 2005 lawsuits accuse Apple of doing?", "answer": "patent infringement"}, {"question": "What other companies were named in the suit filed by Pat-rights?", "answer": "Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch"}, {"question": "On whose behalf did Pat-rights take Apple to court?", "answer": "Ho Keung Tse"}, {"question": "Which company sued Apple for breach of a \"music jukebox\" patent in 2005?", "answer": "Advanced Audio Devices"}, {"question": "Which Apple technology did Pat-rights complain breached their patent in a lawsuit?", "answer": "FairPlay"}, {"question": "What interface component did Apple attempt to patent in 2005?", "answer": "rotational user inputs"}, {"question": "When did Apple receive a decision on its attempt to patent rotational user inputs?", "answer": "August 2005"}, {"question": "Which competitor sued Apple over rights to part of the software user interface?", "answer": "Creative Technology"}, {"question": "What was the name of the patent over which Creative asserted its ownership?", "answer": "Zen Patent"}, {"question": "From which entity did Creative request an investigation into Apple importing their devices to the US?", "answer": "United States International Trade Commission"}, {"question": "What interface feature did Apple unsuccessfully try to patent?", "answer": "rotational user inputs"}, {"question": "Which rival company sued Apple in 2005 and 2006?", "answer": "Creative Technology"}, {"question": "When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?", "answer": "August 24, 2006"}, {"question": "How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?", "answer": "Made for iPod"}, {"question": "How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?", "answer": "the Made for iPod program"}, {"question": "What share of the US digital music player market does iPod hold?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "When did iPod become the leader in digital music device sales?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How much of the market did iPod claim as of January 2007?", "answer": "72.7%"}, {"question": "Who reported Apple's market share in 2007?", "answer": "Bloomberg Online"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of the hard drive-based music player sales does iPod have since 2004?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of the overall music player market does the iPod line have?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What did the iPod's US market share peak at in 2005?", "answer": "74%"}, {"question": "When did HP unveil their own edition of the iPod?", "answer": "January 8, 2004"}, {"question": "What does HP stand for?", "answer": "Hewlett-Packard"}, {"question": "What major retailer sold HP-branded iPod devices?", "answer": "Wal-Mart"}, {"question": "HP-branded iPods accounted for what share of iPod purchases?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What kind of terms and conditions led HP to leave the iPod market?", "answer": "unfavorable"}, {"question": "Which computer company sold iPods from 2004-05 as part of a license agreement with Apple?", "answer": "HP"}, {"question": "How many iPods did Apple reveal it sold in April of 2007?", "answer": "hundred million"}, {"question": "How much of Apple's revenue was generated by iPod purchases in Q2 of 2007?", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What is an item that owners of iPods may also purchase?", "answer": "Mac computers"}, {"question": "How much revenue did Apple announce for Q2 2007?", "answer": "$5.2 billion"}, {"question": "In which year did Apple top sales of 100,000,000 iPods?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "As of 2007, what percentage of Apple's revenue came from iPod sales?", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What was Apple's revenue for Q3 2007?", "answer": "$6.22 billion"}, {"question": "Desktop computers made up how much of Apple's revenue in the third quarter of 2007?", "answer": "19.22%"}, {"question": "How much money did Apple make in 2007?", "answer": "$3.5 billion"}, {"question": "What was the value of Apple's cash assets at the end of 2007?", "answer": "$15.4 billion"}, {"question": "With the help of strong iPod sales, how much profit did they turn in 2007?", "answer": "$3.5 billion"}, {"question": "When did Apple reveal it had achieved its highest quarterly earnings to date?", "answer": "January 22, 2008"}, {"question": "What was Apple's highest quarterly profit as of Q1 2008?", "answer": "$1.58 billion"}, {"question": "How much of Apple's revenue resulted from purchases of laptop computers in Q1 2008?", "answer": "21%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Apples revenue in 1Q08 came from iPods, more than doubling the percentage of notebook sales?", "answer": "42%"}, {"question": "Who was Chief Financial Officer of Apple in July of 2009?", "answer": "Peter Oppenheimer"}, {"question": "From what year did iPod purchases begin to continuously decline?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How much revenue did iPod sales account for in Q4 2008?", "answer": "14.21%"}, {"question": "Approximately how many total iPods had been sold by late 2009?", "answer": "220 million"}, {"question": "Which was the first year since iPod's introduction that no new model was released?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What rank did iPod achieve among various computer products in 2006?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What kind of reviews do iPods tend to get?", "answer": "favorable"}, {"question": "What two companies use the AAC format for music files?", "answer": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia"}, {"question": "What file format is not supported by Sony Ericsson and Nokia?", "answer": "WMA"}, {"question": "Which publication praised iPods for revolutionizing the industry?", "answer": "PC World"}, {"question": "Which phone manufacturers adopted the AAC file format to become better iPod-compatible?", "answer": "Sony Ericsson and Nokia"}, {"question": "Which PC magazine praised the iPod for having \"altered the landscape for portable audio players\"?", "answer": "PC World"}, {"question": "Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?", "answer": "business"}, {"question": "What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?", "answer": "communication and training"}, {"question": "What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?", "answer": "Royal and Western Infirmaries"}, {"question": "Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?", "answer": "Glasgow, Scotland"}, {"question": "What University gave an iPod to first year students in 2004?", "answer": "Duke"}, {"question": "What publication lauded the iPod for enabling people to listen to thousands of songs on a portable player?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly"}, {"question": "Which major university began issuing iPods to all incoming freshmen starting in 2004?", "answer": "Duke"}, {"question": "Which magazine placed the iPod on its Best of the Decade list for the 00's?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly"}, {"question": "What period of music did the iPod help bring to a close?", "answer": "the Album Era"}, {"question": "In which industry did the iPod have a major impact?", "answer": "music industry"}, {"question": "What did the iPod promote that prompted a big change in the music industry?", "answer": "digital music storage"}, {"question": "The ease of collecting singles with the iPod and iTunes is credited with ending what \"era\" in pop music?", "answer": "the Album Era"}, {"question": "How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?", "answer": "14 hours"}, {"question": "Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?", "answer": "MP3.com"}, {"question": "In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?", "answer": "battery life"}, {"question": "How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?", "answer": "8 hours"}, {"question": "Whose directions can be followed to interact with iPod batteries?", "answer": "third-party vendors"}, {"question": "What did Apple originally tell consumers to purchase when their iPod batteries no longer worked?", "answer": "refurbished replacement iPod"}, {"question": "What kind of battery does the iPod use?", "answer": "lithium-ion"}, {"question": "Which iPod component did Apple somewhat inconveniently made non-replaceable?", "answer": "batteries"}, {"question": "What type of rechargeable battery does Apple use in its iPods?", "answer": "lithium-ion"}, {"question": "What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?", "answer": "battery replacement program"}, {"question": "How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?", "answer": "$99"}, {"question": "What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?", "answer": "soldering tools"}, {"question": "What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?", "answer": "Fifth generation"}, {"question": "In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?", "answer": "$99"}, {"question": "Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?", "answer": "Nano"}, {"question": "What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?", "answer": "battery"}, {"question": "What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?", "answer": "Apple product replacement program"}, {"question": "What are two subjects of criticism of iPods?", "answer": "short life-span and fragile hard drives"}, {"question": "What website ran a survey to learn how often iPods ceased working?", "answer": "MacInTouch"}, {"question": "How often did MacInTouch discover iPods stopped working, according to their survey?", "answer": "13.7%"}, {"question": "When did iPod owners take issue with the fragility of the iPod screen?", "answer": "late 2005"}, {"question": "What did Apple include with the iPod to resolve the screen problem?", "answer": "protective sleeves"}, {"question": "Which type of iPod storage proved more reliable than hard drive storage?", "answer": "flash memory"}, {"question": "The first generation nano suffered from which component getting damaged easily?", "answer": "screen"}, {"question": "What publication revealed information about the working conditions of iPod labor?", "answer": "The Mail on Sunday"}, {"question": "What governs iPod manufacturers' labor policies?", "answer": "Apple's Code of Conduct"}, {"question": "What percentage of the time did The Mail on Sunday claim workers labored for at least seven straight days?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "Which British tabloid accused Apple of unfair worker conditions in 2006?", "answer": "The Mail"}, {"question": "What percentage of Apple's manufacturing employees worked over 60 hour weeks?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "Who did Apple partner with to monitor its labor policies?", "answer": "Verit\u00e9"}, {"question": "What organization did Apple join to monitor its labor policies?", "answer": "Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group"}, {"question": "What company was found to be violating Apple's labor policies?", "answer": "Foxconn"}, {"question": "Where was the Foxconn plant located?", "answer": "Longhua, Shenzhen"}, {"question": "What was the name of Apple's manufacturing company that was accused of overworking its employees?", "answer": "Foxconn"}, {"question": "What auditor company did Apple hire to oversee worker conditions following the controversy?", "answer": "Verit\u00e9"}, {"question": "In what year did Foxconn workers first unionize?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?", "answer": "Apple prototype"}, {"question": "In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What attribute of the United States could be thought to lead more international and less domestic employment opportunities?", "answer": "innovation"}, {"question": "To work as a boot disk for a Mac, what file system must an iPod be formatted with?", "answer": "HFS+"}, {"question": "If connected to a Windows PC when first set up, what file system will an iPod be formatted with?", "answer": "FAT32"}, {"question": "What category of game is Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "answer": "action-adventure"}, {"question": "What consoles can be used to play Twilight Princess?", "answer": "GameCube and Wii"}, {"question": "When was Twilight Princess launched in North America?", "answer": "November 2006"}, {"question": "When could GameCube owners purchase Twilight Princess?", "answer": "December 2006"}, {"question": "What company developed Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Nintendo"}, {"question": "What year was the Legend of Zelda:Twilight Princess originally planned for release?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What year was the Wii version of Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess released?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who is the main character of the story?", "answer": "Link"}, {"question": "What land does Link serve to protect?", "answer": "Hyrule"}, {"question": "What character helped Link in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "Who is the protagonist is Legend of Zelda?", "answer": "Link"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mysterious creature that assists Link?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "This storyline takes place alternate from what storyline?", "answer": "The Wind Waker"}, {"question": "What accolade did Twilight Princess receive after its release?", "answer": "Game of the Year"}, {"question": "Under which brand was Twilight Princess for the Nintendo Wii published?", "answer": "Nintendo Selects"}, {"question": "When is the HD version of Twilight Princess slated for launch?", "answer": "March 2016"}, {"question": "At the time of release which episode of the Legend of Zelda series was considered the greatest entry?", "answer": "Twilight Princess"}, {"question": "How many Game of the Year awards did Twilight Princess receive?", "answer": "several"}, {"question": "What year was Twilight Princess the most critically acclaimed game?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What year will the game release a high-definition port for the Wii U console?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "What are the three main activities in The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess?", "answer": "combat, exploration, and item collection"}, {"question": "Twilight Princess uses the control setup first employed in which previous game?", "answer": "Ocarina of Time"}, {"question": "What can be used to shoot without the need to manually target enemies?", "answer": "L-targeting"}, {"question": "What is Link's main weapon?", "answer": "sword"}, {"question": "What secondary weapon in Twilight Princess is analogous to a weapon featured in previous games?", "answer": "Clawshot"}, {"question": "What genre of game is Twilight Princess?", "answer": "action-adventure"}, {"question": "Twilight Princess follows the control scheme introduced in what game?", "answer": "Ocarina of Time"}, {"question": "What 2 main weapons does Link use in combat?", "answer": "sword and shield"}, {"question": "What control can be used while targeting that allows the player to forego manual targeting?", "answer": "L-targeting"}, {"question": "Many different types of interaction can be controlled by how many buttons?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Where can players see what action will be performed in different scenarios?", "answer": "on-screen display"}, {"question": "If Link is not moving, where will he put the projectile he's carrying?", "answer": "on the ground"}, {"question": "What mechanic allows one button to serve many functions?", "answer": "context-sensitive button mechanic"}, {"question": "What shows what action the button will trigger?", "answer": "on-screen display"}, {"question": "Where is the speaker located on the Wii console?", "answer": "Wii Remote"}, {"question": "What sound do users here when uncovering secrets in the game?", "answer": "chime"}, {"question": "What part of the Wii is employed to use weapons?", "answer": "Wii Remote"}, {"question": "Aside from the sword, what is another weapon that Link can use?", "answer": "Nunchuk"}, {"question": "How many weapons can be equipped by Link if playing Twilight Princess on a GameCube?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "The Wii version makes use of what kind of sensors?", "answer": "motion"}, {"question": "What device on the Wii allows for sounds of a bowstring to be heard?", "answer": "Wii Remote"}, {"question": "How many dungeon instances are provided in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What does Link fight in dungeons?", "answer": "enemies"}, {"question": "What provides a bridge between the different dungeons?", "answer": "overworld"}, {"question": "What is the name of Link's steed?", "answer": "Epona"}, {"question": "What must Link solve throughout the game?", "answer": "puzzles"}, {"question": "Who must Link fight at the end of a dungeon level?", "answer": "boss"}, {"question": "What connects the dungeons?", "answer": "overworld"}, {"question": "What form does Link take in the Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Wolf"}, {"question": "What is Link's main form of offense in wolf form?", "answer": "biting"}, {"question": "Hostile spirits are also known as what?", "answer": "Poes"}, {"question": "Who provides helpful information to Link?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "Link's wolf form is faster than what other form?", "answer": "human"}, {"question": "What does Link transform into when he enters the Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Wolf"}, {"question": "Who is Midna?", "answer": "small imp-like creature"}, {"question": "What are Poes?", "answer": "enemy ghosts"}, {"question": "What does AI stand for?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "What is a game whose enemies have more rudimentary programming than those in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "The Wind Waker"}, {"question": "What do enemies do to defeated companions?", "answer": "react"}, {"question": "What feature of the enemies in Twilight Princess is more advanced?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "Who can enemies detect from a greater distance than in previous games?", "answer": "Link"}, {"question": "Through what can Link's reaction and mood can be discerned?", "answer": "nods and facial expressions"}, {"question": "Which person has the most spoken dialogue in the game?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "Who provided the basis for Midna's voice?", "answer": "Akiko K\u014dmoto"}, {"question": "What country does Akiko Komoto come from?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What does Link say when attacking?", "answer": "grunts"}, {"question": "How does Link express emotions?", "answer": "nods and facial expressions"}, {"question": "What character has the most voice acting?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "Who does the voice of Midna?", "answer": "Akiko K\u014dmoto"}, {"question": "What is Link's job at the start of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "ranch hand"}, {"question": "What do the Bulbins take from Ordon?", "answer": "children"}, {"question": "Who releases Link from the Realm of Twilight?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "What does Link have to gather in order to complete each area?", "answer": "Tears of Light"}, {"question": "Where is Link working as a ranch hand?", "answer": "Ordon Village"}, {"question": "Who attacks the village?", "answer": "Bulblins"}, {"question": "What must Link collect?", "answer": "Tears of Light"}, {"question": "What does Link assist Midna in collection?", "answer": "Fused Shadows"}, {"question": "Who attacks Link and Midna when they've finished their collection tasks?", "answer": "Zant"}, {"question": "What weapon can transform Link back to his original self?", "answer": "Master Sword"}, {"question": "Who saves Midna?", "answer": "Zelda"}, {"question": "Where do the Zoras come from?", "answer": "Lanayru"}, {"question": "What does Link help Midna find?", "answer": "Fused Shadows"}, {"question": "Who ambushes Link and Midna?", "answer": "Zant"}, {"question": "What does Link discover he needs to find to return to human form?", "answer": "Master Sword"}, {"question": "Who sacrifices herself to save Midna?", "answer": "Zelda"}, {"question": "What does Link obtain that gives him control over his transformations?", "answer": "Shadow Crystal"}, {"question": "Where does Midna take Link after he acquires the Master Sword?", "answer": "Mirror of Twilight"}, {"question": "Who was the Mirror of Twilight used to fight prior to Zant?", "answer": "Ganondorf"}, {"question": "Where is Ganondorf located after Zant's defeat?", "answer": "Hyrule Castle"}, {"question": "Whose body is used as a proxy by Ganondorf in order to fight Link?", "answer": "Zelda's"}, {"question": "What allows Link to switch between his two forms?", "answer": "Shadow Crystal"}, {"question": "What is the only known gateway between Twilight Realm & Hyrule?", "answer": "Gerudo Desert"}, {"question": "Who is revealed as the true ruler of Twilight Realm?", "answer": "Midna"}, {"question": "Who did Zant form a pact with?", "answer": "Ganondorf"}, {"question": "What does Ganondorf transform into?", "answer": "beast"}, {"question": "What possession of Midna does Ganondorf destroy?", "answer": "helmet"}, {"question": "Where does Link depart from at the end of the game?", "answer": "Ordon Village"}, {"question": "Which character helps Link get Ganondorf off of his horse?", "answer": "Zelda"}, {"question": "To what part of his body does Link deliver the killing blow to Ganondorf?", "answer": "chest"}, {"question": "Who resurrects Midna after the fight with Ganondorf?", "answer": "Light Spirits"}, {"question": "Who does Midna teleport?", "answer": "Link and Zelda"}, {"question": "What does Ganondorf crush?", "answer": "Midna's helmet"}, {"question": "What does Midna destroy?", "answer": "Mirror of Twilight"}, {"question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal the start of development on what would become Twilight Princess?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "At what event was a potential follow-up to The Wind Waker mentioned?", "answer": "Game Developers Conference"}, {"question": "What region of the world did Nintendo want to design the next Legend of Zelda game for?", "answer": "North American"}, {"question": "What was one feature that could not be implemented in Ocarina of Time?", "answer": "horseback combat"}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo announce a new Legend of Zelda was in the works for Gamecube?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who was the director that unintentionally announced a Zelda game was in the works?", "answer": "Eiji Aonuma"}, {"question": "What was the specific area of gameplay that had not been done in Ocarina of Time?", "answer": "horseback combat"}, {"question": "How long did it take to implement riding horses in a believable manner?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo preview the horseback riding feature?", "answer": "Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004"}, {"question": "What console was home to the sequel for The Wind Waker?", "answer": "Nintendo DS"}, {"question": "What was the name of the second Wind Waker game?", "answer": "Phantom Hourglass"}, {"question": "When did the company release a trailer of the horseback riding aspect?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What does Link morph into in A Link to the Past?", "answer": "rabbit"}, {"question": "Aonuma left the Twilight Princess development team to work on which other game?", "answer": "The Minish Cap"}, {"question": "What was the working name for the Wii prior to release?", "answer": "Revolution"}, {"question": "Who proposed that the Wii Remote be used in the control scheme for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Miyamoto"}, {"question": "Who created the script for the story scenes?", "answer": "Mitsuhiro Takano"}, {"question": "What device seemed well-suited for Link's arrow shooting ability?", "answer": "Wii Remote"}, {"question": "What kind of interface was used for in-game archery?", "answer": "pointing-based"}, {"question": "What was the originally-planned launch year for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Which Nintendo employee was confident in the potential of developing two versions of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Satoru Iwata"}, {"question": "What was the original release date for Gamecube?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What console boasted compatibility with the Wii?", "answer": "GameCube"}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo provide a limited number of Twilight Princess previews?", "answer": "E3 2005"}, {"question": "At E3 in 2005, what console did Nintendo reveal the next Zelda game would be developed for?", "answer": "Wii"}, {"question": "When did Nintendo announce Zelda would appear on the Wii?", "answer": "At E3 2005"}, {"question": "What kind of movement interfaced with the sword in Twilight Princess?", "answer": "swinging gesture"}, {"question": "Who provided information about the game's controls in December of 2005?", "answer": "NGC Magazine"}, {"question": "What ended up not being supported in the GameCube version of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Wii controller"}, {"question": "In what year did Nintendo reveal that the two different releases of Twilight Princess were planned for launch at the same time as the Wii?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How long was the GameCube version of Twilight Princess delayed?", "answer": "a month"}, {"question": "What magazine mentioned players would be able to use the Revolution controller?", "answer": "NGC Magazine"}, {"question": "When did Nintendo announce both versions of Twilight Princess would be available at the Wii launch?", "answer": "E3 2006"}, {"question": "What did early users find hard to use about the game?", "answer": "control scheme"}, {"question": "Using items in the game took over the controls used for what weapon?", "answer": "sword"}, {"question": "Who wanted gestures implemented for sword control?", "answer": "E3 attendees"}, {"question": "When Twilight Princess was finally released for Wii, in what hand did Link wield his sword?", "answer": "right"}, {"question": "What features did Aonuma work to improve after the demo complaints?", "answer": "comfort and ease"}, {"question": "Who wrote the music for Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of overseeing audio production?", "answer": "Koji Kondo"}, {"question": "Who worked adapting the score for performance by an orchestra?", "answer": "Michiru \u014cshima"}, {"question": "Who wrote the music used in the game's trailer and demo?", "answer": "Koji Kondo"}, {"question": "Who created orchestral arrangements for the game?", "answer": "Michiru \u014cshima"}, {"question": "Who was to conduct the ensemble that would perform the pieces?", "answer": "Yasuzo Takemoto"}, {"question": "What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?", "answer": "live"}, {"question": "How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?", "answer": "November 19, 2006"}, {"question": "Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?", "answer": "Nintendo Power"}, {"question": "Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?", "answer": "Media"}, {"question": "When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?", "answer": "November 19, 2006"}, {"question": "What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?", "answer": "soundtrack"}, {"question": "What kind of error was found in Twilight Princess for Wii?", "answer": "buffer overflow vulnerability"}, {"question": "What does ELF stand for?", "answer": "Executable and Linkable Format"}, {"question": "Which issue of the Wii Menu fixed the issue with Twilight Princess?", "answer": "4.0"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hack discovered?", "answer": "Twilight Hack"}, {"question": "What versions of the Wii Menu prevented copying the exploited files?", "answer": "3.3 and 3.4"}, {"question": "What version of the Wii patched the hack vulnerability?", "answer": "4.0"}, {"question": "Which company is responsible for the HD version of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Tantalus Media"}, {"question": "For which console is Twilight Princess HD being made?", "answer": "Wii U"}, {"question": "When were plans for Twilight Princess HD revealed?", "answer": "November 12, 2015"}, {"question": "On what date is Twilight Princess HD scheduled for Australian release?", "answer": "March 5, 2016"}, {"question": "What is the name of the remastered game?", "answer": "The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD"}, {"question": "What company is developing the remaster?", "answer": "Tantalus Media"}, {"question": "What kind of functionality will the remaster feature?", "answer": "Amiibo"}, {"question": "When will the game be released in America?", "answer": "March 4, 2016"}, {"question": "What special item is included with certain versions of Twilight Princess HD?", "answer": "Wolf Link Amiibo figurine"}, {"question": "Which two Amiibo figures reload Link's stock of arrows?", "answer": "Link and Toon Link"}, {"question": "Which two Amiibo figures heal Link?", "answer": "Zelda and Sheik"}, {"question": "Which Amiibo figure makes Link lose more health when attacked?", "answer": "Ganondorf"}, {"question": "What is the name of the area that players with the Wolf Link Amiibo can access?", "answer": "Cave of Shadows"}, {"question": "What will special bundles of the game contain?", "answer": "Wolf Link Amiibo"}, {"question": "What is the level called that the special Amiibo will unlock?", "answer": "Cave of Shadows"}, {"question": "What characters will be able to replenish arrows?", "answer": "Link and Toon"}, {"question": "What figures restore health?", "answer": "Zelda and Sheik"}, {"question": "What company included the soundtrack as a reward for ordering the game prior to release?", "answer": "GameStop"}, {"question": "How many tracks were recorded on the preorder CD?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "In what areas is the content of the GameStop bonus CD provided for all versions of the game?", "answer": "Japan, Europe, and Australia"}, {"question": "What was included as a Gamestop preorder item?", "answer": "CD"}, {"question": "What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?", "answer": "perfect"}, {"question": "Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?", "answer": "GameRankings and Metacritic"}, {"question": "Who counted the game among the best ever made?", "answer": "GameTrailers"}, {"question": "What was the reception of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "universal critical acclaim"}, {"question": "What scores did it receive from major game publications?", "answer": "perfect"}, {"question": "What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?", "answer": "95"}, {"question": "What reviewer called Twilight Princess \"One of the greatest games ever created\"?", "answer": "GameTrailers"}, {"question": "Which publications reported some issues with the graphics of Twilight Princess?", "answer": "IGN and GameSpy"}, {"question": "Which journalist criticized the Wii version for its controls?", "answer": "Jeff Gerstmann"}, {"question": "Which game publication does Jeff Gerstmann work for?", "answer": "GameSpot"}, {"question": "Which game journalist was perturbed by a lack of voiced dialogue?", "answer": "Javier Glickman"}, {"question": "Which publication does Javier Glickman write for?", "answer": "Hyper"}, {"question": "What 2 critics suggested the game had blurry textures and low resolution?", "answer": "IGN and GameSpy"}, {"question": "What critic considered the CD to be the best of the generation?", "answer": "Gaming Nexus"}, {"question": "Who specifically commended the game for the very long quests?", "answer": "Javier Glickman"}, {"question": "The version of Twilight Princess fo which console won three IGN awards?", "answer": "GameCube"}, {"question": "What was Twilight Princess's rank among all Nintendo games according to Nintendo Magazine?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Where did Twilight Princess place among Wii titles according to IGN?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "Where did Twilight Princess rank on Nintendo Power's list of Nintendo games in the 2000s?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What 2 critics gave Twilight Princess awards for Best Graphics and Best Story?", "answer": "IGN and Nintendo Power"}, {"question": "What award did Game Critics Awards and GameSpy give Twilight Princess?", "answer": "Best Console Game"}, {"question": "What place did the game take in Nintendo's Official list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games of All Time?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What place did IGN give the game on the Wii console?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "What is the name of the area which includes most countries not located in North, Central or South America?", "answer": "PAL"}, {"question": "How many units of the Wii version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2011?", "answer": "5.82 million"}, {"question": "How many units of the GameCube version of Twilight Princess had been purchased by the end of March 2007?", "answer": "1.32 million"}, {"question": "What region is Twilight Princess the best -selling Zelda entry?", "answer": "PAL region"}, {"question": "How many copies of the game had been sold as of March 2011?", "answer": "5.82 million"}, {"question": "How many copies of the game had been sold on Gamecube as of March 2007?", "answer": "1.32 million"}, {"question": "Who wrote and provided art for a Twilight Princess comic book series?", "answer": "Akira Himekawa"}, {"question": "The Twilight Princess manga was only available in what country?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Who published the Twilight Princess comic book series?", "answer": "Shogakukan"}, {"question": "What kind of device can access the Twilight Princess manga?", "answer": "mobile"}, {"question": "Which company made Spectre?", "answer": "Eon Productions"}, {"question": "Who is the star of Spectre?", "answer": "Daniel Craig"}, {"question": "What role does Daniel Craig play in Spectre?", "answer": "James Bond"}, {"question": "What 007 movie did Sam Mendes previously direct?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "How much money did it take to make Spectre?", "answer": "$245"}, {"question": "How many James Bond films has Eon Productions produced?", "answer": "twenty-four"}, {"question": "Which Bond film was the most expensive ever made?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "How many films has Daniel Craig appeared in as James Bond?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which two movie studios distributed the James Bond film Spectre?", "answer": "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures"}, {"question": "Who directed Spectre?", "answer": "Sam Mendes"}, {"question": "What group is the enemy of the protagonist?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?", "answer": "Diamonds Are Forever"}, {"question": "Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?", "answer": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny"}, {"question": "Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?", "answer": "Dave Bautista"}, {"question": "What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?", "answer": "Lucia Sciarra"}, {"question": "Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?", "answer": "M, Q and Eve Moneypenny"}, {"question": "What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?", "answer": "L\u00e9a Seydoux"}, {"question": "What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?", "answer": "Dave Bautista"}, {"question": "When was Diamonds are Forever released?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "On what date was Spectre first shown in the UK?", "answer": "26 October 2015"}, {"question": "Where was the first screening of Spectre?", "answer": "Royal Albert Hall in London"}, {"question": "What was the US release date for Spectre?", "answer": "6 November 2015"}, {"question": "What were two subjects of accolades for Spectre?", "answer": "action sequences and cinematography"}, {"question": "For what category did Spectre receive a Golden Globe award?", "answer": "Best Original Song"}, {"question": "What was the first James Bond film to be screened at IMAX theaters?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "What was the theme song for the James Bond film Spectre?", "answer": "Writing's on the Wall"}, {"question": "On what holiday do insurgents plan to detonate a bomb?", "answer": "Day of the Dead"}, {"question": "Who removed James Bond from active service?", "answer": "M"}, {"question": "Who is M's rival?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "What group does C support England joining?", "answer": "Nine Eyes"}, {"question": "Which character is promoted to M?", "answer": "Garreth Mallory"}, {"question": "Which holiday was the terrorist bombing planned for?", "answer": "Day of the Dead"}, {"question": "Which two intelligence groups merged to form Joint Intelligence Service?", "answer": "MI5 and MI6"}, {"question": "What does Bond take from Marco Sciarra?", "answer": "his ring"}, {"question": "Where does Bond go after his suspension?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What group did Sciarra belong to?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "Who is the head of Spectre?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser"}, {"question": "What is Mr. Hinx's job?", "answer": "assassin"}, {"question": "Who performs research for Bond?", "answer": "Moneypenny"}, {"question": "Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of Spectre?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?", "answer": "Mr. Hinx"}, {"question": "Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser"}, {"question": "What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?", "answer": "thallium poisoning"}, {"question": "Who is White's daughter?", "answer": "Dr. Madeline Swann"}, {"question": "How does White deal with his condition?", "answer": "commits suicide"}, {"question": "Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?", "answer": "Hoffler Klinik"}, {"question": "Where is L'Americain located?", "answer": "Tangier"}, {"question": "What is Mr. White dying of?", "answer": "thallium poisoning."}, {"question": "Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?", "answer": "his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann"}, {"question": "Where is the L'Americain hotel?", "answer": "Tangier."}, {"question": "Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?", "answer": "Hinx."}, {"question": "What method of transportation is used to get to Oberhauser's base?", "answer": "train"}, {"question": "Who is the link between Oberhauser and Bond?", "answer": "Hannes"}, {"question": "What did Oberhauser call himself after he faked his death?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}, {"question": "After staging his own death, what name did Hanz Oberhauser begin to use?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}, {"question": "Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?", "answer": "the old MI6 building"}, {"question": "Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?", "answer": "Blofeld"}, {"question": "Where does Blofeld get arrested?", "answer": "Westminster Bridge"}, {"question": "Who does M fight with?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?", "answer": "Q"}, {"question": "Which characters falls to their death, M or C?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "What did SPECTRE originally stand for?", "answer": "SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion"}, {"question": "Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?", "answer": "Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory"}, {"question": "In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?", "answer": "Never Say Never Again"}, {"question": "What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?", "answer": "Warhead 2000 A.D."}, {"question": "In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?", "answer": "Never Say Never Again"}, {"question": "Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?", "answer": "Thunderball."}, {"question": "Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?", "answer": "MGM"}, {"question": "What was Spectre's original name?", "answer": "SPECTRE"}, {"question": "Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?", "answer": "Eon Productions"}, {"question": "In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?", "answer": "MGM"}, {"question": "How was the Spectre acronym originally written?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?", "answer": "Danjaq"}, {"question": "What company was targeted by leaks of company information?", "answer": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for leaks of Sony movie projects?", "answer": "hackers"}, {"question": "Which film writer's work was included in leaks of Spectre information?", "answer": "John Logan"}, {"question": "Which company verified contents of the leaked information?", "answer": "Eon Productions"}, {"question": "When did hackers get into the Sony Pictures e-mail system?", "answer": "November 2014"}, {"question": "Who wrote the early drafts of the script for Spectre?", "answer": "John Logan"}, {"question": "What company confirmed that an early version of the Spectre script had been leaked?", "answer": "Eon Productions"}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "answer": "Christoph Waltz"}, {"question": "In what year was Hannes Oberhauser identified as a guardian of James Bond?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Who were the writers of Spectre?", "answer": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade"}, {"question": "Which group in previous Bond films was changed to be a part of Spectre instead of its own entity?", "answer": "Quantum"}, {"question": "What is the name of the short story in which Hannes Oberhauser appeared?", "answer": "Octopussy"}, {"question": "Who was Bond's full time guardian?", "answer": "Charmian Bond"}, {"question": "In which Bond story did the name Oberhauser first appear?", "answer": "Octopussy"}, {"question": "What actor portrayed Franz Oberhauser?", "answer": "Christoph Waltz."}, {"question": "In which movie was the Quantum organization first introduced?", "answer": "Quantum of Solace"}, {"question": "Quantum is a division of what other organization? ", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "What is the name of a location in Spectre which draws its inspiration from an Ian Fleming short story?", "answer": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Colonel Sun?", "answer": "Kingsley Amis"}, {"question": "What short story inspired the name Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques?", "answer": "The Hildebrand Rarity"}, {"question": "\"The Hildebrand Rarity\"  is from what short story collection?", "answer": "For Your Eyes Only"}, {"question": "Which character tortures Bond?", "answer": "Blofeld"}, {"question": "What is the name of the MI6 safehouse?", "answer": "Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques"}, {"question": "When were the actors in Spectre announced?", "answer": "December 2014"}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed M?", "answer": "Ralph Fiennes"}, {"question": "Which actress portrayed Eve Moneypenny?", "answer": "Naomie Harris"}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Q?", "answer": "Ben Whishaw"}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Bill Tanner?", "answer": "Rory Kinnear"}, {"question": "How many times has Daniel Craig portrayed James Bond in films?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which actor portrays Bill Tanner?", "answer": "Rory Kinnear"}, {"question": "Which three actors reprised supporting roles for Spectre?", "answer": "Ralph Fiennes, Naomie Harris and Ben Whishaw"}, {"question": "Who did Christoph Waltz portray in Spectre?", "answer": "Franz Oberhauser"}, {"question": "What is Franz Oberhauser's other name?", "answer": "Ernst Stavro Blofeld"}, {"question": "Who played Severine in the previous Bond film?", "answer": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"}, {"question": "In what movie was Mr. White originally supposed to die?", "answer": "Quantum of Solace"}, {"question": "How old was Monica Bellucci when she filmed Spectre?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "Which actress was cast in the role of Severine in Skyfall?", "answer": "B\u00e9r\u00e9nice Lim Marlohe"}, {"question": "In what movie was it originally planned to kill the character Mr. White?", "answer": "Quantum of Solace."}, {"question": "How many actual people were used for the opening sequence of Spectre?", "answer": "fifteen hundred"}, {"question": "Which actor portrayed Marco Sciarra?", "answer": "Alessandro Cremona"}, {"question": "Estrella was played by which actress?", "answer": "Stephanie Sigman"}, {"question": "When was the opening scene of Spectre filmed?", "answer": "February 2015"}, {"question": "Where was the pre-title scene in Spectre filmed?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "In which country were the scenes with Detlef Bothe shot?", "answer": "Austria."}, {"question": "Who was cast as Marco Sciarra?", "answer": "Alessandro Cremona"}, {"question": "What character did Stephanie Sigma portray?", "answer": "Estrella"}, {"question": "Who was the last person to direct two James Bond movies in a row before Mendes?", "answer": "John Glen"}, {"question": "Who served as production designer for Spectre?", "answer": "Dennis Gassner"}, {"question": "Who did Hoyte van Hoytema replace as cinematographer?", "answer": "Roger Deakins"}, {"question": "Which two consecutive Bond films did Mendes direct?", "answer": "Skyfall and Spectre"}, {"question": "Which film had a larger production staff, Spectre or Skyfall?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "Which Bond film is Daniel Craig listed as a co-producer?", "answer": "Spectre"}, {"question": "Who directed The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill?", "answer": "John Glen"}, {"question": "Neal Purvis and Robert Wade have worked on how many Bond films?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What were three sites used for filming Spectre?", "answer": "London, Mexico City and Rome"}, {"question": "What kind of film was used to shoot the movie?", "answer": "Kodak 35 mm"}, {"question": "Where did initial shoots for the film take place?", "answer": "Pinewood Studios"}, {"question": "How long did it take to film Spectre?", "answer": "seven months."}, {"question": "What type of film was used?", "answer": "Kodak 35 mm film stock"}, {"question": "In what film studio was some of the film shot?", "answer": "Pinewood Studios"}, {"question": "When did Spectre begin production in Austria?", "answer": "December 2014"}, {"question": "When did the Austrian filming of Spectre finish?", "answer": "February 2015"}, {"question": "What location was the focus of the Austrian leg of Spectre's production?", "answer": "Ice Q Restaurant"}, {"question": "What part of his body did Craig injure?", "answer": "knee"}, {"question": "What building was used in the film as the Hoffler Klinik?", "answer": "Ice Q Restaurant"}, {"question": "Where was the Hoffler Klinik supposed to be located?", "answer": "Austrian Alps."}, {"question": "Near what glacier in Austria was filming done?", "answer": "Rettenbach glacier"}, {"question": "What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?", "answer": "Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum"}, {"question": "Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?", "answer": "Williams"}, {"question": "For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?", "answer": "Jaguar"}, {"question": "How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?", "answer": "Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire"}, {"question": "What bridge in Rome was a filming location?", "answer": "the Ponte Sisto bridge"}, {"question": "What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?", "answer": "Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75"}, {"question": "Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.", "answer": "Williams"}, {"question": "What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?", "answer": "Jaguar."}, {"question": "Where did Spectre filming take place after Rome?", "answer": "Mexico City"}, {"question": "Which celebration was featured in the Mexico City part of the production?", "answer": "Day of the Dead"}, {"question": "Which areas were shown in the Day of the Dead scene in Spectre?", "answer": "the Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"}, {"question": "How many additional actors were needed for the shoot in Mexico City?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "Where were the scenes featuring planes shot?", "answer": "Palenque"}, {"question": "What festival was included in the scenes shot in Mexico?", "answer": "the Day of the Dead festival"}, {"question": "What type of helicopter was used for the flight scenes?", "answer": "a Messerschmitt-B\u00f6lkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter"}, {"question": "Where in Mexico were the Day of the Dead scenes shot?", "answer": "Z\u00f3calo and the Centro Hist\u00f3rico district"}, {"question": "Where did Craig go to deal with his injury?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "When did Craig go back to work?", "answer": "22 April"}, {"question": "In what city did Daniel Craig have minor surgery to repair his knee?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Which bridges were shut down because of filming?", "answer": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"}, {"question": "Which organization provided water for weather effects?", "answer": "London Fire Brigade"}, {"question": "Which river was used in some of the shoots taking place in London?", "answer": "Thames"}, {"question": "Where is MI6 based?", "answer": "Vauxhall Cross"}, {"question": "Filming closed which two bridges in London?", "answer": "Westminster and Lambeth Bridges"}, {"question": "Who helped the filmakers simulate rain while shooting in London?", "answer": "The London Fire Brigade"}, {"question": "Where were the scenes of Ralph Fiennes in a restaurant shot?", "answer": "Covent Garden."}, {"question": "Where stunt scenes on the Thames shot during the day or the night?", "answer": "night"}, {"question": "Which three locations in Morocco were used in filming?", "answer": "Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud"}, {"question": "What Guinness record was set during the filming of Spectre?", "answer": "Largest film stunt explosion"}, {"question": "Who was the Guinness record attributed to?", "answer": "Chris Corbould"}, {"question": "How long did it take to shoot Spectre?", "answer": "128 days"}, {"question": "Where did production go to after leaving London?", "answer": "Morocco"}, {"question": "What Guinness World Record does the film hold?", "answer": "Largest film stunt explosion"}, {"question": "How many day did filming take", "answer": "128 days."}, {"question": "The Guinness World record was credited to which production designer?", "answer": "Chris Corbould"}, {"question": "How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?", "answer": "$20 million"}, {"question": "Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?", "answer": "Michael G. Wilson"}, {"question": "In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?", "answer": "Istanbul"}, {"question": "Who wrote the music for Spectre?", "answer": "Thomas Newman"}, {"question": "When was the soundtrack of Spectre first available for purchase in the UK?", "answer": "23 October 2015"}, {"question": "What company published the Spectre soundtrack?", "answer": "Decca Records"}, {"question": "Who composed the score for the film?", "answer": "Thomas Newman"}, {"question": "Which record label was the soundtrack album released on?", "answer": "Decca Records"}, {"question": "Did Thomas Newman compose the score after filming or during filming?", "answer": "during filming."}, {"question": "When was the theatrical trailer of the movie released?", "answer": "July 2015"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song played during the opening credits?", "answer": "Writing's on the Wall"}, {"question": "How many recording sessions did it take to complete the song?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Which version of the theme was used in the actual movie?", "answer": "demo"}, {"question": "Who is the vocalist on Writing's on the Wall?", "answer": "Sam Smith"}, {"question": "When was the main theme of Spectre made available in digital format?", "answer": "25 September 2015"}, {"question": "What song was the Spectre theme comapred to unfavorably?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "What former Bond theme singer was the subject of extensive activity on Twitter when the Spectre theme was released?", "answer": "Shirley Bassey"}, {"question": "What group wrote music for the film that ended up not being used?", "answer": "Radiohead"}, {"question": "What artist performed the theme song for Skyfall?", "answer": "Adele"}, {"question": "The release of Writing's on the Wall caused what name to trend on Twitter?", "answer": "Shirley Bassey"}, {"question": "Which English band also composed a song for the film?", "answer": "Radiohead"}, {"question": "Which companies revealed Spectre's official car?", "answer": "Aston Martin and Eon"}, {"question": "How many DB10s were made for the movie?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Which team displayed the Bond logo during the Mexican Grand Prix?", "answer": "Williams F1"}, {"question": "What were the two DB10s that were not needed for filming used for?", "answer": "promotional work"}, {"question": "How many DB10's were produced?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What logo did the Williams race team have on their cars for the 2015 Mexican Grand Prix?", "answer": "007"}, {"question": "Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?", "answer": "clapperboards"}, {"question": "For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "On which social media accounts was the film promoted?", "answer": "Eon's official social media accounts."}, {"question": "What other Bond film was promoted on social media?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "What comedy production did Spectre actors appear in?", "answer": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day"}, {"question": "On what TV station did Red Nose Day appear?", "answer": "BBC One"}, {"question": "In what month was the preview of Spectre released in movie theaters?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "When was the first teaser trailer of Spectre released?", "answer": "March 2015"}, {"question": "What show did several members of the cast and crew appear on in March 2015?", "answer": "Comic Relief's Red Nose Day"}, {"question": "Who wrote the comedy sketch for the cast and crew?", "answer": "David Walliams and the Dawson Brothers"}, {"question": "Where was the first showing of Spectre held?", "answer": "Royal Albert Hall"}, {"question": "On what date was Spectre first shown for general audiences?", "answer": "26 October 2015"}, {"question": "What movie prompted IMAX to show Spectre?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "What film opening was changed so it didn't compete with Spectre?", "answer": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"}, {"question": "Which film had a wider release in the UK, Skyfall or Spectre?", "answer": "Spectre."}, {"question": "How much money had Spectre made by 2/21/2016?", "answer": "$879.3 million"}, {"question": "How much revenue did Spectre generate from the United States, Mexico and Canada by 2/21/2016?", "answer": "$199.8 million"}, {"question": "How much revenue did Spectre produce from the British, Scottish, and Irish market by 2/21/2016?", "answer": "$138.1 million"}, {"question": "How much did Spectre make in its first week?", "answer": "\u00a341.7 million ($63.8 million)"}, {"question": "Which movie previously had the highest earnings for its first seven days?", "answer": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"}, {"question": "What movie did Spectre unseat as having the highest earnings for IMAX screenings in the UK?", "answer": "Avatar"}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre gross on it's opening day in the UK?", "answer": "$9.2 million"}, {"question": "What film previously held the UK record for highest first week opening gross?", "answer": "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban"}, {"question": "Spectre passed which movie to become the highest grossing IMAX release in the UK?", "answer": "Avatar"}, {"question": "Spectre passed which movie to have the largest per screen opening average?", "answer": "The Dark Knight"}, {"question": "Terrorist activity in what French city impacted Spectre's earnings?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "How much more did Spectre earn compared with Skyfall in the Indian market?", "answer": "4%"}, {"question": "In Paris, what movie has generated more ticket revenue than Spectre?", "answer": "Spider-Man 3"}, {"question": "How much did Spectre make in its opening in South Korea?", "answer": "$8.2 million"}, {"question": "What is the only film to have a higher ticket sale in Paris than Spectre?", "answer": "Spider-Man 3"}, {"question": "What movie did Spectre beat to become top movie of the year in Switzerland?", "answer": "Minions"}, {"question": "How many Imax screens showed Spectre on its opening weekend in the US and Canada?", "answer": "374"}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre make in its first weekend in the US and Canada?", "answer": "$70.4 million"}, {"question": "How much money did preview showings generate in the US and Canada?", "answer": "$5.25"}, {"question": "Which film grossed more money for its opening weekend in the North American market, Skyfall or Spectre?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "How many IMAX screens was Spectre shown on in North America?", "answer": "374"}, {"question": "What day of the week was Spectre released in North America?", "answer": "Thursday"}, {"question": "On what day and month was Spectre released to the Chinese market?", "answer": "12 November"}, {"question": "How much more money did Spectre make during its first weekend in China than Skyfall?", "answer": "198%"}, {"question": "By the weekend after its China release, how much had revenue decreased?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "How much had Spectre made in its first month in China?", "answer": "$84.7 million"}, {"question": "Spectre came in second in opening day gross in China behind what movie?", "answer": "Mission: Impossible \u2013 Rogue Nation"}, {"question": "How much money did Spectre gross after four weekends in China?", "answer": "$84.7 million"}, {"question": "What was Metacritics score for Spectre?", "answer": "60 out of 100"}, {"question": "How many individual ratings contributed to Metacritics score?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "What percentage of Spectre reviews did Rotten Tomatoes find to be in favor of the film?", "answer": "64%"}, {"question": "Who did CinemaScore ask for input on the film?", "answer": "Audiences"}, {"question": "What percentage of review on Rotten Tomatoes were positive?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "What was the movie's rating on Metacritic?", "answer": "60 out of 100"}, {"question": "Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?", "answer": "Robbie Collin"}, {"question": "A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?", "answer": "IGN"}, {"question": "What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?", "answer": "four out of five stars"}, {"question": "How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?", "answer": "four out of five"}, {"question": "Which journalist considered Spectre the worst James Bond movie in three decades?", "answer": "Scott Mendelson"}, {"question": "Which writer for the San Francisco Chronicle awarded Spectre with a perfect score?", "answer": "Mick LaSalle"}, {"question": "What score did the writer from the Chicago Tribune give to Spectre?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "The reviewer from Variety compares Spectre to which other Bond movie?", "answer": "Skyfall"}, {"question": "Which Atlantic writer gave a negative review of Spectre?", "answer": "Christopher Orr"}, {"question": "What adjective did Lawrence Toppman use to describe Craig's portrayal of James Bond?", "answer": "Bored"}, {"question": "What publication does Alyssa Rosenberg write for?", "answer": "The Washington Post"}, {"question": "What was the catch phrase Lawrence Toppman of the Charlotte Observer used for the film?", "answer": "Bored, James Bored"}, {"question": "Whic organization is responsible for filtering movie content in India?", "answer": "Indian Central Board of Film Certification"}, {"question": "Which social media site was used for complaining about the Indian censoring?", "answer": "Twitter."}, {"question": "Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?", "answer": "Craig"}, {"question": "When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?", "answer": "spring 2016"}, {"question": "When will the sequel to Spectre being development?", "answer": "spring 2016."}, {"question": "In what year did the earthquake in Sichuan occur?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What was the earthquake named?", "answer": "the Great Sichuan earthquake"}, {"question": "How many people were killed as a result?", "answer": "69,197"}, {"question": "What year did the Sichuan earthquake take place?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What did the quake measure?", "answer": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw"}, {"question": "What day did the earthquake occur?", "answer": "May 12"}, {"question": "What time of the day did the quake happen?", "answer": "02:28:01 PM China Standard Time"}, {"question": "How many people died?", "answer": "69,197"}, {"question": "Which far away cities in other countries could feel the earthquake?", "answer": "Beijing and Shanghai"}, {"question": "What was the focal depth of the earthquake?", "answer": "19 km"}, {"question": "How long after the earthquake were aftershocks felt?", "answer": "months after"}, {"question": "What is another name for the earthquake in Sichuan?", "answer": "the Wenchuan earthquake"}, {"question": "Where was the epicenter of the earthquake?", "answer": "Wenchuan County, Sichuan"}, {"question": "How far was it from Chengdu?", "answer": "80 kilometres"}, {"question": "What was the focal depth of the quake?", "answer": "19 km"}, {"question": "How many people were confirmed dead?", "answer": "69,197"}, {"question": "How many people were confirmed dead only in the Sichuan province?", "answer": "68,636"}, {"question": "How many people were left homeless because of the earthquake?", "answer": "4.8 million"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the affected area?", "answer": "15 million"}, {"question": "How much money was dedicated to rebuild ravaged areas?", "answer": "1 trillion RMB"}, {"question": "How many people died in Sichuan Province?", "answer": "68,636"}, {"question": "How many were injured in Sichuan?", "answer": "374,176"}, {"question": "How many people are listed as missing?", "answer": "18,222"}, {"question": "How many people are homeless because of the quake?", "answer": "4.8 million"}, {"question": "How high could the homeless number possibly go?", "answer": "11 million"}, {"question": "Where was the epicenter?", "answer": "Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture"}, {"question": "How long did the earthquake last?", "answer": "2 minutes"}, {"question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake?", "answer": "8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw"}, {"question": "How long did the main tremor last?", "answer": "2 minutes"}, {"question": "What percentage of buildings were destroyed during the quake?", "answer": "almost 80%"}, {"question": "On what fault did the earthquake occur?", "answer": "Longmenshan fault"}, {"question": "Where is the Longmenshan fault located?", "answer": "along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate"}, {"question": "How long did the rupture last?", "answer": "120 sec"}, {"question": "How deep was the focus of the earthquake?", "answer": "10 km"}, {"question": "Along what fault line did the quake happen?", "answer": "Longmenshan fault"}, {"question": "On which fracture did the quake focus?", "answer": "Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture"}, {"question": "When wasmost of the energy released during the initial eruption?", "answer": "first 80 sec."}, {"question": "What was the most displacement caused by the earthquake?", "answer": "9 meters"}, {"question": "When was the confidential written report sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "April 30, 2008"}, {"question": "When was Geng's drought-earthquake correlation theory released?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What did researcher Geng Qingguo say was sent to the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "written report"}, {"question": "What did this report warn about?", "answer": "significant earthquake in Ngawa Prefecture"}, {"question": "What was the predicted time of the quake?", "answer": "around May 8"}, {"question": "What did Geng long try to establish as a relationship with earthquakes?", "answer": "droughts"}, {"question": "What did an official with the Seismological Bureau deny receiving?", "answer": "reports predicting the earthquake"}, {"question": "How large was the displacement?", "answer": "up to 9 meters"}, {"question": "Who warned of possible seismic activity in the area beforehand?", "answer": "Tom Parsons"}, {"question": "What did the United States Geological Survey show as the amount of displacement?", "answer": "9 meters"}, {"question": "How long was the fault where the quake occurred?", "answer": "240 km long"}, {"question": "How deep is the fault?", "answer": "20 km deep"}, {"question": "Where on the fault is the possibility of future earthquakes increased?", "answer": "northeastern and southwestern ends"}, {"question": "What did Tom Parsons consider as the risk factor for strong future quakes?", "answer": "high risk"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?", "answer": "6,000 people"}, {"question": "How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?", "answer": "in two stages"}, {"question": "What fault tore in two places?", "answer": "Longmenshan Fault"}, {"question": "Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?", "answer": "shallowness of the epicenter"}, {"question": "How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?", "answer": "30 times"}, {"question": "Why did the seismic waves travel so far?", "answer": "firmness of the terrain"}, {"question": "How many aftershocks were there?", "answer": "Between 64 and 104"}, {"question": "When were the aftershocks recorded?", "answer": "within 72 hours of the main quake."}, {"question": "When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?", "answer": "on August 5, 2008"}, {"question": "How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?", "answer": "Between 64 and 104"}, {"question": "What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?", "answer": "42,719"}, {"question": "What did the strongest aftershock measure?", "answer": "6.4 MS"}, {"question": "How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?", "answer": "246"}, {"question": "At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?", "answer": "August 5, 2008"}, {"question": "When did this earthquake occur?", "answer": "August 30, 2008"}, {"question": "Where did this earthquake occur?", "answer": "southern Sichuan"}, {"question": "Why was it not included in the series?", "answer": "because it was caused by a different fault."}, {"question": "Where should you look for more details?", "answer": "2008 Panzhihua earthquake"}, {"question": "Where was the August 30, 2008 quake?", "answer": "southern Sichuan"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the southern Sichuan quake?", "answer": "Ms 6.1"}, {"question": "What earthquake happened in southern Sichuan?", "answer": "Panzhihua earthquake"}, {"question": "Who published the map of the earthquakes intensity?", "answer": "CEA"}, {"question": "What was the intensity scaled at?", "answer": "XI"}, {"question": "What does the China Seismic Intensity Scale call the earthquake?", "answer": "very destructive"}, {"question": "How did the USGS rate the earthquake?", "answer": "very disastrous"}, {"question": "What town was closest to the main epicenter?", "answer": "Yingxiu, Wenchuan"}, {"question": "Where is the Longmenshan Fault located?", "answer": "the eastern border of the Tibetan Plateau"}, {"question": "What is the average slip in the Beichuan Fault?", "answer": "3.5 metres"}, {"question": "How large was the slip 30 km northeast of the fault?", "answer": "3 metres"}, {"question": "What was the vertical average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "answer": "2 metres"}, {"question": "What was the horizontal average slip on the Guanxian-Anxian fault?", "answer": "2.3 metres"}, {"question": "Where is the Longmen shan fault located?", "answer": "Tibetan Plateau"}, {"question": "Where are the Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian Faults?", "answer": "Longmen Shan Fault System"}, {"question": "What was the average vertical slip in the Beichaun Fault?", "answer": "3.5 metres"}, {"question": "What was the horizontal slippage in the Beichuan Fault at the epicenter?", "answer": "3.5 metres"}, {"question": "What was the horizontal slippage perpendicular to the fault?", "answer": "4.8 metres"}, {"question": "Where were office buildings evacuated?", "answer": "Shanghai's financial district"}, {"question": "How did a receptionist describe the atmosphere after the evacuation?", "answer": "calm"}, {"question": "How long were workers in Ford Plant evacuated for?", "answer": "10 minutes"}, {"question": "Which airport was shut down?", "answer": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"}, {"question": "When did the airport re-open?", "answer": "May 12"}, {"question": "What happened to office buildings in Shanghai?", "answer": "evacuated"}, {"question": "Which airport was shut down?", "answer": "Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport"}, {"question": "Why were flights delayed and diverted?", "answer": "disruption in air traffic services"}, {"question": "What were they using the airport to stage for?", "answer": "relief operations"}, {"question": "Where did the reporters say they saw cracks on walls of some buildings?", "answer": "in Chengdu"}, {"question": "Where were office towers evacuated?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "Where did a cargo train derail as a result?", "answer": "Hui County, Gansu"}, {"question": "What happened to the cargo train?", "answer": "caught on fire"}, {"question": "What was reported in Chengdu?", "answer": "cracks on walls"}, {"question": "What was evacuated in Beijing?", "answer": "office towers"}, {"question": "What part of the Olympic area was not damaged?", "answer": "venues"}, {"question": "Where did a cargo train derail?", "answer": "Hui County, Gansu"}, {"question": "Why did the train catch fire?", "answer": "rail was distorted"}, {"question": "How many highways leading into Wenchuan were damaged?", "answer": "All of the highways"}, {"question": "What percentage of building collapsed in Beichuan?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "Where did two chemical plants collapse?", "answer": "Dujiangyan"}, {"question": "How many students out of the 900 in the school, survived the collapse?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What highways into Wenchuan  were damaged?", "answer": "All of the highways"}, {"question": "What did the damaged roadways cause to the rescue operations?", "answer": "delayed arrival"}, {"question": "How many of the buildings in Beichuan collapsed?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What leaked liquid ammonia in Shifang?", "answer": "two chemical plants"}, {"question": "How many of the 900 students buried in a Dujiangyan school collapse survived?", "answer": "fewer than 60"}, {"question": "Where were the exchanges based?", "answer": "southwestern China"}, {"question": "What metal rose in value?", "answer": "Copper"}, {"question": "What natural resource dropped in value?", "answer": "oil"}, {"question": "What did the Shanghai Stock Exchange do?", "answer": "suspended trading"}, {"question": "Where were companies located that had their stock trading suspended?", "answer": "southwestern China"}, {"question": "What metal rose due to speculation?", "answer": "Copper"}, {"question": "Besides the Shanghai Stock Exchange, what other exchange suspended trading of southwestern China stock?", "answer": "Shenzhen Stock Exchange"}, {"question": "What kinds of telecommunications were cut?", "answer": "mobile and terrestrial"}, {"question": "What capabilities were cut to the entire Sichuan area?", "answer": "internet"}, {"question": "How long did it take for these capabilities to be restored?", "answer": "months"}, {"question": "What was cut after the earthquake?", "answer": "telecommunications"}, {"question": "Where were the internet cut?", "answer": "Sichuan area"}, {"question": "Who restored communications over a period of months?", "answer": "the government"}, {"question": "What internet services were decreased in the area?", "answer": "news and media websites"}, {"question": "What services were finally online again?", "answer": "major news and media"}, {"question": "How many base stations did China Mobile have suspended?", "answer": "2,300"}, {"question": "How many Unicom towers were suspended?", "answer": "more than 700"}, {"question": "How many China Mobile base stations stopped working?", "answer": "2,300"}, {"question": "Besides power disruption, what caused telecommunications to be suspended?", "answer": "traffic congestion"}, {"question": "How many wireless communications failed in Sichuan?", "answer": "Half"}, {"question": "Whose service in Wenchuan was cut off?", "answer": "China Unicom"}, {"question": "How many of China Unicom's towers were cut?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "What place could officials not contact?", "answer": "the Wolong National Nature Reserve"}, {"question": "How many pandas live at the Reserve?", "answer": "around 280"}, {"question": "How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "How many pandas were injured?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What nature center was cutoff?", "answer": "Wolong National Nature Reserve"}, {"question": "How many pandas escaped the reserve?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "How many security guards died at the reserve?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What famous panda was killed under the rubble?", "answer": "Mao Mao"}, {"question": "What power plant was damaged?", "answer": "Hydropower Plant"}, {"question": "How far away was the plant located from the epicenter?", "answer": "20 km east"}, {"question": "How many troops were allocated to Zipingpu?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "How many dams were damaged?", "answer": "391"}, {"question": "What power plant was damaged by the earthquake?", "answer": "Zipingpu Hydropower Plant"}, {"question": "How near to the epicenter was the power plant?", "answer": "20 km"}, {"question": "What has a recent inspection found about the damage to the power plant?", "answer": "less severe"}, {"question": "What might possibly collapse upstream from the power plant?", "answer": "Tulong reservoir"}, {"question": "What is the total number of dams damaged?", "answer": "391"}, {"question": "How many deaths were reported?", "answer": "69,180"}, {"question": "How many deaths were reported only in the Sichuan province?", "answer": "68,636"}, {"question": "How many people were listed as missing?", "answer": "18,498"}, {"question": "How many people were injured?", "answer": "374,176"}, {"question": "How many earthquake relief workers were killed?", "answer": "158"}, {"question": "How many died in Sichuan?", "answer": "68,636"}, {"question": "What is the total tally of known deaths caused by the earthquake?", "answer": "69,180"}, {"question": "What is the number of missing persons?", "answer": "18,498"}, {"question": "How many people were injured?", "answer": "374,176"}, {"question": "What were the 158 relief workers doing when they were killed?", "answer": "tried to repair roads"}, {"question": "How many survivors were there from Yingxiu?", "answer": "2,300"}, {"question": "Where is Yingxiu located?", "answer": "in Wenchuan"}, {"question": "How many people in total lived in Yingxiu?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in Beichuan County?", "answer": "3,000 to 5,000"}, {"question": "How many people were injured in Beichuan County?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "How many survivors were there in the town of Yingxiu?", "answer": "2,300"}, {"question": "What was the previous population of Yingxiu?", "answer": "about 9,000"}, {"question": "How many residents were killed in Beichuan County?", "answer": "3,000 to 5,000"}, {"question": "How large was the number of injured in Beichuan County?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What is the number of schools that collapsed in Dujiangyan?", "answer": "Eight schools"}, {"question": "What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?", "answer": "Health care"}, {"question": "Who was the Vice Minister of Health?", "answer": "Gao Qiang"}, {"question": "What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?", "answer": "public health care system in China is insufficient"}, {"question": "How economically forward has this area been?", "answer": "neglected and untouched"}, {"question": "Where is health care poor in China?", "answer": "inland areas"}, {"question": "What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?", "answer": "insufficient"}, {"question": "What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?", "answer": "medical treatment"}, {"question": "How many school children died due to shoddy construction?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many people were buried in the collapsed schools?", "answer": "1,700"}, {"question": "How many school buildings collapsed in the province?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "How many students were buried in a school in Hanwang?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "What caused the deaths of many school children?", "answer": "shoddy construction"}, {"question": "How many schools collapsed in Mianyang City", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many people were buried under rubble in Mianyang City?", "answer": "1,700"}, {"question": "How many school buildings fell in the entire province?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "How many were killed at the Juyuan Elementary School?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "When did an investigation occur under school casualties?", "answer": "December 2008"}, {"question": "When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?", "answer": "May 7, 2009"}, {"question": "How many students were killed in Xinhua?", "answer": "5,335"}, {"question": "How many students were disabled in Xinhua?", "answer": "546"}, {"question": "What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?", "answer": "May 7, 2009"}, {"question": "Who kept a blog about the school deaths?", "answer": "Ai Weiwei"}, {"question": "What is the total of school children killed?", "answer": "5,335"}, {"question": "How many children are disabled?", "answer": "546"}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?", "answer": "fertility clinics"}, {"question": "How many people were left without housing?", "answer": "5 million"}, {"question": "How many people could be potentially without housing?", "answer": "11 million"}, {"question": "How many animals were killed?", "answer": "12.5 million"}, {"question": "How many pigs died in Sichuan?", "answer": "1 million"}, {"question": "Because of the earthquake, how many people did not have housing?", "answer": "at least 5 million"}, {"question": "How many people might actually be homeless?", "answer": "11 million"}, {"question": "How much livestock was lost?", "answer": "12.5 million animals"}, {"question": "How many pigs died from the earthquake in Sichuan ?", "answer": "a million"}, {"question": "Who was a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Georgia Tech?", "answer": "Reginald DesRoches"}, {"question": "What is the profession of Reginald DesRoches?", "answer": "professor of civil and environmental engineering"}, {"question": "When did China create a seismic design code for building?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What catastrophe inspired them to make a building design code/ ", "answer": "Tangshan earthquake"}, {"question": "What happened days following the disaster?", "answer": "an international reconnaissance team of engineers was dispatched to the region"}, {"question": "What did the team of engineers do?", "answer": "make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings"}, {"question": "What did their findings show?", "answer": "a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake."}, {"question": "After the quake what kind of international team was sent to the area?", "answer": "team of engineers"}, {"question": "What was the team sent to China to make?", "answer": "survey of damaged buildings"}, {"question": "What kind of reasons do their findings show?", "answer": "variety of reasons"}, {"question": "What areas were the hardest hit?", "answer": "the poorer, rural villages"}, {"question": "Who was an assistant professor of civil engineering and geophysics at the California Institute of Technology?", "answer": "Swaminathan Krishnan"}, {"question": "What part of China did the earthquake occur in?", "answer": "rural part"}, {"question": "What did Swaminathan Krishnan mean when he said the buildings were just built?", "answer": "not designed"}, {"question": "What manner of building codes are there in China?", "answer": "very strong"}, {"question": "What were many of these old buildings built without?", "answer": "regulations"}, {"question": "What is an estimate of the economic loss from the quake?", "answer": "$75 billion"}, {"question": "What damage did the major Sichuan cities have?", "answer": "minor damage"}, {"question": "What is an estimate of losses to economics?", "answer": "US$75 billion"}, {"question": "Whose is this one of the costliest disasters in history of?", "answer": "Chinese history"}, {"question": "Which cities in Sichuan had minor damage?", "answer": "five largest cities"}, {"question": "How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?", "answer": "420,000"}, {"question": "How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?", "answer": "6.0 Mw"}, {"question": "How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?", "answer": "more than 420,000"}, {"question": "During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?", "answer": "Qingchuan, Sichuan"}, {"question": "Who was the executive vice governor?", "answer": "Wei Hong"}, {"question": "How many homes were rebuilt?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "How many homes were left without permanent shelter?", "answer": "1.94 million"}, {"question": "How many schools were reconstructed?", "answer": "1,300"}, {"question": "Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?", "answer": "Wei Hong"}, {"question": "How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "How many homes had been rebuilt?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "How many houses were still under construction?", "answer": "685,000"}, {"question": "How many families were still without permanent homes?", "answer": "1.94 million"}, {"question": "Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?", "answer": "Premier Wen Jiabao"}, {"question": "What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?", "answer": "geomechanics"}, {"question": "What did Jiabao oversee in the region?", "answer": "the rescue work"}, {"question": "How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?", "answer": "90 minutes after"}, {"question": "How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?", "answer": "proximity of the quake's epicenter"}, {"question": "What did the National Disaster Relief Commission initiate?", "answer": "Level II emergency contingency plan"}, {"question": "What does a Level II emergency contingency plan cover?", "answer": "the most serious class of natural disasters"}, {"question": "When did the plan rise to Level I?", "answer": "at 22:15 CST, May 12"}, {"question": "What level alert was instated for the quake?", "answer": "Level II emergency"}, {"question": "What class of disasters is a level II emergency?", "answer": "most serious"}, {"question": "What level was the disaster set at 22:15 CST, May 12?", "answer": "Level II"}, {"question": "What department initiated the emergency contingency plan?", "answer": "National Disaster Relief Commission"}, {"question": "How many people were in the earthquake emergency relief team?", "answer": "184"}, {"question": "How many of the relief team were from the State Seismological Bureau?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many of the team were from the military?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "How many of the team were from the police?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "What kind of team left Beijing to go to Wenchuan?", "answer": "earthquake emergency relief"}, {"question": "How many people comprised the relief team?", "answer": "184"}, {"question": "How many soldiers were from the Beijing Military?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "Where did 22 of the relief team come from?", "answer": "Armed Police General Hospital"}, {"question": "How did the relief team travel to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "in two military transport planes"}, {"question": "What did the China Digital Times report?", "answer": "a close analysis by an alleged Chinese construction engineer"}, {"question": "Who was the construction engineer known as?", "answer": "Book Blade"}, {"question": "Where was an article reported about the scandal?", "answer": "China Digital Times"}, {"question": "What was the name of the person who published a report in the China Digital Times?", "answer": "Book Blade"}, {"question": "What was June 1, 2008 called?", "answer": "Children's Day"}, {"question": "Where were most of the surviving children?", "answer": "living in relief centres"}, {"question": "What did these children do on that day?", "answer": "performed ceremonies"}, {"question": "Where did parents go to mourn their children?", "answer": "rubble of schools"}, {"question": "When is Children's Day?", "answer": "June 1"}, {"question": "Where were surviving children living?", "answer": "in relief centres"}, {"question": "How much did central state-owned enterprises donate?", "answer": "more than $48.6 million"}, {"question": "How much did China National Petroleum Corp and Sinopec donate?", "answer": "10 million yuan"}, {"question": "How much have Central state enterprises donated?", "answer": "48.6 million"}, {"question": "How much did China National Petroleum and Sinopec donate?", "answer": "10 million yuan each"}, {"question": "How much did China receive in donated money and goods?", "answer": "$457 million"}, {"question": "How many countries donated?", "answer": "19 countries"}, {"question": "How many international organizations donated?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "How much financial assistance did Saudi Arabia give China?", "answer": "\u20ac40,000,000"}, {"question": "How much money was donated from foreign sources?", "answer": "83 million"}, {"question": "What country was the largest aid donor to China?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "How many international organizations made donations?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What did the State Council establish in 2008?", "answer": "a counterpart support plan"}, {"question": "How long did the plan last?", "answer": "3 years"}, {"question": "What did the state council set up in 2008?", "answer": "counterpart support plan"}, {"question": "What is the basis for this plan?", "answer": "one province to one affected county"}, {"question": "How long is the plan due to last?", "answer": "3 years"}, {"question": "What is the cost per province's budget?", "answer": "one percent"}, {"question": "What was concluded about the construction?", "answer": "that the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture"}, {"question": "What structure did an article contemplate could have caused the quake?", "answer": "Zipingpu Dam"}, {"question": "What was the affect of the dam on the stresses in that area?", "answer": "25 times more"}, {"question": "Who disregarded warnings about dams in the area?", "answer": "The government"}, {"question": "What type of area is Sichuan?", "answer": "seismically active"}, {"question": "What have researchers been denied?", "answer": "access to seismological and geological data"}, {"question": "What did the earthquake allow?", "answer": "opportunities for researchers to retrofit data in order to model future earthquake predictions"}, {"question": "What did the professors predict?", "answer": "the time of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake"}, {"question": "What did they try to establish?", "answer": "time prediction method"}, {"question": "What did they collect to use in this method?", "answer": "statistics"}, {"question": "What was stated in the press conference?", "answer": "that earthquake prediction was a global issue"}, {"question": "What do many geologists believe about earthquake prediction?", "answer": "no proven methods exist"}, {"question": "What kind of issue is earthquake prediction?", "answer": "a global issue"}, {"question": "What was received before the quake occurred?", "answer": "no prediction notification"}, {"question": "What did  seismologist Gary Gibson have to say about the prediction of the quake?", "answer": "did not see anything"}, {"question": "When was a Seismic Risk Analysis published?", "answer": "In 2002"}, {"question": "Who published the Seismic Risk Analysis?", "answer": "Chen Xuezhong"}, {"question": "Who published a Seismic Risk Analysis Study?", "answer": "Chen Xuezhong"}, {"question": "In what year did Chen Xuezhong publish an earthquake study?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What strength did he predict the next quake in Sichuan to be?", "answer": "over 7.0"}, {"question": "How long had it been since an earthquake of similar magnitude?", "answer": "over 30 years"}, {"question": "How long since the Sichuan area has had  a severe quake?", "answer": "30 years"}, {"question": "Does the scientific community agree that earthquake prediction is possible?", "answer": "no consensus"}, {"question": "People wanted to know if the study of what math could produce better predictions?", "answer": "statistics"}, {"question": "What is not an established science?", "answer": "Earthquake prediction"}, {"question": "What department was ready to join the rescue effort by Wednesday?", "answer": "the Taipei Fire Department"}, {"question": "How many Tibetan villagers were stranded?", "answer": "over 300"}, {"question": "What was the reason that many rescue teams could not join the relief efforts?", "answer": "the traffic problem"}, {"question": "What action did the Red Cross recommend ?", "answer": "donating cash"}, {"question": "What problem continued to stop rescue teams from reaching affected areas?", "answer": "landslides"}, {"question": "Where were the soldiers under commander Yang Wenyao trying to go?", "answer": "Tibetan village of Sier"}, {"question": "What natural disasters were occurring in Wenchuan County?", "answer": "landslides"}, {"question": "How many helicopters were deployed?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "How many militia reservists joined in on rescue efforts?", "answer": "15,600"}, {"question": "How many survivors were found?", "answer": "around 3,000"}, {"question": "How many troops parachuted into Mao County?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What were the biggest difficulties in reaching affected areas?", "answer": "heavy rain and landslides"}, {"question": "How many helicopters were sent to deliver aid to the affected areas?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "By May 13, how many troops had been added to the rescue efforts?", "answer": "15,600"}, {"question": "How people were reported to be survivors in Yingxiu Town?", "answer": "around 3,000"}, {"question": "How many persons were still unaccounted for in Yingxiu?", "answer": "around 9,000"}, {"question": "What did Premier Wen Jiabao order?", "answer": "the deployment of an additional 90 helicopters"}, {"question": "How many helicopters were provided by the PLAAF?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "How many helicopter were to be provided by the civil aviation industry?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many aircraft were there in total?", "answer": "over 150"}, {"question": "What is the total number of aircraft used in the relief operation?", "answer": "over 150"}, {"question": "How many helicopters came from the PLAAF?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "Who provided the other 30 helicopters?", "answer": "civil aviation industry"}, {"question": "What kind of operation did this massing of aircraft produce?", "answer": "non-combat airlifting"}, {"question": "What Foundation wanted to aid Beijing?", "answer": "the Tzu Chi Foundation"}, {"question": "Where was the foundation based?", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "When did Beijing agree to aid from Taiwan?", "answer": "late on May 13"}, {"question": "What was the first group from outside China to join in the relief operation?", "answer": "Tzu Chi Foundation"}, {"question": "What did China say they would accept?", "answer": "international help"}, {"question": "What did China need help for?", "answer": "cope with the quake"}, {"question": "Who made a direct chartered cargo flight?", "answer": "China Airlines"}, {"question": "What date did the cargo flight leave?", "answer": "May 15"}, {"question": "When did a rescue team depart?", "answer": "May 16"}, {"question": "How did the move the relief supplies from Taiwan to the stricken area?", "answer": "chartered cargo flight"}, {"question": "From what airport did the chartered flight leave?", "answer": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport"}, {"question": "Where did the chartered flight from Taiwan land?", "answer": "Chengdu"}, {"question": "What Red Cross team left Taipei on May 16", "answer": "rescue team"}, {"question": "Where did the Red Cross team from Taiwan land?", "answer": "Chengdu"}, {"question": "What did the US share?", "answer": "satellite images of the quake-stricken areas"}, {"question": "Who did the US share the satellite images with?", "answer": "Chinese authorities"}, {"question": "How many Chinese troops were involved in the rescue efforts?", "answer": "135,000"}, {"question": "When did groups from South Korea, Japan, and others arrive in China?", "answer": "May 16"}, {"question": "What did the U.S. share with China?", "answer": "satellite images"}, {"question": "What was included in the the Air Force C-17 supplies?", "answer": "tents and generators"}, {"question": "How many Chinese troops and medics were involved in the relief efforts?", "answer": "135,000"}, {"question": "What was extensively used to pass information to aid rescue and recovery efforts?", "answer": "The Internet"}, {"question": "What did the Xinhua news agency set up?", "answer": "an online rescue request center"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of this online rescue request center?", "answer": "to find the blind spots of disaster recovery"}, {"question": "Where did rescue helicopters have trouble landing?", "answer": "Wenchuan"}, {"question": "What was used as a communications aid in the relief efforts?", "answer": "The Internet"}, {"question": "Who set up an online site to focus on blind spots in recovery?", "answer": "news agency Xinhua"}, {"question": "What person suggested a landing spot for helicopters near the epicenter?", "answer": "a student"}, {"question": "What kind of information were websites set up to store?", "answer": "contact information"}, {"question": "On what date did a rescue helicopter crash with no survivors?", "answer": "May 31"}, {"question": "What was done for the anniversary?", "answer": "a moment of silence"}, {"question": "Where did the government open access to?", "answer": "the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat"}, {"question": "How long was it opened for?", "answer": "three days"}, {"question": "What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?", "answer": "a moment of silence"}, {"question": "What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?", "answer": "earthquake relic museum"}, {"question": "What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?", "answer": "several concerts"}, {"question": "What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?", "answer": "the terrible disaster"}, {"question": "What was also donated?", "answer": "blood"}, {"question": "What companies received the money?", "answer": "China Unicom and China Mobile"}, {"question": "After the quake, people from where in China made donations?", "answer": "all over mainland China"}, {"question": "What caused long lines in most major cities?", "answer": "donated blood"}, {"question": "What were the Chinese setting up to take in donations?", "answer": "booths"}, {"question": "How did a lot of people donate using mobile phones?", "answer": "text messaging"}, {"question": "How much had the Chinese government designated by May 16?", "answer": "$772 million"}, {"question": "How many tents were flown to the region?", "answer": "557"}, {"question": "How many quilts were flown to the region?", "answer": "2,500"}, {"question": "How much were both supplies worth?", "answer": "788,000 yuan"}, {"question": "What county were the supplies flown to?", "answer": "Wenchuan County"}, {"question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?", "answer": "Red Cross Society of China"}, {"question": "How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?", "answer": "US$143,000"}, {"question": "How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What were all these tents and quilts for?", "answer": "those left homeless"}, {"question": "What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?", "answer": "The Amity Foundation"}, {"question": "How many schoolrooms collapsed in the quake?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "What catch-phrase was invented as a result of collapsed schools?", "answer": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses"}, {"question": "Why did so many schools collapse during the earthquake?", "answer": "inadequately engineered"}, {"question": "What are the estimations of how many schoolrooms collapsed?", "answer": "over 7,000"}, {"question": "What has the citizenry started calling these type of schools?", "answer": "tofu-dregs schoolhouses"}, {"question": "What can illegal children be registered as in place of their dead siblings?", "answer": "legal replacements"}, {"question": "What did CCTV-1 host on the evening of May 18th?", "answer": "four-hour program called The Giving of Love"}, {"question": "Who was the show hosted by?", "answer": "Bai Yansong"}, {"question": "How large were the donations from the program?", "answer": "Donations of the evening totalled 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan"}, {"question": "How much did Jackie Chan donate to support?", "answer": "$1.57 million"}, {"question": "What was the name of the music video that Jackie Chan made for the event?", "answer": "Promise"}, {"question": "What was the program that CCTV-1 hosted?", "answer": "The Giving of Love"}, {"question": "What did the donations total for the program?", "answer": "US$208 million"}, {"question": "What company gave the most?", "answer": "CCTV"}, {"question": "How much did actor Jackie Chan donate?", "answer": "1.57 million"}, {"question": "What was the name of Chan's music video?", "answer": "Promise"}, {"question": "What did a professor at the Peking University say about the handling of the earthquake?", "answer": "This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards"}, {"question": "What did Myanmar block after Cyclone Nargis?", "answer": "foreign aid"}, {"question": "What did a Peking professor say about Chinese media coverage?", "answer": "up to international standards"}, {"question": "Who praised Chinese media coverage as being democratic?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times"}, {"question": "In which previous catastrophe not live up to international standards?", "answer": "1976 Tangshan earthquake"}, {"question": "What formed behind blockages?", "answer": "quake lakes"}, {"question": "How many quake lakes formed?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "How many of the lakes were a danger to people?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?", "answer": "7.9"}, {"question": "What blocked many of the area's rivers?", "answer": "large landslides"}, {"question": "What formed behind the blocked rivers?", "answer": "quake lakes"}, {"question": "By May 27, how many earthquake lakes had formed up behind landslide debris?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What had to be evacuated due to potential flooding?", "answer": "Entire villages"}, {"question": "Where was the most precarious quake lake located?", "answer": "Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan"}, {"question": "How could you only get to this quake lake?", "answer": "by foot or air"}, {"question": "What machinery was airlifted into the location?", "answer": "tractors"}, {"question": "How many people were evacuated downstream?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What was the fear that caused 200,000 people to be evacuated from Mianyang?", "answer": "the dam bursting"}, {"question": "Where was the worst of the quake lakes located?", "answer": "Mount Tangjia"}, {"question": "Where is Mount Tangjia?", "answer": "Beichuan County, Sichuan"}, {"question": "How many soldiers had to travel to the area by foot?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "Who declared the mourning period?", "answer": "The State Council"}, {"question": "What did the State Council declare a period of?", "answer": "national mourning"}, {"question": "This was the biggest display of mourning since the death of who?", "answer": "Mao Zedong"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese hold a moment of silence?", "answer": "May 19, 2008"}, {"question": "What came to a halt during the moment of silence?", "answer": "Cars and trucks"}, {"question": "How long was the national mourning for the quake victims to last?", "answer": "three-day period"}, {"question": "What was suspended for the duration of the mourning period?", "answer": "Olympic torch relay"}, {"question": "Where was the relay scheduled to take place?", "answer": "Ningbo"}, {"question": "What was suspended during the period of mourning?", "answer": "Beijing Olympic torch relay"}, {"question": "Where was the torch relay supposed to take place?", "answer": "in Ningbo"}, {"question": "What part of the relay did they change?", "answer": "The route"}, {"question": "Where was there a minute of silence during the relay?", "answer": "Ruijin, Jiangxi"}, {"question": "What colors did many websites convert their home pages to?", "answer": "black and white"}, {"question": "What did internet portals remove from their home pages?", "answer": "all advertisements"}, {"question": "Many of what shut down completely?", "answer": "various gaming sites"}, {"question": "What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?", "answer": "burst out cheering"}, {"question": "What business closed in Macau?", "answer": "Casinos"}, {"question": "Who was the principal of Sangzao Middle School? ", "answer": "Ye Zhiping"}, {"question": "What was the principal credited with?", "answer": "proactive action that spared the lives of all 2,323 pupils in attendance when the earthquake happened"}, {"question": "How many students attended the school?", "answer": "2,323"}, {"question": "How much money was used to strengthen the construction of the school?", "answer": "400,000 yuan"}, {"question": "What school principal strengthened his school?", "answer": "Ye Zhiping"}, {"question": "Where is the Sangzao Middle School?", "answer": "Sangzao"}, {"question": "The Sangzao school is one of the biggest in what county?", "answer": "An County"}, {"question": "How many years was Ye Zhiping involved in the school overhaul?", "answer": "three-year period"}, {"question": "Why were the schools inspected?", "answer": "to gain first-hand material of construction quality"}, {"question": "What was to be carried out at schools after the quake?", "answer": "safety checks"}, {"question": "Who has joined an official inquiry into the school scandal?", "answer": "Chinese prosecutors"}, {"question": "What investigation are the prosecutors pursuing?", "answer": "professional crime"}, {"question": "Where are the Chinese going to perform safety checks?", "answer": "schools across China"}, {"question": "What group reported that Chinese prosecutors were involved in investigating the schoolhouse collapses?", "answer": "Reuters"}, {"question": "What was given in exchange of signing the document?", "answer": "money"}, {"question": "What other methods were used to break up protests?", "answer": "riot police"}, {"question": "Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?", "answer": "government officials"}, {"question": "What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?", "answer": "limit protests"}, {"question": "What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?", "answer": "money"}, {"question": "What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?", "answer": "were threatened"}, {"question": "What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?", "answer": "on school collapses"}, {"question": "Who was a Sichuan school teacher?", "answer": "Liu Shaokun"}, {"question": "What was Liu's family told?", "answer": "that he was being investigated on suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion"}, {"question": "What was Liu Shaokun's profession?", "answer": "Sichuan school teacher"}, {"question": "Why was he investigated?", "answer": "crime of inciting subversion"}, {"question": "What did Liu Shankun do with the pictures he took of collapsed schools?", "answer": "put them online"}, {"question": "Where did he call the schoolhouses shoddy?", "answer": "in a media interview"}, {"question": "What was his assigned punishment ?", "answer": "one year of re-education"}, {"question": "When did the sentencing occur?", "answer": "in 2007"}, {"question": "When was the article published about the case?", "answer": "January 2010"}, {"question": "What did he think that the poor construction led to?", "answer": "massive casualties"}, {"question": "What did UNICEF report?", "answer": "that China formally requested the support of the international community"}, {"question": "What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?", "answer": "condolences and assistance"}, {"question": "When did China formally ask for help from the international community?", "answer": "May 14"}, {"question": "What organization reported that China asked for help?", "answer": "UNICEF"}, {"question": "Why did the world community notice the need for help?", "answer": "magnitude of the quake"}, {"question": "How much did Yao Ming donate?", "answer": "$214,000 and $71,000"}, {"question": "How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?", "answer": "$26 million"}, {"question": "How much money had been donated by May 14?", "answer": "10.7 billion yuan"}, {"question": "What group donated the 10.7 yuan?", "answer": "the Chinese public"}, {"question": "What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?", "answer": "Yao Ming"}, {"question": "How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?", "answer": "26 million"}, {"question": "What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?", "answer": "swift and very efficient"}, {"question": "What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?", "answer": "openness"}, {"question": "What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?", "answer": "secretive"}, {"question": "How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?", "answer": "10 days"}, {"question": "What organization did Francis Marcus represent?", "answer": "International Federation of the Red Cross"}, {"question": "What did stations replace programming with?", "answer": "live earthquake footage"}, {"question": "What was the source of the live feeds?", "answer": "CCTV-1"}, {"question": "What about pay TV channels?", "answer": "programmes suspended"}, {"question": "What government blocked aid after Cyclone Nargis?", "answer": "Myanmar"}, {"question": "Over what scandal did the Chinese government lose in public opinion?", "answer": "school construction scandal"}, {"question": "What was the Chinese government first praised for?", "answer": "response to the quake"}, {"question": "What did parents accuse builders of doing?", "answer": "cutting corners"}, {"question": "As of July 17, 2008 what did parents complain of not receiving?", "answer": "any reports"}, {"question": "What kind of stories were being censored in the media?", "answer": "poorly built schools"}, {"question": "Who has ignored the school issue?", "answer": "state-controlled media"}, {"question": "Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?", "answer": "propaganda bureau"}, {"question": "What media source has reported this happening?", "answer": "The AP"}, {"question": "Why are the buildings so shoddily built?", "answer": "builders cut corners"}, {"question": "What did builder's use in place of steel rods as re-inforcement?", "answer": "thin iron wires"}, {"question": "Who was supposed to inspect building to see if they met national standards?", "answer": "supervising agencies"}, {"question": "Who has not been brought to justice?", "answer": "corrupt government officials"}, {"question": "Who is still looking for compensation and justice?", "answer": "many families"}, {"question": "What has the government threatened people with to keep them from protesting?", "answer": "threat of arrest"}, {"question": "What media reported the threat of arrest?", "answer": "the Times"}, {"question": "What did many families lose in the earthquake?", "answer": "their only child"}, {"question": "What city in the United States has the highest population?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "In what city is the United Nations based?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "The most populated city in the United States is which city?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "How many boroughs comprise New York City?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "In what year were the five boroughs combined into one city?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "In 2014, what did the census estimate the population of New York City to be?", "answer": "8,491,079"}, {"question": "What is the size of New York City in square miles?", "answer": "305"}, {"question": "What is the population of New York's Combined Statistical Area?", "answer": "23.6 million"}, {"question": "How man boroughs does New York City contain?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The five boroughs of New York City are named what?", "answer": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island"}, {"question": "All five boroughs of New York City formed into one city on what date?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What is the population of New York City as of 2014?", "answer": "8,491,079"}, {"question": "How many languages are spoken by the people of New York City?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "What was the trading post that preceded New York City called?", "answer": "New Amsterdam"}, {"question": "What nation founded New Amsterdam?", "answer": "the Dutch Republic"}, {"question": "In what year did New York become the largest city in the United States?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "When did the English take over the area from the Dutch?", "answer": "1664"}, {"question": "In what year did New York cease the be the capital of the United States?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "When was New York City established?", "answer": "1624"}, {"question": "New Amsterdam became the title of New York City in what past date?", "answer": "1626"}, {"question": "The English occupied New York City beginning on what date?", "answer": "1664"}, {"question": "New York City is the biggest city in the United States since what historical date?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2014?", "answer": "56 million"}, {"question": "How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?", "answer": "469"}, {"question": "In what borough is Wall Street located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "How many school and universities are in NYC?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?", "answer": "New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ"}, {"question": "What island was once a part of Long Island?", "answer": "Staten Island"}, {"question": "During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?", "answer": "the Wisconsinan glaciation"}, {"question": "Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?", "answer": "ice sheet"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Lenape homeland?", "answer": "Lenapehoking"}, {"question": "In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?", "answer": "1524"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?", "answer": "Giovanni da Verrazzano"}, {"question": "What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?", "answer": "La Dauphine"}, {"question": "What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?", "answer": "Nouvelle Angoul\u00eame"}, {"question": "When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?", "answer": "1524"}, {"question": "Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?", "answer": "La Dauphine"}, {"question": "Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?", "answer": "1525"}, {"question": "Who commanded the Spanish expedition?", "answer": "Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What monarch did Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes serve?", "answer": "Charles V"}, {"question": "What was the name of Est\u00eav\u00e3o Gomes's ship?", "answer": "La Anunciada"}, {"question": "The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?", "answer": "Rio de San Antonio"}, {"question": "What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?", "answer": "Padr\u00f3n Real"}, {"question": "What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?", "answer": "Henry Hudson"}, {"question": "Who was Henry Hudson working for?", "answer": "Dutch East India Company"}, {"question": "In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?", "answer": "1614"}, {"question": "How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?", "answer": "North River"}, {"question": "Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?", "answer": "Dutch East India Company"}, {"question": "In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?", "answer": "1614"}, {"question": "Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?", "answer": "Henry Hudson"}, {"question": "Where was Juan Rodriguez born?", "answer": "Santo Domingo"}, {"question": "What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Jan Rodrigues"}, {"question": "What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?", "answer": "trader"}, {"question": "What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Juan Rodriguez Way"}, {"question": "During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?", "answer": "Juan Rodriguez"}, {"question": "Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?", "answer": "Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street"}, {"question": "On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?", "answer": "Governors Island"}, {"question": "On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?", "answer": "Manhattan Island"}, {"question": "In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?", "answer": "1625"}, {"question": "What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?", "answer": "Peter Minuit"}, {"question": "In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?", "answer": "1626"}, {"question": "New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?", "answer": "1624"}, {"question": "What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?", "answer": "1625"}, {"question": "What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?", "answer": "glass beads"}, {"question": "What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?", "answer": "James II"}, {"question": "What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?", "answer": "Peter Stuyvesant"}, {"question": "What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?", "answer": "Director-General"}, {"question": "In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?", "answer": "1664"}, {"question": "Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?", "answer": "Peter Stuyvesant"}, {"question": "What was the regnal name of the Prince of Orange?", "answer": "William III"}, {"question": "What was the date of Anthonio Colve's capture of New York?", "answer": "August 24, 1673"}, {"question": "What did Colve call New York after he captured it?", "answer": "New Orange"}, {"question": "In what year did the Dutch give New York back to the English?", "answer": "1674"}, {"question": "August 24, 1673 is when which Dutch officer  took control of NYC?", "answer": "Anthonio Colve"}, {"question": "The Dutch gave back the island to which country in 1674 after their trade routes had been destroyed?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "New York was called New Orange for a period based off which historical figure?", "answer": "King William III"}, {"question": "After what war did the English receive New Amsterdam?", "answer": "Second Anglo-Dutch War"}, {"question": "How many Lenape lived in the area in 1700?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What was the name of the island the English traded to the Dutch in return for New Amsterdam?", "answer": "Run"}, {"question": "In 1700, the Lenape Native American population had dwindled to how many?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "After which war did England gain New York in exchange for Run, an Indonesian island?", "answer": "Second Anglo-Dutch War"}, {"question": "In 1730, what percentage of New York households were slave-holding?", "answer": "42%"}, {"question": "In 1730, what American city had the highest percentage of slaveholders?", "answer": "Charleston, South Carolina"}, {"question": "Near what square was the African Burial Ground unearthed?", "answer": "Foley Square"}, {"question": "What was being built that resulted in the discovery of the African Burial Ground?", "answer": "courthouse"}, {"question": "Which city in North America held the most slaves in the 1700s?", "answer": "Charleston, South Carolina"}, {"question": "When was as African burial ground discovered after the building of new courthouse?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "In what year was John Peter Zenger tried?", "answer": "1735"}, {"question": "On what island did Zenger's trial occur?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what year was Columbia University chartered?", "answer": "1754"}, {"question": "Under what king did the founding of Columbia University occur?", "answer": "George II"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Columbia University?", "answer": "King's College"}, {"question": "Which trial in Manhatten helped establish the right of freedom of the press?", "answer": "John Peter Zenger"}, {"question": "Columbia University of New York was founded in what year?", "answer": "1754"}, {"question": "The Stamp Act Congress had a meeting in 1765 in which US city?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What was the biggest battle of the American Revolution?", "answer": "Battle of Long Island"}, {"question": "In what borough did the Battle of Long Island occur?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "In what month and year was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "answer": "August 1776"}, {"question": "About how many escaped slaves were in New York during the time the British occupied it?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "In what year did the American Revolutionary War end?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "Which battle was the largest battle of the American Revolutionary war?", "answer": "The Battle of Long Island"}, {"question": "Which borough of New York was the Battle of Long Island fought?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "When did the English army start to retreat and evacuate NYC during the Battle of Long Island?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "On what date did the peace conference on Staten Island occur?", "answer": "September 11, 1776"}, {"question": "Who was the British representative at the Conference House meeting?", "answer": "Lord Howe"}, {"question": "What notable catastrophe took place under the British occupation?", "answer": "Great Fire of New York"}, {"question": "In what modern-day borough did the Great Fire happen?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What noted religious building was destroyed in the Great Fire?", "answer": "Trinity Church"}, {"question": "Who was the English general who met with Benjamin Franklin on Septermber 11, 1776?", "answer": "Lord Howe"}, {"question": "Which natural disaster happened after English occupation of Lower Manhattan?", "answer": "the Great Fire of New York"}, {"question": "In what year did New York become the United States capital?", "answer": "1785"}, {"question": "Who was the United States' first President?", "answer": "George Washington"}, {"question": "In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?", "answer": "Federal Hall"}, {"question": "On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?", "answer": "Wall Street"}, {"question": "What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?", "answer": "Congress of the Confederation"}, {"question": "New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?", "answer": "capital"}, {"question": "The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "In what year did the state of New York pass a law to free the slaves?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "What borough was home to a notable population of free African-Americans?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "Along with John Jay, who founded the New York Manumission Society?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton"}, {"question": "In what year did the state of New York eliminate slavery?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "In 1840, about how many African-Americans lived in New York City?", "answer": "16,000"}, {"question": "The gradual abolition act in New York was formed in what year?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "When was slavery completely outlawed in the state of New York?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What plan of 1811 spread a grid of streets across Manhattan?", "answer": "Commissioners' Plan"}, {"question": "In what year did the Erie Canal finish building?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "What political machine controlled New York politics in this era?", "answer": "Tammany Hall"}, {"question": "Along with German immigrants, immigrants of what nationality supported Tammany Hall?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "The Erie Canal was finished being built in what year?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first urban landscaped park in the United States?", "answer": "Central Park"}, {"question": "In what year was Central Park founded?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "Central park, in 1857, became the first park in America to become what?", "answer": "first landscaped"}, {"question": "What event brought many Irish immigrants to the United States?", "answer": "Great Irish Famine"}, {"question": "In 1860, approximately how many people of Irish extraction were in New York?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "In 1860, what fraction of the city population was composed of Irish immigrants?", "answer": "a quarter"}, {"question": "In 1860, what percentage of the city population was composed of German immigrants?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What events provoked the immigration of people from Germany?", "answer": "revolutions"}, {"question": "Which event brought upon a lot of Irish immigrants to NYC?", "answer": "Great Irish Famine"}, {"question": "How many immigrants that were Irish were living in New York in 1860?", "answer": "Over 200,000"}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of New York City in 1861? ", "answer": "Fernando Wood"}, {"question": "What was the commutation fee to avoid being conscripted during the American Civil War?", "answer": "$300"}, {"question": "People of what ethnicity most visibly participated in the Draft Riots of 1863?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "About how many people died during the Draft Riots of 1863?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "What was the approximate African-American population of New York City in 1865?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "The Draft Riots caused which building to burn down in 1863?", "answer": "Colored Orphan Asylum"}, {"question": "In what year was the modern City of New York founded?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "In what year did the subway begin operation?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "Portions of what modern-day borough were included in the County of New York?", "answer": "the Bronx"}, {"question": "The subway of New York was first available in what year?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "In what year did the General Slocum disaster occur?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "How many people died on the General Slocum?", "answer": "1,021"}, {"question": "In what building did the city's deadliest industrial disaster occur?", "answer": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory"}, {"question": "How many people died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "answer": "146"}, {"question": "The growth of what organization was prompted by the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?", "answer": "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union"}, {"question": "A catastrophe in 1911 that killed 146 workers was called what?", "answer": "Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire"}, {"question": "How many non-white people lived in New York in 1890?", "answer": "36,620"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Prohibition-era African-American cultural flourishing in New York?", "answer": "Harlem Renaissance"}, {"question": "What was the population of people in New York that were not Caucasian in 1890?", "answer": "36,620"}, {"question": "In the early 1920s, what was the second most highly populated city in the world?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What is the term for a city with a population of over 10 million?", "answer": "megacity"}, {"question": "Who was mayor of New York during the Great Depression?", "answer": "Fiorello La Guardia"}, {"question": "For about how many years did Tammany Hall control New York political life?", "answer": "eighty"}, {"question": "In the 1930s, New York City had more than 10 million people becoming the first what in history?", "answer": "megacity"}, {"question": "When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?", "answer": "abstract expressionism"}, {"question": "The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "The Stonewall riots are named after what building?", "answer": "the Stonewall Inn"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood did the Stonewall riots occur?", "answer": "Greenwich Village"}, {"question": "On what date did the Stonewall riots take place?", "answer": "June 28, 1969"}, {"question": "In what borough did the Stonewall riots happen?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What event provoked the Stonewall riots?", "answer": "a police raid"}, {"question": "Where did the Stonewall riots happen?", "answer": "Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?", "answer": "Silicon Alley"}, {"question": "In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower on September 11, 2001?", "answer": "American Airlines Flight 11"}, {"question": "What was the name of the aircraft that crashed into the World Trade Center's South Tower on September 11, 2001?", "answer": "United Airlines Flight 175"}, {"question": "How many firefighters died in the World Trade Center attack?", "answer": "343"}, {"question": "On what date did the World Trade Center PATH begin operation?", "answer": "July 19, 1909"}, {"question": "How tall is One World Trade Center in meters?", "answer": "541.3"}, {"question": "The Hudson Terminal which was also demolished was build in what year?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "How many leader terrorists of Al Quada were involved with the 9/11 attacks directly that day?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What was the plane named that crashed into the World Trade Center?", "answer": "American Airlines Flight 11"}, {"question": "On what date did the Occupy Wall Street protests commence?", "answer": "September 17, 2011"}, {"question": "In what park did the Occupy Wall Street protests occur?", "answer": "Zuccotti Park"}, {"question": "In what borough did the Occupy Wall Street protests take place?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what district of Manhattan were the Occupy Wall Street protests?", "answer": "Financial District"}, {"question": "The Occupy Wall Street protests that took place in Zuccotti Park was on which date?", "answer": "September 17, 2011"}, {"question": "What individual established the National Review?", "answer": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}, {"question": "In what year was the National Review founded?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What public figure defended New York in January 2016?", "answer": "Donald Trump"}, {"question": "A presidential candidate from what party derided the city for its liberalism?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "In what geographical region of the United States is New York City located?", "answer": "Northeastern"}, {"question": "In what geographical region of New York state is New York City located?", "answer": "southeastern"}, {"question": "New York City is about half the distance between Washington DC and what city?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "New York City is adjacent to what ocean?", "answer": "Atlantic"}, {"question": "What river is New York City located on?", "answer": "Hudson River"}, {"question": "New York City is at the base of which American river?", "answer": "Hudson"}, {"question": "The Hudson River flows into which body of water?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "The three islands that make up New York city are named what?", "answer": "Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island."}, {"question": "The Hudson River serves as a dividing line between New York and what state?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "What river flows between the Hudson and East Rivers?", "answer": "Harlem River"}, {"question": "What is the city's sole fresh water river?", "answer": "Bronx River"}, {"question": "Into what body of water does the Hudson River terminate?", "answer": "New York Bay"}, {"question": "Between New York City and what city is the Hudson River an estuary?", "answer": "Troy, New York"}, {"question": "The Hudson River separates NYC from which US state?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "The single only freshwater river in NYC is what river?", "answer": "The Bronx River"}, {"question": "Which river seperates The Bronx from Manhatten?", "answer": "The Harlem River"}, {"question": "What Manhattan development is the product of land reclamation?", "answer": "Battery Park City"}, {"question": "What is the total area of New York City in square miles?", "answer": "468.9"}, {"question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is composed of water?", "answer": "164.1"}, {"question": "In square miles, how much of the city's total area is land?", "answer": "304.8"}, {"question": "What is the name of New York City's highest point?", "answer": "Todt Hill"}, {"question": "On what island is New York City's highest point located?", "answer": "Staten Island"}, {"question": "How many square miles in NYC?", "answer": "468.9"}, {"question": "How many square miles are water in NYC?", "answer": "164.1"}, {"question": "How many square miles are land in NYC?", "answer": "304.8"}, {"question": "The highest peak in the city is what location?", "answer": "Todt Hill"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is Todt Hil?", "answer": "409.8"}, {"question": "What structure is an example of saltbox architecture?", "answer": "Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House located?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What building is the priciest office tower in the world?", "answer": "One World Trade Center"}, {"question": "In what borough is One World Trade Center located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what year did construction on the oldest part of Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House begin?", "answer": "1656"}, {"question": "The most expensive office tower built in the world today is what?", "answer": "One World Trade Center"}, {"question": "How many high-rises were present in New York City in 2011?", "answer": "5,937"}, {"question": "What city has the most high-rise buildings in the world?", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "How many structures in New York City are over 100m tall?", "answer": "550"}, {"question": "In what year was the Woolworth Building completed?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "How many buildings in New York City are over 200m high?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "NYC has the highest quantity of skyscrapers after which other world city?", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "How many buildings located in NYC are at least 330 feet in height?", "answer": "550"}, {"question": "In what year was the Empire State Building completed?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "The Chrysler Building reflects what architectural style?", "answer": "Art Deco"}, {"question": "What floor of the Chrysler Building has sculptures of eagles at its corners?", "answer": "61st"}, {"question": "What building known for its bronze-tinted I-beams was completed in 1957?", "answer": "Seagram Building"}, {"question": "What is the full name of the organization known by the acronym AIA?", "answer": "American Institute of Architects"}, {"question": "Which animal decorates the corners of the Chrysler Building?", "answer": "eagles"}, {"question": "When was the Empire State Building constructed?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "When was the Chrysler building built in NYC?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Riverdale neighborhood located?", "answer": "the Bronx"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Ditmas Park neighborhood located?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Douglaston neighborhood located?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "Brownstone rowhouse construction is most often associated with the period beginning in 1870 and ending in what year?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?", "answer": "Victorian"}, {"question": "What type of housing structure makes up most of the large residential districts of NYC?", "answer": "brownstone rowhouses"}, {"question": "What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?", "answer": "the Great Fire of 1835"}, {"question": "In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What area was known for its garden apartments?", "answer": "Jackson Heights"}, {"question": "After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?", "answer": "Stone and brick"}, {"question": "To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?", "answer": "wooden roof-mounted water towers"}, {"question": "When did the United States Geological Survey released its seismic hazard analysis?", "answer": "July 2014"}, {"question": "How many of New York's boroughs would be counted among the United States' ten most populated cities if they were independent?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many boroughs does New York City have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which four boroughs of NYC would be among the the most populous cities in the US if they were independent cities?", "answer": "Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx"}, {"question": "What is the name of New York City's climate using the K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "answer": "humid subtropical"}, {"question": "How many sunny days does New York average each year?", "answer": "234"}, {"question": "How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?", "answer": "2,535"}, {"question": "The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?", "answer": "humid continental"}, {"question": "What month in New York City is the coldest?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "What type of climate does NYC possess?", "answer": "humid subtropical"}, {"question": "How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?", "answer": "234"}, {"question": "What planting zone does the city land in?", "answer": "USDA 7b"}, {"question": "What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?", "answer": "Appalachians"}, {"question": "What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?", "answer": "0.3"}, {"question": "What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?", "answer": "72%"}, {"question": "On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?", "answer": "July 9, 1936"}, {"question": "What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?", "answer": "106"}, {"question": "When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "In millimeters, how much precipitation does New York receive a year?", "answer": "1,270"}, {"question": "In centimeters, what is the average winter snowfall?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "When did Hurricane Sandy strike New York?", "answer": "October 29, 2012"}, {"question": "How many inches of precipitation does NYC get in a year?", "answer": "49.9"}, {"question": "Which natural disaster occurred on October 29, 2012 in NYC?", "answer": "Hurricane Sandy"}, {"question": "The mean snowfall between 1981 and 2010 in NYC has been how many inches?", "answer": "25.8"}, {"question": "What is the name of the New York City department that operates the park system?", "answer": "New York City Department of Parks and Recreation"}, {"question": "What is the state office that operates New York City parks?", "answer": "New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation"}, {"question": "What federal service operates New York City parks?", "answer": "National Park Service"}, {"question": "What city was rated as having the best park system by The Trust for Public Land?", "answer": "Minneapolis"}, {"question": "What city had the second highest ParkScore rating?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "The 2013 ParkScore rating for NYC made NYC second in best park system to what other US city?", "answer": "Minneapolis"}, {"question": "How large is the Gateway National recreation Area in hectares?", "answer": "10,521.83"}, {"question": "About how large is the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in acres?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "What fort is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "answer": "Fort Tilden"}, {"question": "What park is located on the Rockaway Peninsula?", "answer": "Jacob Riis Park"}, {"question": "What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?", "answer": "Jamaica Bay"}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?", "answer": "over 26,000"}, {"question": "What body administers the Ellis Island Immigration Museum?", "answer": "National Park Service"}, {"question": "What is the common name for the General Grant National Memorial?", "answer": "Grant's Tomb"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is the Stonewall Inn located?", "answer": "Greenwich Village"}, {"question": "What movement is the Stonewall Inn most famously associated with?", "answer": "gay rights movement"}, {"question": "The Statue of Liberty is taken care of by what organization?", "answer": "National Park Service"}, {"question": "The Statue of Liberty is also in what other US state?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "Ellis Island is considered in New York state and which other?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "Which landmark is considered the spark for LGBT rights?", "answer": "Stonewall Inn"}, {"question": "The landmark, General Grant National Memorial, is also called what?", "answer": "Grant's Tomb"}, {"question": "How many state parks exist in New York City?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How large is Riverbank State Park in acres?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "How many meters is Riverbank State Park elevated above the Hudson River?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many New York state parks are within New York City?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Riverbank State park's highest point is how high above the Hudson River?", "answer": "69 feet"}, {"question": "New York has approximately how many acres of parks?", "answer": "28,000"}, {"question": "How many miles of public beach are located in New York City?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is the biggest public park in the city?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park"}, {"question": "How large is Pelham Bay Park in hectares?", "answer": "1,093"}, {"question": "New York City has how many acres of land dedicated to parks?", "answer": "over 28,000"}, {"question": "How long are all the public beaches together in miles?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is the largest park in New York City?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park"}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Pelham Bay park have?", "answer": "2,700"}, {"question": "What is the name of the military base in New York City?", "answer": "Fort Hamilton"}, {"question": "In what year was Fort Hamilton founded?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "In what borough is Fort Hamilton located?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What division is based at Fort Hamilton?", "answer": "North Atlantic Division"}, {"question": "What brigade is headquartered at Fort Hamilton?", "answer": "1179th Transportation Brigade"}, {"question": "The U.S. military has only one active location in NYC named what?", "answer": "Fort Hamilton"}, {"question": "When was Fort Hamilton built?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "Which borough can Fort Hamilton be found?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "Fort Wadsworth and Fort Totten are located in which area of New York City?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "What was the population of New York City in 2014?", "answer": "8,491,079"}, {"question": "What is the US city with the second largest population?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "How many people moved to New York City between April 2010 and July 2014?", "answer": "316,000"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage is New York City's population of the entire state's population?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "About what percentage is New York City's population of the New York metropolitan area's population?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "What is the population of NYC as of 2014?", "answer": "8,491,079"}, {"question": "The second largest city in the US is what?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "What percentage of people that live in the state of New York live in New York City?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "How many people live in a square mile of New York City?", "answer": "27,858"}, {"question": "What is the population density of Manhattan per square kilometer?", "answer": "27,673"}, {"question": "Some cities in what county have a higher population density than New York City?", "answer": "Hudson County"}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's population is Caucasian?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's population is African-American?", "answer": "25.5%"}, {"question": "What ethnicity is growing the quickest in New York City?", "answer": "Asians"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population identifies as Hispanic?", "answer": "28.6%"}, {"question": "By what percentage did the non-Hispanic white population decrease?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "As of 2010, what percentage made up white people in NYC?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "Since what event did the first time black people decline in living in NYC?", "answer": "the Civil War"}, {"question": "Which race of people made it the highest growing ethnicity between 2000-2010 in NYC?", "answer": "Asians"}, {"question": "What percentage of Africans make up NYC?", "answer": "25.5"}, {"question": "How many immigrants arrived at Ellis Island from 1892 to 1924?", "answer": "12 million"}, {"question": "'Melting pot' was first used to describe neighborhoods in what area of the city?", "answer": "Lower East Side"}, {"question": "What ethnicity comprised the largest number of immigrants at the beginning of the twentieth century?", "answer": "Germans"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was Caucasian in 1940?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the second largest group of immigrants in 1900?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "Between 1892-1924, how many immigrants came through Ellis Island?", "answer": "more than 12 million"}, {"question": "In the year 1942, what percentage of white Americans made up New York City?", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was born outside the United States?", "answer": "37%"}, {"question": "From what country did the largest number of foreign-born immigrants originate as of 2011?", "answer": "Dominican Republic"}, {"question": "About how many immigrants from Bangladesh lived in the city in 2013?", "answer": "74,000"}, {"question": "What country was the second largest source of foreign-born New Yorkers in 2011?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of NYC was born in another country?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?", "answer": "6.3%"}, {"question": "What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?", "answer": "0.3%"}, {"question": "How many non-Hispanic whites lived in New York City in 2012?", "answer": "2.7 million"}, {"question": "What is the non-Hispanic white population of Houston?", "answer": "550,000"}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers are of Polish ancestry?", "answer": "201,000"}, {"question": "How many New York City residents are of Greek heritage?", "answer": "65,000"}, {"question": "What borough has the largest population of ethnic Albanians?", "answer": "the Bronx"}, {"question": "NYC has the largest white population by how many people?", "answer": "2.7 million"}, {"question": "About how many people live in New York City's metropolitan area?", "answer": "20 million"}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many Jewish people lived in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of the total Indian-American population of the United States lives in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How many Hispanic people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "4.8 million"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Chinatowns exist in New York City?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "In 2013, how many people of Puerto Rican ancestry lived in New York City?", "answer": "1.3 million"}, {"question": "What nation provided the most legal immigrants to New York City in the Caribbean?", "answer": "the Dominican Republic"}, {"question": "Out of all African nations, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Out of all nations in Central America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "answer": "El Salvador"}, {"question": "Of all the countries in South America, which provided the most legal immigrants in 2013?", "answer": "Ecuador"}, {"question": "How many self-identified LGB people live in the New York metropolitan area?", "answer": "568,903"}, {"question": "On what date did New York legalize gay marriage?", "answer": "June 24, 2011"}, {"question": "How many days after gay marriage was legalized were gay marriages allowed to take place?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many people identify as gay or bisexual in NYC?", "answer": "568,903"}, {"question": "Same-sex marriage became legal on what date in New York?", "answer": "June 24, 2011"}, {"question": "Since Gay marriage became legal, how many days did people have to wait to marry?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers are Christians?", "answer": "59%"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers follow the Catholic faith?", "answer": "33%"}, {"question": "About how many Jews live in New York City?", "answer": "1.1 million"}, {"question": "What borough has the largest population of Jewish people?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What is the third most popular faith in New York City?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What was the most prominent religion in New York as of 2014?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "The second most prominent religion in New York is what?", "answer": "Judaism"}, {"question": "Half the population of Jews live in what borough of New York City?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in 2014 had no religion?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "The third most popular religion in NYC is what?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?", "answer": "0.5"}, {"question": "What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?", "answer": "Michael R. Bloomberg"}, {"question": "In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?", "answer": "4.6%"}, {"question": "What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?", "answer": "$2,749"}, {"question": "The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?", "answer": "2,749"}, {"question": "By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What is the common name for New York's high technology sector?", "answer": "Silicon Alley"}, {"question": "Who created the Global Economic Power Index that ranked New York first?", "answer": "The Atlantic"}, {"question": "In what year did the Port of New York and New Jersey deal with unprecedented cargo volume?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "In what year was New York ranked first on the Global Economic Power Index?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What fraction of New Yorkers in the private sector are employed by foreign companies?", "answer": "One out of ten"}, {"question": "What publication ranked New York first in the 2013 American Cities of the Future rankings?", "answer": "FDi Magazine"}, {"question": "What was the 2015 assessed value of all the property in New York?", "answer": "US$914.8 billion"}, {"question": "How much was Time Warner Center worth in 2006?", "answer": "US$1.1 billion"}, {"question": "What was the price per square foot of 450 Park Avenue when it sold in July 2007?", "answer": "$1,589"}, {"question": "What was the price per square meter of 660 Madison Avenue in June 2007?", "answer": "$15,887"}, {"question": "Of the top 10 zip codes with the most expensive housing prices in the United States, how many are in Manhattan?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which building has the highest market value in NYC?", "answer": "Time Warner Center"}, {"question": "The previous record beaten by Park Avenue was for what real estate?", "answer": "660 Madison Avenue"}, {"question": "What is the popular name of New York's advertising industry?", "answer": "Madison Avenue"}, {"question": "About how many people work in the New York fashion industry?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": "About how much does it cost per year to pay workers in the New York fashion industry?", "answer": "$11 billion"}, {"question": "With Interpublic Group, what company has a combined annual revenue of roughly US$21 billion?", "answer": "Omnicom Group"}, {"question": "NYC's fashion industry employs how many people?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": "The Two highest advertising agencies in the world located in NYC are called what?", "answer": "Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group"}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?", "answer": "19,000"}, {"question": "What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?", "answer": "US$5 billion"}, {"question": "In what borough is the garment business prominent?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What dollar amount of chocolate does New York export annually?", "answer": "US$234 million"}, {"question": "Where is the \"Chocolate District\" located?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "In what borough is Godiva based?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What is the number one specialty food export of New York?", "answer": "Chocolate"}, {"question": "What type of food is NYC's leading food export?", "answer": "Chocolate"}, {"question": "Which one of the world's largest chocolate makers is stationed in Manhattan?", "answer": "Godiva"}, {"question": "As of 2013, how many people worked for a securities business in New York?", "answer": "163,400"}, {"question": "What percentage of New York private sector jobs are in the securities industry?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How much tax revenue does the securities industry generate?", "answer": "US$3.8 billion"}, {"question": "What is the average income in the New York securities industry?", "answer": "US$360,700"}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's wages does the securities industry provide?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "22 Percent of NYC's total wages are from what industry?", "answer": "The city's securities"}, {"question": "On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?", "answer": "Wall Street"}, {"question": "What is the street address of NASDAQ?", "answer": "165 Broadway"}, {"question": "In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?", "answer": "$40 billion"}, {"question": "In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?", "answer": "19%"}, {"question": "Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?", "answer": "British Bankers Association"}, {"question": "The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?", "answer": "Wall Street"}, {"question": "The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?", "answer": "165 Broadway"}, {"question": "How many square meters of office space does Manhattan have?", "answer": "46.5 million"}, {"question": "About how many million square feet of office space is present in Midtown Manhattan?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "How much office space did Manhatten possess in 2015?", "answer": "500 million square feet"}, {"question": "In what borough is Silicon Alley located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What is the street address of the headquarters of Verizon Communciations?", "answer": "140 West Street"}, {"question": "How much did Verizon spend on fiber optic upgrades in New York City?", "answer": "US$3 billion"}, {"question": "Approximately how many tech sector jobs are in New York City?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "The technology sector of work in NYC has how many employees in its service?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "Along with Cornell University, what institution is involved in the building of Cornell Tech?", "answer": "Technion-Israel Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What is the cost to build Cornell Tech?", "answer": "US$2 billion"}, {"question": "On what island is Cornell Tech located?", "answer": "Roosevelt Island"}, {"question": "About how much capital did Accelerator raise as of the middle of 2014?", "answer": "US$30 million"}, {"question": "How large is the Alexandria Center for Life Science in square meters?", "answer": "65,000"}, {"question": "In 2011, what school was built on Roosevelt Island?", "answer": "Cornell Tech"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited New York in 2011?", "answer": "51 million"}, {"question": "How many people came to visit New York in 2013?", "answer": "54 million"}, {"question": "What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?", "answer": "56.4 million"}, {"question": "How much money did tourism create for New York in 2014?", "answer": "US$61.3 billion"}, {"question": "How many tourists that visited NYC in 2014 broke the record?", "answer": "56.4 million"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited NYC in 2013?", "answer": "54 million"}, {"question": "What English phrase does I \u2764 NY represent?", "answer": "I Love New York"}, {"question": "When was I \u2764 NY first used in advertisements?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Who owns the trademark to I \u2764 NY?", "answer": "New York State Empire State Development"}, {"question": "What is the state song of New York?", "answer": "I Love New York"}, {"question": "I Love New York was established as advertising in what year?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What is the state song of New York?", "answer": "I Love New York"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood does the Halloween Parade take place?", "answer": "Greenwich Village"}, {"question": "What company sponsors the Thanksgiving Day parade?", "answer": "Macy's"}, {"question": "At what location is a Christmas tree famously lit every year?", "answer": "Rockefeller Center"}, {"question": "Where in Central Park are performances offered at no cost?", "answer": "Summerstage"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Unisphere located?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "About how many hotel rooms are there in Manhattan?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase of Manhattan hotel rooms between 2013 and 2014?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Who owns the Waldorf Astoria?", "answer": "Anbang Insurance Group"}, {"question": "What was the October 2014 purchase price of the Waldorf Astoria?", "answer": "US$1.95 billion"}, {"question": "The hotel that sold for the most money in 2014 was which in NYC?", "answer": "Waldorf Astoria New York"}, {"question": "How many hotel rooms are located in NYC as of the end of 2014?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "Who bought the Waldorf Astoria hotel in NYC in 2014?", "answer": "Anbang Insurance Group"}, {"question": "The Waldorf Astoria hotel sold for how many dollars?", "answer": "1.95 billion"}, {"question": "Approximately how many feature films are made in New York City every year?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers work in the television and film industry?", "answer": "130,000"}, {"question": "How much money does the New York film and television industry create every year?", "answer": "$7.1 billion"}, {"question": "What United States city is the second most popular for pilot episode location filming?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "Along with Warner Music Group, what top three record label is based in New York City?", "answer": "Sony Music Entertainment"}, {"question": "What city is North America's biggest media market?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "Out of the top eight advertising agency networks in the world, how many are based in New York?", "answer": "Seven"}, {"question": "How many people work in the New York publishing industry?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "Which New York-based newspaper has won the Pulitzer Prize for journalism?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "Along with the New York Times, what national daily newspaper is based in New York?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal"}, {"question": "What was the founding year of the New York Daily News?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the New York Post?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton"}, {"question": "How many newspaper offices are located in New York?", "answer": "More than 200"}, {"question": "How many magazines can call NYC home?", "answer": "350"}, {"question": "How many national newspapers out of the three are from New York?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "Which two national newspapers are located in New York?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times"}, {"question": "When was the New York Daily News founded?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "Along with ABC and NBC, what other major broadcaster is based in New York?", "answer": "CBS"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's public television service?", "answer": "NYCTV"}, {"question": "What comedy channel on cable television is headquartered in New York?", "answer": "Comedy Central"}, {"question": "What cable news channel is based in New York?", "answer": "Fox News"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?", "answer": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"}, {"question": "In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What is the primary public television station in New York?", "answer": "WNET"}, {"question": "What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?", "answer": "WNYC"}, {"question": "In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?", "answer": "Manhattan Neighborhood Network"}, {"question": "When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?", "answer": "WNYC"}, {"question": "What city department runs the public school system?", "answer": "New York City Department of Education"}, {"question": "How many students are in New York City public schools?", "answer": "1.1 million"}, {"question": "About how many public schools are there in New York City?", "answer": "1,700"}, {"question": "How many high schools for gifted students does New York City have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many students regularly attend schools in NYC?", "answer": "1.1 million"}, {"question": "How many highschools are specialized in NYC?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?", "answer": "New York City Charter School Center"}, {"question": "About how many private schools does New York have?", "answer": "900"}, {"question": "About how many students attend schools in the City University of New York system?", "answer": "half million"}, {"question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents graduated from college?", "answer": "three out of five"}, {"question": "What fraction of Manhattan residents have graduate degrees?", "answer": "one out of four"}, {"question": "The City University of New York system consists of how many institutions?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "How many students in New York partcipate in higher education?", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "What is the largest library in the United States?", "answer": "The New York Public Library"}, {"question": "What is the second largest library in the US?", "answer": "Queens Borough Public Library"}, {"question": "What is the name of the library system in Queens?", "answer": "Queens Borough Public Library"}, {"question": "What is Brooklyn's public library system called?", "answer": "Brooklyn Public Library"}, {"question": "Along with Staten Island and the Bronx, what borough is served by the New York Public Library?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "The largest municipal healthcare in the US is what?", "answer": "New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation"}, {"question": "How many hospitals does HHC operate?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What is the yearly revenue of the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation?", "answer": "$6.7 billion"}, {"question": "How many patients are served annually by HHC?", "answer": "1.4 million"}, {"question": "How many uninsured New Yorkers take advantage of HHC?", "answer": "475,000"}, {"question": "In what year was the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation founded?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "How many nursing homes does HHC operate?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The public hospital that has been around the longest in the US is what?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital"}, {"question": "Who is the president of HHC?", "answer": "Ramanathan Raju"}, {"question": "What was the first public hospital founded in the United States?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital"}, {"question": "If the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom becomes sick in New York City, what hospital does he go to?", "answer": "Bellevue Hospital"}, {"question": "Who is the HHC president?", "answer": "Ramanathan Raju, MD"}, {"question": "In what state did the president of HHC previously work?", "answer": "Illinois"}, {"question": "What was the president of HHC's previous job title?", "answer": "CEO"}, {"question": "The largest police presence in the US is NYPD with how many people?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "NYPD officers have a nickname that is known as what?", "answer": "New York's Finest"}, {"question": "What does the acronym NYPD stand for?", "answer": "New York City Police Department"}, {"question": "About how many police work for the NYPD?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to New York City Police Department officers?", "answer": "New York's Finest"}, {"question": "What was the low record for homicides in 2014 in NYC?", "answer": "328"}, {"question": "What percentage decrease in violent crime did the city see between 1993 and 2005?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "As of 2002, to what city did New York have a comparable crime rate?", "answer": "Provo, Utah"}, {"question": "In what year did the city have less than 500 homicides?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many homicides were there in New York City in 2014?", "answer": "328"}, {"question": "In the first half of 2010, what percentage of shooting victims were African-American or Hispanic?", "answer": "95.9%"}, {"question": "The first major crime groups in NYC were in the 1820s known as what?", "answer": "Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards"}, {"question": "What group controlled the Mafia in New York in the 20th century?", "answer": "the Five Families"}, {"question": "The Forth Thieves and Roach Guards were two gangs that operated in what area of New York in the 1820s?", "answer": "the Five Points"}, {"question": "What was a notable 20th century gang in New York?", "answer": "the Black Spades"}, {"question": "What is the largest fire department force in the world?", "answer": "Tokyo Fire Department"}, {"question": "What is the second largest fire department force in the world?", "answer": "The New York City Fire Department"}, {"question": "What is the The New York City Fire Department's motto?", "answer": "New York's Bravest"}, {"question": "What does FDNY stand for?", "answer": "New York City Fire Department"}, {"question": "What city is home to the largest municipal fire department in the world?", "answer": "Tokyo"}, {"question": "How many firefighters work for the New York City Fire Department?", "answer": "11,080"}, {"question": "The FDNY employs about how many paramedics and EMTs?", "answer": "3,300"}, {"question": "What is the motto of the New York City Fire Department?", "answer": "New York's Bravest"}, {"question": "New York is home to what largest transportation system in the world?", "answer": "subway systems"}, {"question": "What types of fires can start in parks and woodlands?", "answer": "brush fires"}, {"question": "What is the address for The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "9 MetroTech Center"}, {"question": "Which island is home to the Fire academy in NYC?", "answer": "Randalls Island"}, {"question": "Which borough of NYC is home to the The New York City Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What is the street address of the New York Fire Department headquarters?", "answer": "9 MetroTech Center"}, {"question": "In what borough is the FDNY headquartered?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "Where is the fire department's training academy located?", "answer": "Randalls Island"}, {"question": "What is the street address of the Bureau of Fire Communications alarm office in Brooklyn?", "answer": "11 Metrotech Center"}, {"question": "Jazz became popular during which decade in NYC?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "Which decade did hip hop start to surface in NYC?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What was the name of the cultural development that defined the black American literary canon?", "answer": "the Harlem Renaissance"}, {"question": "What musical style was prominent in New York in the 1940s?", "answer": "jazz"}, {"question": "What artistic style was prominent in New York in the 1950s?", "answer": "abstract expressionism"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new musical style that emerged from New York in the 1970s?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "The fashion capital of the world is what city in the US?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "One of the biggest fashion shows in the world is named what in New York?", "answer": "New York Fashion Week"}, {"question": "By what other name is abstract expressionism known?", "answer": "the New York School"}, {"question": "What is the name of the prominent fashion event that occurs in New York?", "answer": "New York Fashion Week"}, {"question": "Who ranked New York as the fashion capital of the world?", "answer": "the Global Language Monitor"}, {"question": "The Broadway Musical began in what decade?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "Approximately how many galleries of art are in New York City?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "Along with Broadway, what New York thoroughfare is associated with Broadway musicals?", "answer": "42nd Street"}, {"question": "Who was Hart's writing partner?", "answer": "Harrigan"}, {"question": "About how many cultural and artistic organizations are in New York City?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "What technological development led resulted in elaborate stage productions? ", "answer": "electric lighting"}, {"question": "How many people attended Broadway shows during the 2013-2014 season?", "answer": "12.21 million"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the Times Square Theater District?", "answer": "The Great White Way"}, {"question": "What was the dollar amount of the tickets sold on Broadway in 2013-14?", "answer": "US$1.27 billion"}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase in the Broadway ticket revenue from 2012-3 to 2013-4?", "answer": "11.4%"}, {"question": "How many people attended a Broadway show in the 2013-4 season?", "answer": "12.21 million"}, {"question": "In 2012-3, what number of people saw a show on Broadway?", "answer": "11.57 million"}, {"question": "How many restaurants are there in NYC?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "How many mobile food vendors operate in New York City?", "answer": "4,000"}, {"question": "How many restaurants is New York home to?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "What public department inspects the restaurants of New York?", "answer": "New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene"}, {"question": "According to Michelin, about how many fine dining restaurants exist in New York?", "answer": "one thousand"}, {"question": "The Brooklyn Dodgers were created in what year?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Which four of the world's most expensive stadiums are located in NYC?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field"}, {"question": "Which two sports stadiums of New York City were featured on US stamps?", "answer": "the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field"}, {"question": "In what year were the Brooklyn Dodgers founded?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "What professional soccer organization is headquartered in New York?", "answer": "Major League Soccer"}, {"question": "How many professional sports leagues have their headquarters in New York?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "About how many major professional sports teams have been based at one time or another in New York?", "answer": "forty"}, {"question": "NYC is known as the Capital of which sport?", "answer": "Baseball"}, {"question": "How many Major League Baseball World Series has NYC teams won?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "It is one of only five areas to contain two teams of what sport?", "answer": "Baseball"}, {"question": "How many minor league baseball teams are there in NYC?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many World Series have New York teams won?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "How many Major League baseball league pennants have New York teams won?", "answer": "73"}, {"question": "How many professional baseball teams are located in New York?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many times have two teams from New York played against each other in the World Series?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is the nickname for a World Series where two New York teams play against each other?", "answer": "Subway Series"}, {"question": "The New York Giants and the New York Jets place at which stadium in NYC?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium"}, {"question": "When was the most recent superbowl held in NYC for football?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Along what the New York Jets, what NFL team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Giants"}, {"question": "What stadium do the New York Jets call home?", "answer": "MetLife Stadium"}, {"question": "What city is MetLife Stadium located in?", "answer": "East Rutherford, New Jersey"}, {"question": "What Super Bowl took place at MetLife Stadium?", "answer": "Super Bowl XLVIII"}, {"question": "In what year did a Super Bowl occur at MetLife Stadium?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "There are two hockey teams located in NYC. What are they?", "answer": "The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers"}, {"question": "Which town do the New Jersey Devils hockey team play?", "answer": "Newark"}, {"question": "In what city are the New Jersey Devils located?", "answer": "Newark, New Jersey"}, {"question": "What sport do the New York Rangers play?", "answer": "Hockey"}, {"question": "Along with the New York Rangers, what NHL franchise is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Islanders"}, {"question": "Which two national basketball teams play in NYC?", "answer": "the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks"}, {"question": "New York City's women's basketball team is called what?", "answer": "New York Liberty"}, {"question": "The first college basketball championship took place in NYC in what year?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What Women's National Basketball Association team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Liberty"}, {"question": "What is the name of the collegiate basketball championship that takes place in New York?", "answer": "National Invitation Tournament"}, {"question": "In what year was the inaugural National Invitation Tournament?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Along with the Brooklyn Nets, what NBA team is based in New York?", "answer": "New York Knicks"}, {"question": "Which borough of New York hosts the US Open Tennis championships?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "The Wanamaker Mile is an event by which annual track and field meeting?", "answer": "Millrose Games"}, {"question": "The oldest, longest horse races in the US are located in NYC called what?", "answer": "Belmont Stakes"}, {"question": "Which years did NYC host the PGA golf championships?", "answer": "1930 and 1939"}, {"question": "The Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves are held at which location in NYC?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden"}, {"question": "In what borough is the National Tennis Center located?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "What tennis Grand Slam event is held at the National Tennis Center?", "answer": "United States Open Tennis Championships"}, {"question": "How many people completed the New York Marathon in 2006?", "answer": "37,866"}, {"question": "What annual sporting competition features the Wanamaker Mile?", "answer": "Millrose Games"}, {"question": "At what venue does the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves take place?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden"}, {"question": "A version of baseball played in city streets was nicknamed was in the 1930s?", "answer": "Stickball"}, {"question": "What street was renamed in the late 2000s to commemorate the street version of baseball?", "answer": "Stickball Boulevard"}, {"question": "In what borough is Stickball Boulevard located?", "answer": "the Bronx"}, {"question": "Which subway system is considered the largest in the world?", "answer": "New York City Subway system"}, {"question": "How many stations does the  New York City Subway system contain?", "answer": "469"}, {"question": "Which station is known as the world's biggest railroad station?", "answer": "Grand Central Station"}, {"question": "How many people rode the New York City Subway in 2014?", "answer": "1.75 billion"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to Grand Central Terminal?", "answer": "Grand Central Station"}, {"question": "How many minutes does it take the average New Yorker to get to work?", "answer": "38.4"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Yorkers use public transportation to get to work?", "answer": "54.6"}, {"question": "What percentage of people living in Manhattan own a car?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "In 2005, what percentage of New York residents used mass transit to get to work?", "answer": "54.6%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans drive cars to work?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "In minutes, how long does it take for the average New Yorker to get to work?", "answer": "38.4"}, {"question": "What percentage of New York households don't own an automobile?", "answer": "52%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Manhattan residents own an automobile?", "answer": "22%"}, {"question": "The busiest bus station in the world in the world is called what?", "answer": "Port Authority Bus Terminal"}, {"question": "How many buses visit the Port Authority Bus Terminal each day?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "How many New Yorkers ride the bus on a daily basis?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What is New York's primary bus terminal?", "answer": "Port Authority Bus Terminal"}, {"question": "The three airports that have the most people come through them in NYC are which?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport"}, {"question": "What is the second busiest airport in the New York metro area?", "answer": "Newark Liberty International Airport"}, {"question": "In 2011, what airport did the most international travelers in North America visit?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"}, {"question": "What city is Stewart International Airport located close to?", "answer": "Newburgh, New York"}, {"question": "How many travelers visited JFK, LaGuardia and Newark Liberty in 2012?", "answer": "109 million"}, {"question": "The world's most popular ferry route is which in NYC? ", "answer": "The Staten Island Ferry"}, {"question": "How many hours a day does the The Staten Island Ferry run?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how long is the Staten Island Ferry route?", "answer": "8.4"}, {"question": "Staring in State Island, in what borough does the Staten Island Ferry's route terminate?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "How many passengers ride the Staten Island Ferry annually?", "answer": "20 million"}, {"question": "Which bridge in NYC is the busiest in the world?", "answer": "The George Washington Bridge"}, {"question": "The biggest suspension bridge in the US is what?", "answer": "The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge"}, {"question": "The bridge made with steel-wire is which in NYC?", "answer": "The Brooklyn Bridge"}, {"question": "The Brooklyn Bridge was the worlds largest until what date?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What is the busiest bridge for cars in the world?", "answer": "George Washington Bridge"}, {"question": "Starting in Manhattan, the George Washington Bridge terminates in what New Jersey county?", "answer": "Bergen"}, {"question": "What is the longest suspension bridge in the United States?", "answer": "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge"}, {"question": "What style of architecture was used to design the Brooklyn Bridge?", "answer": "neo-Gothic"}, {"question": "In what year did the Brooklyn Bridge cease to be the world's longest suspension bridge?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "Which tunnel do 120,000 vehicles travel through a day in NYC?", "answer": "The Lincoln Tunnel"}, {"question": "The Holland Tunnel opened in what year?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "The Queens-Midtown Tunnel was finished in what year?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to drive through The Queens-Midtown Tunnel?", "answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "How many vehicles utilize the Lincoln Tunnel daily?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "What body of water is above the Lincoln Tunnel?", "answer": "Hudson River"}, {"question": "What borough is connected to New Jersey via the Lincoln Tunnel?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what New Jersey city does the Holland Tunnel terminate?", "answer": "Jersey City"}, {"question": "Who drove through the Queens-Midtown Tunnel before anyone else?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "How many daily bicycle riders are there in NYC?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Each day, about how many New Yorkers bike?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "About what percentage of New York City travel is done by bike or on foot?", "answer": "21%"}, {"question": "What company paid for 10,000 bikes for the city's bicycle sharing program?", "answer": "Citibank"}, {"question": "Research by what institution of higher learning showed that most New Yorkers support bicycle sharing?", "answer": "Quinnipiac University"}, {"question": "Who ranked New York as the most walkable large US city in 2015?", "answer": "Walk Score"}, {"question": "Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?", "answer": "Catskill Mountains watershed"}, {"question": "From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?", "answer": "Catskill Mountains"}, {"question": "How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?", "answer": "US$3.2 billion"}, {"question": "After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?", "answer": "290 million gallons"}, {"question": "What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "How many members are on the NYC city council?", "answer": "51"}, {"question": "How many terms can the mayjor of NYC serve in total?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the duration of a New York City councilperson's term?", "answer": "four-year"}, {"question": "How many councilors sit on the City Council?", "answer": "51"}, {"question": "How many terms in a row can a person serve as mayor?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the official journal of New York City?", "answer": "the City Record"}, {"question": "If someone serves three consecutive terms as mayor and wants to run again, how many years must they wait?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which political party holds the majority of most office terms in NYC?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "In 2008, what percentage of voters were democrats?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "Which US president became the first to receive over 80 percent of NYC votes?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "What was the last year that a republican candidate won all four boroughs of NYC?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "Which president won all of NYC in 1924?", "answer": "Calvin Coolidge"}, {"question": "What party are most public officials of New York members of?", "answer": "Democratic Party"}, {"question": "In November 2008, how many New Yorkers were registered as Democrats?", "answer": "67%"}, {"question": "In what year was the last presidential election when a Republican won New York City?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "How many boroughs did Barack Obama win in the 2012 presidential election?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What political party was Calvin Coolidge a member of?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?", "answer": "43,523"}, {"question": "Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?", "answer": "Roosevelt Island"}, {"question": "As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?", "answer": "127"}, {"question": "How many people are admitted to HHC institutions annually?", "answer": "225,000"}, {"question": "How many people visit HHC emergency rooms every year?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "How many people visit HHC clinics annually?", "answer": "five million"}, {"question": "What fraction of general hospital discharges receive treatment at HHC?", "answer": "one-fifth"}, {"question": "What fraction of emergency room visits receive treatment at HHC?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?", "answer": "lead"}, {"question": "The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?", "answer": "crack"}, {"question": "Who commented on New York that \"culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather\"?", "answer": "Tom Wolfe"}, {"question": "In what library can the book New York, culture capital of the world, 1940\u20131965 be found?", "answer": "the National Library of Australia"}, {"question": "What institution of higher education has described New York as the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "Baruch College"}, {"question": "Along with Latvia, the consulate of what country has called New York the cultural capital of the world?", "answer": "Iceland"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "In what part of Manhattan can you find Lincoln Square?", "answer": "Upper West Side"}, {"question": "In what square is the theater named after Lee Strasberg located?", "answer": "Union Square"}, {"question": "At what institution of higher education is the Tisch School of the Arts located?", "answer": "New York University"}, {"question": "In what New York park can one find performances at no cost?", "answer": "Central Park"}, {"question": "What New York thoroughfare is Museum Mile located on?", "answer": "Fifth Avenue"}, {"question": "In what borough is Museum Mile located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "When was the Guggenheim built?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "In what year was the grand opening of the Museum for African Art on 110th Street?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "In what part of Manhattan is the Museum Mile located?", "answer": "Upper East Side"}, {"question": "Along with New Yorkese, what is another name for the New York dialect?", "answer": "Brooklynese"}, {"question": "What sitcom did the Archie Bunker character feature in?", "answer": "All in the Family"}, {"question": "What actor performed the role of Archie Bunker?", "answer": "Carroll O'Connor"}, {"question": "What is the transliteration of the way in which New Yorkers are perceived to pronounce the name of their city?", "answer": "New Yawk"}, {"question": "What Major League Soccer franchise is based in New York?", "answer": "New York City FC"}, {"question": "What stadium does the New York City FC call home?", "answer": "Yankee Stadium"}, {"question": "In what city are the New York Red Bulls based?", "answer": "Harrison, New Jersey"}, {"question": "What famous soccer player played for the New York Cosmos?", "answer": "Pel\u00e9"}, {"question": "At what institution of higher education is James M. Shuart Stadium located?", "answer": "Hofstra University"}, {"question": "What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "How many rail lines are there on New York City's commuter rail network?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "About how many stations does New York City's commuter rail network have?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "The AirTrain has a station at what airport?", "answer": "JFK International Airport"}, {"question": "What Amtrak station in New York sees the most use?", "answer": "Pennsylvania Station"}, {"question": "In what borough is Pennsylvania Station located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?", "answer": "PATCO Speedline"}, {"question": "What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?", "answer": "Copenhagen Metro"}, {"question": "What does the acronym PATH stand for?", "answer": "Port Authority Trans-Hudson"}, {"question": "Along with the East Side Access project and 7 Subway Extension, what heavy-rail project is being built in New York City?", "answer": "the Second Avenue Subway"}, {"question": "About how many yellow cabs operate in New York?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "Where does the aerial tramway that starts on Roosevelt Island terminate?", "answer": "Manhattan Island"}, {"question": "What industry is Broadway associated with?", "answer": "the theater"}, {"question": "What industry is Wall Street associated with?", "answer": "finance"}, {"question": "What industry is Madison Avenue associated with?", "answer": "advertising"}, {"question": "What New York street is associated with fashion?", "answer": "Seventh Avenue"}, {"question": "At what time are drivers in New York most likely to experience traffic jams?", "answer": "rush hour"}, {"question": "What geographical portion of Connecticut is linked to New York via highway?", "answer": "southwestern"}, {"question": "What part of New Jersey can be reached from New York by taking the expressway?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What island is the borough of Brooklyn located on?", "answer": "Long Island"}, {"question": "Queens is located on what part of Long Island?", "answer": "the west end"}, {"question": "The borough of Staten Island is primarily located on what island?", "answer": "Staten Island"}, {"question": "What architectural style does the Throgs Neck Bridge reflect?", "answer": "Structural Expressionism"}, {"question": "The Queensboro Bridge utilized what type of construction?", "answer": "cantilever"}, {"question": "How many clean diesel and hybrid taxicabs did New York City have in 2010?", "answer": "3,715"}, {"question": "What percentage of the New York City cab fleet was clean diesel or hybrid in 2010?", "answer": "28%"}, {"question": "What percent reduction of greenhouse gases does Mayor de Blasio want to see by 2050?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What is the name of a notable green office building in New York?", "answer": "Hearst Tower"}, {"question": "What legal case sought to compel the Environmental Protection Agency to regular greenhouse gases?", "answer": "Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency"}, {"question": "How long is Newtown Creek in kilometers?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "How many cubic meters of oil is supposed to be in Newtown Creek?", "answer": "110,000"}, {"question": "What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?", "answer": "the Greenpoint oil spill"}, {"question": "What type of government does New York City have?", "answer": "mayor-council"}, {"question": "In what year did New York City adopt the mayor-council form of government?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What numbered department of the Supreme Court is located in Brooklyn?", "answer": "Second"}, {"question": "In what borough is the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What branch of government are the administrative courts a part of?", "answer": "executive"}, {"question": "In what borough is the main courthouse of the District Court for the Southern District of New York located?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What federal district court has its main courthouse in Brooklyn?", "answer": "the Eastern District of New York"}, {"question": "What square is home to the US Court of International Trade?", "answer": "Foley Square"}, {"question": "What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?", "answer": "the District Court for the Eastern District of New York"}, {"question": "In what borough is the New York City Hall found?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "Four-fifths of the ZIP codes that provide the highest amount of political contributions in the United States are located in what borough?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What ZIP code was responsible for the greatest amount of contributions in the 2004 presidential election for both candidates?", "answer": "10021"}, {"question": "How much money in cents does New York City receive for every dollar paid in federal taxes?", "answer": "83"}, {"question": "How much more money does the city give to the state of New York annually than it receives?", "answer": "$11 billion"}, {"question": "Each year, how much more money does New York City give to the federal government than it gets back?", "answer": "$11.4 billion"}, {"question": "What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?", "answer": "New York City Global Partners"}, {"question": "In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "When did To Kill a Mockingbird first get circulated?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What prize did To Kill a Mockingbird win?", "answer": "Pulitzer Prize"}, {"question": "Who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Harper Lee"}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Harper Lee"}, {"question": "What year was To Kill a Mockingbird first published?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Whom did Lee base the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird on?", "answer": "her family and neighbors"}, {"question": "To Kill a Mockingbird is widely read in which countries schools?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Southern Gothic novel"}, {"question": "Some of the central themes of the book are what exactly?", "answer": "racial injustice and the destruction of innocence"}, {"question": "Which region of America was the novel set in?", "answer": "Deep South"}, {"question": "What has caused  the use of the novel in classrooms to be challenged?", "answer": "racial epithets"}, {"question": "Who gathered impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird from other authors and famous people?", "answer": "Mary McDonough Murphy"}, {"question": "In which year did British librarians rank To Kill a Mockingbird ahead of the Bible?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "When was To Kill a Mockingbird made into a movie?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "When did a play for the book begin to perform every year in Monroeville, Alabama?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Who was the director of the adaptation of the movie?", "answer": "Robert Mulligan"}, {"question": "British librarians in 2006 ranked the book ahead of what famous volume?", "answer": "Bible"}, {"question": "Who wrote the screenplay for the 1962 film?", "answer": "Horton Foote"}, {"question": "Who directed the 1962 film?", "answer": "Robert Mulligan"}, {"question": "What is Harper Lee's hometown?", "answer": "Monroeville, Alabama"}, {"question": "When did Harper Lee pass away?", "answer": "February 2016"}, {"question": "What is the only other work Harper Lee published?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman"}, {"question": "What is the name of Lee's second published work?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman"}, {"question": "When was the second book published?", "answer": "July 14, 2015"}, {"question": "When did Lee die?", "answer": "February 2016"}, {"question": "Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?", "answer": "Truman Capote"}, {"question": "What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?", "answer": "reservation clerk"}, {"question": "Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?", "answer": "Alabama"}, {"question": "What year was Harper Lee born?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?", "answer": "Truman Capote"}, {"question": "Where did Lee attend college?", "answer": "Huntingdon College"}, {"question": "Where did Lee attend law school?", "answer": "University of Alabama"}, {"question": "What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "J. B. Lippincott"}, {"question": "The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman"}, {"question": "Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Tay Hohoff"}, {"question": "What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?", "answer": "Therese von Hohoff Torrey"}, {"question": "What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?", "answer": "mental illness"}, {"question": "What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?", "answer": "lawyer"}, {"question": "Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?", "answer": "Her father"}, {"question": "What date did To Kill a Mockingbird begin to circulate?", "answer": "July 11, 1960"}, {"question": "How long did Lee spend writing the book?", "answer": "over two and a half years"}, {"question": "What publication's partial reprinting gave the book wide public exposure?", "answer": "Reader's Digest Condensed Books"}, {"question": "Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Maycomb, Alabama"}, {"question": "How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?", "answer": "Dill"}, {"question": "What is the name of the town the story takes place in?", "answer": "Maycomb, Alabama"}, {"question": "In what historical era does the book take place?", "answer": "the Great Depression"}, {"question": "Who is the main character of the book?", "answer": "Jean Louise Finch (Scout)"}, {"question": "What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell"}, {"question": "What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?", "answer": "Tom Robinson"}, {"question": "Who stopped the mob by shaming them?", "answer": "Scout, Jem, and Dill"}, {"question": "What are the names of Atticus Finch's children in the book?", "answer": "Jem and Scout"}, {"question": "Where do Jem, Scout, and Dill observe the trial of Tom Robinson?", "answer": "balcony"}, {"question": "Where do the three children watch the trial?", "answer": "the colored balcony"}, {"question": "What happens to Tom when he attempts to escape prison?", "answer": "shot and killed"}, {"question": "Who did Bob Ewell attack during the story?", "answer": "Jem and Scout"}, {"question": "What event did Jem and Scout attend right before they were attacked at night?", "answer": "Halloween pageant"}, {"question": "Who saved Jem and Scout from Bob Ewell?", "answer": "Boo Radley"}, {"question": "Who attacked Scout and Jem?", "answer": "Bob Ewell"}, {"question": "Who rescued Scout and Jem?", "answer": "Boo Radley"}, {"question": "What was the name of the police officer who discovered Bob Ewell's body?", "answer": "Sheriff Tate"}, {"question": "According to Sheriff Tate's story, how did Ewell die?", "answer": "fell on his own knife"}, {"question": "Harper Lee has stated that To Kill a Mockingbird is not what genre of book?", "answer": "autobiography"}, {"question": "What year did Harper Lee's father represent two black men accused of murder?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What titles did Lee's father maintain at the local newspaper?", "answer": "editor and publisher"}, {"question": "Where did Truman Capote live in relation to Lee?", "answer": "next door"}, {"question": "What year did Lee and Capote go to Kansas together?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Murders were the base for which story that Capote wrote?", "answer": "In Cold Blood"}, {"question": "Who was the character Dill modeled after?", "answer": "Truman Capote"}, {"question": "What did Lee and Capote write their childhood stories on?", "answer": "old Underwood typewriter"}, {"question": "What term did Capote use to describe Lee and himself?", "answer": "apart people"}, {"question": "At what age was Lee when a white woman accused a black guy of rape?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What was the name of the black man who was accused of rape in Lee's town when she was 10?", "answer": "Walter Lett"}, {"question": "What was the name of the black teenager that Tom Robinson was supposedly based on?", "answer": "Emmett Till"}, {"question": "Emmett Till's death sparked which political movement in the '50s?", "answer": "Civil Rights Movement"}, {"question": "What purpose did Tom Robinson's trial serve in the book?", "answer": "display Southern prejudices"}, {"question": "Who's death was a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement?", "answer": "Emmett Till"}, {"question": "What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?", "answer": "Satire and irony"}, {"question": " Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?", "answer": "parody, satire, and irony"}, {"question": "Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?", "answer": "church basement"}, {"question": "What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?", "answer": "Calpurnia"}, {"question": "How does Scout respond to the audience?", "answer": "distracted and embarrassed"}, {"question": "What saves Scout's life?", "answer": "ham costume"}, {"question": "What genre of book is To Kill a Mockingbird typically called?", "answer": "Southern Gothic and coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel"}, {"question": "What term did Lee use to describe the town's courthouse?", "answer": "Gothic"}, {"question": "Who does Scout revere above everyone else?", "answer": "Atticus"}, {"question": "What was the name of the neighbor that Jem speaks too after Tom Robinson's trial?", "answer": "Miss Maudie"}, {"question": "What des Jem struggle to understand?", "answer": "separations of race and class"}, {"question": "When did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "Many reviewers consider the second part of the book to be about what issue?", "answer": "race relations"}, {"question": "The main jurors in Tom Robinson's trial were all which race?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "How did Tom Robinson die in the novel?", "answer": "shot seventeen times"}, {"question": "At the time of the novel's setting, what punishment was often received by black males for percieved sexual contact with a white woman?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "Who comprised Tom's jury?", "answer": "poor white farmers"}, {"question": "How many times was Tom shot?", "answer": "seventeen"}, {"question": "Atticus is tasked with killing what animal in the novel?", "answer": "a rabid dog"}, {"question": "What is Atticus shooting the rabid dog symbolic of?", "answer": "fight against the town's racism"}, {"question": "Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?", "answer": "Calpurnia"}, {"question": "Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?", "answer": "Aunt Alexandra"}, {"question": "Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?", "answer": "Walter Cunningham"}, {"question": "Which author did Lee aspire to be like?", "answer": "Jane Austen"}, {"question": "Both authors valued what over social standing?", "answer": "individual worth"}, {"question": "Are the Ewell's considered rich or poor?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "What two factors did Lee demonstrate intensified prejudice?", "answer": "gender and class"}, {"question": "The children's non-judgmental attitude gave them a greater understanding of what?", "answer": "people's motives and behavior"}, {"question": "Mrs. Dubose suffers from an addiction to what?", "answer": "morphine"}, {"question": "Who is the moral center of the novel?", "answer": "Atticus"}, {"question": "The novel explores various forms of what trait?", "answer": "courage"}, {"question": "Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?", "answer": "Charles Shields"}, {"question": "Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?", "answer": "Charles Shields"}, {"question": "According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?", "answer": "human dignity and respect for others"}, {"question": "Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell"}, {"question": "Who are the main female role models for Scout during the story?", "answer": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie"}, {"question": "Who are Scout's two primary female models?", "answer": "Calpurnia and Miss Maudie"}, {"question": "Who chastis Scout for the way she dresse and accuses her of ruining her family name?", "answer": "Mrs. Dubose"}, {"question": "Tomboy Scout grows up tto become what?", "answer": "feminist"}, {"question": "In the book, which character was expected of molesting their child?", "answer": "Bob Ewell"}, {"question": "Who was the only non-abusive father mentioned?", "answer": "Atticus"}, {"question": "Which character is chastised in the book for marrying a black woman?", "answer": "Dolphus Raymond"}, {"question": "Who does Charles Lamb speculate were once children?", "answer": "Lawyers"}, {"question": "What is another name for Scout's pink cotton penitentiary?", "answer": "frilly clothes"}, {"question": "Which animal serves as a symbol throughout the book?", "answer": "Songbirds"}, {"question": "Harper Lee's mother's maiden name was what?", "answer": "Finch"}, {"question": "Which bird does Atticus Finch say is a \"sin to kill?\"", "answer": "mockingbird"}, {"question": "According to Atticus, which bird is it a sin to shoot?", "answer": "mockingbird"}, {"question": "According to Miss Maudie, which bird is never harmful?", "answer": "mockingbird"}, {"question": "Symbolically, killing a mockingbird is killing what according to Edwin Bruell?", "answer": "that which is innocent and harmless"}, {"question": "Reader's Digest included To Kill a Mockingbird in what program of theirs?", "answer": "Book of the Month Club"}, {"question": "The book's availablity increased through inclusion in what book service?", "answer": "Book of the Month Club"}, {"question": "After one year when To Kill a Mockingbird first came out, how many languages has it been printed in?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Up til today, how many languages has To Kill a Mockingbird been printed in?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "How many copies has To Kill a Mockingbird sold since it first came out?", "answer": "30 million"}, {"question": "How many copies of the book have been sold?", "answer": "more than 30 million"}, {"question": "How many languages has the book been translated into?", "answer": "more than 40"}, {"question": "Public figure's impressions of the novel were formed into a book called what?", "answer": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo"}, {"question": "Who was Harper Lee's sister?", "answer": "Alice Lee"}, {"question": "What book compiled Adults'  impressions and their impressions as children about the novel?", "answer": "Scout, Atticus, and Boo"}, {"question": "Atticus Finch's integrity has become a model for which job?", "answer": "lawyer"}, {"question": "Atticus Finch is a model of what for legal professionals?", "answer": "integrity"}, {"question": "What year was a statue of Atticus build in Alabama?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Harper Lee was given a membership to what in 2008?", "answer": "Alabama State Bar"}, {"question": "What did the Alabama State Bar bestow on Lee in 2008?", "answer": "honorary special membership"}, {"question": "To Kill a Mockingbird was first studied in American schools in what year?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "The American Library Associated ranked To Kill a Mockingbird where on its most frequently challenged books of 2000-2009?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "In what year did the book become a subject of classroom study?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "According to The American Library Association, what rank did the book have among the most frequently challenged books from 2000 to 2009?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "When was the first major controversy that surfaced from the book?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What event in the novel was heavily criticized for being a plot device?", "answer": "rape"}, {"question": "In letters to local newspapers, what subplot in the book received the most complaints?", "answer": "Mayella Ewell's attraction to Tom Robinson"}, {"question": "According to the National Education Association, what was the only book to receive more complaints in 1968?", "answer": "Little Black Sambo"}, {"question": "What movement in the '60s did the novel help spark?", "answer": "civil rights movement"}, {"question": "Which book was credited with sparking the US Civil War?", "answer": "Uncle Tom's Cabin"}, {"question": "What other book did Mark Childress compare it to?", "answer": "Uncle Tom's Cabin"}, {"question": "Who was Truman Capote's father?", "answer": "Archulus Persons"}, {"question": "Who was speculated to have wrote the book instead of Harper Lee?", "answer": "Truman Capote"}, {"question": "What was the name of Harper Lee's sister?", "answer": "Alice"}, {"question": "Who was rumored to have written the book instead of Lee?", "answer": "Truman Capote"}, {"question": "Lee's notes to whom help disclaim this rumor?", "answer": "her editor"}, {"question": "Which year did To Kill a Mockingbird win the Pulitzer Prize?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "How many weeks did To Kill a Mockingbird remain on the bestsellers list when it won the Pulitzer Prize?", "answer": "41"}, {"question": "Paperback of the Year award from Bestsellers magazine was awarded when?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "When did Harper Lee begin refusing interviews and questions about the book?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What major award did the book receive in 1961?", "answer": "the Pulitzer Prize"}, {"question": "In what year did Lee stop giving interviews about the book?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Which year was Lee awarded an induction into the Alabama Academy of Honor?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "In 2004, the novel as been picked by how many communities for citywide reading programs more than any other book?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "In 2001, what city's mayor picked To Kill a Mockingbird as their favorite book?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "Which city's mayor initiated a reading program with the book?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "By 2004, how many communities were using the book as part of their reading programs?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "Which school granted Lee an honory doctorate in 2006?", "answer": "University of Notre Dame"}, {"question": "Which president of the US awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "When did Lee receive a  Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What university awarded Lee an honorary doctorate in 2006?", "answer": "Notre Dame"}, {"question": "In 2007, which president awarded Lee the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "A movie adaptation of the book was released in what year?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the same title?", "answer": "Gregory Peck"}, {"question": "Which actor received An Oscar for his role of Atticus Finch in the 1962 movie of the book?", "answer": "Gregory Peck"}, {"question": "What item did Lee give the actor Gregory Peck after portraying Atticus Finch?", "answer": "father's pocketwatch"}, {"question": "Which one of Gregory Peck's relatives was named after Harper Lee?", "answer": "grandson"}, {"question": "What personal effect did Lee give to Peck?", "answer": "her father's pocketwatch"}, {"question": "Which one of Peck's relatives was named Harper in honor of Lee?", "answer": "grandson"}, {"question": "When did Lee randomly show up at the Los Angeles  Public Library?", "answer": "May 2005"}, {"question": "What did Peck's widow call Lee?", "answer": "a national treasure"}, {"question": "Who turned the novel into a play?", "answer": "Christopher Sergel"}, {"question": "When was the play for To Kill a Mockingbird first performed?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What town labeled itself \"The Literary Capital of Alabama\"?", "answer": "Monroeville"}, {"question": "Who makes up the cast of the annual play based on the book performed in Monroeville?", "answer": "townspeople"}, {"question": "During the courtroom scene, what happens to the audience?", "answer": "racially segregated"}, {"question": "What country did Sergel's play tour around in and perform in 2006?", "answer": "the UK"}, {"question": "The play was the opening act for the starting of the 2013 season at which location?", "answer": "Regent's Park Open Air Theatre"}, {"question": "Who played Atticus Finch in the UK theater productions of the film in 2006 and 2011?", "answer": "Duncan Preston"}, {"question": "When was Go Set a Watchman introduced to the public?", "answer": "July 14, 2015"}, {"question": "Go Set a Watchman was finished in what year?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "How many years after To Kill a Mockingbird is the setting of Go Set A Watchman?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who was Harper Lee's lawyer?", "answer": "Tonja Carter"}, {"question": "What is the earlier draft of the book titled?", "answer": "Go Set a Watchman"}, {"question": "What year was Watchman completed?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "How many years after Mockingbird was Watchman set?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What two serious moral issues are dealt with in the novel?", "answer": "rape and racial inequality"}, {"question": "Who is the protagonist of the novel?", "answer": "Atticus Finch"}, {"question": "What is Lee's strongest style of writing?", "answer": "narration"}, {"question": "What narrative technique does Lee use to combine the adult's perspective with the child's observations??", "answer": "flashback"}, {"question": "According to Lee, her book simply expressed a Christian code of honor and conduct inherit to whom?", "answer": "all Southerners"}, {"question": "Besides the children's fascination with Boo, the first part of the book was concerned about their feelings for what?", "answer": "the neighborhood"}, {"question": "Lee's detailed explanations of the characters' behaviors caused one writer to catagorize the book as what?", "answer": "Southern romantic regionalism"}, {"question": "Scout defined people doing the best they could with what they had as who?", "answer": "fine folks"}, {"question": "What drives the plot of the book more than the characters?", "answer": "The South itself"}, {"question": "Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?", "answer": "Tom Robinson"}, {"question": "What  does Scout see symbollically as a mockingbird?", "answer": "Boo Radley"}, {"question": "According to Atticus, most people are how when you truly view them?", "answer": "real nice"}, {"question": "Reviewer R. A. Dave classified the novel how?", "answer": "classical tragedy"}, {"question": "What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?", "answer": "The Chicago Sunday Tribune"}, {"question": "Which reviewer called the book melodramatic and contrived?", "answer": "Granville Hicks"}, {"question": "Which Southern writer deemed it a child's book?", "answer": "Flannery O'Connor"}, {"question": "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie vompared Lee to whom?", "answer": "William Faulkner"}, {"question": "Rosemary  Goring connected Lee to whom?", "answer": "Jane Austen"}, {"question": "Who criticized Lee in The Wall Street Journal?", "answer": "Allen Barra"}, {"question": "Who wrote that the book forces readers to question issues without resolving them?", "answer": "Akin Ajayi"}, {"question": "Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?", "answer": "Calpurnia"}, {"question": "According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?", "answer": "black students"}, {"question": "Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?", "answer": "poor rural \"white trash\""}, {"question": "According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?", "answer": "the harsh reality of inequality"}, {"question": "McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?", "answer": "an act of protest"}, {"question": "How do the citizens of Monroeville quote lines of the book?", "answer": "like Scripture"}, {"question": "What do the Monroeville townspeople call tourists to their town?", "answer": "Mockingbird groupies"}, {"question": "Where does solar energy come from?", "answer": "the Sun"}, {"question": "What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?", "answer": "Solar energy"}, {"question": "What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?", "answer": "solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is solar energy?", "answer": "radiant light and heat from the Sun"}, {"question": "How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?", "answer": "174,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?", "answer": "3.5 to 7.0"}, {"question": "How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?", "answer": "174,000"}, {"question": "How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?", "answer": "Approximately 30%"}, {"question": "What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?", "answer": "150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day"}, {"question": "Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?", "answer": "clouds, oceans and land masses"}, {"question": "The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?", "answer": "71"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "How much of the earth is covered by oceans?", "answer": "about 71%"}, {"question": "What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?", "answer": "Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises"}, {"question": "How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?", "answer": "When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds"}, {"question": "What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?", "answer": "The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection"}, {"question": "What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "Each year the Earth absorbs how much solar energy in exajoules?", "answer": "3,850,000"}, {"question": "In 2002, the Sun provided more energy in one hour than humans used in what span of time?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "How much energy in exajoules does photosynthesis capture each year?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "Twice the amount of energy obtainable by all the non-renewable sources  on Earth can be provided by the Sun in what span of time?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "What is the amount of solar energy absorbed by the earth?", "answer": "approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year"}, {"question": "How much solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?", "answer": "approximately 3,000 EJ per year"}, {"question": "The amount of solar energy per year is twice as much as the energy that will ever be produced from what resources?", "answer": "coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined"}, {"question": "Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?", "answer": "the Sun"}, {"question": "How are solar technologies defined?", "answer": "passive or active"}, {"question": "What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?", "answer": "depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight"}, {"question": "Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?", "answer": "geothermal and tidal"}, {"question": "How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?", "answer": "direct or indirect"}, {"question": "Are supply side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "answer": "Active"}, {"question": "Are demand side solar technologies generally active or passive?", "answer": "Passive"}, {"question": "What is an active solar technique used to generate energy?", "answer": "designing spaces that naturally circulate air"}, {"question": "What does an active solar technique do?", "answer": "increase the supply of energy"}, {"question": "What does a passive solar technique do?", "answer": "reduce the need for alternate resources"}, {"question": "What was the name of the inventor who built a solar engine in 1897?", "answer": "Frank Shuman"}, {"question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company formed?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "Shuman patented his solar engine system in what year?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Who is Frank Shuman?", "answer": "a U.S. inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer"}, {"question": "In what year did solar engine build his solar engine?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "What was the solar engine used to power?", "answer": "steam engine"}, {"question": "In what year was the Sun Power Company established?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "In what year did Frank Shuman patent his solar engine?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Where did Shuman build the world's first solar thermal power station?", "answer": "Maadi, Egypt"}, {"question": "How many liters of water per minute did Shuman's engine pump in litres?", "answer": "22,000"}, {"question": "In what decade were Shuman's ideas about solar energy revived?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "Where was the first solar thermal power plant built?", "answer": "Maadi, Egypt"}, {"question": "What was used to power the plants engine?", "answer": "parabolic troughs"}, {"question": "From what river did the engine pump water?", "answer": "Nile River"}, {"question": "What slowed down the growth of solar energy?", "answer": "the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of cheap oil"}, {"question": "When was the interest in solar energy restored?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?", "answer": "sunlight"}, {"question": "How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?", "answer": "60 to 70% of the domestic hot water"}, {"question": "What is a common type of solar water heater?", "answer": "evacuated tube collectors"}, {"question": "What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?", "answer": "unglazed plastic collectors"}, {"question": "What was the total capacity of solar hot water systems in 2007 in gigawatts?", "answer": "154"}, {"question": "Over 90% of homes use solar hot water systems in which two countries?", "answer": "Israel and Cyprus"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of a solar hot water system?", "answer": "approximately 154 thermal gigawatt"}, {"question": "What country is the leader in the implementation of solar powered hot water systems?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What percentage of households use solar hot water systems in Israel and Cyprus?", "answer": "over 90%"}, {"question": "In what countries is the use to solar hot water used mainly for w=swimming pools?", "answer": "United States, Canada and Australia"}, {"question": "What percentage of energy in commercial buildings comes from HVAC systems?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in commercial locations?", "answer": "30% (4.65 EJ/yr)"}, {"question": "How much energy does an HVAC system use in residential locations?", "answer": "50% (10.1 EJ/yr)"}, {"question": "What can be used to balance out a portion of the energy used by HVAC systems?", "answer": "Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies"}, {"question": "Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?", "answer": "Thermal"}, {"question": "What is thermal mass?", "answer": "any material that can be used to store heat"}, {"question": "What are typical thermal mass material?", "answer": "stone, cement and water"}, {"question": "How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?", "answer": "by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night"}, {"question": "What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?", "answer": "climates"}, {"question": "What does thermal mass reduce the need for?", "answer": "auxiliary heating and cooling equipment"}, {"question": "What kind of system is a solar chimney?", "answer": "passive solar ventilation"}, {"question": "What is a solar chimney?", "answer": "a passive solar ventilation system"}, {"question": "What is a solar chimney made of?", "answer": "a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building"}, {"question": "How can the performance of a solar chimney be improved?", "answer": "by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses"}, {"question": "The placement of deciduous trees on the Equator facing side of a building can have a negative effect on solar availability in which season?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What is something that is used to control solar heating and cooling?", "answer": "trees and plants"}, {"question": "How much solar radiation is blocked by leafless trees?", "answer": "1/3 to 1/2"}, {"question": "Why should trees not be planted on the side of a building facing the equator?", "answer": "they will interfere with winter solar availability"}, {"question": "What side of a building should trees be planted without greatly affecting solar gain in the winter?", "answer": "east and west"}, {"question": "Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?", "answer": "1767"}, {"question": "Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?", "answer": "315"}, {"question": "What are solar cookers used for?", "answer": "cooking, drying and pasteurization"}, {"question": "What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?", "answer": "box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers"}, {"question": "Who created the box cooker?", "answer": "Horace de Saussure"}, {"question": "What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?", "answer": "90\u2013150 \u00b0C (194\u2013302 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What do reflector cookers require to function?", "answer": "direct light"}, {"question": "The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?", "answer": "114"}, {"question": "Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?", "answer": "parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors"}, {"question": "What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?", "answer": "Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA"}, {"question": "What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?", "answer": "use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water"}, {"question": "What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?", "answer": "Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks"}, {"question": "What are Unglazed transpired collectors?", "answer": "perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air"}, {"question": "In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?", "answer": "Solar distillation"}, {"question": "By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?", "answer": "16th-century Arab alchemists"}, {"question": "When was the first large solar distillation plant created?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "How much water was produced by the plant?", "answer": "22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day"}, {"question": "What is an example of a solar distillation design?", "answer": "single-slope"}, {"question": "Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?", "answer": "the World Health Organization"}, {"question": "How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?", "answer": "a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions"}, {"question": "What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?", "answer": "a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage"}, {"question": "How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?", "answer": "Over two million people in developing countries"}, {"question": "What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?", "answer": "toxic chemicals"}, {"question": "For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?", "answer": "to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity"}, {"question": "What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?", "answer": "algae may produce toxic chemicals"}, {"question": "By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?", "answer": "2050"}, {"question": "When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?", "answer": "2050"}, {"question": "The largest solar power plant in the world is located in what desert?", "answer": "the Mojave Desert"}, {"question": "Less than 1% of the world's total grid electricity was generated by solar energy in what year?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is the largest solar power plant in the world?", "answer": "354 MW SEGS CSP"}, {"question": "Where is the largest solar power plant in the world located?", "answer": "Mojave Desert of California"}, {"question": "What are the largest photovoltaic solar power plants?", "answer": "The 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project, in the United States, and the 221 MW Charanka Solar Park in India"}, {"question": "In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?", "answer": "Charles Fritts"}, {"question": "In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?", "answer": "evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source"}, {"question": "What is a solar cell?", "answer": "a device that converts light directly into electricity"}, {"question": "Who created the first solar cell?", "answer": "Charles Fritts"}, {"question": "Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?", "answer": "Dr Bruno Lange"}, {"question": "Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?", "answer": "Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin"}, {"question": "In all the different CSP systems, concentrated sunlight is used to heat what?", "answer": "a working fluid"}, {"question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power systems use?", "answer": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"}, {"question": "What is the heat generated from a Concentrating Solar Power system used for?", "answer": "a heat source for a conventional power plant"}, {"question": "What is one of the most developed Concentrating Solar Power technologies?", "answer": "the Stirling dish"}, {"question": "What do Concentrating Solar Power technologies have in common?", "answer": "a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight"}, {"question": "Socrate's what is a classic example of passive solar design?", "answer": "Megaron House"}, {"question": "What is a common feature of passive solar architecture?", "answer": "orientation relative to the Sun"}, {"question": "What is produced when the features of passive solar architecture are customized to the environment?", "answer": "well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range"}, {"question": "What is an example of passive solar design?", "answer": "Socrates' Megaron House"}, {"question": "What kind of equipment can improve system performance?", "answer": "pumps, fans and switchable windows"}, {"question": "UHI is an abbreviation of what?", "answer": "Urban heat islands"}, {"question": "A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?", "answer": "Urban heat islands"}, {"question": "What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?", "answer": "asphalt and concrete"}, {"question": "What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?", "answer": "paint buildings and roads white and plant trees"}, {"question": "During the Little Ice Age, what did English and French farmers use to increase collection of solar energy?", "answer": "fruit walls"}, {"question": "Vinters have adopted solar technology to do what?", "answer": "power grape presses"}, {"question": "Why do agriculture and horticulture seek to make the most use of the solar energy captured?", "answer": "to optimize the productivity of plants"}, {"question": "What are some techniques used to improve crop production?", "answer": "timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties"}, {"question": "What did French and English farmers do during the Little Ice Age to gain more solar energy?", "answer": "employed fruit walls"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the fruit walls built by French and English farmers?", "answer": "acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm"}, {"question": "When were the first greenhouses used?", "answer": "Roman times"}, {"question": "In what century were the first modern greenhouses constructed?", "answer": "the 16th"}, {"question": "What do greenhouses do with solar energy?", "answer": "convert solar light to heat"}, {"question": "What is one purpose of a greenhouse?", "answer": "enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops"}, {"question": "What was one of the first uses of a greenhouse?", "answer": "produce cucumbers year-round for the Roman emperor Tiberius"}, {"question": "Where were the first modern greenhouses built?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar powered car race held every two years?", "answer": "The World Solar Challenge"}, {"question": "What was the winner of the World Solar Challenge's average speed in 2007 in km/h?", "answer": "90.87"}, {"question": "What is The World Solar Challenge?", "answer": "a biannual solar-powered car race"}, {"question": "When was The World Solar Challenge started?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car in 1987?", "answer": "67 kilometres per hour (42 mph)"}, {"question": "What was the average speed of a winning solar powered car by 2007?", "answer": "90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)"}, {"question": "What are some other similar car races that use solar powered vehicles?", "answer": "The North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge"}, {"question": "The first practical solar boat was constructed in what year?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "When was the first solar powered boat made?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Who first crossed the Pacific ocean using a solar powered boat?", "answer": "Kenichi Horie"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first solar powered boat that crossed the Atlantic ocean?", "answer": "the sun21 catamaran"}, {"question": "What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?", "answer": "Solar Impulse"}, {"question": "When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "When was the first solar powered manned flight made?", "answer": "29 April 1979"}, {"question": "When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?", "answer": "July 1981"}, {"question": "Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?", "answer": "California to North Carolina"}, {"question": "How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?", "answer": "36 hours"}, {"question": "What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?", "answer": "hydrogen production from protons"}, {"question": "What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?", "answer": "Solar chemical processes"}, {"question": "What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?", "answer": "artificial photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is the name of the process under development at the Weizmann Institute?", "answer": "The Solzinc process"}, {"question": "The Solznic process produces what?", "answer": "pure zinc"}, {"question": "What has been a main area of solar chemical research since the 1970s?", "answer": "Hydrogen production technologies"}, {"question": "What is one of the thermochemical processes that has been explored besides electrolysis?", "answer": "uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures"}, {"question": "What is the name of the process being developed by the Weizmann Institute?", "answer": "Solzinc process"}, {"question": "In what form do thermal mass systems store solar energy?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "What is the system called that can store solar energy in the form of heat?", "answer": "Thermal mass systems"}, {"question": "What are some of the materials used in thermal storage systems?", "answer": "water, earth and stone"}, {"question": "What is something that can be accomplished by a thermal mass system?", "answer": "reduce overall heating and cooling requirements"}, {"question": "Paraffin wax is an example of what kind of storage media?", "answer": "thermal"}, {"question": "The first Glauber's salt heating system was first used where?", "answer": "The \"Dover House\""}, {"question": "What are some examples of phase change materials?", "answer": "paraffin wax and Glauber's salt"}, {"question": "What are the approximate temperatures that can be delivered by phase change materials?", "answer": "64 \u00b0C or 147 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What was the name of the heating system that first used Glauber's salt?", "answer": "Dover House"}, {"question": "Why are salts good  for thermal storage?", "answer": "they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems"}, {"question": "How much energy was the Solar Two able to store using salts?", "answer": "1.44 terajoules (400,000 kWh)"}, {"question": "Where do off-grid PV systems store excess electricity?", "answer": "rechargeable batteries"}, {"question": "What do off-grid PV systems use to store excess electricity?", "answer": "rechargeable batteries"}, {"question": "What are the programs that gives credit to households for delivering electricity to the grid called?", "answer": "Net metering programs"}, {"question": "How is the credit to households accomplished?", "answer": "by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes"}, {"question": "Why is a second meter usually unnecessary to monitor electricity use?", "answer": "Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions"}, {"question": "When water is released due to high demand, the pump become swhat?", "answer": "a hydroelectric power generator"}, {"question": "Pumped-storage hydroelectricity stores energy in what form?", "answer": "water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one"}, {"question": "How is the energy stored by pumped-storage hydroelectricity recovered?", "answer": "by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator"}, {"question": "The oil embargo in what year was a contributing factor to the reorganization of energy policies?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What brought attention to solar technologies in the 1970s?", "answer": "The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis"}, {"question": "What are the names of some of the incentive programs used to promote solar technology?", "answer": "the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan"}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in the US?", "answer": "SERI, now NREL"}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Japan?", "answer": "NEDO"}, {"question": "What is the name of the solar energy research facility in Germany?", "answer": "Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE"}, {"question": "The solar water heaters introduced in the US in the 1890s saw growth until what time period?", "answer": "the 1920s"}, {"question": "Since 1999, what average rate has the solar water heating sector progressed at?", "answer": "20% per year"}, {"question": "When did the use of solar water heaters in the US first begin?", "answer": "in the 1890s"}, {"question": "Why did interest in solar water heating decrease in the 1980s?", "answer": "falling petroleum prices"}, {"question": "Growth of solar water heating development has averaged how much per year since 1999", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What was the estimated capacity of solar water heating and cooling in 2007?", "answer": "154 GW"}, {"question": "Which organization believes that solar energy can solve some of our most pressing issues?", "answer": "The International Energy Agency"}, {"question": "Who said that solar energy can help solve some of the most urgent problems in the world?", "answer": "The International Energy Agency"}, {"question": "ISO 9050 relates to standards for what?", "answer": "glass in building"}, {"question": "ISO 10217 relates to standards for what?", "answer": "materials used in solar water heaters"}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard related to glass in building?", "answer": "ISO 9050"}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard related to the materials used in solar water heaters?", "answer": "ISO 10217"}, {"question": "What are the technologies used to capture solar energy characterized as?", "answer": "passive solar or active solar"}, {"question": "What are some active solar techniques used to harness solar energy?", "answer": "photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating"}, {"question": "What is an example of a passive solar technique?", "answer": "orienting a building to the Sun"}, {"question": "What was the total worldwide energy consumption in 2012?", "answer": "559.8 EJ"}, {"question": "What is solar energy's yearly potential?", "answer": "1,575\u201349,837 exajoules (EJ)"}, {"question": "What makes solar energy an appealing source of electricity>", "answer": "The large magnitude of solar energy available"}, {"question": "Who estimated the annual potential of solar energy in 2000?", "answer": "The United Nations Development Programme"}, {"question": "How will solar energy increase energy security?", "answer": "through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource"}, {"question": "What costs will solar energy lower?", "answer": "the costs of mitigating global warming"}, {"question": "What should the cost of incentives for producing solar energy be considered?", "answer": "learning investments"}, {"question": "What effect will solar energy have on the price of fossil fuels?", "answer": "keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise"}, {"question": "Why does the amount of usable solar energy differ from the amount near the planets surface?", "answer": "geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans"}, {"question": "Why does geography have an effect of the amount of solar energy available?", "answer": "areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation"}, {"question": "What is the process called that can increase solar energy in areas further away from the earth's equator?", "answer": "photovoltaics"}, {"question": "Why does time have an effect of the amount of available solar energy?", "answer": "during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb"}, {"question": "What effect does cloud coverage have on the amount of solar energy available?", "answer": "clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells"}, {"question": "Why does land availability have an effect on solar energy?", "answer": "solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels"}, {"question": "Why are roofs a good place for solar panels?", "answer": "many people have discovered that they can collect energy directly from their homes this way"}, {"question": "What factors were taken into account in the estimate published in 2000 on solar energy?", "answer": "insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans"}, {"question": "What was the total potential of solar energy found in the estimate?", "answer": "1,575\u201349,837 EJ per year"}, {"question": "What is solar power?", "answer": "conversion of sunlight into electricity"}, {"question": "How is sunlight converted into electricity?", "answer": "either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)"}, {"question": "What does a concentrated solar power system use?", "answer": "lenses or mirrors and tracking systems"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?", "answer": "focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam"}, {"question": "What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?", "answer": "photoelectric effect"}, {"question": "What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?", "answer": "Sunlight"}, {"question": "Who first utilized solar architecture?", "answer": "Greeks and Chinese"}, {"question": "In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?", "answer": "toward the south"}, {"question": "What is a solar balloon?", "answer": "a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air"}, {"question": "What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?", "answer": "the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force"}, {"question": "What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?", "answer": "the toy market"}, {"question": "Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?", "answer": "the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high"}, {"question": "Why was solar technology developed in the 1860s?", "answer": "driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce"}, {"question": "What slowed the development of solar technologies in the early 20th century?", "answer": "increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum"}, {"question": "According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?", "answer": "2060"}, {"question": "What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?", "answer": "could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters"}, {"question": "What year was Kanye born?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Kanye West perform?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "What is Kanye West's middle name?", "answer": "Omari"}, {"question": "When is Kanye West's birthday?", "answer": "June 8, 1977"}, {"question": "What was the first label that Kanye produced for?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella Records"}, {"question": "Who are some well known artists that Kanye produced for early in his career?", "answer": "Jay-Z and Alicia Keys"}, {"question": "How many albums has Kanye released since starting his solo career in 2004?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "With which artists that Kanye formerly produced for did he go on to collaborate with?", "answer": "Jay-Z"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West live as a child?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "What was Kanye West's first job title after art school?", "answer": "producer"}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West release his first rap CD?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How many total CDs has Kanye West released in his career so far?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "How many albums has Kanye sold?", "answer": "32 million"}, {"question": "How many downloads do Kanye's tracks have across the globe?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Kanye is known for having the most of what type of award for his age?", "answer": "Grammy"}, {"question": "How many albums does Kanye have on the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" list?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What popular magazine placed Kanye on their annual list in 2005 and 2015?", "answer": "Time"}, {"question": "How many CDs has Kanye West sold?", "answer": "32 million"}, {"question": "How many Grammy Awards has Kanye West won?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many of Kanye West's albums were recognized by Rolling Stone Magazine?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "Which years was Kanye West mentioned in Time Magazine?", "answer": "2005 and 2015"}, {"question": "What subject did Kanye's mother teach at her university?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What Georgia city was Kanye West born?", "answer": "Atlanta"}, {"question": "What was the name of the business that Kanye West helped fund in 2006?", "answer": "Good Water Store and Caf\u00e9"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West's mother work before becoming his manager?", "answer": "Chicago State University"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's high school?", "answer": "Polaris High School"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye and his mother relocate when he was 10?", "answer": "Nanjing, China"}, {"question": "While staying in China, Kanye was the only what in his class?", "answer": "foreigner"}, {"question": "How well did Kanye do in high school?", "answer": "A's and B's"}, {"question": "At what age did Kanye West relocate to China?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What University was the cause of West's mother moving the family to China?", "answer": "Nanjing University"}, {"question": "What was Kanye creating when he was five?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "What was one of the first tracks written by Kanye when he was 13?", "answer": "\"Green Eggs and Ham\""}, {"question": "Who did Kanye meet early in his career who later mentored him?", "answer": "DJ No I.D."}, {"question": "What activity did Kanye West start doing when he was five?", "answer": "writing poetry"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song he wrote at age thirteen?", "answer": "Green Eggs and Ham"}, {"question": "What was the name of the producer that helped Kanye West?", "answer": "No I.D."}, {"question": "Where did Kanye receive a scholarship to attend?", "answer": "American Academy of Art"}, {"question": "How old was Kanye when he dropped out of college?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What school did Kanye West go to in 1997?", "answer": "Chicago's American Academy of Art"}, {"question": "What subject was Kanye West's focus at Chicago State University?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "At what age did Kanye West leave school to follow his musical passion?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD that Kanye recorded based on his failed college experience?", "answer": "College Dropout"}, {"question": "Who were the beats Kanye made in the 90's originally intended for?", "answer": "local artists"}, {"question": "What types of records did Kanye sample in his early career.", "answer": "classic soul records"}, {"question": "What music group did Kanye join when he couldn't release his solo album?", "answer": "Go-Getters"}, {"question": "In what time period did Kanye begin producing?", "answer": "mid-1990s"}, {"question": "When did Kanye West start his production career?", "answer": "mid-1990s"}, {"question": "For which artist did Kanye West act as a ghost producer? ", "answer": "Deric \"D-Dot\" Angelettie"}, {"question": "What late 1990s Chicago rap group was Kanye West a member of?", "answer": "Go-Getters"}, {"question": "What firm managed Kanye West's rap group? ", "answer": "Hustle Period"}, {"question": "What year was the first Go-Getters album released? ", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Kanye produced the third song from the second album of what artist?", "answer": "Foxy Brown"}, {"question": "What rappers were featured in the songs that Kanye produced for Tell 'Em Why U Madd?", "answer": "Ma$e, Raekwon, and Eminem."}, {"question": "Which U.S. Billboard 200 chart topper did Kanye West produce a song for?", "answer": "Foxy Brown"}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD produced by Kanye that was by a made-up character?", "answer": "Tell 'Em Why U Madd"}, {"question": "What label did Kanye begin to work for in 2000?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella Records"}, {"question": "What album did Kanye receive production credits on in 2001?", "answer": "The Blueprint"}, {"question": "In what year did Roc-A-Fella make Kanye West known?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the CD West produced for Jay Z in 2001?", "answer": "The Blueprint"}, {"question": "Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?", "answer": "rapper"}, {"question": "What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?", "answer": "Capitol Records"}, {"question": "What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?", "answer": "rapper"}, {"question": "What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?", "answer": "gangsta image"}, {"question": "Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?", "answer": "Capitol Records"}, {"question": "Who almost picked up Kanye but was ultimately swayed?", "answer": "Joe Weinberger"}, {"question": "What label finally (although reluctantly) picked up Kanye?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella"}, {"question": "What did Kanye's peers see him as while he tried to pursue his rap career?", "answer": "a producer"}, {"question": "What man was almost ready to give Kanye a record deal?", "answer": "Joe Weinberger"}, {"question": "What record company eventually signed Kanye West?", "answer": "Roc-A-Fella"}, {"question": "What track did Kanye compose and perform while injured from his accident?", "answer": "Through The Wire"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2002 mixtape that he wrote while in the hospital?", "answer": "Get Well Soon..."}, {"question": "After dropping his mixtape, Kanye revealed the name of his debut album to be what?", "answer": "The College Dropout"}, {"question": "What was the date of Kanye's car wreck?", "answer": "October 23, 2002"}, {"question": "What song did Kanye record about his experience with what happened after the wreck?", "answer": "\"Through The Wire\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the mixtape Kanye released in December of 2002?", "answer": "Get Well Soon"}, {"question": "What happened to Kanye's debut album that caused him to remaster most of it?", "answer": "it was leaked"}, {"question": "How many times was the release date for Kanye's first album pushed back?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "In what city did West finish recording his first album?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "How many times was The College Dropout's release put off?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What was supposed to be the original release date for The College Dropout?", "answer": "August 2003"}, {"question": "What place on the Billboard chart did Kanye's album debut at?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "How many publications voted The College Dropout for album of the year?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What was the name of the single off the debut album that gave Kanye mainstream attention?", "answer": "Jesus Walks"}, {"question": "What label did Kanye create following the success of his first album's release?", "answer": "GOOD Music"}, {"question": "When was The College Dropout finally released?", "answer": "February 2004"}, {"question": "What song was the second released off of Kanye's The College Dropout album?", "answer": "\"Slow Jamz\""}, {"question": "How many Grammy nominations did The College Dropout receive?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What was the name of the record label that West founded?", "answer": "GOOD Music"}, {"question": "What kind of ensemble did Kanye hire to work on his second album?", "answer": "string orchestra"}, {"question": "What composer worked alongside Kanye on the album's production?", "answer": "Jon Brion"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's second studio album?", "answer": "Late Registration"}, {"question": "How many copies of Late Registration sold in its first year?", "answer": "2.3 million"}, {"question": "What English music group was an inspiration for Kanye West on his second album?", "answer": "Portishead"}, {"question": "What was the name of West's second album?", "answer": "Late Registration"}, {"question": "How many copies of Late Registration were sold in the United States?", "answer": "2.3 million"}, {"question": "The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?", "answer": "Best New Artist"}, {"question": "Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina"}, {"question": "What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?", "answer": "Best New Artist"}, {"question": "Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?", "answer": "Mike Myers"}, {"question": "What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?", "answer": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"}, {"question": "What band did Kanye tour with for a year?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "What setting did Kanye want his next tracks to perform well in?", "answer": "large arenas"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye study in order to develop his lyrical skills?", "answer": "Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash"}, {"question": "Which band did Kanye West travel with for the Vertigo Tour?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "What decade of music inspired Kanye West after his tour with U2?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Other than U2 and Led Zeppelin, what other band inspired Kanye West?", "answer": "The Rolling Stones"}, {"question": "What other country singer besides Johnny Cash did Kanye listen to?", "answer": "Bob Dylan"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's third album?", "answer": "Graduation"}, {"question": "Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?", "answer": "50 Cent"}, {"question": "How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release? ", "answer": "957,000"}, {"question": "What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?", "answer": "Daft Punk"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?", "answer": "Graduation"}, {"question": "What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?", "answer": "50 Cent"}, {"question": "What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?", "answer": "Daft Punk"}, {"question": "Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?", "answer": "Alexis Phifer"}, {"question": "What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?", "answer": "Auto-Tune"}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?", "answer": "Alexis Phifer"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?", "answer": "Glow in the Dark Tour"}, {"question": "In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?", "answer": "\"Love Lockdown\""}, {"question": "What label pushed out Kanye's fourth studio album?", "answer": "Island Def Jam"}, {"question": "Which album by Kanye West featured the song \"Love Lockdown\"?", "answer": "808s & Heartbreak"}, {"question": "808s & Heartbreak was released by what company? ", "answer": "Island Def Jam"}, {"question": "When was 808s & Heartbreaks released? ", "answer": "November 2008"}, {"question": "What was the second song released off of 808s? ", "answer": "Heartless"}, {"question": "The major usage of musical machine on 808s was described as eponymous?", "answer": "Roland TR-808 drum machine"}, {"question": "What journalist gave \"808s and Hearbreak\" critical acclimation 4 years after its release?", "answer": "Matthew Trammell"}, {"question": "What was the name of the journalist that wrote about Kanye's album in 2012?", "answer": "Matthew Trammell"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye's famous mic-grab incident occur at?", "answer": "2009 MTV Video Music Awards"}, {"question": "From who did Kanye grab the mic from to make his statement?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "Kanye's tour with what artist was cancelled following his outburst at the VMA's?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye's biggest controversy so far take place?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West interrupt Taylor Swift to defend?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "Which artist was Kanye supposed to tour with, but couldn't due to the Taylor Swift controversy?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "What awards ceremony did Kanye not receive any nominations for after the MTV controversy?", "answer": "52nd Grammy Awards"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye base himself to create his next album?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What industry did Kanye turn to after taking a break from recording music?", "answer": "fashion"}, {"question": "What state did Kanye West hide in while writing his next album?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What is the name of Kanye's album released in 2010?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}, {"question": "What award was My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy omitted from?", "answer": "Album of the Year"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's fifth album?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}, {"question": "When was Kanye West's fifth album debuted? ", "answer": "November 2010"}, {"question": "What song off of Kanye's fifth album was a hit internationally?", "answer": "\"All of the Lights\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the free music promotion on Kanye's website in 2010?", "answer": "GOOD Fridays"}, {"question": "What festival did Kanye headline in 2011?", "answer": "Coachella"}, {"question": "With what other hiphop artist did Kanye collaborate with?", "answer": "Jay-Z"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye premier a film directed by himself in 2012?", "answer": "Cannes Film Festival"}, {"question": "What event did Kanye headline in 2011?", "answer": "Coachella"}, {"question": "What was the name of the joint album Kanye made with Jay Z?", "answer": "Watch the Throne"}, {"question": "What was the top single off the album \"Watch the Throne\"?", "answer": "\"Niggas in Paris\""}, {"question": "In what year was \"Cruel Summer\" released?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What film festival did Kanye West premier a film called \"Cruel Summer\"?", "answer": "2012 Cannes Film Festival"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye begin production on his sixth album?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What became the name of his sixth studio album?", "answer": "Yeezus"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye tour alongside of in order to promote the efforts of Yeezus?", "answer": "Kendrick Lamar"}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West begin working on his sixth album?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the inspiration behind Kanye West's decision to call Rick Rubin?", "answer": "architecture"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's sixth album?", "answer": "Yeezus"}, {"question": "On what date was Yeezus released?", "answer": "June 18, 2013"}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye go on tour with while promoting album number six?", "answer": "Kendrick Lamar"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's first child with Kim Kardashian?", "answer": "North"}, {"question": "What brand set to collaborate on an apparel line with Kanye?", "answer": "Adidas"}, {"question": "What famous British artist worked with Kanye on multiple singles?", "answer": "Paul McCartney"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye perform his single \"All Day\" with a menagerie of other artists?", "answer": "2015 BRIT Awards"}, {"question": "Who is the mother of Kanye's first child?", "answer": "Kim Kardashian"}, {"question": "What is Kanye West's first child's name?", "answer": "North"}, {"question": "In what Italian city were Kim Kardashian and Kanye West wed?", "answer": "Florence"}, {"question": "What musician joined Kanye West on the song \"Only One\"?", "answer": "Paul McCartney"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Adidas clothing line by Kanye West that he released in 2013?", "answer": "Yeezy Season 1"}, {"question": "What did Kanye change the title of his next planned album from So Help Me God to?", "answer": "SWISH"}, {"question": "From which institution did Kanye receive an honorary doctorate?", "answer": "Art Institute of Chicago"}, {"question": "How many people signed a petition to keep Kanye from performing at Glastonbury Festival?", "answer": "135,000"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Kanye's album \"SWISH\"?", "answer": "So Help Me God"}, {"question": "What school awarded Kanye west an honorary doctorate?", "answer": "School of the Art Institute of Chicago"}, {"question": "How many people petitioned his show at the Glastonbury Music Festival in the UK?", "answer": "135,000"}, {"question": "What was the tentative release date announced for Kanye's next studio album?", "answer": "February 11"}, {"question": "What was Kanye's next album renamed again to?", "answer": "Waves"}, {"question": "With what other rapper did Kanye west have a Twitter feud with in early 2016?", "answer": "Wiz Khalifa"}, {"question": "What became the final title of Kanye's next album?", "answer": "The Life of Pablo"}, {"question": "What platform was The Life of Pablo officially released on?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "What song  by West was debuted in December 2015?", "answer": "\"Facts\""}, {"question": "On January 26, 2016, Kanye told the world he changed the name of his next album from SWISH to what?", "answer": "Waves"}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West have a feud with over Amber Rose?", "answer": "Wiz Khalifa"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's clothing line premiered at Madison Square Garden?", "answer": "Yeezy Season 3"}, {"question": "What English musician did Kanye cite as one of his biggest inspirations?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "Kanye has stated that members from which rap group influenced his early style?", "answer": "Wu-Tang Clan"}, {"question": "What name did Kanye's early production style coin.", "answer": "chipmunk soul"}, {"question": "What artist was named by Kanye West to be his \"most important inspiration\"?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "Who was Kanye's greatest cultural figure?", "answer": "Puff Daddy"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song that first featured Kanye's \"chipmunk soul\" style?", "answer": "\"This Can't Be Life\""}, {"question": "What composer did Kanye collaborate with for his second record?", "answer": "Jon Brion"}, {"question": "What classical elements did Brion bring to the production of Kanye's album?", "answer": "orchestral elements, including string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation"}, {"question": "What sort of orchestra did Kanye tour with while promoting his second album?", "answer": "a string section"}, {"question": "What composer did Kanye West work with for his second album?", "answer": "Jon Brion"}, {"question": "What English trip-hop group helped influence Kanye on his second album?", "answer": "Portishead"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye's third record?", "answer": "Graduation"}, {"question": "What musical direction did Kanye take with his third album?", "answer": "more atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape"}, {"question": "Kanye drew inspiration from The Rolling Stones, U2, and Led Zeppelin in what ways?", "answer": "melody and chord progression"}, {"question": "What year was Kanye West's third album released?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What kind of sound did Kanye abandon a rap and hiphop one for with his fourth album?", "answer": "electropop"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye become inspired by while creating 808s & Heartbreak?", "answer": "Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George"}, {"question": "What types of instruments are present on his fourth album?", "answer": "dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano"}, {"question": "What other artist besides Gary Numan and TJ Swan helped inspire Kanye's fourth album?", "answer": "Boy George"}, {"question": "What other type of 1980s group was Kanye's fourth album compared to other than new wave?", "answer": "post-punk"}, {"question": "The article about Kanye's fourth album written by Matthew Trammell was published in what magazine?", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "What is Kanye's fifth album titled? ", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}, {"question": "What journalist drew comparisons between My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and other Kanye albums?", "answer": "Simon Vozick-Levinson"}, {"question": "What musician collaborated with Kanye West for his album Late Registration?", "answer": "Jon Brion"}, {"question": "What artist worked with Kanye on his album Graduation?", "answer": "DJ Toomp"}, {"question": "Kid Cudi joined Kanye for which album?", "answer": "808s & Heartbreak"}, {"question": "Which album by Kanye West has been talked about by writers for having maximalist aesthetic?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}, {"question": "What did Kanye state that Yeezus was?", "answer": "a protest to music"}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye draw inspiration from when crafting Yeezus?", "answer": "Le Corbusier"}, {"question": "In what year was Kanye West's sixth album released?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the title of Kanye's sixth album?", "answer": "Yeezus"}, {"question": "What did Kanye announce he would release after acquiring a Grammy in 2005?", "answer": "clothing line"}, {"question": "What finally become of Kanye's clothing line in 2009?", "answer": "cancelled"}, {"question": "When did Kanye West annouce his Pastelle Clothing line?", "answer": "September 2005"}, {"question": "What year was Kanye's Pastelle Clothing Line scrapped?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What company worked with Kanye in 2009 to create his own shoe line?", "answer": "Nike"}, {"question": "For what brand did Kanye design a shoe meant for Paris Fashion Week?", "answer": "Louis Vuitton"}, {"question": "Form whom was Kanye's 2011 fashion label designed for?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What kind of reviews did Kanye's fashion line spark?", "answer": "mixed-to-negative reviews"}, {"question": "When did Kanye debut his second effort in the fashion world?", "answer": "March 6, 2012"}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye's women's clothing line debuted?", "answer": "October 1, 2011"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kanye West's women's clothing line?", "answer": "DW Kanye West"}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye's women's line premiered at Paris fashion week? ", "answer": "October 1, 2011"}, {"question": "What was the name of West's fashion line for women?", "answer": "DW Kanye West"}, {"question": "The fashion line shown in Paris received what sort of reviews?", "answer": "mixed-to-negative"}, {"question": "On what day did West release his second fashion line?", "answer": "March 6, 2012"}, {"question": "What brand struck a deal with Kanye and sparked a new clothing line?", "answer": "Adidas"}, {"question": "How many \"seasons\" of clothing did Kanye release?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What were the shoes designed by Kanye and released by Adidas called?", "answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts"}, {"question": "How many pairs of shoes were sold in the initial release in New York City?", "answer": "9000"}, {"question": "What shoe was announced on Twitter by Kanye West?", "answer": "Adidas Yeezy Boosts"}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye premier his Season line?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What album release coincided with Kanye's Yeezy Season 3 clothing line?", "answer": "The Life of Pablo"}, {"question": "What restaurant chain did Kanye aspire to open in his native Chicago?", "answer": "Fatburger"}, {"question": "How many restaurants did Kanye open?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What happened to the Fatburger chains that Kanye established?", "answer": "shut down"}, {"question": "What was the name of the restaurant Kanye annouced he was opening?", "answer": "Fatburger"}, {"question": "How many  of Kanye's Fatburger restaurants were actually opened?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "When was Kanye's last Fatburger restaurant closed?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What is the name of Kanye West's food company?", "answer": "KW Foods LLC"}, {"question": "What did Kanye call the label he founded in 2004?", "answer": "GOOD Music"}, {"question": "As of 2015, who did Kanye choose as the new president of GOOD Music?", "answer": "Pusha T"}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West open his GOOD Music production company and record label?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What other artist besides Kanye West and Common was among the first to record at GOOD Music?", "answer": "John Legend"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye name President of GOOD Music in 2015?", "answer": "Pusha T"}, {"question": "What was the goal of Kanye's new creative company DONDA?", "answer": "to make products and experiences that people want and can afford"}, {"question": "Kanye's creative content company DONDA was named after who?", "answer": "mother Donda West"}, {"question": "On what date did Kanye go public with his DONDA company?", "answer": "January 5, 2012"}, {"question": "What platform was Kanye named  a co-owner of in 2015?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "What longtime friend of Kanye acquired Tidal in 2015?", "answer": "Jay-Z"}, {"question": "What criticisms of other streaming platforms does Tidal stand to challenge?", "answer": "low payout of royalties"}, {"question": "What music streaming service is Kanye West a co-owner of?", "answer": "Tidal"}, {"question": "What is Tidal's specialization?", "answer": "lossless audio and high definition music videos"}, {"question": "Which famous rapper bought Aspiro?", "answer": "Jay Z"}, {"question": "What music service is a huge competitor for Tidal?", "answer": "Spotify"}, {"question": "With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?", "answer": "Kanye West Foundation"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?", "answer": "battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education"}, {"question": "What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?", "answer": "Kanye West Foundation"}, {"question": "In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools? ", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Where was the \"Kanye West Foundation\" founded?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?", "answer": "music education"}, {"question": "What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?", "answer": "\"Ed in '08\""}, {"question": "In what month was the inaugural concert held for the \"Ed in '08\" campaign?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What was the Kanye West Foundation renamed to in 2008?", "answer": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation"}, {"question": "What year did the foundation end its run?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away? ", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Kanye's foundation was changed to what name following his mother's death? ", "answer": "The Dr. Donda West Foundation"}, {"question": "What year did the foundation stop operating? ", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What are some charitable efforts Kanye west has participated in?", "answer": "100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally"}, {"question": "During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?", "answer": "A Concert for Hurricane Relief"}, {"question": "Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? ", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "Which President did Kanye West accuse of \"Not caring for black people\"?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?", "answer": "September 2, 2005"}, {"question": "What happened after Kanye made his controversial statement?", "answer": "Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye West say doesn't care about black people?", "answer": "George Bush"}, {"question": "How did George W. Bush describe Kanye's controversial statement?", "answer": "\"one of the most disgusting moments\" of his presidency"}, {"question": "To which reporter did Kanye West express regret for his remark about President Bush?", "answer": "Matt Lauer"}, {"question": "Kanye was criticized by human rights groups for performing in what country?", "answer": "Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "How much was Kanye paid to perform in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "$3 million"}, {"question": "How is Kazakhstan's human rights record compared to the rest of the world?", "answer": "one of the poorest"}, {"question": "What country's President paid Kanye West to perform at his grandson's wedding?", "answer": "Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "Kanye, Shakira, and Rage Against the Machine refused to perform in what state due to a new law against illegal aliens?", "answer": "Arizona"}, {"question": "For what reason did Sting and other artists cancel their scheduled performances in Kazakhstan? ", "answer": "human rights concerns"}, {"question": "What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?", "answer": "Jimmy Kimmel Live!"}, {"question": "What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?", "answer": "an apology"}, {"question": "What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?", "answer": "Jimmy Kimmel"}, {"question": "The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?", "answer": "Zane Lowe"}, {"question": "On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself \"the biggest rockstar on the planet\"?", "answer": "BBC Radio 1"}, {"question": "What president did Kanye comment on as having trouble pushing policies while in office?", "answer": "Obama"}, {"question": "What type of people did Kanye state had more power than Black people?", "answer": "Jewish people"}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye do an interview about President Obama pushing policies in Washington?", "answer": "November 26, 2013"}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye take back his original comment about Jews?", "answer": "December 21, 2013"}, {"question": "What celebrity knee-deep in controversy did Kanye endorse in a 2016 tweet?", "answer": "Bill Cosby"}, {"question": "What actor was Kanye defending on Twitter in February 2016?", "answer": "Bill Cosby"}, {"question": "To who did Kanye lose the Best New Artist award in 2004?", "answer": "Gretchen Wilson"}, {"question": "The video for what song failed to win an award for again in 2006, leading to an onstage outburst by Kanye?", "answer": "Touch the Sky"}, {"question": "What artist did Kanye West lose \"Best New Artist\" to at the 2004 AMAs?", "answer": "Gretchen Wilson"}, {"question": "Which Kanye West video failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "answer": "Touch the Sky"}, {"question": "On what day did Kanye apologize for his ranting at the MTV Europe Awards?", "answer": "November 7, 2006"}, {"question": "What show did Kanye perform a spoof about the incident at the MTV Europe Awards?", "answer": "Saturday Night Live"}, {"question": "What did Kanye believe was a contributing factor in him not opening for the 2007 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "With what song did Kanye aspire to open the VMAs with?", "answer": "Stronger"}, {"question": "What factor did Kanye West accuse of being the reason for his being excluded for the opening of the 2007 VMAs?", "answer": "his race"}, {"question": "What song was Kanye's dream to perform on the VMAs?", "answer": "\"Stronger\""}, {"question": "What artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt onstage at the 2009 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "Which U.S. President criticized Kanye for his VMA outburst?", "answer": "Obama"}, {"question": "Which President called Kanye West a jackass for his behavior at the 2009 VMAs?", "answer": "President Barack Obama"}, {"question": "To which artist did Kanye profusely apologize to?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "What song did Kanye end up writing that referenced his outburst against Taylor Swift?", "answer": "Famous"}, {"question": "When did Kanye West post to Twitter apoloizing to Taylor Swift?", "answer": "September 2010"}, {"question": "When did Kanye take back his apology to Taylor Swift, saying that he was being \"selfless\"?", "answer": "November 8, 2010"}, {"question": "What album by Kanye was released in 2016?", "answer": "The Life of Pablo"}, {"question": "Which artist's award reception did Kanye interrupt at the 57th Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Beck"}, {"question": "To who did Kanye state that Beck should hand his award over to?", "answer": "Beyonc\u00e9"}, {"question": "What artist's acceptance speech did Kanye interrupt by walking on stage at the 57th Grammys?", "answer": "Beck"}, {"question": "What day did Kanye apologize to Beck on Twitter?", "answer": "February 26, 2015"}, {"question": "What award did Kanye capture at the 2015 MTV VMAs?", "answer": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"}, {"question": "When does Kanye intend to run for president?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "What award was presented to Kanye West on August 30, 2015?", "answer": "Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award"}, {"question": "For what event was the largest amount of signatures collected in an attempt to keep Kanye from performing at it?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival 2015"}, {"question": "What was another event that garnered a large amount of protest for Kanye's removal of headliner status?", "answer": "2015 Pan American Games"}, {"question": "What website have music fans been using to try to block Kanye West's performance at different events?", "answer": "Change.org"}, {"question": "What festival was the largest failed petition to keep Kanye from performing?", "answer": "Glastonbury Festival"}, {"question": "How many signatures were gathered for Kanye's removal from the 2015 Pan American Games?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Kanye's first engagement was to which well-known designer?", "answer": "Alexis Phifer"}, {"question": "What model did Kanye begin to date in 2008?", "answer": "Amber Rose"}, {"question": "Who has Kanye finally settled with an married in 2014?", "answer": "Kim Kardashian"}, {"question": "How many children does Kanye have with Kim?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West begin his relationship with Alexis Phifer?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "When did Alexis Phifer and Kanye West get engaged?", "answer": "August 2006"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye date from 2008 to 2010?", "answer": "Amber Rose"}, {"question": "When did Kanye West start dating Kim Kardashian?", "answer": "April 2012"}, {"question": "Where in Jerusalem did Kardashian and West have their daughter North baptised?", "answer": "Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James"}, {"question": "How old was Kanye's mother when she died?", "answer": "58"}, {"question": "What doctor did Donda West ignore the recommendation of to invest her heart condition?", "answer": "Andre Aboolian"}, {"question": "At approximately what time did paramedics receive the call about Kanye West's mother, Donda?", "answer": "7:35 pm"}, {"question": "What condition along with complications for the plastic surgery caused the death of Donda West?", "answer": "heart disease"}, {"question": "What doctor originally turned Donda West down for her plastic surgery operation?", "answer": "Andre Aboolian"}, {"question": "What was the name of the doctor who performed the surgery that ended up killing Donda West?", "answer": "Jan Adams"}, {"question": "What talk show did the doctor who performed Donda West's plastic surgery appear on?", "answer": "Larry King Live"}, {"question": "What was the final cause of Donda's death determined by the coroner?", "answer": "\"coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the West's family's attorney during the incident surrounding the death of Donda West?", "answer": "Ed McPherson"}, {"question": "What reasons did West's family give for filing complaints against Adams and Aboolian?", "answer": "violating patient confidentiality"}, {"question": "On what show did Adams appear to \"defend himself\"?", "answer": "Larry King Live"}, {"question": "On what day did the final coroner's report show that Donda died from heart disease and complications from surgery?", "answer": "January 10, 2008"}, {"question": "Where was Donda West's funeral?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?", "answer": "\"Hey Mama\", as well as a cover of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\""}, {"question": "In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "On what day was the funeral of Donda West?", "answer": "November 20, 2007"}, {"question": "What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?", "answer": "November 22"}, {"question": "On what tour did Kanye perform \"Hey Mama\" and his version of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believing\" in memory of his mother?", "answer": "Glow in the Dark tour"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye first speak on his mother's death?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Where did Kanye West first speak about his mother's death?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "What famous governor signed legislation in honor of Donda West's death?", "answer": "Arnold Schwarzenegger"}, {"question": "What governor passed a law in honor of Donda West?", "answer": "Arnold Schwarzenegger"}, {"question": "What was the name of the law passed by Arnold Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "\"Donda West Law\""}, {"question": "What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?", "answer": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel"}, {"question": "When was the suit settled?", "answer": "days before his death in November 2007"}, {"question": "Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?", "answer": "Robert \"Evel\" Knievel"}, {"question": "What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video \"Touch the Sky\"?", "answer": "Evel Kanyevel"}, {"question": "When did Knievel settle the argument with West?", "answer": "November 2007"}, {"question": "What was Kanye arrested for in 2008?", "answer": "felony vandalism"}, {"question": "How much was Kanye's bail bond?", "answer": "$20,000"}, {"question": "What was Kanye finally charged with?", "answer": "one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery"}, {"question": "On what day was Kanye West arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport?", "answer": "September 11, 2008"}, {"question": "What were the charges filed against Kanye West?", "answer": "felony vandalism"}, {"question": "What was the name of the bodyguard also accused of vandalism?", "answer": "Don \"Don C.\" Crowley"}, {"question": "What was the dollar amount of Kanye's bond?", "answer": "$20,000"}, {"question": "What was Kanye second arrest for?", "answer": "scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle"}, {"question": "What was the date of Kanye's second arrest?", "answer": "November 14, 2008"}, {"question": "Where was Kanye arrested at for the second time?", "answer": "Hilton hotel near Gateshead"}, {"question": "At what location did the incident leading to West's second arrest take place?", "answer": "Tup Tup Palace nightclub"}, {"question": "What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?", "answer": "Daniel Ramos"}, {"question": "What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?", "answer": "misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft"}, {"question": "What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?", "answer": "Daniel Ramos"}, {"question": "How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?", "answer": "anger management"}, {"question": "How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "What are Kanye's religious beliefs?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "\"Jesus Walks\" was on which of Kanye's albums?", "answer": "The College Dropout"}, {"question": "September of 2014, Kanye called himself a what during one of his concerts?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?", "answer": "among the most critically acclaimed"}, {"question": "What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?", "answer": "Jon Caramanic"}, {"question": "Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?", "answer": "Ben Westhoff"}, {"question": "What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?", "answer": "The Guardian"}, {"question": "What overabundance of themes did Kanye criticize early in his career?", "answer": "homophobia in hip hop"}, {"question": "The shift away from what genre of rap is Kanye credited for?", "answer": "gangsta rap"}, {"question": "What kind of background did Kanye West grow up in?", "answer": "middle-class"}, {"question": "Who did Kanye West have a sales competition with during his album release of Graduation?", "answer": "50 Cent"}, {"question": "Who said that Kanye West effectively led a new wave of artists that weren't only interested in rapping about gunplay or drug dealing?", "answer": "Ben Detrick"}, {"question": "A number of artists have cited Kanye as being what to them?", "answer": "influential"}, {"question": "Who complimented West in Time Magazine?", "answer": "inventor Elon Musk"}, {"question": "How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?", "answer": "over 30 million"}, {"question": "How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?", "answer": "Yeezus"}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of \"Golddigger\"?", "answer": "3,086,000"}, {"question": "What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?", "answer": "30 million"}, {"question": "How many Grammies has Kanye won as of 2013?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "With which artist does Kanye tie with for reaching the top of the annual Pazz & Jop Critic Poll?", "answer": "Bob Dylan"}, {"question": "How many times has Kanye placed in the annual Time Magazine people list?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "In 2013, West had won how many total Grammy Awards?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What rank did About.com give Kanye \"Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers\" list?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "On what day did MTV name Kanye as the year's Number 1 \"Hottest MC in the Game.\"?", "answer": "May 16, 2008"}, {"question": "December 17, 2010 was the day Kanye was nominated by MTV for what?", "answer": "MTV Man of the Year"}, {"question": "What musician did West tie with for topping the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll 4 times each?", "answer": "Bob Dylan"}, {"question": "How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "Which one of Kanye's albums won The Pitchfork's Album of the Decade (so far) award?", "answer": "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy"}, {"question": "What place did Yeezus secure on the list of 100 albums?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "What online music publication ranked Kanye's album \"My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\" as the world's best album so far?", "answer": "The Pitchfork"}, {"question": "What album was ranked 8 on a list of 100 albums?", "answer": "Yeezus"}, {"question": "What song was ranked third in a list of 200 \"best tracks\" since 2010?", "answer": "\"Runaway\""}, {"question": "What President did Kanye West insult on air in 2005?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "Whose speech did Kanye West ruin at the 2009 MTV Awards?", "answer": "Taylor Swift"}, {"question": "What fashion items does Kanye West design?", "answer": "clothing and footwear"}, {"question": "What company did Kanye West begin?", "answer": "DONDA"}, {"question": "What year did Kanye West begin working with Adidas?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "answer": "nontheistic"}, {"question": "What are the practices of Buddhism based on?", "answer": "teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "Where did the Buddha live?", "answer": "present-day Nepal"}, {"question": "How do Buddhists believe their suffering can be ended?", "answer": "through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths"}, {"question": "What did the Buddha teach should be given up to end suffering?", "answer": "ignorance and craving"}, {"question": "What type of religion is Buddhism?", "answer": "nontheistic religion"}, {"question": "Who's teaching is Buddhism based upon?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "When was Buddha alive?", "answer": "between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"}, {"question": "Where did Buddha reside when he was alive?", "answer": "present-day Nepal"}, {"question": "Who's teachings is Buddhism based upon?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "Where was Buddha thought to live?", "answer": "Nepal"}, {"question": "When approximately was Buddha alive?", "answer": "sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE"}, {"question": "Buddhism is based on the teaching of who?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "How many noble truths are there?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "Buddha was part of what subcontinent?", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "Who is \"the awakened one\"", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "What are the two major branches of Buddhism?", "answer": "Theravada (\"The School of the Elders\") and Mahayana (\"The Great Vehicle\")"}, {"question": "What is sometimes viewed as the third branch of Buddhism?", "answer": "Vajrayana"}, {"question": "Where does Theravada have the largest following?", "answer": "Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "Mahayana includes which practices of Buddhism?", "answer": "Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai (Tendai)"}, {"question": "What is the estimated number of Buddhists in the world?", "answer": "488 million[web 1] and 535 million"}, {"question": "Which branch practices the teachings of Zen?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What minor branch is sometimes attributed to Mahayana?", "answer": "Vajrayana"}, {"question": "What kind of teachings does Tibetan Buddhism preserve?", "answer": "Vajrayana"}, {"question": "Vajrayana is attributed to who?", "answer": "Indian siddhas"}, {"question": "Theravada means what?", "answer": "The School of the Elders"}, {"question": "What is the goal of Theravada Buddhism?", "answer": "the attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana"}, {"question": "How is Nirvana achieved?", "answer": "practicing the Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)"}, {"question": "What is the bodhisattva path?", "answer": "a state wherein one remains in this cycle to help other beings reach awakening"}, {"question": "What is the goal of Tibetan Buddhism?", "answer": "Buddhahood or rainbow body"}, {"question": "How is Nirvana attained?", "answer": "by practicing the Noble Eightfold Path"}, {"question": "In what buddhism is the goal a state of nirvana?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "What buddhism has a goal of Buddhahood or rainbow body?", "answer": "Tibetan"}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is also known as what?", "answer": "the Middle Way"}, {"question": "Mahayana aspires to Buddhahood through what path?", "answer": "bodhisattva"}, {"question": "Theravada escapes what cycle?", "answer": "suffering and rebirth"}, {"question": "What are the Three Jewels of the Buddhist tradition?", "answer": "the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)"}, {"question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds of Buddhism?", "answer": "cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment"}, {"question": "What other practices do Buddhists adhere to?", "answer": "Ten Meritorious Deeds"}, {"question": "What is one of the Ten Meritorious Deeds?", "answer": "renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic"}, {"question": "Buddhism denies what kind of deity?", "answer": "creator"}, {"question": "Of the Ten Meritorious Deeds, giving charity reduces what?", "answer": "greediness"}, {"question": "Invocation of buddhas and bodhisattvas is in what tradition?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "The Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada is attributed to who?", "answer": "Nid\u0101nakath\u0101 of the Jataka tales of the Theravada"}, {"question": "What are some other biographies that differ from the Jataka tales?", "answer": "Buddhacarita, the Lokottarav\u0101din Mah\u0101vastu, and the Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101din Lalitavistara S\u016btra"}, {"question": "What do scholars recognize about the life of the Buddha?", "answer": "Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order"}, {"question": "When was the Buddhagohosa written?", "answer": "5th century CE"}, {"question": "What is one of the earlier biographies on Buddhism?", "answer": "the Buddhacarita"}, {"question": "Who founded a monastic order in his life?", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "Scholars do not make claims without evidence about who's life?", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "Most accept that Buddha lived and taught in what type of order?", "answer": "monastic"}, {"question": "The Jataka tales of the Theravada happened in what century?", "answer": "5th ce"}, {"question": "Who said \"the outline of the life must be true: birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death.\"?", "answer": "Michael Carrithers"}, {"question": "What are some of the outlines of life?", "answer": "birth, maturity, renunciation"}, {"question": "Who wrote a biography of Buddha?", "answer": "Karen Armstrong"}, {"question": "What do some say is Buddha's real name?", "answer": "Siddhatta Gotama"}, {"question": "What are the helpers called that helped Buddha?", "answer": "disciples"}, {"question": "Who believes \"the outline of the life must be true\" in reference to Buddha?", "answer": "Michael Carrithers"}, {"question": "Karen Armstrong wrote a biography on who?", "answer": "the Buddha"}, {"question": "Karen Armstrong has said that we can be confident who existed?", "answer": "Siddhatta Gotama"}, {"question": "According to early texts, when was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "answer": "fifth century BCE"}, {"question": "According to early texts, where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "answer": "in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent"}, {"question": "What type of community was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama raised in?", "answer": "It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch."}, {"question": "Where was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama born?", "answer": "the northeastern Indian subcontinent"}, {"question": "When did Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama live?", "answer": "fifth century BCE"}, {"question": "What size was Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's birthplace?", "answer": "a small republic"}, {"question": "Where did we find proof of his existence?", "answer": "early texts"}, {"question": "What was most likely Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama's father?", "answer": "an oligarchy"}, {"question": "Who was born in a northeastern part of India/", "answer": "Siddh\u0101rtha Gautama"}, {"question": "If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?", "answer": "elected chieftain"}, {"question": "What was the name of the astrologer who visited Prince Gautama's father?", "answer": "Asita"}, {"question": "What was the prediction made by Asita?", "answer": "Siddhartha would either become a great king or renounce the material world to become a holy man"}, {"question": "According to Asita, how would Siddhartha decide which path to take in life?", "answer": "depending on whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls"}, {"question": "What was the occupation of the person who visited Gautama?", "answer": "an astrologer"}, {"question": "What was the name of his father?", "answer": "Suddhodana"}, {"question": "What was Buddha predicted to become contrary with his life as we know it?", "answer": "a great king"}, {"question": "What was the name of the astrologer that visited Gautama's father?", "answer": "Asita"}, {"question": "What is Gautama's fathers name?", "answer": "Suddhodana"}, {"question": "Asita prophesied that Siddhartha would be a kind or a what?", "answer": "holy man"}, {"question": "What did \u015auddhodana do to ensure that his son became a king instead of a holy man?", "answer": "prevented him from leaving the palace grounds"}, {"question": "How old was Gautama when he first left the palace grounds?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "What happened when Gautama left the palace grounds?", "answer": "he learned of the suffering of ordinary people"}, {"question": "What are the four sights in Buddhism?", "answer": "encountering an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man"}, {"question": "What did Buddha's father want him to become?", "answer": "a king"}, {"question": "By what age was he venturing outside?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "What were his first four encounters called?", "answer": "the four sights"}, {"question": "What did Gautama do after learning about the outside world?", "answer": "abandon royal life"}, {"question": "Suddhodana wanted his son to become what?", "answer": "a king"}, {"question": "At what age did Gautama venture out from the palace area?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "How many \"sights\" did Gautama have that are well known?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Gautama encountered an old man, a sick man, a holy man, and a what?", "answer": "corpse"}, {"question": "What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?", "answer": "went to study with famous religious teachers of the day"}, {"question": "What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?", "answer": "the Middle Way"}, {"question": "What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?", "answer": "prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain"}, {"question": "What was the first skill Gautama learnt?", "answer": "meditation"}, {"question": "What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?", "answer": "asceticism"}, {"question": "What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?", "answer": "milk and rice"}, {"question": "What is the path of moderation called he followed?", "answer": "Middle Way"}, {"question": "Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?", "answer": "they did not provide a permanent end to suffering"}, {"question": "What did Gautama accept from a village girl?", "answer": "milk and rice"}, {"question": "Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?", "answer": "anapanasati"}, {"question": "Buddhists call anapanasati what?", "answer": "the Middle Way"}, {"question": "How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa"}, {"question": "What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?", "answer": "he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered"}, {"question": "How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?", "answer": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi"}, {"question": "What was the tree called he sat under?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa"}, {"question": "What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?", "answer": "Bodhi Tree"}, {"question": "At what age did Gautama come to pass?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?", "answer": "Bodhi Tree"}, {"question": "What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?", "answer": "Ficus religiosa"}, {"question": "What town was the Bodhi Tree in?", "answer": "Bodh Gaya"}, {"question": "The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?", "answer": "Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi"}, {"question": "What is samsara?", "answer": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"}, {"question": "What is avidya?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "What is dukkha?", "answer": "suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction"}, {"question": "Is liberation from samsara possible?", "answer": "In the Buddhist view, liberation from samsara is possible by following the Buddhist path."}, {"question": "The cycle of birth and death is called what in Buddhism?", "answer": "Samsara"}, {"question": "How many realms of existence are there in Buddhism?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "avidya is what kind of samsara?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "How can you be freed from samsara?", "answer": "by following the Buddhist path"}, {"question": "What is samsara defined as?", "answer": "the continual repetitive cycle of birth and death"}, {"question": "How many realms of existance are within the cycle of rebirths?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Realms can be understood as physical realms of what type of states?", "answer": "psychological"}, {"question": "Samsara is caused by what?", "answer": "avidya"}, {"question": "A person can get away from samsara by doing what?", "answer": "following the Buddhist path"}, {"question": "What does the Sanskrit term Karma translate as?", "answer": "action, work"}, {"question": "What is karma according to Buddhism?", "answer": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}, {"question": "What is theavoidance of unwholesome actions and the cultivation of positive actions called?", "answer": "s\u012bla"}, {"question": "What actions does karma refer to in Buddhism?", "answer": "actions of body, speech or mind that spring from mental intent"}, {"question": "What is the definition of Karma from Sanskrit?", "answer": "action, work"}, {"question": "What is the avoidance of bad acts called?", "answer": "s\u012bla"}, {"question": "Karma's actions come from what?", "answer": "cetan\u0101"}, {"question": "What is the result of Karma called?", "answer": "vip\u0101ka"}, {"question": "What is Karma?", "answer": "the force that drives sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}, {"question": "Avoidance of unwholesome actions and use of positive actions is called what?", "answer": "s\u012bla"}, {"question": "what does vipaka mean?", "answer": "result"}, {"question": "In which branch of Buddhism is it believed that there can be no divine salvation or forgiveness for karma?", "answer": "Theravada Buddhism"}, {"question": "In Mahayana Buddhism, what are some Mahayana sutras that are believed to remove negative karma just by the hearing of the texts?", "answer": "the Lotus Sutra, the A\u1e45gulim\u0101l\u012bya S\u016btra and the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Mah\u0101parinirv\u0101\u1e47a S\u016btra"}, {"question": "The reciting of mantras as a means for removing past negative karma is a part of which branch of Buddhism?", "answer": "Vajrayana"}, {"question": "According to Genshin, who has the power to destroy karma?", "answer": "Amit\u0101bha"}, {"question": "What Buddhism says that salvation is unattainable?", "answer": "Theravada Buddhism"}, {"question": "Who has the power to destroy bad karma?", "answer": "Amit\u0101bha"}, {"question": "What type of sutra is the Lotus Sutra?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "Some mantras are used for cutting off what type of karma?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "Who was the Japanese Pure Land teacher?", "answer": "Genshin"}, {"question": "According to Genshin, whats has the power to destroy karma?", "answer": "Amit\u0101bha"}, {"question": "What is the process in which beings go through cycles of lifetimes as many forms of sentient life?", "answer": "Rebirth"}, {"question": "Which doctrine denies the concept of a permanent self or soul?", "answer": "The doctrine of anatt\u0101 (Sanskrit an\u0101tman)"}, {"question": "In Buddhism, rebirth into consecutive lives is determined by what?", "answer": "the laws of cause and effect"}, {"question": "Sentient life according to Buddhism runs between what two points?", "answer": "from conception to death."}, {"question": "The laws of cause and effect can also be called?", "answer": "karma"}, {"question": "What is the name for the process of a succession of lifetimes?", "answer": "Rebirth"}, {"question": "What doctrine rejects the idea of permanent self?", "answer": "anatta"}, {"question": "\"dependent arising\" is the meaning of what word?", "answer": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da"}, {"question": "Hinduism and Christianity use what term for a permanent self?", "answer": "eternal soul"}, {"question": "Rebirth into the \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa Worlds or Pure Abodes can only be attained by who?", "answer": "skilled Buddhist practitioners known as an\u0101g\u0101mis (non-returners)"}, {"question": "Rebirth into the formless realms can only be attained by who?", "answer": "those who can meditate on the ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas, the highest object of meditation"}, {"question": "How many planes of existence are there?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What are the higher heavens called?", "answer": "Pure Abodes"}, {"question": "What are skilled Buddhists called?", "answer": "an\u0101g\u0101mis"}, {"question": "What is another name for \u0100r\u016bpyadh\u0101tu?", "answer": "formless realms"}, {"question": "What is the highest object of meditation called?", "answer": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas"}, {"question": "How many planes of existence?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "Skilled buddhist practictioners that can get to the higher heavens are known as what?", "answer": "an\u0101g\u0101mis"}, {"question": "What is the highest object of meditation?", "answer": "ar\u016bpajh\u0101nas"}, {"question": "What does arupyadhatu mean?", "answer": "formless realms"}, {"question": "There is a transitional state between one life and the next according to what branches of Buddhism?", "answer": "East Asian and Tibetan"}, {"question": "What branch of Buddhism rejects that there is a transitional state between lives?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "Passages in what teaching support the idea that the Buddha taught of a stage between lives?", "answer": "Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon"}, {"question": "What is the state called between lives?", "answer": "bardo"}, {"question": "Which major part of Buddhism rejects bardo?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "What book discusses bardo?", "answer": "Samyutta Nikaya"}, {"question": "Other than Tibetan Buddhism, what other Buddhism supports bardo?", "answer": "East Asian"}, {"question": "There is an intermediate state between one life and the next according to what Buddism?", "answer": "East Asian and Tibetan"}, {"question": "What type of Theravada rejects the intermediate state idea?", "answer": "orthodox"}, {"question": "Some passages of what Canon support the idea of intermediate stages?", "answer": "Pali"}, {"question": "What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "answer": "the Four Noble Truths"}, {"question": "What do the Four Noble Truths explain?", "answer": "the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome"}, {"question": "What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?", "answer": "the Four Noble Truths"}, {"question": "What part of Dukkha deals with pain?", "answer": "suffering"}, {"question": "What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?", "answer": "Four Noble Truths"}, {"question": "The four truths explain the nature of what?", "answer": "dukkha"}, {"question": "What does the first of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "answer": "the nature of dukkha"}, {"question": "What is Dukkha?", "answer": "\"suffering\", \"anxiety\", \"unsatisfactoriness\", \"unease\", etc."}, {"question": "What does the first truth cover?", "answer": "Dukkha"}, {"question": "What is another word for Dukkha?", "answer": "suffering"}, {"question": "What is another nature of Dukkha?", "answer": "anxiety"}, {"question": "How many aspects are there to Dukkha?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Dukkha can be translated as what word in regards to unhappiness?", "answer": "unsatisfactoriness"}, {"question": "Suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness, and unease is the translation of what word?", "answer": "Dukkha"}, {"question": "How many aspects does dukkha have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What does the second of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "answer": "that the origin of dukkha can be known"}, {"question": "What is the origin of dukkha?", "answer": "craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)"}, {"question": "What is the third of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "answer": "the complete cessation of dukkha is possible"}, {"question": "What is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths explain?", "answer": "identifies a path to this cessation"}, {"question": "What is the second truth?", "answer": "dukkha can be known."}, {"question": "How is the meaning of Dukkha explained?", "answer": "craving"}, {"question": "What is a contributing factor to Dukkha?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "The second truth is?", "answer": "the origin of dukkha can be known"}, {"question": "The origin of dukkha is explained as craving conditioned by what?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "The root cause of dukkha is identified as ignorance of what?", "answer": "true nature of things"}, {"question": "The third noble truth is that the complete cessation of what is possible?", "answer": "dukkha"}, {"question": "What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?", "answer": "The Noble Eightfold Path"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "answer": "lead to the cessation of dukkha"}, {"question": "What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?", "answer": "Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration"}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?", "answer": "the fourth"}, {"question": "The fourth truth consists of how many factors?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?", "answer": "the cessation of dukkha"}, {"question": "What is one of the eight factors?", "answer": "Right Action"}, {"question": "The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?", "answer": "the fourth"}, {"question": "The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?", "answer": "dukkha"}, {"question": "Who describes the Noble Eightfold Path as \"a mandala of interconnected factors that support and moderate each other.\"?", "answer": "Ajahn Sucitto"}, {"question": "How are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path to be understood?", "answer": "as eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour"}, {"question": "What can one's behaviour be divided into?", "answer": "mental, spoken, and bodily"}, {"question": "Who describes the path as \"a mandala of interconnected factor that support and moderate each other\"?", "answer": "Ajahn Sucitto"}, {"question": "During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?", "answer": "the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as \"the immeasurables\""}, {"question": "What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?", "answer": "one without egotism"}, {"question": "What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?", "answer": "brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables"}, {"question": "What is the best known of the four immeasurables?", "answer": "mett\u0101 or loving-kindness meditation"}, {"question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?", "answer": "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings"}, {"question": "Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?", "answer": "Kalama"}, {"question": "Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?", "answer": "egotism"}, {"question": "What are the \"four Immeasurable minds\"?", "answer": "love, compassion, joy, and equanimity"}, {"question": "Who calls the four immeasurable minds \"four limitless ones\"?", "answer": "Pema Ch\u00f6dr\u00f6n"}, {"question": "The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?", "answer": "meditation"}, {"question": "When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?", "answer": "prior to his enlightenment"}, {"question": "An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?", "answer": "the Middle Way"}, {"question": "Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?", "answer": "enlightenment"}, {"question": "What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?", "answer": "Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism"}, {"question": "Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?", "answer": "Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice."}, {"question": "Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?", "answer": "Buddhist scholars"}, {"question": "Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?", "answer": "doctrinal"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Buddhist path?", "answer": "liberation"}, {"question": "Upon awakening to the true nature of the self, what is one is liberated from?", "answer": "suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra)"}, {"question": "Liberation is know as what?", "answer": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the buddhist path?", "answer": "nirv\u0101\u1e47a"}, {"question": "In awakening to the true nature of the self, one no longer care about what?", "answer": "objects"}, {"question": "Buddha recommended viewing thing by how many marks of existence?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?", "answer": "all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent"}, {"question": "According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?", "answer": "in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra), and in any experience of loss"}, {"question": "Why is attachment to things futile?", "answer": "because things are impermanent"}, {"question": "What is in a constant flux?", "answer": "Everything"}, {"question": "Everything is continuously coming into being and what?", "answer": "ceasing to be"}, {"question": "The cycle of rebirth is also called what?", "answer": "sa\u1e43s\u0101ra"}, {"question": "According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?", "answer": "suffering"}, {"question": "The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?", "answer": "suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration"}, {"question": "Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?", "answer": "disquietude"}, {"question": "Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?", "answer": "realistic"}, {"question": "Suffering is a central concept in what?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?", "answer": "disquietude"}, {"question": "The condition of being disturbed is what?", "answer": "disquietude"}, {"question": "In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?", "answer": "dukkha"}, {"question": "What is the third mark of existence in Buddhism?", "answer": "Not-self (P\u0101li: anatta; Sanskrit: an\u0101tman)"}, {"question": "The Buddha rejected the metaphysical assertions \"I have a Self\" and \"I have no Self\" as views that bind one to what?", "answer": "suffering"}, {"question": "What was the answer given when the Buddha was asked if the body is the same as the self?", "answer": "the Buddha refused to answer"}, {"question": "What is the conclusion that one comes to when analyzing the changing physical and mental components or  person or thing?", "answer": "neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self"}, {"question": "What is the 3rd mark of existence?", "answer": "Not-self"}, {"question": "In what form is anatta not meant as a metaphysical assertion?", "answer": "Nikayas"}, {"question": "Buddha rejected the assertion \"I have a Self\" and what other related assertion?", "answer": "\"I have no Self\""}, {"question": "What is the term for constantly changing physical and mental parts?", "answer": "skandhas"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?", "answer": "prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamupp\u0101da; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: \u7de3\u8d77)"}, {"question": "Translated into English, what does prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da mean?", "answer": "\"dependent origination\", \"conditioned genesis\", \"dependent relationship\", \"dependent co-arising\", \"interdependent arising\", or \"contingency\""}, {"question": "The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What is the most common application of the concept of prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da?", "answer": "the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}, {"question": "What does the scheme of Twelve Nid\u0101nas explain?", "answer": "the continuation of the cycle of suffering and rebirth (sa\u1e43s\u0101ra) in detail."}, {"question": "An application of the idea of pratityasamutpada is the scheme of what?", "answer": "Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}, {"question": "What doe nidana mean?", "answer": "cause, foundation, source or origin"}, {"question": "What describes the connection between the conditions of cyclic existence?", "answer": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}, {"question": "What describes the causal connection between the subsequent conditions of cyclic existance?", "answer": "The Twelve Nid\u0101nas"}, {"question": "How are sentient beings freed from suffering?", "answer": "by attaining Nirvana"}, {"question": "What is the first Nid\u0101na?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "The absence of ignorance leads to what?", "answer": "the absence of the others"}, {"question": "Who always suffers throughout samsara?", "answer": "Sentient beings"}, {"question": "What is suffering also called?", "answer": "dukkha"}, {"question": "How do you free yourself of dukkha?", "answer": "attaining Nirvana"}, {"question": "What is the first Nidana?", "answer": "ignorance"}, {"question": "Nagarjuna's main contribution was the exposition of the concept of what?", "answer": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101"}, {"question": "What does sunyata mean?", "answer": "emptiness"}, {"question": "Nagarjuna said that sentient beings are empty of what?", "answer": "\u0101tman"}, {"question": "What does dharmas mean?", "answer": "phenomena"}, {"question": "What teaching were criticized by Nagarjuna?", "answer": "Sarvastivada teachings"}, {"question": "What scholars reformed Sarvastivada teachings?", "answer": "Vasubandhu and Asanga"}, {"question": "What is the doctrine that says that the mind and only the mind are real?", "answer": "cittamatra"}, {"question": "What Yogacarins asserted that the mind was not truly existent?", "answer": "Vasubandhu and Asanga"}, {"question": "What does tathagatagarbha mean?", "answer": "Buddha-nature"}, {"question": "what does prajnaparamita mean?", "answer": "perfected spiritual insight"}, {"question": "According to what school is tathgatagarbha the inseparability of clairty and emptiness of one's mind?", "answer": "Sakya"}, {"question": "According to what school does it refer to the innate qualities of the mind that express themselves as omniscience?", "answer": "Jonang"}, {"question": "What type of sutras were generally ignored in india?", "answer": "tath\u0101gatagarbha"}, {"question": "What term means cessation?", "answer": "Nirvana"}, {"question": "What term means awakening?", "answer": "nirvana"}, {"question": "What is the term for someone who has achieved nirvana?", "answer": "arahant"}, {"question": "What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?", "answer": "Bodhi"}, {"question": "In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?", "answer": "nirvana"}, {"question": "What is the term for greed or craving?", "answer": "raga"}, {"question": "what is the word for hate or aversion?", "answer": "dosa"}, {"question": "What does moha mean?", "answer": "delusion"}, {"question": "What has achieved nirvana and also liberation from delusion?", "answer": "bodhisattva"}, {"question": "If bodhi is attained what do you become?", "answer": "a buddha"}, {"question": "In theravada buddhism, bodhi and what term have the same meaning?", "answer": "nirvana"}, {"question": "What term is used for the complete nirvana attained by the arahant at death?", "answer": "parinirvana"}, {"question": "Who is a fully awakened being who has purified his mind of the three poisons of desire, aversion, and ignorance?", "answer": "a Buddha"}, {"question": "A Buddha is no longer bound by what?", "answer": "Samsara"}, {"question": "What do unawakend people experience?", "answer": "suffering"}, {"question": "How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?", "answer": "Maitreya"}, {"question": "Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?", "answer": "celestial"}, {"question": "A person can awaken from the \"sleep of ignorance\" by acknowledging the true nature of what?", "answer": "reality"}, {"question": "At the end of the cycle of rebirth a person is called what?", "answer": "arahants"}, {"question": "Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?", "answer": "Bodhi"}, {"question": "What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?", "answer": "anagami"}, {"question": "In the Mahayana, who is thought to be an omnipresent being?", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "Who is thought to be beyond the range and reach of thought?", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "In what sutras are the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha viewed as One?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, as he is living in other planes of what?", "answer": "existence"}, {"question": "Who is permitted to offer \"new truths\" based on Buddhas input?", "answer": "monks"}, {"question": "What is the term for the idea of ultimately nothing has existance?", "answer": "\u015b\u016bnyat\u0101"}, {"question": "Who are enlightened people who vow to continue being reborn?", "answer": "bodhisattvas"}, {"question": "What is characterized by the deep truts in the \"other-power\" of Amitabha Buddha", "answer": "Pure Land"}, {"question": "What is perhaps the most faith-oriented for of Buddhism?", "answer": "Pure Land"}, {"question": "What Buddha vowed to rescue all beings from samsaric suffering?", "answer": "Amitabha"}, {"question": "Who is believed to have achieved enlightenment first?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "What is the term for the stretch of history during which people rmember and practice the teachings of the earliest known buddha?", "answer": "A Buddha era"}, {"question": "Who is the Buddha of this Buddha era?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "Who taught directly or indirectly to all other Buddhas?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "Who believes there are innumerable other Buddhas in other universes?", "answer": "Mahayana Buddhists"}, {"question": "What buddhist belief says that Buddhas come one at a time and not within other eras?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "What form of Buddhism has declined to the point where few are capable of following the path?", "answer": "Pure Land"}, {"question": "What does Bodhisattva mean?", "answer": "enlightenment being"}, {"question": "What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?", "answer": "bodhicitta"}, {"question": "What term means \"great vehicle\"?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What buddhism encourages everyone to become bodhisattvas?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What is the idea there the practitioner promises to work for the complete enlightenment of all beings by practicing the six paramitas?", "answer": "bodhisattva vow"}, {"question": "What are the six perfections under Mahayana teachings?", "answer": "d\u0101na, \u015b\u012bla, k\u1e63anti, v\u012brya, dhy\u0101na, and praj\u00f1\u0101"}, {"question": "Which Dalai Lama cites Shantideva's famous saying?", "answer": "the 14th Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Devotion is an important part of the practice of most what?", "answer": "Buddhists"}, {"question": "What are the devotional practices?", "answer": "bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting"}, {"question": "Buddhism traditionally incorporates states of what type of absorption?", "answer": "meditative"}, {"question": "The most acient yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of who?", "answer": "the Buddha"}, {"question": "The difference between the Buddha's teaching and the yoga presented in what what type of texts is significant?", "answer": "Brahminic"}, {"question": "According to the Buddha event he highest meditative state is not what?", "answer": "liberating"}, {"question": "Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?", "answer": "the yogis"}, {"question": "In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?", "answer": "mindfulness and clear awareness"}, {"question": "Religious knowledge is also known as what?", "answer": "vision"}, {"question": "What type of techniques were shared with other traditions of his day?", "answer": "meditative"}, {"question": "There is an idea where ethics are causally related to the attainment of what?", "answer": "transcendent wisdom"}, {"question": "What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?", "answer": "Buddhist texts"}, {"question": "What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?", "answer": "Buddhist texts"}, {"question": "What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?", "answer": "Upanishads"}, {"question": "In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?", "answer": "meditation"}, {"question": "The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?", "answer": "contemplative"}, {"question": "What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?", "answer": "Nasadiya Sukta"}, {"question": "What is the first step in a school of Buddhism?", "answer": "the Three Jewels"}, {"question": "What mentions taking refuge on behalf of young or unborn children?", "answer": "Majjhima Nikaya"}, {"question": "What type of Buddhism adds a fourth refuge?", "answer": "Tibetan"}, {"question": "The Three Jewels are preceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging what?", "answer": "essence."}, {"question": "What has an irreversable effect?", "answer": "The Three Jewels"}, {"question": "Who presented himself as a model?", "answer": "Gautama Buddha"}, {"question": "What offers a refuge by providing guidelines for the alleviation of suffering?", "answer": "Dharma"}, {"question": "What provides refuge by preserving the authentic teachings of the Buddha?", "answer": "Sangha"}, {"question": "What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?", "answer": "\u015a\u012bla"}, {"question": "Sila is the second what?", "answer": "p\u0101ramit\u0101"}, {"question": "What keeps the cultivator from rebirth in the four realms of existance?", "answer": "keeping the precepts"}, {"question": "What is the foundation of Samadhi/Bhavana?", "answer": "\u015a\u012bla"}, {"question": "What promotes not only the peace of mind but also peace in the community?", "answer": "keeping the precepts"}, {"question": "What does sila refer to?", "answer": "overall principles of ethical behavior"}, {"question": "Lay people tend to live by the five what?", "answer": "precepts"}, {"question": "Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?", "answer": "asceticism."}, {"question": "Precepts are not created as imperatives, but as what?", "answer": "training rules"}, {"question": "The cultivation of dana and what kind of conduct refine consciousness?", "answer": "ethical"}, {"question": "Even if there is no further Buddhist practice, what heavens is still likely?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "Of the eight precepts which one is on sexual misconduct?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What is the third strict precept on sexual misconduct?", "answer": "a precept of celibacy"}, {"question": "How many precepts are on the list?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "In the complete list of precepts, which one is partitioned into two?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "How many basic precepts are there for monastics?", "answer": "the ten precepts"}, {"question": "What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?", "answer": "vinaya"}, {"question": "How many rules dows the patimokkha have?", "answer": "227"}, {"question": "What are the scriptures on vinaya called?", "answer": "vinayapitaka"}, {"question": "Regarding the monastic rules, the Buddha reminds his hearers that it is the spirit that what?", "answer": "counts"}, {"question": "The rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying what?", "answer": "life"}, {"question": "The rules are a perfect springboard for what?", "answer": "higher attainments"}, {"question": "Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as what?", "answer": "islands unto themselves"}, {"question": "Distinctive Vinaya and ethics are contained within what sutra?", "answer": "Mahayana Brahmajala"}, {"question": "Bodhisattvas are not encouraged to eat what?", "answer": "meat"}, {"question": "Where is the monastic vinaya displaced and clergy is allowed to marry?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "In Chinese Buddhism what meditation is more popular?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "Evidence has shown some lay people got to proficiency in all eight what?", "answer": "jh\u0101nas"}, {"question": "What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?", "answer": "right concentration"}, {"question": "Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?", "answer": "sam\u0101dhi"}, {"question": "Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?", "answer": "defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous"}, {"question": "What is powerful concentration called?", "answer": "jh\u0101na"}, {"question": "What is the term when the mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight?", "answer": "vipassan\u0101"}, {"question": "Mindfulness is essential to concentration, which is neede to achieve what?", "answer": "insight"}, {"question": "Samatha meditation starts from being mindful of an object or what?", "answer": "idea"}, {"question": "What is the term for tranquility?", "answer": "jh\u0101na"}, {"question": "In Buddhism, samatha meditation can calm the what?", "answer": "mind"}, {"question": "Vipassana meditation can reveal how the mind was what?", "answer": "disturbed"}, {"question": "What is the term for insight knowledge?", "answer": "j\u00f1\u0101na"}, {"question": "What is the term for understanding?", "answer": "praj\u00f1\u0101"}, {"question": "What eradicates the defilements completely?", "answer": "understanding"}, {"question": "In Theravada Buddhism, what is the cause of human existence and suffering?", "answer": "craving"}, {"question": "What does craving carry with it?", "answer": "defilements"}, {"question": "Deeply rooted afflictions of the mind create what?", "answer": "suffering and stress"}, {"question": "What is the ultimate goal for Theravadins?", "answer": "Nibb\u0101na"}, {"question": "How many Noble Truths are there?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "Prajna is the wisom that is able to extinguish afflictions and bring about what?", "answer": "bodhi"}, {"question": "What is listed as the sixth of the six paramitas of the mahayana?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101"}, {"question": "Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?", "answer": "sermons"}, {"question": "In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?", "answer": "at any point"}, {"question": "What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?", "answer": "conceptual understanding"}, {"question": "Zen Buddhism is known as what in Korea?", "answer": "seon"}, {"question": "What form of buddhism lays special emphasis on meditation?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "What form of Buddhism places less emphasis on scriptures?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "Zen focuses on what type of breakthroughs?", "answer": "spiritual"}, {"question": "Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?", "answer": "Rinzai"}, {"question": "What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "What type of self is equated with the Buddha?", "answer": "True Self"}, {"question": "What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?", "answer": "Thinking and thought"}, {"question": "What type of Buddhism is Tibeto-Mongolian based on?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What is the English term for Vajrayana?", "answer": "Diamond Vehicle"}, {"question": "What type of Buddhism is concerned with ritual and meditative practices?", "answer": "Tantric"}, {"question": "Psycho-physical energy is harnessed through what?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "What time period was the beginning of Buddhism?", "answer": "second half of the first millennium BCE"}, {"question": "Scholars believe that karma originated in what?", "answer": "the shramanas"}, {"question": "What groups broke with Brahmanic tradition?", "answer": "shramanas"}, {"question": "Shramanas were a continuation of what type of trand of Indian thought?", "answer": "non-Vedic"}, {"question": "Buddhism arose in what area?", "answer": "Greater Magadha"}, {"question": "Greater magadha stretched from Sravasti in the north-west to what area in the south-east?", "answer": "Rajagrha"}, {"question": "What time period did the eastward spread of Brahmanism start?", "answer": "2nd or 3rd centuries"}, {"question": "Movements were influenced by philosophical thought within the Vedic tradition such as what?", "answer": "in the Upanishads"}, {"question": "The movement included atomists such as what?", "answer": "Pakudha Kaccayana"}, {"question": "What is the term for agnostics?", "answer": "Ajnanas"}, {"question": "What movement focused on the idea that the sould must be freed from matter?", "answer": "Jains"}, {"question": "A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?", "answer": "Vedic animal sacrifice"}, {"question": "The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?", "answer": "hymn of the cosmic man"}, {"question": "The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?", "answer": "animal sacrifices"}, {"question": "The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?", "answer": "Vedas"}, {"question": "What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?", "answer": "The reliability"}, {"question": "A large problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relationship of dhyana and what else?", "answer": "insight"}, {"question": "Liberating insight is attained after mastering what?", "answer": "Rupa Jhanas"}, {"question": "Later edition of texts such as what has the Rupa Jhanas?", "answer": "Majjhima Nikaya"}, {"question": "According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?", "answer": "rebirth"}, {"question": "Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?", "answer": "karma"}, {"question": "What was the earliest Buddhism type?", "answer": "dhyana"}, {"question": "Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices? ", "answer": "meditative"}, {"question": "From which jhana did Buddha gain bodhi?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "A logic problem arises when noting that the four truths constitute what?", "answer": "liberating insight"}, {"question": "The four truths depict what type of path of practice?", "answer": "linear"}, {"question": "What is the Sanskrit form of Nibbana?", "answer": "Nirv\u0101na"}, {"question": "Many terms for Nibbana can be found throughout the what?", "answer": "Nikayas"}, {"question": "The desired goal for buddhism is what?", "answer": "Nirv\u0101na"}, {"question": "A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?", "answer": "the middle way"}, {"question": "The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?", "answer": "eightfold"}, {"question": "Authors Bronkhorst and Anderson claim the four truths bacame a substitution for what?", "answer": "prajna"}, {"question": "What is prajna called in english?", "answer": "liberating insight"}, {"question": "Gotamas teachings may have been personal and adjusted to the need of each what?", "answer": "person"}, {"question": "How many marks of existence reflect Upanishadic influences?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The periods of Buddhisma in India is divided into how many periods?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the first period of Buddhism called?", "answer": "Early Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is another name for Nikaya buddhism?", "answer": "Sectarian"}, {"question": "What is the last period of Buddhism?", "answer": "Esoteric Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is Esoteric Buddhism also called?", "answer": "Vajrayana"}, {"question": "Was is the earliest phase of buddhism?", "answer": "Pre-sectarian"}, {"question": "Gautama Buddha most likely taught the idea of Karma and what?", "answer": "rebirth"}, {"question": "Gautama buddha taught what Path concept?", "answer": "Noble Eightfold"}, {"question": "Soon after the parinirvana of Gautama Buddha, what type of council was held?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "Who was cousin of the Buddha?", "answer": "\u0100nanda"}, {"question": "What are the discourses of the Buddha called?", "answer": "s\u016btras"}, {"question": "Some sources say that discourse of who else were recited along with Buddha's?", "answer": "abhidhamma"}, {"question": "The Sangha began to break into separte factions after what council?", "answer": "the Second"}, {"question": "According to the Dipavamsa they started immediately after what council?", "answer": "the Second Council"}, {"question": "The Mahasanghika places the breakup at what time?", "answer": "100 BCE"}, {"question": "The major schism was between the Sthaviras and what other group?", "answer": "Mahasanghikas"}, {"question": "The Dipavamsa says that the losing party broke away in protest and formed what?", "answer": "Mahasanghika"}, {"question": "The Mahasanghikas argued that the Sthaviras were trying to expand what?", "answer": "the vinaya"}, {"question": "Who gave rise to the Theravada school?", "answer": "Sthaviras"}, {"question": "Monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same what?", "answer": "monasteries"}, {"question": "By the latest at around 100 CE, schisms were being caused by what type of desagreements?", "answer": "doctrinal"}, {"question": "What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?", "answer": "Abhidharma"}, {"question": "The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?", "answer": "summaries or numerical lists"}, {"question": "The Abhidharma texts are from what time?", "answer": "3rd century BCE"}, {"question": "There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?", "answer": "Mahasanghika"}, {"question": "Which sutras are among the earliest Mahayana sutras?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}, {"question": "The Prajnaparamita sutras were developed along the krsna river in what region of South India?", "answer": "\u0100ndhra"}, {"question": "The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}, {"question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?", "answer": "1st century BCE"}, {"question": "Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?", "answer": "\u0100ndhra"}, {"question": "The ancient buddhist site  in the lower Krsna Valley can be traced to at least what century BCE?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Evidence suggests that many Early mahayana scriptures originated in what part of India?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "There is no evidence that Mahayana ever referred to a separate school of what?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "The mahayana never tried to have separte what?", "answer": "Vinaya"}, {"question": "We know that both Mahayana and non Mahayana monks live in the same what?", "answer": "monasteries"}, {"question": "Most of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mhayana comes from what type of translations?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "The Mahayana teachings were first propagated into China by who?", "answer": "Lokak\u1e63ema"}, {"question": "The earliest Mahayana sutras included the very first versions of what series?", "answer": "Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101"}, {"question": "Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were probably composed in what century BCE?", "answer": "1st"}, {"question": "What four types of thought developed during the period of late mahayna buddhism?", "answer": "Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic"}, {"question": "What was the latest thought type?", "answer": "Buddhist Logic"}, {"question": "In India the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were Madhyamaka and what else?", "answer": "Yogacara"}, {"question": "Buddhism may have spread quickly because of what Mauryan emperor?", "answer": "Ashoka"}, {"question": "The support of Asoka and his descendants led to what being built more?", "answer": "st\u016bpas"}, {"question": "What does stupas mean in English?", "answer": "Buddhist religious memorials"}, {"question": "Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?", "answer": "missionaries"}, {"question": "What were the emissaries used for?", "answer": "to spread Buddhism"}, {"question": "The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?", "answer": "Persian and Greek"}, {"question": "Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?", "answer": "Menander"}, {"question": "The Theravada school spread south from india in what century BCE?", "answer": "3rd century"}, {"question": "The Dharmagupta schol spread in what century to Kashmir?", "answer": "3rd century"}, {"question": "When was the first documented translation efforts by foreign Buddhist monks in China?", "answer": "2nd century CE"}, {"question": "Mahayana Sutras spread to China during what century?", "answer": "2nd century CE"}, {"question": "What two countries after China was the Mahayana sutras spread?", "answer": "Korea and Japan"}, {"question": "When did Buddhism apread from India to Tibet?", "answer": "8th century onwards"}, {"question": "China and India are now starting to fund what type of shrines in various Asian countries?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What is the Dharma?", "answer": "the teachings of the Buddha"}, {"question": "What is the Sangha?", "answer": "the Buddhist community"}, {"question": "West Buddhism is often seen as exotic and what?", "answer": "progressive"}, {"question": "New forms of Buddhism are created because of what reason?", "answer": "Modern influences"}, {"question": "When did a number of modern movement in Buddhism emerge?", "answer": "second half of the 20th Century"}, {"question": "What is the Dalit buddhist movement sometimes called?", "answer": "neo-Buddhism"}, {"question": "What Buddhism emerged in the second half of the 20th century in Japan?", "answer": "Nichiren Buddhism: Soka Gakkai"}, {"question": "What does Soka Gakkai mean in English?", "answer": "Value Creation Society"}, {"question": "What Buddhist movement has linked more than 12 million people?", "answer": "Soka Gakkai International"}, {"question": "What is the largest Buddhist movement in the world?", "answer": "SGI"}, {"question": "What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What country has the largest population of Buddhists?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How many Buddhists are in China?", "answer": "244 million"}, {"question": "How may adherents does Mahayana have?", "answer": "360 million"}, {"question": "How many adherents does Thervada have?", "answer": "150 million"}, {"question": "How many Buddists are outside of Asia?", "answer": "Seven million"}, {"question": "How many Buddhists were there in 1910?", "answer": "138 million"}, {"question": "How many Buddhists are there in 2010?", "answer": "495 million"}, {"question": "How many buddhists are in Asia?", "answer": "487 million"}, {"question": "What does Hinayana mean in English?", "answer": "lesser vehicle"}, {"question": "What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?", "answer": "Hinayana"}, {"question": "Each tradition has its own core what?", "answer": "concepts"}, {"question": "there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?", "answer": "Buddhist ecumenical organization"}, {"question": "What is the oldest surviving Buddhist school?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "Where does the name theravada come from?", "answer": "ancestral Sth\u0101vir\u012bya"}, {"question": "Sinhalese buddhist reformer portrayed what Canon as the original version of scripture?", "answer": "Pali Canon"}, {"question": "Where is there a growing presence of Theravada?", "answer": "the west"}, {"question": "What type of Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth?", "answer": "Theravadin"}, {"question": "Laypersons can perform good actions, producing what?", "answer": "merit"}, {"question": "What was the most important Mahayana centre of learning?", "answer": "N\u0101land\u0101 University"}, {"question": "Mahayana schools recognize all or part of what?", "answer": "Mahayana Sutras"}, {"question": "A few of the sutras for Mahayanists became a manifestation of who?", "answer": "the Buddha"}, {"question": "Faith in and veneration of Mahayana are stated in what sutras?", "answer": "Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra"}, {"question": "Native Mahayana buddhism is also called what?", "answer": "Eastern Buddhism"}, {"question": "The Buddhism practiced in Tibet, the Himalayan regions and Mongolia are often referred to as?", "answer": "Northern Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is the most widely practised Eastern Buddhism?", "answer": "the Pure Land school of Mahayana"}, {"question": "The royal courts sponsored both Buddhism and what?", "answer": "Saivism"}, {"question": "Mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda, and Vaisnava tantra will be effective if applied by who?", "answer": "Buddhists"}, {"question": "What work is associated with Guhyasamaja tradition?", "answer": "The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra"}, {"question": "There is a great variety of what type of scripture?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?", "answer": "objects"}, {"question": "Unlike most religions, Buddhism has no single central what?", "answer": "text"}, {"question": "Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the what?", "answer": "\u0101gamas"}, {"question": "Some scholars say there is no universally accepted common what?", "answer": "core"}, {"question": "What has been seen by some as a hinderance to understanding Buddhist philosophy?", "answer": "size and complexity of the Buddhist canons"}, {"question": "In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?", "answer": "Dhammapada"}, {"question": "There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "condensed study texts where created in what tradition?", "answer": "Theravada"}, {"question": "Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?", "answer": "The Buddha and His Dhamma"}, {"question": "What means \"three baskets\"?", "answer": "P\u0101li Tipitaka"}, {"question": "What does the \"three baskets\" refer to?", "answer": "the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka"}, {"question": "What contains disciplinary rules for Buddhist Monks and nuns?", "answer": "Vinaya Pitaka"}, {"question": "What contains discourses ascribed to Gautama Buddha?", "answer": "the Sutta Pitaka"}, {"question": "What contains material ofen described as systematic expositions of the Gautama Buddha teachings?", "answer": "Abhidhamma Pitaka"}, {"question": "What is the only Tipitaka to survive intact in its original language?", "answer": "P\u0101li Tipitaka"}, {"question": "Is is said that some early schools of buddhism had how many pitakas?", "answer": "five or seven"}, {"question": "Which monk presided after the death of the Buddha?", "answer": "Mah\u0101k\u0101\u015byapa"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the council?", "answer": "to record the Buddha's teachings"}, {"question": "the vinaya was recited by?", "answer": "Up\u0101li"}, {"question": "Who was the Buddha's personal attendant?", "answer": "\u0100nanda"}, {"question": "Ananda was called upon to recite what?", "answer": "dhamma"}, {"question": "Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically what?", "answer": "Theravadin"}, {"question": "Who may have added texts to the Canon for some time?", "answer": "The Theravadins"}, {"question": "What are considered the original teachings of the Buddha?", "answer": "Mahayana sutras"}, {"question": "What is a very broad genre of Buddhist scripture?", "answer": "Mahayana sutras"}, {"question": "What teaching was criticized by Nagarjuna?", "answer": "Sarvastivada Abhidharma"}, {"question": "What sutras are reserved for those who follow the bodhisattva path?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What does Mahayana mean?", "answer": "the Great Vehicle"}, {"question": "What path is described as being built upon the motivation to liberate all living beings?", "answer": "bodhisattva path"}, {"question": "What sutras were transmitted in secret?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What sutras could have been preserved in non-human worlds?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "What tradition says that sutras might have come from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas?", "answer": "Mahayana tradition"}, {"question": "How many Mahayana sutras have survivied in Sanskrit or in Chinese or Tibetan translations?", "answer": "six hundred"}, {"question": "What buddhism recognizes sutras of Chinese origin?", "answer": "East Asian Buddhism"}, {"question": "When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?", "answer": "after the 5th century CE"}, {"question": "What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?", "answer": "Hinayana"}, {"question": "What school does not include the Mahayava scriptures in its canon?", "answer": "the Theravada"}, {"question": "The modern Theravada school stablished itself in what country?", "answer": "Sri Lanka"}, {"question": "What Mahayana related label is considered derogatory?", "answer": "hinayana"}, {"question": "The mahayana occasionally referred to early Buddhism as what?", "answer": "Hinayana"}, {"question": "What term was more politically correct term for the word Hinayana?", "answer": "\u015ar\u0101vakay\u0101na"}, {"question": "What provides chances for comparative study with a large range of subjects?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "Buddhism's emphasis on the Middle Way provides a guideline for what?", "answer": "ethics"}, {"question": "Buddism has what kind of parallels withother systems of thought?", "answer": "moral and spiritual"}, {"question": "Buddhism had similiar tenets to what other common religion?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Buddhist concept of dependent origination has been compared to what modern thought?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "What school of thought is questioned on whether or not it is a religion?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is often referred to as a religion by many sources?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "Who is the creator of American Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller"}, {"question": "What company produces American idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "What year did American Idol begin airing?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What British show is American Idols format based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol"}, {"question": "What television network does American Idol air on?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "What company produces American Idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "What British series is American Idols format based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol"}, {"question": "Who created American Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller"}, {"question": "Who produced American Idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "When did American Idol first air on TV?", "answer": "June 11, 2002"}, {"question": "What British show was American Idol based on?", "answer": "Pop Idol"}, {"question": "What record producer was an original judge on American Idol?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol? ", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman"}, {"question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol? ", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez"}, {"question": "Who was a host on all seasons of American Idol?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "What comedian was an original host on American Idol?", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman"}, {"question": "What pop singer was an original judge on American Idol?", "answer": "Paula Abdul"}, {"question": "What actress is a judge on the most current season of American Idol?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez"}, {"question": "Which original judge was a record producer and music manager?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "Which original judge was a choreographer?", "answer": "Paula Abdul"}, {"question": "Which original judge was a music executive?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Which judge is a country music singer?", "answer": "Keith Urban"}, {"question": "Which judge is a jazz singer?", "answer": "Harry Connick, Jr."}, {"question": "How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?", "answer": "345"}, {"question": "Who called American Idol \"the most impactful show in the history of television\"?", "answer": "a rival TV executive"}, {"question": "Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?", "answer": "Fantasia"}, {"question": "How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?", "answer": "345"}, {"question": "Who said that American Idol is \"the most impactful show in the history of televsion?", "answer": "a rival TV executive"}, {"question": "What year did FOX announce that American Idol was cancelled?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What year did FOX announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "For how many seasons did American Idol air? ", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many consecutive years did American Idol been ranked number one in ratings?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "When did Fox announce that American Idol is ending?", "answer": "May 11, 2015"}, {"question": "What show in New Zealand was the inspiration for the British Series Pop Idol?", "answer": "Popstars"}, {"question": "Who was the creator of British Series Pop Idol?", "answer": "Simon Fuller"}, {"question": "What year did Pop Idol make its television debut?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who was a judge on the British series Pop Idol in 2001?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Wha was the executive producer of Pop Idol in 2001?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe"}, {"question": "What show was Pop Idols based on?", "answer": "Popstars"}, {"question": "Who saw Popstars while in Australia and wanted Britain to have the same thing?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe"}, {"question": "In addition to back stories and drama, what did Fuller add to the show?", "answer": "telephone voting"}, {"question": "When did Pop Idol premiere in Britain?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who was the executive producer of Pop Idol?", "answer": "Lythgoe"}, {"question": "For how many seasons was American Idol the most watched show in the US?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What year did American Idol first air on FOX?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What year did producers attempt to sell the Pop Idol format in the United States? ", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who talked Rupert Murdoch into buying American Idol for FOX?", "answer": "his daughter Elisabeth"}, {"question": "Who is the head of Fox's parent company?", "answer": "Rupert Murdoch"}, {"question": "What was Pop Idol renamed to for its American debut?", "answer": "American Idol: The Search for a Superstar"}, {"question": "For how many seasons were the three original judges on American Idol?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many judges were originally planned for American Idol?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What New York radio personalty was hired as a judge for American Idol in season two but declined?", "answer": "Angie Martinez"}, {"question": "What radio DJ was originally hired as a judge in season one but declined?", "answer": "Stryker"}, {"question": "How many judges were originally intended for the show?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which judge quit before the premiere, citing image concerns?", "answer": "DJ Stryker"}, {"question": "During Season two, which judge quit after a few days?", "answer": "Angie Martinez"}, {"question": "When did American Idol change to a four-judge panel?", "answer": "season eight"}, {"question": "Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi"}, {"question": "Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres"}, {"question": "For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?", "answer": "The X Factor"}, {"question": "Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi"}, {"question": "When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?", "answer": "before season nine"}, {"question": "When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?", "answer": "January 11, 2010"}, {"question": "Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres"}, {"question": "When did Steven Tyler become a judge?", "answer": "season ten"}, {"question": "In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?", "answer": "season two"}, {"question": "Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?", "answer": "season three"}, {"question": "In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?", "answer": "season six"}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?", "answer": "season nine"}, {"question": "Who were the guest judges in season two?", "answer": "Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb"}, {"question": "When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?", "answer": "season eight"}, {"question": "When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?", "answer": "season three"}, {"question": "Who was the only host of American Idol after season one?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "Which host quit after the first season?", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman"}, {"question": "Who was a mentor to the contestants on American Idol in its thirteenth season? ", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "Who mentored contestants in the fourteenth and fifteenth seasons of American Idol?", "answer": "Scott Borchetta"}, {"question": "What two things did the mentors help the contestants with?", "answer": "song choice and performance"}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 10 - 12?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine"}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for season 13?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "Who was the mentor for seasons 14 and 15?", "answer": "Scott Borchetta"}, {"question": "What is the upper age limit for contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "twenty-eight"}, {"question": "When was the age limit increased to 28?", "answer": "season four"}, {"question": "Currently, contestants can not have a recording track by what stage of the competition? ", "answer": "semi-final stage"}, {"question": "How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?", "answer": "at least three"}, {"question": "Which audition stage is televised?", "answer": "the judges"}, {"question": "How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?", "answer": "a few hundred"}, {"question": "What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?", "answer": "in front of the judges"}, {"question": "How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?", "answer": "producers"}, {"question": "If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?", "answer": "Hollywood"}, {"question": "Which season did not have a group round in Hollywood?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "In which seasons were contestants required to write original lyrics?", "answer": "two and three"}, {"question": "How many Hollywood rounds were there in the first nine seasons?", "answer": "usually three"}, {"question": "In which season were contestants separated by gender to form groups?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "How many rounds of cuts were in the Hollywood stage until season ten?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was eliminated from the Hollywood round in Season seven?", "answer": "groups"}, {"question": "Which seasons did contestants have to write an original lyric or melody?", "answer": "seasons two and three"}, {"question": "In what city did contestants perform an additional round in seasons ten and eleven?", "answer": "Las Vegas"}, {"question": "What was the Las Vegas round called in season twelve?", "answer": "Sudden Death"}, {"question": "In which season was the \"Hollywood or Home\" round added to the competition?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "How many text message votes were there in season eight?", "answer": "178 million"}, {"question": "In which season was online voting introduced?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What company counts the votes on American Idol? ", "answer": "Telescope Inc"}, {"question": "At what point does the public begin voting for contestants?", "answer": "the semi-finals"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for contestants in the first season?", "answer": "Over 110 million"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast by season ten for all contestants?", "answer": "nearly 750 million"}, {"question": "How many finalists were there on the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What is the name of the round that gives failed contestants another chance?", "answer": "wildcard"}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in season one?", "answer": "three groups of ten"}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists split up to perform in seasons two and three?", "answer": "four groups of eight"}, {"question": "When did the wildcard round become a factor?", "answer": "season one"}, {"question": "How many finalists were chosen for season one?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "How many finalists made it to the finals for seasons two and three?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many semi-finalists were there in season 4?", "answer": "twenty-four"}, {"question": "How were the semi-finalists divided in season four?", "answer": "by gender"}, {"question": "How many men were in the top twelve on season five of American Idol?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many women were in the top twelve on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many women were semi-finalists on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many finalists were there in season eight?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?", "answer": "season eight"}, {"question": "How many contestants moved forward from each round?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many wildcard contestants were chosen?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many contestants were finalists for season 12?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Where studio hosts the live final rounds on American Idol?", "answer": "CBS Television City"}, {"question": "Who was the mentor on season ten of American Idol? ", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine"}, {"question": "How many weeks did the finals of season thirteen last?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "How many weeks did the finals last in the first season?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Where are the finals broadcast from?", "answer": "CBS Television City"}, {"question": "Who was a mentor for the contestants in Season 10?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine"}, {"question": "How many songs do contestants sing initially in the finals?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "When do contestants start singing two songs?", "answer": "top four or five"}, {"question": "In what season was the \"Judges Save\" introduced to give contestants a second chance?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many time can the judges save be used each season?", "answer": "once"}, {"question": "When three are called, one is often sent to what?", "answer": "safety"}, {"question": "Which season was the Idol Gives Back episode?", "answer": "season six"}, {"question": "In which season was the \"Fan Save\" first used?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "How do people vote using the fan save?", "answer": "Twitter"}, {"question": "What was introduced in season 14 to allow the fans to help save a contestant?", "answer": "Fan Save"}, {"question": "How do viewers vote for a contestant using Fan Save?", "answer": "Twitter"}, {"question": "When does the Fan Save start?", "answer": "Top 8"}, {"question": "What venue was the American Idol season seven finale held at?", "answer": "the Nokia Theatre"}, {"question": "How many people can attend an American Idol finale at the Dolby Theatre?", "answer": "3,400"}, {"question": "In what episode is the winner of American Idol revealed?", "answer": "The finale"}, {"question": "Where was the season one finale broadcast from?", "answer": "Dolby Theatre"}, {"question": "How many audience members can fit in Dolby Theatre?", "answer": "3,400"}, {"question": "What is the capacity for Gibson Ampitheatre?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "For seasons 7-13, the season finale was held where?", "answer": "Nokia Theatre"}, {"question": "Which company manages the winners of American Idol?", "answer": "19 Management"}, {"question": "What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?", "answer": "Big Machine Records"}, {"question": "How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "What does the winner of American Idol receive?", "answer": "a record deal"}, {"question": "The winner also receives a management contract with which company?", "answer": "19 Management"}, {"question": "In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?", "answer": "Big Machine Records"}, {"question": "What is given to contestants who make it past the audition round?", "answer": "a golden ticket"}, {"question": "In the audition rounds, what do contestants who win the approval of the judges receive?", "answer": "a golden ticket"}, {"question": "Who votes for the winning contestants starting with the semi-final round?", "answer": "the public"}, {"question": "In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?", "answer": "Ray Chew"}, {"question": "In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?", "answer": "Rickey Minor"}, {"question": "Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?", "answer": "Rickey Minor"}, {"question": "Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?", "answer": "Ray Chew"}, {"question": "What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What network aired the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "What year did American Idol first debut?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who was Ryan Seacrests co-host in the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "Brian Dunkleman"}, {"question": "When did American Idol debut?", "answer": "June 2002"}, {"question": "What network did American Idol debut on?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "Who co-hosted American Idol?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman"}, {"question": "How many contestants made it past the first round of auditions?", "answer": "121"}, {"question": "How many people initially auditioned?", "answer": "around 10,000"}, {"question": "Who was the first known homosexual contestant on American Idol?", "answer": "Jim Verraros"}, {"question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the top four episode? ", "answer": "Tamyra Gray"}, {"question": "Where was Christina Christian at when she was eliminated from the show?", "answer": "the hospital"}, {"question": "How many contestants were chosen from the 10,000 that auditioned?", "answer": "121"}, {"question": "Of the 121 chosen, how many became semi-finalists?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "Which contestant was disqualified for lying about his age?", "answer": "Delano Cagnolatti"}, {"question": "When was Tamyra Gray eliminated?", "answer": "top four"}, {"question": "Who was eliminated while she was in the hospital due to chest pains?", "answer": "Christina Christian"}, {"question": "What year did Kelly Clarkson win?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?", "answer": "Justin Guarini"}, {"question": "What month did Kelly Clarkson win?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?", "answer": "Justin Guarini"}, {"question": "Who won the first season of American Idol?", "answer": "Kelly Clarkson"}, {"question": "When did Clarkson win the crown?", "answer": "September 4, 2002"}, {"question": "What was the fist song released by Kelly Clarkson after winning American Idol?", "answer": "A Moment Like This"}, {"question": "What film did Kelly Clarkson and Justin Guarini star in after they were on American Idol?", "answer": "From Justin to Kelly"}, {"question": "How many albums has Kelly Clarkson sold around the world?", "answer": "more than 23 million"}, {"question": "What song did Kelly Clarkson perform during the finale?", "answer": "A Moment Like This"}, {"question": "What did Clarkson sing during the finale?", "answer": "the coronation song"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song?", "answer": "A Moment Like This"}, {"question": "Which record did the song break, which was the biggest leap to the top of the Billboard charts?", "answer": "The Beatles"}, {"question": "What was the name of the film that the two finalists made together?", "answer": "From Justin to Kelly"}, {"question": "How many worldwide album sales has Kelly Clarkson had since winning Idol?", "answer": "more than 23 million"}, {"question": "What year did season two of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who was a correspondent on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Kristin Adams"}, {"question": "When did season two air?", "answer": "January 2003"}, {"question": "Who was a correspondent for season two?", "answer": "Kristin Adams"}, {"question": "Which judge did Corey Clark claim to have had an affair with?", "answer": "Paula Abdul"}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for having been a model on an adult website?", "answer": "Frenchie Davis"}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the competition for not revealing his police record?", "answer": "Corey Clark"}, {"question": "Which contestant had previously been arrested and charged with assault?", "answer": "Jaered Andrews"}, {"question": "Who was disqualified for having a police record?", "answer": "Corey Clark"}, {"question": "Which contestant was removed from the show for modelling for an adult website?", "answer": "Frenchie Davis"}, {"question": "Which contestant was disqualified because of an assault charge?", "answer": "Jaered Andrews"}, {"question": "Who was the season two winner of American Idol?", "answer": "Ruben Studdard"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast during the final week?", "answer": "24 million"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Clay Aiken"}, {"question": "How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?", "answer": "134,000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the shows executive producer?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe"}, {"question": "Who won season two?", "answer": "Ruben Studdard"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up for season two?", "answer": "Clay Aiken"}, {"question": "How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?", "answer": "134,000"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for the finale?", "answer": "24 million"}, {"question": "Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?", "answer": "Clay Aiken"}, {"question": "What is the first song that Ruben Studdard released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Flying Without Wings"}, {"question": "What contestant came in fourth on season two of American Idol?", "answer": "Josh Gracin"}, {"question": "What song did Clay Aiken first release after losing American Idol?", "answer": "This Is the Night"}, {"question": "What was the name of Studdard's coronation song?", "answer": "Flying Without Wings"}, {"question": "What was Aiken's single release named?", "answer": "This Is the Night"}, {"question": "Which of the final two had more success with his first album?", "answer": "Aiken"}, {"question": "Who finished fourth on season two?", "answer": "Josh Gracin"}, {"question": "What year did the third season of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of \"She Bangs\"?", "answer": "William Hung"}, {"question": "Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?", "answer": "William Hung"}, {"question": "When did season three premiere?", "answer": "January 19, 2004"}, {"question": "Which contestant sang an off-key \"She Bangs\"?", "answer": "William Hung"}, {"question": "Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?", "answer": "William Hung"}, {"question": "What were the three black female contestants on season three of American Idol commonly referred to as?", "answer": "the Three Divas"}, {"question": "Which contestant was eliminated during the week of the top seven?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson"}, {"question": "What famous singer made claims of racism after Jennifer Hudson was eliminated from American Idol?", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "Which season three contestant on American Idol was the recipient of reported death threats?", "answer": "John Stevens"}, {"question": "What were Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London and Jennifer Hudson called?", "answer": "the Three Divas"}, {"question": "Which of the three was eliminated?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson"}, {"question": "Who said that the results were racist?", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "Which contestant reportedly received a death threat on the show?", "answer": "John Stevens"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up on the third season of American Idol?", "answer": "Diana DeGarmo"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first single that Fantasia released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Believe"}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Diana DeGarmo after coming in second on American Idol?", "answer": "Dreams"}, {"question": "What song did Fantasia sing on the Top 8 show?", "answer": "Summertime"}, {"question": "Who has said that Barrino's rendition of Summertime has been his top moment of all seasons?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Who were the final two contestants?", "answer": "Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo"}, {"question": "Who was declared the season winner?", "answer": "Fantasia"}, {"question": "What was Fantasia's coronation song?", "answer": "I Believe"}, {"question": "Who got a spot in the top 12 after Mario Vasquez dropped out?", "answer": "Nikko Smith"}, {"question": "Who replaced Vasquez as a finalist?", "answer": "Nikko Smith"}, {"question": "What company produces the show?", "answer": "Freemantle Media"}, {"question": "A former employee states he was fired after complaining about which finalist?", "answer": "Vazquez"}, {"question": "During what week was there a problem with voting?", "answer": "top 11 week"}, {"question": "When did the results show happen?", "answer": "the following night"}, {"question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win American Idol?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How many record has Carrie Underwood sold since winning American Idol?", "answer": "65 million"}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Carrie Underwood after winning American Idol? ", "answer": "Inside Your Heaven"}, {"question": "Which American Idol contestant has won the biggest number of Grammy Awards?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood"}, {"question": "When was the winner declared?", "answer": "May 2005"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of this season?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood"}, {"question": "What song did the two finalists release?", "answer": "Inside Your Heaven"}, {"question": "How many records has Underwood sold in America?", "answer": "14 million"}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol stands out for having the highest ratings?", "answer": "Season five"}, {"question": "Which two contestants were removed from the show for accusations of identity theft?", "answer": "the Brittenum twins"}, {"question": "Which season has been the highest rated of all American Idol seasons?", "answer": "Season five"}, {"question": "When did season five premiere?", "answer": "January 17, 2006"}, {"question": "Which two contestants were kicked off the show for identity theft?", "answer": "the Brittenum twins"}, {"question": "Which contestant did the band Fuel ask to be their new lead singer?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "Which season five contestant caused controversy with their performance of I Walk the Line?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "Which contestant was surprisingly eliminated during the week of the top four?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "Who performed a Fuel song on this season?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "Fuel asked Chris Daughtry to become what?", "answer": "lead singer"}, {"question": "Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "Which song performance did he receive both praise and criticism for?", "answer": "I Walk the Line"}, {"question": "Why did he receive criticism for I Walk the Line", "answer": "not crediting the arrangement to Live"}, {"question": "Who was the winner American Idol in 2006?", "answer": "Taylor Hicks"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first song that Taylor Hicks released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Do I Make You Proud"}, {"question": "What was the first song that Katherine McPhee released after coming in second on American Idol?", "answer": "My Destiny"}, {"question": "Who was the winner for this season?", "answer": "Taylor Hicks"}, {"question": "What was Hick's debut single?", "answer": "Do I Make You Proud"}, {"question": "What was McPhee's first single?", "answer": "My Destiny"}, {"question": "Which season five contestant has had the most success after the show?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "What is the name if the band that has Chris Daughtry as its lead singer?", "answer": "Daughtry"}, {"question": "Who was the most successful artist from this season?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "What band does Chris Daughtry sing for?", "answer": "Daughtry"}, {"question": "What year did the sixth season of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many people watched the season premiere of American Idol in 2007?", "answer": "37.3 million"}, {"question": "When did season six premiere?", "answer": "January 16, 2007"}, {"question": "How many overall viewers did the first show of the season generate?", "answer": "37.3 million"}, {"question": "Who was the most discussed singer in American Idols sixth season?", "answer": "Sanjaya Malakar"}, {"question": "What celebrity asked his fans to vote for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "answer": "Howard Stern"}, {"question": "What is the name of the blog that tried to rally votes for Sanjaya Malakar on American Idol?", "answer": "Vote for the Worst"}, {"question": "What date was Sanjaya Malakar eliminated on American Idol?", "answer": "April 18"}, {"question": "What season six American Idol contestant was known for his strange hairstyles?", "answer": "Sanjaya Malakar"}, {"question": "Which contestant was talked about more than any other this season?", "answer": "Sanjaya Malakar"}, {"question": "What was the main reason Sanjaya garnered such attention?", "answer": "hair"}, {"question": "Which weblog helped Sanjaya survive elimination week over and over again?", "answer": "Vote for the Worst"}, {"question": "Which shock jock urged people to vote for Sanjaya?", "answer": "Howard Stern"}, {"question": "When was Sanjaya eliminated? ", "answer": "April 18"}, {"question": "What was the name of the charity event on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "How much money did the Idol Gives Back event raise in 2007?", "answer": "$76 million"}, {"question": "What singer came in third on the sixth season of American Idol?", "answer": "Melinda Doolittle"}, {"question": "What was the charity event that occurred this season?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "Which two contestants were eliminated the following week?", "answer": "Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson"}, {"question": "Who was eliminated on the Top 3 show?", "answer": "Melinda Doolittle"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols sixth season?", "answer": "Jordin Sparks"}, {"question": "Who came in second on season six of American Idol?", "answer": "Blake Lewis"}, {"question": "On what date did American Idol air its season six finale?", "answer": "May 23"}, {"question": "When was the finale aired?", "answer": "May 23"}, {"question": "Which contestant won the season?", "answer": "Jordin Sparks"}, {"question": "What year did season four of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How many contestants auditioned for the fourth season of American Idol?", "answer": "over 100,000"}, {"question": "What was the oldest that you could be to qualify as a contestant on the fourth season of American Idol?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What  was the first full season of American Idol to air in high definition?", "answer": "Season four"}, {"question": "In which season was Bo Bice a contestant on American Idol?", "answer": "Season four"}, {"question": "When did season four premiere?", "answer": "January 18, 2005"}, {"question": "Season four was the first full season to be aired in what?", "answer": "high definition"}, {"question": "How many people auditioned to be on American Idol?", "answer": "over 100,000"}, {"question": "What was the maximum age a contestant could be starting this season?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "In what year did American Idol begin a contest to decide the winners single?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the first song released by Jordin Sparks after winning American Idol?", "answer": "This Is My Now"}, {"question": "How was \"This is My Now\" decided as the first single for the American Idol winner in 2007?", "answer": "public vote"}, {"question": "Which contest started during this season?", "answer": "American Idol Songwriter contest"}, {"question": "Fans could vote for what during this contest?", "answer": "coronation song"}, {"question": "Of the thousands of songs entered, how many were the public able to vote for?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What song won the contest?", "answer": "This Is My Now"}, {"question": "When did Sparks release her version of the song?", "answer": "May 24, 2007"}, {"question": "What year did season seven of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Which season seven contestant had worked as a stripper before his time on American Idol?", "answer": "David Hernandez"}, {"question": "Which contestant was talked about most for having a record deal before being a contestant on American Idol?", "answer": "Carly Smithson"}, {"question": "When did season seven premiere?", "answer": "January 15, 2008"}, {"question": "Which contestant drew attention because he was a former stripper?", "answer": "David Hernandez"}, {"question": "Why did many of the contestants draw the attention of the media?", "answer": "professional status"}, {"question": "Which contestant garnered the most attention because of a prior recording contract?", "answer": "Carly Smithson"}, {"question": "What song did David Cook sing on American Idol during the week of the top ten?", "answer": "Billie Jean"}, {"question": "Which American Idol contestant was hospitalized after singing during the week of the top nine?", "answer": "David Cook"}, {"question": "Who arranged the version of \"Billie Jean\" that David Cook performed on American Idol?", "answer": "Chris Cornell"}, {"question": "On what date did the American Idol finals begin?", "answer": "March 11, 2008"}, {"question": "When did American Idol showcase a new set and stage?", "answer": "March 11, 2008"}, {"question": "Which arrangement was used for Cook's version of Billie Jean?", "answer": "Chris Cornell"}, {"question": "Who was taken to the hospital after the top nine show?", "answer": "David Cook"}, {"question": "Which contestant sang \"Imagine\" on season seven of American Idol?", "answer": "David Archuleta"}, {"question": "In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?", "answer": "season ten"}, {"question": "What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?", "answer": "Hallelujah"}, {"question": "Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?", "answer": "Jeff Buckley"}, {"question": "On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?", "answer": "John Lennon's \"Imagine\""}, {"question": "Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez"}, {"question": "Which finalist sang \"Hallelujah\" during the semi-finals?", "answer": "Jason Castro"}, {"question": "Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?", "answer": "Jeff Buckley"}, {"question": "For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "Who won season seven of American Idol?", "answer": "David Cook"}, {"question": "Who was the first Rock and Roll artist to win American Idol?", "answer": "David Cook"}, {"question": "When was the winner announced?", "answer": "May 21, 2008"}, {"question": "Who was the winner?", "answer": "David Cook"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first song released by David Cook after winning American Idol?", "answer": "The Time of My Life"}, {"question": "How was the winning single chose on season seven of American Idol?", "answer": "The American Idol Songwriter contest"}, {"question": "What year did David Cook release the single, \"The Time of My Life\"?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What was the coronation song?", "answer": "The Time of My Life"}, {"question": "When did Cook release his version of The Time of My Life?", "answer": "May 22, 2008"}, {"question": "What year did the eighth season of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Which contestant from season eight suffered the loss of a spouse?", "answer": "Danny Gokey"}, {"question": "What was Mike Darnells position at Fox in 2009?", "answer": "president of alternative programming"}, {"question": "What month did American Idol begin airing its eighth season?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "When did season eight premiere?", "answer": "January 13, 2009"}, {"question": "Who was the president of alternative programming at Fox?", "answer": "Mike Darnell"}, {"question": "Which contestant received a lot of attention because of his widowhood?", "answer": "Danny Gokey"}, {"question": "Who was brought in as a new judge during American Idols eighth season?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi"}, {"question": "How long did the Hollywood round air for in season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "two weeks"}, {"question": "What show did Nigel Lythgoe leave American Idol to produce?", "answer": "So You Think You Can Dance"}, {"question": "What venue hosted the Hollywood round on American Idol for the first time in 2009?", "answer": "the Kodak Theatre"}, {"question": "Why did American Idol choose not to have its Idol Gives Back special in 2009?", "answer": "the global recession"}, {"question": "How many judges were on the panel for this season?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which judge joined the panel?", "answer": "Kara DioGuardi"}, {"question": "Nigel Lythgoe quit the show to focus on what other show?", "answer": "So You Think You Can Dance"}, {"question": "Where was the Hollywood round moved to?", "answer": "Kodak Theatre"}, {"question": "What was canceled for this year of Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "How many finalists were there on season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Who was the first contestant to benefit from the Judges Save?", "answer": "Matt Giraud"}, {"question": "How many contestants were eliminated during the first week after the judges save?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many contestants were sent home during the first week of finals?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who was sent home the week after the judges saved Matt Giraud?", "answer": "Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai"}, {"question": "How many finalists were on this season?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "How many finalists were eliminated during the first results show?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which contestant was saved with the first Judges' Save?", "answer": "Matt Giraud"}, {"question": "Who were the final two contestants on season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "Kris Allen and Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "Who won season eight of American Idol?", "answer": "Kris Allen"}, {"question": "What state is American Idol winner Kris Allen from?", "answer": "Arkansas"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast in the American Idol finale in season eight?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Who won the season?", "answer": "Kris Allen"}, {"question": "The only prior season to have matching controversy over the winner was?", "answer": "season two"}, {"question": "How many votes were cast for the final two?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Who was accused of teaching the public how to power text for the winner?", "answer": "AT&T employees"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song that Kris Allen and Adam Lamber released after American Idol?", "answer": "No Boundaries"}, {"question": "Who helped write the song \"No Boundaries\"?", "answer": "DioGuardi"}, {"question": "What was the coronation song for this season?", "answer": "No Boundaries"}, {"question": "Who co-wrote the coronation song?", "answer": "DioGuardi"}, {"question": "Unlike every previous winner, the winner of this season failed to achieve what status?", "answer": "gold album status"}, {"question": "How many contestants from this season reached platinum album status?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "What year did season nine of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who filled the judges spot vacated by Paula Abdul on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres"}, {"question": "At what point during season 9 of American Idol did Ellen Degeneres become a judge?", "answer": "Hollywood Week"}, {"question": "When did season nine premiere?", "answer": "January 12, 2010"}, {"question": "Which original judge left prior to the start of the season?", "answer": "Paula Abdul"}, {"question": "Who replaced Abdul?", "answer": "Ellen DeGeneres"}, {"question": "When did Ellen join the judges' panel?", "answer": "Hollywood Week"}, {"question": "Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?", "answer": "Crystal Bowersox"}, {"question": "What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?", "answer": "Ken Warwick"}, {"question": "Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?", "answer": "diabetic ketoacidosis"}, {"question": "Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?", "answer": "Crystal Bowersox"}, {"question": "When was Crystal hospitalized?", "answer": "top 20 week"}, {"question": "What was changed so she could still qualify?", "answer": "The schedule"}, {"question": "Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?", "answer": "Ken Warwick"}, {"question": "What role does Warwick have on the show?", "answer": "producer"}, {"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges in season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "Michael Lynche"}, {"question": "At what point did the judges use their save on American Idols ninth season?", "answer": "top nine"}, {"question": "Who was the first American Idol contestant to return to the show as a mentor?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "How much money was brought in by the Idol Gives Back special on season nine of American Idol?", "answer": "$45 million"}, {"question": "Who was saved with the Judges' Save?", "answer": "Michael Lynche"}, {"question": "Which former contestant was a mentor this season?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "Who had their final season in the show in season nine?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Why did Paula Abdul appear on the season nine finale of American Idol?", "answer": "tribute to Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Who had a special tribute at the finale?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Which former Idol star made an appearance for Cowell's tribute?", "answer": "Paula Abdul"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols ninth season?", "answer": "Lee DeWyze"}, {"question": "What U2 song was released by Lee DeWyze after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Beautiful Day"}, {"question": "When was the finale held?", "answer": "May 26"}, {"question": "What song did DeWyze cover for his first release?", "answer": "Beautiful Day"}, {"question": "Which song did Bowersox cover for her first release?", "answer": "Up to the Mountain"}, {"question": "What year did season ten of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "In which season of American Idol did Steven Tyler and Jennifer Lopez become judges?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Who replace weekly mentors as a more permanent mentor on American Idols tenth season? ", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine"}, {"question": "What show did Simon Cowell join after leaving American Idol?", "answer": "The X Factor"}, {"question": "Who was the executive producer of American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe"}, {"question": "When did season ten premiere?", "answer": "January 19, 2011"}, {"question": "Who returned as executive producer this season?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe"}, {"question": "Which two new judges joined Randy Jackson on the judges' panel?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler"}, {"question": "Who was the in-house mentor this season?", "answer": "Jimmy Iovine"}, {"question": "What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?", "answer": "Season ten"}, {"question": "What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Myspace"}, {"question": "How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?", "answer": "Myspace"}, {"question": "This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?", "answer": "online"}, {"question": "Where could contestants submit a video audition?", "answer": "Myspace"}, {"question": "Which contestant had a fianc\u00e9 that had suffered brain damage?", "answer": "Chris Medina"}, {"question": "In which round was Chris Medina eliminated n season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Top 40"}, {"question": "Which season ten contestant was in the hospital instead of at the Top 13 results show?", "answer": "Casey Abrams"}, {"question": "Which contestants did the judges save on season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Casey Abrams"}, {"question": "Which contestant cared for his brain-damaged fiancee?", "answer": "Chris Medina"}, {"question": "When was Medina eliminated from the competition?", "answer": "Top 40 round"}, {"question": "Which contestant suffered from ulcerative colitis?", "answer": "Casey Abrams"}, {"question": "Which show did Abrams miss because he was in the hospital?", "answer": "Top 13 result show"}, {"question": "What contestant came in ninth on season ten of American Idol?", "answer": "Pia Toscano"}, {"question": "What actor was upset when Pia Toscano was eliminated on American Idol?", "answer": "Tom Hanks"}, {"question": "Which fan favorite was unexpectedly eliminated earlier than expected?", "answer": "Pia Toscano"}, {"question": "Which actor criticized Toscano's elimination?", "answer": "Tom Hanks"}, {"question": "What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?", "answer": "country"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?", "answer": "Scotty McCreery"}, {"question": "What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Love You This Big"}, {"question": "What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?", "answer": "Like My Mother Does"}, {"question": "What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?", "answer": "Soulful"}, {"question": "When was the season finale of Idol?", "answer": "May 25"}, {"question": "Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?", "answer": "Ruben Studdard"}, {"question": "In what year did American Idol first air its eleventh season?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How many contestants made it to the finals on season 11 of American Idol?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What contestant was removed from the competition for concealing legal troubles?", "answer": "Jermaine Jones"}, {"question": "When did season 11 premiere?", "answer": "January 18, 2012"}, {"question": "Who joined the finalists, making it a Top 25?", "answer": "Jermaine Jones"}, {"question": "When was Jones removed from the show?", "answer": "March 14"}, {"question": "Why was Jones disqualified?", "answer": "concealing arrests and outstanding warrants"}, {"question": "Which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the Top 13 Results?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips"}, {"question": "Why was Phillip Phillips hospitalized during his time on American Idol?", "answer": "kidney stones"}, {"question": "How many times did Phillip Phillips have surgery when he was on American Idol?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Which contestant thought about leaving the contest because of pain in his kidney?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips"}, {"question": "Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips"}, {"question": "What kind of pain did Phillips endure?", "answer": "kidney pain"}, {"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?", "answer": "Jessica Sanchez"}, {"question": "Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?", "answer": "Jessica Sanchez"}, {"question": "Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?", "answer": "Colton Dixon"}, {"question": "How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?", "answer": "final two"}, {"question": "When did the judges use their save this season?", "answer": "Top 7"}, {"question": "Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?", "answer": "Jessica Sanchez"}, {"question": "Which contestant was sent home the following week?", "answer": "Colton Dixon"}, {"question": "What former contestant did Ace Young ask to marry him?", "answer": "Diana DeGarmo"}, {"question": "In what season was Ace Young a finalist on American Idol?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "In What season did Diana DeGarmo come in second on American Idol?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which season was Ace Young on?", "answer": "season five"}, {"question": "Which season was Diana DeGarmo on?", "answer": "season three"}, {"question": "What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?", "answer": "Home"}, {"question": "What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?", "answer": "Change Nothing"}, {"question": "What was Phillip's coronation song?", "answer": "Home"}, {"question": "What song did Sanchez release?", "answer": "Change Nothing"}, {"question": "Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?", "answer": "Home"}, {"question": "What year did season 12 of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was Mariah Careys position on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Judges"}, {"question": "What website showed video of an altercation between Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj?", "answer": "TMZ"}, {"question": "When did season 12 premiere?", "answer": "January 16, 2013"}, {"question": "How many judges did this season have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who was the last guy to be sent home on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Lazaro Arbos"}, {"question": "How many contestants did this season have?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How many weeks in a row were male contestants eliminated?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who as the last man to be eliminated?", "answer": "Lazaro Arbos"}, {"question": "How many contestants were able to perform for two weeks without any eliminations?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of American Idols twelfth season?", "answer": "Candice Glover"}, {"question": "Which contestant came in second on season 12 of American Idol?", "answer": "Kree Harrison"}, {"question": "What was the first song released by Candice Glover after winning American Idol?", "answer": "I Am Beautiful"}, {"question": "What song did Kree Harrison first release after being on American Idol?", "answer": "All Cried Out"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up?", "answer": "Kree Harrison"}, {"question": "What was Glover's first single?", "answer": "I Am Beautiful"}, {"question": "What was Harrison's first single?", "answer": "All Cried Out"}, {"question": "This is the first season when what did not happen to the first runner up?", "answer": "not signed by a music label"}, {"question": "Which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "How many seasons was Mariah Carey a judge on American Idol?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Who announced this would be his final year as a judge?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "Who were the other judges to leave after this season?", "answer": "Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj"}, {"question": "What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?", "answer": "in-mentor"}, {"question": "Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?", "answer": "Gregg Gelfand"}, {"question": "When did season 13 premiere?", "answer": "January 15, 2014"}, {"question": "Who was the mentor this season?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?", "answer": "Jennifer Lopez"}, {"question": "Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?", "answer": "Harry Connick, Jr."}, {"question": "Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?", "answer": "Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick"}, {"question": "Which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Sam Woolf"}, {"question": "At what point in season 13 did American Idol air its 500th show?", "answer": "Top 3 performance night"}, {"question": "Contestants could perform what in the final rounds for the first time ever?", "answer": "songs they wrote themselves"}, {"question": "Who received the Judges' Save this season?", "answer": "Sam Woolf"}, {"question": "When did the judges use their save on Woolf?", "answer": "Top 8"}, {"question": "What episode was the 500th of the entire series?", "answer": "Top 3 performance night"}, {"question": "Who won season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Caleb Johnson"}, {"question": "Who came in second on season 13 of American Idol?", "answer": "Jena Irene"}, {"question": "What song did Caleb Johnson first release after winning American Idol? ", "answer": "As Long as You Love Me"}, {"question": "What song did Jena Irene release after coming in second on American Idol? ", "answer": "We Are One"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up this season?", "answer": "Jena Irene"}, {"question": "What was Johnson's coronation song?", "answer": "As Long as You Love Me"}, {"question": "What was Irene's coronation song?", "answer": "We Are One"}, {"question": "What year did American Idol first air its fourteenth season?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Who was the host of American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "Which former contestant replaced Keith Urban for auditions in New York City?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "What was Keith Urbans position on American Idol in its fourteenth season? ", "answer": "judges"}, {"question": "Who did not come back as a mentor in season 14?", "answer": "Randy Jackson"}, {"question": "When did season 14 premiere?", "answer": "January 7, 2015"}, {"question": "Who took Urban's spot at the New York auditions?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "How many episodes did American Idol have each week of the top ten?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What drink company ended their relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Coca Cola"}, {"question": "What car company had a relationship with American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Ford Motor Company"}, {"question": "What record label had a contract with the winner of American Idols fourteenth season?", "answer": "Big Machine Records"}, {"question": "Starting this season, how many episodes of Idol aired every week?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Who ended their sponsorship this season?", "answer": "Coca Cola"}, {"question": "What other company reduced their sponsorship this season?", "answer": "Ford Motor Company"}, {"question": "This season, the winner won a recording contract with what company?", "answer": "Big Machine Records"}, {"question": "Who won American Idols fourteenth season?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani"}, {"question": "Who came in second on American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Clark Beckham"}, {"question": "Who came in third on American Idol in season 14?", "answer": "Jax"}, {"question": "What was the name of Nick Fradianis victory song?", "answer": "Beautiful Life"}, {"question": "What song did Jax release after coming in third on American Idol?", "answer": "Forcefield"}, {"question": "Who won this season of Idol?", "answer": "Nick Fradiani"}, {"question": "Who was the runner up of Idol?", "answer": "Clark Beckham"}, {"question": "What was Nick's coronation song?", "answer": "Beautiful Life"}, {"question": "What was Beckham's first release?", "answer": "Champion"}, {"question": "Which contestant came in third place?", "answer": "Jax"}, {"question": "What year did Fox announce the cancellation of American Idol?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How many seasons of American Idol have there been?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many seasons was Jennifer Lopez a judge on American Idol? ", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "What was Keith Urbans role on American Idols fifteenth season?", "answer": "judges"}, {"question": "Who hosted American Idol in its last season?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "When did Fox announce that Season 15 would be the final season?", "answer": "May 11, 2015"}, {"question": "Who is returning as host?", "answer": "Ryan Seacrest"}, {"question": "As of 2012, how many finalists did American Idol have? ", "answer": "131"}, {"question": "When did American Idol begin? ", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What region of the United States were American Idols first five winners from? ", "answer": "Southern"}, {"question": "What state is American Idol contestant Clay Aiken from?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What state is American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry from? ", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "How many Idol winners have come from the southern part of America?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "In addition to Clay Aiken and Kellie Pickler, which other Idol is from North Carolina?", "answer": "Chris Daughtry"}, {"question": "How many CDs from American Idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? ", "answer": "47 million"}, {"question": "In the same study, how much more likely was someone from Kentucky to tune into the show?", "answer": "16 percent"}, {"question": "How many CDS were sold by Idol contestants up to 2010?", "answer": "47 million"}, {"question": "Of the CDs sold, how many were by the contestants with southern ties?", "answer": "85 percent"}, {"question": "Who won season five of American Idol? ", "answer": "Taylor Hicks"}, {"question": "What state is Taylor Hicks from? ", "answer": "Alabama"}, {"question": "Where do people in the Southern United States often begin singing? ", "answer": "church"}, {"question": "Where do a lot of people get their start in singing in the south?", "answer": "church"}, {"question": "Where is Taylor Hicks from?", "answer": "Alabama"}, {"question": "What does the acronym WGWG stand for? ", "answer": "White guy with guitar"}, {"question": "Who won season eleven of American Idol? ", "answer": "Phillip Phillips"}, {"question": "What is the name of the book written by Richard Rushfield about American Idol? ", "answer": "American Idol: The Untold Story"}, {"question": "How many seasons in a row were won by caucasian guitar playing males? ", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What instrument did the winners for five seasons in a row play?", "answer": "guitar"}, {"question": "What is the WGWG factor?", "answer": "White guy with guitar"}, {"question": "Who wrote American Idol: The Untold Story?", "answer": "Richard Rushfield"}, {"question": "Who was named the winner of Season 11?", "answer": "Phillip Phillips"}, {"question": "What company are contestants required to sign a contract with on American Idol?", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "Who won season two of American Idol? ", "answer": "Ruben Studdard"}, {"question": "Who came in second on season two of American Idol? ", "answer": "Clay Aiken"}, {"question": "What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? ", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? ", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Which season had the biggest voting controversy?", "answer": "season two"}, {"question": "Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?", "answer": "season eight"}, {"question": "Which voting concern has been present since the first season?", "answer": "power voting"}, {"question": "When did Vote for the Girls start?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "When did Vote for the Worst close?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is the name of the special that raises money for charities on American Idol?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "How much money has American Idol raised for charity with its Idol Gives Back specials? ", "answer": "$185 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of the charity that Idol has?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "When was the first Idol Gives Back?", "answer": "season six"}, {"question": "What year did American Idol being to air on television? ", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol? ", "answer": "9.9 million"}, {"question": "How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season? ", "answer": "23 million"}, {"question": "What season of the year did American Idol first air on television? ", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "When did American Idol premiere?", "answer": "June 2002"}, {"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?", "answer": "9.9 million"}, {"question": "What was the average for viewership by finale night?", "answer": "23 million"}, {"question": "How many people watched the first episode of American Idols second season? ", "answer": "26.5 million"}, {"question": "How many people on average tuned in to watch American Idol in its second season? ", "answer": "21.7 million"}, {"question": "What contestant won the second season of American Idol? ", "answer": "Ruben Studdard"}, {"question": "During what season did American Idol become the highest rated show across all demographics? ", "answer": "season four"}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol was watched by the most people? ", "answer": "season five"}, {"question": "How many people watched the second season premiere of American Idol?", "answer": "26.5 million"}, {"question": "How many people watched on average for season two?", "answer": "21.7 million"}, {"question": "By what season was American Idol the most watched show on TV?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which season premier of American Idol was the most watched?", "answer": "Season six"}, {"question": "During which season to American Idols rating begin to fall?", "answer": "Season six"}, {"question": "What did other television networks refer to American Idol as because of its ratings?", "answer": "the Death Star"}, {"question": "Which television network originally aired The Cosby Show? ", "answer": "NBC"}, {"question": "Which season premiere was the most watched of all seasons?", "answer": "Season six"}, {"question": "What was the show called by other networks?", "answer": "the Death Star"}, {"question": "Season six saw what for the first time in viewership?", "answer": "decline"}, {"question": "Season six was the first season where what had more viewers?", "answer": "results show"}, {"question": "During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? ", "answer": "season seven"}, {"question": "Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season? ", "answer": "Writers Guild of America strike"}, {"question": "On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol? ", "answer": "season seven"}, {"question": "Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?", "answer": "Kristy Lee Cook"}, {"question": "What was the series' third most watched finale?", "answer": "season seven"}, {"question": "Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?", "answer": "the most watched TV network"}, {"question": "What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?", "answer": "Writers Guild of America strike"}, {"question": "Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010? ", "answer": "NBC"}, {"question": "Which television network originally aired All in the Family? ", "answer": "CBS"}, {"question": "In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?", "answer": "2010 Winter Olympics"}, {"question": "How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?", "answer": "30.1 million"}, {"question": "At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its first season? ", "answer": "32.1"}, {"question": "What was the average age of American Idols viewers in its tenth season? ", "answer": "47.2"}, {"question": "What is the median age of viewers this season?", "answer": "47.2"}, {"question": "What was the median age for viewers for season one?", "answer": "32.1"}, {"question": "For how many years was American Idol the top rated show on television? ", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What program saw more viewers than American Idol this season?", "answer": "Sunday Night Football"}, {"question": "How long did Fox reign in the 18-49 demographics in the Nielsen ratings?", "answer": "eight years"}, {"question": "How many people on average watched season 12 of American Idol? ", "answer": "13.3 million"}, {"question": "During which season did American Idol fall out of the top ten shows in ratings? ", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "When did American Idol first air on television? ", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "The season finale for season 12 had how many fewer viewers than season 11?", "answer": "7.2 million"}, {"question": "How many viewers watched on average this season?", "answer": "13.3 million"}, {"question": "What drink company ended its relationship with American Idol during season 14?", "answer": "Coca-Cola"}, {"question": "How many people watched American Idols finale in season 14?", "answer": "8.03 million"}, {"question": "After what season will American Idol be cancelled? ", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "When did Fox announce the following season would be Idol's last?", "answer": "May 11, 2015"}, {"question": "How many people watched the season 14 finale?", "answer": "8.03 million"}, {"question": "For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "For how many years was Fox the highest rated network with young adults because of American Idol? ", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What television network originally aired the show Glee?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "What television network originally aired the show House? ", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "Who created American Idol? ", "answer": "Simon Fuller"}, {"question": "What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?", "answer": "Dancing with the Stars"}, {"question": "What is another singing show similar to American Idol? ", "answer": "The Voice"}, {"question": "What show helped launched the career of Kelly Clarkson? ", "answer": "American Idol"}, {"question": "What show helped launched the career of Carrie Underwood? ", "answer": "American Idol"}, {"question": "What show helped launched the career of Daughtry? ", "answer": "American Idol"}, {"question": "How many number one Billboard singles were released by American Idol contestants in the shows first decade? ", "answer": "345"}, {"question": "Who is the president of Mediabase? ", "answer": "Rich Meyer"}, {"question": "Who was the most successful American Idol winner on radio as of 2010? ", "answer": "Kelly Clarkson"}, {"question": "How many number ones have Idol singers achieved on Billboard charts in just the first ten years?", "answer": "345"}, {"question": "Who authored books on Billboard charts?", "answer": "Fred Bronson"}, {"question": "How many contestants had at least one million radio spins by 2010?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many radio spins did Kelly Clarkson have by 2010?", "answer": "over four million"}, {"question": "How many albums have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013?", "answer": "59 million"}, {"question": "How many single have been sold by American Idol contestants up until 2013? ", "answer": "120 million"}, {"question": "How many albums have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "answer": "59 million"}, {"question": "How many singles and digital downloads have Idol contestants created as of 2013?", "answer": "120 million"}, {"question": "Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? ", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson"}, {"question": "What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? ", "answer": "vocal coach"}, {"question": "In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?", "answer": "musical theatre"}, {"question": "Which Idol won an Academy Award?", "answer": "Jennifer Hudson"}, {"question": "What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?", "answer": "Dreamgirls"}, {"question": "Who recommended the role for Hudon?", "answer": "Debra Byrd"}, {"question": "What publication does Ken Tucker work for? ", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly"}, {"question": "What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? ", "answer": "the national anthem"}, {"question": "Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?", "answer": "Ken Tucker"}, {"question": "Which publication did Tucker work for?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly"}, {"question": "Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?", "answer": "Karla Peterson"}, {"question": "Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?", "answer": "Lincoln Memorial"}, {"question": "What publication does Michael Slezak write for?", "answer": "Entertainment Weekly"}, {"question": "Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol? ", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol? ", "answer": "John Mayer"}, {"question": "What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for? ", "answer": "Newsweek"}, {"question": "Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?", "answer": "commercialism"}, {"question": "Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?", "answer": "Ann Powers"}, {"question": "Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?", "answer": "Simon Cowell"}, {"question": "Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?", "answer": "John Mayer"}, {"question": "What famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on American Idol after having been a mentor? ", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "What year did Carrie Underwood win a Country Music Award for Best Female Artist? ", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What singer criticized Carrie Underwood for winning a Country Music Award? ", "answer": "LeAnn Rimes"}, {"question": "Who felt that American Idol helped the true art form of music get lost?", "answer": "Usher"}, {"question": "Who won the Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards in 2006?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood"}, {"question": "Who did Carrie beat out for the award?", "answer": "Faith Hill"}, {"question": "Who said that Carrie had not paid her dues to win that award?", "answer": "LeAnn Rimes"}, {"question": "Who was a mentor but later turned down the opportunity to judge Idol?", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? ", "answer": "country"}, {"question": "Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?", "answer": "country music"}, {"question": "How many nominations has American Idol received for Outstanding Reality Competition Program?  ", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "What director win an Emmy Award for his work on American Idol? ", "answer": "Bruce Gower"}, {"question": "How many total Emmy Awards has American Idol won? ", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What American Idol special received a Governors Award in 2007?", "answer": "Idol Gives Back"}, {"question": "How many times was American Idol nominated for an Emmy?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What award did American Idol win for its Idol Gives Back charity work?", "answer": "Governor's Award in 2007"}, {"question": "How much money did American Idol make in 2004?", "answer": "$900 million"}, {"question": "How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? ", "answer": "$6.4 billion"}, {"question": "What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? ", "answer": "The American Idol Experience"}, {"question": "How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?", "answer": "$900 million"}, {"question": "Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?", "answer": "Disney"}, {"question": "In which season did American Idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? ", "answer": "season four"}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot on the American Idol season four finale?", "answer": "$1.3 million"}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in 2014? ", "answer": "less than $300,000"}, {"question": "How much did advertisers spend for a 30 second ad spot during American Idol in its seventh season? ", "answer": "$737,000"}, {"question": "By what season was Idol the  highest advertising cost of all shows?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?", "answer": "800 million"}, {"question": "In which season did Coca-Cola become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "answer": "season one"}, {"question": "In which season did Ford Motor Company become a sponsor of American Idol? ", "answer": "season one"}, {"question": "Which mobile carrier became a sponsor of American Idol in its second season? ", "answer": "AT&T Wireless"}, {"question": "When did Coca-Cola stop being a sponsor of American Idol? ", "answer": "after season 13"}, {"question": "In which season did iTunes begin a partnership with American Idol? ", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How much did it cost each company for the first season?", "answer": "10 million"}, {"question": "How much did it cost each company in season 7?", "answer": "35 million"}, {"question": "Who was the third largest sponsor?", "answer": "AT&T"}, {"question": "What service did AT&T promote on American Idol as a way of voting? ", "answer": "text-messaging"}, {"question": "How many product placements had Idol shown by season six?", "answer": "4,349"}, {"question": "Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor? ", "answer": "PepsiCo"}, {"question": "What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol? ", "answer": "The X Factor"}, {"question": "Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?", "answer": "PepsiCo"}, {"question": "In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?", "answer": "The X Factor"}, {"question": "PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Which season of American Idol had the highest profit on its tour?", "answer": "season five"}, {"question": "What company was a sponsor of the American Idol tour in its ninth season? ", "answer": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"}, {"question": "Who was added to the tour in season 12?", "answer": "a semi-finalist who won a sing-off"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the first seven tours?", "answer": "Kellogg's Pop-Tarts"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the ninth tour?", "answer": "M&M's Pretzel Chocolate Candies"}, {"question": "Which was the most successful tour?", "answer": "season five"}, {"question": "When did iTunes become a sponsor on American Idol? ", "answer": "season seven"}, {"question": "For how many seasons did American Idol put out a compilation of hits at seasons end? ", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What company has released studio recordings from American Idol since season seven?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "Idol releases both the performances as well as what for sale?", "answer": "the winner's coronation single"}, {"question": "How were the recordings released for the initial five seasons?", "answer": "as a compilation album"}, {"question": "Because all five were in the top ten of Billboard's charts, this made Idol what?", "answer": "the most successful soundtrack franchise"}, {"question": "Who joined Idol as a sponsor in season seven?", "answer": "iTunes"}, {"question": "What company has the right to all recordings from contestants on American Idol?", "answer": "19 Recordings"}, {"question": "What company took over as American Idols music label in 2010?", "answer": "UMG"}, {"question": "What company had released music from American Idol in addition to Sony Music Entertainment? ", "answer": "BMG"}, {"question": "Who owns 19 Recordings?", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "Who owns the rights to all phonographic material done by the contestants?", "answer": "19 Recordings"}, {"question": "Who did 19 initially partner with to distribute the recordings?", "answer": "BMG"}, {"question": "Who did BMG partner with in 2005-2007?", "answer": "Sony Music Entertainment"}, {"question": "Who replaced Sony in 2010 as Idol's music label?", "answer": "UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records"}, {"question": "What company has a them park attraction known as The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "The Walt Disney Company"}, {"question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company open The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In what year did The Walt Disney Company close The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What company had a partnership with The Walt Disney Company for The American Idol Experience? ", "answer": "19 Entertainment"}, {"question": "When did the American Idol Experience open?", "answer": "February 14, 2009"}, {"question": "Where did it open?", "answer": "Walt Disney World"}, {"question": "What did the winner win?", "answer": "Dream Ticket"}, {"question": "When did the Experience close?", "answer": "August 30, 2014"}, {"question": "How many different countries air American Idol on television? ", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "What network broadcasted American Idol live in Canada for thirteen seasons? ", "answer": "CTV"}, {"question": "In what year did CTV stop showing live broadcasts of American Idol? ", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What Canadian network began airing American Idol in 2015? ", "answer": "Yes TV"}, {"question": "How many nations receive the Idol broadcast?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "Who aired the first thirteen seasons in Canada?", "answer": "CTV and/or CTV Two"}, {"question": "Who stated in August 2014 that they picked up the rights beginning in its 2015 season?", "answer": "Yes TV"}, {"question": "What network in Italy aired American Idol in season twelve? ", "answer": "La3"}, {"question": "How many days does someone in the United Kingdom have to wait to watch American Idol after its original broadcast? ", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What television network in Asia shows American Idol? ", "answer": "STAR World"}, {"question": "On what days of the week does American Idol air in the Philippines? ", "answer": "Thursday and Friday"}, {"question": "Who broadcasts Idol in southeast Asia?", "answer": "STAR World"}, {"question": "Who broadcast the 12th season in Italy?", "answer": "La3"}, {"question": "Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?", "answer": "ringers"}, {"question": "How many consecutive years was American Idol the top rated show?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many consecutive years did either the performance or results show rank number one?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?", "answer": "Canis lupus familiaris"}, {"question": "What is Canis familiaris?", "answer": "domestic dog"}, {"question": "How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?", "answer": "millennia"}, {"question": "Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?", "answer": "sensory capabilities"}, {"question": "What decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins?", "answer": "2010s"}, {"question": "Testing revealed today's dogs trace back by how many years?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "What is the region where domesticated dogs ancestry traces to?", "answer": "Eurasia"}, {"question": "What type of diet can modern domesticated dogs thrive eating that other dogs cannot?", "answer": "starch-rich"}, {"question": "What was undertaken in 2010 to determine where dogs originated from?", "answer": "extensive genetic studies"}, {"question": "What is the most common phrase, or nickname, used by people in the United States to describe dogs in general?", "answer": "man's best friend"}, {"question": "What moniker has been given to dogs in Western cultures?", "answer": "man's best friend"}, {"question": "Dogs are a source of what in some cultures?", "answer": "meat"}, {"question": "What is the Proto-Germanic word that \"dog\" may have come from?", "answer": "dukk\u014dn"}, {"question": "What may be the earliest vocabulary that the word \"dog\" came from?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European"}, {"question": "Where does the word dog originate?", "answer": "Old English docga"}, {"question": "Dog could also come from the original layer of what vocabulary?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European"}, {"question": "What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?", "answer": "hound"}, {"question": "What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?", "answer": "mastiff."}, {"question": "In what century did \"hound\" start to only apply to hunting dogs?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?", "answer": "hound"}, {"question": "When did the word dog become the common term for canines?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?", "answer": "*kwon- \"dog\""}, {"question": "What are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively?", "answer": "a litter."}, {"question": "What is the male who is father of the pups called?", "answer": "sire"}, {"question": "What is the French word that \"puppy\" comes from?", "answer": "poup\u00e9e"}, {"question": "What is giving birth to dogs called?", "answer": "whelping"}, {"question": "What is the English word for female dog that has also become profanity?", "answer": "bitch"}, {"question": "A male canine is called a dog while a female canine is called a what in reference to breeding?", "answer": "bitch"}, {"question": "What are canine offspring referred as?", "answer": "litter"}, {"question": "What is the father of a litter referred as?", "answer": "sire"}, {"question": "What is the mother of a litter referred as?", "answer": "dam"}, {"question": "What are the individual litter canines called?", "answer": "pups"}, {"question": "What is the Latin term for \"dog.?\"", "answer": "Canis"}, {"question": "What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?", "answer": "1758"}, {"question": "Who published Systema Naturae?", "answer": "Linnaeus"}, {"question": "What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?", "answer": "wolf"}, {"question": "What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?", "answer": "Mammal Species of the World"}, {"question": "What is the Latin word for dog?", "answer": "Canis"}, {"question": "Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?", "answer": "family dog"}, {"question": "What is the Latin name for a wolf?", "answer": "Canis lupus"}, {"question": "Feral dogs have what Latin classification?", "answer": "Canis dingo"}, {"question": "What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What 2005 publication in its third edition kept to that ruling?", "answer": "Mammal Species of the World"}, {"question": "What Latin dog term is still used because wild and domesticated dogs are recognizably different?", "answer": "Canis familiaris."}, {"question": "What official body recognizes both Canis lupus and Canis familiaris?", "answer": "ICZN"}, {"question": "Many researchers prefer what term?", "answer": "Canis familiaris."}, {"question": "Who ruled in 2003 that scientific names for wild animals share the same scientific name as their domestic counterparts?", "answer": "ICZN"}, {"question": "What was this decision called?", "answer": "Opinion 2027"}, {"question": "What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?", "answer": "genetic studies"}, {"question": "The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?", "answer": "extinct."}, {"question": "Modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "Due to admixture, what species are many Arctic dogs related to?", "answer": "Taimyr wolf of North Asia"}, {"question": "Rather than with agriculturists, dogs seemingly were during the time of who?", "answer": "human hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "Most breeds share a genetic likeness to what animal?", "answer": "gray wolf"}, {"question": "Some Arctic breeds are more like what wolf rather than the gray wolf?", "answer": "Taimyr"}, {"question": "What species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other?", "answer": "Modern dog breeds"}, {"question": "What are dog teeth best suited for?", "answer": "catching and tearing."}, {"question": "Dogs are considered to be predators and what else?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "What bones in dog legs are fused?", "answer": "wrist"}, {"question": "A dog's heart and vascular ability if best suited for sprinting and what else?", "answer": "endurance"}, {"question": "What are a dog's teeth mainly used for?", "answer": "catching and tearing"}, {"question": "Dogs originated as predators and what?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "Dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics?", "answer": "height and weight."}, {"question": "What breed was the largest dog known to have lived?", "answer": "English Mastiff"}, {"question": "What is the biggest known dog?", "answer": "English Mastiff"}, {"question": "Which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates?", "answer": "double"}, {"question": "Along with a gruff guard hair, what else makes up the double coat?", "answer": "soft down hair"}, {"question": "What is the more common coat for dogs from colder climates?", "answer": "double"}, {"question": "What is a single coat?", "answer": "topcoat only"}, {"question": "When a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what?", "answer": "countershading"}, {"question": "A dog with countershading has dark coloring where?", "answer": "upper surfaces"}, {"question": "A natural camo pattern is known as what?", "answer": "countershading"}, {"question": "What color is on a dogs upper surfaces if it has countershading?", "answer": "dark coloring"}, {"question": "What is reduced when a dog has countershading?", "answer": "visibility"}, {"question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed?", "answer": "tails"}, {"question": "What does a dog communicate with its tail?", "answer": "emotional state"}, {"question": "What part of a dog can be straight, curled, or cork-screwed?", "answer": "tails"}, {"question": "What are some dogs prone to?", "answer": "genetic ailments"}, {"question": "What are all dogs susceptible to?", "answer": "parasites"}, {"question": "Pyometra usually affects what type of female dog?", "answer": "unspayed"}, {"question": "Who does pyometra affect?", "answer": "unspayed females"}, {"question": "What are fleas, ticks and mites called?", "answer": "parasites"}, {"question": "Some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs?", "answer": "toxic"}, {"question": "Grapes, raisins, onions, garlic and what common sugar alcohol (sweetener) is toxic to dogs?", "answer": "xylitol"}, {"question": "What type of nut is poisonous to dogs?", "answer": "macadamia"}, {"question": "What is the chemical in chocolate that is poisonous to dogs?", "answer": "theobromine"}, {"question": "Some human foods can be what to dogs?", "answer": "toxic"}, {"question": "What in tobacco can hurt dogs?", "answer": "nicotine"}, {"question": "What form of chocolate is especially toxic to dogs?", "answer": "dark"}, {"question": "Mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs?", "answer": "1.2 years"}, {"question": "Do bigger dogs typically have longer or shorter lives?", "answer": "shorter"}, {"question": "When was a study done that discovered mixed breeds tend to live longer than pure breeds?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Typically, how much longer do mixed breeds live?", "answer": "1.2 years longer"}, {"question": "What is the median lifespan of canines?", "answer": "10 to 13 years."}, {"question": "What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?", "answer": "Dogue de Bordeaux"}, {"question": "What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?", "answer": "5.2 years"}, {"question": "What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?", "answer": "6 to 7 years."}, {"question": "Which dog has the shortest lifespan?", "answer": "Dogue de Bordeaux"}, {"question": "What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?", "answer": "5.2 years"}, {"question": "What is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans?", "answer": "14 to 15 years."}, {"question": "What is the name of the canine that is reported to have lived the longest?", "answer": "Bluey"}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog in the Guinness Book of World Records for longest lived?", "answer": "Pusuke"}, {"question": "What year did the dog die that is reported to be the longest lived but not officially in a record book?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What was the name of the dog who lived to be 29.5 years?", "answer": "Bluey"}, {"question": "When did Bluey die?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "Who did the Guinness Book of World Records say was the oldest dog in 2011?", "answer": "Pusuke"}, {"question": "How many times per year do female dogs go into heat?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What does going into heat (estrous) prepare a female dog for?", "answer": "pregnancy."}, {"question": "Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?", "answer": "first estrous cycle"}, {"question": "How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?", "answer": "58 to 68 days"}, {"question": "What is the average length of dog pregnancy?", "answer": "63 days"}, {"question": "What is the average number of pups in a litter?", "answer": "about six"}, {"question": "For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?", "answer": "one to four"}, {"question": "What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?", "answer": "63 days"}, {"question": "What is the average number of pups per litter?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?", "answer": "one to four"}, {"question": "What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?", "answer": "Neutering"}, {"question": "According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?", "answer": "the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)"}, {"question": "What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?", "answer": "testicles"}, {"question": "What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?", "answer": "ovaries and uterus"}, {"question": "In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?", "answer": "testicles"}, {"question": "In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?", "answer": "ovaries and uterus"}, {"question": "What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?", "answer": "neutered"}, {"question": "Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?", "answer": "Neutering"}, {"question": "According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?", "answer": "urinary incontinence"}, {"question": "Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?", "answer": "Spayed"}, {"question": "What is increased in female dogs with neutering?", "answer": "urinary incontinence"}, {"question": "What is increased in male dogs with neutering?", "answer": "prostate cancer"}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?", "answer": "Rico"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?", "answer": "Chaser"}, {"question": "In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?", "answer": "gesturing and pointing"}, {"question": "What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?", "answer": "Australian dingos"}, {"question": "What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?", "answer": "to solve their problems for them."}, {"question": "Perceiving information and retaining it is what?", "answer": "intelligence"}, {"question": "How many labels does Rico the dog know?", "answer": "over 200"}, {"question": "What kind of memory skills do dogs have?", "answer": "advanced"}, {"question": "How many words did Chaser know?", "answer": "over 1,000"}, {"question": "Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?", "answer": "9,000\u201330,000 years BCE"}, {"question": "Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?", "answer": "humans."}, {"question": "What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?", "answer": "social-cognitive skills of human children"}, {"question": "Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?", "answer": "humans."}, {"question": "Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?", "answer": "humans."}, {"question": "What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?", "answer": "Dog behavior"}, {"question": "More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?", "answer": "understand and communicate"}, {"question": "Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?", "answer": "human children"}, {"question": "What is gustatory communication include in dogs?", "answer": "scents, pheromones and taste"}, {"question": "People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?", "answer": "hand signals"}, {"question": "Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?", "answer": "Dog communication"}, {"question": "In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?", "answer": "hand signals"}, {"question": "Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?", "answer": "dogs."}, {"question": "Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?", "answer": "atrophy of the jaw muscles."}, {"question": "What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?", "answer": "diagnostic features"}, {"question": "How often do female wolves enter estrus?", "answer": "once a year."}, {"question": "Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?", "answer": "behaviors."}, {"question": "How many \"fixed\" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?", "answer": "morphology and behavior"}, {"question": "What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?", "answer": "tameness"}, {"question": "What do most dogs show less of than wolves?", "answer": "fear and aggression"}, {"question": "Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?", "answer": "production-related traits"}, {"question": "Why were dogs initially selected?", "answer": "for their behaviors."}, {"question": "For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?", "answer": "aggression"}, {"question": "What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?", "answer": "525 million"}, {"question": "How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?", "answer": "525 million"}, {"question": "What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?", "answer": "human population densities"}, {"question": "Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?", "answer": "apex"}, {"question": "Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?", "answer": "fearless"}, {"question": "What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?", "answer": "dogs"}, {"question": "Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?", "answer": "apex"}, {"question": "Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?", "answer": "sheep"}, {"question": "What limits the feral dog population in Russia?", "answer": "Wolves"}, {"question": "What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?", "answer": "leopards."}, {"question": "What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?", "answer": "Striped hyenas"}, {"question": "What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?", "answer": "alligators and pythons"}, {"question": "What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?", "answer": "Leopards"}, {"question": "What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?", "answer": "Tigers"}, {"question": "What type of reptiles eat dogs?", "answer": "alligators and pythons"}, {"question": "What is a known predator of village dogs in India?", "answer": "Striped hyenas"}, {"question": "Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?", "answer": "omnivores"}, {"question": "Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?", "answer": "vegetables and grains"}, {"question": "Cats are known as what type of carnivore?", "answer": "obligate"}, {"question": "Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?", "answer": "carnivores or omnivores"}, {"question": "Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?", "answer": "protein"}, {"question": "Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?", "answer": "starch"}, {"question": "The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?", "answer": "a few hundred years"}, {"question": "People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?", "answer": "particular morphologies and behaviors"}, {"question": "Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?", "answer": "selective breeding"}, {"question": "Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?", "answer": "Irish Wolfhound"}, {"question": "How old are most dog breeds?", "answer": "a few hundred years old"}, {"question": "How many different breeds are there?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?", "answer": "selective breeding"}, {"question": "What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?", "answer": "breed"}, {"question": "Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?", "answer": "modern kennel clubs."}, {"question": "What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?", "answer": "natural selection and selective breeding"}, {"question": "Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?", "answer": "breeds"}, {"question": "Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?", "answer": "non-scientific"}, {"question": "The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?", "answer": "unsystematic."}, {"question": "A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What, according to the text, are two examples of \"old world\" dogs?", "answer": "Malamute and Shar Pei"}, {"question": "the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?", "answer": "herding"}, {"question": "How many main types of dogs are there?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What type of dogs are Shar Peis?", "answer": "old world dogs"}, {"question": "What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?", "answer": "all others"}, {"question": "What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?", "answer": "bite inhibition"}, {"question": "What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?", "answer": "sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication"}, {"question": "Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?", "answer": "one of the most successful species on the planet today."}, {"question": "What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?", "answer": "bite inhibition"}, {"question": "Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?", "answer": "aiding handicapped individuals."}, {"question": "Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?", "answer": "man's best friend"}, {"question": "Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?", "answer": "a source of meat"}, {"question": "What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?", "answer": "food scraps."}, {"question": "What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? ", "answer": "three dog night"}, {"question": "What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?", "answer": "early warning."}, {"question": "How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?", "answer": "cleaning up food scraps"}, {"question": "What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?", "answer": "three dog night"}, {"question": "What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?", "answer": "cooperative hunting"}, {"question": "What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?", "answer": "sense of smell"}, {"question": "The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?", "answer": "the domestication of the wolf"}, {"question": "What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?", "answer": "sled dogs"}, {"question": "What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?", "answer": "Bering land bridge"}, {"question": "How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?", "answer": "9,400 years"}, {"question": "Evidence places dogs in North America when?", "answer": "12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?", "answer": "Athabascan"}, {"question": "Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?", "answer": "Apache and Navajo tribes"}, {"question": "People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?", "answer": "horse"}, {"question": "A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?", "answer": "puppy"}, {"question": "What two species have the most widespread bonding?", "answer": "humans and dogs"}, {"question": "When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?", "answer": "after World War II"}, {"question": "What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?", "answer": "outside"}, {"question": "Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?", "answer": "elites"}, {"question": "Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?", "answer": "outside"}, {"question": "When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?", "answer": "commodification"}, {"question": "The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?", "answer": "dogs."}, {"question": "How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?", "answer": "commodification"}, {"question": "A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?", "answer": "everyday routines"}, {"question": "It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?", "answer": "commodity forms"}, {"question": "Dog training can be researched back to what century?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?", "answer": "urine marking"}, {"question": "How far back can dog training be found?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "How do dogs mark their territory?", "answer": "urine marking"}, {"question": "What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?", "answer": "training"}, {"question": "How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?", "answer": "part of the family"}, {"question": "What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?", "answer": "Dog Whisperer."}, {"question": "Most people today describe their dogs as what?", "answer": "part of the family"}, {"question": "What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?", "answer": "Dog Whisperer"}, {"question": "A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?", "answer": "newspaper"}, {"question": "Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?", "answer": "plates"}, {"question": "In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?", "answer": "dog yoga."}, {"question": "What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?", "answer": "set tasks or routines"}, {"question": "What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?", "answer": "the newspaper"}, {"question": "The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?", "answer": "77.5 million"}, {"question": "How many people in the United States are said to own dog?", "answer": "77.5 million"}, {"question": "What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?", "answer": "magnetic resonance imaging"}, {"question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?", "answer": "voices"}, {"question": "An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?", "answer": "the brain"}, {"question": "Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?", "answer": "emotion"}, {"question": "What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?", "answer": "MRI"}, {"question": "Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?", "answer": "emotional"}, {"question": "What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?", "answer": "man's best friend"}, {"question": "Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?", "answer": "hunt"}, {"question": "Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?", "answer": "nets"}, {"question": "Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?", "answer": "Laika"}, {"question": "What breed was Laika?", "answer": "husky-terrier mix"}, {"question": "What phrase describing dogs is used in different languages?", "answer": "man's best friend"}, {"question": "What dog types, in the text, are used for hunting?", "answer": "pointers and hounds"}, {"question": "Some dogs help fishermen with what?", "answer": "nets"}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog to first orbit the Earth?", "answer": "Laika"}, {"question": "What year was the first dog sent into space?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What kind of dogs help people with physical or mental disabilities?", "answer": "Service dogs"}, {"question": "Early warning allows epileptics to get to safety, get medication or what else?", "answer": "medical care."}, {"question": "What are conformation shows also known as?", "answer": "breed shows"}, {"question": "Who evaluates dogs at breed shows?", "answer": "a judge"}, {"question": "What is the judge looking for in specific breeds?", "answer": "conformity with their established breed"}, {"question": "What is the only standard judged?", "answer": "externally observable qualities"}, {"question": "What is another word for \"breed shows\"?", "answer": "conformation shows."}, {"question": "What is the evaluator called in a breed show?", "answer": "a judge"}, {"question": "The breed standard only is about what?", "answer": "externally observable qualities"}, {"question": "Abilities and what else are not tested at breed shows?", "answer": "health"}, {"question": "Where do some people eat dogs?", "answer": "East Asian countries"}, {"question": "In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?", "answer": "taboo."}, {"question": "In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?", "answer": "dog fat"}, {"question": "What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?", "answer": "western hypocrisy"}, {"question": "The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?", "answer": "taboo"}, {"question": "Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?", "answer": "medicinal properties"}, {"question": "What is the best known Korean dish made with dog meat?", "answer": "gaejang-guk"}, {"question": "What is Gaejang-guk?", "answer": "a spicy stew"}, {"question": "Why do people eat Gaejang-guk in the summer months?", "answer": "to balance the body's heat"}, {"question": "What is dog meat boiled with to create Gaejang-guk?", "answer": "scallions and chili powder."}, {"question": "When is the Korean dog recipe usually eaten?", "answer": "the summer months"}, {"question": "What are two other ingredients in the dog meat recipe in Korea?", "answer": "scallions and chili powder."}, {"question": "How many people are bitten by dogs every year in America?", "answer": "4.5 million"}, {"question": "During the 1980s and 1990s, how many people were killed annually because of dog bites?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "In the 2000s, how many people died every year because of dog bites?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "According to a 2008 CDC report, how many are bitten in the United States annually?", "answer": "4.5 million"}, {"question": "What decade saw an increase from 17 to 26 deaths caused by dogs?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "According to a Colorado study, dog bites are what in children as compared to adults?", "answer": "less severe"}, {"question": "Out of 10,000 people, how many people are bitten by dogs in the United States?", "answer": "12.9"}, {"question": "Out of 10,000 boys between five and nine years old, how many are bitten annually by dogs?", "answer": "60.7"}, {"question": "Children are often bit where by dogs?", "answer": "the face or neck."}, {"question": "A dog scratch can lead to what medical condition?", "answer": "infections."}, {"question": "Where was the study done that showed dog bites were less serious in children than adults?", "answer": "Colorado"}, {"question": "About 12.9 out of 10,000 are bit by dogs, but what is the number in 10,000 for young boys from 5 to 9?", "answer": "60.7"}, {"question": "According to the text, dog scratches can cause what?", "answer": "infections."}, {"question": "In addition to dogs, what other animal is responsible for over 86,000 falls every year?", "answer": "cats"}, {"question": "Vehicle accidents with resulting injuries that involve dogs are more common with what type of vehicle?", "answer": "two-wheeled vehicles."}, {"question": "What sort of vehicle is most likely associated with accidents involving dogs?", "answer": "two-wheeled vehicles"}, {"question": "What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?", "answer": "dog roundworm"}, {"question": "How are Toxicara canis infections spread?", "answer": "dog feces"}, {"question": "About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?", "answer": "retinal damage and decreased vision."}, {"question": "Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?", "answer": "roundworm"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?", "answer": "retinal damage and decreased vision"}, {"question": "What year did a publication come out indicating having a pet does not mean lower risk of heart disease in the elderly?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is lowered in children who have pets?", "answer": "absenteeism from school"}, {"question": "What year did a report state that research did not support better health for elderly people who own pets?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "People with dogs get more of what than people with cats or no animals?", "answer": "exercise"}, {"question": "People with dogs do what more than people who have cats or no pets?", "answer": "exercise"}, {"question": "What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?", "answer": "immune-stimulating microorganisms"}, {"question": "Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?", "answer": "social interactions"}, {"question": "What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?", "answer": "anxiety"}, {"question": "People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?", "answer": "strangers"}, {"question": "Dogs were taken where to help people with mental disorders socialize?", "answer": "mental institutions"}, {"question": "Therapy dogs can help increase what in people suffering with Alzheimer's?", "answer": "social behaviors"}, {"question": "What was decreased in children with ADHD when they were exposed to therapy dogs?", "answer": "antisocial and violent behavior"}, {"question": "When did people start using dogs as therapy?", "answer": "the late 18th century"}, {"question": "Where were dogs introduced then to help people socialize people?", "answer": "mental institutions"}, {"question": "Children who have ADHD or conduct disorders respond better when what is a part of their treatment plan?", "answer": "dogs"}, {"question": "People with Alzheimer's smile and laugh more with what kind of therapy?", "answer": "animal-assisted therapy"}, {"question": "What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?", "answer": "diseases"}, {"question": "How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?", "answer": "40 times larger"}, {"question": "A dog can detect smells in one part per what?", "answer": "trillion"}, {"question": "How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?", "answer": "40 times larger"}, {"question": "How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?", "answer": "551"}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?", "answer": "Cerberus"}, {"question": "What did Cerberus guard?", "answer": "the gates of Hades."}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?", "answer": "Garmr"}, {"question": "What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?", "answer": "Kimat"}, {"question": "Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?", "answer": "thunder"}, {"question": "In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?", "answer": "Cerberus"}, {"question": "Who is the dog that guards Helheim?", "answer": "Garmr"}, {"question": "Who is Tadaklan?", "answer": "god of thunder"}, {"question": "Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?", "answer": "Kimat"}, {"question": "In Hindu mythology, what do the two dogs who are owned by the god of death watch over?", "answer": "the gates of Naraka."}, {"question": "What is the name of the god of death?", "answer": "Yama"}, {"question": "Offerings at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "answer": "bronze dog figurines."}, {"question": "Who owns two dogs with four eyes each in Hindu mythology?", "answer": "Yama"}, {"question": "What do Yama's dogs watch over?", "answer": "the gates of Naraka"}, {"question": "What does Muthappan use for his hunting dog for?", "answer": "mount"}, {"question": "Offerings left at the Muthappan Temple shrine take on what form?", "answer": "bronze dog figurines"}, {"question": "How are dogs viewed in Islam?", "answer": "as unclean"}, {"question": "Why are dogs viewed as unclean in Islam?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "What city made owing dogs illegal in 2015?", "answer": "The Hague"}, {"question": "In Britain, a dog used in a search at a mosque or a home occupied by Muslims must wear what?", "answer": "leather dog booties"}, {"question": "Why are dogs seen as unclean in Islam?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "When did it become illegal for a person to own a dog in The Hague?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Where did activists want dogs kept out of neighborhoods because it violated religious freedom?", "answer": "L\u00e9rida, Spain"}, {"question": "What are sniffer dogs used by British police allowed to touch instead of a passenger?", "answer": "their luggage"}, {"question": "What do dogs represent to Christians?", "answer": "faithfulness."}, {"question": "Jewish law dictates that anyone owning a dog must feed the dog before who?", "answer": "themselves"}, {"question": "If a Jewish person owns a dog, he must do what to do the dog before he does it to himself?", "answer": "feed"}, {"question": "What does a dog represent in the Christian culture?", "answer": "faithfulness"}, {"question": "Three Asian countries see dogs as what?", "answer": "kind protectors."}, {"question": "What country has the dog as part of its 12 animals that represent years?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How are dogs viewed in Asian countries?", "answer": "as kind protectors"}, {"question": "Thousands of years ago, dogs were depicted on the walls of what?", "answer": "caves."}, {"question": "What scenes were popular in art during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hunting"}, {"question": "Dogs were depicted as art on the walls of what?", "answer": "caves"}, {"question": "What kind of art scene was popular in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hunting scenes"}, {"question": "As relationships between people and dogs got closer, what happened to the art that had dogs in it?", "answer": "became more elaborate"}, {"question": "Dogs can have the same health issues as who?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "Which dog is not able to mount a female dog?", "answer": "Male French Bulldogs"}, {"question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?", "answer": "run away"}, {"question": "When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?", "answer": "respond with aggression"}, {"question": "Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?", "answer": "pet dogs living in human homes."}, {"question": "What would wolves have gotten from living with humans?", "answer": "significant benefits"}, {"question": "What has likely led to human success?", "answer": "the domestication of dogs"}, {"question": "Studies that people are better off with dogs have been criticized for being what?", "answer": "poorly controlled"}, {"question": "People who have cats or dogs make fewer visits where?", "answer": "to the doctor"}, {"question": "When did the tradition of people carrying the Olympic torch before the Olympic games begin?", "answer": "1936 Summer Olympics."}, {"question": "How many days did people carry the Olympic torch before the 2008 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "129 days"}, {"question": "What was the theme for the torch relay?", "answer": "one world, one dream"}, {"question": "What did the organizers of the torch relay call it?", "answer": "Journey of Harmony"}, {"question": "What was the 2008 Olympic slogan?", "answer": "one world, one dream"}, {"question": "Where were the details of the torch relay made known?", "answer": "Beijing, China."}, {"question": "What was the torch relay referred to as by organizers?", "answer": "\"Journey of Harmony\""}, {"question": "How many miles was the Olympic torch relayed?", "answer": "85,000 mi"}, {"question": "What day was the Olympic torch lit for the 2008 games?", "answer": "March 24"}, {"question": "Where did the Olympics originate?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece"}, {"question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Beijing?", "answer": "March 31"}, {"question": "How many continents did the torch visit after Beijing?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "The torch was on what road to symbolize historic links between China and the world?", "answer": "Silk Road"}, {"question": "Where was the Olympic torch lit?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece"}, {"question": "What date was the Olympic torch lit?", "answer": "March 24"}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium in Greece were the torch was taken to?", "answer": "Panathinaiko Stadium"}, {"question": "What date did the Olympic torch arrive at its destination in China?", "answer": "March 31."}, {"question": "What mountain was the torch taken up?", "answer": "Mount Everest"}, {"question": "How many people protested on the San Francisco torch route?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "How many people protested at the Pyongyang torch route?", "answer": "effectively none"}, {"question": "What were some groups doing along the torch route that was not supportive of the Olympics?", "answer": "protesting"}, {"question": "Who put out the torch along the route for protection?", "answer": "Chinese security officials"}, {"question": "Who condemned the various attacks on the torch relay route?", "answer": "the Chinese government"}, {"question": "In San Francisco, who had a larger presence than the protesters? ", "answer": "supporters"}, {"question": "Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?", "answer": "counter-protesters"}, {"question": "Who amassed in large scale against protesters?", "answer": "counter-protesters"}, {"question": "What was said to have occurred between some supporters and protesters?", "answer": "skirmishes"}, {"question": "What three areas of the globe were protests reported as not big?", "answer": "Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia"}, {"question": "Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "answer": "Jacques Rogge"}, {"question": "Athletes wearing what kind of flag at any Olympic venue faced the possibility of expulsion from the Olympics?", "answer": "Tibetan"}, {"question": "Because of the relay issues, IOC decided to no longer have what in subsequent Olympics?", "answer": "global relays"}, {"question": "What is the name of the man who said the protesting of the torch relay as a \"crisis\"?", "answer": "Jacques Rogge"}, {"question": "What could happen to Olympic sports participants who showed a Tibetan flag at events?", "answer": "could be expelled"}, {"question": "Who asked that the torch relay be ended?", "answer": "IOC members."}, {"question": "What was halted with the torch relay for future Olympics?", "answer": "global relays"}, {"question": "The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?", "answer": "Paralympic Games"}, {"question": "For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?", "answer": "Paralympic Games"}, {"question": "What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Lucky Cloud"}, {"question": "What is the Olympic Torch made from?", "answer": "aluminum."}, {"question": "How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?", "answer": "985 grams"}, {"question": "What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "An ignition key"}, {"question": "What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Lucky Cloud"}, {"question": "What metal is the torch constructed from?", "answer": "aluminum."}, {"question": "What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What fuel is used for the torch?", "answer": "propane."}, {"question": "When it was necessary for the Olympic Torch to be on an airplane, which one was used?", "answer": "a chartered Air China Airbus A330"}, {"question": "What color was the chartered plane?", "answer": "red and yellow"}, {"question": "When was it decided that Air China would be the official torch carrier?", "answer": "March 2008"}, {"question": "How many days did the plane travel?", "answer": "130 days"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft did the Torch team travel in?", "answer": "Airbus A330"}, {"question": "What colors was the aircraft painted?", "answer": "red and yellow"}, {"question": "What was the name of the airline that transported the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Air China"}, {"question": "How many days did the plane travel with the Torch team?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "How many different places were visited by the aircraft taking the Torch team?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many continents did the torch visit?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was the stop that was to happen between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong?", "answer": "Taipei"}, {"question": "The Republic of China felt that the wrong decision could place Taiwan on the same level as what two areas?", "answer": "Hong Kong and Macau"}, {"question": "The torch route covered six what?", "answer": "continents"}, {"question": "What government disagreed on the language used to describe the torch route?", "answer": "Taiwan."}, {"question": "What two places did Taiwan not want to be considered equal with in the language of the torch's route description?", "answer": "Hong Kong and Macau"}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the torch supposed to go through Taiwan?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "On what date did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "answer": "March 24, 2008"}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic Flame get lit?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece."}, {"question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch?", "answer": "Alexandros Nikolaidis"}, {"question": "Who initially lit the Olympic Torch?", "answer": "Maria Nafpliotou"}, {"question": "When did demonstrators yell for Tibet to be freed?", "answer": "March 30, 2008"}, {"question": "Where is the location of the original Olympic events?", "answer": "Olympia, Greece."}, {"question": "What is the name of the woman who lit the torch for the new games?", "answer": "Maria Nafpliotou"}, {"question": "What medal did the first torchbearer have from prior games?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first torchbearer for the 2008 Olympics?", "answer": "Alexandros Nikolaidis"}, {"question": "What place had police experience violent problems with protesters?", "answer": "Nepal."}, {"question": "Action was taken to boycott which company?", "answer": "Carrefour"}, {"question": "Who was the biggest shareholder of Carrefour?", "answer": "the LVMH Group"}, {"question": "What did some protesters burn?", "answer": "the French flag"}, {"question": "Where were anti-protesters blocked from entering a Carrefour store with Chinese flags?", "answer": "Kunming"}, {"question": "Who was said to have given money to the Dalai Lama?", "answer": "the LVMH Group"}, {"question": "What method did the Chinese government use to ease the boycott situation?", "answer": "censorship"}, {"question": "What French company was being boycotted?", "answer": "Carrefour"}, {"question": "In what publication were Chinese people asked to be orderly and legal because of the protests and demonstrations?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "What is the name of the publication where Chinese people were advised to be calm and rational about patriotism?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "The Chinese people were told to show patriotism in an orderly and what manner?", "answer": "legal"}, {"question": "What virgin site did the torch visit on April 2?", "answer": "Almaty"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to be handed the torch in Almaty?", "answer": "Nursultan Nazarbaev."}, {"question": "Who is Nursultan Nazarbaev?", "answer": "the President of Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "The route in Almaty went from Medeo Stadium to where?", "answer": "Astana Square."}, {"question": "What kind of activists were arrested in Almaty?", "answer": "Uighur activists"}, {"question": "What country did the torch get to for the first time?", "answer": "Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "What is the name of the president who was the first torchbearer in Almaty?", "answer": "Nursultan Nazarbaev."}, {"question": "What was the distance in kilometers for the route in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What activists were reported to have been arrested?", "answer": "Uighur"}, {"question": "When was the torch in Istanbul?", "answer": "April 3"}, {"question": "Where did the torch end up in Istanbul?", "answer": "Taksim Square"}, {"question": "Where did the torch start in Instanbul?", "answer": "Sultanahmet Square"}, {"question": "Who protested for their compatriots who were in Xinjiang?", "answer": "Uyghurs living in Turkey"}, {"question": "What city was the Olympic Torch at on April 3rd?", "answer": "Istanbul"}, {"question": "What is the name of the place in the city where the torch relay started in Turkey?", "answer": "Sultanahmet Square"}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay finish in Turkey?", "answer": "Taksim Square."}, {"question": "What people in Turkey protested for their people living in China?", "answer": "Uyghurs"}, {"question": "What happened to protesters who tried to interrupt the carrying of the torch?", "answer": "arrested"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Saint Petersburg?", "answer": "April 5"}, {"question": "Where was the start of the torch route in Saint Petersburg?", "answer": "Victory Square"}, {"question": "Where did the torch route end in Saint Petersburg?", "answer": "Palace Square"}, {"question": "Who is the first MMA fighter to participate in carrying the Olympic torch?", "answer": "Fedor Emelianenko"}, {"question": "Where in Russia was the first stop for the relay?", "answer": "Saint Petersburg"}, {"question": "What city location did the torch relay begin in Russia?", "answer": "Victory Square"}, {"question": "What was the last location for the relay in Russia?", "answer": "Palace Square."}, {"question": "What is the name of the MMA fighter who carried the torch in Russia?", "answer": "Fedor Emelianenko"}, {"question": "Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "When did the torch route begin in London?", "answer": "April 6"}, {"question": "How much did security cost for the torch relay in London?", "answer": "\u00a3750,000"}, {"question": "What city held the Olympics in 2012?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay begin in London for the 2008 Olympics?", "answer": "Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "Where did the relay end in London?", "answer": "O2 Arena"}, {"question": "How many miles was the relay in England?", "answer": "30 mi"}, {"question": "What word was used by London officials to describe Chinese security guards for their treatment of protesters?", "answer": "thugs"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers took part in the London route?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to hold the torch for the London route?", "answer": "Sir Steve Redgrave"}, {"question": "Along with Francesca Martinez, who decided to not carry the torch?", "answer": "Richard Vaughan"}, {"question": "Who was outside at 10 Downing Street to welcome the torch without actually touching it?", "answer": "Prime Minister Gordon Brown"}, {"question": "Who got emails asking him to boycott the torch relay?", "answer": "Sir Steve Redgrave"}, {"question": "How many people carried the torch in England for the 2008 Olympics?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "What two people in England declined to bear the torch?", "answer": "Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan"}, {"question": "Where did Gordon Brown welcome the torch?", "answer": "10 Downing Street"}, {"question": "Where was an attempt made to take the torch?", "answer": "Ladbroke Grove"}, {"question": "When did the torch relay in Paris occur?", "answer": "April 7"}, {"question": "Where did the Paris route start for the torch relay?", "answer": "the Eiffel Tower"}, {"question": "Rather than being carried by an athlete, how did the torch end its route in Paris?", "answer": "by bus"}, {"question": "The flame of the torch was put out when David Douillet was ready to hand it to who?", "answer": "Teddy Riner"}, {"question": "What date did the torch relay begin in France?", "answer": "April 7"}, {"question": "What city in France did the torch relay start at?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Where location was the torch relay started in the city in Paris?", "answer": "Eiffel Tower"}, {"question": "About how many police were said to have protected the torch in France?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "How many times was the torch put out in France die to security concerns?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who threw a a Tibetan flag from a City Hall window?", "answer": "Green Party officials."}, {"question": "Which torchbearer was in a wheelchair?", "answer": "Jin Jing"}, {"question": "What was Jin Jing called by ethnic Chinese?", "answer": "Angel in Wheelchair"}, {"question": "What was stopped due to protest interruptions?", "answer": "torch relay ceremony"}, {"question": "What is the name of the handicapped bearer of the torch?", "answer": "Jin Jing"}, {"question": "What did the ethnic Chinese call the disabled torch bearer?", "answer": "Angel in Wheelchair"}, {"question": "Who put a flag of Tibet out of the window at City Hall?", "answer": "Green Party officials."}, {"question": "Which organization planned several protests?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders"}, {"question": "What did Reporters Without Borders scale in order to put a protest banner on it?", "answer": "the Eiffel Tower"}, {"question": "Which cathedral did Reporters Without Borders hang another protest banner?", "answer": "Notre Dame cathedral"}, {"question": "What was hung from the Eiffel Tower?", "answer": "banner"}, {"question": "Who climbed the Eiffel Tower to hang a protest banner?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders"}, {"question": "Where else was a copy of the banner at Eiffel Tower hung?", "answer": "Notre Dame cathedral."}, {"question": "Where did hundreds of pro-Tibet protesters meet?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro"}, {"question": "Who spoke to the media about China's lack of freedom of speech?", "answer": "Jane Birkin"}, {"question": "Who is the President of the French Tibetan community that urged protesters to remain peaceful?", "answer": "Thupten Gyatso"}, {"question": "Where did pro-Tibetan protesters get together?", "answer": "Trocad\u00e9ro"}, {"question": "The Trocad\u00e9ro was not disruptive of the relay and said to have been what?", "answer": "peaceful"}, {"question": "Who, of the Trocad\u00e9ro protest, spoke to the media?", "answer": "Jane Birkin"}, {"question": "What did the person who spoke to the media at Trocad\u00e9ro say China lacked?", "answer": "freedom of speech"}, {"question": "What did the political parties request a brief stop in?", "answer": "the National Assembly's session"}, {"question": "What text was on the banner that the politicians unrolled outside?", "answer": "Respect for Human Rights in China"}, {"question": "What did MPs yell when the torch passed them?", "answer": "Freedom for Tibet!"}, {"question": "Various French politicians started protests including members of what?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "All the French political factions requested a temporary halt to what?", "answer": "National Assembly's session"}, {"question": "Why did the banner say that was unveiled during the temporary halt?", "answer": "Respect for Human Rights in China"}, {"question": "What did the Parliamentary members yell as the relay passed?", "answer": "Freedom for Tibet!"}, {"question": "What did French police take from demonstrators?", "answer": "Tibetan flags"}, {"question": "Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration"}, {"question": "Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro"}, {"question": "Who was the Minister of the Interior?", "answer": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie"}, {"question": "What did French law enforcement take from protesters?", "answer": "Tibetan flags"}, {"question": "Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?", "answer": "the Trocad\u00e9ro."}, {"question": "Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?", "answer": "Mich\u00e8le Alliot-Marie"}, {"question": "Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?", "answer": "a police officer"}, {"question": "Where did the torch start it's North American route?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What day did the torch arrive in San Francisco?", "answer": "April 9"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first North American torchbearer?", "answer": "Lin Li"}, {"question": "The route end was changed from Justin Herman plaza to what?", "answer": "San Francisco International Airport"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the U.S. Olympic Committee?", "answer": "Peter Ueberroth"}, {"question": "What city in the United States held the 2008 Olympic Torch relay?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What was the date of the relay in the United States?", "answer": "April 9."}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who handed off the torch to the torchbearer in the United States 2008 Olympic relay?", "answer": "Norman Bellingham"}, {"question": "What is the name of the location where the relay ending event was canceled?", "answer": "Justin Herman Plaza"}, {"question": "Who approved a resolution concerning human rights on April 1, 2008?", "answer": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"}, {"question": "The concern was over what in China and Tibet?", "answer": "human rights abuses"}, {"question": "What date was the protest which was led by Gere and Tutu?", "answer": "April 8"}, {"question": "When was a resolution agreed to about Chinese human rights issues in San Francisco?", "answer": "April 1, 2008"}, {"question": "Who approved the resolution?", "answer": "San Francisco Board of Supervisors"}, {"question": "Where was a protest planned in San Francisco?", "answer": "United Nations Plaza"}, {"question": "What actor was scheduled to attend a San Francisco Olympic protest?", "answer": "Richard Gere"}, {"question": "Three protester climbed what to hang two banners on April 7, 2008?", "answer": "Golden Gate Bridge"}, {"question": "Laurel Sutherlin spoke to which TV station about his concerns?", "answer": "KPIX-CBS5"}, {"question": "Who asked that the San Francisco relay route be shortened?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What famous bridge had two banners hung from it by protesters?", "answer": "Golden Gate Bridge"}, {"question": "Who spoke to station KPIX-CBS5 about the bridge banner protests?", "answer": "Laurel Sutherlin"}, {"question": "How many supporters face charges for the bridge stunt?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many activists may be charged with crimes for the bridge stunt?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??", "answer": "a warehouse"}, {"question": "Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?", "answer": "Andrew Michael"}, {"question": "What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?", "answer": "Andrew Michael"}, {"question": "Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?", "answer": "Marina district"}, {"question": "Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?", "answer": "San Francisco International Airport"}, {"question": "After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?", "answer": "Van Ness Avenue"}, {"question": "When did the Olympic torch relay begin in Buenos Aires?", "answer": "April 11"}, {"question": "Where did the torch route start in Buenos Aires?", "answer": "the Lola Mora amphitheatre"}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of Buenos Aires?", "answer": "Mauricio Macri"}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay begin in Argentina?", "answer": "Buenos Aires"}, {"question": "What place held an opening show for the relay?", "answer": "Lola Mora amphitheatre"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mayor who passed off the torch to the first bearer in Argentina?", "answer": "Mauricio Macri"}, {"question": "Who was the first bearer of the torch in Argentina?", "answer": "Carlos Esp\u00ednola."}, {"question": "What was showered along the route in some places?", "answer": "confetti"}, {"question": "What is the name of the activist who promised peaceful protests?", "answer": "Jorge Carcavallo"}, {"question": "What route was planned for an alternative march?", "answer": "from the Obelisk to the city hall"}, {"question": "What was on the banner that was displayed where the torchbearers would carry the torch?", "answer": "Free Tibet"}, {"question": "What is the name of the protester who said they would not try to extinguish the torch?", "answer": "Jorge Carcavallo."}, {"question": "Where did the other march travel form and to?", "answer": "Obelisk to the city hall"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the torch carried on the alternative march?", "answer": "Human Rights Torch."}, {"question": "What did the large banner say that was along the alternative march route?", "answer": "Free Tibet"}, {"question": "What was the unsanctioned alternative relay called?", "answer": "Human Rights Torch Relay"}, {"question": "Who was the outreach director of HRTR?", "answer": "Susan Prager"}, {"question": "What was the non profit that was funded by Mark Palmer?", "answer": "Friends of Falun Gong"}, {"question": "Which footballer decided to not be a torchbearer because of the controversy?", "answer": "Diego Maradona"}, {"question": "How many police officers were in place to avoid controversy along the torch route?", "answer": "1200"}, {"question": "What was thrown to try and put out the flame?", "answer": "water balloons"}, {"question": "What is Susan Prager communication director of?", "answer": "Friends of Falun Gong"}, {"question": "What football star backed out due to relay controversy?", "answer": "Diego Maradona"}, {"question": "How many police officers were part of the security operative?", "answer": "1200"}, {"question": "What was tossed at the torch trying to put it out?", "answer": "water balloons"}, {"question": "The protests were considered to be overall what in nature?", "answer": "peaceful"}, {"question": "Where was the only African destination for the torch?", "answer": "Dar es Salaam"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Dar es Salaam?", "answer": "April 13"}, {"question": "Where did the route start for the torch in Dar es Salaam?", "answer": "the TAZARA Railway"}, {"question": "Where was the solitary place the relay was held in Africa?", "answer": "Dar es Salaam"}, {"question": "What is the name of the railway where the Olympic torch relay began in Africa?", "answer": "TAZARA"}, {"question": "Where did the relay terminate in Africa?", "answer": "Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium"}, {"question": "What country paid for the stadium through aid money?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Who it the torch in Africa?", "answer": "Vice-President Ali Mohamed Shein."}, {"question": "Which Middle East location was the only area the torch visited?", "answer": "Muscat"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Muscat?", "answer": "April 14"}, {"question": "Which actress carried the torch for part of the route?", "answer": "Sulaf Fawakherji"}, {"question": "Where was the only place the Olympic torch was carried in the Middle East?", "answer": "Muscat"}, {"question": "How far was the relay route in kilometers in the Middle East?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Syrian actress who was one to bear the torch?", "answer": "Sulaf Fawakherji."}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?", "answer": "April 16"}, {"question": "Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?", "answer": "Jinnah Stadium"}, {"question": "Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?", "answer": "Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani"}, {"question": "Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?", "answer": "Islamabad"}, {"question": "Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?", "answer": "Jinnah Stadium."}, {"question": "When did the torch visit New Delhi?", "answer": "April 17"}, {"question": "How many runners carried the torch in New Delhi?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Which football captain did not participate in the relay to show support for Tibet?", "answer": "Baichung Bhutia"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers did not participate because of their concerns with Tibet?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay happen in India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "How long was the route in India in miles?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "How many bearers of the torch were used in India?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "How many bearers decided not to participate?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the name of the footballer who refused to be a part of the relay?", "answer": "Baichung Bhutia"}, {"question": "The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?", "answer": "Republic Day celebrations"}, {"question": "The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?", "answer": "Nirupama Sen."}, {"question": "Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?", "answer": "India's Commerce Minister"}, {"question": "Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?", "answer": "Kamal Nath"}, {"question": "At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?", "answer": "2 am"}, {"question": "The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?", "answer": "Republic Day"}, {"question": "What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?", "answer": "terrorist targets."}, {"question": "How many people comprised the Tibetan exile community?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "India refused China's request that the Tibetan exile community be avoided because they said India is what?", "answer": "a democracy"}, {"question": "Where is the exiled Tibetan government?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "How many Tibetan exiles are said to be in India?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "A wholesale ban on what was denied?", "answer": "protests"}, {"question": "What Olympic group was denied by India?", "answer": "Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit"}, {"question": "What deteriorated between India and China?", "answer": "relations"}, {"question": "Who said they did not support relay interruptions?", "answer": "the Tibetan government in exile"}, {"question": "Who did not want to participate in the relay as 'caged woman'?", "answer": "Kiran Bedi"}, {"question": "Where was Bedi retired from?", "answer": "Indian Police Service"}, {"question": "Which actress decided to not participate on April 15?", "answer": "Soha Ali Khan"}, {"question": "When did a protest in Delhi occur to protest against Chinese repression in Tibet?", "answer": "April 16"}, {"question": "What retired police officer refused to carry the torch in India?", "answer": "Kiran Bedi"}, {"question": "What actress removed herself from participation in the relay?", "answer": "Soha Ali Khan"}, {"question": "Where was a protest organized about the Olympic relay in India?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "Who disbanded the protest in Delhi?", "answer": "police."}, {"question": "The retired police officer said she would not run as what?", "answer": "caged woman"}, {"question": "When did the Olympic torch reach Bangkok?", "answer": "April 18"}, {"question": "Who is the Green World Foundation chairwoman who refused to participate in the relay?", "answer": "M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse"}, {"question": "The media was told that the Chinese supplied with shirts and transportation?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "When did the torch go through Bankok?", "answer": "April 18"}, {"question": "The relay route was a little over how many kilometers?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Who were told they would be banned from reentering Thailand?", "answer": "foreign protesters"}, {"question": "What scheduled bearer of the torch boycotted?", "answer": "Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse"}, {"question": "When did the torch visit Malaysia?", "answer": "April 21"}, {"question": "What is the capital city of Malaysia?", "answer": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"question": "Where did the route begin in Malaysia?", "answer": "Independence Square"}, {"question": "Prior to the 2008 games, when did Malaysia last see an Olympic torch relay?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What is the location of the start of the relay in Malaysia?", "answer": "Independence Square"}, {"question": "Where did the relay end in Malaysia?", "answer": "Petronas Twin Towers."}, {"question": "What year was the last torch relay event in Malaysia?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "How many Special Police protected the relay event?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "Which supporters protested near the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "answer": "Falun Gong"}, {"question": "Supporters of what demonstrated at the Chinese embassy in Malaysia?", "answer": "Falun Gong"}, {"question": "What were a Japanese family who unveiled a Tibetan flag hit with?", "answer": "plastic air-filled batons"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese group yell?", "answer": "Taiwan and Tibet belong to China."}, {"question": "What did Chinese volunteers take from two Malaysian demonstrators?", "answer": "placards"}, {"question": "When did the Olympic torch visit Jakarta?", "answer": "April 22"}, {"question": "Who requested that the original route be cancelled?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy"}, {"question": "Along with invited people, who were the only other people allowed in the stadium?", "answer": "journalists"}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay begin in Indonesia?", "answer": "Jakarta"}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the planned route that was cancelled?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Why was the first route not taken?", "answer": "security worries"}, {"question": "What type of facility was the torch carried at instead.", "answer": "stadium."}, {"question": "Where did protests occur when non one except invited guests and the press were allowed inside the stadium?", "answer": "outside the stadium."}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Canberra?", "answer": "April 24"}, {"question": "Who received the flame from Chinese officials in Canberra?", "answer": "Agnes Shea"}, {"question": "What did Agnes Shea give to the Chinese in return?", "answer": "a message stick"}, {"question": "Who publicly argued at a press conference?", "answer": "Australian and Chinese officials"}, {"question": "Where was the relay held in Australia?", "answer": "Canberra"}, {"question": "How many kilometers was the route in Australia?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What was the location of the beginning of the Olympic torch route in Australia?", "answer": "Reconciliation Place"}, {"question": "Who kept the demonstrators separated?", "answer": "Australian Federal Police."}, {"question": "What is the name of the Aboriginal elder who received the torch from Chinese officials?", "answer": "Agnes Shea"}, {"question": "Who did the Chinese want to deploy to Canberra to protect the flame?", "answer": "People's Liberation Army personnel"}, {"question": "Chinese Australian students were told to defend what against scum and separatists?", "answer": "sacred torch"}, {"question": "Who was the chairman of the Australian Council of Chinese Organisations?", "answer": "Tony Goh"}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who said he was okay with protests as long as they were peaceful?", "answer": "Stephen Smith"}, {"question": "What group did China want along the relay route in Canberra?", "answer": "People's Liberation Army"}, {"question": "Who was given permission to search attendees of the relay?", "answer": "Australian police"}, {"question": "Who said that thousands of pro-Beijing supporters would be bused in?", "answer": "Tony Goh"}, {"question": "Who told the media that Chinese diplomats were arranging a \"peaceful show of strength\"?", "answer": "Zhang Rongan"}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Minister who indicated Chinese officials wanted supporting demonstrators to show up and show their point of view?", "answer": "Stephen Smith"}, {"question": "Who withdrew as a torchbearer because of her concerns about human rights?", "answer": "Lin Hatfield Dodds"}, {"question": "Who said Dodds' withdrawal was a good example of peacefully protesting?", "answer": "Foreign Minister Stephen Smith"}, {"question": "Who withdrew from the torch event?", "answer": "Lin Hatfield Dodds"}, {"question": "Who was the foreign minister that said her decision was a good example of peacefully making a point?", "answer": "Stephen Smith"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Canberra torch relay committee?", "answer": "Ted Quinlan"}, {"question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected in Canberra to protest?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "ACT Chief Minister Jon Stanhope said which organization intended to ensure that China supporters outweighed Tibet supporters?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy"}, {"question": "Which athlete carried the torch for the final leg?", "answer": "Ian Thorpe"}, {"question": "How many supporters of Tibet were expected to attend the torch relay?", "answer": "Up to 600"}, {"question": "It was thought that how many Chinese supporters would attend the torch relay?", "answer": "between 2,000 and 10,000"}, {"question": "Who did not expect that reaction from the Chinese community?", "answer": "Ted Quinlan"}, {"question": "Who was involved to ensure the pro Chinese demonstrators outweighed the Tibetan demonstrators?", "answer": "the Chinese embassy"}, {"question": "Who hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics?", "answer": "Nagano"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Nagano?", "answer": "April 26"}, {"question": "Where was the torch relay held in Japan?", "answer": "Nagano"}, {"question": "Which Olympics did Nagano host?", "answer": "1998 Winter Olympics"}, {"question": "What location was supposed to be the start of the relay event in Nagano?", "answer": "Japanese Buddhist temple Zenk\u014d-ji"}, {"question": "When monks pulled out of the event, where was the new starting point for the relay?", "answer": "a municipal building"}, {"question": "How many Chinese guards were allowed to go with the torch?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where was the torch relay event held in South Korea?", "answer": "Seoul"}, {"question": "When did Seoul host the Olympics?", "answer": "1988 Summer Olympics"}, {"question": "Where was the start point for the relay?", "answer": "Olympic Park"}, {"question": "Who became violent during the relay route and was promised deportation when caught?", "answer": "Chinese students"}, {"question": "Where was the relay event held in South Korea?", "answer": "Seoul"}, {"question": "Which Olympics did Seoul host?", "answer": "1988 Summer Olympics"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Pyongyang?", "answer": "April 28"}, {"question": "Who presided over the torch event in North Korea?", "answer": "Kim Yong Nam"}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in North Korea?", "answer": "Pak Du Ik"}, {"question": "Where did the relay start?", "answer": "the Juche Tower"}, {"question": "Where was the relay event held in North Korea?", "answer": "Pyongyang."}, {"question": "What date did the torch relay event take place?", "answer": "April 28."}, {"question": "What did people in the crowd wave at the beginning of the relay?", "answer": "pink paper flowers and small flags"}, {"question": "Who was the first runner with the torch?", "answer": "Pak Du Ik"}, {"question": "The United Nations Organization and UNICEF felt the relay could be used as what?", "answer": "a propaganda stunt."}, {"question": "North Korea is often listed among the worst offenders in the world in what regard?", "answer": "against human rights."}, {"question": "What is the children's agency of the United Nations Organization?", "answer": "UNICEF"}, {"question": "Both organizations withdrew what?", "answer": "their staff"}, {"question": "What is the mission of the organizations?", "answer": "raising awareness of conditions for children"}, {"question": "Who is often listed amongst the world's worst offenders when it comes to human rights?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?", "answer": "April 29"}, {"question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "answer": "Ho Chi Minh City"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?", "answer": "the downtown Opera House"}, {"question": "Where did the torch event end?", "answer": "the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium"}, {"question": "Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?", "answer": "Ho Chi Minh City."}, {"question": "What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?", "answer": "the Spratly and Paracel Islands"}, {"question": "The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?", "answer": "Sansha"}, {"question": "As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?", "answer": "Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City."}, {"question": "Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?", "answer": "Nguy\u1ec5n T\u1ea5n D\u0169ng"}, {"question": "How many people protesting China were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Which blogger calling for demonstrations was arrested for tax evasion?", "answer": "\u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y"}, {"question": "Which torchbearer sent a letter of protest to the president of the International Olympic Committee?", "answer": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu"}, {"question": "How many protesters were arrested in Hanoi prior to the rally?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What is blogger \u0110i\u1ebfu C\u00e0y's real name?", "answer": "Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i"}, {"question": "Though he urged for demonstrations in Vietnam, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u1ea3i was charged with what crime?", "answer": "tax evasion."}, {"question": "What is the name of the torchbearer who wrote a letter to the IOC president about discrepancies on a website?", "answer": "L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu"}, {"question": "What was removed from the website that L\u00ea Minh Phi\u1ebfu had written about?", "answer": "disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims"}, {"question": "When did the torch arrive in Hong Kong?", "answer": "May 2"}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Hong Kong?", "answer": "Lee Lai Shan"}, {"question": "Where was the torch event started in Hong Kong?", "answer": "Hong Kong Cultural Centre"}, {"question": "Where did the torch relay end in Hong Kong?", "answer": "Golden Bauhinia Square in Wan Chai"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers participated in the relay event in Hong Kong?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "When was the relay event held in Hong Kong?", "answer": "May 2."}, {"question": "Who handed the torch to Lee Lai Shan, the first torchbearer?", "answer": "Donald Tsang"}, {"question": "What was used to get the torch across the Shing Mun River?", "answer": "a dragon boat"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "The torchbearers included athletes, celebrities and who?", "answer": "pro-Beijing camp politicians."}, {"question": "What did Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China members wave to symbolize democracy?", "answer": "plastic Olympic flames"}, {"question": "This group wanted accountability for what 1989 event?", "answer": "Tiananmen Square protests"}, {"question": "Who wrapped a Tibetan flag around her body and later waved it?", "answer": "Christina Chan"}, {"question": "Who removed Chan from the protest?", "answer": "police"}, {"question": "Why is Chan suing the Hong Kong government?", "answer": "her human rights were breached."}, {"question": "Some people waved plastic inflated flames, saying they symbolize what?", "answer": "democracy."}, {"question": "Who was proud that Hong Kong still has brave people speaking out?", "answer": "Leung Kwok-hung"}, {"question": "What did radio host Christina Chan wear before waving it?", "answer": "Tibetan snow lion flag"}, {"question": "Which group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "answer": "The Color Orange democracy group"}, {"question": "What did Galschi\u00f8t construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?", "answer": "Pillar of Shame"}, {"question": "Galschi\u00f8t and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?", "answer": "immigration reasons"}, {"question": "Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?", "answer": "Mia Farrow"}, {"question": "A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?", "answer": "one country, two systems"}, {"question": "What group did Jens Galschi\u00f8t lead?", "answer": "The Color Orange"}, {"question": "What structure did Jens Galschi\u00f8t build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?", "answer": "Pillar of Shame"}, {"question": "Why was Jens Galschi\u00f8t made to leave Hong Kong?", "answer": "immigration reasons"}, {"question": "Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?", "answer": "Mia Farrow"}, {"question": "When did the torch visit Macao?", "answer": "May 3"}, {"question": "Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?", "answer": "Macau Fisherman's Wharf"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers participated in Macao?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?", "answer": "Leong Hong Man"}, {"question": "A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?", "answer": "athletes"}, {"question": "When was the torch relay event held in Macao?", "answer": "May 3"}, {"question": "How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?", "answer": "Leong Hong Man"}, {"question": "Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?", "answer": "Stanley Ho."}, {"question": "Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?", "answer": "Macao Daily News"}, {"question": "A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?", "answer": "cyberctm.com"}, {"question": "In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?", "answer": "orchidbbs.com"}, {"question": "Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?", "answer": "A Macau resident"}, {"question": "Where was the message posted?", "answer": "cyberctm.com"}, {"question": "Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?", "answer": "The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation"}, {"question": "After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?", "answer": "May 4"}, {"question": "What actor attended a torch celebration in China?", "answer": "Jackie Chan"}, {"question": "When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?", "answer": "May 4"}, {"question": "When was the last time the torch had been in China?", "answer": "April."}, {"question": "Who attended the celebrations?", "answer": "IOC"}, {"question": "Which actor also attended the celebrations?", "answer": "Jackie Chan."}, {"question": "The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?", "answer": "partial and censored"}, {"question": "In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?", "answer": "biased."}, {"question": "Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration"}, {"question": "What was under scrutiny?", "answer": "media coverage"}, {"question": "Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?", "answer": "censored"}, {"question": "What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders"}, {"question": "Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration"}, {"question": "The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?", "answer": "saboteurs"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese media focus on as far as human rights protesters?", "answer": "the more disruptive protesters"}, {"question": "Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?", "answer": "condemned the protests"}, {"question": "Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?", "answer": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec"}, {"question": "What did Xinhua call protesters?", "answer": "radicals"}, {"question": "Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?", "answer": "Marie-Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rec"}, {"question": "Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?", "answer": "Xinhua"}, {"question": "Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?", "answer": "spirit of Olympics"}, {"question": "What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?", "answer": "sports and politics"}, {"question": "Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?", "answer": "run for spirit of Olympics"}, {"question": "Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?", "answer": "sports and politics"}, {"question": "Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?", "answer": "The Daily Telegraph"}, {"question": "What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration"}, {"question": "Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?", "answer": "Western media bias."}, {"question": "Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?", "answer": "Fu Ying"}, {"question": "Which newspaper published these accusations?", "answer": "The Daily Telegraph"}, {"question": "What other newspaper was accused of bias?", "answer": "Lib\u00e9ration"}, {"question": " Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?", "answer": "CNN"}, {"question": "Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?", "answer": "CNN"}, {"question": "Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?", "answer": "the Chinese government"}, {"question": "What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?", "answer": "The challenges of reporting in China"}, {"question": "Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?", "answer": "Paul Danahar"}, {"question": "How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?", "answer": "1,300"}, {"question": "Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?", "answer": "Paul Danahar"}, {"question": "Where is BBC banned from reporting?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "Who published \"Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage\" on April 20?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?", "answer": "an anti-CNN website"}, {"question": "Who supposedly created the site?", "answer": "a Beijing citizen."}, {"question": "Who takes credit for creating the site?", "answer": "a Beijing citizen."}, {"question": "Who felt that the government was involved in the website?", "answer": "foreign correspondents"}, {"question": "How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "When were the 30 team members sworn in?", "answer": "August 2007"}, {"question": "What were their official team outfits?", "answer": "matching blue tracksuits"}, {"question": "Which team member has his own fan following?", "answer": "Second Right Brother"}, {"question": "How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "When were these 30 sworn in?", "answer": "August 2007"}, {"question": "What did these 30 attendants wear?", "answer": "blue tracksuits"}, {"question": "What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?", "answer": "Second Right Brother"}, {"question": "Which French company was boycotted?", "answer": "Carrefour"}, {"question": "Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?", "answer": "LVMH Group"}, {"question": "Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "What was burned during these boycotts?", "answer": "the French flag"}, {"question": "Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?", "answer": "LVMH Group"}, {"question": "Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?", "answer": "anti-Chinese racism."}, {"question": "The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?", "answer": "anti-Japanese protests"}, {"question": "Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?", "answer": "Sohu.com"}, {"question": "When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?", "answer": "May 1"}, {"question": "The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?", "answer": "the anti-Japanese protests in 2005."}, {"question": "Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?", "answer": "People's Daily"}, {"question": "Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?", "answer": "the Chinese government"}, {"question": "What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?", "answer": "May 1."}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "answer": "Shoichi Washizawa"}, {"question": "How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?", "answer": "great nuisance"}, {"question": "What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?", "answer": "a major Buddhist temple"}, {"question": "Who was the mayor of Nagano?", "answer": "Shoichi Washizawa"}, {"question": "What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?", "answer": "great nuisance"}, {"question": "Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?", "answer": "a major Buddhist temple"}, {"question": "In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?", "answer": "lanterns."}, {"question": "The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?", "answer": "during protests"}, {"question": "Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?", "answer": "Hong Kong legislator"}, {"question": "Which athlete did the official website call an angel?", "answer": "Jin Jing"}, {"question": "Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?", "answer": "Western media"}, {"question": "How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "How many members are on each of these two teams?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "In what fields of science is the genome studied?", "answer": "molecular biology and genetics"}, {"question": "What is the content of the human genome?", "answer": "DNA"}, {"question": "What constitutes the viral genome?", "answer": "RNA"}, {"question": "Who coined the word genome?", "answer": "Hans Winkler"}, {"question": "In what year was the word genome first created?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?", "answer": "University of Hamburg"}, {"question": "Which two similar words share etymology with genome?", "answer": "biome, rhizome"}, {"question": "A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What process splits the chromosome between gametes?", "answer": "meiosis"}, {"question": "What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?", "answer": "mitochondria and chloroplasts"}, {"question": "What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?", "answer": "genomics"}, {"question": "In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?", "answer": "single genes or groups of genes"}, {"question": "What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?", "answer": "sequenced"}, {"question": "What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?", "answer": "C-value paradox"}, {"question": "Which organism has the most genes?", "answer": "trichomoniasis"}, {"question": "How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?", "answer": "three times"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?", "answer": "Walter Fiers"}, {"question": "Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?", "answer": "Bacteriophage MS2"}, {"question": "Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?", "answer": "Fred Sanger"}, {"question": "What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?", "answer": "Institute for Genomic Research"}, {"question": "In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?", "answer": "US National Institutes of Health"}, {"question": "What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?", "answer": "mouse"}, {"question": "What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?", "answer": "puffer fish"}, {"question": "When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?", "answer": "December 2013"}, {"question": "How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?", "answer": "130,000"}, {"question": "What is a recent development in sequencing methods?", "answer": "massive parallel sequencing"}, {"question": "Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?", "answer": "Manteia Predictive Medicine"}, {"question": "Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?", "answer": "James D. Watson"}, {"question": "What is Watson famous for helping discover?", "answer": "the structure of DNA"}, {"question": "What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?", "answer": "genome map"}, {"question": "Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?", "answer": "The Human Genome Project"}, {"question": "Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?", "answer": "Jean Weissenbach"}, {"question": "Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?", "answer": "Genoscope"}, {"question": "What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?", "answer": "Genome composition"}, {"question": "What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?", "answer": "evolutionary history"}, {"question": "What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?", "answer": "prokaryotes and eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?", "answer": "exon-intron"}, {"question": "In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?", "answer": "mammals and plants"}, {"question": "What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?", "answer": "pathogenic microbe"}, {"question": "What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?", "answer": "virus"}, {"question": "Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?", "answer": "plasmids"}, {"question": "What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?", "answer": "plants, protozoa and animals"}, {"question": "What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?", "answer": "plastome"}, {"question": "What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?", "answer": "mitochondrial genome"}, {"question": "What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?", "answer": "Genome size"}, {"question": "What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?", "answer": "morphological complexity"}, {"question": "What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?", "answer": "repetitive DNA"}, {"question": "What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?", "answer": "minimal genomes"}, {"question": "In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?", "answer": "in vivo and in silico"}, {"question": "What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?", "answer": "Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"}, {"question": "In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?", "answer": "proportion of non-repetitive DNA"}, {"question": "What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?", "answer": "genome size"}, {"question": "What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?", "answer": "E. coli"}, {"question": "What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?", "answer": "C. elegans and fruit fly"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?", "answer": "tandem repeats and interspersed repeats"}, {"question": "What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?", "answer": "proportion of repetitive DNA"}, {"question": "Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?", "answer": "Tandem repeats"}, {"question": "What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?", "answer": "satellite DNA and microsatellites"}, {"question": "What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?", "answer": "interspersed repeats."}, {"question": "What is the main source of interspersed repeats?", "answer": "Transposable elements"}, {"question": "What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?", "answer": "genome evolution"}, {"question": "What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?", "answer": "retrotransposons"}, {"question": "What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?", "answer": "DNA transposons"}, {"question": "What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?", "answer": "RNA"}, {"question": "What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?", "answer": "cut and paste"}, {"question": "DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?", "answer": "RNA"}, {"question": "What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?", "answer": "karyotype"}, {"question": "Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?", "answer": "genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content"}, {"question": "What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?", "answer": "Duplications"}, {"question": "What is a possible product of duplications?", "answer": "genetic novelty"}, {"question": "What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?", "answer": "Horizontal gene transfer"}, {"question": "In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?", "answer": "microbes"}, {"question": "Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?", "answer": "chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes"}, {"question": "What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?", "answer": "comprehensive school"}, {"question": "What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?", "answer": "selective school system"}, {"question": "What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?", "answer": "England and Wales"}, {"question": "How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?", "answer": "Gesamtschule"}, {"question": "What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?", "answer": "design and technology and vocational learning"}, {"question": "What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?", "answer": "Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges"}, {"question": "Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?", "answer": "City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"}, {"question": "How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?", "answer": "164"}, {"question": "In what year were comprehensive schools first created?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?", "answer": "neighbourhood"}, {"question": "What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?", "answer": "Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges"}, {"question": "In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?", "answer": "7 to 16"}, {"question": "What type of school is the Gesamtschule?", "answer": "comprehensive"}, {"question": "What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?", "answer": "remedial"}, {"question": "What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?", "answer": "the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur"}, {"question": "What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?", "answer": "less than 1%"}, {"question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?", "answer": "Stadtteilschule"}, {"question": "What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?", "answer": "Sekundarschule"}, {"question": "In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?", "answer": "2010/2011"}, {"question": "What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?", "answer": "college preparatory classes"}, {"question": "What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?", "answer": "Abitur"}, {"question": "What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?", "answer": "Hauptschule"}, {"question": "What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?", "answer": "grade inflation"}, {"question": "Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?", "answer": "Barbara Sommer"}, {"question": "Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?", "answer": "Sigrid Beer"}, {"question": "Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?", "answer": "Christian Democratic Union"}, {"question": "Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?", "answer": "Alliance '90/The Greens"}, {"question": "Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?", "answer": "bright working class students"}, {"question": "From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?", "answer": "middle class peers"}, {"question": "At which school do students achieve the least success?", "answer": "Hauptschule"}, {"question": "Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?", "answer": "Helmut Fend"}, {"question": "To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?", "answer": "tripartite system"}, {"question": "When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?", "answer": "sixth form"}, {"question": "What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?", "answer": "A-levels"}, {"question": "When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "answer": "Patrick Hillery"}, {"question": "What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?", "answer": "vocational school system"}, {"question": "What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?", "answer": "community school"}, {"question": "In what decade were community schools conceived?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?", "answer": "The state"}, {"question": "What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?", "answer": "the denominational basis of the schools"}, {"question": "What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?", "answer": "Community colleges"}, {"question": "In what year was the Walworth School established?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Who established the Walworth School?", "answer": "London County Council"}, {"question": "What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?", "answer": "Holyhead County School"}, {"question": "When was Holyhead County School established?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?", "answer": "Woodlands Boys School"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?", "answer": "Anthony Crosland"}, {"question": "what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?", "answer": "Secretary of State for Education"}, {"question": "Which type of school was not in widespread usage?", "answer": "Secondary technical schools"}, {"question": "Who was made Secretary of State for Education in 1970?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"question": "What kind of school did Thatcher end the compulsion for existing schools to convert to?", "answer": "comprehensive"}, {"question": "What party was in power when Margaret Thatcher was made Secretary of State for Education?", "answer": "Conservative"}, {"question": "By what year did the 11-plus exam mainly fall out of use?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What did secondary modern and grammar schools combine to become?", "answer": "neighbourhood comprehensives"}, {"question": "Grammar schools that did not close were converted to what?", "answer": "comprehensive schools"}, {"question": "What are two locations in which all secondary schools were converted to comprehensives in the '70s?", "answer": "Sandwell and Dudley"}, {"question": "Who initiated the scrutiny of the educational system in 1976?", "answer": "James Callaghan"}, {"question": "What is the only kind of school operating in Wales?", "answer": "Comprehensive school"}, {"question": "Which political party was James Callaghan a member of?", "answer": "Labour"}, {"question": "What law enables parents full control over their child's education?", "answer": "Education Reform Act"}, {"question": "In what year was the Education Reform Act made into law?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What concept does the government currently support for education?", "answer": "specialisation"}, {"question": "Parental choice has informed what controversial practice?", "answer": "league tables of school performance"}, {"question": "All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?", "answer": "comprehensive"}, {"question": "What has Scotland refused to adopt?", "answer": "specialist schools"}, {"question": "When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Which country is Northern England's school system most different from?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "Which countries have school systems somewhat similar to Northern Ireland?", "answer": "England and Wales"}, {"question": "What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "R\u00e9publique du Congo"}, {"question": "Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?", "answer": "Central African Republic"}, {"question": "Whic country lies on Congo's western border?", "answer": "Gabon"}, {"question": "Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?", "answer": "Cameroon"}, {"question": "In what part of Africa is the Congo located?", "answer": "Central Africa"}, {"question": "What language was spoken in the area that became the Congo?", "answer": "Bantu"}, {"question": "When did the Congo gain its independence from colonial rule?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Who is the ruler of the Congo?", "answer": "Denis Sassou Nguesso"}, {"question": "What title does Nguesso hold?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?", "answer": "oil revenues"}, {"question": "What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?", "answer": "Pygmy"}, {"question": "When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?", "answer": "1500 BC"}, {"question": "The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?", "answer": "Bantu"}, {"question": "Whose expedition arrived at the mouth of the Congo River in 1484?", "answer": "Diogo C\u00e3o"}, {"question": "What was Diogo Cao's nationality?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What did European traders exchange with Bantu people?", "answer": "commodities, manufactured goods, and people"}, {"question": "When did formal colonization of the Congo River delta begin?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "Colonization reduced the power of what groups in the Congo River basin?", "answer": "Bantu societies"}, {"question": "When did the French take control of the region to the north of the Congo River?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "Who brokered a traty with the Makoko people?", "answer": "Pierre de Brazza"}, {"question": "What was the French Congo's name changed to in 1903?", "answer": "Middle Congo"}, {"question": "What group of French colonies was created in 1908?", "answer": "French Equatorial Africa"}, {"question": "How many people are estimated to have died as a result of the creation of the Congo-Ocean Railroad?", "answer": "14,000"}, {"question": "What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?", "answer": "Brazzaville"}, {"question": "What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?", "answer": "Brazzaville Conference of 1944"}, {"question": "When did Brazzaville get its own local government?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?", "answer": "the Fourth Republic"}, {"question": "When was the Fifth Republic founded?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What was disbanded in 1958?", "answer": "the AEF"}, {"question": "In 1958, what did the Middle Congo change its name to?", "answer": "the Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "When did the Congo establish its first constitution?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?", "answer": "August 15, 1960"}, {"question": "Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?", "answer": "Fulbert Youlou"}, {"question": "Who replaced Youlou?", "answer": "Alphonse Massamba-D\u00e9bat"}, {"question": "Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?", "answer": "labour elements and rival political parties"}, {"question": "Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?", "answer": "Congolese military"}, {"question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1963?", "answer": "Massamba-D\u00e9bat"}, {"question": "What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?", "answer": "scientific socialism"}, {"question": "Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?", "answer": "Cuban"}, {"question": "When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?", "answer": "September 1968"}, {"question": "Who became president of the Congo in 1968?", "answer": "Marien Ngouabi"}, {"question": "What did the Congo's name become under Ngouabi?", "answer": "People's Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "What did the National Revolutionary Movement's name become?", "answer": "Congolese Labour Party"}, {"question": "In what year was a coup attempted against Ngouabi?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "On what date was Ngouabi assassinated?", "answer": "March 16, 1977"}, {"question": "Which group of nations did Nguesso side the Congo with?", "answer": "Eastern Bloc"}, {"question": "Which Eastern Bloc nation did Nguesso sign a pact with?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe Sassou's type of government?", "answer": "dictatorship"}, {"question": "What was an important tool of the Sassou government?", "answer": "political repression"}, {"question": "Who was elected president of the Congo in 1992?", "answer": "Pascal Lissouba"}, {"question": "Who supported the measures of liberalisation Lissouba tried to employ to reform the economy?", "answer": "IMF"}, {"question": "What interrupted the renewal of the IMF agreement with the Congo?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "What does ESAF stand for?", "answer": "enhanced structural adjustment facility"}, {"question": "Which two figures clashed over leadership of the Congo in 1997?", "answer": "Lissouba and Sassou"}, {"question": "What is the name of Sassou's personal army?", "answer": "Cobras"}, {"question": "What nationality were the forces that invaded the Congo to assist Sassou in taking control of the country?", "answer": "Angolan"}, {"question": "In what month did Sassou regain the presidency?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?", "answer": "Milongo"}, {"question": "How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?", "answer": "seven years"}, {"question": "When was the new constitution ratified?", "answer": "January 2002"}, {"question": "When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?", "answer": "April 2003"}, {"question": "Who won the presidential election in 2009?", "answer": "Sassou"}, {"question": "Which group provided oversight for the electoral process in 2009?", "answer": "Congolese Observatory of Human Rights"}, {"question": "What kind of turnout did the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights experience in the 2009 elections?", "answer": "very low"}, {"question": "What kind of political system has existed in Congo-Brazzaville since the '90s?", "answer": "multi-party"}, {"question": "Which party does Sassou belong to?", "answer": "Congolese Labour Party"}, {"question": "What is the French term for Sassou's political party?", "answer": "Parti Congolais du Travail"}, {"question": "What has Sassou's regime attempted to censor?", "answer": "corruption revelations"}, {"question": "What country found bank accounts and real estate owned by the Sassou regime?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "When did Sassou reveal that there would be a vote to alter the 2002 constitution?", "answer": "March 27, 2015"}, {"question": "Which term did the new constitution allow Sassou to pursue?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Who controlled the media in the Congo in 2008", "answer": "the government"}, {"question": "How many government TV stations exist?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How many smaller stations exist that are not government-run?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Who is considered to own members of the Pygmies?", "answer": "Bantus"}, {"question": "The treatment of Pygmies has been compared to the treatment of what?", "answer": "pets"}, {"question": "When did the government of the Congo pass a law to assist indigenous people?", "answer": "December 30, 2010"}, {"question": "Between which two lines of latitude is the Congo located?", "answer": "4\u00b0N and 5\u00b0S"}, {"question": "Between which two lines of longitude is the Congo located?", "answer": "11\u00b0 and 19\u00b0E"}, {"question": "What ocean connects to the Congo?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "Which country lies southwest of the Congo?", "answer": "Cabinda"}, {"question": "What is another name for Cabinda?", "answer": "Angola"}, {"question": "What is the capital of the Congo?", "answer": "Brazzaville"}, {"question": "On what river can Brazzaville be found?", "answer": "Congo River"}, {"question": "What lies directly across the Congo River from Brazzaville?", "answer": "Kinshasa"}, {"question": "What country does Kinshasa serve as capital of?", "answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "What kind of terrain is found in the southwest part of the Congo?", "answer": "coastal plain"}, {"question": "Which river serves as drainage for the southwest plain of the Congo?", "answer": "Kouilou-Niari River"}, {"question": "The middle of the country features what kind of geography?", "answer": "plateau"}, {"question": "What areas are facing pressure to be used for commercial gain?", "answer": "Forests"}, {"question": "On what major line of latitude is the Congo located?", "answer": "Equator"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature in the Congo when the sun is up?", "answer": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature range in the Congo during the night time?", "answer": "16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) and 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "When does the Congo experience dry season?", "answer": "June to August"}, {"question": "Which group studied gorillas in 2006-07?", "answer": "Wildlife Conservation Society"}, {"question": "What region is home to the gorillas studied by the Wildlife Conservation Society?", "answer": "Sangha Region"}, {"question": "What was responsible for maintaining the separation between the gorillas and humans?", "answer": "inhospitable swamps"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?", "answer": "Petroleum"}, {"question": "What are two issues in the Congolese government?", "answer": "budget problems and overstaffing"}, {"question": "What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?", "answer": "forestry"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "What did income from petroleum allow the government to fund in the early '80s?", "answer": "large-scale development projects"}, {"question": "What was the Congo's annual increase in gross domestic product in the early '80s?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "By how much were Franc Zone currencies devalued in January of 1994?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "How much inflation did the Congo experience as a result of the devaluation of the Franc?", "answer": "46%"}, {"question": "What caused reform efforts to cease in 1997?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "What are two reasons why the economy was not able to progress following the civil war?", "answer": "slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict"}, {"question": "When did military conflict resume in the Congo?", "answer": "December 1998"}, {"question": "What are two economic issues faced by the Congolese government?", "answer": "stimulating recovery and reducing poverty"}, {"question": "What two exports has the Congo begun producing recently?", "answer": "Natural gas and diamonds"}, {"question": "When was the Congo allowed back into the Kimberley Process?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "base metal, gold, iron and phosphate"}, {"question": "What business organization is the Congo a member of?", "answer": "Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa"}, {"question": "How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?", "answer": "200,000 hectares"}, {"question": "What forms of transport are available in the Congo?", "answer": "land, air and water"}, {"question": "When was the Congo's train system built?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What is a common destination outside of Africa for Congolese airlines?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "On what ocean is a major port located?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?", "answer": "southwest"}, {"question": "How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?", "answer": "534-kilometre (332 mi)"}, {"question": "How many languages are used in the Congo?", "answer": "62"}, {"question": "What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?", "answer": "Kongo"}, {"question": "How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?", "answer": "2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?", "answer": "about 9,000"}, {"question": "What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "How many Americans live in the Congo?", "answer": "Around 300"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in the Congo?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "What percentage of Congolese citizens identify as Awakening Lutherans?", "answer": "22.3%"}, {"question": "What portion of the Congolese population is Protestant?", "answer": "19.9%"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Muslims living in the Congo?", "answer": "1.6%"}, {"question": "Who form the majority of Islamic residents of the Congo?", "answer": "foreign workers"}, {"question": "How much of the gross domestic product was spent on public health in 2004?", "answer": "8.9%"}, {"question": "What was the overall incidence of HIV or AIDS throughout the 15 to 49 year old population?", "answer": "2.8%"}, {"question": "How much was spent per capita on health in 2004 as measured in US dollars?", "answer": "$30"}, {"question": "For every 100,000 people, how many phyisicians were there in the Congo in the early '00s?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "As measured in 2010, how many deaths occurred for every 100,000 live births in the Congo?", "answer": "560"}, {"question": "What does FGM stand for?", "answer": "Female genital mutilation"}, {"question": "How many infants die for every 1,000 live births?", "answer": "59.34"}, {"question": "Public schooling is required for people under what age?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What was the school enrollment rate in 2005?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What do students who finish 13 years of schooling receive?", "answer": "baccalaureate"}, {"question": "What language is used in Congolese schools?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What branch of government does the prime minister lead?", "answer": "executive"}, {"question": "What group is the prime minister usually in charge of?", "answer": "cabinet"}, {"question": "In some political models like semi-presidential systems, what does the prime minister manage?", "answer": "civil service"}, {"question": "What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?", "answer": "Westminster system"}, {"question": "What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?", "answer": "ceremonial"}, {"question": "What is a central duty of the prime minister?", "answer": "ensure the passage of bills"}, {"question": "What is it called when a monarch has a share of executive powers?", "answer": "royal prerogative"}, {"question": "Using royal prerogative does not require the consent of which body?", "answer": "parliament"}, {"question": "What are two other job titles of the Prime Minister of the  UK?", "answer": "First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service"}, {"question": "In addition to being Prime Minister, what other role did Winston Churchill serve during World War II?", "answer": "Minister of Defence"}, {"question": "When was the title of prime minister first used?", "answer": "1625"}, {"question": "Who coined the term prime minister?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu"}, {"question": "What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?", "answer": "Louis XIV"}, {"question": "When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?", "answer": "Sir Robert Walpole"}, {"question": "Who occupied the role that would later become prime minister under Henry VIII?", "answer": "Thomas Cromwell"}, {"question": "Who held the equivalent of the post of prime minister under Queen Anne?", "answer": "Godolphin"}, {"question": "Who served as the head minister under Charles II?", "answer": "Clarendon"}, {"question": "From whom did ministers derive their power?", "answer": "the monarch"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for naming people to serve in the cabinet?", "answer": "the monarch"}, {"question": "Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?", "answer": "Harley and St John"}, {"question": "Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?", "answer": "Clarendon"}, {"question": "What 1688 event helped the parliament solidy its power against the monarch?", "answer": "Glorious Revolution"}, {"question": "What 1689 law contributed to parliament's growing power?", "answer": "Bill of Rights"}, {"question": "What body was incorporated into the government as a result of the Bill of Rights?", "answer": "House of Commons"}, {"question": "The reign of which king was a turning point in the growth of the position of prime minister?", "answer": "George I"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen Anne die?", "answer": "1714"}, {"question": "Where was George I's home?", "answer": "Hanover"}, {"question": "For how long did Robert Walpole serve as prime minister?", "answer": "twenty-one years"}, {"question": "What party did Walpole belong to?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "What concept took shape during Walpole's tenure as prime minister?", "answer": "doctrine of cabinet solidarity"}, {"question": "What would a minister have to do if he did not publicly support a cabinet policy?", "answer": "resign"}, {"question": "Who is another prime minister who reiterated the principles of cabinet solidarity?", "answer": "Lord Melbourne"}, {"question": "Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?", "answer": "parliamentarians and legal scholars"}, {"question": "Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?", "answer": "George II and George III"}, {"question": "During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli"}, {"question": "When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?", "answer": "Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah"}, {"question": "When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?", "answer": "Bahrain"}, {"question": "Greece, Finland, Romania and Turkey use what kind of government?", "answer": "parliamentary republics"}, {"question": "In whic type of government is the leader elected?", "answer": "parliamentary republics"}, {"question": "What is the term for the head of China's government?", "answer": "Premier of the State Council"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Republic of China?", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "Whose consent is not required for the Taiwanese premier to take office?", "answer": "legislature"}, {"question": "What is the term for a situation in which the president and prime minister come from different political parties?", "answer": "cohabitation"}, {"question": "What can the French parliament cause in order to oust the prime minister?", "answer": "resignation of the government"}, {"question": "Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?", "answer": "Bangladesh's"}, {"question": "What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?", "answer": "the process of his/her appointment and dismissal"}, {"question": "What is directly above the premier in the People's Republic of China?", "answer": "the National People's Congress"}, {"question": "What is the pinyin form of premier?", "answer": "Z\u014fngl\u012d"}, {"question": "Which law first referred to the prime minister in Canada?", "answer": "the Constitution Act"}, {"question": "When was the Constitution Act passed?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "The Constitution Act mentions the prime minister in the context of which kinds of other ministers?", "answer": "federal and provincial first ministers"}, {"question": "What document details the role and abilities given to the prime minister of the Czech Republic?", "answer": "constitution"}, {"question": "When was prime minister first mentioned in a government document in the UK?", "answer": "first decade of the twentieth century"}, {"question": "Who was the last prime minister to serve simultaneously as Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "answer": "Balfour"}, {"question": "When did Balfour last hold the titles of prime minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "Which prime minister was appointed only one time?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"question": "When was Thatcher appointed prime minister?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "When did Thatcher last hold power?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What did Margaret Thatcher reconfigure following each general election?", "answer": "cabinet"}, {"question": "What is the name of the prime ministerial position in Ireland?", "answer": "Taoiseach"}, {"question": "From where is the Irish prime minister usually selected?", "answer": "the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament"}, {"question": "When is the Irish Taoiseach renominated?", "answer": "after every general election"}, {"question": "Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?", "answer": "lower house of parliament"}, {"question": "Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?", "answer": "upper houses"}, {"question": "What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?", "answer": "vote of confidence"}, {"question": "Who can put a stop the parliamentary attempts at dissovling itself in some areas?", "answer": "head of state"}, {"question": "If the head of state prevents the dissolution of parliament, what needs to happen?", "answer": "resignation of the prime minister and his or her government"}, {"question": "In contemporary parliamentary governments, which official is usually in charge of asking parliament to dissolve?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "When was the convention of prime ministers initiating the dissolution of parliament started?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "In Ireland, when was the power to dissolve parliament assigned to the prime minister?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "The 1922 Irish Free State Constitution previously gave what body the power to dissolve parliament?", "answer": "the Executive Council"}, {"question": "What was the Executive Council an alternate name for?", "answer": "cabinet"}, {"question": "What process signals the need for the prime minister to resign in Australia?", "answer": "spill motion"}, {"question": "What is the Russian term for prime minister?", "answer": "Chairman of the government"}, {"question": "What is the Israeli term for prime minister?", "answer": "Rosh HaMemshalah"}, {"question": "What is the term used in spain for prime minister?", "answer": "President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)"}, {"question": "What is the Irish term for prime minister?", "answer": "Taoiseach"}, {"question": "What is the Italian term for the prime minister?", "answer": "president of the council of ministers"}, {"question": "What is the native term for prime minister in Scandinavia?", "answer": "statsminister"}, {"question": "What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?", "answer": "premier"}, {"question": "Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?", "answer": "Germany and Austria"}, {"question": "What is the head of Monaco's government called?", "answer": "Minister of State"}, {"question": "What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?", "answer": "Secretary of State"}, {"question": "What is the head of Iran's government called?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?", "answer": "non-Commonwealth countries"}, {"question": "What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?", "answer": "Right Honourable"}, {"question": "What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?", "answer": "Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council"}, {"question": "What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What kind of government is in operation in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "devolved"}, {"question": "What are the heads of government in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland called?", "answer": "First Minister"}, {"question": "What is the Indian term for Prime Minister?", "answer": "Pradhan Mantri"}, {"question": "What is the term for prime minister in Pakistan?", "answer": "Wazir-e-Azam"}, {"question": "What does Wazir-e-Azam mean in English?", "answer": "Grand Vizier"}, {"question": "What is the head of government's office called in Canada?", "answer": "Office of the Prime Minister"}, {"question": "What is the head of government's office called in the UK?", "answer": "Cabinet Office"}, {"question": "What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?", "answer": "IT"}, {"question": "In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?", "answer": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique"}, {"question": "What language does the French word polytechnique come from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What word means the same thing as \"institute of technology\"?", "answer": "polytechnic"}, {"question": "What was the first institute of technology in the world?", "answer": "the Berg-Schola"}, {"question": "What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?", "answer": "Collegium Carolinum"}, {"question": "In what year was the \u00c9cole Polytechnique founded?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?", "answer": "institutions of higher education"}, {"question": "In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?", "answer": "University of Westminster"}, {"question": "What street is the University of Westminster on?", "answer": "Regent Street"}, {"question": "What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?", "answer": "polytechnics"}, {"question": "What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?", "answer": "University of Technology"}, {"question": "What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?", "answer": "College of Advanced Education system"}, {"question": "What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?", "answer": "TAFE"}, {"question": "What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?", "answer": "Melbourne Polytechnic"}, {"question": "TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?", "answer": "Fachhochschule"}, {"question": "In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?", "answer": "master's degrees"}, {"question": "What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?", "answer": "hogeschool"}, {"question": "What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?", "answer": "academization"}, {"question": "How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?", "answer": "Cambodia"}, {"question": "What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?", "answer": "Affiliate Schools"}, {"question": "In what city is the \u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al located?", "answer": "Quebec"}, {"question": "In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?", "answer": "public funding"}, {"question": "What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?", "answer": "Polytechnics Canada"}, {"question": "What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?", "answer": "collaborative institute-industry projects"}, {"question": "In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?", "answer": "Capital University"}, {"question": "What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands?", "answer": "The Geophysics Institute"}, {"question": "What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?", "answer": "Quito Astronomical Observatory"}, {"question": "What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?", "answer": "National Polytechnic School"}, {"question": "When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?", "answer": "the country's development"}, {"question": "MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?", "answer": "Instituts de technologie"}, {"question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?", "answer": "160"}, {"question": "In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?", "answer": "ammattikorkeakoulus"}, {"question": "What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?", "answer": "yrkesh\u00f6gskola"}, {"question": "Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?", "answer": "technology"}, {"question": "What are an institute of technology called in France?", "answer": "institut universitaire de technologie"}, {"question": "What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?", "answer": "IUT"}, {"question": "What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute \u00e9cole specialis\u00e9e?", "answer": "Fachhochschule"}, {"question": "In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?", "answer": "Polytechnicum"}, {"question": "What century in France's history included the French \u00c9cole polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?", "answer": "Escola Polit\u00e9cnica"}, {"question": "Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?", "answer": "teaching"}, {"question": "In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?", "answer": "business"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "answer": "TU"}, {"question": "What's the main focus of a Technische Universit\u00e4t?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "How many Technische Universit\u00e4ten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?", "answer": "290,000"}, {"question": "Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?", "answer": "Saxony"}, {"question": "What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?", "answer": "Nieders\u00e4chsische Technische Hochschule"}, {"question": "What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?", "answer": "Higher Education Reform Act"}, {"question": "What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?", "answer": "The Hong Kong Polytechnic"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?", "answer": "Hong Kong Technical College"}, {"question": "In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?", "answer": "Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"}, {"question": "When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?", "answer": "1735"}, {"question": "Who established the Berg-Schola?", "answer": "Court Chamber of Vienna"}, {"question": "How many private institutes of technology are there in India?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?", "answer": "AICTE"}, {"question": "What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?", "answer": "Diploma in Engineering"}, {"question": "How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?", "answer": "Regional Technical College"}, {"question": "What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?", "answer": "Dublin Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?", "answer": "Politecnico"}, {"question": "Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?", "answer": "Genoa"}, {"question": "What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?", "answer": "Imperial College of Engineering"}, {"question": "What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?", "answer": "sciences"}, {"question": "What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?", "answer": "Malaysia"}, {"question": "What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?", "answer": "UNESCO"}, {"question": "In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?", "answer": "Ipoh"}, {"question": "How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?", "answer": "60,840"}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?", "answer": "87,440"}, {"question": "What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?", "answer": "University of Technology, Mauritius"}, {"question": "What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?", "answer": "technology"}, {"question": "What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "What does UCOL stand for?", "answer": "Universal College of Learning"}, {"question": "In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What school did Massey University combine with?", "answer": "Wellington Polytechnic"}, {"question": "In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?", "answer": "Central Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?", "answer": "North Island"}, {"question": "What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?", "answer": "Auckland University of Technology"}, {"question": "In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?", "answer": "trades"}, {"question": "How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?", "answer": "BE"}, {"question": "What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?", "answer": "F.Sc"}, {"question": "What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?", "answer": "Politechnika"}, {"question": "What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?", "answer": "bacharelatos"}, {"question": "What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?", "answer": "Bologna Process"}, {"question": "What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?", "answer": "Millennia Institute"}, {"question": "How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What queen set up the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "answer": "queen Maria Theresa"}, {"question": "What year was the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia founded?", "answer": "1735"}, {"question": "The Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?", "answer": "silver and gold"}, {"question": "What year did teaching start at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia?", "answer": "1764"}, {"question": "What are the university buildings still standing at the Bansk\u00e1 Akad\u00e9mia used for now?", "answer": "teaching"}, {"question": "What are polytechnics called in South Africa?", "answer": "Technikons"}, {"question": "What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?", "answer": "technical colleges"}, {"question": "What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?", "answer": "bachelor's degrees"}, {"question": "What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?", "answer": "Pathumwan Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?", "answer": "King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi"}, {"question": "What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?", "answer": "Institute of Technology and Vocational Education"}, {"question": "What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?", "answer": "Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?", "answer": "Suranaree University of Technology"}, {"question": "What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?", "answer": "Mahanakorn University of Technology"}, {"question": "What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?", "answer": "Bursa Technical University"}, {"question": "When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?", "answer": "Ankara and Trabzon"}, {"question": "What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?", "answer": "the UK Council for National Academic Awards"}, {"question": "What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?", "answer": "Central Institutions"}, {"question": "What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?", "answer": "Royal Polytechnic Institution"}, {"question": "How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?", "answer": "Loughborough University of Technology"}, {"question": "In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?", "answer": "the Further and Higher Education Act 1992"}, {"question": "The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?", "answer": "CNAA"}, {"question": "If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?", "answer": "university colleges"}, {"question": "What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?", "answer": "high school"}, {"question": "In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?", "answer": "1824"}, {"question": "Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?", "answer": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?", "answer": "middle class"}, {"question": "When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?", "answer": "Caracas"}, {"question": "Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?", "answer": "Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio"}, {"question": "Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?", "answer": "World Wide Web"}, {"question": "Which company made the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "Internet Archive"}, {"question": "Where is Internet Archive headquartered?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What individuals founded Internet Archive?", "answer": "Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat"}, {"question": "What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "three dimensional index"}, {"question": "What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?", "answer": "Linux"}, {"question": "When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?", "answer": "if the content has changed"}, {"question": "What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "to archive the entire Internet"}, {"question": "What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?", "answer": "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show"}, {"question": "Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?", "answer": "Mr. Peabody and Sherman"}, {"question": "What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?", "answer": "WABAC machine"}, {"question": "When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?", "answer": "crawlers"}, {"question": "What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?", "answer": "robots exclusion standard"}, {"question": "What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?", "answer": "Archive-It.org"}, {"question": "What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?", "answer": "digital tape"}, {"question": "Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?", "answer": "researchers and scientists"}, {"question": "At what milestone was the archive made public?", "answer": "fifth anniversary"}, {"question": "Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?", "answer": "University of California, Berkeley"}, {"question": "What are the saved versions of a site called?", "answer": "Snapshots"}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?", "answer": "variable"}, {"question": "When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?", "answer": "After August 2008"}, {"question": "Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?", "answer": "Jeff Kaplan"}, {"question": "When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?", "answer": "November 2010"}, {"question": "In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?", "answer": "three petabytes"}, {"question": "As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "12 terabytes/month"}, {"question": "Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?", "answer": "PetaBox rack systems"}, {"question": "Who makes PetaBox rack systems?", "answer": "Capricorn Technologies"}, {"question": "When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?", "answer": "Sun Open Storage"}, {"question": "Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?", "answer": "Sun Microsystems' California campus"}, {"question": "When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?", "answer": "March 2011"}, {"question": "The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?", "answer": "Save a Page"}, {"question": "When was Save a Page made available?", "answer": "October 2013"}, {"question": "What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?", "answer": "Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc."}, {"question": "Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?", "answer": "Chordiant"}, {"question": "What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?", "answer": "the robots.txt file"}, {"question": "Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?", "answer": "Internet Archive"}, {"question": "Which party did Internet Archive side with?", "answer": "Chordiant"}, {"question": "Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?", "answer": "Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd"}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?", "answer": "Northern District of California, San Jose Division"}, {"question": "Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?", "answer": "Chordiant"}, {"question": "What does Telewizja Polska operate?", "answer": "TVP Polonia"}, {"question": "What is EchoStar's platform?", "answer": "the Dish Network"}, {"question": "Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?", "answer": "Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys"}, {"question": "Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?", "answer": "district Court Judge Ronald Guzman"}, {"question": "When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?", "answer": "in examining a patent application"}, {"question": "What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?", "answer": "authoritative statement of the archivist"}, {"question": "What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?", "answer": "technical"}, {"question": "The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?", "answer": "underlying links"}, {"question": "What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?", "answer": "forms"}, {"question": "What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?", "answer": "e-commerce"}, {"question": "What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?", "answer": "copyright laws"}, {"question": "What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?", "answer": "delete pages from its system"}, {"question": "In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?", "answer": "FAQ"}, {"question": "Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?", "answer": "Scientology"}, {"question": "Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?", "answer": "the site owner"}, {"question": "Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?", "answer": "Church of Scientology"}, {"question": "Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?", "answer": "Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey"}, {"question": "Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?", "answer": "Healthcare Advocates"}, {"question": "Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?", "answer": "Internet Archive"}, {"question": "What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?", "answer": "the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act"}, {"question": "What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "answer": "voluntary"}, {"question": "What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?", "answer": "Robots.txt"}, {"question": "If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?", "answer": "Robots.txt"}, {"question": "Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?", "answer": "Internet Archive"}, {"question": "Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?", "answer": "Suzanne Shell"}, {"question": "What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?", "answer": "profane-justice.org"}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?", "answer": "Northern District of California"}, {"question": "In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?", "answer": "District of Colorado"}, {"question": "When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?", "answer": "April 25, 2007"}, {"question": "Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?", "answer": "Internet Archive"}, {"question": "Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?", "answer": "Suzanne Shell"}, {"question": "What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?", "answer": "DMCA requests"}, {"question": "What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?", "answer": "Federal Court of Canada"}, {"question": "What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?", "answer": "the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinci\u00ebn), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)"}, {"question": "The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?", "answer": "from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795"}, {"question": "What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?", "answer": "Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands"}, {"question": "The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?", "answer": "Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg"}, {"question": "Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "Flanders"}, {"question": "The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?", "answer": "the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg"}, {"question": "Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?", "answer": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles V"}, {"question": "In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "answer": "1568"}, {"question": "Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?", "answer": "high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces"}, {"question": "In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?", "answer": "1579"}, {"question": "Who signed the Union of Utrecht?", "answer": "a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries"}, {"question": "What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?", "answer": "the Act of Abjuration"}, {"question": "In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?", "answer": "1581"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?", "answer": "to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army"}, {"question": "In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?", "answer": "1582"}, {"question": "In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?", "answer": "1583"}, {"question": "When was William of Orange assassinated?", "answer": "10 July 1584"}, {"question": "Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?", "answer": "Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?", "answer": "1588"}, {"question": "What events created the Batavian Republic?", "answer": "a series of republican revolutions in 1783\u20131795"}, {"question": "The republican forces fled to which country?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?", "answer": "the Batavian Republic"}, {"question": "In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?", "answer": "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\""}, {"question": "The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?", "answer": "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Li\u00e8ge"}, {"question": "The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?", "answer": "the Dutch Golden Age"}, {"question": "What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?", "answer": "The County of Holland"}, {"question": "When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?", "answer": "1602"}, {"question": "Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?", "answer": "Rotterdam"}, {"question": "The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?", "answer": "1590\u20131712"}, {"question": "The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?", "answer": "Africa and the Pacific"}, {"question": "What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?", "answer": "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient"}, {"question": "The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who were the Generality Lands governed by?", "answer": "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government"}, {"question": "The States General was made up of what?", "answer": "representatives of each of the seven provinces"}, {"question": "What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?", "answer": "the County of Drenthe"}, {"question": "Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?", "answer": "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes"}, {"question": "The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?", "answer": "raadspensionaris"}, {"question": "Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?", "answer": "the stadtholder"}, {"question": "Who commanded the army?", "answer": "the stadtholder"}, {"question": "Who appointed the stadtholders?", "answer": "the states of each province"}, {"question": "Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?", "answer": "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent"}, {"question": "Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?", "answer": "Zeeland and usually Utrecht"}, {"question": "What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?", "answer": "Orangists"}, {"question": "Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?", "answer": "Republicans"}, {"question": "Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?", "answer": "the Peace of Westphalia"}, {"question": "The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?", "answer": "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)"}, {"question": "What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?", "answer": "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)"}, {"question": "Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?", "answer": "The States General of the United Provinces"}, {"question": "Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?", "answer": "Holland and/or Zeeland"}, {"question": "Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?", "answer": "The framers of the US Constitution"}, {"question": "Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting \"Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war.\"", "answer": "James Madison"}, {"question": "The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?", "answer": "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces"}, {"question": "What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?", "answer": "the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"}, {"question": "What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?", "answer": "personal religion"}, {"question": "Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?", "answer": "William of Orange"}, {"question": "What was forbidden in all provinces?", "answer": "Catholic services"}, {"question": "What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?", "answer": "the Reformed Church"}, {"question": "The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?", "answer": "the time period and regional or city leaders"}, {"question": "What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?", "answer": "fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city"}, {"question": "What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?", "answer": "personal freedom of religion"}, {"question": "What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?", "answer": "predestination"}, {"question": "The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?", "answer": "the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"}, {"question": "What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?", "answer": "the Synod of Dort"}, {"question": "When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?", "answer": "in the 18th century"}, {"question": "Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?", "answer": "as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"}, {"question": "What language does the word \"symbiosis\" come from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What type of organism did Frank apply the term \"symbiosis\" to?", "answer": "lichens"}, {"question": "What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?", "answer": "130 years"}, {"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?", "answer": "obligate"}, {"question": "What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?", "answer": "facultative"}, {"question": "What is an example of an obligate relationship?", "answer": "lichens"}, {"question": "What is an example of ectosymbiosis?", "answer": "mistletoe"}, {"question": "What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?", "answer": "disjunctive symbiosis"}, {"question": "What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?", "answer": "endosymbiosis"}, {"question": "What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?", "answer": "Frankia"}, {"question": "What endosymbionts live in coral? ", "answer": "algae"}, {"question": "What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?", "answer": "barnacles"}, {"question": "Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.", "answer": "lice"}, {"question": "What is another name for ectosymbiosis?", "answer": "exosymbiosis"}, {"question": "What is another term for mutualism?", "answer": "interspecies reciprocal altruism"}, {"question": "Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?", "answer": "lifelong"}, {"question": "What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?", "answer": "mutualistic"}, {"question": "What do coral and algae produce together?", "answer": "Coral reefs"}, {"question": "How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?", "answer": "fix carbon from the air"}, {"question": "What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?", "answer": "mycorrhyzal"}, {"question": "What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?", "answer": "ocellaris clownfish"}, {"question": "What prevents the clownfish from being stung?", "answer": "A special mucus"}, {"question": "What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?", "answer": "mutual symbiosis"}, {"question": "What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?", "answer": "the goby fish"}, {"question": "What part of the fish is used to signal danger?", "answer": "its tail"}, {"question": "What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?", "answer": "non-obligate"}, {"question": "When were the worms found?", "answer": "the late 1980s"}, {"question": "What does the bacteria give the worm?", "answer": "nutrition"}, {"question": "What land is near the worms' first known location?", "answer": "the Galapagos Islands"}, {"question": "What is given to the host cell?", "answer": "nutrients"}, {"question": "What does the host make that affect its genes?", "answer": "specialized cells"}, {"question": "In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?", "answer": "vertical transmission"}, {"question": "What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?", "answer": "drastic reduction in its genome size"}, {"question": "What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?", "answer": "Muller's ratchet phenomenon"}, {"question": "What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?", "answer": "lack of selection mechanisms"}, {"question": "What language do the roots of \"commensal\" come from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?", "answer": "Commensalism"}, {"question": "What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?", "answer": "inquilinism"}, {"question": "What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?", "answer": "metabiosis"}, {"question": "In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?", "answer": "phoresy"}, {"question": "Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?", "answer": "A parasitic relationship"}, {"question": "What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?", "answer": "necrotrophic"}, {"question": "What is it called when parasites need their host to live?", "answer": "biotrophic"}, {"question": "What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?", "answer": "as many as half"}, {"question": "Name a biotrophic organism.", "answer": "a tick"}, {"question": "What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?", "answer": "Amensalism"}, {"question": "What kinds of amensalism are there?", "answer": "competition and antibiosis"}, {"question": "When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?", "answer": "competition"}, {"question": "What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?", "answer": "juglone"}, {"question": "What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?", "answer": "weevils"}, {"question": "What does the Spanish ibex eat?", "answer": "shrub"}, {"question": "What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?", "answer": "Amensalism"}, {"question": "What type of relationship harms both organisms?", "answer": "Synnecrosis"}, {"question": "What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?", "answer": "uncommon"}, {"question": "Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?", "answer": "to protect the hive"}, {"question": "What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?", "answer": "the evolution of all eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What are eukaryotes?", "answer": "plants, animals, fungi, and protists"}, {"question": "What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?", "answer": "symbiosis"}, {"question": "Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?", "answer": "Dorion Sagan"}, {"question": "How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?", "answer": "a major role"}, {"question": "What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?", "answer": "nectar and large sticky pollen"}, {"question": "What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?", "answer": "dependent"}, {"question": "What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes"}, {"question": "What law constitutes the CAF?", "answer": "the National Defence Act"}, {"question": "Who are the CAF supposed to protect?", "answer": "Her Majesty"}, {"question": "What does CF stand for in this context?", "answer": "Forces canadiennes"}, {"question": "How many sub components are there?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What act defines the CAF?", "answer": "the National Defence Act"}, {"question": "Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?", "answer": "the Governor General of Canada"}, {"question": "Who leads the CAF?", "answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"}, {"question": "Who advises the Chief of the Defence?", "answer": "the Armed Forces Council."}, {"question": "What war were the CAF involved in?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?", "answer": "the security of Europe"}, {"question": "What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?", "answer": "the Soviet military threat"}, {"question": "Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?", "answer": "the early 1950s"}, {"question": "What year did the CAF leave Europe?", "answer": "the early 1990s"}, {"question": "What Treaty is the CAF part of?", "answer": "the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"}, {"question": "What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?", "answer": "international security operations"}, {"question": "What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?", "answer": "out of area"}, {"question": "What is Canada's defense policy based on?", "answer": "Canada First Defence Strategy"}, {"question": "When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "How many missions are carried out internally in Canada?", "answer": "six core missions"}, {"question": "What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover?", "answer": "North America"}, {"question": "What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too?", "answer": "conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy"}, {"question": "What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs?", "answer": "deployment of Canadian Defence Attach\u00e9s"}, {"question": "What other air force does the CAF cooperate with?", "answer": "the American Air Forces"}, {"question": "What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries?", "answer": "military training"}, {"question": "What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties?", "answer": "relationship-building efforts"}, {"question": "What year was Canada united in a confederation?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?", "answer": "French and British forces"}, {"question": "What is one of the threats that faced them?", "answer": "European powers"}, {"question": "What American war threatened Canada?", "answer": "the American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "Early on, what did they defend against with the British?", "answer": "invasion by the United States"}, {"question": "Who initially had military command?", "answer": "the British Crown-in-Council"}, {"question": "Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?", "answer": "Halifax"}, {"question": "When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?", "answer": "the Department of Militia and Defence"}, {"question": "When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?", "answer": "November 1940"}, {"question": "When was the first overseas deployment of the Canadian Military?", "answer": "Second Boer War"}, {"question": "Under what command did they serve?", "answer": "British command"}, {"question": "When were Canadian Troops called upon to assist in Europe?", "answer": "the First World War"}, {"question": "What other European war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "answer": "Second World War"}, {"question": "What Asian war were the Canadian Forces involved in?", "answer": "Korean War"}, {"question": "How many operations has the Canadian Military been part of since 1947?", "answer": "more than 200 operations"}, {"question": "How many operations have been completed by the Canadian Military Internationally?", "answer": "72"}, {"question": "What are some of the wars the Canadian Military was involved in?", "answer": "Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War"}, {"question": "What peace keeping effort is the Canadian Military part of?", "answer": "United Nations Peacekeeping operations"}, {"question": "What type of military vehicle was maintained almost 15 years but never saw any action during the Cuban crisis?", "answer": "an aircraft carrier"}, {"question": "What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?", "answer": "the Normandy Landings"}, {"question": "What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?", "answer": "the strategic bombing of German cities"}, {"question": "What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?", "answer": "the Battle of Vimy Ridge"}, {"question": "What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?", "answer": "Croatia"}, {"question": "Canada had which biggest army during the Second World War?", "answer": "the largest volunteer army ever"}, {"question": "What country fell providing with more information on Canada's army size?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which other country had a sizable naval army?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forced become to be?", "answer": "1 February 1968"}, {"question": "What does the Canadian Armed Forces mostly consist of?", "answer": "the Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force"}, {"question": "What prevented Canada from fully having their own army at the start?", "answer": "the British government"}, {"question": "When did Canada gain independence from the United Kingdom?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What war aided Canadian legislative independence?", "answer": "the First World War"}, {"question": "What is the old name of the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "Canadian Armed Forces"}, {"question": "When did the Canadian Armed Forces name cease to be?", "answer": "After the 1980s"}, {"question": "When was the Canadian Armed Forces name reintroduced?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the new name of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "Canadian Forces"}, {"question": "What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?", "answer": "Land Forces"}, {"question": "Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?", "answer": "ISAF"}, {"question": "Who requested the aid of the Canadians?", "answer": "the Government of Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?", "answer": "peacekeeping"}, {"question": "What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "approximately $20.1 billion"}, {"question": "How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?", "answer": "74th in size"}, {"question": "What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "approximately 119,000"}, {"question": "By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?", "answer": "around 124,000"}, {"question": "What was the effort called to upgrade the Canadian Forces?", "answer": "the Canada First Defence Strategy"}, {"question": "How were the Canadian Forces upgraded in 2008?", "answer": "through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness"}, {"question": "What major problem is the CAF trying to address currently?", "answer": "loss of existing members"}, {"question": "What equipment was acquired to aid in Afghanistan?", "answer": "main battle tanks, artillery, unmanned air vehicles"}, {"question": "What large transport plane is part of the CAF mission?", "answer": "C-130 Hercules"}, {"question": "What new type of helicopter was recently acquired?", "answer": "CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters"}, {"question": "When was the renewal and re-equipment effort started?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What roles were women recruited for in the 1950s?", "answer": "medicine, communication, logistics, and administration"}, {"question": "What year did further recruitment for women open in the CAF?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What non traditional tasks were women recruited for in the 1970s?", "answer": "vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers"}, {"question": "Why were women eventually allowed to serve at sea in the CAF?", "answer": "the Department changed its policies"}, {"question": "What charter directly affected a women's right to serve in the CAF?", "answer": "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"}, {"question": "Name some of the jobs in the CAF off limits to women in the 1980s.", "answer": "infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery"}, {"question": "On what date was a study created to research the impart of women in direct involvement?", "answer": "5 February 1987"}, {"question": "Who created an office to study these effects?", "answer": "the Minister of National Defence"}, {"question": "What was the study called?", "answer": "Combat-Related Employment of Women"}, {"question": "What year were most military occupations opened to women?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What military occupation wasn't opened to women until the 2000s?", "answer": "submarine service"}, {"question": "By how much did opening these jobs to women increase the recruiting pool by?", "answer": "100 percent"}, {"question": "Which government was responsible in Canadian history for this fact?", "answer": "the government of Jean Chretien"}, {"question": "What is a requirement for equipment for the CAF?", "answer": "equipment must be suitable for a mixed-gender force"}, {"question": "What are some of the equipment used by both men and women?", "answer": "Combat helmets, rucksacks, combat boots"}, {"question": "What special entitlement are women provided as part of their service?", "answer": "an annual financial entitlement for the purchase of brassiere undergarments"}, {"question": "What is the hierarchy of the Canadian Armed Forces?", "answer": "It begins at the top with the most senior-ranking personnel and works its way into lower organizations."}, {"question": "What determines who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed forces?", "answer": "The Canadian constitution"}, {"question": "Who does the Commander-in-Chief authorize to make decision regarding the Armed Forces for them?", "answer": "the governor general"}, {"question": "What orders fall under the royal prerogative?", "answer": "troop deployment and disposition orders"}, {"question": "Who must sign these orders for them to be valid?", "answer": "the monarch or governor general"}, {"question": "Who's advice is the monarch supposed to follow regarding these orders?", "answer": "the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet"}, {"question": "The armed forces has approximately how many members?", "answer": "115,349"}, {"question": "Who is the highest ranking member of the Armed Forces?", "answer": "the Chief of the Defence Staff"}, {"question": "Who appoints the Chief of the Defence?", "answer": "The governor general"}, {"question": "What location does the National Defense operate out of?", "answer": "Ottawa, Ontario"}, {"question": "What are some of the members of the Armed Forces Council?", "answer": "the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations."}, {"question": "How many Canadian Forces bases are there in Canada?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "Where do Canadian Forces members go for training?", "answer": "Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu"}, {"question": "What is the place called where initial training happens?", "answer": "Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School"}, {"question": "How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?", "answer": "Halifax"}, {"question": "What formation is located in Quebec?", "answer": "the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)"}, {"question": "What international exercises does the RCN partake in?", "answer": "NATO exercises"}, {"question": "Who heads the Canadian Army?", "answer": "Commander of the Canadian Army"}, {"question": "How many divisions are there in the Canadian Army?", "answer": "four divisions"}, {"question": "What are the four divisions?", "answer": "the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division"}, {"question": "What division is the Canadian Army Doctrine of?", "answer": "the 5th Canadian Division"}, {"question": "The Canadian Army Headquarters are located in what division?", "answer": "the 5th Canadian Division"}, {"question": "How many brigades does the Army consist of?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Each Brigade contains how many regiments?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?", "answer": "tactical helicopter squadron"}, {"question": "What medical group is present at all Brigades but not part of it?", "answer": "a field ambulance"}, {"question": "Where is most of the major training performed?", "answer": "CFB Gagetown, CFB Montreal and CFB Wainwright."}, {"question": "Who heads the Royal Canadian Air Force?", "answer": "the Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force"}, {"question": "Where is the commander based out of?", "answer": "Winnipeg"}, {"question": "How many air force wings are located across Canada?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Who reports to the operational commander about the wings?", "answer": "tactical commander"}, {"question": "What are some locations of the air bases?", "answer": "Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba"}, {"question": "Where are the command facilities located?", "answer": "Winnipeg and North Bay"}, {"question": "Where is the Canadian component of the NATO located?", "answer": "Geilenkirchen, Germany"}, {"question": "What NATO force are the Canadians part of?", "answer": "Airborne Early Warning Force"}, {"question": "What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?", "answer": "Labrador"}, {"question": "What does JTFN stand for?", "answer": "Joint Task Force (North)"}, {"question": "What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?", "answer": "a chain of forward operating locations"}, {"question": "What can each forwarding operation location provide?", "answer": "fighter operations"}, {"question": "What squadrons deploy to these locations?", "answer": "CF-18 squadrons"}, {"question": "What patrols are organized from these locations?", "answer": "Arctic sovereignty patrols."}, {"question": "When was the Canadian Joint Operations Command established?", "answer": "October 2012"}, {"question": "What are the parts that merged into the Canadian Joint Operations Command?", "answer": "Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command"}, {"question": "What specifically prompted this merger?", "answer": "the 2012 federal budget"}, {"question": "what does CANSOFCOM stand for?", "answer": "The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command"}, {"question": "What is the CANSOFCOM focussed on?", "answer": "generating special operations forces"}, {"question": "What do the special forces support?", "answer": "CJOC"}, {"question": "Where is the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit based?", "answer": "CFB Trenton"}, {"question": "How many Special Operations Aviation Squadron are based at Petawawa?", "answer": "427"}, {"question": "What is the the Information Management Group responsible for?", "answer": "electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks"}, {"question": "Where is the Information Management Group located?", "answer": "CFS Leitrim in Ottawa"}, {"question": "What is the task of the CAF Cyber Task Force?", "answer": "design and build cyber warfare capabilities"}, {"question": "When was the Directorate of Cybernetics established?", "answer": "June 2011"}, {"question": "Who heads the Directorate?", "answer": "the Director General Cyber"}, {"question": "Who does The Health Services Group serve?", "answer": "the Canadian Armed Forces"}, {"question": "Who can temporarily be assigned the Health Serviced Group?", "answer": "Joint Task Force"}, {"question": "What type of support does The Health Services Group provide?", "answer": "domestic support"}, {"question": "When can the reserve force be called upon?", "answer": "in times of national emergency or threat"}, {"question": "What troops does The reserve force consists of?", "answer": "primary and supplementary"}, {"question": "Who commands the reserves?", "answer": "Chief of Reserves and Cadets"}, {"question": "What are some of the components of the reserve force?", "answer": "the Naval Reserve (NAVRES), Land Force Reserve (LFR), and Air Reserve (AIRRES)"}, {"question": "Who conducts training of the cadets?", "answer": "Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service"}, {"question": "What age are the cadets in the Canadian Cadet Movement?", "answer": "12 to 18 years"}, {"question": "What branch are the majority of COATS members?", "answer": "officers of the Cadet Instructors Cadre"}, {"question": "Who is eligible to serve as a COATS trainer?", "answer": "Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS"}, {"question": "What do Canadian Rangers perform?", "answer": "provide surveillance and patrol services"}, {"question": "Where do the Canadian Rangers operate?", "answer": "in Canada's arctic"}, {"question": "Which force are the Rangers part of?", "answer": "reserve force"}, {"question": "What do the Canadian Rangers safekeep?", "answer": "Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory"}, {"question": "What is suitable for CAF members to wear on any occasion?", "answer": "service dress"}, {"question": "What other parts are there to a uniform?", "answer": "gloves, swords, and medals"}, {"question": "What is now the daily uniform worn by members of the CAF?", "answer": "operational dress is now the daily uniform"}, {"question": "What can be worn in cold winter weather?", "answer": "Approved parkas"}, {"question": "What is only worn for very specific occasions?", "answer": "a ceremonial/regimental full dress"}, {"question": "What are some of the authorized head dresses for the CAF?", "answer": "beret, wedge cap, ballcap"}, {"question": "Are there specific rules for wearing head dresses?", "answer": "coloured according to the distinctive uniform worn"}, {"question": "What is the most popular head dress worn?", "answer": "The beret"}, {"question": "What headdress does the Canadian Army wear?", "answer": "CG634 helmet"}, {"question": "What gives the federal government responsibility for national defense?", "answer": "The Constitution of Canada"}, {"question": "What year was an additional 12.5 Billion Canadian Dollars assigned for over five years?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? ", "answer": "the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees."}, {"question": "What were the cardinals assigned? ", "answer": "a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses"}, {"question": "At one time, Priest permanently were assigned to a church were referred to as?", "answer": "cardinal"}, {"question": "How early was this term used?", "answer": "ninth century"}, {"question": "The Church of England uses what term that is held by two senior members of the College of Minor Canons of St. Pauls Catherdral?", "answer": "tituli"}, {"question": "What Latin word does \"cardinal\" come from?", "answer": "cardo"}, {"question": "Which church still holds on to the original meaning of \"cardinal\" from the above Latin word?", "answer": "The Church of England"}, {"question": "Who were the first people to be called cardinals in Rome? ", "answer": "the deacons of the seven regions of the city"}, {"question": "When were the Roman cardinals perceived as a privleged class among the Roman clergy?", "answer": "8th century"}, {"question": "What year did the ruling \"only a cardinal was eligible to become pope\" come in effect?", "answer": "769"}, {"question": "Who gave cardinals the right to elect the pope under the Papal Bull In nomine Domini?", "answer": "Nicholas II"}, {"question": "What was it that gave cardinals the right to elect the pope?", "answer": "the Papal Bull In nomine Domini"}, {"question": "In what year did the pope allow cardinals to wear the red hats?", "answer": "1244"}, {"question": "Who was the pope who gave cardinals the right to wear the hats?", "answer": "Pope Innocent IV"}, {"question": "What term was given to certain church men of honor?", "answer": "cardinal"}, {"question": "When is the earliest date of using the term cardinal as honorable church men used?", "answer": "747"}, {"question": "When was the title of cardinal reserved for the cardinals of Rome by Pius V?", "answer": "1567"}, {"question": "In regards to the word \"cardinal\" being used in cities other than Rome, who sent a letter to Pippin III?", "answer": "Pope Zacharias"}, {"question": "In what year was the letter sent?", "answer": "747"}, {"question": "Which pope declared that cardinals would be from Rome?", "answer": "Pius V."}, {"question": "In what year did the pope make the declaration?", "answer": "1567"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Pius IV wrote abou tthe selecting of cardinals? ", "answer": "1563"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Ecumenical Council of Trent?", "answer": "Pope Pius IV"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ecumenical Council of Trent write in regards to the selection of Cardinals?", "answer": "1563"}, {"question": "Who was the pope who headed the Ecumencial Council of Trent in that year?", "answer": "Pope Pius IV"}, {"question": "Who were generally temporal rulers?", "answer": "French kings"}, {"question": "In what roles did cardinals have important roles?", "answer": "secular affairs."}, {"question": "What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu"}, {"question": "Which cardinal acted a the leader of France due to his amount of power?", "answer": "Cardinal Richelieu"}, {"question": "Who is the only person to ever become a cardinal king?", "answer": "Henry, King of Portugal"}, {"question": "Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?", "answer": "comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons."}, {"question": "During who's term did the ruling exceed? ", "answer": "Pope John XXIII"}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? ", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "What is the maximum age for electors?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?", "answer": "the number of cardinals generally"}, {"question": "Where do the cardinals work?", "answer": "a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees"}, {"question": "Who receives the hishopric of Ostia?", "answer": "The Dean of the College of Cardinals"}, {"question": "What other title does the Dean of Collge of Cardinals receive upon appointment?", "answer": "titular bishopric of Ostia"}, {"question": "In was year was the title decreed Eminence?", "answer": "1630"}, {"question": "Who decreed this?", "answer": "Pope Urban VIII"}, {"question": "What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?", "answer": "Prince"}, {"question": "Who held more power then the cardinal?", "answer": "the Pope and crowned monarchs"}, {"question": "Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?", "answer": "Pope Urban VIII"}, {"question": "The Archdiocese of Milwaukee says that the correct way to address a cardinal in English is? ", "answer": "\"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]\""}, {"question": "What is the proper way to address a cardinal according to the Archdiocese of Milwaukee?", "answer": "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"}, {"question": "How do cardinals sign traditionally?", "answer": "by placing the title \"Cardinal\" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname"}, {"question": "How do Oriental Patriarchs sign?", "answer": "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis"}, {"question": "Why do Oriental Patriarchs sign this way?", "answer": "because they do not belong to the Roman clergy"}, {"question": "What way is used to announce the election of a new pope in Latin?", "answer": "[First name] Cardinal [Surname]"}, {"question": "What should the new pople have been before becoming a pope?", "answer": "Cardinal"}, {"question": "When was the most recent election of a non-cardinal?", "answer": "1378"}, {"question": "When is the last time a non cardinal was elected as pope?", "answer": "1378"}, {"question": "Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?", "answer": "the cardinalate"}, {"question": "Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Cardinal bishops"}, {"question": "What is a cardinal bishop?", "answer": "cardinals of the episcopal order"}, {"question": "Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?", "answer": "Cardinal bishops"}, {"question": "In early times, who was generally electied to cardinal?", "answer": "a Roman priest"}, {"question": "Why did the ceromony of consecrating a bishop have to be preformed by someone who was already a bishop?", "answer": "To preserve apostolic succession"}, {"question": "What is the rule if the peson elected is not a bishop? ", "answer": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."}, {"question": "What happens if a Pope is elected who is not a bishop?", "answer": "he is consecrated by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia."}, {"question": "How many suburbicarian sees?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "When were the two sees combined? ", "answer": "1150 until 1914"}, {"question": "Who separated them?", "answer": "Pope Pius X"}, {"question": "What are the seven sees?", "answer": "Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri"}, {"question": "Cardinal bishops do not have any powers of governnace over the suburibicarian see since when?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "Which see doesn't have its own bishop?", "answer": "Ostia"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of Ostia? ", "answer": "Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome is apostolic administrator."}, {"question": "In what year was it decided that cardinal bishops had no power over the seven sees?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What see is the one exception to this rule?", "answer": "Ostia"}, {"question": "Who has power over the exception?", "answer": "the Cardinal Vicar of the see of Rome"}, {"question": "The entire group of cardinals is known as what?", "answer": "College of Cardinals"}, {"question": "Who is the only person who can judge a Cardinal in regards to laws of the church?", "answer": "the pope"}, {"question": "What does the pope give to a new Cardinal?", "answer": "a gold ring"}, {"question": "Who decides on the design of the item given to new Cardinals?", "answer": "the pope"}, {"question": "What is the name of the hat that the pope used to wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "answer": "a galero."}, {"question": "In what year did the practice of donning this item stop?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What does the pope now wear when naming a new Cardinal?", "answer": "scarlet biretta"}, {"question": "Which Cardinals still wear traditional clothing?", "answer": "Eastern Catholic cardinals"}, {"question": "What does the color red symbolize in the clothing worn by Cardinals?", "answer": "willingness to die for his faith"}, {"question": "Which item of clothing worn by cardinals is always white?", "answer": "rochet"}, {"question": "The Cardinal bird was named as such because of what in relation to Cardinals of the church?", "answer": "the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture"}, {"question": "When did Cardinals stop wearing purple or blue capes?", "answer": "1460s"}, {"question": "What happens if a Cardinal is named in pectore, and the pope dies?", "answer": "the cardinalate expires"}, {"question": "Which pope began using creati et reservati in pectore?", "answer": "Pope Martin V"}, {"question": "What was a \"lay cardinal\" allowed to do that is not considered a normal status of a Cardinal?", "answer": "marry"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Benedict XV revise the Code of Canon Law?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What did the Code of Canon Law state in regards to Cardinals?", "answer": "only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals"}, {"question": "A cardinal who does not hold the title of \"bishop\" may not do what?", "answer": "perform the functions reserved solely to bishops, such as ordination"}, {"question": "Cardinals who were not bishops have been promoted to Cardinal around the age of 80 since what year?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "In the time between electing new popes, what is the duty of the cardinal?", "answer": "collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals"}, {"question": "Who announces the election of a new pope?", "answer": "The cardinal protodeacon"}, {"question": "Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?", "answer": "from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State"}, {"question": "Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?", "answer": "Pope John Paul I"}, {"question": "What color is the hat?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "How many cardinal deacons were there in 2005?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many years before a cardinal deacon can choose the order of the cardinal priests?", "answer": "10 years"}, {"question": "In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "answer": "about half"}, {"question": "In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the deaconries in which Cardinals come from?", "answer": "seven deacons in the Papal Household"}, {"question": "Which cardinals are ranked lowest?", "answer": "cardinal deacons"}, {"question": "Who can become the cardinal protopriest?", "answer": "The cardinal who is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests"}, {"question": "Who is the cardinal protopriest at this time?", "answer": "Paulo Evaristo Arns of Brazil"}, {"question": "In the College of Cardinals, the elected Dean needs the approval of who?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "Patriarch cardinals are not given what title?", "answer": "a suburbicarian see"}, {"question": "Who are the lowest ranking cardinals in the Catholic church?", "answer": "cardinal deacons"}, {"question": "Who are the highest ranking cardinals in the Catholic Church?", "answer": "cardinal bishops"}, {"question": "Which rank has the most cardinals?", "answer": "Cardinal priests"}, {"question": "What was the original definition of a cardinal priest?", "answer": "priests chosen by the pope"}, {"question": "Each cardinal priest has what?", "answer": "a titular church in Rome"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?", "answer": "1587"}, {"question": "What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?", "answer": "Pope John XXIII"}, {"question": "What is another term meaning Iranian languages?", "answer": "Iranic languages"}, {"question": "What are the Iranic languages a subgroup of?", "answer": "Indo-Iranian languages"}, {"question": "What are Indo-Iranian languages a subset of?", "answer": "Indo-European language family"}, {"question": "When did the change from Old Iranian to Middle Iranian occur?", "answer": "400 BCE"}, {"question": "What is an example of a Sassanid language?", "answer": "Middle Persian"}, {"question": "How many different Iranian languages exist?", "answer": "86"}, {"question": "Iranian languages are all said to be derived from which predecessor?", "answer": "Proto-Iranian"}, {"question": "From what languages does the word Aryao come?", "answer": "Persian and Sanskrit"}, {"question": "When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "Who first used the term Iranian language?", "answer": "Christian Lassen"}, {"question": "Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?", "answer": "Robert Needham Cust"}, {"question": "When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "From where did Iranian languages originate?", "answer": "Proto-Iranian"}, {"question": "What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "What society is a strong contender for the common culture speaking Indo-Iranian?", "answer": "Andronovo"}, {"question": "When did the Andronovo culture exist?", "answer": "2000 BC"}, {"question": "What language family did Thracian and Balto-Slavic belong to?", "answer": "Indo-European"}, {"question": "Where did early Iranian people establish societies?", "answer": "southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia"}, {"question": "What characteristic of Middle Iranian civilization is shown by the number of different languages and their speakers?", "answer": "linguistic diversity"}, {"question": "How many of the Middlie Iranian tongues have remained in existence since ancient time?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In which historical record does Old Persian appear in exemplary form?", "answer": "the Behistun inscription"}, {"question": "When was the Behistun inscription written?", "answer": "520 BC"}, {"question": "During what century was the change from Old to Middle Persian well underway?", "answer": "4th century BC"}, {"question": "What ancient religious document exists in two versions and includes Old Iranian language?", "answer": "Avestan"}, {"question": "What is the contemporary name of the religion which Avesta was part of?", "answer": "Zoroastrianism"}, {"question": "What language shows a level of maturity corresponding to Old Avestan?", "answer": "Rigvedic Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What language shows the same level of development as Younger Avestan?", "answer": "Old Persian"}, {"question": "What language is Carduchi thought to have become?", "answer": "Kurdish"}, {"question": "What language did Herodotus invent a name for?", "answer": "Scythian"}, {"question": "What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?", "answer": "western and eastern"}, {"question": "Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?", "answer": "Old Persian"}, {"question": "Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?", "answer": "Avestan"}, {"question": "What elements of Proto-Indo-Iranian did not diverge according to the ensuing split between eastern and western variants?", "answer": "*\u0107 and *d\u017a"}, {"question": "What type of letters are *\u0107 and *d\u017a?", "answer": "first-series palatal consonants"}, {"question": "What languages share a similar situation?", "answer": "Nuristani languages"}, {"question": "What other elements of early Iranian languages problematize the east-west division?", "answer": "*\u0107w and *d\u017aw"}, {"question": "What is the linguistic categorization of *\u0107w and *d\u017aw?", "answer": "consonant clusters"}, {"question": "What may have also been in use at the time?", "answer": "other distinct dialect groups"}, {"question": "Precursors of what subset of Scythian are theorized to have existed?", "answer": "Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian"}, {"question": "What possible predecessor of Pathian is thought to have existed?", "answer": "Old Parthian"}, {"question": "When did the age of Middle Iranian come to a close?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "What are the two main divisions of Middle Iranian?", "answer": "Western and Eastern"}, {"question": "Bactrian, Sogdian, and Saka are examples of what type of Iranian language?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "Which language bears a resemblance to the diversity of eastern Iranian languages?", "answer": "Avestan"}, {"question": "Where did the the alphabets used by eastern languages come from?", "answer": "Aramaic"}, {"question": "What did the Bactrian language use for writing?", "answer": "Greek script"}, {"question": "What is another term for Middle Persian?", "answer": "Pahlavi"}, {"question": "When did Middle Persian start being u sed?", "answer": "3rd century CE"}, {"question": "What are three languages employed by the Manichaeans?", "answer": "Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian"}, {"question": "What was the writing of Manichaean documents similar to?", "answer": "Syriac script"}, {"question": "The proliferation of which religion had a profound effect on the development of Iranian languages?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What language displaced Middle Iranian as the court's official tongue?", "answer": "Dari"}, {"question": "What was the first dynasty to use Dari?", "answer": "Saffarid"}, {"question": "When did the Saffarid dynasty begin using Dari?", "answer": "875 CE"}, {"question": "What area was the name Dari connected to by medieval Iranian thinkers?", "answer": "Khorasan"}, {"question": "What was the new form of writing introduced by the spread of Islam?", "answer": "Arabic script"}, {"question": "When did usage of Middle Persian script fall off?", "answer": "second half of the 8th century"}, {"question": "What script was converted to Latin in the 1920s?", "answer": "Tajik script"}, {"question": "When was Tajik script converted to Cyrillic?", "answer": "the 1930s"}, {"question": "Who catalyzed the conversion of Tajik script into Cyrillic?", "answer": "the Soviet government"}, {"question": "What is another term for Western Iran?", "answer": "Khuzestan"}, {"question": "What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?", "answer": "Sogdian and Bactrian"}, {"question": "By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?", "answer": "6th century AD"}, {"question": "Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?", "answer": "Zarafshan valley"}, {"question": "Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?", "answer": "Saka"}, {"question": "What is used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "answer": "Daylighting"}, {"question": "What kind of effects can natural illumination have on a persons psychological?", "answer": "positive"}, {"question": "Using natural illumination instead of artificial light sources help with what?", "answer": "energy consumption"}, {"question": "Lamps and light fixtures are a form of what?", "answer": "artificial light sources"}, {"question": "The use of light to achieve an aesthetic effect is know as?", "answer": "Lighting or illumination"}, {"question": "What can be used a main source of light for a building during the day?", "answer": "Daylighting"}, {"question": "Lamps and light fixtures  are a form of what?", "answer": "Lighting"}, {"question": "What kind of effects can proper lighting have on a persons psychologically?", "answer": "positive"}, {"question": "What does using natural illumination instead of artificial lighting help with?", "answer": "energy consumption"}, {"question": "What is the used to achieve a practical effect?", "answer": "Lighting or illumination"}, {"question": "What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?", "answer": "light fixtures"}, {"question": "What is considered a key part of interior design?", "answer": "Indoor lighting"}, {"question": "What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?", "answer": "lighting"}, {"question": "What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?", "answer": "light fixtures"}, {"question": "What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?", "answer": "lighting"}, {"question": "When was fluorescent lighting first available?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What type of lighting can be mounted in the ceiling to appear flush?", "answer": "Recessed lighting"}, {"question": "Peking man kindled fire as early as?", "answer": "400,000 BCE"}, {"question": "Which type of oily animals where also used as lamps after being threaded with wick?", "answer": "birds and fish"}, {"question": "What is considered the earliest form of artificial lighting?", "answer": "campfires or torches"}, {"question": "The hollow worked stones lamps found in Lascaux caves date back how far?", "answer": "15,000 years"}, {"question": "What type of lighting was powered by electricity?", "answer": "incandescent light"}, {"question": "When did gas powered street lights became economically available.", "answer": "early 1800s"}, {"question": "Street lights help reduce?", "answer": "urban crime."}, {"question": "What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?", "answer": "Lighting fixtures"}, {"question": "Functioning as holder a light fixture can provide directed light and avoid?", "answer": "visual glare"}, {"question": "Luminous efficacy is measure in what unit?", "answer": "lumen per watt"}, {"question": "How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?", "answer": "6400"}, {"question": "What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?", "answer": "incandescent bulb"}, {"question": "It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?", "answer": "blue-white"}, {"question": "A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?", "answer": "Lower color temperature"}, {"question": "A light is classified by intended purpose, what mainly changes its classification?", "answer": "light produced by the fixture."}, {"question": "Who invented track lighting?", "answer": "Lightolier"}, {"question": "What feeds all the fixtures in low voltage tracks instead of each light having a line-to-low voltage transformer.", "answer": "master transformer"}, {"question": "What  type of lighting uses lights that are hung or clipped to bare metal cables?", "answer": "cable lighting"}, {"question": "How many volts does a track lighting system usually use?", "answer": "12 or 24 volts"}, {"question": "What is a uplight used for ambient lighting?", "answer": "torchiere"}, {"question": "What is one type of fixture commonly found in offices?", "answer": "table lamp"}, {"question": "Magnifier lamps are considered what type of lighting? ", "answer": "task lighting"}, {"question": "When would neon lighting be considered general lighting?", "answer": "dark nightclub"}, {"question": "What uses diffuser panels below fluorescent lights?", "answer": "illuminated ceiling"}, {"question": "Normally neon lighting is considered what type of lighting?", "answer": "accent lighting"}, {"question": "What do steps in move theater aisles have for safety markings?", "answer": "small lights"}, {"question": "What are the low wattage lamps being replaced with in movie theaters?", "answer": "LED based versions"}, {"question": "What kind of tube are the movie theaters lights enclosed in?", "answer": "translucent tube"}, {"question": "What is used to light walkways at night?", "answer": "Street Lights"}, {"question": "What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?", "answer": "photovoltaic luminaires"}, {"question": "What kind of light is used to illuminate outdoor playing fields at night?", "answer": "Floodlights"}, {"question": "Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?", "answer": "security lighting"}, {"question": "What type of light would be used illuminate the entrance to a property?", "answer": "Entry lights"}, {"question": "What color are tail lights?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What color are headlamps on a vehicle?", "answer": "white or selective yellow"}, {"question": "When did automakers start using electroluminescent technology to backlight gauges?", "answer": "late 1950s"}, {"question": "What color are reversing indicator lamps?", "answer": "White"}, {"question": "What indicates that a driver is intending to change position?", "answer": "turn signals"}, {"question": "What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture?", "answer": "light bulbs"}, {"question": "What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation?", "answer": "electrical energy"}, {"question": "Huge much light does a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp produce equivalent to a incandescent light bulb.", "answer": "60 w"}, {"question": "How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce?", "answer": "800 lumens"}, {"question": "What is designing as it applies to built environments?", "answer": "architectural lighting design"}, {"question": "Would you consider aesthetic elements alone in architectural lighting design?", "answer": "kno"}, {"question": "What is the name of the software sometimes used to help calculate lighting needs in a built environment?", "answer": "Radiance"}, {"question": "Hand-calculations are based off of what type of data?", "answer": "tabular"}, {"question": "What type of factor calculation can be used to find out how much daylight is received in a internal space.", "answer": "Daylight factor calculation."}, {"question": "What type of paint tends to absorb light?", "answer": "dark paint"}, {"question": "What kind of paint makes a room a room look larger and brighter?", "answer": "light paint"}, {"question": "What type of study is used to simulate lighting designs?", "answer": "Photometric studies"}, {"question": "What is prepared prior to the performance for the lighting operator?", "answer": "lighting cues"}, {"question": "Motion pictures employee the similar lighting techniques as which other form of lighting?", "answer": "stage lighting"}, {"question": "What is the basic SI unit of measurement?", "answer": "candela (cd)"}, {"question": "What is the SI unit for lumiance?", "answer": "cd/m2"}, {"question": "What is the CGS unit of lumiance?", "answer": "stilb"}, {"question": "What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? ", "answer": "lumen (lm)"}, {"question": "What is a standardized model of human visual brightness?", "answer": "luminosity function"}, {"question": "What is the SI unit of illuminace and luminous emittance?", "answer": "Lux"}, {"question": "What does UGR stand for?", "answer": "Unified Glare Rating"}, {"question": "What does CCT stand for?", "answer": "correlated color temperature"}, {"question": "What does CRI stand for?", "answer": "color rendering index"}, {"question": "What metric indicates a lights ability to make object appear natural?", "answer": "CRI"}, {"question": "What metric indicates \"warmth\" or \"coolness\"?", "answer": "CCT"}, {"question": "What does GAI stand for?", "answer": "gamut area index"}, {"question": "The relative separating of object colors illuminated by a light source is known as?", "answer": "GAI"}, {"question": "Would a lower GAI mean higher apparent saturation or vividness of object colors?", "answer": "ano"}, {"question": "What is typically used to measure light?", "answer": "light dosimeters"}, {"question": "What measures the amount of light entering the eye?", "answer": "Daysimeter"}, {"question": "A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?", "answer": "circadian light meter"}, {"question": "How many days can the Daysimeter gather for analysis?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What type of light stimulates the circadian system?", "answer": "short-wavelength light"}, {"question": "What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? ", "answer": "Specification of illumination requirements"}, {"question": "What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed? ", "answer": "Lighting control"}, {"question": "What type of standard do newer control systems use? ", "answer": "wireless mesh open standards"}, {"question": "What is the name of one type of control system used? ", "answer": "ZigBee"}, {"question": "Does a wireless mesh open standard make installation harder?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What sensor controls light with motion sensors? ", "answer": "Occupancy sensors"}, {"question": "What does a passive infrared sensor react to? ", "answer": "changes in heat"}, {"question": "What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing?", "answer": "Ultrasonic sensors"}, {"question": "Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What is the oldest method of interior lighting? ", "answer": "Daylighting"}, {"question": "Daylighting has been proven to have negative effects on people?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "What is a form of solid state lighting?", "answer": "LEDs"}, {"question": "What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?", "answer": "nonimaging optics"}, {"question": "What can cause health effects such headache frequency?", "answer": "higher lighting levels"}, {"question": "Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? ", "answer": "Alzheimer's Disease"}, {"question": "The human circadian system is entrained to how many hours light-dark pattern?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted?", "answer": "disrupt the natural circadian cycle"}, {"question": "Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene?", "answer": "Robert Ulrich"}, {"question": "Did the patients with natural scenes have longer postoperative hospital stays?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Did patients that have natural scenes require more potent analgesics?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What University was Alision Jing Xu the assistant professor of management at?", "answer": "University of Toronto Scarborough"}, {"question": "What Univerity was Aparna Labroo associated with?", "answer": "Northwestern University"}, {"question": "What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum?", "answer": "Dr. Abraham Gesner"}, {"question": "What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? ", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "What method of lighting have been used since 1820s?", "answer": "coal-gas methods"}, {"question": "What does CFL stand for?", "answer": "Compact fluorescent lamps"}, {"question": "Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "How much more power does a standard incandescent bulb use compared to LED?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What is the average lifetime of a CFL?", "answer": "50,000 hours"}, {"question": "How much power does a halogen lamp save compared to a standard blub?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive?", "answer": "Light pollution"}, {"question": "What causes sharp shadows around buildings? ", "answer": "glare"}, {"question": "In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? ", "answer": "searchlights and flares"}, {"question": "The use of what may disclose your own hidden position on a battlefield? ", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? ", "answer": "infrared cameras"}, {"question": "What can be used by military for targeting?", "answer": "Flares"}, {"question": "What has eliminated the need for flares on a battlefield?", "answer": "laser-guided and GPS weapons"}, {"question": "What does the CIE stand for?", "answer": "International Commission on Illumination"}, {"question": "What does the IESNA stand for? ", "answer": "The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"}, {"question": "Who else publishes along with IESNA? ", "answer": "ANSI and ASHRAE"}, {"question": "What defines photo metric data?", "answer": "distribution of light released"}, {"question": "What does IALD stand for?", "answer": "The International Association of Lighting Designers"}, {"question": "What does PLDA stand for?", "answer": "The Professional Lighting Designers Association"}, {"question": "What was the PLDA formerly known as?", "answer": "ELDA"}, {"question": "Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? ", "answer": "NCQLP"}, {"question": "What does NCQLP stand for?", "answer": "The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"}, {"question": "Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified?", "answer": "LC"}, {"question": "What other national examinations are available?", "answer": "CLEP and CLMC"}, {"question": "What does PLASA stand for? ", "answer": "The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"}, {"question": "Where is PLASA based?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "How many individuals does PLASA represent?", "answer": "500+"}, {"question": "What does RoHS stand for?", "answer": "Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"}, {"question": "Which political practice did Montesquieu originate?", "answer": "Separation of powers"}, {"question": "How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers?", "answer": "United States Constitution"}, {"question": "What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote?", "answer": "checks and balances"}, {"question": "What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?", "answer": "separation of powers"}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes"}, {"question": "Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches?", "answer": "Montesquieu"}, {"question": "Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy?", "answer": "the framers of the United States Constitution"}, {"question": "Who was an advocate of separation of powers?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "Who was an opponent of separation of powers?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes"}, {"question": "Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution?  ", "answer": "Montesquieu"}, {"question": "What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?", "answer": "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government"}, {"question": "What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?", "answer": "separate and distinct"}, {"question": "What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? ", "answer": "a member of the Court of Appeals"}, {"question": "What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation?", "answer": "Clinton v. City of New York"}, {"question": "When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency?", "answer": "nondelegation doctrine"}, {"question": "What was the court case that struck down the line item veto?", "answer": "Clinton v. City of New York"}, {"question": "What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?", "answer": "Wayman v. Southard"}, {"question": "In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?", "answer": "John Marshall"}, {"question": "In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?", "answer": "the judiciary"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?", "answer": "Wayman v. Southard"}, {"question": "Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?", "answer": "John Marshall"}, {"question": "When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "answer": "the 1930s"}, {"question": "The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States?", "answer": "National Recovery Administration"}, {"question": "In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition?", "answer": "Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"}, {"question": "Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?", "answer": "Army and Navy"}, {"question": "Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?", "answer": "impeachment"}, {"question": "What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?", "answer": "quasi-judicial"}, {"question": "Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?", "answer": "Executive"}, {"question": "Who has the authority to make treaties?", "answer": "the President"}, {"question": "What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?", "answer": "impeachment"}, {"question": "Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?", "answer": "the performance of their duties"}, {"question": "What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?", "answer": "INS v. Chadha"}, {"question": "When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?", "answer": "Judicial"}, {"question": "Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?", "answer": "constitutional courts"}, {"question": "What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?", "answer": "Judicial power"}, {"question": "Who appoints a judge?", "answer": "the president"}, {"question": "Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?", "answer": "the Senate"}, {"question": "What kind of courts did congress establish?", "answer": "legislative courts"}, {"question": "What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?", "answer": "judicial power of the United States"}, {"question": "Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "Who can call congress into emergency session?", "answer": "The president"}, {"question": "Who serves as president of the Senate?", "answer": "The Vice President"}, {"question": "Who has the power to issue a pardon?", "answer": "The president"}, {"question": "Who has the power to issue a reprieve? ", "answer": "The president"}, {"question": "Who is the commander and chief of the Army?", "answer": "The president"}, {"question": "Who has the power to declare ware?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?", "answer": "the Senate"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for judicial review?", "answer": "Courts"}, {"question": "What is the court case that established judicial review?", "answer": "Marbury v. Madison"}, {"question": "Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?", "answer": "the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Who can limit judicial review of a law?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?", "answer": "the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Who presides over an impeachment trial?", "answer": "The Chief Justice"}, {"question": "Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?", "answer": "James Madison"}, {"question": "In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?", "answer": "Federalist 51"}, {"question": "Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "How many bills did George Washington veto?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many bills did James Monroe veto?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "Who was the seventh President of the United States?", "answer": "Andrew Jackson"}, {"question": "How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?", "answer": "Tenure of Office Act"}, {"question": "Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?", "answer": "Grover Cleveland"}, {"question": "Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? ", "answer": "Grover Cleveland"}, {"question": "Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?", "answer": "Franklin Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?", "answer": "national security"}, {"question": "What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?", "answer": "checks and balances"}, {"question": "Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? ", "answer": "the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?", "answer": "the Florida Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?", "answer": "the Florida Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What is the latin word for architecture?", "answer": "Architectural"}, {"question": "In what language does the word \"architecture\" have its origins?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What two words is \"architecture\" a combination of?", "answer": "\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9- \"chief\" and \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \"builder\""}, {"question": "Architecture involves the creation of what?", "answer": "buildings and other physical structures"}, {"question": "Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?", "answer": "as works of art"}, {"question": "What can extant architectural works be used to identify?", "answer": "Historical civilizations"}, {"question": "What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?", "answer": "De architectura"}, {"question": "Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?", "answer": "Roman architect Vitruvius"}, {"question": "When did Vitruvius create these plans?", "answer": "1st century AD."}, {"question": "What are the three principles every plan should consider?", "answer": "firmness, commodity and delight."}, {"question": "What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?", "answer": "De architectura"}, {"question": "Who was the author of  De architectura?", "answer": "Vitruvius"}, {"question": "What was Vitruvius' profession?", "answer": "architect"}, {"question": "What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?", "answer": "firmitas, utilitas, venustas"}, {"question": "What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?", "answer": "firmness, commodity and delight"}, {"question": "When were the styles of arts created?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?", "answer": "Vasari"}, {"question": "By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?", "answer": "Italian, French, Spanish and English"}, {"question": "In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?", "answer": "architect"}, {"question": "Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?", "answer": "Leon Battista Alberti"}, {"question": "What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?", "answer": "proportion"}, {"question": "What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?", "answer": "the Golden mean"}, {"question": "In what century did \"style\" as an artistic concept arise?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Contrasts?", "answer": "Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin"}, {"question": "What year was Contrasts written in?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "What was the name of Pugin's book?", "answer": "Contrasts"}, {"question": "In what year was Contrasts written?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "What world did Pugin dislike?", "answer": "modern, industrial world"}, {"question": "What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?", "answer": "Gothic"}, {"question": "Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "answer": "John Ruskin"}, {"question": "Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?", "answer": "John Ruskin"}, {"question": "What was Ruskin's career? ", "answer": "art critic"}, {"question": "When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?", "answer": "to his mental health, power, and pleasure"}, {"question": "Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?", "answer": "the aesthetic"}, {"question": "To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?", "answer": "it is in some way \"adorned\""}, {"question": "What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?", "answer": "string courses or rustication"}, {"question": "What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?", "answer": "20th-century"}, {"question": "Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? ", "answer": "Le Corbusier"}, {"question": "What was Le Corbusier 's profession?", "answer": "Architect"}, {"question": "When did Le Corbusier live and write?", "answer": "20th-century"}, {"question": "What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?", "answer": "heart"}, {"question": "What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?", "answer": "I am happy"}, {"question": "What term replaced Vitruvius' term \"utility\"?", "answer": "Function"}, {"question": "In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?", "answer": "aesthetic, psychological and cultural"}, {"question": "Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?", "answer": "Vitruvius"}, {"question": "What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?", "answer": "all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"}, {"question": "What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?", "answer": "both popularity and skepticism"}, {"question": "What are some philosophies that modern architects use?", "answer": "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."}, {"question": "Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?", "answer": "philosophies"}, {"question": "Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?", "answer": "their approach to building design"}, {"question": "Which philosophy followed structuralism?", "answer": "poststructuralism"}, {"question": "When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?", "answer": "late 20th century"}, {"question": "What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?", "answer": "sustainability"}, {"question": "To what should a building be friendly?", "answer": "environment"}, {"question": "What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?", "answer": "non-sustainable power sources"}, {"question": "What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?", "answer": "shelter, security, worship"}, {"question": "Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?", "answer": "knowledge"}, {"question": "What was building considered?", "answer": "a craft"}, {"question": "What was the most valued type of building craft called?", "answer": "architecture"}, {"question": "Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?", "answer": "building materials"}, {"question": "What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?", "answer": "vernacular buildings"}, {"question": "Why did the economy begin to expand?", "answer": "a surplus in production"}, {"question": "Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?", "answer": "trial and error"}, {"question": "What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?", "answer": "vernacular"}, {"question": "In what environment were many of the first human settlements?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?", "answer": "urbanization"}, {"question": "At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?", "answer": "rapidly"}, {"question": "What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?", "answer": "Egypt and Mesopotamia"}, {"question": "What are two examples of past civilizations?", "answer": "Egypt and Mesopotamia"}, {"question": "To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?", "answer": "the divine and the supernatural"}, {"question": "What does architectural monumentality often represent?", "answer": "political power"}, {"question": "Name one Asian architectural writer.", "answer": "Kao Gong Ji"}, {"question": "What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "When was the Kao Gong Ji written?", "answer": "7th\u20135th centuries BCE"}, {"question": "What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?", "answer": "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"}, {"question": "India produced which early architectural text?", "answer": "Shilpa Shastras"}, {"question": "What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?", "answer": "pantheistic religion"}, {"question": "Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?", "answer": "Buddhist architecture"}, {"question": "When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?", "answer": "3rd century BCE"}, {"question": "What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?", "answer": "the macrocosm and the microcosm"}, {"question": "What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?", "answer": "the Shastras"}, {"question": "What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?", "answer": "pantheistic religion"}, {"question": "What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?", "answer": "European architecture"}, {"question": "When was Islamic architecture first seen?", "answer": "7th century CE"}, {"question": "In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?", "answer": "Byzantium"}, {"question": "What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?", "answer": "religious and social needs"}, {"question": "What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?", "answer": "pointed arch"}, {"question": "What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?", "answer": "abbeys and cathedrals."}, {"question": "What were the most important buildings of the time?", "answer": "abbeys and cathedrals"}, {"question": "What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?", "answer": "clerics and tradesmen"}, {"question": "What style is Gothic?", "answer": "pan-European"}, {"question": "What is another pan-European style?", "answer": "Romanesque"}, {"question": "When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?", "answer": "900 CE onwards"}, {"question": "When was Renaissance Humanism developed?", "answer": "1400"}, {"question": "When did the Classical learning revival begin?", "answer": "1400 onwards"}, {"question": "What continent did this revival take place on?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was the name for the time period?", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?", "answer": "role of the individual"}, {"question": "What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?", "answer": "artist, architect and engineer"}, {"question": "What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? ", "answer": "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"}, {"question": "In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?", "answer": "form, space and ambience"}, {"question": "Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?", "answer": "pragmatic aspects"}, {"question": "Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?", "answer": "Nunzia Rondanini"}, {"question": "In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?", "answer": "Through its aesthetic dimension"}, {"question": "What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture \"stimulate and influence\"?", "answer": "social life"}, {"question": "What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?", "answer": "social development"}, {"question": "What does architecture share with other sciences?", "answer": "functional aspects"}, {"question": "What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?", "answer": "art for art's sake"}, {"question": "What sort of quest lacks purpose?", "answer": "quest for perfection or originality"}, {"question": "What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?", "answer": "form"}, {"question": "From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?", "answer": "civic ideals"}, {"question": "These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?", "answer": "new building types"}, {"question": "What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?", "answer": "religious or empirical ones"}, {"question": "What owes its development to the Classical orders?", "answer": "Architectural \"style\""}, {"question": "When were architectural writings first made?", "answer": "ancient time"}, {"question": "Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?", "answer": "specific formal prescriptions"}, {"question": "What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?", "answer": "canons"}, {"question": "When did Vitruvius write his canons?", "answer": "1st-century BCE"}, {"question": "What is a significant early architectural canonical type?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?", "answer": "guilds"}, {"question": "What records of the guilds are still in existence?", "answer": "written contracts"}, {"question": "What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?", "answer": "ecclesiastical buildings"}, {"question": "What is another term for master mason?", "answer": "Magister lathomorum"}, {"question": "What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?", "answer": "proportions and structure"}, {"question": "Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?", "answer": "generalist"}, {"question": "What two fields began to grow apart?", "answer": "architecture and engineering"}, {"question": "What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?", "answer": "technical aspects of building design"}, {"question": "What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?", "answer": "\"gentleman architect\""}, {"question": "What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?", "answer": "context and feasibility"}, {"question": "Where did most architects learn their trade?", "answer": "in the offices of other architects"}, {"question": "What started with the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "mass production and consumption"}, {"question": "What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?", "answer": "ornamented products"}, {"question": "As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?", "answer": "Aesthetics"}, {"question": "What kind of books did housebuilders use?", "answer": "pattern books and architectural journals"}, {"question": "What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?", "answer": "current architectural design"}, {"question": "At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? ", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?", "answer": "Modern Architecture"}, {"question": "When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?", "answer": "to produce better quality machine made objects"}, {"question": "In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?", "answer": "the Bauhaus school"}, {"question": "What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?", "answer": "avant-garde movement"}, {"question": "Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?", "answer": "the middle and working classes"}, {"question": "Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?", "answer": "the rapidly declining aristocratic order"}, {"question": "What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?", "answer": "functionalist"}, {"question": "What details did Modernists' do away with?", "answer": "historical references and ornament"}, {"question": "Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright"}, {"question": "What are two of Wright's designs?", "answer": "Robie House and Fallingwater"}, {"question": "What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?", "answer": "to promote harmony"}, {"question": "What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?", "answer": "the Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?", "answer": "steel-frame construction"}, {"question": "What style came after Modernism?", "answer": "International Style"}, {"question": "What is an example of International Style?", "answer": "Twin Towers"}, {"question": "Who designed the Twin Towers?", "answer": "Minoru Yamasaki"}, {"question": "What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?", "answer": "decorative richness"}, {"question": "Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?", "answer": "Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"}, {"question": "What material was used in Brutalist structures?", "answer": "unfinished concrete"}, {"question": "Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?", "answer": "postwar generation"}, {"question": "What school was a response to Brutalism?", "answer": "the school of metaphoric architecture"}, {"question": "What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?", "answer": "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture"}, {"question": "What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?", "answer": "nature"}, {"question": "What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?", "answer": "expressionist architecture"}, {"question": "When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?", "answer": "the late 1950s and 1960s"}, {"question": "What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?", "answer": "modernism"}, {"question": "What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?", "answer": "human experience"}, {"question": "Who called postmodern architecture a \"decorated shed\"?", "answer": "Robert Venturi"}, {"question": "What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?", "answer": "\"ducks\""}, {"question": "About when did architecture begin specializing?", "answer": "Since the 1980s"}, {"question": "Who can no longer design a large structure?", "answer": "one person"}, {"question": "What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? ", "answer": "Modernism and Postmodernism"}, {"question": "What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?", "answer": "Environmental sustainability"}, {"question": "What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?", "answer": "the environment"}, {"question": "Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?", "answer": "Frank Lloyd Wright"}, {"question": "Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?", "answer": "Buckminster Fuller"}, {"question": "What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?", "answer": "The U.S. Green Building Council"}, {"question": "What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?", "answer": "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture"}, {"question": "What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?", "answer": "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl."}, {"question": "What are three things the new movements try to achieve?", "answer": "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design"}, {"question": "What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?", "answer": "modernist and globally uniform architecture"}, {"question": "Which three statistics does the HDI compile?", "answer": "life expectancy, education, and income per capita"}, {"question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?", "answer": "longer"}, {"question": "Who developed the HDI?", "answer": "Mahbub ul Haq"}, {"question": "What entity publishes the HDI?", "answer": "United Nations Development Programme"}, {"question": "Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?", "answer": "longer"}, {"question": "In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What does IHDI stand for?", "answer": "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index"}, {"question": "Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?", "answer": "the HDI"}, {"question": "In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?", "answer": "Amartya Sen"}, {"question": "Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?", "answer": "people-centered policies"}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What does LE stand for?", "answer": "Life expectancy at birth"}, {"question": "What does MYS stand for?", "answer": "Mean years of schooling"}, {"question": "What does EYS stand for?", "answer": "Expected years of schooling"}, {"question": "What does GNIpc stand for?", "answer": "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita"}, {"question": "What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?", "answer": "the United Nations Development Programme"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "December 14, 2015"}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "July 24, 2014"}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What does the IHDI specifically take into account?", "answer": "Inequality"}, {"question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development? ", "answer": "the average level"}, {"question": "Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?", "answer": "Cuba"}, {"question": "Is the top quartile of HDI considered \"high\" or \"very high\" human development?", "answer": "very high"}, {"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?", "answer": "lack of necessary data"}, {"question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "March 14, 2013"}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Does the IHDI measure the \"average\" or the \"potential\" level of human development?", "answer": "the average level"}, {"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?", "answer": "unavailability of certain crucial data"}, {"question": "Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "November 4, 2010"}, {"question": "Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?", "answer": "income, life expectancy, and education"}, {"question": "What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?", "answer": "unavailability of certain crucial data"}, {"question": "Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?", "answer": "Cuba"}, {"question": "What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?", "answer": "High Human Development country"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "October 5, 2009"}, {"question": "What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?", "answer": "period up to 2007"}, {"question": "What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?", "answer": "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development"}, {"question": "What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?", "answer": "very high human development"}, {"question": "How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank \"very high\"?", "answer": "developed countries"}, {"question": "What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?", "answer": "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication"}, {"question": "What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?", "answer": "statistical update"}, {"question": "What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?", "answer": "an accompanying Human Development Report"}, {"question": "What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?", "answer": "up to 2006"}, {"question": "On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?", "answer": "November 27, 2007"}, {"question": "What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "answer": "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"}, {"question": "What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?", "answer": "Bras\u00edlia, Brazil"}, {"question": "Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?", "answer": "high income countries"}, {"question": "Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a \"low development\" country?", "answer": "0.5"}, {"question": "On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "What is Gabon's ranking?", "answer": "119th"}, {"question": "What is South Africa's ranking?", "answer": "121st"}, {"question": "What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?", "answer": "Gabon and South Africa"}, {"question": "What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a \"high development\" country?", "answer": "0.8"}, {"question": "Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "answer": "red arrows"}, {"question": "If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?", "answer": "green arrows"}, {"question": "If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?", "answer": "Blue dash"}, {"question": "Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "Which country has received the top rank twice?", "answer": "Iceland"}, {"question": "The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?", "answer": "national performance and ranking"}, {"question": "Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?", "answer": "global"}, {"question": "Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?", "answer": "egalitarianism"}, {"question": "How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?", "answer": "The Economist"}, {"question": "How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI?", "answer": "182"}, {"question": "How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI?", "answer": "169"}, {"question": "What is another term for southern Europe", "answer": "Mediterranean Europe"}, {"question": "What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located?", "answer": "Iberian peninsula"}, {"question": "What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe?", "answer": "Balkan countries"}, {"question": "What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "southern France"}, {"question": "What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe?", "answer": "political, economic, and cultural attributes"}, {"question": "What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region?", "answer": "geography, climate, and flora"}, {"question": "What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?", "answer": "The Mediterranean climate"}, {"question": "Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?", "answer": "Western and Southern coastal regions"}, {"question": "What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?", "answer": "vegetations and landscapes"}, {"question": "Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?", "answer": "mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"}, {"question": "Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?", "answer": "north coast of Spain"}, {"question": "What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?", "answer": "Atlantic climate"}, {"question": "What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe?", "answer": "phytochoria"}, {"question": "Who coined the term phytochoria?", "answer": "Armen Takhtajan"}, {"question": "What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities?", "answer": "classical antiquity"}, {"question": "What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece?", "answer": "city-states"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?", "answer": "AD 476"}, {"question": "By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?", "answer": "300 AD"}, {"question": "What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Germanic peoples"}, {"question": "What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "kingdoms and empires of their own"}, {"question": "What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?", "answer": "the Crusades"}, {"question": "When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?", "answer": "1204"}, {"question": "Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?", "answer": "Genoa and Venice"}, {"question": "What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?", "answer": "The Reconquista"}, {"question": "What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?", "answer": "The Late Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Black Death"}, {"question": "Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "In what city did the Renaissance begin?", "answer": "Florence"}, {"question": "What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?", "answer": "science and theology"}, {"question": "The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?", "answer": "Greek and Roman"}, {"question": "Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?", "answer": "Portugal and Spain"}, {"question": "When did religious conflict end in Europe?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?", "answer": "Spain and France"}, {"question": "Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?", "answer": "Galileo Galilei"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating the first radio?", "answer": "Guglielmo Marconi"}, {"question": "What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?", "answer": "the rise of colonial empires"}, {"question": "What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?", "answer": "the Columbian Exchange"}, {"question": "What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?", "answer": "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain"}, {"question": "When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments?", "answer": "between 1815 and 1871"}, {"question": "From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "In what year was Rome conquered?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands?", "answer": "The Age of Empire"}, {"question": "In what year did World War I begin?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "When did a victor emerge in World War I?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?", "answer": "the Paris Peace Conference"}, {"question": "Which group took control in 1933?", "answer": "The Nazi regime"}, {"question": "Who led the Nazis?", "answer": "Adolf Hitler"}, {"question": "Which country did Hitler align Germany with?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?", "answer": "Mussolini"}, {"question": "What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?", "answer": "the Warsaw Pact"}, {"question": "What does EU stand for?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "What was the European Union tasked with managing?", "answer": "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism"}, {"question": "When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "When did the USSR dissolve?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "Romance languages"}, {"question": "What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?", "answer": "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican"}, {"question": "Where can people who speak Catalan be found?", "answer": "eastern Spain"}, {"question": "What language is spoken in northwest Spain?", "answer": "Galician"}, {"question": "How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?", "answer": "over 40 million"}, {"question": "What is another term for Greek?", "answer": "Hellenic"}, {"question": "Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "What language is used in Macedonia?", "answer": "Macedonian"}, {"question": "What do people speak in Bulgaria?", "answer": "Bulgarian"}, {"question": "Slovene is a major language in what country?", "answer": "Slovenia"}, {"question": "What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?", "answer": "Maltese"}, {"question": "What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?", "answer": "Albanian"}, {"question": "What type of language is Maltese?", "answer": "Semitic"}, {"question": "Where is Basque Country located?", "answer": "northern Spain and southwestern France"}, {"question": "What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion?", "answer": "380 AD"}, {"question": "What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe?", "answer": "Greek Orthodox"}, {"question": "What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations?", "answer": "regions"}, {"question": "What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions?", "answer": "statistical convenience"}, {"question": "What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region?", "answer": "sub-regions"}, {"question": "What does TDM stand for?", "answer": "Tourism Decision Metrics"}, {"question": "Which group uses TDM as a metric?", "answer": "European Travel Commission"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation?", "answer": "BBC"}, {"question": "Under what auspices does the BBC exist?", "answer": "Royal charter"}, {"question": "When did the BBC start creating its own programming?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts?", "answer": "2 November 1936"}, {"question": "In what country is the BBC headquartered?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "As a result of shows that the BBC itself creates, it is one of the biggest what?", "answer": "television production companies"}, {"question": "On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?", "answer": "30 September 1929"}, {"question": "From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?", "answer": "Long Acre, London"}, {"question": "How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?", "answer": "June 1932"}, {"question": "When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?", "answer": "30 March 1930"}, {"question": "Where was the BBC's first studio located?", "answer": "Broadcasting House, London"}, {"question": "What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?", "answer": "telephone line"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?", "answer": "electromechanical"}, {"question": "Where was the BBC's second studio located?", "answer": "16 Portland Place, London"}, {"question": "When did the BBC first change studios?", "answer": "February 1934"}, {"question": "Where did the BBC continue broadcasting from in October of 1936?", "answer": "Alexandra Palace"}, {"question": "What frequency band was used by the BBC starting in 1936?", "answer": "VHF"}, {"question": "How many lines did the Baird transmission contain?", "answer": "240"}, {"question": "How many lines did the Marconi-EMI transmission contain?", "answer": "405"}, {"question": "On what days did the BBC provide regular broadcasts?", "answer": "Monday to Saturday"}, {"question": "For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?", "answer": "Farnsworth image dissector"}, {"question": "When was the Baird system officially abandoned?", "answer": "13 February 1937"}, {"question": "How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?", "answer": "40 kilometres"}, {"question": "In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?", "answer": "RCA"}, {"question": "What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?", "answer": "a British television set"}, {"question": "Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?", "answer": "Brookmans Park"}, {"question": "When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?", "answer": "2 August 1932"}, {"question": "What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?", "answer": "Opening of the BBC Television Service"}, {"question": "Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?", "answer": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"}, {"question": "When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?", "answer": "September 1939"}, {"question": "What did the British fear could provide guidance to the German air force?", "answer": "VHF transmissions"}, {"question": "What part of the military did many people working for the BBC end up serving in?", "answer": "the radar programme"}, {"question": "What was the final thing shown on the BBC before it was shut down for the war?", "answer": "Mickey's Gala Premier"}, {"question": "When did most people mistakenly remember the last broadcast as having ended?", "answer": "before the end of the cartoon"}, {"question": "How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?", "answer": "18,999"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?", "answer": "Jasmine Bligh"}, {"question": "On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?", "answer": "7 June 1946"}, {"question": "In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?", "answer": "Lime Grove Studios"}, {"question": "What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?", "answer": "Mickey Mouse"}, {"question": "What city received BBC signals starting in 1949?", "answer": "Birmingham"}, {"question": "Which facility brought the BBC's transmissions to Birmingham?", "answer": "Sutton Coldfield transmitting station"}, {"question": "What kind of image was broadcasted by the BBC by the mid-'50s?", "answer": "405-line interlaced image"}, {"question": "On what frequency band was the BBC broadcasting in thie 1950s?", "answer": "VHF"}, {"question": "What was the name of the BBC changed to in 1960?", "answer": "BBC tv"}, {"question": "What was the BBC's main competitor?", "answer": "ITV"}, {"question": "What program debuted on November 23, 1963?", "answer": "Doctor Who"}, {"question": "Where did the BBC broadcast from following World War II?", "answer": "Alexandra Palace"}, {"question": "What was the first station launched after the original BBC?", "answer": "ITV"}, {"question": "What was the third network started in the UK?", "answer": "BBC2"}, {"question": "What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?", "answer": "massive power failure"}, {"question": "Where was the cause of the power outage?", "answer": "Battersea Power Station"}, {"question": "Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?", "answer": "Denis Tuohy"}, {"question": "What was the first station to show programs in color?", "answer": "BBC Two"}, {"question": "When did the other two major British stations start color programming?", "answer": "15 November 1969"}, {"question": "What types of programs were not shown on BBC Two?", "answer": "soap opera or standard news programming"}, {"question": "Who was the first controller of BBC2?", "answer": "Sir David Attenborough"}, {"question": "What kinds of programs did Attenborough favor?", "answer": "documentaries"}, {"question": "When was the first broadcast of Tom and Jerry on BBC One?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "When was the final broadcast of Tom and Jerry?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How many episodes of Tom and Jerry were shown in the evenings?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "On what channel was Tom and Jerry sometimes shown in the mornings?", "answer": "CBBC"}, {"question": "Which group did David Attenborough join while on sabbatical?", "answer": "BBC Natural History Unit"}, {"question": "When did the BBC Natural History Unit come into existence?", "answer": "the 1950s"}, {"question": "What are some shows that Attenborough created with the BBC Natural History Unit?", "answer": "Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet"}, {"question": "How many different areas does BBC One accommodate with customized broadcasting?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "Which parts of the UK have more control over their BBC broadcasts?", "answer": "Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "Who hosts shows on BBC broadcasts outside of England?", "answer": "local announcers"}, {"question": "What kind of coverage might take precedence over standard BBC programming?", "answer": "major local events"}, {"question": "What is the name of a political show shown on BBC in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "Give My Head Peace"}, {"question": "What is the name of a Scottish soap opera?", "answer": "River City"}, {"question": "What language does BBC Scotland provide programming for?", "answer": "Gaelic"}, {"question": "What is a well-known Gaelic program?", "answer": "E\u00f2rpa and D\u00e8 a-nis?"}, {"question": "What is the name of a show from Northern Ireland broadcast all over the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Patrick Kielty Almost Live"}, {"question": "How much of its programming must the BBC obtain from other content producers?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What is a popular American show that was shown on the BBC?", "answer": "The Simpsons"}, {"question": "What is a television show from Australia that was shown on the BBC?", "answer": "Neighbours"}, {"question": "What kind of service was Ceefax?", "answer": "teletext"}, {"question": "When was Ceefax launched?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What is the modern replacement for Ceefax?", "answer": "BBCi"}, {"question": "When did the BBC say it would start using a satellite to transit its signal?", "answer": "May 2003"}, {"question": "What was the name of the satellite from which the BBC's signal was sent?", "answer": "Astra 2D satellite"}, {"question": "Due to delays, when was the actual date of the BBC's move to satellite broadcasts?", "answer": "14 July"}, {"question": "How much money was the move to satellite worth to the station over the following half decade?", "answer": "\u00a385 million"}, {"question": "With the right tools, what area could get free BBC broadcasts from Astra 2D?", "answer": "Western Europe"}, {"question": "What are some entities that have taken issue with the possibility that BBC programming was being viewed for free?", "answer": "Hollywood studios and sporting organisations"}, {"question": "On what service were some shows removed as a result of issues over rights?", "answer": "Sky Digital"}, {"question": "What are two specific broadcasts suspended on Sky Digital?", "answer": "Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football"}, {"question": "When was the 50th anniversary of BBC news broadcasts?", "answer": "5 July 2004"}, {"question": "On what form of media was a retrospective of the BBC's news broadcasts released to commemorate its 50th anniversary?", "answer": "DVD"}, {"question": "In what format were the BBC's first new bulletins shown?", "answer": "Newsreel"}, {"question": "What reality series was awarded a BAFTA in 2005?", "answer": "Little Angels"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?", "answer": "Jana Bennett"}, {"question": "What did BBC Television get absorbed into?", "answer": "BBC Vision"}, {"question": "What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?", "answer": "the onset of new media outlets and technology"}, {"question": "When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?", "answer": "November 2008"}, {"question": "As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?", "answer": "Keeping Up Appearances"}, {"question": "How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?", "answer": "nearly 1000"}, {"question": "Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?", "answer": "BBC Worldwide"}, {"question": "How often are people required to remit the TV license fee?", "answer": "annually"}, {"question": "How do the BBC's non-domestic channels generate revenue?", "answer": "advertisements and subscription"}, {"question": "When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Who is the current head of BBC Television?", "answer": "Danny Cohen"}, {"question": "What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?", "answer": "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting"}, {"question": "When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?", "answer": "December 2004"}, {"question": "When did BBC Japan shut down?", "answer": "April 2006"}, {"question": "What was the genre of BBC Japan?", "answer": "general entertainment"}, {"question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's birth date?", "answer": "July 30, 1947"}, {"question": "What's Arnold Schwarzenegger's middle name?", "answer": "Alois"}, {"question": "How many terms did Schwarzenegger serve as California's governor?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?", "answer": "Conan the Barbarian"}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?", "answer": "Arnie"}, {"question": "What year marked the end of Schwarzenegger's second term in the governor's office?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What political party did Schwarzenegger belong to?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "What governor did Schwarzenegger replace?", "answer": "Gray Davis"}, {"question": "What date marked the start of Schwarzenegger's second gubernatorial term?", "answer": "January 5, 2007"}, {"question": "What country was Schwarzenegger born in?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's mother's maiden name?", "answer": "Jadrny"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's father's first name?", "answer": "Gustav"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's dad's job in their town?", "answer": "chief of police"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's older brother's name?", "answer": "Meinhard"}, {"question": "What appliance did Schwarzenegger's family buy that he called a highlight of his youth?", "answer": "refrigerator"}, {"question": "What sport Schwarzenegger played led to a trip to the gym that sparked his love of weightlifting?", "answer": "soccer"}, {"question": "Who starred in the first movie Schwarzenegger remembers seeing?", "answer": "John Wayne"}, {"question": "What job did Schwarzenegger's father want him to pursue?", "answer": "police officer"}, {"question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's bodybuilding idols died in 2000?", "answer": "Steve Reeves"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's brother die?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What is Meinhard's son named?", "answer": "Patrick"}, {"question": "What caused Schwarzenegger's father Gustav's death?", "answer": "stroke"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman Schwarzenegger was serious about?", "answer": "Barbara Baker"}, {"question": "What magazine revealed the details of Schwarzenegger's childhood punishments in 2004?", "answer": "Fortune"}, {"question": "Which bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger call his \"ticket to America\"?", "answer": "Mr. Universe"}, {"question": "Which competition did Schwarzenegger go AWOL to participate in?", "answer": "Junior Mr. Europe"}, {"question": "When did Schwarzenegger take an airplane for the first time ever?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In what city was the 1966 NABBA Mr. Universe competition held?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?", "answer": "Reg Park"}, {"question": "Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?", "answer": "legs"}, {"question": "How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?", "answer": "Rolf Putziger"}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he started hoping he'd move to America?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he moved to the U.S.?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "In what state did Schwarzenegger claim his first Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What's the name of the professional wrestler who designed the first logo for Gold's Gym?", "answer": "Ric Drasin"}, {"question": "What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?", "answer": "LA Weekly"}, {"question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's 1977 book?", "answer": "Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder"}, {"question": "At what college did Schwarzenegger study but not receive his degree?", "answer": "Santa Monica College"}, {"question": "What does TM stand for?", "answer": "Transcendental Meditation"}, {"question": "What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?", "answer": "anxiety"}, {"question": "What bodybuilding competition is named after Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "the Arnold Classic"}, {"question": "How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "answer": "monthly"}, {"question": "How much did the magazines Schwarzenegger wrote for pledge to contribute to physical fitness initiatives each year when he was Governor?", "answer": "$250,000"}, {"question": "What position did Schwarzenegger briefly hold at Muscle & Fitness and Flex?", "answer": "executive editor"}, {"question": "What bodybuilding title did Schwarzenegger win in 1965?", "answer": "Junior Mr. Europe"}, {"question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "In 2011, how much time each day did Schwarzenegger say he lifted weights? ", "answer": "half an hour"}, {"question": "In what competition did Schwarzenegger have to lift over 500 pounds while balancing on foot rests?", "answer": "Munich stone-lifting contest"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger first try to win the Mr. Olympia title?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "Who won Mr. Olympia 1969?", "answer": "Sergio Oliva"}, {"question": "At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Olympia in 1970?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?", "answer": "Franco Columbu"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?", "answer": "Mr. Olympia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the bodybuilding film Schwarzenegger starred in?", "answer": "Pumping Iron"}, {"question": "How much time did Schwarzenegger have to train for the 1975 Mr. Olympia competition?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "Who co-starred with Schwarzenegger in the film Stay Hungry?", "answer": "Jeff Bridges"}, {"question": "For what Hollywood role was Schwarzenegger training in 1980?", "answer": "Conan"}, {"question": "How many weeks did Schwarzenegger spend getting ready for the 1980 Mr. Olympia contest?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many times did Schwarzenegger win Mr. Olympia before retiring for good?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger write that he used anabolic steroid because they were \"helpful\"?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What German doctor was sued by Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Dr. Willi Heepe"}, {"question": "How much did the court award Schwarzenegger in the case against Heepe?", "answer": "$10,000"}, {"question": "Which U.S. tabloid settled out of court with Schwarzenegger in 1999?", "answer": "The Globe"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's first film role?", "answer": "Hercules"}, {"question": "What last name was Schwarzenegger going by when he starred in Hercules in New York?  ", "answer": "Strong"}, {"question": "In 1973, who directed Schwarzenegger as a hit-man in The Long Goodbye?", "answer": "Robert Altman"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger's role in Stay Hungry led to a Golden Globe win in what category?", "answer": "New Male Star of the Year"}, {"question": "What adjective did Schwarzenegger say agents used to describe his body?", "answer": "weird"}, {"question": "When did Schwarzenegger purchase the rights to the film Pumping Iron?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger play Jayne Mansfield's husband in a film?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What role did Schwarzenegger miss out on because of his height?", "answer": "The Incredible Hulk"}, {"question": "What 1979 comedy film featured Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, and Ann-Margret?", "answer": "The Villain"}, {"question": "What was the title of the sequel to Conan the Barbarian?", "answer": "Conan the Destroyer"}, {"question": "What year was the first Terminator movie released?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "Who directed The Terminator?", "answer": "James Cameron"}, {"question": "What other action star was an international hit in the 1980s?", "answer": "Sylvester Stallone"}, {"question": "What year was Schwarzenegger's film The Running Man released?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What's the title of the comedy movie Schwarzenegger starred in with Danny DeVito in 1988?", "answer": "Twins"}, {"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger make from the film Total Recall, on top of 15% of gross?", "answer": "$10 million"}, {"question": "What 1992 TV movie did Schwarzenegger direct?", "answer": "Christmas in Connecticut"}, {"question": "An episode of what well-known TV series was Schwarzenegger's directorial debut?", "answer": "Tales from the Crypt"}, {"question": "What Schwarzenegger film was 1991's highest-grossing movie?", "answer": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day"}, {"question": "What organization named Schwarzenegger the \"International Star of the Decade\" in 1993?", "answer": "the National Association of Theatre Owners"}, {"question": "What 1994 film brought Schwarzenegger back together with director James Cameron?", "answer": "True Lies"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?", "answer": "Junior"}, {"question": "How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?", "answer": "$150 million"}, {"question": "How many feet tall was the proposed statue of Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "82"}, {"question": "What was the name of the cultural association that wanted to build a Terminator statue?", "answer": "Forum Stadtpark"}, {"question": "Which 2005 movie featured Schwarzenegger as himself?", "answer": "The Kid & I"}, {"question": "What's the name of the comic book character modeled on Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "the Governator"}, {"question": "What famous comic book writer did Schwarzenegger work with on the Governator?", "answer": "Stan Lee"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger said he was reading scripts that included the one for what WWII film based on a true story?", "answer": "With Wings as Eagles"}, {"question": "Who wrote the screenplay for With Wings as Eagles?", "answer": "Randall Wallace"}, {"question": "On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?", "answer": "May 20"}, {"question": "2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?", "answer": "10 years"}, {"question": "What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?", "answer": "Escape Plan"}, {"question": "What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?", "answer": "Terminator Genisys"}, {"question": "What year did Terminator Genisys debut?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger speak at the Republican National Convention?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was the title of the anti-drug music video Schwarzenegger appeared in under the Reagan administration's sponsorship?", "answer": "\"Stop the Madness\""}, {"question": "In what presidential election year did Schwarzenegger make a name for himself as a prominent Republican?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Which candidate did Schwarzenegger appear with at a presidential campaign rally?", "answer": "George H.W. Bush"}, {"question": "What nickname did George H.W. Bush give to Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Conan the Republican"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger's interview with Talk magazine take place?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Which media source said Schwarzenegger was trying to deal with rumors that he might run for governor of California?", "answer": "The Hollywood Reporter"}, {"question": "The episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno where Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy for Governor aired on what date?", "answer": "August 6, 2003"}, {"question": "How many debates did Schwarzenegger participate in before the 2003 California recall election?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What percentage of the October 2003 vote was in favor of a recall?", "answer": "55.4%"}, {"question": "Who was Schwarzenegger's closest rival in the gubernatorial race of 2003?", "answer": "Cruz Bustamante"}, {"question": "By about what number of votes did Schwarzenegger win the 2003 recall election in California?", "answer": "1.3 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of the vote did Schwarzenegger's opponent Bustamante receive?", "answer": "31%"}, {"question": "Who was the first governor of California who had been born in a foreign country?", "answer": "John G. Downey"}, {"question": "What politician threatened to start working to recall Schwarzenegger right after he was elected?", "answer": "Willie Brown"}, {"question": "What Saturday Night Live sketch was Schwarzenegger referencing when he called opposing politicians \"girlie men\"?", "answer": "Hans and Franz"}, {"question": "In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger choose as Chief of Staff?", "answer": "Susan Kennedy"}, {"question": "In the 2006 gubernatorial election, who did Schwarzenegger run against?", "answer": "Phil Angelides"}, {"question": "Which city was Gavin Newsom mayor of when he said Schwarzenegger was turning Democrat?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What political office did people speculate Schwarzenegger might try for in 2010?", "answer": "United States Senate"}, {"question": "What author claimed Schwarzenegger is power-obsessed?", "answer": "Wendy Leigh"}, {"question": "What's Schwarzenegger's father-in-law's name?", "answer": "Sargent Shriver"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger shows up as the President of the United States in what 2007 animated movie?", "answer": "The Simpsons Movie"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger become a naturalized citizen of the United States?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "In what country besides the U.S. is Schwarzenegger a citizen?", "answer": "Austrian"}, {"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger finally endorse in the 2008 Republican primary?", "answer": "John McCain"}, {"question": "Which candidate withdrew from the presidential race in January of 2008?", "answer": "Rudy Giuliani"}, {"question": "On which two major issues did McCain and Schwarzenegger publicly agree?", "answer": "the environment and economy"}, {"question": "What group awarded Schwarzenegger the title of one of the 11 \"worst governors\" in a 2010 report?", "answer": "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's highest approval rating during his stint as governor?", "answer": "89%"}, {"question": "What was Schwarzenegger's approval rating on the day his time in office ended?", "answer": "23%"}, {"question": "What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?", "answer": "Gropegate"}, {"question": "How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times"}, {"question": "One woman accused Schwarzenegger of trying to remove what item of clothing?", "answer": "bathing suit"}, {"question": "What magazine published an interview quoting Schwarzenegger calling marijuana a \"leaf\"?", "answer": "GQ"}, {"question": "What drug does the documentary Pumping Iron show Schwarzenegger using?", "answer": "marijuana"}, {"question": "Who sued Schwarzenegger and two of his employees for libel, settling in 2006?", "answer": "Anna Richardson"}, {"question": "What movie was Schwarzenegger promoting when the alleged incident took place?", "answer": "The 6th Day"}, {"question": "What paper did Richardson claim was used by Schwarzenegger's publicist and aide to discredit her?", "answer": "Los Angeles Times"}, {"question": "What year did Austria outlaw the death penalty?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Which member of Austrian parliament wanted Schwarzenegger to lose his Austrian citizenship?", "answer": "Peter Pilz"}, {"question": "What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?", "answer": "September 27, 2006"}, {"question": "The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?", "answer": "refineries"}, {"question": "What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "What region of the U.S. has California partnered with on the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative?", "answer": "the Northeast"}, {"question": "What green technology did Schwarzenegger have installed at home to reduce his carbon footprint? ", "answer": "solar panels"}, {"question": "What year did the Greenhouse Gas Initiative go into effect?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What particular pollutant was Schwarzenegger addressing with his 2006 executive order?", "answer": "carbon dioxide emissions"}, {"question": "In what city was the SAE World Congress held in 2009?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What article, section, and clause of the Constitution requires U.S. presidents to be natural-born citizens?", "answer": "Article II, Section I, Clause V"}, {"question": "In 2013, what newspaper claimed Schwarzenegger was considering a presidential campaign?", "answer": "the New York Post"}, {"question": "Michael Dorf is a law professor at what school?", "answer": "Columbia University"}, {"question": "Where would Schwarzenegger write down his goals?", "answer": "index cards"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger became a millionaire by what age?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "With which of his friends did Schwarzenegger start a bricklaying company?", "answer": "Franco Columbu"}, {"question": "What natural disaster in 1971 contributed to the success of Schwarzenegger's business?", "answer": "San Fernando earthquake"}, {"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger pay for the first apartment building he bought?", "answer": "$10,000"}, {"question": "What restaurant chain did Schwarzenegger invest in?", "answer": "Planet Hollywood"}, {"question": "When did Schwarzenegger withdraw from involvement with Planet Hollywood?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What other successful theme restaurant chain was Planet Hollywood modeled on?", "answer": "the Hard Rock Cafe"}, {"question": "What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?", "answer": "Dimensional Fund Advisors"}, {"question": "What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?", "answer": "Columbus, Ohio"}, {"question": "What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?", "answer": "Oak Productions, Inc."}, {"question": "What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?", "answer": "Simon & Schuster"}, {"question": "What's the name of the restaurant Schwarzenegger opened with his wife?", "answer": "Schatzi On Main"}, {"question": "Where is the Schwarzenegger restaurant located?", "answer": "Santa Monica"}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of the word \"schatzi\"?", "answer": "little treasure"}, {"question": "What year did Schwarzenegger sell Schatzi on Main?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver separate?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What was the price tag for the private jet Schwarzenegger bought in 1997?", "answer": "$38 million"}, {"question": "In what year did Schwarzenegger's former girlfriend Barbara Outland Baker publish her memoir?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What did Baker say Schwarzenegger didn't understand when she first met him?", "answer": "polite society"}, {"question": "What historical event did Baker and Schwarzenegger watch on TV together on their first date?", "answer": "the first Apollo Moon landing"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hairdresser's assistant Schwarzenegger fell for in July of 1977?", "answer": "Sue Moray"}, {"question": "Where did Schwarzenegger first meet Maria Shriver?", "answer": "the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament"}, {"question": "What month and year did Moray make Schwarzenegger choose between her and Shriver?", "answer": "August 1978"}, {"question": "What is Maria Shriver's relation to President John F. Kennedy", "answer": "niece"}, {"question": "What Massachusetts town was the setting for the wedding between Shriver and Schwarzenegger?", "answer": "Hyannis"}, {"question": "How many children did Schwarzenegger and Shriver have together?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who did Schwarzenegger reportedly begin dating shortly after his separation?", "answer": "Heather Milligan"}, {"question": "How long were Schwarzenegger and Shriver married?", "answer": "25 years"}, {"question": "What newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's child with another woman?", "answer": "the Los Angeles Times"}, {"question": "Baena worked for the Schwarzenegger/Shriver family for how many years?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What's the first name of Schwarzenegger's son with Baena?", "answer": "Joseph"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger bought Baena and their son a four-bedroom house in what year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which attorney did Schwarzenegger consult to handle his divorce?", "answer": "Bob Kaufman"}, {"question": "Which of the two kept their family home in Brentwood?", "answer": "Schwarzenegger"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger's initial divorce petition failed to provide for attorney's fee reimbursement and what other condition of divorce?", "answer": "spousal support"}, {"question": "What actress claimed she also carried on an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was with Shriver?", "answer": "Brigitte Nielsen"}, {"question": "What word describes an aortic valve with two rather than three leaflets?", "answer": "bicuspid"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger underwent heart valve replacement in what year?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Which of Schwarzenegger's sons was with him when he had a motorcycle accident in 2006?", "answer": "Patrick"}, {"question": "What bone did Schwarzenegger break while on a ski trip in 2006?", "answer": "right femur"}, {"question": "Where was Schwarzenegger vacationing when he broke his leg?", "answer": "Sun Valley, Idaho"}, {"question": "At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?", "answer": "Van Nuys Airport"}, {"question": "How tall does Schwarzenegger claim to be?", "answer": "6'2\""}, {"question": "What Assemblyman playfully tried to measure Schwarzenegger's height?", "answer": "Herb Wesson"}, {"question": "How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?", "answer": "5'10\""}, {"question": "What's the title of Schwarzenegger's autobiography?", "answer": "Total Recall"}, {"question": "What did Schwarzenegger name the chapter of the book that addresses his extramarital affair?", "answer": "\"The Secret\""}, {"question": "When was Schwarzenegger's autobiography released?", "answer": "October 2012"}, {"question": "In what year did AM General grant Schwarzenegger's wish for a street-legal Humvee?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "In addition to the Humvee, what other vehicle manufactured by AM General was Schwarzenegger first to own?", "answer": "Hummers"}, {"question": "What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "How many pounds does one of Schwarzenegger's Hummers weigh?", "answer": "6,300"}, {"question": "How much did Schwarzenegger spend to convert a Hummer to run on hydrogen?", "answer": "$21,000"}, {"question": "What did Schwarzenegger name his plan to build hydrogen refueling stations throughout California?", "answer": "California Hydrogen Highway Network"}, {"question": "What governmental department contributed a grant to Schwarzenegger's hydrogen fuel project?", "answer": "U.S. Department of Energy"}, {"question": "What nonprofit did Schwarzenegger found in 1995?", "answer": "the Inner City Games Foundation"}, {"question": "Schwarzenegger was the spokesperson for the Special Olympic games held in what city in China?", "answer": "Shanghai"}, {"question": "About how many schools across the country is ICG active in?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "What school within the University of Southern California does the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy belong to?", "answer": "the USC Sol Price School of Public Policy"}, {"question": "In what year was the Schwarzenegger Institute for State and Global Policy founded?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What position does Schwarzenegger hold with the Institute?", "answer": "chairman"}, {"question": "In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "How many miles away from London is Plymouth?", "answer": "190"}, {"question": "What river borders Plymouth on the west?", "answer": "Tamar"}, {"question": "In what county is Plymouth located?", "answer": "Devon"}, {"question": "In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?", "answer": "Plymouth Sound"}, {"question": "What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?", "answer": "Mount Batten"}, {"question": "What was Plymouth's original name?", "answer": "Sutton"}, {"question": "In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?", "answer": "1620"}, {"question": "When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?", "answer": "1646"}, {"question": "What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?", "answer": "Plymouth Colony"}, {"question": "What nearby settlement built ships for the Royal Navy?", "answer": "Devonport"}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth become a city?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the attacks on Plymouth during the Second World War?", "answer": "Plymouth Blitz"}, {"question": "In what year was Plymstock incorporated?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what location was merged into a county borough in 1914?", "answer": "East Stonehouse"}, {"question": "As of 2014, what was the population of Plymouth?", "answer": "261,546"}, {"question": "Where does Plymouth rank in population among the cities of the UK?", "answer": "30th"}, {"question": "How many members of Parliament represent Plymouth?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what city does Plymouth's ferry to Spain terminate?", "answer": "Santander"}, {"question": "What institution of higher education is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth University"}, {"question": "What is the name of the location cited by Ptolemy that is believed to have been located near modern Plymouth?", "answer": "TAMARI OSTIA"}, {"question": "Where have Middle Iron Age remnants been found?", "answer": "Mount Batten"}, {"question": "What does 'TAMARI OSTIA' mean?", "answer": "mouth/estuaries of the Tamar"}, {"question": "In what century were sailors obligated to relocate from Plympton due to silting?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "What did Sutton mean in the Old English language?", "answer": "south town"}, {"question": "In what year was the first written reference to Plymouth made?", "answer": "1211"}, {"question": "During whose reign was the former town of Sutton referred to as Plymouth?", "answer": "King Henry VI"}, {"question": "What did 'Plym Mouth' mean?", "answer": "mouth of the River Plym"}, {"question": "In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?", "answer": "1340"}, {"question": "Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?", "answer": "Breton raiders"}, {"question": "In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?", "answer": "1596"}, {"question": "Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?", "answer": "Sutton Pool"}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?", "answer": "1512"}, {"question": "What notable slave trader was based out of Plymouth?", "answer": "Sir John Hawkins"}, {"question": "Who served as Plymouth's mayor in 1593?", "answer": "Sir Francis Drake"}, {"question": "In what year did Drake battle the Spanish Armada?", "answer": "1588"}, {"question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?", "answer": "1620"}, {"question": "What was the name of the settlement founded by the Pilgrim Fathers?", "answer": "Plymouth Colony"}, {"question": "Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?", "answer": "Parliamentarians"}, {"question": "For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?", "answer": "Freedom Fields Park"}, {"question": "In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?", "answer": "1660"}, {"question": "What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?", "answer": "Drake's Island"}, {"question": "During what century was Plymouth involved with the Atlantic slave trade?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "In what century did Plymouth cease to be a vital trading port?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "In what year was HMNB Davenport established?", "answer": "1690"}, {"question": "What river was adjacent to HMNB Davenport?", "answer": "River Tamar"}, {"question": "How many male workers were present in Plymouth Dock circa 1712?", "answer": "318"}, {"question": "What was the 1733 population of Plymouth Dock?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "In what parish was HMNB Davenport located?", "answer": "Stoke Damerel"}, {"question": "Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?", "answer": "timber"}, {"question": "What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?", "answer": "Devonport"}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?", "answer": "Stonehouse"}, {"question": "What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?", "answer": "John Foulston"}, {"question": "On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?", "answer": "Union Street"}, {"question": "Who founded Plymouth Porcelain?", "answer": "William Cookworthy"}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth Porcelain founded?", "answer": "1768"}, {"question": "What was William Cookworthy's profession?", "answer": "chemist"}, {"question": "What was the name of the engineer involved in the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse?", "answer": "John Smeaton"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how long was the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "Who was the designer of the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "John Rennie"}, {"question": "In what year did construction finish on the Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "1841"}, {"question": "When did construction commence on Plymouth Sound Breakwater?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": "Near which settlement were Palmerston forts built in the 1860s?", "answer": "Devonport"}, {"question": "What animal byproduct was imported to Plymouth in the 19th century?", "answer": "guano"}, {"question": "In what settlement were the dockyards located?", "answer": "Devonport"}, {"question": "What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?", "answer": "Scapa Flow"}, {"question": "What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?", "answer": "escort vessels"}, {"question": "What location provided a base for flying boats?", "answer": "Mount Batten"}, {"question": "What force used Sunderland flying boats out of Devonport?", "answer": "Royal Australian Air Force"}, {"question": "What military organization was based in Devonport until 1941?", "answer": "Western Approaches Command"}, {"question": "How many attacks comprised the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "How many civilian deaths occurred as a result of the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "more than 1,000"}, {"question": "How many homes were totally destroyed in the Plymouth Blitz?", "answer": "over 3,700"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?", "answer": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie"}, {"question": "In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?", "answer": "over 1000"}, {"question": "In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?", "answer": "over 20,000"}, {"question": "When was the Civic Centre built?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?", "answer": "grade II"}, {"question": "What aircraft carrier received maintenance at Devonport Dockyard?", "answer": "Ark Royal"}, {"question": "By what year was the greater part of the army presence in Plymouth gone?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What military unit is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "42 Commando of the Royal Marines"}, {"question": "In what text was the presence of a settlement in the Plymouth area first recorded?", "answer": "Domesday Book"}, {"question": "In what year was the Domesday Book compiled?", "answer": "1086"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Plymouth-area settlement recorded in the Domesday Book?", "answer": "Sudtone"}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth recognized as a town?", "answer": "1254"}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament bestow a Charter on Plymouth?", "answer": "1439"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman MP to take her seat in the British Parliament?", "answer": "Nancy Astor"}, {"question": "For what constituency was Nancy Astor elected?", "answer": "Plymouth Sutton"}, {"question": "On what date did Plymouth become a city?", "answer": "18 October 1928"}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth receive its first Lord Mayor?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "What parish was incorporated into Plymouth in 1967?", "answer": "Plymstock"}, {"question": "What constituency did MP Michael Foot represent?", "answer": "Plymouth Devonport"}, {"question": "What position was Michael Foot noted to occupy in government?", "answer": "Secretary of State for Education"}, {"question": "What notable piece of legislation did Michael Foot contribute to?", "answer": "1974 Health and Safety at Work Act"}, {"question": "What party did Michael Foot become a leader of?", "answer": "Labour"}, {"question": "In what town was Michael Foot born?", "answer": "Plymouth"}, {"question": "What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?", "answer": "1971 Local Government White Paper"}, {"question": "What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?", "answer": "Tamarside"}, {"question": "On what date did Plymouth's county status end?", "answer": "1 April 1974"}, {"question": "What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?", "answer": "the Banham Commission"}, {"question": "What European Parliamentary constitutency is Plymouth a part of?", "answer": "South West England"}, {"question": "Who was elected for the Sutton and Devonport constitutency in 2015?", "answer": "Gary Streeter"}, {"question": "As of 2015, what political party did all of Plymouth's MPs belong to?", "answer": "Conservative"}, {"question": "What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?", "answer": "Moor View"}, {"question": "How many wards in Plymouth elect two councillors?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many members are on the Plymouth council?", "answer": "57"}, {"question": "What fraction of the Plymouth council is elected each year?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "With what French city is Plymouth twinned?", "answer": "Brest"}, {"question": "In what year did Plymouth twin with Plymouth in the United States?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?", "answer": "King George V"}, {"question": "How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?", "answer": "the Lord Mayor"}, {"question": "Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?", "answer": "Dr John Mahony"}, {"question": "At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?", "answer": "3 Elliot Terrace"}, {"question": "Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?", "answer": "Lady Astor"}, {"question": "On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?", "answer": "Armada Way"}, {"question": "In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?", "answer": "June 2007"}, {"question": "What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?", "answer": "\u00a340m"}, {"question": "What river is to the west of Plymouth?", "answer": "River Tamar"}, {"question": "To the east of Plymouth lies which river?", "answer": "River Plym"}, {"question": "The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?", "answer": "Cornwall"}, {"question": "In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?", "answer": "Plymouth Sound"}, {"question": "When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What estuary east of Plymouth is part of the River Plym?", "answer": "Cattewater"}, {"question": "When did the Plymouth Breakwater open?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "What island is present in Plymouth Sound?", "answer": "Drake's Island"}, {"question": "How large is the Unitary Authority of Plymouth in square miles?", "answer": "30.83"}, {"question": "In meters, what is the highest point in the Plymouth Unitary Authority?", "answer": "155"}, {"question": "What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?", "answer": "Site of Special Scientific Interest"}, {"question": "What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?", "answer": "Lower Devonian slates"}, {"question": "Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?", "answer": "granite"}, {"question": "Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?", "answer": "Upper Devonian slates"}, {"question": "For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?", "answer": "its geology"}, {"question": "Middle Devonian limestone exists between Plymstock and what location?", "answer": "Cremyll"}, {"question": "What location north of the city possesses granite?", "answer": "Dartmoor"}, {"question": "What river was used to ferry granite from Dartmoor to Plymouth?", "answer": "Tamar"}, {"question": "Along with West Hoe and Radford, where was Middle Devonian limestone quarried in the region?", "answer": "Cattedown"}, {"question": "What local stone was used in the construction of many Plymouth buildings?", "answer": "limestone"}, {"question": "On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?", "answer": "27 April 1944"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?", "answer": "Sir Patrick Abercrombie"}, {"question": "What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?", "answer": "Armada Way"}, {"question": "Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?", "answer": "David MacKay"}, {"question": "How many parks exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What K\u00f6ppen climate classification does Plymouth possess?", "answer": "temperate oceanic"}, {"question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is Plymouth's annual mean temperature?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "What month in Plymouth has the lowest temperatures?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "Up to how many centimeters of snow fell on Plymouth between 17 and 19 December 2010?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Along with August, what is typically the hottest month in Plymouth?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "Along with convection, what provokes rain in the Plymouth area?", "answer": "Atlantic depressions"}, {"question": "Along with winter, in what season are Atlantic depressions most prevalent?", "answer": "autumn"}, {"question": "About how many inches of rain fall on Plymouth every year?", "answer": "39"}, {"question": "Along with March, what month has the fastest winds on average?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "From what direction do most of the winds blow on Plymouth?", "answer": "south-west"}, {"question": "How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?", "answer": "over 1,600"}, {"question": "What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?", "answer": "South West England"}, {"question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what was the highest temperature achieved in Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "89"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its highest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "June 1976"}, {"question": "About how many days a year in Plymouth are over 77 \u00b0F?", "answer": "4.25"}, {"question": "In degrees Celsius, what was the coldest temperature recorded at Plymouth between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "\u22128.8 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth see its lowest temperature between 1971 and 2000?", "answer": "January 1979"}, {"question": "How many students are studying at the University of Plymouth?", "answer": "25,895"}, {"question": "Where does the University of Plymouth rank among British institutions of higher education in terms of number of enrolled students?", "answer": "22nd"}, {"question": "How many staff members work for the University of Plymouth?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "About how much are the staff of the University of Plymouth paid yearly in total?", "answer": "\u00a3160 million"}, {"question": "In what year was the University of Plymouth established?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What institution of higher  education is colloquially known as Marjons?", "answer": "The University of St Mark & St John"}, {"question": "What is the academic specialty of the University of St Mark & St John?", "answer": "teacher training"}, {"question": "Along with City College Plymouth, what college calls Plymouth home?", "answer": "Plymouth College of Art"}, {"question": "About how many students are enrolled at City College Plymouth?", "answer": "26,000"}, {"question": "How many years ago was Plymouth College of Art founded?", "answer": "153"}, {"question": "How many independent art colleges exist in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many large colleges exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?", "answer": "71"}, {"question": "Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth College"}, {"question": "Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?", "answer": "Devonport High School for Girls"}, {"question": "What maritime institution of higher education existed in Plymouth as of 1880?", "answer": "the Royal Naval Engineering College"}, {"question": "When did the Royal Naval Engineering College shut its doors in Plymouth?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What was the Royal Naval Engineering College renamed in 1959?", "answer": "Dockyard Technical College"}, {"question": "In what year did the Dockyard Technical College close?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "After the Dockyard Technical College closed, where were classes relocated to?", "answer": "University of Southampton"}, {"question": "What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Marine Biological Association"}, {"question": "What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?", "answer": "Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences"}, {"question": "What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?", "answer": "Marine Institute"}, {"question": "What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?", "answer": "Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership"}, {"question": "What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?", "answer": "National Marine Aquarium"}, {"question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2011?", "answer": "256,384"}, {"question": "What was the population of Plymouth unitary authority circa 2001?", "answer": "240,720"}, {"question": "How many people did the Plymouth unitary authority gain between 2001 and 2011?", "answer": "15,664"}, {"question": "What was the average number of people in a Plymouth household?", "answer": "2.3"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents in 2011 were of Chinese ancestry?", "answer": "0.5"}, {"question": "What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?", "answer": "5,169"}, {"question": "What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?", "answer": "\u00a319,943"}, {"question": "What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?", "answer": "\u00a323,755"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?", "answer": "7.0%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents were suffering from poverty and deprivation in 2014?", "answer": "26.2%"}, {"question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of male Plymouth residents?", "answer": "78.3 years"}, {"question": "As of 2014, what was the life expectancy of female Plymouth residents?", "answer": "82.1"}, {"question": "Where did Plymouth's life expectancy rank out of the regions of South West England?", "answer": "lowest"}, {"question": "How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?", "answer": "7,500"}, {"question": "When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "What company produces Plymouth Gin?", "answer": "Plymouth Gin Distillery"}, {"question": "During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?", "answer": "the 1930s"}, {"question": "About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?", "answer": "Devonport Dockyard"}, {"question": "How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?", "answer": "270"}, {"question": "How many people work in Tamar Science Park?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "What is a notable company based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Hemsley Fraser"}, {"question": "What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?", "answer": "Pannier Market"}, {"question": "In what year was Pannier Market finished?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?", "answer": "29th"}, {"question": "What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?", "answer": "Tinside Pool"}, {"question": "What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?", "answer": "\u00a33.4 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?", "answer": "\"Vision for Plymouth\""}, {"question": "What architect is in charge of the \"\"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "answer": "David Mackay"}, {"question": "Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "answer": "the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce"}, {"question": "What is the population goal of the \"Vision for Plymouth\"?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "How many residences does the \"Vision for Plymouth\" seek to build?", "answer": "33,000"}, {"question": "When was the Charles Cross car park removed?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "In what month and year was the grand opening of Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "answer": "October 2006"}, {"question": "Where was TR2 built?", "answer": "Cattedown"}, {"question": "What prize did TR2 almost win?", "answer": "the RIBA Stirling Prize for Architecture in 2003"}, {"question": "Who spoke disparagingly about the Drake Circus Shopping Centre?", "answer": "David Mackay"}, {"question": "What location is proposed for the future home of the Plymouth City Council headquarters?", "answer": "the Bretonside bus station"}, {"question": "To connect Millbay to the city centre, what would need to be destroyed?", "answer": "the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena"}, {"question": "What city region is located near a ferry terminal?", "answer": "Millbay"}, {"question": "What is the A38 called inside the city of Plymouth?", "answer": "The Parkway"}, {"question": "In miles, about how far away from Plymouth does the A38 connect to the M5?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What bridge connects Cornwall to Plymouth via the A38?", "answer": "Tamar Bridge"}, {"question": "What park and ride service is located at George Junction?", "answer": "Plymouth City Airport"}, {"question": "Who operates Milehouse park and ride?", "answer": "First South West"}, {"question": "Who operates the ferry to Spain?", "answer": "Brittany Ferries"}, {"question": "Where does the ferry to France terminate?", "answer": "Roscoff"}, {"question": "Along with MV Bretagne and MV Pont-Aven, what ferry operates between Plymouth and the continent?", "answer": "MV Armorique"}, {"question": "A passenger ferry operates between Cremyll and what location?", "answer": "Stonehouse"}, {"question": "When did the Cremyll-Stonehouse ferry first operate?", "answer": "1204"}, {"question": "What local airport closed in 2011?", "answer": "Plymouth City Airport"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far away from the Plymouth city center was Plymouth City Airport?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "By what year is the city airport planned to reopen?", "answer": "2018"}, {"question": "Who intends to reopen the Plymouth City Airport?", "answer": "FlyPlymouth"}, {"question": "When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?", "answer": "Great Western Railway"}, {"question": "Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?", "answer": "Cornish Main Line"}, {"question": "How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?", "answer": "CrossCountry"}, {"question": "On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?", "answer": "4 February 2014"}, {"question": "In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?", "answer": "4 April 2014"}, {"question": "In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?", "answer": "February 2014"}, {"question": "How many churches are present in Plymouth?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?", "answer": "St Andrew's"}, {"question": "What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?", "answer": "Anglican"}, {"question": "How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?", "answer": "over twenty"}, {"question": "What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?", "answer": "Moses"}, {"question": "In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?", "answer": "1762"}, {"question": "What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?", "answer": "Grade II*"}, {"question": "What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?", "answer": "Ashkenazi"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?", "answer": "58.1%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?", "answer": "0.8%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?", "answer": "32.9%"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?", "answer": "24.7%"}, {"question": "What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?", "answer": "7%"}, {"question": "In what year was Union Street constructed?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "Who performed at the New Palace Theatre in the 1930s?", "answer": "Charlie Chaplin"}, {"question": "How many pubs existed on Union Street in the 1930s?", "answer": "30s"}, {"question": "What group famously enjoyed themselves on Union Street?", "answer": "sailors from the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "What notable event occurs each August?", "answer": "British Firework Championships"}, {"question": "In what month and year was the world record for simultaneous fireworks broken?", "answer": "August 2006"}, {"question": "Who broke the world record for simultaneous fireworks?", "answer": "Roy Lowry"}, {"question": "What institution did Roy Lowry work for?", "answer": "University of Plymouth"}, {"question": "In what year did the Music of the Night begin?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How many people can fit in the Theatre Royal?", "answer": "1,315"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of Drum Theatre?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What is the cost of admission to the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "How many galleries are present in the Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "When did the theater in the Plymouth Athenaeum close?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?", "answer": "BBC South West"}, {"question": "What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?", "answer": "ITV West Country"}, {"question": "On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?", "answer": "16 February 2009"}, {"question": "With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?", "answer": "ITV West"}, {"question": "What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?", "answer": "BBC Radio Devon"}, {"question": "What football league team is located in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth Argyle F.C."}, {"question": "What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?", "answer": "Football League Two"}, {"question": "What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "answer": "Home Park"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?", "answer": "The Pilgrims"}, {"question": "What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?", "answer": "Vospers Oak Villa F.C."}, {"question": "What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth Albion R.F.C."}, {"question": "What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?", "answer": "Plymouth Raiders"}, {"question": "When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?", "answer": "Plymouth Pavilions"}, {"question": "When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?", "answer": "1823"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?", "answer": "September 2011"}, {"question": "For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?", "answer": "Plymouth County Borough Corporation"}, {"question": "When did Drake's Leat open?", "answer": "24 April 1591"}, {"question": "From where did Drake's Leat draw water?", "answer": "River Meavy"}, {"question": "When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?", "answer": "1801"}, {"question": "What body handles waste management in Plymouth?", "answer": "Plymouth City Council"}, {"question": "Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?", "answer": "South West Water"}, {"question": "Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?", "answer": "Western Power Distribution"}, {"question": "In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?", "answer": "Plympton"}, {"question": "When did the Plymouth Borough Police begin operation?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "Where is the police divisional headquarters located?", "answer": "Crownhill"}, {"question": "How many fire stations are present in Plymouth?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where in Plymouth is the Royal National Lifeboat Institution based?", "answer": "Millbay Docks"}, {"question": "What organization is the Plymouth Borough Police a part of?", "answer": "Devon and Cornwall Constabulary"}, {"question": "What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?", "answer": "Derriford Hospital"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?", "answer": "Royal Eye Infirmary"}, {"question": "What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?", "answer": "South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust"}, {"question": "Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?", "answer": "Exeter"}, {"question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?", "answer": "Weston Mill"}, {"question": "What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?", "answer": "Drake Memorial Park"}, {"question": "In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?", "answer": "a brass plaque"}, {"question": "When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?", "answer": "mid-19th century"}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Citadel constructed?", "answer": "1666"}, {"question": "In the wake of what conflict was the Royal Citadel built?", "answer": "English Civil War"}, {"question": "When was Smeaton's Tower first constructed?", "answer": "1759"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far off the coast was Smeaton's Tower originally built?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "What memorial commemorates the naval victory over the Spanish Armada?", "answer": "Armada Memorial"}, {"question": "What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?", "answer": "Sutton"}, {"question": "When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?", "answer": "1620"}, {"question": "What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?", "answer": "Mayflower Steps"}, {"question": "How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What structure was referred to as a \"Palmerston's Folly\"?", "answer": "Crownhill Fort"}, {"question": "In what cardinal direction is Crownhill Fort located outside the city?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Who runs Crownhill Fort?", "answer": "the Landmark Trust"}, {"question": "In what cardinal direction outside Plymouth is Devonport located?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "How many waymarkers are present on the Devonport Heritage Trail?", "answer": "over 70"}, {"question": "Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?", "answer": "south-east Cornwall"}, {"question": "Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?", "answer": "Kingsand"}, {"question": "Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?", "answer": "Tamar Valley"}, {"question": "Who designed the Roland Levinsky building?", "answer": "Henning Larsen"}, {"question": "When did the Roland Levinsky building open?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Of what university is the Roland Levinsky building a part?", "answer": "University of Plymouth"}, {"question": "What academic discipline at the university is based in the Roland Levinsky building?", "answer": "Arts"}, {"question": "What part of Plymouth is the Roland Levinsky building situated in?", "answer": "the city's central quarter"}, {"question": "What are Plymouth residents commonly called?", "answer": "Plymothians"}, {"question": "What colloquial term is used for Plymouth residents?", "answer": "Janners"}, {"question": "After what figure are Janners named?", "answer": "Cousin Jan"}, {"question": "In Devon, Jan is another way of saying what common English name?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "What was the birthplace of Sir Francis Drake?", "answer": "Tavistock"}, {"question": "What did the Spanish nickname Sir Francis Drake?", "answer": "El Draco"}, {"question": "In what year did Sir Francis Drake die?", "answer": "1596"}, {"question": "What was Sir Francis Drake's cause of death?", "answer": "dysentery"}, {"question": "What notable artist and Royal Academician was born in Plympton?", "answer": "Sir Joshua Reynolds"}, {"question": "What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?", "answer": "Robert Lenkiewicz"}, {"question": "Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?", "answer": "Plymouth College of Art"}, {"question": "What genre of music does John Surman play?", "answer": "Jazz"}, {"question": "What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?", "answer": "Keith Rowe"}, {"question": "Where do the family of Michael Foot live?", "answer": "Trematon Castle"}, {"question": "What is the occupation of Trevor Francis?", "answer": "footballer"}, {"question": "What is the current nationality of former Plymouth resident Chris Axworthy?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "What United States vice president did Donald Moffat play?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "In what film did Donald Moffat play President Bennett?", "answer": "Clear and Present Danger"}, {"question": "What is Dawn French's job?", "answer": "comedian"}, {"question": "What is heresy mainly at odds with?", "answer": "established beliefs or customs"}, {"question": "What is a person called is practicing heresy?", "answer": "A heretic"}, {"question": "What religions and idea of thought is heresy cited as being used frequently in?", "answer": "Christianity, Judaism, Islam and Marxism"}, {"question": "What cultures are listed as examples of discipline for being a heretic?", "answer": "Christian, Islamic and Jewish"}, {"question": "What language does the term heresy find its roots in?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What is the relationship between the context heresy is used in for Christian, Jewish, or Islamic cultures?", "answer": "slightly different"}, {"question": "What is the head person of a heretical movement called?", "answer": "heresiarch"}, {"question": "What is the study of heresy?", "answer": "Heresiology"}, {"question": "What is the original meaning of heresy when translated directly from its root word?", "answer": "\"choice\" or \"thing chosen\""}, {"question": "How many times is it suggested that you should warn people you are in disagreement with before parting ways?", "answer": "two times"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe an individual in the early Church that introduced discord?", "answer": "divisive person"}, {"question": "What word is used when speaking of correct teachings in contrast to a false teacher?", "answer": "sound"}, {"question": "What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?", "answer": "Jews and Judaism"}, {"question": "What religion were these Fathers of the Church?", "answer": "Orthodox Christianity"}, {"question": "Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?", "answer": "Tertullian"}, {"question": "Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?", "answer": "Irenaeus"}, {"question": "What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?", "answer": "orthodox"}, {"question": "What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?", "answer": "apostolic succession"}, {"question": "Who was the first Roman Emporor that was baptized?", "answer": "Constantine the Great"}, {"question": "What did Constantine the Great and Licinius pass to introduce toleration of Christianity in the Roman Empire?", "answer": "Edict of Milan"}, {"question": "What was the high priest in the College of Pontiffs called?", "answer": "Pontifex Maximus"}, {"question": "What were the meetings called that were hosted by Constantine that helped enforce orthodoxy by Imperial authority?", "answer": "the ecumenical councils"}, {"question": "In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?", "answer": "AD 380"}, {"question": "Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?", "answer": "Thessalonica of Theodosius I"}, {"question": "What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?", "answer": "state-sponsored support"}, {"question": "What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?", "answer": "state powers of legal enforcement"}, {"question": "What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?", "answer": "death sentence"}, {"question": "Who was the first Christian individual to be sentenced to death by the church for heresy in Rome?", "answer": "Priscillian"}, {"question": "What happened to the people that sentenced Priscillian to death?", "answer": "excommunicated"}, {"question": "What religion is an example of Protestants killing for conviction of heresy after the Reformation?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "Who was the last known person to be sentenced to death for the crime of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "Cayetano Ripoll"}, {"question": "From what passage is cited as being one of the first known examples of using the word heresy?", "answer": "Nag Hammadi's Apocalypse of Peter"}, {"question": "What is thought of to spiritually cut one off from the Church even before excommunication?", "answer": "obstinate and willful manifest heresy"}, {"question": "What book gives the definition of a heretic as anyone that does not follow the Catholic Church or the orthodox holy faith?", "answer": "The Codex Justinianus"}, {"question": "What groups are cited as being considered heretical by the Church before the 11th century?", "answer": "Arianism, Pelagianism, Donatism, Marcionism and Montanism"}, {"question": "What group moved westward to give rise to the famous 11th and 12th century heresy in western Europe?", "answer": "Paulicians"}, {"question": "What groups began to appear in northern Italy and southern France during the 11th century?", "answer": "Patarini, the Dulcinians, the Waldensians and the Cathars"}, {"question": "In what country did the Cathars grow to represent a popular movement?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What was started by the Roman Catholic Church to dispense of the Cathars in Languedoc?", "answer": "The Cathar Crusade"}, {"question": "What was a major reason and justification for the Europian wars of religion?", "answer": "Heresy"}, {"question": "Who was brought before the Inquisition for heresy but renounced his beliefs and thus remained under house arrest for life?", "answer": "Galileo Galilei"}, {"question": "What belief did Galileo have at the time that appeared to be extremely heretical to the church?", "answer": "the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe"}, {"question": "Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?", "answer": "Pope St. Gregory"}, {"question": "What were the Jews described as enemies of?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?", "answer": "Jewish"}, {"question": "In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?", "answer": "Roman-Christian law"}, {"question": "What area of Christianity commonly cited the first seven Ecumenical Councils in regards to heresy?", "answer": "Eastern Christianity"}, {"question": "After what two events did various Christian churches also begin using the first seven Ecumenical Councils to identify heresy?", "answer": "Great Schism and the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "What beginning Christian heresies did the Orthodox Church also reject during this time?", "answer": "Arianism, Gnosticism, Origenism, Montanism, Judaizers, Marcionism, Docetism, Adoptionism, Nestorianism, Monophysitism, Monothelitism and Iconoclasm"}, {"question": "What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?", "answer": "\"On the Jews and Their Lies\""}, {"question": "What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?", "answer": "blasphemous"}, {"question": "What is said to be a special spiritual problem?", "answer": "Jewish circumcision"}, {"question": "What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?", "answer": "European Reformation"}, {"question": "During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?", "answer": "Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher"}, {"question": "Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?", "answer": "Edward VI"}, {"question": "In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?", "answer": "1612"}, {"question": "During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?", "answer": "1659, 1660, and 1661"}, {"question": "Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?", "answer": "Anglican Puritans"}, {"question": "What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?", "answer": "purer absolute theocracy"}, {"question": "What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?", "answer": "Quaker sect"}, {"question": "Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?", "answer": "Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox"}, {"question": "What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?", "answer": "Cayetano Ripoll"}, {"question": "Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?", "answer": "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith"}, {"question": "What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?", "answer": "Spanish inquisition"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the short story \"The Theologians\"?", "answer": "Jorge Luis Borges"}, {"question": "What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?", "answer": "Christian heresy"}, {"question": "What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?", "answer": "Shia Qizilbash"}, {"question": "What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?", "answer": "Sharia law"}, {"question": "What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?", "answer": "Salman Rushdie"}, {"question": "What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?", "answer": "heretical"}, {"question": "What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?", "answer": "right-wing groups"}, {"question": "Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?", "answer": "The liberal wing"}, {"question": "What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?", "answer": "squirreling"}, {"question": "What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?", "answer": "The Religious Technology Center"}, {"question": "What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?", "answer": "innovation"}, {"question": "What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?", "answer": "an abstraction"}, {"question": "Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?", "answer": "endoheretics"}, {"question": "What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?", "answer": "orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?", "answer": "The Dinosaur Heresies"}, {"question": "What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?", "answer": "the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough"}, {"question": "What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?", "answer": "Jurassic Park"}, {"question": "What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?", "answer": "active poses"}, {"question": "What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?", "answer": "endoheretic"}, {"question": "What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?", "answer": "exoheretic"}, {"question": "What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?", "answer": "scientific journals"}, {"question": "What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?", "answer": "extinction event and punctuated equilibrium"}, {"question": "By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?", "answer": "an established orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?", "answer": "metaphors"}, {"question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?", "answer": "the Cold War"}, {"question": "How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? ", "answer": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?", "answer": "Solidarity"}, {"question": "Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? ", "answer": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? ", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "Solidarity"}, {"question": "In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? ", "answer": "V\u00e1clav Havel"}, {"question": "Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?", "answer": "socialism and communism"}, {"question": "Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?", "answer": "Brezhnev"}, {"question": "The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?", "answer": "Western Europe"}, {"question": "The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?", "answer": "Molotov"}, {"question": "When was reunification first proposed as an idea?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?", "answer": "the USA"}, {"question": "Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?", "answer": "Hastings Ismay"}, {"question": "To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?", "answer": "burglar"}, {"question": "In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "East Germany"}, {"question": "What was the name of the East German armed forces?", "answer": "the National People's Army"}, {"question": "How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? ", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?", "answer": "containment"}, {"question": "Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?", "answer": "Imre Nagy"}, {"question": "In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Which country did the Pact conquer?", "answer": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?", "answer": "Albania"}, {"question": "In which year did Poland join NATO?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "In which year did Slovakia join NATO? ", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How many documents remain classified?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?", "answer": "Seven Days to the River Rhine"}, {"question": "How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What is materialism?", "answer": "a form of philosophical monism"}, {"question": "In nature, this is an essential substance?", "answer": "matter"}, {"question": "What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?", "answer": "spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter"}, {"question": "Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?", "answer": "Materialism"}, {"question": "What class does materialism belong to?", "answer": "monist ontology"}, {"question": "What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "answer": "\"what does reality consist of?\""}, {"question": "What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?", "answer": "\"how does it originate?\""}, {"question": "An idealist considers what as the most important?", "answer": "spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)"}, {"question": "A materialist considers what as the most important?", "answer": "matter"}, {"question": "Was Ren\u00e9 Descartes an idealist or a materialist?", "answer": "materialist"}, {"question": "Materialism does not define what?", "answer": "how material substance should be characterized."}, {"question": "What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?", "answer": "dialectical materialism"}, {"question": "Who coined the Axial Age?", "answer": "Karl Jaspers"}, {"question": "In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?", "answer": "Eurasia"}, {"question": "Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?", "answer": "600 BC"}, {"question": "At that time, who helped develop materialism?", "answer": "Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the C\u0101rv\u0101ka school of philosophy"}, {"question": "What school advanced atomism?", "answer": "Nyaya\u2013Vaisesika school"}, {"question": "Between what years did the school advance atomism?", "answer": "600 BC - 100 BC"}, {"question": "Materialism is linked to what?", "answer": "reductionism"}, {"question": "De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?", "answer": "Lucretius"}, {"question": "What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?", "answer": "mechanistic explanations"}, {"question": "Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.", "answer": "Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"}, {"question": "Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?", "answer": "materialistic C\u0101rv\u0101ka philosophy"}, {"question": "What is Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "answer": "a digest of all philosophies"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Sarva-dar\u015bana-samgraha?", "answer": "Madhavacharya"}, {"question": "What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?", "answer": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"}, {"question": "Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1592-1665"}, {"question": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1596-1650"}, {"question": "abb\u00e9 Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1664-1729"}, {"question": "Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1713-1784"}, {"question": "William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1770-1850"}, {"question": "Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?", "answer": "1788-1860"}, {"question": "What did he say that the brain would decide?", "answer": "how material objects will be experienced or perceived"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"The Essence of Christianity\"?", "answer": "Ludwig Feuerbach"}, {"question": "In what year was \"The Essence of Christianity\" written?", "answer": "1841"}, {"question": "What did the author of \"The Essence of Christianity\" consider religion to be?", "answer": "the outward projection of man's inward nature"}, {"question": "The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?", "answer": "Karl Marx"}, {"question": "In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?", "answer": "functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"}, {"question": "What is hyle?", "answer": "matter"}, {"question": "Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?", "answer": "matter and energy"}, {"question": "Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?", "answer": "fields"}, {"question": "Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?", "answer": "Lambda-CDM model"}, {"question": "What type of matter does the model consider it to be?", "answer": "dark matter"}, {"question": "Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?", "answer": "things"}, {"question": "What are some of the findings that support their argument?", "answer": "quantum mechanics and chaos theory."}, {"question": "What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?", "answer": "The Matter Myth"}, {"question": "Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?", "answer": "information"}, {"question": "Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?", "answer": "religions"}, {"question": "Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?", "answer": "simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"}, {"question": "Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?", "answer": "materialism"}, {"question": "What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?", "answer": "Emergence, holism, and process philosophy"}, {"question": "Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?", "answer": "dual-aspect monism"}, {"question": "What is a person who follows Christianity called?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Whose life do Christians learn from?", "answer": "Jesus Christ"}, {"question": "What Greek word is Christian derived from?", "answer": "Christ\u00f3s"}, {"question": "Christ\u00f3s is translated from what Biblical term?", "answer": "mashiach"}, {"question": "While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?", "answer": "conflict"}, {"question": "Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?", "answer": "significance"}, {"question": "Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?", "answer": "the cultural aspects of Christianity"}, {"question": "According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?", "answer": "2.2 billion"}, {"question": "How many Christians were in the world in 1910?", "answer": "600 million"}, {"question": "If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?", "answer": "158"}, {"question": "What Greek word defines as \"follower of Christ?\"", "answer": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos)"}, {"question": "Where does the Greek word \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (Christianos) come from?", "answer": "\u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos)"}, {"question": "What does \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (Christos) mean?", "answer": "anointed one"}, {"question": "What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?", "answer": "Chr\u00e9tien"}, {"question": "Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "answer": "Acts 11:26"}, {"question": "Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?", "answer": "Herod Agrippa II"}, {"question": "When verse was the third mention?", "answer": "Peter 4:16"}, {"question": "Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?", "answer": "the emperor of Rome"}, {"question": "In what city did the term Christians start?", "answer": "Antioch"}, {"question": "When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?", "answer": "Nazarenes"}, {"question": "What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?", "answer": "Josephus"}, {"question": "Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?", "answer": "Tacitus"}, {"question": "Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?", "answer": "Nero"}, {"question": "In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?", "answer": "Nazarenes"}, {"question": "What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?", "answer": "Nazoraean"}, {"question": "What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?", "answer": "Notzrim"}, {"question": "Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?", "answer": "modern Israeli Hebrew"}, {"question": "While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?", "answer": "beliefs and practices"}, {"question": "Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? ", "answer": "Linda Woodhead"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?", "answer": "Michael Martin"}, {"question": "How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?", "answer": "faith in Jesus"}, {"question": "What are the three creeds Martin studied?", "answer": "the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed"}, {"question": "Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?", "answer": "Messiah"}, {"question": "What village did Jesus come from?", "answer": "Galilean village"}, {"question": "Where was the Galilean village?", "answer": "Nazareth"}, {"question": "Where is Nazareth located?", "answer": "northern Israel"}, {"question": "What does Mas\u012b\u1e25\u012b mean?", "answer": "followers of the Messiah"}, {"question": "When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?", "answer": "July 2014"}, {"question": "What happened in July 2014?", "answer": "the Fall of Mosul"}, {"question": "What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?", "answer": "the first letter of Nasara"}, {"question": "Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?", "answer": "Nasrani"}, {"question": "Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?", "answer": "Masihi"}, {"question": "What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?", "answer": "Nasrani"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?", "answer": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b"}, {"question": "\u1e62al\u012bb\u012b comes from the word \u1e63al\u012bb, which means what?", "answer": "cross"}, {"question": "What does \u1e62al\u012bb\u012b mean?", "answer": "Crusader"}, {"question": "What does Alfranj mean?", "answer": "European Christian Crusaders"}, {"question": "What is the most common Persian word for Christian?", "answer": "Mas\u012bh\u012b"}, {"question": "What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?", "answer": "Nasr\u0101n\u012b"}, {"question": "What does tars mean?", "answer": "fear, respect"}, {"question": "What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?", "answer": "Tars\u0101"}, {"question": "Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?", "answer": "Nasrani"}, {"question": "What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "Isaai"}, {"question": "What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?", "answer": "Isa Masih"}, {"question": "What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?", "answer": "Nasrani"}, {"question": "What does the term refer to now? ", "answer": "the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia"}, {"question": "What is the Chinese word for Christian?", "answer": "\u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa)"}, {"question": "What does \u57fa\u7763\u5f92 (pinyin: j\u012bd\u016b t\u00fa) mean?", "answer": "Christ follower"}, {"question": "What was the original pronunciation of J\u012bd\u016b?", "answer": "Ki-To in Cantonese"}, {"question": "What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? ", "answer": "C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c"}, {"question": "What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?", "answer": "kirishitan"}, {"question": "When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?", "answer": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"question": "Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?", "answer": "the Tokugawa shogunate"}, {"question": "How are Christians referenced today in Japan?", "answer": "Kirisuto-ky\u014dto"}, {"question": "What is the Korean word for Christian?", "answer": "\uae30\ub3c5\uad50\ub3c4, Kidok-kyo-do"}, {"question": "Which term referred to Jesus himself?", "answer": "Sino-Korean Kidok"}, {"question": "What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?", "answer": "Kurisudo \uadf8\ub9ac\uc2a4\ub3c4"}, {"question": "What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?", "answer": "Scythia"}, {"question": "What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? ", "answer": "Armenia"}, {"question": "When did Armenia adopt Christianity?", "answer": "301 AD"}, {"question": "When did Georgia adopt Christianity? ", "answer": "337 AD"}, {"question": "What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?", "answer": "Pravoslav faith"}, {"question": "How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?", "answer": "100 years"}, {"question": "Which Christian denomination has the most members?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "How many people today are Roman Catholics?", "answer": "1.17 billion"}, {"question": "More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "On average, how many children do Christians have?", "answer": "2.7"}, {"question": "How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?", "answer": "10.2 million"}, {"question": "In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?", "answer": "High birth rates"}, {"question": "What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?", "answer": "American Record Corporation"}, {"question": "In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "In what year was it known as CBS Records?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?", "answer": "Universal Music Group."}, {"question": "In what year did SME merge with another company?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was the name of the other company that SME merged with?", "answer": "Bertelsmann Music Group"}, {"question": "What did the company call themselves after the  merger?", "answer": "Sony BMG Music Entertainment"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony BMG Music Entertainment go back to being called SME?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "In what year did ARC form?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "In what year did Columbia Phonography Company form?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "In what year did ARC take over Columbia Phonography Company?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Who bought out ARC?", "answer": "Columbia Broadcasting System"}, {"question": "In what year was ARC bought?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What did CBS call ARC after buying it?", "answer": "Columbia Recording Corporation"}, {"question": "Who was the head of CBS at the time?", "answer": "William S. Paley"}, {"question": "Who convinced Paley to buy ARC?", "answer": "RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein"}, {"question": "In what year was Epic Records created?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What company created Epic Records?", "answer": "Columbia"}, {"question": "Who was one of the creators of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences?", "answer": "Conkling"}, {"question": "What did Conkling later go on to lead?", "answer": "Warner Bros. Records"}, {"question": "What type of music was Date Records known for?", "answer": "rockabilly"}, {"question": "In what year was Mercury Records (US) bought out?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Who acquired Mercury Records (US)?", "answer": "Philips Records"}, {"question": "What is the name of CBS' Mexican record label?", "answer": "Discos CBS"}, {"question": "What 4 areas of the country did Columbia Records have manufacturers in?", "answer": "Los Angeles; Terre Haute, Indiana; Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Pitman, New Jersey"}, {"question": "What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?", "answer": "Oriole Records."}, {"question": "CBS began thinking of a name change to their record label in what year?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Date Records gave rise to the group \"Peaches and Herb\" in what year?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Date Records released what major success in 1969?", "answer": "\"Time of the Season\" by the Zombies"}, {"question": "What place on the charts did Date Records' big success land on?", "answer": "#2"}, {"question": "Despite the success, in what year did Date Records cease to exist?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Who ran CBS-Columbia Group starting in 1966?", "answer": "Leiberson"}, {"question": "In what year did CBS and Sony come together?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "In what year did CDs come to the American market?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "In what year was Clive Davis let go at CBS Records Group?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "How many people signed a petition to boycott Sony Music in 2016?", "answer": "over a hundred thousand"}, {"question": "What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?", "answer": "Google"}, {"question": "What website does Sony have complaints against?", "answer": "Wikipedia.org"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony pull out of the Greek market?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What label for the Greek market were artists on under the Sony umbrella?", "answer": "Feelgood Records"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony shut down their offices in the Philippines?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What famous music producer became CEO of Epic Records?", "answer": "L.A. Reid"}, {"question": "Who joined the CEO of Epic Records in becoming the CEO of Sony Music?", "answer": "Doug Morris"}, {"question": "In what year did he become the CEO of Sony Music?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who became the CEO of RCA Records?", "answer": "Peter Edge"}, {"question": "What labels did RCA disband in 2011?", "answer": "Arista, J Records and Jive Records"}, {"question": "Name 3 artists that CBS Associated Records signed on in the 80s and 90s?", "answer": "Ozzy Osbourne, the Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer"}, {"question": "In what year did CBS sell CBS Songs?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "How much was the sale of CBS Songs?", "answer": "$125 million"}, {"question": "Who were the 3 people who bought CBS Songs?", "answer": "Stephen Swid, Martin Bandier, and Charles Koppelman"}, {"question": "In what year was CBS the only network to also have a record company?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What label did ABC sell in 1979?", "answer": "MCA Records"}, {"question": "What label did NBC sell in 1986?", "answer": "RCA"}, {"question": "Who bought RCA?", "answer": "Ge"}, {"question": "In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?", "answer": "$2 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who distributes CBS Records material?", "answer": "Sony through its RED subsidiary"}, {"question": "In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?", "answer": "$30 million"}, {"question": "In what city was Tree International Publishing located?", "answer": "Nashville"}, {"question": "In what year did CEO of RCA/Jive Barry Weiss leave?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What company did Barry Weiss move to?", "answer": "Island Def Jam and Universal Republic"}, {"question": "When did Barry Weiss become CEO of RCA/Jive?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When did Barry Weiss become head of Jive Records?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Who was promoted to Executive VP of Label Strategy in 2011?", "answer": "Mel Lewinter"}, {"question": "Who became President of Global Digital Business and US Sales in 2012?", "answer": "Dennis Kooker"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony and BMG Germany merge?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony take BMG's half stake in the company?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Name one of the final albums to ever have the Sony BMG label?", "answer": "Thriller 25 by Michael Jackson, I Am... Sasha Fierce by Beyonc\u00e9, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits by Christina Aguilera, and Safe Trip Home by Dido"}, {"question": "When was Sony's new logo revealed to the public?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?", "answer": "SME and IODA"}, {"question": "In what year did they partner in order to do so?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Who did Sony partner with to create the biggest deal ever?", "answer": "Michael Jackson Company"}, {"question": "How much was the partnership worth?", "answer": "$250 million"}, {"question": "In what year was the partnership initiated?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Columbia Pictures has been owned by Sony since what year?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Who is the CCO of Sony Music?", "answer": "Clive Davis"}, {"question": "In what year did the merger take place?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "In what year did the name Sony Music Entertainment become the new name of Sony's record label?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "In what year did CBS Associated become Epic Associated?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What is the only country where Sony has no rights to the Columbia label?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Who owns the rights to the Columbia label in Japan?", "answer": "Nippon Columbia"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "Which city is the largest in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What was the population of Oklahoma city in 2014?", "answer": "1,322,429"}, {"question": "Which region is Oklahoma City a part of?", "answer": "Great Plains region"}, {"question": "What offices employ US transportation and Air force bases?", "answer": "Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"}, {"question": "What corridor is Oklahoma City situated in?", "answer": "I-35 Corridor"}, {"question": "When was the city founded?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "When was the Oklahoma City bombing?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What was the name of the building involved in the bombing?", "answer": "Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building"}, {"question": "What was the name of the land before being called Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Unassigned Lands"}, {"question": "Who was an early leader of the city?", "answer": "James W. Maney"}, {"question": "What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?", "answer": "Guthrie"}, {"question": "What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?", "answer": "Route 66"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Jazz oldie \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\"?", "answer": "Bobby Troup"}, {"question": "Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?", "answer": "Nat King Cole"}, {"question": "When was oil discovered in the city limits?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?", "answer": "I-35, I-40 and I-44"}, {"question": "Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?", "answer": "Patience Latting"}, {"question": "When was Patience Latting elected?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What was the name of the redevelopment passage that was passed in 1993?", "answer": "Metropolitan Area Projects"}, {"question": "What is one thing that was added in this project?", "answer": "baseball park"}, {"question": "How much money was invested in MAPS by 2010?", "answer": "$3 billion"}, {"question": "When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the name of the newly renovated site where the bombing occured?", "answer": "Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum"}, {"question": "What year did the memorial first opened?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the project to change the location of I-40 and make a new entrance to the city?", "answer": "The \"Core-to-Shore\" project"}, {"question": "What year was the Core to Shore project voted for to be part of the MAPS program?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma City?", "answer": "620.34 square miles"}, {"question": "Out of the 620.34 square miles, how much of it is water?", "answer": "19.23 square miles"}, {"question": "Which region is Oklahoma city located in?", "answer": "Sandstone Hills region"}, {"question": "What river flows through Oklahoma city?", "answer": "North Canadian River"}, {"question": "What is the new name for the part of the North Canadian River that resides within the city limits?", "answer": "Oklahoma River"}, {"question": "When was a dam built for the river?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "What was built in the 1990's to help return water to the river near downtown?", "answer": "low-water dams"}, {"question": "What covers the remaining 377 square miles?", "answer": "rural watershed areas"}, {"question": "Which side is known for primarily being industrial?", "answer": "South Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "Which side is more urban and fashionable?", "answer": "North Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What are two newly renovated locations in downtown Oklahoma city?", "answer": "Crystal Bridge and Myriad Botanical Gardens"}, {"question": "What type of climate does Oklahoma city?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "How much precipitation on average falls within the city?", "answer": "35.9 inches"}, {"question": "Out of the precipitation that falls, how much of it is snow?", "answer": "8.6 inches"}, {"question": "When is Oklahoma city sever weather season begin?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "When does Oklahoma city sever weather season end?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "Approximately How many tornadoes have reached the city limits?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "How wide was the widest tornado ever?", "answer": "2.6 miles"}, {"question": "When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?", "answer": "May 2015"}, {"question": "How many people were counted in the 2010 census?", "answer": "579,999"}, {"question": "How many households were recorded in the 2010 census", "answer": "230,233 households"}, {"question": "How many families were recorded in the 2010 census?", "answer": "144,120 families"}, {"question": "What was the density of the population per square mile?", "answer": "956.4"}, {"question": "How many housing units were there for the 2010 census?", "answer": "256,930"}, {"question": "How many households were in Oklahoma city?", "answer": "230,233"}, {"question": "What demographic was the most percentage of the households in total?", "answer": "married couples"}, {"question": "What is the average size for households?", "answer": "2.47"}, {"question": "What is the average size for families?", "answer": "3.11"}, {"question": "What is the second highest demographic for households?", "answer": "non-families"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "Which gender was prominent in that time?", "answer": "females"}, {"question": "When did the population increases begin in Oklahoma city?", "answer": "late 1990s"}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of Oklahoma city in 2014", "answer": "620,602"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's largest urbanized area?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What place was Oklahoma cities population ranked in the nation in 2012?", "answer": "42nd"}, {"question": "What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?", "answer": "Ju\u00e1rez Cartel"}, {"question": "When were six employees found dead in a restaurants freezer?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "When was Roger Dale Stafford executed?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "How many substations does Oklahoma city have?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Who detonated the bomb in 1995?", "answer": "Timothy McVeigh"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the bombing?", "answer": "168"}, {"question": "How many people were injured in the bombing?", "answer": "680"}, {"question": "How much money was the damage worth?", "answer": "$652 million"}, {"question": "When was Timothy McVeigh Executed?", "answer": "June 11, 2001"}, {"question": "How many universities are within the MSA region?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What hospital is in the MSA region", "answer": "Norman Regional Hospital"}, {"question": "How many employees work for Tinker Air Force Base?", "answer": "27,000"}, {"question": "How many employees work for Norman Regional Hospital?", "answer": "2,800"}, {"question": "How many people work in University of Oklahoma?", "answer": "11,900"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma cities gross metropolitan product in 2009?", "answer": "$61.1 billion"}, {"question": "What year did forbes list Oklahoma city as \"recession proof\".", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When did Penn Square Bank go bankrupt?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What year did the oil crash?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "When was the Wanda L Bass School of Music and auditorium opened?", "answer": "April 2006"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the Science Museum of Oklahoma?", "answer": "Kirkpatrick Science and Air Space Museum at Omniplex"}, {"question": "When was the International Photography Hall of Fame relocated?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "When did The American Indian Cultural Center and Museum begin construction?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is the name of Oklahoma Cities memorial?", "answer": "The Oklahoma City National Memorial"}, {"question": "What institute is located near the Oklahoma City National Memorial?", "answer": "Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism"}, {"question": "What musical instrument has it's own museum in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "the banjo"}, {"question": "How much is the collection worth in the museum?", "answer": "$3.5 million"}, {"question": "When was the Oklahoma History Center created?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Who operates the Oklahoma History Center?", "answer": "Oklahoma Historical Society"}, {"question": "Where is the Oklahoma History Center located?", "answer": "northeast Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Thunder"}, {"question": "What team is the affiliate to the Los Angeles Dodgers?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Dodgers"}, {"question": "What is the name of the downtown arena?", "answer": "Chesapeake Energy Arena"}, {"question": "Which team became the main tenant of the arena in 2008?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder"}, {"question": "What is the name of the nearby minor league park?", "answer": "Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark"}, {"question": "What is one annual event Oklahoma City hosts?", "answer": "Big 12 Baseball Tournament"}, {"question": "What park hosts Quarter horse racing?", "answer": "Remington Park"}, {"question": "Where are equine events hosted?", "answer": "state fairgrounds"}, {"question": "What organization organizes High School football?", "answer": "Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association"}, {"question": "Who moved the Oklahoma City Thunder to Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Clayton Bennett"}, {"question": "What is one of the Thunders nicknames?", "answer": "OKC"}, {"question": "What is the Thunders mascot?", "answer": "Bison"}, {"question": "What place were the Thunder in 2010 NBA playoffs?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Who did the Thunder play in the finals of 2012?", "answer": "Miami Heat"}, {"question": "Who did the Thunder lose to in the Western Conference finals?", "answer": "San Antonio Spurs"}, {"question": "When did the Thunder start winning Northwest Division Titles?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Who is the Thunders head coach?", "answer": "Billy Donovan"}, {"question": "Who is the Thunders point guard?", "answer": "Russell Westbrook"}, {"question": "Where did the Hornets play after Hurricane Katrina?", "answer": "Ford Center"}, {"question": "What team played against the Hornets in their final home game before leave Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Houston Rockets"}, {"question": "Who designed the bridge?", "answer": "I. M. Pei"}, {"question": "What is the name of the amphitheater located inside the Botanical Gardens?", "answer": "Water Stage"}, {"question": "Which place hosts racetracks and is a casino?", "answer": "Remington Park"}, {"question": "Which amusement park is western themed? ", "answer": "Frontier City"}, {"question": "Which lake is the cities largest lake?", "answer": "Lake Stanley Draper"}, {"question": "What place hosts concerts and lectures?", "answer": "American Banjo Museum"}, {"question": "Where is the Lycan Conservatory located?", "answer": "Will Rogers Park"}, {"question": "Which BMX Champion had a park named after them in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Mat Hoffman"}, {"question": "When was Mat Hoffman Action Sports Park considered one of the best by National Geographic Society?", "answer": "March 2009"}, {"question": "Who is the mayor of Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Mick Cornett"}, {"question": "When was Mick Cornett first elected?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who is the city Manager?", "answer": "Jim Couch"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Oklahoma City University?", "answer": "Epworth University"}, {"question": "When was the university founded?", "answer": "September 1, 1904"}, {"question": "Which district is OU Medicine campus located in?", "answer": "Oklahoma Health Center district"}, {"question": "Which institution houses the Level-One trauma center?", "answer": "OU Medicine"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people work in OU Health Sciences Center?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "Which university is the third-largest in the state?", "answer": "University of Central Oklahoma"}, {"question": "Which private university is located near the Edmond border?", "answer": "Oklahoma Christian University"}, {"question": "Which community college is the second largest in the state?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Community College"}, {"question": "Which university is located in the Furniture district?", "answer": "Oklahoma State University"}, {"question": "Where is Southern Nazarene University located?", "answer": "Bethany"}, {"question": "Who founded the Southern Nazarene University", "answer": "Church of the Nazarene"}, {"question": "What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?", "answer": "Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's largest school district?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Public Schools"}, {"question": "What year did KIPP Reach College Preparatory School win the National Blue Ribbon Award?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center"}, {"question": "What center is a nonprofit training center for disabled people?", "answer": "The Dale Rogers Training Center"}, {"question": "Which newspaper is the most produced through the state of Oklahoma?", "answer": "The Oklahoman"}, {"question": "What is the name of The Oklahoman's website?", "answer": "NewsOK.com"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities newsweekly?", "answer": "Oklahoma Gazette"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities daily business newspaper?", "answer": "The Journal Record"}, {"question": "Which side is the Black Chronicles Headquarters?", "answer": "Eastside"}, {"question": "What international newspapers is in the Asia District?", "answer": "OK VIETIMES and Oklahoma Chinese Times"}, {"question": "What is the name of the student newspaper?", "answer": "The Campus"}, {"question": "What is the name of the lifestyle magazine?", "answer": "Slice Magazine"}, {"question": "What is another magazine that is published in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Back40"}, {"question": "What was the third Radio Station in the US?", "answer": "WKY Radio"}, {"question": "When was WKY granted a federal license?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "When did E.K. Gaylord's Oklahoma Publishing Compan buy WKY Radio?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What is the current station called?", "answer": "KFOR-TV"}, {"question": "What rank is Oklahoma Cities television networks for Nielsen?", "answer": "41st"}, {"question": "How many counties does Oklahoma Cities Networks cover?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "How many  people are paid to be employed by the Oklahoma City Fire department?", "answer": "1015"}, {"question": "Who is currently the Chief of the department?", "answer": "G. Keith Bryant"}, {"question": "How many firestations are there?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "How many emergency calls are made yearly?", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What is one Major expressway that travels through Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Lake Hefner Parkway"}, {"question": "What boulevard turns into E.K Gaylord Boulevard?", "answer": "Shields Boulevard"}, {"question": "Which airport is the busiest?", "answer": "Will Rogers World Airport"}, {"question": "How many people travel through Will Rogers World Airport each year?", "answer": "3.6 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest military base in the nation?", "answer": "Tinker Air Force Base"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?", "answer": "METRO Transit"}, {"question": "What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?", "answer": "Fixed Guideway Study"}, {"question": "When was MAPS 3 passed?", "answer": "December 2009"}, {"question": "How much will MAPS 3 cost?", "answer": "$777 million"}, {"question": "What year should the streetcar become operable?", "answer": "2017"}, {"question": "What is the states oldest and largest Hospital?", "answer": "St. Anthony Hospital and Physicians Medical Center"}, {"question": "Where is the Children's hospital located?", "answer": "Oklahoma Health Center district"}, {"question": "Name a hospital owned by INTEGRIS Health?", "answer": "INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center"}, {"question": "When was INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center part of U.S News and World Reports best Hospitals list?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Where is the Midwest Regional Medical Center?", "answer": "Midwest City"}, {"question": "How many doctors are there per 100,000 people?", "answer": "347"}, {"question": "What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?", "answer": "last place"}, {"question": "What kind of human lives by collecting wild flora and fauna?", "answer": "hunter-gatherer"}, {"question": "What type of society relies on domestication for producing food?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "What type of plants and animals do agricultural groups harvest?", "answer": "domesticated species"}, {"question": "What has been humans' best adaptation in food production?", "answer": "Hunting and gathering"}, {"question": "What was the first way humans used to find food?", "answer": "Hunting and gathering"}, {"question": "What stopped the widespread use of hunting and gathering?", "answer": "invention of agriculture"}, {"question": "What are the basic types of agricultural groups?", "answer": "farming or pastoralist groups"}, {"question": "How many groups of modern hunter-gatherers are there?", "answer": "Only a few"}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers use to produce food in addition to gathering?", "answer": "horticulture and/or keeping animals"}, {"question": "Who uses agriculture and animal domestication to supplement their food?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "Besides  agriculture, how do gatherers add to their food supply?", "answer": "keeping animals"}, {"question": "In addition to domesticated animals, how do gatherers supplement their food?", "answer": "horticulture"}, {"question": "How did early humans locate meat without hunting ?", "answer": "scavenging"}, {"question": "In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds?", "answer": "natural causes"}, {"question": "Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live?", "answer": "sparsely wooded areas"}, {"question": "What type of area did early humans avoid?", "answer": "dense forest"}, {"question": "What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique?", "answer": "persistence hunting"}, {"question": "What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits?", "answer": "endurance running hypothesis"}, {"question": "Who still practices persistence hunting?", "answer": "some hunter-gatherer groups"}, {"question": "Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there?", "answer": "scavenging hypothesis"}, {"question": "What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?", "answer": "both subsistence strategies"}, {"question": "When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?", "answer": "1.8 million years ago"}, {"question": "What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?", "answer": "Homo erectus"}, {"question": "When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?", "answer": "0.2 million years ago"}, {"question": "When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?", "answer": "10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?", "answer": "Neolithic Revolution"}, {"question": "During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?", "answer": "Middle to Upper Paleolithic"}, {"question": "How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?", "answer": "80,000 to 70,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What was the change in gathering?", "answer": "a smaller selection"}, {"question": "When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?", "answer": "12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "In what kind of area did forest gardening start?", "answer": "jungle-clad river banks"}, {"question": "In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?", "answer": "foothills of monsoon regions"}, {"question": "What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?", "answer": "tree and vine species"}, {"question": "What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?", "answer": "identified, protected and improved"}, {"question": "What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?", "answer": "eliminated"}, {"question": "Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?", "answer": "in the developing world"}, {"question": "In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?", "answer": "arid regions or tropical forests"}, {"question": "What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?", "answer": "settlements of agriculturalists"}, {"question": "What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?", "answer": "availability of wild foods"}, {"question": "What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?", "answer": "large mammal species"}, {"question": "Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?", "answer": "agricultural societies"}, {"question": "What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?", "answer": "first forms of government"}, {"question": "What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?", "answer": "agricultural centers"}, {"question": "What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?", "answer": "agriculture-driven"}, {"question": "Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?", "answer": "agricultural societies increased"}, {"question": "What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?", "answer": "unsuitable for agricultural use"}, {"question": "How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?", "answer": "few"}, {"question": "What do people basically rely on now?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?", "answer": "hunter-gatherer cultures"}, {"question": "What kind of food production is worldwide now?", "answer": "reliance upon agriculture"}, {"question": "What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?", "answer": "nomadic or semi-nomadic"}, {"question": "What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?", "answer": "temporary"}, {"question": "What kind of building materials do they use?", "answer": "impermanent"}, {"question": "What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?", "answer": "rock shelters"}, {"question": "What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?", "answer": "Mobile communities"}, {"question": "What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?", "answer": "rich environments"}, {"question": "What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?", "answer": "hunter-gatherer"}, {"question": "What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?", "answer": "sedentary or semi-sedentary"}, {"question": "What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?", "answer": "rich environments"}, {"question": "What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?", "answer": "hunter-gatherer cultures"}, {"question": "What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?", "answer": "egalitarian"}, {"question": " Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?", "answer": "Northwest Coast of North America"}, {"question": "what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?", "answer": "African"}, {"question": "How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?", "answer": "in an evolutionary context"}, {"question": "What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?", "answer": "anything but egalitarian"}, {"question": "How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?", "answer": "into hierarchies"}, {"question": "What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?", "answer": "alpha male"}, {"question": "What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?", "answer": "permanent leaders"}, {"question": "Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?", "answer": "task being performed"}, {"question": "What group arrangement is usual in family authority?", "answer": "matrilocal"}, {"question": "What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?", "answer": "matrilineal"}, {"question": "What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?", "answer": "Western values"}, {"question": "Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What group members are the big game hunters?", "answer": "men"}, {"question": "What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?", "answer": "arrangement oppresses women"}, {"question": "How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "answer": "childcare is collective"}, {"question": "How is labor often divided in these groups?", "answer": "sexual division"}, {"question": "What percentage of Aeta women hunt?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?", "answer": "31%"}, {"question": "What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?", "answer": "17%"}, {"question": "At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?", "answer": "Man the Hunter"}, {"question": "When was the Man the Hunter conference?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?", "answer": "mobility"}, {"question": "What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?", "answer": "egalitarianism"}, {"question": "What other characteristic is variable for these groups?", "answer": "territorial boundaries"}, {"question": "Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?", "answer": "Marshall Sahlins"}, {"question": "When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "How long a day do people in other societies work?", "answer": "8.8 hours a day"}, {"question": "What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?", "answer": "sharing"}, {"question": "What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?", "answer": "gift economy"}, {"question": "What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?", "answer": "temperature"}, {"question": "What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?", "answer": "variability"}, {"question": "What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?", "answer": "significant"}, {"question": "What does temperature impact on tool kits?", "answer": "increased variability of tools"}, {"question": "What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?", "answer": "risk of failure"}, {"question": "What  does the immediate return system mean?", "answer": "egalitarian"}, {"question": "To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?", "answer": "nonegalitarian"}, {"question": "Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?", "answer": "immediate return"}, {"question": "How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?", "answer": "contact with modern civilization"}, {"question": "What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?", "answer": "pristine"}, {"question": "Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?", "answer": "in uncontacted peoples"}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?", "answer": "Paleolithic societies"}, {"question": "What is hunting and gathering argued to be?", "answer": "adaptive strategy"}, {"question": "What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?", "answer": "environmental change"}, {"question": "What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?", "answer": "transition"}, {"question": "Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?", "answer": "cultural diffusion"}, {"question": "How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?", "answer": "last 10,000 years"}, {"question": "If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being?", "answer": "agriculturalists"}, {"question": "What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers??", "answer": "pushed into marginal areas"}, {"question": "What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers?", "answer": "migrations"}, {"question": "Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging?", "answer": "violent conflict"}, {"question": "What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers?", "answer": "nothing meaningful"}, {"question": "Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone?", "answer": "theorists"}, {"question": "What type of hunter-gatherer has disappeared ?", "answer": "pure hunter-gatherer"}, {"question": "Who has rejected Wilmsen's arguments?", "answer": "Lee and Guenther"}, {"question": "Whose lifestyle does Shultziner think we can learn about?", "answer": "prehistoric hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "What is it about prehistoric hunter-gatherers that impresses Shultziner?", "answer": "egalitarianism"}, {"question": "Who has offered arguments that Lee and Guenther disliked?", "answer": "Wilmsen"}, {"question": "What do hunter-gathers intentionally manipulate?", "answer": "the landscape"}, {"question": "How do they manage the landscape?", "answer": "cutting or burning undesirable plants"}, {"question": "What technique do they use to make animal habitats?", "answer": "slash-and-burn"}, {"question": "What is the manipulation of the landscape associated with?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What do modern hunter-gatherers depend on at least somewhat?", "answer": "domesticated food"}, {"question": "What do some agriculturalists often do?", "answer": "hunt and gather"}, {"question": "What do they sometimes do for entertainment?", "answer": "go hunting"}, {"question": "Why would they leave agricultural lifestyle?", "answer": "to escape colonial control"}, {"question": "Besides avoiding government controls, what other reason could they have?", "answer": "agriculture became difficult"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Spinifex people?", "answer": "Pila Nguru"}, {"question": "Where do the Pila Nguru people live?", "answer": "Western Australia"}, {"question": "Who refuses contact with outsiders on Sentinel Island?", "answer": "Sentinelese"}, {"question": "Where are the Sentinelese and the Andaman Islands?", "answer": "Indian Ocean"}, {"question": "These ancient hunter-gathers followed what path in pursuit of game?", "answer": "ice-free corridors"}, {"question": "Between what ice sheets were the corridors located?", "answer": "Laurentide and Cordilleran"}, {"question": "What other way could they have crossed on to this continent?", "answer": "primitive boats"}, {"question": "Where did the North American hunter-gathers mostly live?", "answer": "Great Plains"}, {"question": "What basic trait do all hunter-gatherers share?", "answer": "stone tool production"}, {"question": "What is it about the tool styles that is remarkable?", "answer": "common style"}, {"question": "Where have early Paleo -Indian tools been found?", "answer": "across the Americas"}, {"question": "How many members did the mobile tool-making hunters often have?", "answer": "25 to 50 members"}, {"question": "What kind of climate occurred in the Americas?", "answer": "warmer more arid"}, {"question": "What disappeared during the Archaic period?", "answer": "megafauna"}, {"question": "What became the norm for the mobile bands?", "answer": "regional adaptations"}, {"question": "What did they rely less and less on?", "answer": "hunting and gathering"}, {"question": "What was there a pattern of in this period?", "answer": "increasing regional generalization"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the United Nations Fund for Population Activities?", "answer": "United Nations Population Fund"}, {"question": "UNFPA's work concerns what general area?", "answer": "reproductive health"}, {"question": "One of UNFPA's goals is to make all pregnancies what?", "answer": "wanted"}, {"question": "Another of UNFPA's goals is to make all childbirths what?", "answer": "safe"}, {"question": "What, in addition to its work against obstetric fistula, is UNFPA campaigning against?", "answer": "female genital mutilation"}, {"question": "In how many geographic regions does UNFPA operate?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "About what fraction of UNFPA's staff do field work?", "answer": "three quarters"}, {"question": "UNFPA is part of what larger U.N. group?", "answer": "United Nations Development Group"}, {"question": "UNFPA groups what area in the same geographic region as the Arab States?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "When did UNFPA begin its work?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What was UNFPA's original name?", "answer": "United Nations Fund for Population Activities"}, {"question": "When did the organization change its name?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "UNFPA was originally administered by what U.N. body?", "answer": "United Nations Development Fund"}, {"question": "When was UNFPA moved to being under the authority of the United Nations General Assembly?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "When did the U.N. vote to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How many countries adopted the Sustainable Development Goals?", "answer": "193"}, {"question": "How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "The Sustainable Development Goals are intended to change the world over what time period?", "answer": "15 years"}, {"question": "Are the Sustainable Development Goals considered ambitious or modest in scope?", "answer": "ambitious"}, {"question": "The third of the goals concerns what?", "answer": "health"}, {"question": "What does the fourth goal focus on improving?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "What is the topic of the fifth goal?", "answer": "gender equality"}, {"question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?", "answer": "Rafael M. Salas"}, {"question": "Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?", "answer": "Thoraya Ahmed Obaid"}, {"question": "Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?", "answer": "Dr Nafis Sadik"}, {"question": "UNFPA is the largest worldwide funder of what type of programs?", "answer": "population and reproductive health programs"}, {"question": "In how many countries does UNFPA operate?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "In addition to working directly with governments, with whom does UNFPA work?", "answer": "non-governmental organizations"}, {"question": "What supports UNFPA's work?", "answer": "the international community"}, {"question": "The Fund's programs support women, men, and who else?", "answer": "young people"}, {"question": "UNFPA lists elements that promote what human right?", "answer": "reproductive health"}, {"question": "These elements concern health related to reproduction and what else?", "answer": "the reproductive system"}, {"question": "What is the third element?", "answer": "social health"}, {"question": "Where does The Fund work to raise awareness and provide support?", "answer": "developing countries"}, {"question": "To what does The Fund advocate that close attention be paid?", "answer": "population concerns"}, {"question": "What two things does The Fund help developing nations formulate to support sustainable development?", "answer": "policies and strategies"}, {"question": "Who took up leadership of The Fund in January 2011?", "answer": "Dr. Osotimehin"}, {"question": "The Fund is represented by a Patron and who else?", "answer": "Goodwill Ambassadors"}, {"question": "UNFPA's mission is to promote the rights and health of whom?", "answer": "women and young people"}, {"question": "With whom does UNFPA work in partnership?", "answer": "governments"}, {"question": "With what sort of agencies does UNFPA work?", "answer": "United Nations agencies"}, {"question": "In addition to mobilizing support and resources, what does UNFPA do with its partners?", "answer": "raise awareness"}, {"question": "Who does UNFPA work with in addition to government and U.N. agencies?", "answer": "communities, NGOs, foundations and the private sector"}, {"question": "UNFPA has  been accused of supporting what type of abortion?", "answer": "forced-abortions"}, {"question": "UNFPA has been accused of supporting programs that coerce what?", "answer": "sterilizations"}, {"question": "What groups have made these accusations against UNFPA?", "answer": "anti-family planning groups"}, {"question": "Controversy regarding these accusations has caused conflict with how many presidential administrations?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who contributes to UNFPA?", "answer": "governments and the private sector"}, {"question": "Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?", "answer": "$1 billion"}, {"question": "How much of its funding was earmarked?", "answer": "$529 million"}, {"question": "What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?", "answer": "$477 million"}, {"question": "During what period did UNFPA aid Peru's reproductive health program?", "answer": "the mid-to-late '90s"}, {"question": "Peru was found to have been coercing what?", "answer": "sterilizations"}, {"question": "UNFPA responded to Peruvian abuses by calling for what?", "answer": "reforms and protocols"}, {"question": "UNFPA's goal in Peru was to protect whose rights?", "answer": "women seeking assistance"}, {"question": "After the scandal became public, what did UNFPA work to reform in Peru?", "answer": "laws and practices"}, {"question": "Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?", "answer": "the Bush Administration"}, {"question": "During what period did the administration deny funding?", "answer": "From 2002 through 2008"}, {"question": "Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?", "answer": "the US Congress"}, {"question": "What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?", "answer": "forced abortions and coercive sterilizations"}, {"question": "What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?", "answer": "the Kemp-Kasten Amendment"}, {"question": "Which country was administering forced abortions?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How many people were on the U.S. fact-finding team?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which U.S. department investigated the allegations?", "answer": "the State Department"}, {"question": "What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?", "answer": "population control policies"}, {"question": "What was this official's position at the time?", "answer": "Secretary of State"}, {"question": "Who was the official that accused UNFPA?", "answer": "Colin Powell"}, {"question": "What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?", "answer": "vehicles and computers"}, {"question": "What papers reported on this incident?", "answer": "the Washington Post and the Washington Times"}, {"question": "Which representative criticized the the State Department investigation?", "answer": "Christopher H. Smith"}, {"question": "The representative said that inspectors had been show what sort of villages?", "answer": "Potemkin Villages"}, {"question": "Which former director defended UNFPA?", "answer": "Dr. Nafis Sadik"}, {"question": "Which NGO investigated the Chinese program in 2005?", "answer": "Amnesty International"}, {"question": "What sort of techniques did the State Department conclude were still being employed by China?", "answer": "coercive techniques"}, {"question": "What organization found no evidence that UNFPA had supported Chinese coercion?", "answer": "Amnesty International"}, {"question": "In 2001, what organization accused UNFPA of sharing office space with Chinese family planning officials?", "answer": "Population Research Institute"}, {"question": "In January 2006, who approved UNFPA's new country programme?", "answer": "United Nations Members"}, {"question": "How many members does the \u201cGroup of 77\u201d have?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "Who, speaking for the European democracies, also defended UNFPA?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?", "answer": "Bush"}, {"question": "How much funding was blocked?", "answer": "$244 million"}, {"question": "Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?", "answer": "the Executive Branch"}, {"question": "How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?", "answer": "Congressionally"}, {"question": "Which European government contributed the most to the UNFPA in 2008?", "answer": "the Netherlands"}, {"question": "Which European government contributed the least to the UNFPA in 2008?", "answer": "Luxembourg"}, {"question": "Which non-European donor was most important to the UNFPA in 2008?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "In 2008, over how many countries contributed to the UNFPA?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?", "answer": "America"}, {"question": "What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?", "answer": "nonprofit"}, {"question": "What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?", "answer": "Americans for UNFPA"}, {"question": "What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace? ", "answer": "federal funding"}, {"question": "Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?", "answer": "private donations"}, {"question": "Which president began funding UNFPA again?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "In what year did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In what month did U.S. funding of UNFPA resume?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "The president said the U.S. would be joining how many donor nations?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "The president said funding the U.N. Population Fund would help in how many countries?", "answer": "154"}, {"question": "Which ocean is along eastern Russia?", "answer": "the Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "Which union did Russia belong to after 1922?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did the RSFSR cease to be a part of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "91"}, {"question": "How many autonomous republics make up the RSFSR?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "The RSFSR contains how many oblasts?", "answer": "forty"}, {"question": "How many autonomous oblasts were part of the RSFSR?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many krais were present in the RSFSR?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which group originally created the Soviet state?", "answer": "the Bolsheviks"}, {"question": "Who led the group which created the Soviet state?", "answer": "Vladimir Lenin"}, {"question": "Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?", "answer": "the Russian Provisional Government"}, {"question": "How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?", "answer": "five months"}, {"question": "What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?", "answer": "Sovdepia"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?", "answer": "Vladimir Lenin"}, {"question": "What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?", "answer": "Russian Provisional Government"}, {"question": "For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?", "answer": "five months"}, {"question": "What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?", "answer": "Sovdepia"}, {"question": "When was the Soviet Union created?", "answer": "December 30, 1922"}, {"question": "How many republics were in the USSR?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?", "answer": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "In which war was Russia involved in 1700?", "answer": "the Great Northern War"}, {"question": "On what date was the Soviet Union created?", "answer": "December 30, 1922"}, {"question": "How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "answer": "Soviet Constitution of 1936"}, {"question": "In what year was the Great Northern War fought?", "answer": "1700"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union break up?", "answer": "December 25, 1991"}, {"question": "Which name did Russia take after the fall of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "the Russian Federation"}, {"question": "What is the current official name of Russia?", "answer": "the Russian Federation"}, {"question": "When was the current name for Russia added to the Russian constitution?", "answer": "April 21, 1992"}, {"question": "When was Russia renamed the Russian Federation?", "answer": "December 25, 1991"}, {"question": "What event led to Russia being renamed the Russian Federation?", "answer": "the collapse of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When was Russia made an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "answer": "April 21, 1992"}, {"question": "What 1993 document confirmed Russia as an official state name of the Russian Federation?", "answer": "1993 Constitution of Russia"}, {"question": "Which country did the RSFSR border on the west?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the northwest?", "answer": "Norway and Finland"}, {"question": "Which countries did the RSFSR border on the southeast?", "answer": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolian People's Republic, and the People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the south?", "answer": "Azerbaijan, Georgian and Kazakh SSRs"}, {"question": "Which Soviet countries did the RSFSR border on the west?", "answer": "the Ukrainian, Belarusian, Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian SSRs"}, {"question": "What country borders Russia on the west?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "Along with Norway, what country borders the RSFSR on the northwest?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "In the USSR, what SSR did the RSFSR border along with the Kazakh SSR?", "answer": "Georgian"}, {"question": "Along with the Mongolian People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, what country did the RSFSR border to its southeast?", "answer": "Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?", "answer": "November 7, 1917"}, {"question": "Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?", "answer": "the Russian Provisional Government"}, {"question": "Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?", "answer": "the October Revolution"}, {"question": "How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?", "answer": "five months"}, {"question": "What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?", "answer": "the Russian Republic"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet government assume power?", "answer": "November 7, 1917"}, {"question": "What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?", "answer": "the October Revolution"}, {"question": "What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?", "answer": "the Russian Provisional Government"}, {"question": "In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which official name was Russia given at the start of 1918?", "answer": "the Soviet Russian Republic"}, {"question": "To which country did Russia give land during World War I?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Which treaty did Russia sign in order to give land and gain peace during World War I?", "answer": "the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"}, {"question": "What war resulted in Russia shrinking further during 1918?", "answer": "the Russian Civil War"}, {"question": "What numbered meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets occurred on January 25, 1918?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "On January 25, 1918, what was the official name given to the Soviet state?", "answer": "the Soviet Russian Republic"}, {"question": "What did Russia receive in return for signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?", "answer": "peace in World War I"}, {"question": "On what date was the country renamed the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "answer": "July 10, 1918"}, {"question": "During what 1918 conflict did states secede from Russia?", "answer": "the Russian Civil War"}, {"question": "Which oblast was broken up in 1943?", "answer": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast"}, {"question": "Where were the Karachays sent after their oblast was broken up?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "Which SSR received the land of the Karachays' oblast?", "answer": "the Georgian SSR"}, {"question": "Who broke up the Karachays' oblast?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "Who eliminated the Karachay Autonomous Oblast?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "When was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast ended?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "To where were the Karachays exiled?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "Why were the Karachays exiled?", "answer": "alleged collaboration with the Germans"}, {"question": "What republic was the territory of the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred to?", "answer": "Georgian SSR"}, {"question": "On what date was the RSFSR established?", "answer": "November 7, 1917"}, {"question": "What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?", "answer": "October Revolution"}, {"question": "In what year was the Constitution adopted?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?", "answer": "the United States and Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?", "answer": "23,941,000"}, {"question": "How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?", "answer": "475"}, {"question": "In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty adopted?", "answer": "June 12, 1990"}, {"question": "Who became president on June 12, 1991?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "On what date were the Belavezha Accords signed?", "answer": "December 8, 1991"}, {"question": "When did the Russian Parliament ratify the Belavezha Accords?", "answer": "December 12"}, {"question": "What agreement did the Belavezha Accords supersede?", "answer": "1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR"}, {"question": "What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?", "answer": "Russian Federation"}, {"question": "On what date was the USSR dissolved?", "answer": "December 26, 1991"}, {"question": "What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?", "answer": "Soviet of Nationalities"}, {"question": "What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?", "answer": "Soviet of the Union"}, {"question": "What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?", "answer": "UN membership"}, {"question": "On what date was the state named the Soviet Russian Republic?", "answer": "January 25, 1918"}, {"question": "What body renamed the state the Soviet Russian Republic?", "answer": "All-Russian Congress of Soviets"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?", "answer": "March 3, 1918"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded land to what state?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What document renamed the state the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "answer": "Russian Constitution of 1918"}, {"question": "What treaty resulted in the recognition of the RSFSR by Latvia and other states?", "answer": "Treaty of Tartu"}, {"question": "Along with Estonia, Latvia, Finland and Lithuania, what state recognized the RSFSR in 1920?", "answer": "Irish Republic"}, {"question": "What was the common name of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Technically, what type of state was Russia?", "answer": "republic"}, {"question": "What was the largest republic in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?", "answer": "the east"}, {"question": "Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "On what date was the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR passed?", "answer": "December 30, 1922"}, {"question": "What body passed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR?", "answer": "First Congress of the Soviets of the USSR"}, {"question": "Along with the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, what state joined Russia to form the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Transcaucasian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "On what date was the 1924 Soviet Constitution adopted?", "answer": "January 31, 1924"}, {"question": "What body adopted the 1924 Soviet Constitution?", "answer": "the Second Congress of Soviets of the USSR"}, {"question": "During what span was there a famine in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "1932\u20131933"}, {"question": "What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?", "answer": "the 1936 Soviet Constitution"}, {"question": "What were the Kazakh ASSR and Kirghiz ASSR renamed per the 1936 Soviet Constitution?", "answer": "the Kazakh and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics"}, {"question": "What republic did the Karakalpak Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic become a part of?", "answer": "the Uzbek SSR"}, {"question": "What effect did the 1936 Soviet Constitution have on the size of the Russia?", "answer": "reduced"}, {"question": "What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?", "answer": "the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?", "answer": "the Russian Constitution of 1937"}, {"question": "What state was dissolved on March 3, 1944?", "answer": "the Chechen-Ingush ASSR"}, {"question": "Who ordered the deportation of the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Why were the residents of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR deported?", "answer": "accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism"}, {"question": "Along with the RSFSR, what republic received territory from the former Chechen-Ingush ASSR?", "answer": "Georgian SSR"}, {"question": "What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?", "answer": "Tuvan Autonomous Oblast"}, {"question": "On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?", "answer": "October 11, 1944"}, {"question": "What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?", "answer": "an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "Along with Estonia, what country was taken over by the Russian SFSR in 1944?", "answer": "Latvia"}, {"question": "What modern districts of Estonia and Latvia were annexed by the RSFSR in 1944?", "answer": "Pechorsky and Pytalovsky Districts"}, {"question": "Near what town did the RSFSR annex territory in 1944?", "answer": "Ivangorod"}, {"question": "Along with Sakhalin Island, what islands were occupied by the Soviets after the Second World War?", "answer": "Kuril Islands"}, {"question": "What administrative division did Sakhalin Island become a part of?", "answer": "the RSFSR"}, {"question": "The ownership of what islands are disputed with Japan?", "answer": "the southernmost Kurils"}, {"question": "On what date was Kaliningrad Oblast annexed?", "answer": "April 17, 1946"}, {"question": "What province of Germany did Kaliningrad Oblast form a part of?", "answer": "East Prussia"}, {"question": "What administrative division did Kaliningrad Oblast become a part of?", "answer": "the Russian SFSR"}, {"question": "Who was demoted on February 8, 1955?", "answer": "Malenkov"}, {"question": "To what position was Malenkov demoted?", "answer": "deputy Prime Minister"}, {"question": "What position was held by Nikita Khrushchev?", "answer": "First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party"}, {"question": "Who benefited from the demotion of Malenkov?", "answer": "Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?", "answer": "January 9, 1957"}, {"question": "What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?", "answer": "Karachay Autonomous Oblast"}, {"question": "Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?", "answer": "Khrushchev"}, {"question": "To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?", "answer": "the Russian SFSR"}, {"question": "What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?", "answer": "the Georgian SSR"}, {"question": "Who lost power in 1964?", "answer": "Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "Who assumed a position of power in 1964?", "answer": "Leonid Brezhnev"}, {"question": "When did Leonid Brezhnev die?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "Whose assumption of power ended the era of stagnation?", "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev"}, {"question": "How did Mikhail Gorbachev end the era of stagnation?", "answer": "introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society"}, {"question": "On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?", "answer": "June 12, 1990"}, {"question": "What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "answer": "the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic"}, {"question": "What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?", "answer": "the \"War of Laws\""}, {"question": "What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "On what date was the office of President of the RSFSR created?", "answer": "March 17, 1991"}, {"question": "Who was the first President of the RSFSR?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "Who was the President of the Soviet Union in 1991?", "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev"}, {"question": "On what date did the first election for President of the RSFSR occur?", "answer": "June 12"}, {"question": "During what period was there an attempted coup in Moscow?", "answer": "August 19\u201321, 1991"}, {"question": "On what date was the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR suspended?", "answer": "August 23"}, {"question": "Who signed the decree suspending the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "On what date was the Communist Parties of the USSR banned from operating in the RSFSR?", "answer": "November 6"}, {"question": "Aside from Yeltsin, what notable figure was present at the signing of the August 23 decree?", "answer": "Gorbachev"}, {"question": "In what country is Viskuli located?", "answer": "Belarus"}, {"question": "On what date was the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed?", "answer": "December 8, 1991"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States?", "answer": "Belavezha Accords"}, {"question": "What body ratified the Belavezha Accords on December 12?", "answer": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"}, {"question": "The Belavezha Accords consisted of how many articles?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "When did the Russian Federation assume the Soviet Union's membership in the UN?", "answer": "December 24"}, {"question": "On what day did Gorbachev give up the presidency of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "December 25"}, {"question": "What was the new name given to the Russian SFSR after the resignation of Gorbachev?", "answer": "the Russian Federation"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the Russian Federation?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "In what periodical was the new sovereign status of the Russian Federation first published?", "answer": "Rossiyskaya Gazeta"}, {"question": "What was the government of the RSFSR called up to 1946?", "answer": "the Council of People's Commissars"}, {"question": "What was the RSFSR government called starting in 1946?", "answer": "Council of Ministers"}, {"question": "When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, what was the RSFSR government called?", "answer": "Council of Ministers\u2013Government"}, {"question": "Who led the first government of the RSFSR?", "answer": "Vladimir Lenin"}, {"question": "Who led the final government of the RSFSR?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?", "answer": "the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What event prompted the end to the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the RSFSR?", "answer": "the abortive 1991 August coup"}, {"question": "Who suspended the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "What is Bell most famous for inventing?", "answer": "telephone"}, {"question": "What year did Bell die?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What was special about his telephone?", "answer": "practical"}, {"question": "What is Bell's full name?", "answer": "Alexander Graham Bell"}, {"question": "What is Bell famous for inventing?", "answer": "telephone"}, {"question": "What were his relatives known for working on?", "answer": "elocution and speech"}, {"question": "What was interesting about his mother and wife?", "answer": "deaf"}, {"question": "What year did Bell get the patent for his telephone?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "In what country did Bell patent his telephone?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What did Bell never put in his study?", "answer": "telephone"}, {"question": "How many people started the National Geographic Society?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "Bell was the second president of what magazine?", "answer": "National Geographic Society"}, {"question": "What field did Bell later work in, apart from optical telecommunications and aeronautics?", "answer": "hydrofoils"}, {"question": "What year did Bell become President of the National Geographic magazine?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What city was Bell born in?", "answer": "Edinburgh"}, {"question": "What material marks Bells family  home as his birthplace?", "answer": "stone"}, {"question": "What disease did his two brothers die of?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "At what age did Bell ask for a middle name?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What did those close to him call Bell?", "answer": "Aleck"}, {"question": "What sort of things did Bell collect as a child?", "answer": "botanical specimens"}, {"question": "Who was Bell's closest friend as a child?", "answer": "Ben Herdman"}, {"question": "What sort of mill did Bell's neighbors run?", "answer": "flour"}, {"question": "Bell's dehusking machine combined what with nail brushes?", "answer": "rotating paddles"}, {"question": "What was Bell's reward for his dehusking machine?", "answer": "small workshop"}, {"question": "Bell was gifted at art, poetry, and what?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "What did Bell succeed at without being taught?", "answer": "piano"}, {"question": "How old was Bell when his mom started to go deaf?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What part of his mom's head would Bell talk into?", "answer": "forehead"}, {"question": "What did Bell research because of his mom's deafness?", "answer": "acoustics"}, {"question": "Where did Bell's uncle live?", "answer": "Dublin"}, {"question": "What was Bell's father most famous for publishing?", "answer": "The Standard Elocutionist"}, {"question": "Bell learned to accurately read lips even without knowing what?", "answer": "pronunciation"}, {"question": "The Standard Elocutionist was printed how many times?", "answer": "168"}, {"question": "Who taught Bell when he was very young?", "answer": "father"}, {"question": "What school did Bell leave at 15?", "answer": "Royal High School"}, {"question": "What was Bell's favorite subject?", "answer": "biology"}, {"question": "How old was Bell when he became a \"pupil-teacher\"?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "Who created the automaton Bell saw?", "answer": "Sir Charles Wheatstone"}, {"question": "What did the automaton mimic?", "answer": "human voice"}, {"question": "Bell built his own automaton with who?", "answer": "Melville"}, {"question": "What part of the automaton did Bell create?", "answer": "skull"}, {"question": "What living thing did Bell use in his research?", "answer": "Skye Terrier"}, {"question": "What was Bell's pet's name?", "answer": "Trouve"}, {"question": "What phrase did people believe Bell's dog could say?", "answer": "How are you grandma?"}, {"question": "Bell investigated resonance using what?", "answer": "tuning forks"}, {"question": "What did Bell  instruct his dog to do?", "answer": "growl continuously"}, {"question": "Who did Bell get to read his work?", "answer": "Alexander Ellis"}, {"question": "What country was doing work similar to Bell's?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music?", "answer": "Hermann von Helmholtz"}, {"question": "How old was Bell when he wrote his paper?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What fictional character is based on Alexander Ellis?", "answer": "Professor Henry Higgins"}, {"question": "By what means did Bell conclude vowel sounds could be made?", "answer": "electrical"}, {"question": "What else besides vowels did Bell decide could be created?", "answer": "consonants"}, {"question": "What language was Bell happy he couldn't read?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What did Bell think he didn't know well enough?", "answer": "electricity"}, {"question": "In what year did the Bell's move to London?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Where did Bell go in work in 1865?", "answer": "Weston House"}, {"question": "What building was Bell in?", "answer": "Somerset College"}, {"question": "How did Bell sign his letters?", "answer": "A.G. Bell"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell move home?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "What city is Susanna E. Hull located in?", "answer": "South Kensington"}, {"question": "What sort of student attended Susanna E. Hull?", "answer": "deaf"}, {"question": "Who died in 1870?", "answer": "Melville"}, {"question": "Where did Bell's father go to recover from illness?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "What did Bell help his final student get rid of?", "answer": "lisp"}, {"question": "How old was Bell when he went to Canada?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "What boat did Bell travel on?", "answer": "SS Nestorian"}, {"question": "In what Canadian city did Bell first arrive?", "answer": "Quebec City"}, {"question": "What city did Bell arrive at by train?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "How many acres was the farm the Bell's bought in Canada?", "answer": "10.5"}, {"question": "What building did Bell use as a workshop?", "answer": "carriage house"}, {"question": "What did Bell call his special spot in the back of the property?", "answer": "dreaming place"}, {"question": "What Native American language did Bell learn?", "answer": "Mohawk"}, {"question": "What special status did Bell get in the Mohawk tribe?", "answer": "Honorary Chief"}, {"question": "Where was the Six Nations Reserve located?", "answer": "Onondaga"}, {"question": "What did Bell rework to send music?", "answer": "melodeon"}, {"question": "What is a melodeon a kind of?", "answer": "pump organ"}, {"question": "When did Bell go to Montreal?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "Who went with Bell to Montreal?", "answer": "father"}, {"question": "How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?", "answer": "electrically"}, {"question": "Who ran the Boston School for Deaf Mutes?", "answer": "Sarah Fuller"}, {"question": "What name does the Boston School for Deaf Mutes go by now?", "answer": "the public Horace Mann School for the Deaf"}, {"question": "What month did Bell go to Boston?", "answer": "April"}, {"question": "Bell trained who in Boston?", "answer": "instructors"}, {"question": "What city was the American Asylum in?", "answer": "Hartford"}, {"question": "How many wires did Bell send a signal through?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "For  his system to work, Bell had to change what about each code?", "answer": "pitch"}, {"question": "Bell needed to fix both the transmitter and what?", "answer": "receiver"}, {"question": "Where was Bell's home?", "answer": "Brantford"}, {"question": "What city did Bell decide to return to?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell open his own school?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "How many people were in Bell's first class?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "Which of Bell's students is the most well known?", "answer": "Helen Keller"}, {"question": "Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?", "answer": "sign language"}, {"question": "What would happen so some children's hands in schools?", "answer": "tied behind their backs"}, {"question": "In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "What was the only language many deaf people had?", "answer": "signing"}, {"question": "With what school did Bell get his next teaching job?", "answer": "Boston University School of Oratory."}, {"question": "What was Bell's discipline?", "answer": "Vocal Physiology and Elocution"}, {"question": "What did Bell do late at night?", "answer": "experiments"}, {"question": "What health condition did Bell start to have?", "answer": "headaches"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell start to focus on research into sound?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "Bell's two remaining students were \"Georgie\" Sanders and who?", "answer": "Mabel Hubbard"}, {"question": "What was Georgie's father's name?", "answer": "Thomas Sanders"}, {"question": "What disease made Mabel deaf?", "answer": "scarlet fever"}, {"question": "How old was Mabel when she became deaf?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "On what material did the phonautograph operate?", "answer": "smoked glass"}, {"question": "What kind of reed did Bell want to play with?", "answer": "metal"}, {"question": "What did Bell believe the reeds would turn the signal into?", "answer": "sound"}, {"question": "What instrument is a phonautograph similar to?", "answer": "pen"}, {"question": "In what year was Bell really working on his telegraph?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "What business was William Orton in charge of?", "answer": "Western Union"}, {"question": "In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?", "answer": "nervous system"}, {"question": "What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?", "answer": "cost"}, {"question": "Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?", "answer": "Elisha Gray"}, {"question": "Who did Bell go to see in 1875?", "answer": "Joseph Henry"}, {"question": "Who ran the Smithsonian in 1875?", "answer": "Joseph Henry"}, {"question": "What was Henry's reply to Bell's statement that he lacked information to complete his telegraph?", "answer": "Get it!"}, {"question": "Who did Bell meet in 1874?", "answer": "Thomas A. Watson"}, {"question": "What kind of business did Watson work at?", "answer": "electrical machine"}, {"question": "Who did Bell take on to work with him?", "answer": "Thomas Watson"}, {"question": "What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?", "answer": "June 2"}, {"question": "How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?", "answer": "gallows"}, {"question": "Who gave money to Bell and Watson?", "answer": "Sanders and Hubbard"}, {"question": "What did Bell promise to split with his financers?", "answer": "U.S. profits"}, {"question": "In what country other than the U.S. did Bell try to patent his telegraph?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Which country did Bell first try to get a patent?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Who did Bell ask to get a patent in Britain?", "answer": "George Brown"}, {"question": "What kind of telegraph did Bell create?", "answer": "acoustic"}, {"question": "What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?", "answer": "February 14, 1876"}, {"question": "On what day did Bell get to Washington?", "answer": "February 26"}, {"question": "What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?", "answer": "U.S. Patent Office"}, {"question": "What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?", "answer": "telephone"}, {"question": "What number is Bell's patent?", "answer": "174,465"}, {"question": "On what date did Bell get his patent?", "answer": "March 7, 1876"}, {"question": "Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?", "answer": "apparatus"}, {"question": "On what day did Bell go back to Boston?", "answer": "March 7, 1876"}, {"question": "Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?", "answer": "Gray"}, {"question": "What kind of transmitter did Bell put in his telephone?", "answer": "liquid"}, {"question": "How did Bell refer to his partner in his well known line?", "answer": "Mr. Watson"}, {"question": "What did the vibrations cause to change?", "answer": "electrical resistance"}, {"question": "Bell implemented Gray's design as a what?", "answer": "proof of concept"}, {"question": "Bell stopped using the liquid-based method after what month?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "Bell used his own design in all public demonstrations and what?", "answer": "commercial use"}, {"question": "What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?", "answer": "variable resistance"}, {"question": "When did Bell put in his prior patent?", "answer": "February 25, 1875"}, {"question": "What liquid did Bell use in his first application?", "answer": "mercury"}, {"question": "Who declared himself an alcoholic?", "answer": "Zenas Fisk Wilber"}, {"question": "In what war did Wilber and Bailey fight together?", "answer": "Civil War"}, {"question": "How much did Wilber say Bell gave him in order to look at Gray's paperwork?", "answer": "$100"}, {"question": "What did Bell only admit to knowing in a letter?", "answer": "technical details"}, {"question": "From what city did Bell send his first message?", "answer": "Mount Pleasant"}, {"question": "Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?", "answer": "fences"}, {"question": "What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?", "answer": "reading and singing"}, {"question": "How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?", "answer": "$100,000"}, {"question": "Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?", "answer": "Western Union"}, {"question": "What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?", "answer": "a toy"}, {"question": "How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?", "answer": "$25 million"}, {"question": "In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?", "answer": "Emperor Pedro II"}, {"question": "Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?", "answer": "Victoria"}, {"question": "In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?", "answer": "carbon microphone"}, {"question": "What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?", "answer": "Western Union"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Bell telephone across the country?", "answer": "January 1915"}, {"question": "What company office did Bell make the original cross country phone call from?", "answer": "AT&T"}, {"question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call from?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What city did Bell make the first cross country call to?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "Who was on the other end of the first cross country phone call?", "answer": "Thomas Watson"}, {"question": "During how many years did the Bell Company battle lawsuits?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many times were Bell's patents contested?", "answer": "587"}, {"question": "How many of the court cases wound up at the Supreme Court?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Elisha Gray and what other man were behind many of the court cases?", "answer": "Amos Dolbear"}, {"question": "In 1887 the US Government wanted to undo Bell's patent due to fraud and what?", "answer": "misrepresentation"}, {"question": "The US Government lost the bid to overturn Bell's patent in what court?", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "How many years did Bell and the US Government fight in court?", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "What excuse did the judges have for the trial despite the fact that the patents had expired?", "answer": "precedent"}, {"question": "On what date did the US Government stop legal action?", "answer": "November 30, 1897"}, {"question": "Who claimed to have invented the in 1834?", "answer": "Antonio Meucci"}, {"question": "How many court trials did Meucci participate in?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "At what company were Meucci's prototypes supposedly lost?", "answer": "American District Telegraph (ADT)"}, {"question": "In what year did Western Union absorb ADT?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "What event caused Meucci's trials to be dropped?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?", "answer": "royalties"}, {"question": "What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?", "answer": "Brussels"}, {"question": "In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "Who did Bell marry in 1877?", "answer": "Mabel Hubbard"}, {"question": "How many children did Bell and Mabel have?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "Where did Bell and his wife go on their honeymoon?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Before 1897, what did Bell get most of his money from?", "answer": "lectures"}, {"question": "In what year did Mabel's father move to Washington D.C.?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell acquire a house in D.C.?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Where did Bell and Mabel live before 1880?", "answer": "Cambridge, Massachusetts"}, {"question": "What did Bell have to go to court for in D.C.?", "answer": "patent disputes"}, {"question": "In what year did Bell officially become an American?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "What was Bell's original nationality?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?", "answer": "hyphenated"}, {"question": "What Island in Nova Scotia did the Bells go to in 1885?", "answer": "Breton Island"}, {"question": "In 1886, what lake did Bell start building a house near?", "answer": "Bras d'Or"}, {"question": "What did the Bells call the house completed in 1889?", "answer": "The Lodge"}, {"question": "How many people worked for the Bell Boatyard?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "Where did the Bells live when the Halifax Explosion happened?", "answer": "Beinn Bhreagh"}, {"question": "On what day did the Halifax Explosion happen?", "answer": "December 6, 1917"}, {"question": "Which of their two homes did the Bells start spending more time as Bell aged?", "answer": "Beinn Bhreagh"}, {"question": "What city adopted the Bells?", "answer": "Baddeck"}, {"question": "What did the Bells do to help the victims in Halifax?", "answer": "mobilized the community"}, {"question": "What series of books does Gray say Bell would go to sleep reading?", "answer": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}, {"question": "How many solo patents did Bell get?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many patents did Bell co-author?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What famous lab did Bell spend time working for?", "answer": "Volta"}, {"question": "What type of energy did Bell investigate at the Volta Laboratory?", "answer": "magnetic"}, {"question": "The magnetic field is part of what sort of recorder?", "answer": "tape recorder"}, {"question": "What form of water played a part in Bell's home cooling system?", "answer": "ice"}, {"question": "What did Bell think could be collected from farm and factory byproduct?", "answer": "Methane gas"}, {"question": "What kind of toilet did Bell work on?", "answer": "composting"}, {"question": "Right before his death, what kind of energy did he speculate about?", "answer": "solar"}, {"question": "What did Bell call his cord-free phone?", "answer": "photophone"}, {"question": "Who did Bell invent the cord-free phone with?", "answer": "Charles Sumner Tainter"}, {"question": "What did Bell's cord-free phone use to transmit messages?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "What lab association did Bell and Tainter both eventually join?", "answer": "Volta Laboratory Association"}, {"question": "In the photophone, light carried sound and what?", "answer": "normal human conversations"}, {"question": "Bell and his assistant first used their photophone on what date?", "answer": "June 21, 1880"}, {"question": "How many feet did the first photophone message travel?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "From what building was the first photophone message sent?", "answer": "Franklin School"}, {"question": "How many years after this photophone message would the first message take place over radio?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What did Bell call the best thing he ever made?", "answer": "The photophone"}, {"question": "Bell thought the photophone was better than what famous invention?", "answer": "telephone"}, {"question": "What modern technology takes the next step from the photophone?", "answer": "fiber-optic communication"}, {"question": "When was fiber-optics first patented?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "In what decade did fiber-optics become widely used?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What did Bell create in 1881?", "answer": "metal detector"}, {"question": "What was in James Garfield that they wanted to get out?", "answer": "bullet"}, {"question": "What did Bell think was wrong with the bed, which prevented his machine from finding the bullet?", "answer": "metal bed frame"}, {"question": "On which run did Bell's metal detector give a small indication?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "When did Bell's metal detector work well?", "answer": "in tests"}, {"question": "Bell gave his story about trying to find the bullet to the American Association for the Advancement of what?", "answer": "Science"}, {"question": "Where did Bell go the day after trying to find the bullet?", "answer": "Executive Mansion"}, {"question": "What kind of mattress was the President directly on?", "answer": "horse-hair"}, {"question": "Where did Bell indicate that the bullet was too deep for his machine to register?", "answer": "footnote"}, {"question": "Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?", "answer": "William E. Meacham"}, {"question": "What nationality was Meacham?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?", "answer": "hydrofoil boat"}, {"question": "Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?", "answer": "Frederick W. \"Casey\" Baldwin"}, {"question": "Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?", "answer": "Enrico Forlanini"}, {"question": "In what country did Baldwin and Forlanini get together?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What did Baldwin liken the hydrofoil boat to?", "answer": "flying"}, {"question": "Which boat was first powered by a Renault engine?", "answer": "HD-4"}, {"question": "What color silk covered Bell's kites?", "answer": "maroon"}, {"question": "Who was on Cygnet I when it crashed?", "answer": "Selfridge"}, {"question": "Bell's kits were flown from 1907 to what year?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "How many tetrahedral wings did Bell create?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "Some of the kites remain at what National Historic Site?", "answer": "Alexander Graham Bell"}, {"question": "What organization did Bell set up due to his interest in aerospace?", "answer": "Aerial Experiment Association"}, {"question": "When was the AEA founded?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "Which original member of the AEA held motorcycle speed records?", "answer": "Glenn H. Curtiss"}, {"question": "Which branch of the military was Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge in?", "answer": "army"}, {"question": "What did the AEA work on after kites?", "answer": "gliders"}, {"question": "What material was the Red Wing's frame made of?", "answer": "bamboo"}, {"question": "What kind of plane was the Red Wing?", "answer": "biplane"}, {"question": "How many accident-free flights had the AEA taken by 1909?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to die in a plane crash?", "answer": "Selfridge"}, {"question": "What did the AEA name their last plane?", "answer": "Silver Dart"}, {"question": "Who was the first to fly the Silver Dart?", "answer": "J.A.D. McCurdy"}, {"question": "What professional did Bell make sure was present during the first Silver Dart flight?", "answer": "a doctor"}, {"question": "What business did Baldwin and McCurdy start after the AEA folded?", "answer": "Canadian Aerodrome Company"}, {"question": "On what month and day did the Silver Dart take its first flight?", "answer": "February 23"}, {"question": "What kind of parents did Bell state were more prone to having deaf children?", "answer": "congenitally deaf parents"}, {"question": "In 1921 the American Museum of Natural History hosted what event?", "answer": "Second International Congress of Eugenics"}, {"question": "Which biologist ran the Committee on Eugenics?", "answer": "David Starr"}, {"question": "What did Bell like to do that led to his involvement with eugenics?", "answer": "livestock breeding"}, {"question": "What are Bell's personal papers known as?", "answer": "Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers"}, {"question": "In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?", "answer": "Manuscript Division"}, {"question": "Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?", "answer": "online"}, {"question": "In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?", "answer": "Cape Breton University"}, {"question": "In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?", "answer": "Nova Scotia"}, {"question": "Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?", "answer": "$250,000"}, {"question": "Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?", "answer": "Alexandre Dumas"}, {"question": "Who first established the Volta Prize?", "answer": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}, {"question": "The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?", "answer": "wax"}, {"question": "Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?", "answer": "Volta Bureau"}, {"question": "What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?", "answer": "Science"}, {"question": "When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?", "answer": "illustrations"}, {"question": "What award did Bell win in 1902?", "answer": "Albert Medal"}, {"question": "What did Bell receive from many centers of post-secondary education?", "answer": "honorary degrees"}, {"question": "What is the most famous statue built for Bell and his creation?", "answer": "Bell Telephone Memorial"}, {"question": "When was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "In what city was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "answer": "Brantford"}, {"question": "In which gardens was the Bell Telephone Memorial constructed?", "answer": "Alexander Graham Bell Gardens"}, {"question": "In 1936, what place did Bell receive on a list of best inventors?", "answer": "First"}, {"question": "What was created in Bell's image in 1940?", "answer": "commemorative stamp"}, {"question": "Bell's stamp is part of which line?", "answer": "Famous Americans Series"}, {"question": "On what date was the stamp officially released?", "answer": "October 28"}, {"question": "In which city was the stamp officially released?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What bird is depicted on the Scottish banknote?", "answer": "geese"}, {"question": "What do the sheep on the Scottish banknote represent?", "answer": "genetics"}, {"question": "What form of currency did Canada issue to celebrate Bell in 1997?", "answer": "C$100 gold coin"}, {"question": "In what year did Canada put out a coin to commemorate the Silver Dart?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?", "answer": "57th"}, {"question": "In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?", "answer": "Scottish Science Hall of Fame"}, {"question": "Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?", "answer": "National Library of Scotland"}, {"question": "What disease contributed greatly to Bell's death?", "answer": "diabetes"}, {"question": "On what day and month did Bell die?", "answer": "August 2"}, {"question": "Who was the last person to see Bell alive?", "answer": "Mabel"}, {"question": "In what Province did Bell die?", "answer": "Nova Scotia"}, {"question": "What kind of wood was Bell's coffin made from?", "answer": "Beinn Bhreagh pine"}, {"question": "What color silk was used in Bell's coffin?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What color were attendees asked to not wear at Bell's funeral?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "Which singer performed at Bell's funeral?", "answer": "Jean MacDonald"}, {"question": "Where was Bell buried?", "answer": "atop Beinn Bhreagh mountain"}, {"question": "Bell's living daughters were named Elsie May and what?", "answer": "Marian"}, {"question": "Over how many years did Bell spend a great deal of time at Beinn Bhreagh?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "What unit is named after Bell?", "answer": "The bel"}, {"question": "What does the bel and decibel measure?", "answer": "sound intensity"}, {"question": "What lab invented the term \"bel.\"", "answer": "Bell Labs"}, {"question": "In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?", "answer": "telecommunications"}, {"question": "What was the first year the Alexander Graham Bell Medal was given out?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What is the term 'pub' short for?", "answer": "public house"}, {"question": "Where in the United States are pubs located?", "answer": "New England"}, {"question": "What continental European country has pubs?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Who said that pubs are the heart of England?", "answer": "Samuel Pepys"}, {"question": "What Roman businesses were analogous to modern day pubs?", "answer": "taverns"}, {"question": "What similar establishments existed in the Anglo-Saxon world?", "answer": "alehouse"}, {"question": "In what century did the tied house system develop?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What are traditional pub windows made out of?", "answer": "smoked or frosted glass"}, {"question": "What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?", "answer": "clear glass"}, {"question": "Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?", "answer": "snacks"}, {"question": "What is a proper term for the licensee of the pub?", "answer": "pub landlord"}, {"question": "What was the pub landlord often called in Victorian times?", "answer": "publican"}, {"question": "What are pubs called by those who regularly visit there?", "answer": "locals"}, {"question": "Teams for what sport can be found congregating at pubs?", "answer": "darts"}, {"question": "What gaming tables can often be found in pubs?", "answer": "pool or snooker"}, {"question": "In what decade did pubs tend to cease selling alcohol for off-premises drinking?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What was the name of the counter where pubs traditionally sold alcohol to drink at home?", "answer": "off-sales counter"}, {"question": "What was a colloquial term for the off-sales counter?", "answer": "the jug and bottle"}, {"question": "Along with high street chain stores and off-licenses, what stores undercut pub alcohol sales in the 1970s?", "answer": "supermarkets"}, {"question": "During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?", "answer": "the Bronze Age"}, {"question": "In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?", "answer": "the 1st Century"}, {"question": "What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?", "answer": "tabernae"}, {"question": "In what century did the Romans leave Britain?", "answer": "5th Century"}, {"question": "What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "When did the Hostellers of London become a guild?", "answer": "1446"}, {"question": "In what year did the Hostellers of London change their name to the Worshipful Company of Innholders?", "answer": "1514"}, {"question": "Where did travelers early in the Middle Ages often find lodgings?", "answer": "monasteries"}, {"question": "What religious activity was responsible for the growing demand for hostelries?", "answer": "pilgrimages"}, {"question": "Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?", "answer": "food and drink"}, {"question": "What road is an inn often located near?", "answer": "highway"}, {"question": "How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?", "answer": "several centuries"}, {"question": "What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?", "answer": "community gathering places"}, {"question": "What amenity does an inn offer that pubs, alehouses and taverns usually do not?", "answer": "accommodation"}, {"question": "In what nation's pubs is food often served?", "answer": "the UK"}, {"question": "Along with Southwark and The Tabard, what is a notable London inn?", "answer": "The George"}, {"question": "In what country is \"The Welcome Inn\" frequently used as a name for pubs?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "Aside from human beings, what creature's needs were traditionally seen to at inns?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "What is the main service of an inn, now also attainable in motels, hotels and lodges?", "answer": "lodging"}, {"question": "What is the main provision that pubs offer?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "What are customers seeking when they visit restaurants or taverns?", "answer": "food and drink"}, {"question": "What is a noted hotel brand throughout North America?", "answer": "Holiday Inn"}, {"question": "In the United States, what are operators of lodgings sometimes called?", "answer": "innkeepers"}, {"question": "Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?", "answer": "Inns of Court"}, {"question": "In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?", "answer": "Wales"}, {"question": "What was the one ingredient of traditional English ale?", "answer": "fermented malt"}, {"question": "What country pioneered the introduction of hops for beer production?", "answer": "the Netherlands"}, {"question": "In what century was the process of using hops to produce beer introduced to England?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "In what century did the first independent breweries appear in England?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "What businesses were the dominant brewers of beer in England by the close of the 17th century?", "answer": "commercial breweries"}, {"question": "After what political upheaval was gin introduced to England?", "answer": "the Glorious Revolution"}, {"question": "What people introduced gin to England?", "answer": "the Dutch"}, {"question": "In what year did the Glorious Revolution occur?", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "How much more gin than beer was made in England in 1740?", "answer": "six times"}, {"question": "In 1740, what fraction of London drinking establishments were gin shops?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?", "answer": "William Hogarth"}, {"question": "What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?", "answer": "The Gin Act 1736"}, {"question": "When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? ", "answer": "1742"}, {"question": "What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?", "answer": "The Gin Act 1751"}, {"question": "In what century did gin houses proliferate throughout Britain?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What book by Dickens described activities in drinking establishments?", "answer": "Sketches by Boz"}, {"question": "Over what two-year period was Sketches by Boz written?", "answer": "1835\u20131836"}, {"question": "What was another name for gin houses early in the 19th century?", "answer": "\"Gin Palaces\""}, {"question": "In what British city did gin houses first appear?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What law allowed the existence of beer houses?", "answer": "Beer Act of 1830"}, {"question": "In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?", "answer": "low alcohol content"}, {"question": "What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?", "answer": "gin"}, {"question": "What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?", "answer": "reducing public drunkenness"}, {"question": "What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?", "answer": "\u00a3168"}, {"question": "What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?", "answer": "beer or cider"}, {"question": "On what day were beer houses closed?", "answer": "Sundays"}, {"question": "Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?", "answer": "jugs"}, {"question": "What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?", "answer": "spirits and fortified wines"}, {"question": "How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?", "answer": "46,000"}, {"question": "In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "What establishments did beer houses become after buying an additional license?", "answer": "pubs"}, {"question": "By the end of what century were most beer houses closed?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Where are purpose-built pubs typically located?", "answer": "corners or road junctions"}, {"question": "What modern brewers often first began as beer houses?", "answer": "real ale micro-brewers"}, {"question": "Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?", "answer": "The Red Lion"}, {"question": "What is an example of a name for a beer house?", "answer": "Smith's Beer House"}, {"question": "In addition to a license to sell spirits, what did tavern owners require a license to sell?", "answer": "ale"}, {"question": "In what century did public drinking regulations first exist in England?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "What party received income from the sale of public drinking house licenses?", "answer": "the crown"}, {"question": "In what century were the operating hours of drinking establishments first limited?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In what decade were the restrictions on public drinking establishment licenses loosened?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What bodies controlled drinking establishment licensing administration as of 2005?", "answer": "Local Authorities"}, {"question": "What law mandated a license from the local magistrate to sell beer?", "answer": "Wine and Beerhouse Act 1869"}, {"question": "At what locations were public house licenses granted?", "answer": "special Licensing Sessions courts"}, {"question": "Retirees from what two professions often sought licenses for pubs?", "answer": "ex-servicemen or ex-policemen"}, {"question": "What were licenses called that allowed spirits to be served at temporary premises?", "answer": "Occasional Licences"}, {"question": "Where can historical licensing records be examined?", "answer": "London Metropolitan Archives centre"}, {"question": "Along with a public house's address, licensee, and the licensee's misdemeanors, what information was kept in licensing records?", "answer": "owner"}, {"question": "What law further restricted public houses?", "answer": "the Defence of the Realm Act"}, {"question": "In what month and year was the Defence of the Realm Act passed?", "answer": "August 1914"}, {"question": "Along with the period 6:30 pm\u20139:30 pm, what opening hours were acceptable under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "12 noon\u20132:30 pm"}, {"question": "What is an example of a county where provinces were closed for violating the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "Pembrokeshire"}, {"question": "What body enforced pubs' closing hours under the Defence of the Realm Act?", "answer": "the police"}, {"question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Kensington in the 1960s?", "answer": "10:30 pm"}, {"question": "What was the mandated closing time of pubs in Knightsbridge in the 1960s?", "answer": "11 pm"}, {"question": "What is an example of an English city where breweries were run by the government?", "answer": "Carlisle"}, {"question": "In what year did the State Management Scheme cease?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "On what days were Scottish and Welsh pubs often 'dry'?", "answer": "Sundays"}, {"question": "Circa 2000, what was the latest pubs in Wales could be open until on every day but Sunday?", "answer": "11 pm"}, {"question": "What was the latest legal closing time on Sundays in English pubs as of 2000?", "answer": "10:30 pm"}, {"question": "How many hours per day were pubs located near Billingsgate fish market allowed to remain open?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on Sundays?", "answer": "12 noon"}, {"question": "In 2000, what was the earliest Welsh and English pubs could open on any day but Sunday?", "answer": "11 am"}, {"question": "When were wartime licensing laws ended in Scotland?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What constituent countries of the United Kingdom's licensing laws were notably flexible?", "answer": "Scotland's and Northern Ireland's"}, {"question": "When did the Licensing Act 2003 come into effect?", "answer": "24 November 2005"}, {"question": "After the Licensing Act 2003, who determined the operating hours of pubs?", "answer": "the local council"}, {"question": "Due to the traditional closing hours, when was there often violence outside of pubs?", "answer": "11.30 pm"}, {"question": "How many alcohol involved hospital admissions were there in 2006/7?", "answer": "207,800"}, {"question": "How many pubs applied to be allowed to sell alcohol 24 hours a day?", "answer": "1,121"}, {"question": "What is it called when the owner of a pub allows patrons to remain when the pub should have closed?", "answer": "\"lock-in\""}, {"question": "What law allows pubs to apply to extend their closing hours after 11pm?", "answer": "Licensing Act 2003"}, {"question": "A law of what year prompted the existence of the \"lock-in\"?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "What action by a pub owner can result in his prosecution?", "answer": "allowing smoking"}, {"question": "In what month and year was smoking banned in public places in Scotland?", "answer": "March 2006"}, {"question": "When did Wales outlaw smoking in public?", "answer": "April 2007"}, {"question": "What was the month and year when England banned public smoking?", "answer": "July 2007"}, {"question": "What company took over Scottish & Newcastle's pubs?", "answer": "Carlsberg and Heineken"}, {"question": "What chain of pubs reported favorable profits in June 2009?", "answer": "Wetherspoon"}, {"question": "What street in Islington was named for a pub run by Mr Ball?", "answer": "Balls Pond Road"}, {"question": "On what street was the Grecian Saloon located?", "answer": "City Road"}, {"question": "What pub was the home of the Grecian Saloon?", "answer": "The Eagle"}, {"question": "What is rhyming slang for 'coat'?", "answer": "weasel"}, {"question": "In what century did saloons become established?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "Along with cabaret, striptease, bands and drama, what is a type of stage performance that can be found in pubs?", "answer": "stand-up comedy"}, {"question": "Along with karaoke, what type of prerecorded music is often found in pubs?", "answer": "juke boxes"}, {"question": "What socioeconomic class was associated with the lounge bar in the 20th century?", "answer": "middle-class"}, {"question": "What economic class was most likely to be found in the tap room?", "answer": "working class"}, {"question": "In pence, what did the cheapest beer cost in the four-ale bar?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What was the tap room sawdust meant to absorb spills and spit called?", "answer": "spit and sawdust"}, {"question": "What is another name for the lounge bar?", "answer": "saloon"}, {"question": "In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?", "answer": "the 1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?", "answer": "removal of the dividing wall or partition"}, {"question": "What is another name for the smoke room?", "answer": "snug"}, {"question": "What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?", "answer": "the parish priest"}, {"question": "What were the windows in the snug made out of?", "answer": "frosted glass"}, {"question": "How many pubs were part of the CAMRA survey?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "According to CAMRA, how many pubs in Britain possess classic snugs?", "answer": "very few"}, {"question": "In Germany, what do servers do to serve beer in beer gardens?", "answer": "bring the beer out to the table"}, {"question": "Before the pub, where did beer establishments keep their casks of ale?", "answer": "taproom"}, {"question": "What establishments inspired pubs to set up serving bars?", "answer": "gin houses"}, {"question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Vine located?", "answer": "Brierley Hill"}, {"question": "What do the locals call The Vine?", "answer": "The Bull and Bladder"}, {"question": "Who pioneered the circular bar?", "answer": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel"}, {"question": "At what establishment was the circular bar introduced?", "answer": "Swindon station pub"}, {"question": "What was Isambard Brunel's occuption?", "answer": "engineer and railway builder"}, {"question": "What was Isambard Brunel's nationality?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What is a \"beer engine\"?", "answer": "a device for pumping beer"}, {"question": "What is the function of a \"beer engine\"?", "answer": "to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar"}, {"question": "Who invented the beer pump in England?", "answer": "John Lofting"}, {"question": "In what city was the beer pump invented?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "In what country was John Lofting born?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "What was the death year of John Lofting?", "answer": "1742"}, {"question": "When was John Lofting born?", "answer": "1659"}, {"question": "In what newspaper did John Lofting mention his beer pump?", "answer": "London Gazette"}, {"question": "On what day was Lofting's fire engine patent published?", "answer": "17 March 1691"}, {"question": "How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?", "answer": "20 to 30"}, {"question": "What location did John Lofting live near?", "answer": "St Thomas Apostle London"}, {"question": "In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?", "answer": "Islington"}, {"question": "What was William Tillcar's profession?", "answer": "Turner"}, {"question": "What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?", "answer": "Sun Tavern"}, {"question": "What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?", "answer": "handpump"}, {"question": "Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?", "answer": "gas"}, {"question": "What was the name for a pub that could sell beer from more than one brewery?", "answer": "a Free house"}, {"question": "In what century did the habit arise of pubs selling beer from only one brewery?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What was the name of the private individual who rented out a pub owned by a brewery?", "answer": "landlord"}, {"question": "What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?", "answer": "Shepherd Neame"}, {"question": "What London breweries each own many pubs?", "answer": "Young's and Fuller's"}, {"question": "What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?", "answer": "Greene King"}, {"question": "What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?", "answer": "The Beer Orders"}, {"question": "In what year were the Beer Orders passed?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Along with Punch Taverns and Weatherspoons, what was an organization formed as a result of the Beer Orders?", "answer": "O'Neill's"}, {"question": "What is the name of a company that retails but does not manufacture drinks?", "answer": "PubCo"}, {"question": "Along with breweries, what type of company may run a pub chain?", "answer": "PubCo"}, {"question": "In what country was Punch Taverns established?", "answer": "the UK"}, {"question": "When a pub is bought by a new owner, what often happens to them?", "answer": "renamed"}, {"question": "What often happens to regional breweries after they sell their pubs?", "answer": "closed down"}, {"question": "What is the closest outlet for a brewery's beers called?", "answer": "A brewery tap"}, {"question": "If the brewery tap is not located in the brewery, where is it usually located?", "answer": "the nearest pub"}, {"question": "What is the term for a pub that brews and sells its own beer?", "answer": "brewpub"}, {"question": "What is another name for a rural public house?", "answer": "country pub"}, {"question": "What was a function of distant country pubs before the rise of motor vehicles?", "answer": "serving travellers as coaching inns"}, {"question": "Over what period of years has the traditional function of country pubs been changing?", "answer": "the last thirty"}, {"question": "What is a frequent modern function of country pubs?", "answer": "providing seating facilities for the consumption of food"}, {"question": "Along with community meetings, what was the traditional purpose of country pubs?", "answer": "drinking"}, {"question": "What is a blanket term for pubs that, for example, cater to sports fans?", "answer": "theme pubs"}, {"question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people of a certain nationality?", "answer": "Irish pubs"}, {"question": "What is an example of a theme pub that caters to people with certain musical interests?", "answer": "rock pubs"}, {"question": "What sort of theme pub would be likely to feature strippers?", "answer": "strip pubs"}, {"question": "In what sort of theme pub could one find visitors singing with musical accompaniment?", "answer": "karaoke bars"}, {"question": "Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?", "answer": "Richard II"}, {"question": "In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?", "answer": "1393"}, {"question": "What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "What was John Shakespeare's profession?", "answer": "inspectors"}, {"question": "If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?", "answer": "forfeit his ale"}, {"question": "In what historical period was a large portion of the population illiterate?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "From where did pubs without written names derive their names?", "answer": "the illustration on the pub's sign"}, {"question": "Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?", "answer": "The Cross"}, {"question": "What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?", "answer": "the coat of arms"}, {"question": "What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?", "answer": "hops"}, {"question": "Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?", "answer": "farming"}, {"question": "What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?", "answer": "Trafalgar"}, {"question": "What town is The Crow and Gate located in?", "answer": "Crowborough"}, {"question": "What county is home to The Crow and Gate?", "answer": "East Sussex"}, {"question": "Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?", "answer": "royal"}, {"question": "What hangs today over most British pub doors?", "answer": "decorated signs"}, {"question": "What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?", "answer": "the name of the pub"}, {"question": "What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?", "answer": "directing potential customers to their door"}, {"question": "What is an example of a memorable name for a pub chain?", "answer": "Slug and Lettuce"}, {"question": "What sort of theme is thought memorable for modern pub names?", "answer": "comic"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a pub name?", "answer": "to identify and differentiate each pub"}, {"question": "What type of pub signs were useful to an illiterate clientele?", "answer": "pictorial signs"}, {"question": "After whom was the Marquis of Granby pub named?", "answer": "John Manners, Marquess of Granby"}, {"question": "Who was the father of John Manners, Marquess of Granby?", "answer": "John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland"}, {"question": "What was the military rank of the 3rd Duke of Rutland?", "answer": "general"}, {"question": "In what century did the 3rd Duke of Rutland live?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What were pubs licensed in 1780 named?", "answer": "the Royal George"}, {"question": "The pub \"The Bag o'Nails\" was a corruption of what word?", "answer": "Bacchanals"}, {"question": "What phrase was \"The Goat and Compasses\" a corruption of?", "answer": "God Encompasseth Us"}, {"question": "What does Chaton Fid\u00e8le mean in English?", "answer": "Faithful Kitten"}, {"question": "What location does Boulogne Bouche refer to?", "answer": "Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour"}, {"question": "Who won a victory at Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "What game played in both Britain and America has become increasingly popular in pubs?", "answer": "pool"}, {"question": "Along with Aunt Sally and ringing the bull, what is one of the obscure traditional games played in pubs?", "answer": "Nine Men's Morris"}, {"question": "Along with darts, skittles, dominoes and bar billiards, what is a well-known pub game?", "answer": "cards"}, {"question": "Along with dominoes, on what pub game can you legally bet in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "cribbage"}, {"question": "What table-based version of soccer is an increasingly popular pub game?", "answer": "Table Football"}, {"question": "Along with slot machines, what is a modern game that is increasingly present in pubs?", "answer": "video games"}, {"question": "What is a pub that plays pop and hip-hop music called?", "answer": "dance bar"}, {"question": "At what sort of pub can you watch rugby union on television?", "answer": "sports bar"}, {"question": "Along with Bat and trap, what game is popular in south London pubs?", "answer": "Shove ha'penny"}, {"question": "What is the term for pub-based football that is often played on Sundays?", "answer": "Sunday League Football"}, {"question": "What sport is played on a pub's bowling green?", "answer": "Bowling"}, {"question": "Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers are examples of bands from what genre of music?", "answer": "Pub rock"}, {"question": "What genre of music was influenced by pub rock?", "answer": "Punk music"}, {"question": "In what decade was Pub rock popular?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "Pork scratchings, pickled eggs and salted crisps are examples of what type of food?", "answer": "bar snacks"}, {"question": "In London, what food vendors could often be found near pubs?", "answer": "mobile shellfish stalls"}, {"question": "In what section of London can mobile shellfish stalls still be found today?", "answer": "East End"}, {"question": "What seafood can often be purchased in jars at pubs?", "answer": "pickled cockles and mussels"}, {"question": "During what decade did some British pubs provide \"a pie and a pint\"?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "In what decade was the ploughman's lunch often consumed in pubs?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What decade saw the popularity of \"chicken in a basket\"?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What was \"chicken in a basket\" served in?", "answer": "a wicker basket"}, {"question": "Along with chicken, what food was included in \"chicken in a basket\"?", "answer": "chips"}, {"question": "What are foods like fish and chips and chicken wings called when they're served at a pub?", "answer": "Pub grub"}, {"question": "On what day do pubs sometimes offer free snacks?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "What culture's cuisine is ploughman's lunch a part of?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "During what decade did food become an important aspect of a pub's business?", "answer": "the 1990s"}, {"question": "Along with dinners, what meals do modern pubs often serve?", "answer": "lunches"}, {"question": "What is a term for pubs that serve restaurant-quality food?", "answer": "gastropubs"}, {"question": "Other than the bar, in what room might patrons of a pub eat?", "answer": "dining room"}, {"question": "What two words is 'gastropub' a portanteau of?", "answer": "pub and gastronomy"}, {"question": "In what year was the term gastropub invented?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Along with David Eyre, who took over the Eagle pub?", "answer": "Mike Belben"}, {"question": "In what city is the Eagle pub located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "In what area of London is the Eagle pub located?", "answer": "Clerkenwell"}, {"question": "How many pubs does the National Trust own?", "answer": "thirty-six"}, {"question": "In what city is the George Inn located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What city is home to The Crown Liquor Saloon?", "answer": "Belfast"}, {"question": "What part of the United Kingdom is Belfast located in?", "answer": "Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "What body maintains a National Inventory of notable pubs?", "answer": "CAMRA"}, {"question": "What pub in England is the highest above sea level?", "answer": "the Tan Hill Inn"}, {"question": "In what county is the Tan Hill Inn located?", "answer": "Yorkshire"}, {"question": "How many meters above sea level is the Tan Hill Inn?", "answer": "528"}, {"question": "In what settlement is the pub known as The Old Forge located?", "answer": "Inverie"}, {"question": "In what country of the United Kingdom is the Old Forge pub located?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?", "answer": "Ye Olde Fighting Cocks"}, {"question": "In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?", "answer": "Nottingham"}, {"question": "When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?", "answer": "1189"}, {"question": "When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?", "answer": "1086"}, {"question": "Where is The Old Ferryboat Inn located?", "answer": "Holywell"}, {"question": "How far back does the foundation of The Old Ferryboat Inn date?", "answer": "460"}, {"question": "When was ale first served at the site of The Old Ferryboat Inn?", "answer": "560"}, {"question": "When does The Bingley Arms claim to have been founded?", "answer": "905"}, {"question": "In what county is the Bingley Arms located?", "answer": "Yorkshire"}, {"question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Salutation Inn date back to?", "answer": "1240"}, {"question": "Where is Ye Olde Salutation Inn located?", "answer": "Nottingham"}, {"question": "When does the building housing Ye Olde Man & Scythe date from?", "answer": "1631"}, {"question": "What town is the Q Inn located in?", "answer": "Stalybridge"}, {"question": "What county is home to The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn?", "answer": "Cheshire"}, {"question": "What pub has the shortest name in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "the Q Inn"}, {"question": "What is the pub with the longest name in the UK?", "answer": "The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps Inn"}, {"question": "What county is Stalybridge in?", "answer": "Cheshire"}, {"question": "When was a smoking ban passed in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "In what year did the number of United Kingdom pubs generally start to decline?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "Competition from what new form of establishment is sometimes blamed for the decline of pubs?", "answer": "gastro-pubs"}, {"question": "What business that sells cheap alcohol has sometimes been held to have resulted in the decline of pubs?", "answer": "supermarkets"}, {"question": "How many closed pubs did The Lost Pubs Project catalog?", "answer": "28,095"}, {"question": "In what year did Parliament inquire into the frequency of pub closures?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What did Parliament promise to pass as a result of increased pub closures?", "answer": "legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants"}, {"question": "Who was based out of the Swan Inn?", "answer": "Dick Turpin"}, {"question": "In what county was the Swan Inn located?", "answer": "Buckinghamshire"}, {"question": "What was the name of the innkeeper at the Spread Eagle in the 1920s?", "answer": "John Fothergill"}, {"question": "In what year was An Innkeeper's Diary published?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What publishing house published An Innkeeper's Diary?", "answer": "Chatto & Windus"}, {"question": "What pub was associated with Samuel Johnson, perhaps erroneously?", "answer": "Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese"}, {"question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby, what pub was Samuel Pepys associated with?", "answer": "the Cock Tavern"}, {"question": "What writer was known to visit both the Cheshire Cheese and the Prospect of Whitby?", "answer": "Charles Dickens"}, {"question": "Along with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cheshire Cheese, what pub did Dickens visit?", "answer": "Ye Olde Cock Tavern"}, {"question": "What is the street address of The Fitzroy Tavern?", "answer": "16 Charlotte Street"}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Fitzroy Tavern located?", "answer": "Fitzrovia"}, {"question": "In what district of London is Pillars of Hercules located?", "answer": "Soho"}, {"question": "What real-life pub provided the model for Orwell's The Moon Under Water?", "answer": "The Canonbury Tavern"}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Canonbury Tavern located?", "answer": "Canonbury"}, {"question": "Where is the Red Lion located?", "answer": "Parliament Square"}, {"question": "What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?", "answer": "a Division bell"}, {"question": "Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?", "answer": "Mayfair"}, {"question": "What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?", "answer": "The Coleherne"}, {"question": "At what pub did Ronnie Kray kill someone in 1966?", "answer": "The Blind Beggar"}, {"question": "What pub is associated with some of Jack the Ripper's victims?", "answer": "The Ten Bells"}, {"question": "Outside what pub was David Blakely shot?", "answer": "The Magdala"}, {"question": "What is the present name of the former Crown and Anchor?", "answer": "The Crown Tavern"}, {"question": "In what year did Joseph Stalin visit London?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "At what pub did Thomas Paine write The Rights of Man?", "answer": "The Angel"}, {"question": "In what district of London is The Angel located?", "answer": "Islington"}, {"question": "What writer mentioned The Angel pub in his writings?", "answer": "Charles Dickens"}, {"question": "What is the present status of the Angel pub?", "answer": "a Co-operative Bank"}, {"question": "Prior to becoming a pub, what did the Angel serve as?", "answer": "a coaching inn"}, {"question": "Along with the Eagle and Child, at what pub did the Inklings regularly meet?", "answer": "the Lamb and Flag"}, {"question": "Where is the Eagle and Child located?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "Along with J. R. R. Tolkien, who was a noted member of the Inklings?", "answer": "C. S. Lewis"}, {"question": "Where is the Eagle pub located?", "answer": "Cambridge"}, {"question": "On what date did Francis Crick announce to an audience of pub-goers that he had discovered DNA?", "answer": "28 February 1953"}, {"question": "What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?", "answer": "The Rovers Return"}, {"question": "What pub is featured on EastEnders?", "answer": "The Queen Vic"}, {"question": "What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?", "answer": "BBC One"}, {"question": "What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?", "answer": "ITV"}, {"question": "What pub is featured on Emmerdale?", "answer": "the Woolpack"}, {"question": "What would be a more accurate classification for many \"British\" pubs found outside Britain?", "answer": "themed bars"}, {"question": "What continental European country has pubs that would be familiar to a Briton?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "How many British cask beers were present at the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "In what city did the 2008 European Beer Festival take place?", "answer": "Copenhagen"}, {"question": "About how many people visited the 2008 European Beer Festival?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What is the native Irish term for a pub's atmosphere?", "answer": "craic"}, {"question": "What does teach t\u00e1bhairne mean in English?", "answer": "tavernhouse"}, {"question": "What Irish term means \"drinkinghouse\"?", "answer": "teach \u00f3il"}, {"question": "Vis-\u00e0-vis pubs in Ireland, what feature do pubs in Northern Ireland lack?", "answer": "spirit grocers"}, {"question": "What country outside Ireland is known for having Irish pubs?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Traditionally, what was the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "answer": "tavern"}, {"question": "In what decade did \"bar\" become the popular term for a drinking establishment in English-speaking Canada?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "In the 19th century, what term was used in English-speaking Canada to describe a drinking establishment?", "answer": "public house"}, {"question": "What body often runs pubs on the campuses of Canadian universities?", "answer": "the student's union"}, {"question": "In what decade could one find an \"English looking\" pub trend in Canada?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What does ISP stand for?", "answer": "Internet service provider"}, {"question": "what does an isp do?", "answer": "provides services for accessing, using, the Internet"}, {"question": "What forms can an isp be organized in?", "answer": "commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned"}, {"question": "What type of organization provides internet access?", "answer": "ISPs"}, {"question": "What are some services provided by an isp?", "answer": "Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation"}, {"question": "Why was the internet developed?", "answer": "a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities"}, {"question": "when was the internet developed?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?", "answer": "a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet"}, {"question": "When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?", "answer": "4 years"}, {"question": "Where were the first isps established?", "answer": "Australia and the United States"}, {"question": "where was the first commercial isp in the us located? ", "answer": "Brookline, Massachusetts"}, {"question": "when was the first commercial isp customer served?", "answer": "November 1989"}, {"question": "when were the first commercial isps established?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "what was the name of the first commercial isp in the us?", "answer": "The World"}, {"question": "What would the absence of net neutrality permit? ", "answer": "ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content"}, {"question": "what may possibly be a solution to net neutrality concerns? ", "answer": "municipal broadband"}, {"question": "how did president obama recommend to classify the internet? ", "answer": "a telecommunications service"}, {"question": "what did the fcc choose to apply to the internet? ", "answer": "Title II (common carrier)"}, {"question": "what would the internet be classified as based on title ii? ", "answer": "telecommunications"}, {"question": "When did the FCC rule on net neturality?", "answer": "February 2015"}, {"question": "How did the FCC rule on net neutrality?", "answer": "in favor"}, {"question": "what did the FCC adopt for the internet? ", "answer": "Title II (common carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934"}, {"question": "what amendment did the chairman of the FCC compare this ruling to? ", "answer": "the First Amendment"}, {"question": "what did the FCC chairman say both the internet and the first amendment stand for?", "answer": "free speech"}, {"question": "When did the FCC publish its final rule on net neutrality regulations?", "answer": "13 April 2015"}, {"question": "What do ISPs provide?", "answer": "Internet access"}, {"question": "how do isps provide internet access?", "answer": "a range of technologies to connect users to their network"}, {"question": "what is one type of technology used to connect to the internet? ", "answer": "television cable (CATV)"}, {"question": "what type of technology is used to connect to the internet wirelessly? ", "answer": "wireless Ethernet (wi-fi)"}, {"question": "what was an earlier technology used to connect to the internet? ", "answer": "telephone lines"}, {"question": "what traditional options were available for users and small businesses? ", "answer": "copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface)"}, {"question": "what is it called when fiber-optics are used for end users?", "answer": "Fiber To The Home"}, {"question": "who is served by dial-up, dsl, adsl, cable modems, or isdns?", "answer": "users and small businesses"}, {"question": "What type of customers would typically have more demanding requirements? ", "answer": "medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs"}, {"question": "what does atm stand for in relation to internet providers? ", "answer": "Asynchronous Transfer Mode"}, {"question": "what is high-speed dsl used for? ", "answer": "customers with more demanding requirements"}, {"question": "what is SONET? ", "answer": "synchronous optical networking"}, {"question": "What is a mailbox provider? ", "answer": "an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes"}, {"question": "What is an organization that provides hosting of electronic mail domains? ", "answer": "A mailbox provider"}, {"question": "what is the purpose of a mailbox provider? ", "answer": "It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and store email"}, {"question": "how does a user store electronic mail?", "answer": "A mailbox provider"}, {"question": "What is SMTP?", "answer": "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"}, {"question": "What is IMAP?", "answer": "Internet Message Access Protocol"}, {"question": "How is access to mail provided? ", "answer": "implementing Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol."}, {"question": "what are most mailbox providers as well? ", "answer": "access providers"}, {"question": "who possibly controls their own mail servers? ", "answer": "companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals"}, {"question": "What do internet hosting services provide? ", "answer": "email, web-hosting, or online storage services"}, {"question": "Who provides a virtual server service?", "answer": "Internet hosting services"}, {"question": "who provides cloud services?", "answer": "Internet hosting services"}, {"question": "Who does an ISP pay for internet access?", "answer": "upstream ISPs"}, {"question": "Why does an ISP need to pay an upstream ISP?", "answer": "An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP"}, {"question": "What does an upstream ISP provide for an ISP?", "answer": "access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no access to"}, {"question": "what usually has a larger network, the ISP of the customer or the upstream ISP?", "answer": "upstream ISPs"}, {"question": "What is the simplest case of an ISP using an upstream ISP? ", "answer": "transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network"}, {"question": "what do transit ISPs provide? ", "answer": "large amounts of bandwidth for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs"}, {"question": "A mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching what?", "answer": "a tier 1 carrier"}, {"question": "What is a PoP?", "answer": "point of presence"}, {"question": "What provides bandwidth for the connecting of hosting ISPs and access ISPs?", "answer": "Transit ISPs"}, {"question": "What is a VISP?", "answer": "virtual ISP"}, {"question": "What do VISPs resemble? ", "answer": "mobile virtual network operators"}, {"question": "What do visps purchase services from? ", "answer": "a wholesale ISP"}, {"question": "What are free ISPs?", "answer": "Internet service providers that provide service free of charge"}, {"question": "What do free ISPs display in exchange for service?", "answer": "advertisements"}, {"question": "What are free ISPs similar to? ", "answer": "commercial television"}, {"question": "How are freenets run? ", "answer": "on a nonprofit basis"}, {"question": "What is a WISP? ", "answer": "wireless Internet service provider"}, {"question": "What technology is part of a WISP?", "answer": "commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment"}, {"question": "What are some bands that Wi-Fi can operate over? ", "answer": "900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands"}, {"question": "What is a wireless internet service provider's network based on?", "answer": "wireless networking"}, {"question": "What is peering? ", "answer": "multiple ISPs interconnect at peering points or Internet exchange points"}, {"question": "What does peering allow? ", "answer": "routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted"}, {"question": "Why is peering used? ", "answer": "data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP"}, {"question": "What are IXs? ", "answer": "Internet exchange points"}, {"question": "Where do multiple ISPs connect? ", "answer": "peering points or Internet exchange points"}, {"question": "Is a tradeoff between efficiency and cost possible? ", "answer": "A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible"}, {"question": "What sort of route does data follow? ", "answer": "the most efficient route"}, {"question": "What are ISPs subject to monitoring by in some countries? ", "answer": "intelligence agencies"}, {"question": "What is the controversial N.S.A. program used in the U.S.?", "answer": "PRISM"}, {"question": "What does PRISM do? ", "answer": "provides for broad monitoring of Internet users traffic"}, {"question": "What do ISPs integrate into their network to provide information to intelligence agencies? ", "answer": "a wide array of surveillance and packet sniffing equipment"}, {"question": "What do DCSnet in the US and SORM in Russia do? ", "answer": "allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time"}, {"question": "Which form of comics entails the use of photographic images?", "answer": "fumetti"}, {"question": "In addition to onomatopoeia and captions, what can be used to show the dialogue in comics?", "answer": "speech balloons"}, {"question": "What type of comic has taken off in the 21st century?", "answer": "online webcomics"}, {"question": "The various sizes as well as how panels are arranged help with what aspect of comics?", "answer": "narrative pacing"}, {"question": "When did Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer create cartoons?", "answer": "1830s"}, {"question": "Which superhero appeared in comics in 1938?", "answer": "Superman"}, {"question": "What is Japanese cartooning known as?", "answer": "manga"}, {"question": "French comics are also known as what?", "answer": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}, {"question": "When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?", "answer": "when it refers to the medium"}, {"question": "The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?", "answer": "recurring characters"}, {"question": "Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?", "answer": "images and text"}, {"question": "What are Japanese comics called?", "answer": "manga"}, {"question": "Who is best known for being the first comics creator in Europe?", "answer": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer"}, {"question": "Who is considered to be the first comic creator in America?", "answer": "Richard F. Outcault"}, {"question": "When did Outcault's The Yellow Kid appear in newspapers?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "What style of comics did Japan have a long history with prior to World War II?", "answer": "satirical"}, {"question": "In France, what did historians find that they consider a precedent for comics?", "answer": "Lascaux cave paintings"}, {"question": "What Michelangelo work do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "answer": "The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel"}, {"question": "In Egypt, historians consider what to be a precedent for comics?", "answer": "hieroglyphs"}, {"question": "In Rome, what do historians consider to be a precedent for comics?", "answer": "Trajan's Column"}, {"question": "What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?", "answer": "The Glasgow Looking Glass"}, {"question": "When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?", "answer": "Punch"}, {"question": "Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?", "answer": "Ally Sloper"}, {"question": "When did Ally Sloper first appear?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "Which outlet did comic supplements find success in?", "answer": "New York World"}, {"question": "Which strip had a good deal of success as a comic strip?", "answer": "Outcault's The Yellow Kid"}, {"question": "What comic strip did Bud Fisher have success with?", "answer": "Mutt and Jeff"}, {"question": "When did Mutt and Jeff appear?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "When did comic books make an appearance?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "Which comic book had success with its first superhero in 1938?", "answer": "Action Comics"}, {"question": "Which genre of comic books had parents concerned?", "answer": "crime and horror"}, {"question": "Which group was created after a Senate hearing on comic books content?", "answer": "Comics Code Authority"}, {"question": "When did super heroes become popular again in comic books?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "When did the alternative comics movement begin?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Serialization of comics became less popular when?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "How were comics published when serialization became less common?", "answer": "as albums"}, {"question": "Which small publisher published in formats that were not traditional?", "answer": "L'Association"}, {"question": "Comics continue to thrive regardless of the decrease in what market?", "answer": "print market"}, {"question": "What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?", "answer": "toba-e and kiby\u014dshi picture books"}, {"question": "What is ukiyo-e an example of?", "answer": "woodblock prints"}, {"question": "When did comic supplements start showing up in Japan?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "Who introduced satirical strips to Japan?", "answer": "Western expatriates"}, {"question": "When did Jiji Manga debut?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Who started the first Japanese comic strip in modern times?", "answer": "Rakuten Kitazawa"}, {"question": "When did comic strips start appearing in hardback collection volumes?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What comic strip was created by Osamu Tezuka?", "answer": "Sazae-san"}, {"question": "Where were comic strip stories first serialized?", "answer": "magazines"}, {"question": "What is considered the start of the modern comics in Japan?", "answer": "after World War II"}, {"question": "Where do comics usually appear?", "answer": "newspapers"}, {"question": "Where do serialized comics in Japan typically appear?", "answer": "magazines"}, {"question": "How often are European serialized comics in magazines?", "answer": "monthly or weekly"}, {"question": "How often do serialized comics typically appear in Japanese magazines?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "How long is the typical Japanese comic magazine?", "answer": "hundreds of pages"}, {"question": "What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?", "answer": "graphic novels"}, {"question": "What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?", "answer": "tank\u014dbon"}, {"question": "What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?", "answer": "fiction"}, {"question": "What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?", "answer": "graphic novels"}, {"question": "Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?", "answer": "Punch"}, {"question": "What did comics have in the United States because of cultural roots?", "answer": "lowbrow reputation"}, {"question": "Who thought pop culture was a risk?", "answer": "cultural elites"}, {"question": "What was thought to be only good for children and those who could not read or write?", "answer": "Comics"}, {"question": "What is a comic that is as long as a book called?", "answer": "graphic novel"}, {"question": "Who helped \"graphic novel\" get public attention?", "answer": "Will Eisner"}, {"question": "What decade did the term \"graphic novel\" become well known by the public?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "In addition to printed graphic novels in stores, what became popular online?", "answer": "webcomics"}, {"question": "The popularity of the Watchmen, The Dark Knight Returns and what other comic helped popularize \"graphic novel\" as a term?", "answer": "Maus"}, {"question": "Who started producing comic strips and theories about them in 1827?", "answer": "Rodolphe T\u00f6pffer"}, {"question": "What century had comics in wide production?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What 1925 cartoon made speech bubbles popular?", "answer": "Zig et Puce"}, {"question": "What comics began to dominate in Europe?", "answer": "Franco-Belgian"}, {"question": "When was \"The Adventures of Tintin\" serialized?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "In the United States in the middle of the 20th century comics were seen as a risk to culture and what?", "answer": "literacy"}, {"question": "What was seen as \"infantile\" in the United States?", "answer": "comics"}, {"question": "Comics were quoted as a sabotage of art and what?", "answer": "literature"}, {"question": "Comics for adults began to be called what?", "answer": "Ninth Art"}, {"question": "What year did Pilote begin?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What became a best-seller comic in the French language?", "answer": "Adventures of Asterix"}, {"question": "Pilote cartoonists were upset with censorship and what?", "answer": "editorial interference"}, {"question": "When was L'\u00c9cho des savanes begun?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "M\u00e9tal hurlant was of what genre?", "answer": "science fiction"}, {"question": "What format did adult comics begin to be published in?", "answer": "prestige"}, {"question": "Which historical overview did Seiki Hosokibara create?", "answer": "Nihon Manga-Shi"}, {"question": "When did Hosokibara create Nihon Manga-Shi?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What was created in 2001 to give students comic scholarships?", "answer": "Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics"}, {"question": "Who helped the rest of the world use the word manga outside of Japan's borders?", "answer": "Frederik L. Schodt"}, {"question": "What publication is Schodt responsible for?", "answer": "Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics"}, {"question": "Who put together a history of American comics in 1947?", "answer": "Coulton Waugh"}, {"question": "What was the name of Waugh's work?", "answer": "The Comics"}, {"question": "Who created a book about comics from a philosophical point of view?", "answer": "David Carrier"}, {"question": "What book did Will Eisner create in 1985?", "answer": "Comics and Sequential Art"}, {"question": "What word is used in France for comics?", "answer": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}, {"question": "What word is used in Japan for comics?", "answer": "manga"}, {"question": "What does bandes dessin\u00e9es mean?", "answer": "drawn strip"}, {"question": "What is the definitive factor of bandes dessin\u00e9es?", "answer": "drawn images"}, {"question": "What comics are on the Internet?", "answer": "Webcomics"}, {"question": "Webcomics reach large audiences and new what?", "answer": "readers"}, {"question": "With webcomics, readers have access to what?", "answer": "archived installments"}, {"question": "Not held back by size limits, webcomics are said to have a what?", "answer": "infinite canvas"}, {"question": "Storyboards and what are thought to be comics by some?", "answer": "Wordless novels"}, {"question": "Storyboards are used a lot by what?", "answer": "Film studios"}, {"question": "Storyboards are not considered what?", "answer": "an end product"}, {"question": "Who does not often see storyboards used in film making?", "answer": "the public"}, {"question": "A book with pictures with no captions that tell a story are called what?", "answer": "Wordless novels"}, {"question": "What has not been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?", "answer": "consensus"}, {"question": "R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner and others are considered to be comic what?", "answer": "Theorists"}, {"question": "What are there prominent examples of in comic history?", "answer": "pantomime comics"}, {"question": "Comic critics, such as McCloud, stressed that sequences of what should be primary?", "answer": "images"}, {"question": "What century had forgotten comic forms rediscovered?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "In the 1840s, T\u00f6pffer wrote theories about whose work?", "answer": "his own"}, {"question": "Who introduced the term \"multiframe\"?", "answer": "Henri Vanlier"}, {"question": "Who used a semiotics method to study comics in the 1970s?", "answer": "Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle"}, {"question": "Who used cognitive science to learn how people understand comics?", "answer": "Neil Cohn"}, {"question": "What Russian word is used for comics?", "answer": "komiks"}, {"question": "What German word is used for comics?", "answer": "comics"}, {"question": "What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?", "answer": "manhua"}, {"question": "What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?", "answer": "manhwa"}, {"question": "The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?", "answer": "newspaper comic strips"}, {"question": "Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?", "answer": "non-humorous"}, {"question": "Comic books are what type of books?", "answer": "periodicals"}, {"question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?", "answer": "manga"}, {"question": "What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?", "answer": "bandes dessin\u00e9es"}, {"question": "Though one person typically creates the comic, there are usually a number of what involved in actually designing it?", "answer": "specialists"}, {"question": "What is a person called who does the initial pencil work for the artwork?", "answer": "penciller"}, {"question": "What does an inker do?", "answer": "finishes the artwork in ink"}, {"question": "What are the individual images with action called in comics?", "answer": "Panels"}, {"question": "Narrative is placed into panels using what?", "answer": "encapsulation"}, {"question": "Who puts the panels together using closure?", "answer": "The reader"}, {"question": "Timing and pace of comics is made by adjusting size, shape and what of panels?", "answer": "arrangement"}, {"question": "When a comic panel has events that are not at the same time the panel is considered to be what?", "answer": "asynchronous"}, {"question": "What association with comics is strong?", "answer": "Speech balloons"}, {"question": "The presence of a single speech balloon in an image turns it into what?", "answer": "comics"}, {"question": "What type of words are used to do sound effects in comics?", "answer": "onomatopoeia"}, {"question": "What type of ink is often used in making comics?", "answer": "India ink"}, {"question": "What method is mostly used in making comics?", "answer": "Cartooning"}, {"question": "Mixed media and what else are becoming popular for making comics?", "answer": "digital technology"}, {"question": "Motion lines and what are often used in comics?", "answer": "abstract symbols"}, {"question": "What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?", "answer": "Saint Helena of Constantinople"}, {"question": "What ocean is Saint Helena located in?", "answer": "South Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What is the population of Saint Helena?", "answer": "4,255"}, {"question": "How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?", "answer": "16 by 8 kilometres"}, {"question": "When was the island discovered?", "answer": "1502"}, {"question": "How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?", "answer": "more than 5,000"}, {"question": "Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?", "answer": "leading a Zulu army against British rule"}, {"question": "The roots of what were established on Saint Helena?", "answer": "environmentalism"}, {"question": "What did scientists attempt to boost artificially on Saint Helena?", "answer": "rainfall"}, {"question": "The environmental intervention was linked to the conceptualization of what process?", "answer": "environmental change"}, {"question": "What date was the island discovered on?", "answer": "21 May 1502"}, {"question": "What navigator discovered the island?", "answer": "Jo\u00e3o da Nova"}, {"question": "What country was Jo\u00e3o da Nova doing service for?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "What person is Saint Helena Island named after?", "answer": "Helena of Constantinople"}, {"question": "What did the island have an abundance of when discovered?", "answer": "trees and fresh water."}, {"question": "What was imported by the settlers of the island?", "answer": "livestock, fruit trees and vegetables"}, {"question": "What kind of buildings were built by the settlers?", "answer": "a chapel and one or two houses."}, {"question": "Who was left on the island to recover when sick?", "answer": "mariners"}, {"question": "What was the island a source of for ships travelling from Asia to Europe?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "Who probably located the island on their final leg of their circumnavigation trip?", "answer": "Englishman Sir Francis Drake"}, {"question": "What did English ships of war attack on the island?", "answer": "Portuguese India carracks"}, {"question": "Who developed a far east trade and began to frequent the island?", "answer": "the Dutch"}, {"question": "Who gave up calling at the island due to attacks on their shipping?", "answer": "The Portuguese and Spanish"}, {"question": "Who claimed Saint Helena in 1633?", "answer": "The Dutch Republic"}, {"question": "What year did the Dutch abandon the island?", "answer": "1651"}, {"question": "Which colony did the Dutch abandon the island for?", "answer": "Cape of Good Hope."}, {"question": "Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?", "answer": "the English East India Company"}, {"question": "Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?", "answer": "Oliver Cromwell"}, {"question": "Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?", "answer": "Captain John Dutton"}, {"question": "What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?", "answer": "1659"}, {"question": "Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?", "answer": "new immigrants"}, {"question": "What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?", "answer": "Ecological problems"}, {"question": "What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?", "answer": "Isaac Pyke"}, {"question": "What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?", "answer": "Mauritius"}, {"question": "How many slaves were on the island in 1723?", "answer": "610"}, {"question": "When did the Island start to experience a period of prosperity?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "What captain visited the island in 1775 on their trip around the world?", "answer": "James Cook"}, {"question": "What church was erected in Jamestown in 1774?", "answer": "St. James' Church"}, {"question": "What is the official residence of the governor?", "answer": "Plantation House"}, {"question": "Who set up an astronomical observatory on Saint Helena?", "answer": "Edmond Halley"}, {"question": "What university did Edmond Halley attend?", "answer": "University of Oxford"}, {"question": "How many feet was the telescope that was set up in the observatory?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "What district is the telescope set up in?", "answer": "Longwood district"}, {"question": "What hemisphere of stars did Edmond Halley want to study with the telescope?", "answer": "Southern"}, {"question": "Saint Helena was an important port of which company?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "What did ships replenish at Saint Helena?", "answer": "water and provisions"}, {"question": "What vessel was owned by Captain James?", "answer": "HMS Endeavour"}, {"question": "What vessel resupplied at the Island in May 1771?", "answer": "HMS Endeavour"}, {"question": "Vessels of what navy protected convoys?", "answer": "Royal"}, {"question": "What was made illegal in 1792?", "answer": "importation of slaves"}, {"question": "What year did Coolie labourers arrive?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "What was the population of the island in 1814?", "answer": "3,507"}, {"question": "The British government detained who in Saint Helena?", "answer": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}, {"question": "What year was Napoleon Bonaparte taken to the island?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon Bonaparte stay until he found permanent residence?", "answer": "Briars pavilion"}, {"question": "What ended up being the permanent residence of Napoleon Bonaparte?", "answer": "Longwood House"}, {"question": "What year did Napoleon Bonaparte pass away?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "Who took full control of the island after Napoleon's death?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "The EIC made what available to the government of the island between 1815 and 1830?", "answer": "the packet schooner St Helena"}, {"question": "The packet schooner St Helena brought supplies of what to the island?", "answer": "wine and provisions"}, {"question": "Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?", "answer": "coffee"}, {"question": "Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?", "answer": "coffee"}, {"question": "When was importation of slaves banned in Saint Helena?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "The emancipation of the slaves of Saint Helena did not take place until what year?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "Who banned slavery in their colonies?", "answer": "British Parliament"}, {"question": "Over how many slaves ended up getting emancipated on Saint Helena?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "answer": "1833 India Act"}, {"question": "Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?", "answer": "steam ships"}, {"question": "How many ships were going to the island in 1855?", "answer": "1,100"}, {"question": "By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?", "answer": "288"}, {"question": "Who established a naval station to cut down on African slave trade on the island in 1840?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Between 1840 and 1849 how many freed slaves landed on the island?", "answer": "over 15,000"}, {"question": "What were the freed slaves known as?", "answer": "Liberated Africans"}, {"question": "Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?", "answer": "Napoleon I"}, {"question": "Who has authority over Longwood house?", "answer": "French Ministry of Foreign Affairs"}, {"question": "Who arrived in Jamestown during their solo round the world voyage?", "answer": "Joshua Slocum"}, {"question": "When did Joshua Slocum arrive in Jamestown?", "answer": "11 April 1898"}, {"question": "When did Joshua Slocum depart from Jamestown to continue his trip?", "answer": "20 April 1898"}, {"question": "Who presented two lectures on their voyage?", "answer": "Sir R A Standale"}, {"question": "What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?", "answer": "Ascension Island"}, {"question": "What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?", "answer": "Wideawake airport"}, {"question": "What year was Wideawake Airport built?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "What did the Island sell for increased revenue during this period?", "answer": "flax"}, {"question": "What year did flax prices peak?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "The British Post Offices decision to use what kind of fibres hurt the flax industry?", "answer": "synthetic fibres"}, {"question": "What year did the Island's flax mills close?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What year did the Union Castle shipping line slowly start to reduce their service calls to the island?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Which shipping company replaced Union-Castle Line mailship service?", "answer": "Curnow Shipping"}, {"question": "What year was Union-Castle Line mailship replaced?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What right was lost by the citizen of the islands due to the act?", "answer": "right of abode in Britain"}, {"question": "What department was formed to help raise the living standards of the citizens in Saint Helena?", "answer": "The Development and Economic Planning Department"}, {"question": "What year was the Development and Economic Planning Department formed?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Where was the only work outside of Saint Helena located?", "answer": "Falkland Islands and Ascension Island"}, {"question": "What year was the replacement for the RMS St Helena launched?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Who launched the replacement RMS St Helena?", "answer": "Prince Andrew"}, {"question": "What route was the replacement RMS St Helena built for?", "answer": "Cardiff\u2013Cape Town route"}, {"question": "What kind of layout did the RMS St Helena have?", "answer": "a mixed cargo/passenger layout."}, {"question": "What year did the Saint Helena Constitution officially take effect?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "In 2002 what act granted full British citizenship to the citizens of the islands?", "answer": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"}, {"question": "What were the dependent territories renamed to?", "answer": "British Overseas Territories"}, {"question": "How much money was spent on construction of the island's airport?", "answer": "250 million"}, {"question": "Which government built the island's airport?", "answer": "UK government"}, {"question": "When was the airport expected to be fully functional?", "answer": "early 2016"}, {"question": "Which industry is the airport supposed to help when it becomes complete?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "How many tourists are expected annually thanks to the airport?", "answer": "up to 30,000"}, {"question": "What is the nearest port to Saint Helena?", "answer": "Namibe"}, {"question": "What is the closest international airport to Saint Helena called?", "answer": "the Quatro de Fevereiro Airport"}, {"question": "What is the mail boat that serves the island called?", "answer": "RMS St Helena"}, {"question": "What hemisphere is the island located in?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "What area is the island classified as being in by the United Nations?", "answer": "West Africa"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Saint Helena?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "What kind of rock are coastal regions of Saint Helena covered with?", "answer": "volcanic"}, {"question": "How many feet high is the highest peak of Saint Helena?", "answer": "2,684"}, {"question": "What year did Diana's Peak officially become a state park?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What was formed in 2002 to replant parts of the great wood?", "answer": "Millennium Forest project"}, {"question": "How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?", "answer": "one kilometre"}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?", "answer": "Southwest"}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?", "answer": "West"}, {"question": "Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?", "answer": "Southeast"}, {"question": "What is the national bird of Saint Helena?", "answer": "the Saint Helena plover"}, {"question": "What is the Plover known locally as?", "answer": "wirebird"}, {"question": "What current affects the environment of Saint Helena?", "answer": "Benguela Current"}, {"question": "On average, how much lower are the temperatures in the central areas in celsius?", "answer": "5\u20136"}, {"question": "How many districts is the island of Saint Helena divided into?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What do the districts also serve as?", "answer": "statistical subdivisions"}, {"question": "When was Saint Helena first settled?", "answer": "1659"}, {"question": "What was the population of the island in 1659", "answer": "4,250"}, {"question": "Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?", "answer": "India and Madagascar"}, {"question": "Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "In 1840 what did Saint Helena become?", "answer": "a provisioning station"}, {"question": "What squadron was Saint Helena a provisioning station for?", "answer": "British West Africa Squadron"}, {"question": "What country did the British West Africa Squadron prevent slaves from being sent to?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "How many slaves ended up staying on the island after being freed?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "How many slaves were freed from the island?", "answer": "many thousands"}, {"question": "When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?", "answer": "618"}, {"question": "What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?", "answer": "1818"}, {"question": "What kind of citizenship do the citizens of Saint Helena hold?", "answer": "British Overseas Territories citizenship"}, {"question": "On what date was full British citizenship restored to the citizens of the island?", "answer": "21 May 2002"}, {"question": "What act restored the full British citizenship of the citizens of Saint Helena?", "answer": "British Overseas Territories Act 2002"}, {"question": "What was there a long pattern of from the island starting during the post Napoleonic period?", "answer": "emigration"}, {"question": "When did the population of the island start to steadily decline?", "answer": "late 1980s"}, {"question": "What was a big factor in emmigration to the UK?", "answer": "prospect of higher wages"}, {"question": "What communion do most residents of the island belong to?", "answer": "Anglican"}, {"question": "When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?", "answer": "the Diocese of St Helena"}, {"question": "The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?", "answer": "bishop"}, {"question": "When did Roman Catholics start to appear on the island?", "answer": "1852"}, {"question": "What year did the Salvation Army show up on Saint Helenas?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "When did Baptists come to the island?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "How many Johovah's Witnesses were on the island?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "When did the Seventh-day Adventist arrive on the island?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?", "answer": "the Governor"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "How many seats are in the Legislative Council of Saint Helena?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Who presides over the executive council?", "answer": "the Governor"}, {"question": "The head of government on the island is who?", "answer": "the Governor"}, {"question": "When were proposals for a Chief Councillor put on hold?", "answer": "23 March 2013"}, {"question": "What caused high unemployment on the island?", "answer": "loss of full passports"}, {"question": "Who is the only reigning Monarch to have visited the island?", "answer": "King George VI"}, {"question": "What year did King George VI visit the island?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "When did Prince Phillip arrive in Saint Helena?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "Prince Andrews, son of Prince Phillip visited in what year?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What did the government of Saint Helena fund in 2012?", "answer": "St. Helena Human Rights Action Plan 2012-2015"}, {"question": "What kind of articles were published to help this plan?", "answer": "awareness-raising articles"}, {"question": "How was support for members of the public given?", "answer": "with human rights queries"}, {"question": "What has been more prominently reported in recent years in Saint Helena?", "answer": "reports of child abuse"}, {"question": "Who has been accused of lying about the child abuse issue of Saint Helena?", "answer": "Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office"}, {"question": "Who has Britain\u2019s Foreign and Commonwealth Office been accused of lying to about child abuse?", "answer": "the United Nations"}, {"question": "Saint Helena has a high proportion of what kind of birds?", "answer": "endemic"}, {"question": "What kind of plants are common on Saint Helena?", "answer": "vascular"}, {"question": "What organization identified Saint Helena as important for bird conservation?", "answer": "BirdLife International"}, {"question": " Saint Helena is on the United Kingdom's list for future what?", "answer": "UNESCO World Heritage Sites"}, {"question": "How many lichen forming fungi have been recorded on the island?", "answer": "more than 200"}, {"question": "How many endemic species of fungi have been found?", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "What kind of invertebrates have been found on the island?", "answer": "freshwater, terrestrial and marine"}, {"question": "What kind of crop economy did the Island originally have?", "answer": "monocrop"}, {"question": "What year did the crop economy change?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What was produced during the time the Island was monocrop?", "answer": "flax"}, {"question": "Saint Helena's economy is now almost completely sustained by what?", "answer": "aid from the British government"}, {"question": "How much % of production does the public sector cover?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What is the tourist industry mostly based around?", "answer": "the promotion of Napoleon's imprisonment"}, {"question": "What kind of fishing tourism occurs on the island?", "answer": "sportfishing"}, {"question": "How many hotels are on the island?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "Tourism is completely based on what arriving to the island?", "answer": "the RMS St Helena"}, {"question": "What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?", "answer": "coffee"}, {"question": "What is Tungi Spirit made out of?", "answer": "Opuntia ficus-indica"}, {"question": "Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?", "answer": "postage stamps"}, {"question": "What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?", "answer": "\u00a312 million"}, {"question": "By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?", "answer": "\u00a311 million"}, {"question": "Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?", "answer": "the UK and South Africa"}, {"question": "What are the main exports of the island?", "answer": "fish and coffee"}, {"question": "Tourists spent how much in  2004-05?", "answer": "\u00a30.4 million"}, {"question": "How much was public expenditure on the island in 2001-2002?", "answer": "\u00a310 million"}, {"question": "By 2005-06 public expenditure had risen to what?", "answer": "\u00a312 million"}, {"question": "In 2012-2013, public expenditure was what?", "answer": "\u00a328m"}, {"question": "UK aid had risen to how much in the same period?", "answer": "\u00a312.1 million"}, {"question": " Wages and salaries represent how much % of the island's expenditure?", "answer": "38%"}, {"question": "How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?", "answer": "218"}, {"question": "What % of households were spending less than \u00a320 per week in 2004", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "What % of the population claimed social security benefits in 2006/7?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "How much of the population is over age 60?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How many copper tokens were Issued in 1821?", "answer": "70,560"}, {"question": "Who issued the copper tokens in 1821?", "answer": "Saul Solomon"}, {"question": "How much was each copper token worth?", "answer": "a halfpenny"}, {"question": "When did the Crown take over the island?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "What is the Saint Helena currency?", "answer": "the Saint Helena pound"}, {"question": "The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?", "answer": "coinage and banknotes"}, {"question": "What year was the Bank of Saint Helena established?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "The Saint Helena pound is at parity with what other currency?", "answer": "pound sterling"}, {"question": "How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?", "answer": "ship"}, {"question": "A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?", "answer": "Ascension Island"}, {"question": "What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?", "answer": "RAF flights"}, {"question": "What ship runs between Saint Helena and Cape town on 5 day voyages?", "answer": "RMS Saint Helena"}, {"question": "What year was the RMS Saint Helena supposed to be decommissioned?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What needs to be completed before the RMS Saint Helena can be decommissioned?", "answer": "the airport"}, {"question": "When was the construction of an airport in Saint Helena announced?", "answer": "March 2005"}, {"question": "The airport was expected to be completed by what year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who was the approved bidder for the airport?", "answer": "Impregilo"}, {"question": "Which governor departed to London to try to speed up the construction of the airport?", "answer": "Andrew Gurr"}, {"question": "When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?", "answer": "22 July 2010"}, {"question": "Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport? ", "answer": "Basil Read"}, {"question": "The new airport opening date is when?", "answer": "February 2016"}, {"question": "Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?", "answer": "South Africa and the UK"}, {"question": "Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?", "answer": "Comair"}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?", "answer": "South African Beechcraft King Air 200"}, {"question": "What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?", "answer": "15 September 2015"}, {"question": "What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?", "answer": "the airport's radio navigation equipment."}, {"question": "Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?", "answer": "Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377"}, {"question": "Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?", "answer": "HMS Lancaster"}, {"question": "When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?", "answer": "23 October 2015"}, {"question": "What kind of vehicle offers basic transportation to people in Saint Helena?", "answer": "A minibus"}, {"question": "Where does the minibus travel to?", "answer": "Jamestown"}, {"question": "On what days does the minibus take people into Jamestown?", "answer": "weekdays"}, {"question": "What day did Radio Saint Helena start operations?", "answer": "Christmas Day 1967"}, {"question": "What was the range of Radio Saint Helena in miles?", "answer": "62"}, {"question": "How many days a year was Radio Saint Helena broadcast internationally?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What newspaper did Radio Saint Helena collaborate with?", "answer": "St Helena Herald"}, {"question": "What day was Saint Helena Radio shut down?", "answer": "25 December 2012"}, {"question": "What date was Saint FM radio launched?", "answer": "January 2005"}, {"question": "What date was Saint FM radio closed?", "answer": "21 December 2012"}, {"question": "Which newspaper is the sister company of Saint FM radio?", "answer": "St Helena Independent"}, {"question": "Which company took over the channels vacated by Saint FM?", "answer": "Saint FM Community Radio"}, {"question": "What date did Saint FM Community Radio launch?", "answer": "10 March 2013"}, {"question": "What kind of people can join Saint Fm Radio Community?", "answer": "everyone"}, {"question": "Who runs Saint Helena online?", "answer": "a former print and BBC journalist"}, {"question": "Who is partnered with Saint Helena online?", "answer": "Saint FM and the St Helena Independent"}, {"question": "What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?", "answer": "television"}, {"question": "How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?", "answer": "a satellite dish"}, {"question": "SURE provides what kind of service to the territory?", "answer": "telecommunications"}, {"question": "What kind of network does SURE provide it's service from?", "answer": "digital copper-based telephone network"}, {"question": "When was the first fibre-optic network installed?", "answer": "August 2011"}, {"question": "How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "When was the satellite dish installed?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Where was the satellite dish installed?", "answer": "The Briars"}, {"question": "Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?", "answer": "sun outages"}, {"question": "What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?", "answer": "+290"}, {"question": "Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?", "answer": "Tristan da Cunha"}, {"question": "How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?", "answer": "1 October 2013"}, {"question": "What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What speed is Saint Helena internet access?", "answer": "10/3.6 Mbit/s"}, {"question": "What is the internet service provided through?", "answer": "Intelsat 707"}, {"question": "Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?", "answer": "SURE"}, {"question": "What kind of population does SURE service?", "answer": "more than 4,000"}, {"question": "How many satellites provide the link to the internet?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What kind of broadband service is provided on the island?", "answer": "ADSL"}, {"question": "What is the maximum speed of the broadband service?", "answer": "1536 KBit/s downstream and 512 KBit/s upstream"}, {"question": "What is the lite price of the broadband service?", "answer": "\u00a316 per month"}, {"question": "What is the gold price of the broadband service?", "answer": "\u00a3190 per month"}, {"question": "What location has a few public wifi spots available to the public?", "answer": "Jamestown"}, {"question": "How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?", "answer": "6,214"}, {"question": "Who runs the South Atlantic Express?", "answer": "eFive"}, {"question": "On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?", "answer": "6 October 2012"}, {"question": "Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?", "answer": "A Human Right"}, {"question": "How many local newspapers does the island have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where are both newspapers available?", "answer": "the Internet"}, {"question": "Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?", "answer": "November 2005"}, {"question": "When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How many primary schools does the island have?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What are the 3 primary schools called?", "answer": "Harford, Pilling, and St Paul\u2019s"}, {"question": "What is the name of the secondary school for the island?", "answer": "Prince Andrew School"}, {"question": "How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?", "answer": "230"}, {"question": "When does the mobile library service operate?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "Who provides programs to students with special needs?", "answer": "The Education and Employment Directorate"}, {"question": "What curriculum does the island adapt?", "answer": "The UK national curriculum"}, {"question": "What are the qualifications offered?", "answer": "GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications"}, {"question": "Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?", "answer": "International Island Games Association"}, {"question": "Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "answer": "Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League"}, {"question": "When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Where does the Governor's cup take place? ", "answer": "between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,"}, {"question": "What months does the Governor's cup take place?", "answer": "December/January"}, {"question": "When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?", "answer": "December 2010"}, {"question": "What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?", "answer": "scouting and guiding"}, {"question": "When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?", "answer": "Lord and Lady Baden-Powell"}, {"question": "What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?", "answer": "African Adventures"}, {"question": "Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?", "answer": "phonetics"}, {"question": "Aspirated consonants are what in English?", "answer": "allophones"}, {"question": "What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?", "answer": "Indian and East Asian"}, {"question": "With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?", "answer": "pin"}, {"question": "In English the first consonant in \"pin\" is what?", "answer": "aspirated"}, {"question": "What does IPA stand for?", "answer": "International Phonetic Alphabet"}, {"question": "Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?", "answer": "voiceless consonants"}, {"question": "What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?", "answer": "p"}, {"question": "p\u02b0 represents what?", "answer": "aspirated bilabial stop"}, {"question": "What is not often aspirated?", "answer": "Voiced consonants"}, {"question": "The symbol followed by b\u02b0 would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?", "answer": "breathy"}, {"question": "Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?", "answer": "breathy-voiced"}, {"question": "There are no IPA symbols for what?", "answer": "degrees of aspiration"}, {"question": "What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?", "answer": "aspiration modifier"}, {"question": "What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?", "answer": "Korean"}, {"question": "How are voice-onset time details usually presented?", "answer": "numerically"}, {"question": "A preaspirated consonant is marked how?", "answer": "placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol"}, {"question": "What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?", "answer": "\u27e8\u02b0p\u27e9"}, {"question": "How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?", "answer": "with the modifier letter"}, {"question": "What is the superscript equal sign?", "answer": "\u27e8t\u02ed\u27e9"}, {"question": "Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?", "answer": "left unmarked"}, {"question": "How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?", "answer": "\u27e8t\u27e9"}, {"question": "What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?", "answer": "Voiceless consonants"}, {"question": "What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?", "answer": "voiced consonants"}, {"question": "What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?", "answer": "Voiceless aspiration"}, {"question": "Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?", "answer": "Navajo"}, {"question": "In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?", "answer": "an extended length of the frication"}, {"question": "In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?", "answer": "consonant clusters"}, {"question": "Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?", "answer": "Wahgi"}, {"question": "As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?", "answer": "unaspirated stops"}, {"question": "Aspiration alters with what?", "answer": "place of articulation"}, {"question": "What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?", "answer": "the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release."}, {"question": "What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?", "answer": "An aspirated affricate"}, {"question": "What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k]?", "answer": "Icelandic and Faroese"}, {"question": "What do scholars say the preaspirated [\u02b0p \u02b0t \u02b0k] are too?", "answer": "consonant clusters"}, {"question": "What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?", "answer": "double stops and single stops"}, {"question": "The Sami tongue also has what?", "answer": "Preaspirated stops"}, {"question": "Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?", "answer": "North Sami"}, {"question": "How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?", "answer": "up to four"}, {"question": "Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?", "answer": "True aspirated voiced consonants"}, {"question": "True aspirated consonants are considered what?", "answer": "rare"}, {"question": "True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?", "answer": "Kx'a languages"}, {"question": "What has a different significance in various languages?", "answer": "Aspiration"}, {"question": "What two forms can aspiration be in?", "answer": "allophonic or phonemic"}, {"question": "Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?", "answer": "allophonic"}, {"question": "How are stops distinguished?", "answer": "voicing"}, {"question": "Voiceless stops are at times what?", "answer": "aspirated"}, {"question": "Voiced stops are most often what?", "answer": "unaspirated"}, {"question": "When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?", "answer": "unaspirated"}, {"question": "If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?", "answer": "compound words"}, {"question": "If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?", "answer": "aspirated"}, {"question": "If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?", "answer": "unaspirated"}, {"question": "In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?", "answer": "phonemic"}, {"question": "[p\u02ed s\u02ed] and [p\u02b0 \u02b0p s\u02b0] are separate what?", "answer": "phonemes"}, {"question": "How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?", "answer": "their lack of aspiration"}, {"question": "If the lenis are \u27e8b d \u0261\u27e9, what are the fortis counterparts?", "answer": "\u27e8p t k\u27e9"}, {"question": "Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?", "answer": "aspiration"}, {"question": "Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?", "answer": "pinyin"}, {"question": "What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?", "answer": "aspirated stops"}, {"question": "What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?", "answer": "Wu Chinese"}, {"question": "What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?", "answer": "/p p\u02b0 b/"}, {"question": "What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?", "answer": "Muddy consonants"}, {"question": "What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?", "answer": "slack or breathy"}, {"question": "How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is another term for voice-aspirated?", "answer": "breathy-voiced"}, {"question": "Which distinction has Punjabi lost?", "answer": "breathy-voiced consonants"}, {"question": "Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?", "answer": "Dravidian"}, {"question": "What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?", "answer": "native Dravidian words"}, {"question": "What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?", "answer": "Western Armenian"}, {"question": "Western Armenian /t\u02b0/ compares to eastern Armenian /t\u02b0/ and what?", "answer": "/d/"}, {"question": "The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?", "answer": "/t/"}, {"question": "Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?", "answer": "aspirated stops."}, {"question": "What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?", "answer": "Classical Attic"}, {"question": "Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?", "answer": "Greek grammarians"}, {"question": "What is the representation for the three places of articulation?", "answer": "/p\u02b0 t\u02b0 k\u02b0/"}, {"question": "Earlier Greek was represented by what?", "answer": "Mycenaean Greek"}, {"question": "Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?", "answer": "dialect and phonetic environment"}, {"question": "Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?", "answer": "Ionic and Aeolic"}, {"question": "Rather than /t\u02b0/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?", "answer": "fricative"}, {"question": "Attic Greek lenited to what?", "answer": "voiceless and voiced fricatives"}, {"question": "The lenited Attic Greek yielded /\u03b8 \u00f0/ in what periods?", "answer": "Medieval and Modern Greek"}, {"question": "Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?", "answer": "debuccalization"}, {"question": "Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?", "answer": "glottal stop or fricative"}, {"question": "What is another term for a consonant being weakened?", "answer": "lenited"}, {"question": "What is breathy voice?", "answer": "a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds"}, {"question": "The \u27e8b\u02b0\u27e9 in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?", "answer": "\u27e8b\u0324\u27e9, with the diacritic"}, {"question": "What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript \u27e8\u25cc\u0324\u27e9 to?", "answer": "murmured sonorants"}, {"question": "What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?", "answer": "vowels and nasals"}, {"question": "What uses the \u27e8\u25cc\u02b1\u27e9?", "answer": "breathy-voiced release of obstruents."}, {"question": "What is hydrogens chemical symbol?", "answer": "H"}, {"question": "What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?", "answer": "7000100794000000000\u26601.00794 u"}, {"question": "What element is considered the lightest?", "answer": "Hydrogen"}, {"question": "What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?", "answer": "molecular"}, {"question": "What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?", "answer": "H2"}, {"question": "What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?", "answer": "colorless, odorless, tasteless"}, {"question": "What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?", "answer": "quantum mechanics"}, {"question": "When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?", "answer": "early 16th century"}, {"question": "Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?", "answer": "Henry Cavendish"}, {"question": "When it is burned what does hydrogen make?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?", "answer": "water-former"}, {"question": "What market primarily uses ammonia production?", "answer": "the fertilizer market"}, {"question": "Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.", "answer": "hydrocracking"}, {"question": "For hydrogen what is the enthalpy of combustion?", "answer": "286 kJ/mol"}, {"question": "What are two forms of hydrogen gas?", "answer": "dihydrogen or molecular hydrogen"}, {"question": "Which element has a enthalpy of combustion at \u2212286 kJ/mol?", "answer": "Hydrogen"}, {"question": "What kind of light do hydrogen-oxygen flames make?", "answer": "ultraviolet light"}, {"question": "What caused  the Hindenburg to explode?", "answer": "hydrogen combustion"}, {"question": "What are two other dangerous acids?", "answer": "hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride"}, {"question": "What temperature does hydrogen react with these elements?", "answer": "room temperature"}, {"question": "What model id used to calculate energy levels of hydrogen?", "answer": "Bohr model"}, {"question": "What attracts planets and celestial items?", "answer": "gravity"}, {"question": "What does the electromagnetic force attract to one another?", "answer": "electrons and protons"}, {"question": "What kind of movement does the electron not have in ground state?", "answer": "angular"}, {"question": "How many different spin isomers exist?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What state are the protons in when in the orthohydrogen form?", "answer": "triplet state"}, {"question": "When hydrogen gas is in standard temperature and pressure, what form is it considered in>", "answer": "normal"}, {"question": "What percent of para form does hydrogen gas contain?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What percent of ortho form does hydrogen gas contain?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "What are some catalysts used in hydrogen cooling", "answer": "ferric oxide, activated carbon, platinized asbestos, rare earth metals, uranium compounds, chromic oxide, or some nickel compounds"}, {"question": "What ind of charge does hydrogen take when mixed with electronegative particles?", "answer": "positive charge"}, {"question": "What type of charge does hydrogen take when combined with a metal?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "When hydrogen forms with a metal, what is the compound called?", "answer": "hydrides"}, {"question": "Is H2 reactive in standard conditions?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and carbon called?", "answer": "hydrocarbons"}, {"question": "What is the form of hydrogen and heteroatoms called?", "answer": "organic compounds"}, {"question": "What is the study of organic compounds properties known as?", "answer": "organic chemistry"}, {"question": "What is the study of living organisms known as?", "answer": "biochemistry"}, {"question": "Organic compounds are only required to conatin what?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": " Who suggested that hydride anions existed?character does the H atom have in a hydride?", "answer": "Gilbert N. Lewis"}, {"question": "What group of hydrides is BEH considered polymeric?", "answer": "group II"}, {"question": "How many binary borane hydrides are known?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "How many binary aluminum hydrides are there?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?", "answer": "inorganic chemistry"}, {"question": "What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?", "answer": "link two metal centers"}, {"question": "What group is briging ligands most common in?", "answer": "group 13"}, {"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?", "answer": "electrons"}, {"question": "When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?", "answer": "H+"}, {"question": "What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?", "answer": "Bronsted-Lowry"}, {"question": "What is another term for a bare proton?", "answer": "H+"}, {"question": "Where can oxonium ions be found?", "answer": "in acidic solution with other solvents"}, {"question": "What other term is a solvated protons referred as?", "answer": "hydronium ion"}, {"question": "What kind of molecular hydrogen is the H+3 knows as?", "answer": "protonated"}, {"question": "What kind of cation is the H+3 knowns as?", "answer": "trihydrogen cation"}, {"question": "How many natural isotopes does hydrogen have>", "answer": "3H"}, {"question": "What are the names of these isotopes?", "answer": "denoted 1H, 2H and 3H"}, {"question": "Which isotopes have unstable nuclei?", "answer": "4H to 7H"}, {"question": "Which element is the only that has different names for its isotopes?", "answer": "Hydrogen"}, {"question": "What are the only two names still used for radioactive isotopes?", "answer": "deuterium and tritium"}, {"question": "What are the symbols used for deuterium and tritium?", "answer": "D and T"}, {"question": "What does the symbol P represent?", "answer": "phosphorus"}, {"question": "What are the preferred symbols for deuterium and tritium?", "answer": "2H and 3H"}, {"question": "What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?", "answer": "1671"}, {"question": "Who discovered Hydrogen gas?", "answer": "Robert Boyle"}, {"question": "Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "answer": "Henry Cavendish"}, {"question": "In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?", "answer": "1766"}, {"question": "What does gas produce when burned?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?", "answer": "reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire"}, {"question": "Who was the first to liquidize hydrogen?", "answer": "James Dewar"}, {"question": "In what year Did James Dewar first liquidize hydrogen?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What year was Deuterium discovered?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "Who was the first to discover deuterium?", "answer": "Harold Urey"}, {"question": "What year was tritium discovered?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?", "answer": "Jacques Charles"}, {"question": "What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?", "answer": "Zeppelins"}, {"question": "In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Who made the first non stop transatlantic crossing?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "What year was this done?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What year did the airship get destroyed?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "What city was the ship over when it caught fire?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "In what year did the first hydrogen cooled turbogenerator go into service?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "What state is the Dayton Power and light Company located?", "answer": "Ohio"}, {"question": "What year was the first nickel hydrogen battery used?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "In what year did the hubble space telescope finally get the nickel hydrogen battery?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is the hydrogen atom made up of?", "answer": "a proton and an electron"}, {"question": "What theory is the hydrogen atom a big part of?", "answer": "atomic structure"}, {"question": "When was the quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen atom developed?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "Who observed the specific heat capacity of H2?", "answer": "Maxwell"}, {"question": "What cause H2 to resemble monatomic gas?", "answer": "spacing of the (quantized) rotational energy levels"}, {"question": "What theory supports this?", "answer": "quantum theory"}, {"question": "What percent of normal matter is hydrogen?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "What percent of atoms is hydrogen?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What 2 forms of mass is most of the universe consisted of?", "answer": "dark matter and dark energy"}, {"question": "Clouds of H2 form what?", "answer": "stars"}, {"question": "In what states is hydrogen mostly found in the universe?", "answer": "atomic and plasma"}, {"question": "Hydrogens electron and proton are not bound together in what state?", "answer": "plasma"}, {"question": "in the interstellar medium, what state is hydrogen in?", "answer": "neutral atomic state"}, {"question": "The neutral hydrogen found in the damped Lyman-alpha systems dominates what?", "answer": "cosmological baryonic density of the Universe"}, {"question": "How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?", "answer": "third most abundant"}, {"question": "what produces hydrogen gas?", "answer": "bacteria and algae"}, {"question": "What molecular form is found in the interstellar medium?", "answer": "protonated molecular hydrogen"}, {"question": "What generates protonated molecular hydrogen?", "answer": "ionization of molecular hydrogen from cosmic rays"}, {"question": "On what planet can you find  protonated molecular hydrogen?", "answer": "Jupiter"}, {"question": "In what way can Neutral triatomic hydrogen exist?", "answer": "excited form"}, {"question": "How does nature produce H2?", "answer": "expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions"}, {"question": "How do labs produce H2?", "answer": "by-product of other reactions"}, {"question": "What is an easy way to produce hydrogen?", "answer": "electrolysis of water"}, {"question": "Where does the gaseous oxygen form at?", "answer": "anode"}, {"question": "Where does the gaseous hydrogen form at?", "answer": "cathode"}, {"question": "When you combine an alloy of alluminum and gallium to water, what do you get?", "answer": "hydrogen"}, {"question": "What else can it produce?", "answer": "alumina"}, {"question": "What can be reused after the formation?", "answer": "the expensive gallium"}, {"question": "The most economical way to prepare hydrogen involves removing it from what?", "answer": "hydrocarbons"}, {"question": "What temperature is needed for steam to react with methane?", "answer": "1000\u20131400 K, 700\u20131100 \u00b0C or 1300\u20132000 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "At what pressure does PSA work best in?", "answer": "high pressures"}, {"question": "What is synthesis gas used for?", "answer": "production of methanol"}, {"question": "Besides methane, what else can be used to produce synthesis gas?", "answer": "Hydrocarbons"}, {"question": "How can it be recovered through steam?", "answer": "use of carbon monoxide through the water gas shift reaction"}, {"question": "When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?", "answer": "ammonia"}, {"question": "How is hydrogen produced as a co product?", "answer": "Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine"}, {"question": "What are the thermochemical cycyles in a testing phase for?", "answer": "produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity"}, {"question": "What are labs trying to produce hydrogen from?", "answer": "solar energy and water"}, {"question": "What countries are testing this?", "answer": "France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA"}, {"question": "What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?", "answer": "anaerobic"}, {"question": "What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?", "answer": "formation of ferrous hydroxide"}, {"question": "What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?", "answer": "green rust"}, {"question": "Under what condition can ferrous hydroxide be oxidized?", "answer": "anaerobic"}, {"question": "What does this process form?", "answer": "magnetite and molecular hydrogen"}, {"question": "What reaction describes this process?", "answer": "Schikorr reaction"}, {"question": "How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?", "answer": "serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation"}, {"question": "Where do you find silicate?", "answer": "crystal lattice of the fayalite"}, {"question": "What is the most common gas found in power tranformers?", "answer": "hydrogen"}, {"question": "Where are large quantities of H2 needed?", "answer": "petroleum and chemical industries"}, {"question": "What are the consumers of H2 in petrochemical plant?", "answer": "hydrodealkylation, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking"}, {"question": "Where is hydrogen highly soluble?", "answer": "rare earth and transition metals"}, {"question": "Where can you find soluble hydrogen?", "answer": "nanocrystalline and amorphous metals"}, {"question": "What influences hydrogens solubility in metals?", "answer": "local distortions or impurities in the crystal lattice"}, {"question": "When are these useful?", "answer": "when hydrogen is purified by passage through hot palladium disks"}, {"question": "When is it damaging?", "answer": "gas's high solubility is a metallurgical problem, contributing to the embrittlement of many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks"}, {"question": "Where else is H2 applied?", "answer": "in physics and engineering"}, {"question": "How is H2 used in electrical generators at power stations?", "answer": "as the rotor coolant"}, {"question": "Why is it used as the rotor coolant?", "answer": "it has the highest thermal conductivity of any gas"}, {"question": "What research uses liquid H2?", "answer": "cryogenic"}, {"question": "Why would one use hydrogen mixed with nitrogen?", "answer": "as a tracer gas for minute leak detection"}, {"question": "What industries can you find these applications?", "answer": "automotive, chemical, power generation, aerospace, and telecommunications"}, {"question": "How is hydrogen used as a food additive?", "answer": "allows food package leak testing"}, {"question": "What isotope is used in nuclear fission?", "answer": "Deuterium"}, {"question": "Where is tritium produced?", "answer": "nuclear reactors"}, {"question": "What is tritium used for?", "answer": "production of hydrogen bombs, as an isotopic label in the biosciences, and as a radiation source in luminous paints"}, {"question": "How is hydrogen used at power stations?", "answer": "as a coolant in generators"}, {"question": "Why is it used as a coolant?", "answer": "favorable properties that are a direct result of its light diatomic molecules"}, {"question": "What are these properties?", "answer": "low density, low viscosity, and the highest specific heat and thermal conductivity of all gases"}, {"question": "Is Hydrogen considered an energy resource?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "Where does the sun get its energy from?", "answer": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen"}, {"question": "How does hydrogen function when it s burned?", "answer": "energy carrier"}, {"question": "What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?", "answer": "elemental"}, {"question": "Why is hydrogen employed?", "answer": "to saturate broken (\"dangling\") bonds of amorphous silicon and amorphous carbon that helps stabilizing material properties"}, {"question": "How is hydrogen used in oxide materials?", "answer": "a potential electron donor"}, {"question": "What oxide materials use hydrogen as an electron donor?", "answer": "ZnO, SnO2, CdO, MgO, ZrO2, HfO2, La2O3, Y2O3, TiO2, SrTiO3, LaAlO3, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrSiO4, HfSiO4, and SrZrO3"}, {"question": "What enzymes are used to produce H2?", "answer": "hydrogenases"}, {"question": "When does hydrogen gas occur?", "answer": "in the transfer of reducing equivalents produced during pyruvate fermentation to water"}, {"question": "What is the natural cycle of hydrogen production and consumption by organisms called?", "answer": "hydrogen cycle"}, {"question": "What is the decomposition of water into its components called?", "answer": "Water splitting"}, {"question": "Where does water splitting occur?", "answer": "in the light reactions in all photosynthetic organisms"}, {"question": "What organisms can form H2 gas?", "answer": "alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "How are these gases formed?", "answer": "by specialized hydrogenases in the chloroplast"}, {"question": "What threats can hydrogen cause to human saftey?", "answer": "potential detonations and fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure, oxygen-free form"}, {"question": "What can hydrogen embrittlement lead to?", "answer": "cracks and explosions"}, {"question": "What do physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on?", "answer": "the parahydrogen/orthohydrogen ratio"}, {"question": "How long can it take to reach the equilibrium ratio?", "answer": "days or weeks"}, {"question": "What do Hydrogen detonation parameters depend on?", "answer": "container geometry"}, {"question": "On what date did the Space Race begin?", "answer": "August 2, 1955"}, {"question": "Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?", "answer": "October 4, 1957"}, {"question": "Who was the first person in space?", "answer": "Yuri Gagarin"}, {"question": "What was the date that the first human reached space?", "answer": "April 12, 1961"}, {"question": "Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?", "answer": "General Dornberger"}, {"question": "What was the first object to enter space?", "answer": "Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"}, {"question": "When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?", "answer": "1942 and 1943"}, {"question": "What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?", "answer": "Operation Paperclip"}, {"question": "The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?", "answer": "V2 rockets"}, {"question": "The German rocket center was located in what city?", "answer": "Peenem\u00fcnde"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?", "answer": "Sergei Korolev"}, {"question": "What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Sergei Korolev died in what year?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?", "answer": "USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer"}, {"question": "What year was the R1 rocket born?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?", "answer": "Robert H. Goddard"}, {"question": "Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?", "answer": "New Mexico"}, {"question": "Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?", "answer": "Huntsville, Alabama"}, {"question": "What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?", "answer": "the hydrogen bomb"}, {"question": "ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?", "answer": "intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles"}, {"question": "The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?", "answer": "Strategic Air Command"}, {"question": "During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?", "answer": "27 million"}, {"question": "The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?", "answer": "air force"}, {"question": "Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?", "answer": "Korolev"}, {"question": " R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?", "answer": "German G-4"}, {"question": "When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?", "answer": "August 21, 1957"}, {"question": "The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?", "answer": "R-7 Semyorka rocket"}, {"question": "The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?", "answer": "MX-774"}, {"question": "The MX-774 was tested in what year?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?", "answer": "Cape Canaveral"}, {"question": "The Atlas-A first launched on what date?", "answer": "June 11, 1957"}, {"question": "Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?", "answer": "James C. Hagerty"}, {"question": "The starting date for the Space Race was which date?", "answer": "August 30, 1955"}, {"question": "A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?", "answer": "September 20, 1956"}, {"question": "The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?", "answer": "Vanguard"}, {"question": "Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?", "answer": "December 6, 195"}, {"question": "Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?", "answer": "Florida"}, {"question": "in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?", "answer": "Jupiter-C rocket"}, {"question": "The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?", "answer": "January 31, 1958"}, {"question": "The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?", "answer": "cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites"}, {"question": "Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What was NASA called before it became NASA?", "answer": "National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics"}, {"question": "The first US satellite was launched on what date?", "answer": "April 2, 1958"}, {"question": "The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?", "answer": "July 1, 1960"}, {"question": "Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?", "answer": "von Braun"}, {"question": "How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?", "answer": "Luna 3"}, {"question": "The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?", "answer": "NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}, {"question": "The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?", "answer": "Ranger 4"}, {"question": "The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?", "answer": "Block III Ranger 7"}, {"question": "The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?", "answer": "July 31, 1964"}, {"question": "What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?", "answer": "Luna"}, {"question": "Which country succesfully launched the first person into space in 1961?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "The first ship to carry a human through space was called what?", "answer": "Vostok 1"}, {"question": "How long did Yuri Gagarin orbit the earth in the spacecraft?", "answer": "108 minutes"}, {"question": "April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?", "answer": "Cosmonautics Day"}, {"question": "What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?", "answer": "US Air Force"}, {"question": "Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?", "answer": "Project Mercury"}, {"question": "The first American to travel into space was whom?", "answer": "Alan Shepard"}, {"question": "When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?", "answer": "May 5, 1961"}, {"question": "The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?", "answer": "Freedom 7"}, {"question": "The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?", "answer": "Alan Shepard"}, {"question": "Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "President Kennedy sent a letter on April 20, 1961 to who about the US's space program?", "answer": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "The speech by Kennedy, \"Special Message on Urgent National Needs\" was delivered on what date?", "answer": "May 25"}, {"question": "\"We choose to go to the Moon\" speech was given at what location in Texas?", "answer": "Rice University Stadium"}, {"question": "The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?", "answer": "John Glenn"}, {"question": "When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?", "answer": "February 20, 1962"}, {"question": "Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?", "answer": "Friendship 7"}, {"question": "How many more Mercury missions were there after John Glenn's?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?", "answer": "Gherman Titov"}, {"question": "Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?", "answer": "August 6, 1961"}, {"question": "Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?", "answer": "Vostok 3 and Vostok 4"}, {"question": "The first woman that went into space was whom?", "answer": "Valentina Tereshkova"}, {"question": "What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?", "answer": "Vostok 6"}, {"question": "The first woman to launch into space was on what date?", "answer": "June 16, 1963"}, {"question": "The first woman to go into space was from which country?", "answer": "The USSR"}, {"question": "At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?", "answer": "July 1961 Tushino air show"}, {"question": "When did US President John F. Kennedy, in a speech, propose to join forces to reach the moon with the USSR?", "answer": "September 20, 1963"}, {"question": "President Kennedy was killed when?", "answer": "November 22, 1963"}, {"question": "How did US President Kennedy die?", "answer": "assassination"}, {"question": "What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?", "answer": "Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities"}, {"question": "Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?", "answer": "Gemini and Apollo"}, {"question": "What year was the Gemini project confirmed?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "How many people could the Gemini project carry?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?", "answer": "October 12, 1964"}, {"question": "The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?", "answer": "Voskhod 1"}, {"question": "The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Korolev died on what date?", "answer": "January 14, 1966"}, {"question": "The Voskhod 2 carrying two humans was launched on what date?", "answer": "March 18, 1965"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to take a spacewalk?", "answer": "Alexey Leonov"}, {"question": "Which of two Voskhod 2's occupants was almost killed?", "answer": "Alexey Leonov"}, {"question": "Project Gemini helped recruit experienced people for which upcoming lunar missions?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Who created the circumlunar program called Zond?", "answer": "Vladimir Chelomey"}, {"question": "Which type of craft were two astronauts to fly in during Zond?", "answer": "Soyuz 7K-L1"}, {"question": "The \"Lunniy Korabl\" or \"LK\" would carry how many people?", "answer": "N1"}, {"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was established in what year?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was created by what organization in 1959?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?", "answer": "Political Committee of the UN General Assembly"}, {"question": "The cooperative space program was passed on what date?", "answer": "December 1962"}, {"question": "The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space was signed by three countries on what date?", "answer": "January 27, 1967"}, {"question": "Both crews were killed on which spacecraft missions in 1967?", "answer": "Apollo and Soyuz"}, {"question": "The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?", "answer": "January 27, 1967"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "answer": "electrical spark"}, {"question": "Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?", "answer": "Command Pilot Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee"}, {"question": "Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?", "answer": "Vladimir Komarov"}, {"question": "When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?", "answer": "April 24, 1967"}, {"question": "Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?", "answer": "October 11, 1968"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?", "answer": "Walter Schirra"}, {"question": "The Soyuz 3 began its mission to space on what date?", "answer": "October 26, 1968"}, {"question": "When was the first successful docking of a two man space crew?", "answer": "January 1969"}, {"question": "Which two space missions were the first to successfully dock each other?", "answer": "Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5"}, {"question": "Where was the Zond 4 over when it was destroyed by an explosion?", "answer": "Gulf of Guinea"}, {"question": "The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?", "answer": "tortoises"}, {"question": "The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?", "answer": "March 1969"}, {"question": "Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?", "answer": "Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders"}, {"question": "What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?", "answer": "December 21, 1968"}, {"question": "During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?", "answer": "Christmas Eve"}, {"question": "Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?", "answer": "Pacific"}, {"question": "How close to the ground was the Lunar Module in May 1969 during its landing test?", "answer": "47,400 feet"}, {"question": "The Lunar Module completed its first low Earth orbit on what date?", "answer": "March 1969"}, {"question": "The Soviet, N1 Rocket exploded and was destroyed on what date?", "answer": "July 3, 1969"}, {"question": "Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?", "answer": "Sea of Tranquility"}, {"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?", "answer": "July 16, 1969"}, {"question": "What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?", "answer": "Florida"}, {"question": "When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?", "answer": "January 1969"}, {"question": "How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?", "answer": "three days"}, {"question": "The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?", "answer": "Eagle"}, {"question": "Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?", "answer": "Armstrong"}, {"question": "At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?", "answer": "9:56 pm CDT July 20"}, {"question": "How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?", "answer": "723 million"}, {"question": "When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?", "answer": "The next day"}, {"question": "When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "answer": "July 24, 1969"}, {"question": "Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "When was the second landing on the Moon successful?", "answer": "November 1969"}, {"question": "When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?", "answer": "February 1971"}, {"question": "Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?", "answer": "July 1971"}, {"question": "On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?", "answer": "April 1972"}, {"question": "Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?", "answer": "December 1972"}, {"question": "Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "The USSR launched their first space station on what date?", "answer": "April 19, 1971"}, {"question": "Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?", "answer": "Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev"}, {"question": "The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?", "answer": "October 11"}, {"question": "How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?", "answer": "175 days"}, {"question": "Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?", "answer": "rocket failure"}, {"question": "The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?", "answer": "May 14, 1973"}, {"question": "How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?", "answer": "169,950 pounds"}, {"question": "When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?", "answer": "July 11, 1979"}, {"question": "Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?", "answer": "Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev"}, {"question": "When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?", "answer": "May 1972"}, {"question": "ASTP stands for what?", "answer": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project"}, {"question": "Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Soyuz 19 took off from Earth on what date?", "answer": "July 15, 1975"}, {"question": "What year did the USSR disband?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Which Russian rocket carries passengers to and from the International Space Station?", "answer": "R-7 rocket"}, {"question": "The United States' National Defense Education Act was established in what year?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What do people typically call a web browser?", "answer": "browser"}, {"question": "What platform is a browser used on?", "answer": "World Wide Web"}, {"question": "What does URL mean?", "answer": "Uniform Resource Identifier"}, {"question": "What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?", "answer": "Hyperlinks"}, {"question": "The primary function of a browser is to use what?", "answer": "the World Wide Web"}, {"question": "In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?", "answer": "private networks"}, {"question": "A browser can also access files where?", "answer": "file systems"}, {"question": "When was the first browser created?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Who invented the first browser?", "answer": "Sir Tim Berners-Lee"}, {"question": "What was Berners-Lee a director of?", "answer": "the World Wide Web Consortium"}, {"question": "What organization did Berners-Lee create?", "answer": "World Wide Web Foundation"}, {"question": "Who released Mosaic?", "answer": "Marc Andreessen"}, {"question": "When was Mosaic released?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?", "answer": "Netscape"}, {"question": "What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?", "answer": "Netscape Navigator"}, {"question": "Who released the Internet Explorer browser?", "answer": "Microsoft"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?", "answer": "browser war"}, {"question": "What was bundled with Internet Explorer?", "answer": "Windows"}, {"question": "Opera was introduced in what year?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?", "answer": "Opera-mini version"}, {"question": "Opera focused on which quickly growing market?", "answer": "mobile phone web browser"}, {"question": "Opera is also available on which video game console?", "answer": "Nintendo's Wii"}, {"question": "What did Netscape launch in 1998?", "answer": "Mozilla Foundation"}, {"question": "Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?", "answer": "open source software model"}, {"question": "What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?", "answer": "Firefox"}, {"question": "When was Firefox released?", "answer": "late 2004"}, {"question": "When was the first beta release for Safari?", "answer": "January 2003"}, {"question": "Who created Safari?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "Which browser is the newest to enter the field?", "answer": "Chrome"}, {"question": "When was Chrome released?", "answer": "September 2008"}, {"question": "As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?", "answer": "Internet Explorer"}, {"question": "When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?", "answer": "May 2012"}, {"question": "What was bundled for free with the Windows OS?", "answer": "Internet Explorer"}, {"question": "Internet Explorer was partially funded in what two ways?", "answer": "sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users"}, {"question": "What other OS could use Internet Explorer?", "answer": "Mac"}, {"question": "Who investigated the bundling of the IE browser with Windows OS?", "answer": "the European Commission"}, {"question": "When did the European Commission say they would investigate the bundling?", "answer": "January 2009"}, {"question": "The Commission felt that bundling the browser with Windows computers harmed what?", "answer": "competition between web browsers"}, {"question": "The Commission felt that the bundling undermined what?", "answer": "product innovation"}, {"question": "What browser was automatically included with OS X?", "answer": "Safari"}, {"question": "Which company pays Firefox to make their search engine the default on their browser?", "answer": "Google"}, {"question": "What other browser has Google as the default search engine?", "answer": "Chrome"}, {"question": "The increased revenue funds what, in addition to Google?", "answer": "Google Chrome"}, {"question": "What is the main use of a browser?", "answer": "to bring information resources to the user"}, {"question": "What does URL stand for?", "answer": "Uniform Resource Locator"}, {"question": "What is the determining factor in how a URL will be interpreted?", "answer": "The prefix of the URL"}, {"question": "What does http stand for?", "answer": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol"}, {"question": "What does ftp stand for?", "answer": "File Transfer Protocol"}, {"question": "A news: prefix is given to the user's what?", "answer": "default newsgroup reader"}, {"question": "What is it called when content is changed from markup to an interactive document?", "answer": "rendering"}, {"question": "Browsers typically have plug-ins to support what?", "answer": "Flash applications and Java applets"}, {"question": "What can resources have to connect to other resources?", "answer": "hyperlinks"}, {"question": "Features on a browser can range from minimal with little support to what?", "answer": "rich user interfaces"}, {"question": "When a browser includes a lot of extras, it can be referred to as what?", "answer": "Internet suites"}, {"question": "What does IRC stand for?", "answer": "Internet Relay Chat"}, {"question": "What does not allow windows to pop up without consent?", "answer": "pop-up blockers"}, {"question": "A computer program that continues the functionality of a browser is called what?", "answer": "browser extension"}, {"question": "A list of websites a user can click to get back to easy have been what by the user?", "answer": "bookmarked"}, {"question": "What are \"bookmarks\" called in Internet Explorer?", "answer": "Favorites"}, {"question": "The top browsers have a built-in what?", "answer": "feed aggregator"}, {"question": "Firefox does web feeds as what?", "answer": "live bookmarks"}, {"question": "The Opera feed reader is more what?", "answer": "traditional"}, {"question": "HTTP Secure is supported by what?", "answer": "Most browsers"}, {"question": "Cache, download history, cookies, browsing and what else can be quickly deleted in browsers?", "answer": "form and search history"}, {"question": "A comparison of browser must be seen to know what?", "answer": "current security vulnerabilities"}, {"question": "Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?", "answer": "proprietary web browsers"}, {"question": "Non-standard dialects led to what?", "answer": "problems with interoperability"}, {"question": "Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?", "answer": "HTML and XHTML"}, {"question": "HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?", "answer": "rendered in the same way"}, {"question": "A user interface, UI backend, layout engine and other things are part of what?", "answer": "Web browsers"}, {"question": "The layout engine, rendering engine, user interface and other things are components that offer different what of web browsers?", "answer": "functionalities"}, {"question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "answer": "a Chinese satellite navigation system"}, {"question": "How many satellite constellations does the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System have?", "answer": "two separate satellite constellations"}, {"question": "What are the two satellite constellations?", "answer": "a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system"}, {"question": "How long has the limited test system been operating?", "answer": "since 2000"}, {"question": "How is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System written in traditional Chinese?", "answer": "\u5317\u6597\u885b\u661f\u5c0e\u822a\u7cfb\u7d71"}, {"question": "What was the first BeiDou system called?", "answer": "the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System"}, {"question": "Who does the BeiDou-1 operate for?", "answer": "mainly for customers in China and neighboring regions"}, {"question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System?", "answer": "BeiDou-1"}, {"question": "How many satellites does the BeiDou-1 have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How long has the BeiDou-1 been operating?", "answer": "since 2000"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second generation of BDS?", "answer": "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System"}, {"question": "What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?", "answer": "COMPASS or BeiDou-2"}, {"question": "How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?", "answer": "January 2015"}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?", "answer": "December 2011"}, {"question": "When did China begin constructing the third BeiDou system?", "answer": "mid 2015"}, {"question": "What is the third BeiDou system called?", "answer": "BDS-3"}, {"question": "When was the first BDS-3 satellite launched?", "answer": "30 September 2015"}, {"question": "How many BDS-3 satellites have been launched?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "How long ago was the BeiDou Satellite System first launched?", "answer": "Fifteen years"}, {"question": "How much revenue for companies is generated by the BDS system?", "answer": "$31.5 billion"}, {"question": "What are some companies that profit from the BDS system?", "answer": "China Aerospace Science and Industry Corp, AutoNavi Holdings Ltd, and China North Industries Group Corp."}, {"question": "What is the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System named after?", "answer": "the Big Dipper constellation"}, {"question": "What is the Big Dipper constellation known as in Chinese?", "answer": "B\u011bid\u01d2u"}, {"question": "What does B\u011bid\u01d2u translate as?", "answer": "Northern Dipper"}, {"question": "Who named the constellation B\u011bid\u01d2u?", "answer": "ancient Chinese astronomers"}, {"question": "What was the B\u011bid\u01d2u constellation used for?", "answer": "to locate the North Star Polaris"}, {"question": "Who first came up with the idea for a Chinese satellite navigation system?", "answer": "Chen Fangyun and his colleagues"}, {"question": "When did Chen Fangyun come up with the idea for a satellite navigation system?", "answer": "in the 1980s"}, {"question": "The China National Space Administration said the satellite navigation system would be developed in how many steps?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first satellite launched for the system?", "answer": "BeiDou-1A"}, {"question": "When was BeiDou-1A launched?", "answer": "20 December 2000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the third satellite launched for the system?", "answer": "BeiDou-1C"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of launching the BeiDou-1C satellite?", "answer": "a backup satellite"}, {"question": "When was the BeiDou-1C satellite launched?", "answer": "25 May 2003"}, {"question": "When did China announce service plans for the BeiDou system?", "answer": "2 November 2006"}, {"question": "What was the accuracy range that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "answer": "10 meters"}, {"question": "What was the timing and speed that China promised to offer in 2008 with the BeiDou system?", "answer": "timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 meters/second"}, {"question": "When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "answer": "February 2007"}, {"question": "What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?", "answer": "BeiDou-1D"}, {"question": "What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?", "answer": "BeiDou-2A"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?", "answer": "serving as a backup satellite"}, {"question": "What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?", "answer": "a control system malfunction"}, {"question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "answer": "April 2007"}, {"question": "What is the the first satellite for the BeiDou-2 system called?", "answer": "Compass-M1"}, {"question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "answer": "15 April 2009"}, {"question": "When was the third satellite for the BeiDou-2 system launched?", "answer": "17 January 2010"}, {"question": "How much was China going to invest in the European Galileo positioning system project?", "answer": "\u20ac230 million (USD296 million, GBP160 million)"}, {"question": "In 2003, what was the planned purpose of the BeiDou navigation system?", "answer": "only be used by its armed forces"}, {"question": "When did China join the Galileo project?", "answer": "October 2004"}, {"question": "When was China Galileo Industries (CGI) founded?", "answer": "December 2004"}, {"question": "Who said in 2008 that China was unsatisfied with its involvement in the Galileo project?", "answer": "the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post"}, {"question": "What is the BeiDou-1?", "answer": "an experimental regional navigation system"}, {"question": "The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?", "answer": "the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite"}, {"question": "How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?", "answer": "1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each"}, {"question": "What type of satellites does the American GPS system use?", "answer": "medium Earth orbit satellites"}, {"question": "What type of satellites does the BeiDou-1 system use?", "answer": "satellites in geostationary orbit"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1 system using stallites in geostationary orbit?", "answer": "the system does not require a large constellation of satellites"}, {"question": "What service area is covered by the BeiDou-1 system?", "answer": "from longitude 70\u00b0E to 140\u00b0E and from latitude 5\u00b0N to 55\u00b0N"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of the BeiDou-1 system?", "answer": "2491.75 MHz"}, {"question": "When was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "answer": "October 31, 2000"}, {"question": "What was the first satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "answer": "BeiDou-1A"}, {"question": "When was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "answer": "December 21, 2000"}, {"question": "What was the second satellite for the BeiDou-1 system called?", "answer": "BeiDou-1B"}, {"question": "When was the last satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?", "answer": "May 25, 2003"}, {"question": "In 2007, what was the reported resolution of the BeiDou system?", "answer": "as high as 0.5 metres"}, {"question": "What is the calibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "answer": "20m"}, {"question": "What is the uncalibrated accuracy of the BeiDou system?", "answer": "100m"}, {"question": "Who reported the resolution of the BeiDou system in 2007?", "answer": "the official Xinhua News Agency"}, {"question": "How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?", "answer": "around CN\u00a520,000RMB (US$2,929)"}, {"question": "How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?", "answer": "almost 10 times the price"}, {"question": "Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?", "answer": "due to the cost of imported microchips"}, {"question": "Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?", "answer": "Shenzhen"}, {"question": "What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?", "answer": "a BeiDou terminal priced at CN\u00a53,000RMB"}, {"question": "Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?", "answer": "Sun Jiadong"}, {"question": "What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?", "answer": "\"Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much.\""}, {"question": "Who is Sun Jiadong?", "answer": "the chief designer of the navigation system"}, {"question": "What was the BeiDou-2 system previously known as?", "answer": "COMPASS"}, {"question": "How may satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "How many geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How many non-geostationary orbit satellites will the BeiDou-2 system have?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the geostationary orbit satellites in the BeiDou-2 system?", "answer": "for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1"}, {"question": "What are the ranging signals of the BeiDou system based on?", "answer": "the CDMA principle"}, {"question": "What positioning levels will the BeiDou system offer?", "answer": "open and restricted (military)"}, {"question": "Where will the public service for the BeiDou system be available?", "answer": "globally to general users"}, {"question": "Who designed the COMPASS navigation system?", "answer": "Sun Jiadong"}, {"question": "How many satellites will the COMPASS navigation system use?", "answer": "75+ satellites"}, {"question": "What types of services will be offered by the BeiDou system?", "answer": "a free service to civilians and licensed service to the Chinese government and military"}, {"question": "What is the range of accuracy for the free service offered to civilians?", "answer": "10-meter location-tracking accuracy"}, {"question": "What is the range of accuracy for the licensed service used by Chinese government and military?", "answer": "10 centimetres"}, {"question": "As of right now, who uses the licensed military service?", "answer": "the People's Liberation Army and to the Military of Pakistan"}, {"question": "What is something the licensed military service can be used for?", "answer": "communication"}, {"question": "How many frequencies does the COMPASS system use?", "answer": "four bands"}, {"question": "What are the four bands of frequencies used by the COMPASS system called?", "answer": "E1, E2, E5B, and E6"}, {"question": "Which frequency bands are most likely to cause issues of inter-system interference with the Galileo system?", "answer": "E1 and E2"}, {"question": "Which bands are used by the Galileo system for their public service?", "answer": "E1 and E2"}, {"question": "According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) policies, who is given higher priority to a specific frequency band?", "answer": "the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency"}, {"question": "How much information about the COMPASS system did Chinese authorities release?", "answer": "little was officially announced"}, {"question": "What is one thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "answer": "to study general characteristics of the signals"}, {"question": "What is another thing launching the first COMPASS satellite enable researchers to do?", "answer": "to build a COMPASS receiver"}, {"question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launched?", "answer": "14 April 2007"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "answer": "for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing"}, {"question": "The purpose of the Compass-M1 satellite is similar to the purpose of what other satellite?", "answer": "the GIOVE satellites for the Galileo system"}, {"question": "What is the altitude of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "answer": "21,150 km"}, {"question": "What is the inclination of the Compass-M1 satellite?", "answer": "55.5 degrees"}, {"question": "What frequency bands does Compass-M1 transmit in?", "answer": "E2, E5B, and E6"}, {"question": "What is the phase shift of the sub-signals detected in each frequency band used by  Compass-M1?", "answer": "90 degrees (in quadrature)"}, {"question": "What are the two sub-signals in each frequency band referred to as?", "answer": "\"I\" and \"Q\""}, {"question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"I\" component?", "answer": "likely to be intended for the open service"}, {"question": "What is the intended purpose of the \"Q\" component?", "answer": "probably intended for the restricted service"}, {"question": "When did the investigation of the signals transmitted by Compass -M1 begin?", "answer": "immediately after the launch of Compass -M1 on 14 April 2007"}, {"question": "What did engineers at CNES report in June 2007?", "answer": "the spectrum and structure of the signals"}, {"question": "Who reported the complete decoding of the \u201cI\u201d signals components?", "answer": "researchers from Stanford University"}, {"question": "Who built the COMPASS receiver?", "answer": "a group of engineers at Septentrio"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of building the COMPASS receiver?", "answer": "report tracking and multipath characteristics of the \u201cI\u201d signals on E2 and E5B"}, {"question": "What is the difference between the \"I\" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?", "answer": "Compass signals have somewhat greater power"}, {"question": "When did the Compass system begin operation on a trial bases?", "answer": "December 2011"}, {"question": "When did the Compass system begin offering navigation, positioning and timing data to China and nearby locations?", "answer": "27 December"}, {"question": "What will improve the positioning accuracy of the Compass system?", "answer": "as more satellites are launched"}, {"question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the location accuracy promised to users?", "answer": "accurate to the nearest 10 m"}, {"question": "Upon launching, the Compass system, what was the speed promised to users?", "answer": "within 0.2 m per second"}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services?", "answer": "December 2012"}, {"question": "Where did the BeiDou-2 system start offering services in 2012?", "answer": "the Asia-Pacific region"}, {"question": "At the time when BeiDou-2 system began offering services, what was the positioning data the system was able to provide?", "answer": "between longitude 55\u00b0E to 180\u00b0E and from latitude 55\u00b0S to 55\u00b0N"}, {"question": "When did the Beidou system begin operating in China?", "answer": "December 2011"}, {"question": "When is it projected that the global navigation system will be finished?", "answer": "by 2020"}, {"question": "As of December 2012, how many satellites had been launched for the BeiDou-2 system?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Of the 16 satellites launched for the BeiDou-2 system, how many are operational?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "When was the Compass-M1 satellite launced?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many satellites were launched from 2009-2011?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What was achieved by launching 9 additional satellites from 2009-2011?", "answer": "functional regional coverage"}, {"question": "How many satellites were launched since 2007?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "When did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How did the BeiDou system begin transitioning to global coverage?", "answer": "with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites"}, {"question": "When were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched?", "answer": "July 25, 2015"}, {"question": "Where were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched from?", "answer": "the Xichang Satellite Launch Center"}, {"question": "What were the 18th and 19th satellites for the BeiDou system launched with?", "answer": "Long March 3B/Expedition-1 carrier rocket"}, {"question": "What is the Expedition-1?", "answer": "an independent upper stage capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits"}, {"question": "What will the three latest satellites provide after testing?", "answer": "navigation services"}, {"question": "What kind of testing will be performed on the three latest satellites?", "answer": "testing of a new system of navigation signaling and inter-satellite links"}, {"question": "How many satellites will be used to test a new system of navigation signaling?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?", "answer": "Canon law"}, {"question": "In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches"}, {"question": "What body was first responsible for creating canon?", "answer": "church council"}, {"question": "What does canon law consist of?", "answer": "canons"}, {"question": "What is the Greek term for canon?", "answer": "kanon"}, {"question": "What is the Hebrew term for canon?", "answer": "kaneh"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term meaning canon?", "answer": "Qanun"}, {"question": "What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?", "answer": "reed"}, {"question": "Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?", "answer": "cane"}, {"question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?", "answer": "eighty-five"}, {"question": "How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "What is another term for Apostolic Canons?", "answer": "Ecclesiastical Canons"}, {"question": "When was the First Council of Nicaea held?", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "What is the Greek definition of \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f60\u03bd?", "answer": "a rule"}, {"question": "Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?", "answer": "the Church's hierarchical authorities"}, {"question": "What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?", "answer": "canon law"}, {"question": "What does management of canon law aim to regulate?", "answer": "external organization and government"}, {"question": "What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?", "answer": "order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church"}, {"question": "What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "answer": "rites"}, {"question": "How many major rites exist?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "the Supreme Pontiff"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "full union"}, {"question": "Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "answer": "immutable divine and natural law"}, {"question": "What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?", "answer": "changeable circumstantial and merely positive law"}, {"question": "What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?", "answer": "formal authority and promulgation"}, {"question": "What is the pope's official title?", "answer": "Supreme Pontiff"}, {"question": "What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?", "answer": "legislative, executive, and judicial"}, {"question": "What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?", "answer": "The Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What is a legal system older than Catholic law?", "answer": "Roman law"}, {"question": "What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?", "answer": "canons"}, {"question": "When was the Council of Jerusalem held?", "answer": "first century"}, {"question": "Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?", "answer": "Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic"}, {"question": "Which period followed the jus antiquum?", "answer": "the jus novum"}, {"question": "What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?", "answer": "the Code of Canon Law"}, {"question": "What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?", "answer": "the jus vetus"}, {"question": "In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?", "answer": "different disciplines and practices"}, {"question": "What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?", "answer": "process of codification"}, {"question": "When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?", "answer": "the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches"}, {"question": "What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?", "answer": "lawyers, judges"}, {"question": "What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?", "answer": "civilly-binding force"}, {"question": "What does J.C.B. stand for?", "answer": "Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus"}, {"question": "What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?", "answer": "Bachelor of Canon Law"}, {"question": "What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?", "answer": "Juris Canonici Licentiatus"}, {"question": "What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?", "answer": "Roman Law Code of Justinian"}, {"question": "What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?", "answer": "adversarial"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?", "answer": "inquisitorial"}, {"question": "What is the English meaning of inquirere?", "answer": "to enquire"}, {"question": "What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?", "answer": "modern civil law and common law"}, {"question": "Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?", "answer": "Edson Luiz Sampel"}, {"question": "What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?", "answer": "Europe and Latin American"}, {"question": "What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?", "answer": "contemporary society"}, {"question": "What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?", "answer": "Aristotelian-Thomistic"}, {"question": "Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?", "answer": "Aquinas"}, {"question": "What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?", "answer": "the common good"}, {"question": "What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?", "answer": "a rule of conduct"}, {"question": "Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?", "answer": "the Latin or Western Church"}, {"question": "What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?", "answer": "more diversity in legislation"}, {"question": "What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?", "answer": "custom"}, {"question": "When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?", "answer": "1949 through 1958"}, {"question": "When was the original Code of Canon Law published?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?", "answer": "the Roman Rite"}, {"question": "During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?", "answer": "1962 - 1965"}, {"question": "For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?", "answer": "the Roman Rite"}, {"question": "When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What are the constituents of the P\u0113d\u00e1lion?", "answer": "canons and commentaries upon them"}, {"question": "What does P\u0113d\u00e1lion mean in English?", "answer": "Rudder"}, {"question": "Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?", "answer": "bishops"}, {"question": "Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?", "answer": "the Ecumenical Councils"}, {"question": "In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?", "answer": "common law"}, {"question": "At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?", "answer": "Oxford and Cambridge"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?", "answer": "the Anglican Communion"}, {"question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?", "answer": "the Episcopal Church"}, {"question": "What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?", "answer": "the Anglican Church of Canada"}, {"question": "What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?", "answer": "their own private systems of canon law"}, {"question": "As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?", "answer": "principles of canon law"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?", "answer": "factually"}, {"question": "Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? ", "answer": "its own legal system"}, {"question": "What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?", "answer": "living"}, {"question": "What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?", "answer": "unity"}, {"question": "What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?", "answer": "\"practice and procedure\" or \"church order\""}, {"question": "In what types of institutions are canon rules called \"practice and procedure\"?", "answer": "Presbyterian and Reformed churches"}, {"question": "What aspect of management is covered by church order?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?", "answer": "discipline"}, {"question": "What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?", "answer": "worship"}, {"question": "What group took issue with the Roman canons?", "answer": "the Presbyterians"}, {"question": "In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?", "answer": "1572"}, {"question": "To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?", "answer": "1500 years"}, {"question": "Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?", "answer": "bishops"}, {"question": "What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?", "answer": "The Book of Concord"}, {"question": "Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?", "answer": "confessional"}, {"question": "What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?", "answer": "canons"}, {"question": "What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?", "answer": "orthodox"}, {"question": "How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?", "answer": "Print media"}, {"question": "What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?", "answer": "National Communications Act"}, {"question": "Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?", "answer": "Print media"}, {"question": "What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?", "answer": "radio stations and online portals"}, {"question": "What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?", "answer": "Somali entrepreneurs"}, {"question": "China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.", "answer": "expertise"}, {"question": "What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?", "answer": "affordable mobile phone and internet services"}, {"question": "Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?", "answer": "mobile phones"}, {"question": "When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?", "answer": "infrastructure"}, {"question": "Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?", "answer": "multinational corporations"}, {"question": "Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?", "answer": "Somali telecommunication companies"}, {"question": "aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "what is another word for availability of telephone lines?", "answer": "tele-density"}, {"question": "How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?", "answer": "$40 million"}, {"question": "What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Where is Somtal network located?", "answer": "Hargeisa"}, {"question": "Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?", "answer": "mobile banking"}, {"question": "STC stands for what?", "answer": "Somali Telecommunication Company"}, {"question": "The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Investing in what Industry is a sign that Somalia's economy is continuing to improve?", "answer": "telecom industry"}, {"question": "What sector provides key communication services?", "answer": "telecom"}, {"question": "What year was the national Communications act enacted?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What Act clears the way for a National Communications Regulator?", "answer": "the National Communications Act"}, {"question": "What types of stakeholders consulted on the bill to enact the National Communications Act?", "answer": "academic and civil society"}, {"question": "The National Communications Act is expected to create and invironment favorable for what?", "answer": "investment"}, {"question": "Continued infrastructure development results in more efficient what?", "answer": "service delivery"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Somali postal service?", "answer": "Somali Post"}, {"question": "What is the name of the National postal service of Somalia?", "answer": "Somali Post"}, {"question": "When was the infrastructure of the postal service destroyed?", "answer": "during the civil war"}, {"question": "What airport is home to the Emirates post mail hub?", "answer": "Dubai International"}, {"question": "How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?", "answer": "ten years"}, {"question": "How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What year did postal service in Somalia resume?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?", "answer": "Universal Postal Union"}, {"question": "What type of assistance does the postal union provide?", "answer": "technical"}, {"question": "What type of equipment does the postal union provide?", "answer": "basic mail processing equipment"}, {"question": "When was Radio Mogadishu established?", "answer": "during the colonial period"}, {"question": "What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?", "answer": "Somali and Italian"}, {"question": "What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?", "answer": "Russian assistance"}, {"question": "What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?", "answer": "home service"}, {"question": "Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?", "answer": "Radio Free Somalia"}, {"question": "Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?", "answer": "Galkayo"}, {"question": "What province is Galkayo located in?", "answer": "Mudug province"}, {"question": "How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?", "answer": "Somali National Television"}, {"question": "Where is Somali National Television located?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?", "answer": "April 4, 2011"}, {"question": "Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?", "answer": "private television networks"}, {"question": "What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?", "answer": "private television networks"}, {"question": "Where does SBC TV broadcast from?", "answer": "Bosaso"}, {"question": "What is the commercial capital of Puntland?", "answer": "Bosaso"}, {"question": "Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Where was The Mogadishu Times published?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "What year did free media outlets begin to expand?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?", "answer": "radio and online commercials"}, {"question": "Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?", "answer": "Issa Farah"}, {"question": "What is the IST?", "answer": "Information Support Team"}, {"question": "As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?", "answer": "internet blocking or filtering"}, {"question": "What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?", "answer": "content standards online"}, {"question": "What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?", "answer": "53%"}, {"question": "The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?", "answer": "internet commerce and telephony"}, {"question": "What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?", "answer": "106,000"}, {"question": "Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?", "answer": "rise"}, {"question": "What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?", "answer": "512,682"}, {"question": "What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?", "answer": "6.1 million"}, {"question": "What is the STA?", "answer": "Somali Telecommunication Association"}, {"question": "What sector does the STC oversee?", "answer": "ICT sector"}, {"question": "In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?", "answer": "STA"}, {"question": "How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?", "answer": "234"}, {"question": "As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?", "answer": "12.5%"}, {"question": "What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?", "answer": "$10 per month"}, {"question": "What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?", "answer": "Global Internet Company"}, {"question": "Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?", "answer": "Global Internet Company"}, {"question": "Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?", "answer": "major cities"}, {"question": "What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "What is another name for Dalcom?", "answer": "Wanaag HK"}, {"question": "What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?", "answer": "10% to 15% per year"}, {"question": "Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?", "answer": "satellite"}, {"question": "Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?", "answer": "internet cafes"}, {"question": "As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?", "answer": "gradually began to fall"}, {"question": "Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?", "answer": "Tri-Band 3G"}, {"question": "Who was the 3G service for?", "answer": "internet and mobile clients"}, {"question": "what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?", "answer": "Tri-Band 3G"}, {"question": "What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?", "answer": "faster and more secure"}, {"question": "what does 3G stand for?", "answer": "third generation"}, {"question": "What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?", "answer": "broadband"}, {"question": "How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?", "answer": "10,500 mile"}, {"question": "How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?", "answer": "more affordable"}, {"question": "Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "What place is Catalan named for?", "answer": "Catalonia"}, {"question": "What type of language is Catalan?", "answer": "Romance language"}, {"question": "What is Catalan called in Valencia?", "answer": "Valencian"}, {"question": "Where is Catalan the only official language?", "answer": "Andorra"}, {"question": "What is the second most often spoken language is Catalonia?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What is the most used language in Catalonia?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is the type designation of Catalan in Catalonia?", "answer": "native"}, {"question": "What group spends money to promote the language?", "answer": "The Generalitat of Catalunya"}, {"question": "What language is promoted in Catalonia?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "From what language did Catalan come?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "In what area did Catalan develop?", "answer": "eastern Pyrenees"}, {"question": "When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?", "answer": "Low Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?", "answer": "1479"}, {"question": "What happened in 1975-1982?", "answer": "Spanish transition to democracy"}, {"question": "What has this official language state done for Catalan?", "answer": "increased prestige"}, {"question": "Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?", "answer": "mass media"}, {"question": "What is the division of Catalan dialects?", "answer": "Eastern and Western"}, {"question": "What is the basic difference between the dialects?", "answer": "pronunciation"}, {"question": "What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?", "answer": "different varieties"}, {"question": "What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?", "answer": "the same language"}, {"question": "What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?", "answer": "two standard varieties"}, {"question": "What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?", "answer": "many traits"}, {"question": "Where is Catalonia located?", "answer": "Iberian Peninsula"}, {"question": "What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?", "answer": "Spanish and Portuguese"}, {"question": "Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?", "answer": "pronunciation"}, {"question": "What are these similar Latin derived languages called?", "answer": "Gallo-Romance"}, {"question": "How many genders does Catalan have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What numbers does Catalan have?", "answer": "singular, plural"}, {"question": "What style of grammar does Catalan have?", "answer": "inflectional"}, {"question": "What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? ", "answer": "consonants"}, {"question": "What is Catalan the derivitive of?", "answer": "Catalonia"}, {"question": "What is the Latin for Calalunya?", "answer": "Gathia Launia"}, {"question": "Where did the Catalan  people originate?", "answer": "March of Gothia"}, {"question": "What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?", "answer": "Gothia"}, {"question": "When did the reference Catelaner first appear?", "answer": "mid 14th century"}, {"question": "What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?", "answer": "Catellain"}, {"question": "What language is the source of the term Catellain?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What is the language source of the term Catelaner?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Since what year has this term been used?", "answer": "1652"}, {"question": "Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?", "answer": "Valencian Community"}, {"question": "What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?", "answer": "the same language"}, {"question": "What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?", "answer": "dialects"}, {"question": "What language did Catalan descend from?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?", "answer": "Hispania Tarraconensis"}, {"question": "Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?", "answer": "Catalan counts"}, {"question": "When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?", "answer": "988"}, {"question": "When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?", "answer": "11th century"}, {"question": "When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?", "answer": "by 1080"}, {"question": "To what language did Catalan display similarities?", "answer": "Gallo-Romance"}, {"question": "What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?", "answer": "Old Occitan"}, {"question": "When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?", "answer": "11th and 12th centuries"}, {"question": "When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "When Catalan reach Sardinia?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?", "answer": "Murcia"}, {"question": "When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?", "answer": "15th century"}, {"question": "When was the golden age of Catalan?", "answer": "Low Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?", "answer": "city of Valencia"}, {"question": "What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "Who called Catalan one of the great languages?", "answer": "Costa Carreras"}, {"question": "Who wrote Tirant lo Blanc?", "answer": "Martorell"}, {"question": "What kind of tale was Tirant lo Blanc?", "answer": "chivalry"}, {"question": "To what does Matorell's work show a transition?", "answer": "Renaissance values"}, {"question": "What other writer showed a transition to the Renaissance? ", "answer": "Metge"}, {"question": "In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula?", "answer": "movable type"}, {"question": "When were Castille and Aragon united?", "answer": "1479"}, {"question": "After 1479, what language became more valued?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "What language began to supersede Catalan?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "At this time what classes became bilingual?", "answer": "urban and literary"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?", "answer": "1659"}, {"question": "What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?", "answer": "northern part"}, {"question": "Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?", "answer": "Treaty of the Pyrenees"}, {"question": "What language began to influence Catalan?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?", "answer": "1700"}, {"question": "When did France outlaw Catalan?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?", "answer": "French Revolution"}, {"question": "Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?", "answer": "Occitan, Flemish, and Basque"}, {"question": "What are French non standard languages called?", "answer": "patois"}, {"question": "When did the French obtain Algeria?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?", "answer": "Northern Catalonia and Minorca"}, {"question": "What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?", "answer": "patuet"}, {"question": "How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?", "answer": "around 100,000"}, {"question": "When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What is the official language of France?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?", "answer": "in public life and education"}, {"question": "Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?", "answer": "General Council of the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales"}, {"question": "What language does the General Council want to promote?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "Where did Catalan experience defeat?", "answer": "War of Spanish Succession"}, {"question": "When was the war of Spanish Succession?", "answer": "1714"}, {"question": "What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?", "answer": "revival"}, {"question": "What is Renaixenca?", "answer": "Catalan literary revival"}, {"question": "When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "When did this revival period begin?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?", "answer": "early 20th"}, {"question": "Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?", "answer": "in all schools"}, {"question": "Since the transition, what is the official language?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?", "answer": "mass media"}, {"question": "Where has Catalan always been the only language?", "answer": "Andorra"}, {"question": "When was the Andorran constitution produced?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?", "answer": "Andorranization policies"}, {"question": "What is an Andorran school policy?", "answer": "Catalan medium education"}, {"question": "What is the only language of Andorra?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?", "answer": "language shift processes"}, {"question": "How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?", "answer": "60 or older"}, {"question": "When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?", "answer": "ingrained diglossic attitudes"}, {"question": "What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?", "answer": "diglossic attitudes"}, {"question": "What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed?", "answer": "Occitano-Romance"}, {"question": "Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch?", "answer": "linguists"}, {"question": "What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category?", "answer": "Spanish ones"}, {"question": "What is Catalan a variety of?", "answer": "Occitan language"}, {"question": "What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?", "answer": "varying degrees"}, {"question": "What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?", "answer": "differences"}, {"question": "What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?", "answer": "many traits"}, {"question": "Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?", "answer": "closely related"}, {"question": "What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?", "answer": "many traits"}, {"question": "Where is the Catalan language mostly located?", "answer": "Iberian Peninsula"}, {"question": "In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?", "answer": "Ibero-Romance group"}, {"question": "What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?", "answer": "Spanish and Portuguese"}, {"question": "To what group is Catalan most closely related?", "answer": "Occitan"}, {"question": "What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?", "answer": "87%"}, {"question": "Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?", "answer": "76%"}, {"question": "How related is Sardinian to Catalan?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "What has Catalan often been considered?", "answer": "dialect of Spanish"}, {"question": "During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?", "answer": "Francoist"}, {"question": "What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?", "answer": "rest of Roman Hispania"}, {"question": "What language branch did Catalan share a history with?", "answer": "Occitan"}, {"question": "What is Occitan a branch of?", "answer": "Western Romance"}, {"question": "What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "What is the origin of some Spanish words?", "answer": "Latin origin"}, {"question": "What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?", "answer": "Germanic superstrate"}, {"question": "What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?", "answer": "Arabic element"}, {"question": "What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?", "answer": "Arabic loanwords"}, {"question": "In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?", "answer": "of Arabic origin"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?", "answer": "Latin origin"}, {"question": "What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?", "answer": "Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance"}, {"question": "What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?", "answer": "unique"}, {"question": "What type of unique choices does Catalan have?", "answer": "lexical"}, {"question": "What is the Catalan to miss somebody?", "answer": "enyorar"}, {"question": "What are the Paisos Catalans", "answer": "Catalan Countries"}, {"question": "What is that determination based on?", "answer": "cultural affinity and common heritage"}, {"question": "What status does Catalan Countries have?", "answer": "no official status"}, {"question": "What is the interpretation of the term?", "answer": "Various interpretations"}, {"question": "What is the term for Catalan Countries?", "answer": "Pa\u00efsos Catalans"}, {"question": "How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?", "answer": "many monosyllabic words"}, {"question": "What other type of endings do Catalan words have?", "answer": "consonant clusters"}, {"question": "What kind of final devoicing does the language have?", "answer": "obstruent"}, {"question": "What do many words feature?", "answer": "couplets"}, {"question": "What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?", "answer": "Central Catalan"}, {"question": "What is Central Catalan?", "answer": "standard pronunciation"}, {"question": "What are the descriptions for?", "answer": "standard pronunciation"}, {"question": "Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?", "answer": "section pronunciation"}, {"question": "Where does Catalan get its vowel system?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "How many stressed phenoms are there?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Where is this a common feature?", "answer": "Western Romance"}, {"question": "What is the exception to this common characteristic?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What differs in vowel reduction?", "answer": "Dialects"}, {"question": "How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What vowel stays distinct?", "answer": "/i/"}, {"question": "What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?", "answer": "different"}, {"question": "Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?", "answer": "section pronunciation"}, {"question": "What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?", "answer": "Catalan sociolinguistics"}, {"question": "What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?", "answer": "Catalan sociolinguistics"}, {"question": "What is this a subdiscipline of?", "answer": "Catalan philology"}, {"question": "What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?", "answer": "analyse the relation"}, {"question": "What outside affects does this study include?", "answer": "other languages in contact"}, {"question": "What do the dialects of Catalan feature?", "answer": "uniformity"}, {"question": "In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?", "answer": "other Romance languages"}, {"question": "What is high among dialects?", "answer": "intelligibility"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?", "answer": "90% to 95%"}, {"question": "What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?", "answer": "Alguerese"}, {"question": "What is the major difference between the two blocks?", "answer": "treatment of unstressed a and e"}, {"question": "How are a and e in western dialects?", "answer": "distinct"}, {"question": "What have a and e done in eastern dialects?", "answer": "merged"}, {"question": "What two dialects does Western Catalan include?", "answer": "Northwestern Catalan and Valencian"}, {"question": "How many dialects are in the eastern group?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "To what division does Central Catalan belong?", "answer": "Eastern block"}, {"question": "What other divisions can be made of dialects?", "answer": "subdialects"}, {"question": "What block does Northwestern Catalan and Valencian belong to?", "answer": "Western Catalan"}, {"question": "What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?", "answer": "Central Catalan"}, {"question": "Where are the most speakers found?", "answer": "Central Catalan"}, {"question": "In what densely populated area is it spoken?", "answer": "Barcelona province"}, {"question": "What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?", "answer": "eastern half"}, {"question": "What is the vowel system of Catalan?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Where is this system common?", "answer": "Western Romance"}, {"question": "What language is the exception?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?", "answer": "Dialects"}, {"question": "Where do unstressed vowels reduce to three?", "answer": "Eastern Catalan"}, {"question": "What is the exception to this reduction?", "answer": "Majorcan"}, {"question": "Which vowel remains distinct?", "answer": "/i/"}, {"question": "In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?", "answer": "Majorcan"}, {"question": "What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?", "answer": "Eastern Catalan"}, {"question": "What other pattern do other vowels follow?", "answer": "Western Catalan"}, {"question": "What letter remains distinct?", "answer": "/u/"}, {"question": "/u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?", "answer": "Western Catalan"}, {"question": "What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which letters remain distinct?", "answer": "/a u i/"}, {"question": "Where did this pattern come from?", "answer": "Proto-Romance"}, {"question": "In what other languages is this pattern found?", "answer": "Italian and Portuguese"}, {"question": "What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?", "answer": "further reduction"}, {"question": "What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?", "answer": "Balearic"}, {"question": "What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?", "answer": "/e/"}, {"question": "What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?", "answer": "higher incidence"}, {"question": "What language is parle or tem ?", "answer": "Valencian"}, {"question": "What language  is parlo or temo ?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "What language is parl?", "answer": "Balearic"}, {"question": "What language form is parli?", "answer": "Northern"}, {"question": "Where do you find medieval plurals?", "answer": "nouns and adjectives"}, {"question": "What letter is lost in some words?", "answer": "/n/"}, {"question": "When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?", "answer": "homes"}, {"question": "The medieval jovens becomes what what word?", "answer": "joves"}, {"question": "What kind of plural words lose /n/?", "answer": "proparoxytone"}, {"question": "What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?", "answer": "word choices"}, {"question": "How can you explain differences in the language groups?", "answer": "as an archaism"}, {"question": "What form is innovative?", "answer": "Central Catalan"}, {"question": "What are the two blocks of Catalan?", "answer": "Eastern and Western"}, {"question": "What does an archaism explain?", "answer": "lexical divergence"}, {"question": "What is Standard based on?", "answer": "Eastern Catalan"}, {"question": "What form is excepted by most speakers?", "answer": "Standard Catalan"}, {"question": "What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?", "answer": "traditional ones"}, {"question": "What is jo compro changed to ?", "answer": "jo compre"}, {"question": "What common Valencian forms are used?", "answer": "many verbal forms"}, {"question": "What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?", "answer": "verbal forms"}, {"question": "Where is IEC's standard used?", "answer": "the Balearic Islands"}, {"question": "How is the standard used there?", "answer": "adapted for the Balearic dialect"}, {"question": "What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?", "answer": "non-ending"}, {"question": "Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?", "answer": "Alghero"}, {"question": "What definite article is found rather than el?", "answer": "lo"}, {"question": "What is -v- used for?", "answer": "imperfect tense"}, {"question": "What dialect employs many archaic words?", "answer": "Alguerese"}, {"question": "What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?", "answer": "weak pronouns"}, {"question": "Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?", "answer": "La Franja"}, {"question": "When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What language is the regulator meant to standardize?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "Where is the language to be regulated located?", "answer": "La Franja"}, {"question": "How is Valencian classified?", "answer": "Western dialect"}, {"question": "What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?", "answer": "northwestern varieties"}, {"question": "Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?", "answer": "Western Catalonia"}, {"question": "What forms are mutually intelligible?", "answer": "Catalan and Valencian"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?", "answer": "90% to 95%"}, {"question": "How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?", "answer": "as the same language"}, {"question": "How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?", "answer": "as the same language"}, {"question": "What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?", "answer": "the Valencian Academy of Language"}, {"question": "Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?", "answer": "Valencian Academy of Language"}, {"question": "Who established the AVL?", "answer": "Valencian parliament"}, {"question": "Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?", "answer": "use of Valencian"}, {"question": "What is the AVL standard based on?", "answer": "Norms of Castell\u00f3"}, {"question": "Who uses this standard?", "answer": "everyone who writes"}, {"question": "Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?", "answer": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"}, {"question": "What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?", "answer": "different"}, {"question": "When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?", "answer": "between 2001 and 2004"}, {"question": "Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?", "answer": "younger generations"}, {"question": "Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?", "answer": "Royal Academy of Valencian Culture"}, {"question": "How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?", "answer": "A minority"}, {"question": "What has produced a great deal of controversy?", "answer": "clash of opinions"}, {"question": "When did the EU create the European Constitution?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?", "answer": "Spanish government"}, {"question": "As what can divergence in the groups be shown?", "answer": "as an archaism"}, {"question": "How does central Catalan behave with the groups?", "answer": "as an innovative element"}, {"question": "What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?", "answer": "Eastern and Western"}, {"question": "What language has a lexical unity?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What can use words from different dialects?", "answer": "Literary Catalan"}, {"question": "What kind of words are excepted from literary use?", "answer": "restricted use"}, {"question": "When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?", "answer": "detriment of others"}, {"question": "What kind of choice is now available in word choice?", "answer": "greater freedom of choice"}, {"question": "Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?", "answer": "Greek and Latin"}, {"question": "When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?", "answer": "very early"}, {"question": "In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?", "answer": "Ramon Llull"}, {"question": "When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?", "answer": "fourteenth and fifteenth centuries"}, {"question": "Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?", "answer": "Ro\u00eds de Corella"}, {"question": "What is common in Romance languages?", "answer": "agglutination"}, {"question": "What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?", "answer": "morphological"}, {"question": "What word additive is usually added to verbs?", "answer": "Prefixes"}, {"question": "What other word changes can occur in derivations?", "answer": "sound alternations"}, {"question": "What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?", "answer": "affixes"}, {"question": "What is the usual masculine suffix?", "answer": "-o"}, {"question": "What kind of words does Catalan have few of?", "answer": "suppletive couplets"}, {"question": "What languages have more couplets than Catalan?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?", "answer": "Italian and Spanish"}, {"question": "What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?", "answer": "Occitan and French"}, {"question": "What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?", "answer": "bullent/bullenta"}, {"question": "What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?", "answer": "bullent/bullenta"}, {"question": "What is the usual way to make a plural?", "answer": "suffix -s"}, {"question": "What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?", "answer": "morphological alternations"}, {"question": "To what are these morphological changes similar?", "answer": "gender inflection"}, {"question": "What is an important plural alternation?", "answer": "addition of -o-"}, {"question": "What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?", "answer": "complex"}, {"question": "What is much like the neighboring languages?", "answer": "inflection of determinatives"}, {"question": "What language does Catalan have more contractions than?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Catalan has less contractions than what language?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?", "answer": "article"}, {"question": "What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?", "answer": "unstressed possessives"}, {"question": "What other language shares this type of construction?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What is an example of an article +stressed forms?", "answer": "el meu"}, {"question": "What is an example of an unstressed possessive?", "answer": "mon"}, {"question": "How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?", "answer": "13 distinct forms"}, {"question": "How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "What is this distinction similar to?", "answer": "all other Romance languages"}, {"question": "What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?", "answer": "formality"}, {"question": "What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? ", "answer": "French or Spanish"}, {"question": "What do you not need to use in Catalan?", "answer": "passive voice"}, {"question": "What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?", "answer": "French or English"}, {"question": "What method does Spanish use to identify the object?", "answer": "preposition"}, {"question": "What is Catalan verbal inflection ?", "answer": "more complex"}, {"question": "What plays a primary part in Catalan?", "answer": "Suffixation"}, {"question": "What plays a secondary part in Catalan?", "answer": "morphological alternations"}, {"question": "How are vowel alternances in Catalan?", "answer": "active"}, {"question": "What system is common to Western Romance?", "answer": "Catalan verbal system"}, {"question": "What have many dialects replaced?", "answer": "synthetic indicative perfect"}, {"question": "What is the Catalan verbal system common to?", "answer": "all Western Romance"}, {"question": "How are Catalan verbs grouped?", "answer": "into three conjugations"}, {"question": "Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?", "answer": "first conjugation"}, {"question": "How many verbs are in the third conjugation?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which one of one's father's surnames is used?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?", "answer": "joining both surnames"}, {"question": "What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?", "answer": "in"}, {"question": "Which of the United States is Boston located in?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?", "answer": "Greater Boston"}, {"question": "What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?", "answer": "4.7 million people"}, {"question": "What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What year was Boston founded?", "answer": "1630"}, {"question": "What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?", "answer": "the Shawmut Peninsula"}, {"question": "Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?", "answer": "tourists"}, {"question": "The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?", "answer": "20 million"}, {"question": "Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?", "answer": "philanthropy"}, {"question": "Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?", "answer": "environmental sustainability and investment"}, {"question": "Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?", "answer": "The city has one of the highest costs of living"}, {"question": "How does Boston rank on world livability?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?", "answer": "colleges and universities"}, {"question": "What did Boston's early settlers call the area?", "answer": "Trimountaine"}, {"question": "What does Trimountaine mean?", "answer": "three mountains"}, {"question": "What year was the city renamed Boston?", "answer": "1630"}, {"question": "Who named the city Boston?", "answer": "Puritan colonists from England"}, {"question": "What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?", "answer": "fresh water"}, {"question": "What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?", "answer": "1629"}, {"question": "America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?", "answer": "1635"}, {"question": "Who was Massachusetts first governor?", "answer": "John Winthrop"}, {"question": "How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?", "answer": "John Winthrop"}, {"question": "Boston became one of the wealthiest international ports after what war?", "answer": "the American Revolution"}, {"question": "What long held tradition helped make Boston a wealthy port?", "answer": "seafaring tradition"}, {"question": "Boston was the location of many important events of what war?", "answer": "the American Revolution"}, {"question": "What act was put in place during the Napoleonic wars and the war of 1812?", "answer": "The Embargo Act of 1807"}, {"question": "What act cut down on Boston's harbor activity?", "answer": "The Embargo Act of 1807"}, {"question": "What became an important part of the city's economy during the Napoleonic Wars and the war of 1812?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "In what century was manufacturing more important to Boston than trade?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When did Boston stop being known for it's garment production and leather goods?", "answer": "the early 20th century"}, {"question": "What was the name given to old Boston families?", "answer": "Boston Brahmins"}, {"question": "Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?", "answer": "Boston Brahmins"}, {"question": "Boston was admired for what kind of life?", "answer": "literary life"}, {"question": "Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?", "answer": "artistic patronage"}, {"question": "Boston was overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts in what type of trade? ", "answer": "slave trade"}, {"question": "What movement did Boston become the center of after it stopped slave trade?", "answer": "the abolitionist movement"}, {"question": "What law involving slaves did the city react strongly to?", "answer": "the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850"}, {"question": "What President attempted to make an example out of Boston due to it's view on the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case?", "answer": "Franklin Pierce"}, {"question": "What was the City of Boston's name before it was the City of Boston?", "answer": "the Town of Boston"}, {"question": "What year was the name changes to the City of Boston?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "Boston was chartered as what in 1822?", "answer": "a city"}, {"question": "What was the population of Boston in 1822?", "answer": "about 46,226"}, {"question": "How many square miles was the city in 1822?", "answer": "4.7 square miles"}, {"question": "How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?", "answer": "Boston's population grew rapidly"}, {"question": "The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?", "answer": "the city's ethnic composition"}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of Irish people living in Boston in 1850?", "answer": "about 35,000"}, {"question": "What religion did Irish and Italian immigrants bring with them to Boston?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism"}, {"question": "What is Bostons largest religious group today?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "What was used to fill a mill pond that became the Haymarket Square?", "answer": "the crown of Beacon Hill"}, {"question": "What sits on Beacon Hill today?", "answer": "State House"}, {"question": "What famous disaster happened in Boston in 1872?", "answer": "The Great Boston Fire of 1872"}, {"question": "What was the rubble from the Great Boston Fire used for?", "answer": "as landfill along the downtown waterfront"}, {"question": "During what century did businesses move out of Boston to find cheaper labor?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Projects to renew the city were put into place by what?", "answer": "the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA)"}, {"question": "How did the people of Boston react to the demolition of the West End?", "answer": "with vociferous public opposition."}, {"question": "What year did the first community health center in the US open?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Where was Colombia Point Health Center located?", "answer": "the Dorchester neighborhood"}, {"question": "In 1990, the Colombia Point Health Center was renamed what?", "answer": "Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center"}, {"question": "The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?", "answer": "The Boston Globe"}, {"question": "Who bought FleetBoston Financial?", "answer": "Bank of America"}, {"question": "What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?", "answer": "Macy's"}, {"question": "What department stores merged to form Macy's?", "answer": "Jordan Marsh and Filene's"}, {"question": "On what date did bombs go off at the Boston marathon?", "answer": "April 15, 2013"}, {"question": "At what point of the Marathon were the bombs exploded?", "answer": "near the finish line"}, {"question": "How many fatalities were there at the marathon?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "About how many people were injured in the explosion?", "answer": "264"}, {"question": "What is the total area of Boston?", "answer": "89.6 square miles"}, {"question": "How many square miles of land is Boston?", "answer": "48.4 square miles"}, {"question": "How many square miles of water is Boston?", "answer": "41.2 square miles"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is the City of Boston?", "answer": "19 ft"}, {"question": "Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous US to have what type of coastline?", "answer": "oceanic coastline"}, {"question": "What is the name of the region that surrounds Boston?", "answer": "Greater Boston"}, {"question": "What river seperates Boston from Charlestown?", "answer": "The Charles River"}, {"question": "What direction from Boston is Boston Harbor?", "answer": "To the east"}, {"question": "Calf Island and Green Island are considered part of what National Recreation Area?", "answer": "Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area"}, {"question": "What s Boston sometimes called?", "answer": "city of neighborhoods"}, {"question": "How many neighborhoods are in Boston?", "answer": "23 neighborhoods"}, {"question": "What division of the City Government designated the 23 neighborhoods?", "answer": "Office of Neighborhood Services"}, {"question": "How much of Inner Bostons land area did not exist when the city was founded?", "answer": "More than two-thirds"}, {"question": "The modern land area was created by the gradual filling in of surrounding what?", "answer": "tidal areas"}, {"question": "Tremont Street is named after what original hill in Boston?", "answer": "Trimountain"}, {"question": "A train full of gravel came from Needham to fill what?", "answer": "the Back Bay"}, {"question": "The Boston Public Library is located in what part of Boston?", "answer": "the Back Bay"}, {"question": "Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?", "answer": "6b"}, {"question": "What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?", "answer": "Prevailing wind patterns"}, {"question": "What is the hottest month in Boston?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What is the coldest month in Boston?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "On what coast is Boston located?", "answer": "the North Atlantic"}, {"question": "What type of weather systems in Boston can produce much snow and rain?", "answer": "Nor'easter"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall in the City of Boston per year?", "answer": "43.8 inches"}, {"question": "What is the average snowfall per year in the City of Boston?", "answer": "43.8 inches"}, {"question": "When does most snowfall occur?", "answer": "December through March"}, {"question": "During what seasons is fog common in Boston?", "answer": "spring and early summer"}, {"question": "When can tropical storms and hurricanes threaten Boston?", "answer": "late summer and early autumn"}, {"question": "Sea breezes occur during what season?", "answer": "late spring"}, {"question": "What months do thunderstorms occur in Boston?", "answer": "May to September"}, {"question": "What is the average hours of sunshine per year in Boston?", "answer": "2,600"}, {"question": "About what was the population of Boston in 2010?", "answer": "617,594"}, {"question": "How many housing units were there in Boston in 2010?", "answer": "272,481"}, {"question": "How many people are in Boston during work hours?", "answer": "1.2 million"}, {"question": "What can the population of Boston rech during special events?", "answer": "2 million"}, {"question": "What is the density of Boston's population?", "answer": "12,200 persons/sq mile"}, {"question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 19 and under?", "answer": "21.9%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's population is 20 to 24?", "answer": "14.3%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons population is 25 to 44?", "answer": "33.2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the City of Bostons residents are 45 to 64?", "answer": "20.4%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the City of Boston's residents are over 65?", "answer": "10.1%"}, {"question": "What is the average household income in Boston?", "answer": "$51,739"}, {"question": "What is the average family income in Boston?", "answer": "$61,035"}, {"question": "What is the average income for a full time male worker?", "answer": "$52,544"}, {"question": "What is the average income for a full time female worker?", "answer": "$46,540"}, {"question": "What percent of families fall below the poverty line?", "answer": "16.0%"}, {"question": "What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?", "answer": "94.7%"}, {"question": "In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?", "answer": "49.5%"}, {"question": "What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?", "answer": "formerly non-white areas"}, {"question": "What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What people form the largest ethnic group in the city?", "answer": "People of Irish descent"}, {"question": "What percentage of the city's population is Irish?", "answer": "15.8%"}, {"question": "What is the second largest ethnic group in the city?", "answer": "Italians"}, {"question": "What percentage of the citys population is italian?", "answer": "8.3%"}, {"question": "How many Chinese Americans lived in Boston City proper in 2013?", "answer": "Over 27,000"}, {"question": "How many Jewish people live in the City of Boston?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "How many Jewish people live in the Boston Metro area?", "answer": "227,000"}, {"question": "What is the total number of congregations in Boston?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "What adjascent communities also hold a high Jewish population?", "answer": "Brookline and Newton"}, {"question": "What is the estimated percentage of the population of Brookline and newton that are jewish?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "What neighborhoos has a high rate of hispanics?", "answer": "the East Boston neighborhood"}, {"question": "How many hispanics live in the City of Boston?", "answer": "107,917"}, {"question": "How many Puerto Rican hispanics live in greater Boston?", "answer": "175,000+"}, {"question": "How many Mexican hispanics live in greater Boston?", "answer": "25,000+"}, {"question": "How many Colombians live in greater Boston?", "answer": "22,000+"}, {"question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?", "answer": "57%"}, {"question": "In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?", "answer": "29%"}, {"question": "In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?", "answer": "33%"}, {"question": "In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "How many member attended the Catholic Church in the Boston area in 2010?", "answer": "two million"}, {"question": "How many Catholic churches were in the Boston area in 2010?", "answer": "339"}, {"question": "How many Episcopal churches were in the Boston Metro area in 2010?", "answer": "160"}, {"question": "What Boston church is one of the oldest congregations in the US?", "answer": "Old South Church"}, {"question": "What year was Old South Church organized?", "answer": "1669"}, {"question": "What rank does Boston hold as far as being an economically powerful city in the world?", "answer": "among the top 30"}, {"question": "What is the economy of Boston?", "answer": "$363 billion"}, {"question": "What ranking in the country does Greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?", "answer": "sixth-largest"}, {"question": "What ranking in the world does greater Boston metro hold as far as economy?", "answer": "12th-largest"}, {"question": "How many college students does Boston attract?", "answer": "more than 350,000"}, {"question": "Students from around the world contribute how much a year to Bostons economy?", "answer": "$4.8 billion"}, {"question": "Because of the number of tech companies, the city is a hub for what?", "answer": "biotechnology"}, {"question": "The Milken Institute rated Boston as the top what in the country?", "answer": "life sciences cluster"}, {"question": "Of all cities in the US, Boston received the highest amount of funding from where?", "answer": "the National Institutes of Health"}, {"question": "The city is innovative becaus eit has access to what type of capital?", "answer": "venture capital"}, {"question": "There is a  high presence of what type of company in the city?", "answer": "high-tech companies"}, {"question": "Route 128 and Greater Boston are centers for what type of investment?", "answer": "venture capital investment"}, {"question": "What remains an important sector?", "answer": "high technology"}, {"question": "A large part of Boston's economy is made up of what?", "answer": "Tourism"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited Boston in 2011?", "answer": "21.2 million"}, {"question": "How much did tourists spend in Boston in 2011?", "answer": "$8.3 billion"}, {"question": "What year did the number of Tourists from china and the UK top the list?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Mutual funds and insurance are what type of industry?", "answer": "financial services"}, {"question": "What Boston investment firm helped make mutual funds popular in the 1980's?", "answer": "Fidelity Investments"}, {"question": "What helped make Boston one of the top financial cities in the US?", "answer": "Fidelity Investments"}, {"question": "Boston is the center for what type of capital firms?", "answer": "venture capital"}, {"question": "In 2016, GE Corporation decided to move its global headquarters to where?", "answer": "the Seaport District in Boston"}, {"question": "How many students are in Boston Public schools?", "answer": "57,000"}, {"question": "How many schools are in Boston?", "answer": "145 schools"}, {"question": "What is the oldest public high school in the US?", "answer": "The Boston Latin School"}, {"question": "What percentage of Bostons public students are African American?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "Who is the citys fourth largest employer?", "answer": "Boston University"}, {"question": "Babson College is what type of institution?", "answer": "Smaller private schools"}, {"question": "What small private law school is located in Boston?", "answer": "New England School of Law"}, {"question": "What was the name of Americas first all female law school?", "answer": "New England School of Law"}, {"question": "Wher e is Lesley University College of Art and Desighn located?", "answer": "Metropolitan Boston"}, {"question": "What is another name for New Englans school of Art and Design", "answer": "Suffolk University"}, {"question": "What is the oldest independant conservatory in the US?", "answer": "the New England Conservatory"}, {"question": "What college plays an important role in making Boston known for Jazz?", "answer": "Berklee College of Music"}, {"question": "What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?", "answer": "Harvard University"}, {"question": "What is the nations oldest college?", "answer": "Harvard University"}, {"question": "Where does Harvard plan to expand to?", "answer": "Allston"}, {"question": "What was MIT originally known as?", "answer": "Boston Tech"}, {"question": "In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?", "answer": "Cambridge"}, {"question": "Since the early 1990's, Boston has had less of what type of crime?", "answer": "violent crime"}, {"question": "Boston police and local groups make an effort toprevent youth from doing what?", "answer": "joining gangs"}, {"question": "The Boston Miracle is the name for the reduction in what crime from 1990 to 1999?", "answer": "Murders"}, {"question": "What was the murder rate in Boston in 1990?", "answer": "26.5 per 100,000"}, {"question": "How many reported murders were there in 2008?", "answer": "62"}, {"question": "How many murders were there in 2014?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "How many murders were there in Boston in 2015?", "answer": "39"}, {"question": "Boston is culturally similar to what area?", "answer": "greater New England"}, {"question": "What is the Boston accent known as?", "answer": "Boston English"}, {"question": "Who influences Boston's politics and religion?", "answer": "Irish Americans"}, {"question": "What are Bostons neologisms more commonly known as?", "answer": "Boston slang"}, {"question": "Food with an emphasis on seafood, salt, and dairy is an exaple of what?", "answer": "regional cuisine"}, {"question": "Known for its literary culture, Boston has also been called what?", "answer": "Athens of America"}, {"question": "What century did Ralph Waldo Emerson write in?", "answer": "the nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What was the name of the bookstore the authors met in?", "answer": "Old Corner Bookstore"}, {"question": "Where was the Atlantic Monthly first published?", "answer": "the Old Corner Bookstore"}, {"question": "What year was the Boston Public Library founded?", "answer": "1852"}, {"question": "The Boston Symphony Orchestra is a member of what?", "answer": "Big Five"}, {"question": "What classical music magazine called the Boston Symphony orchestra one of the worlds best orchestras?", "answer": "Gramophone"}, {"question": "What does Boston Symphony orchestra call home?", "answer": "Symphony Hall"}, {"question": "Where is Symphony Hall located?", "answer": "west of Back Bay"}, {"question": "Where is the theater District located?", "answer": "south of Boston Common"}, {"question": "What event occurs on New Year's Eve?", "answer": "First Night"}, {"question": "Where is the annual Boston Arts festival?", "answer": "Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park"}, {"question": "Where are Italian Summer feasts held?", "answer": "the North End"}, {"question": "Whos is honored in the Italian Summer Feasts?", "answer": "Catholic saints"}, {"question": "How long are the Harbor-Fest festivities?", "answer": "week-long"}, {"question": "What is preserved in the Boston national Historical Park?", "answer": "several historic sites"}, {"question": "What is marked by a line of red bricks in the ground?", "answer": "the Freedom Trail"}, {"question": "Where is the institute of contemporary Art located?", "answer": "in the Seaport District"}, {"question": "What is one of the oldest libraries in the US?", "answer": "The Boston Athenaeum"}, {"question": "Where is the New England Aquarium located?", "answer": "within the city"}, {"question": "How long has Boston been a religious center?", "answer": "from its earliest days"}, {"question": "How many Roman Catholic parishes are in Boston?", "answer": "nearly 300"}, {"question": "Where is the Cathedral of the Holy Cross located?", "answer": "the South End"}, {"question": "Where is the headquarters for the Christial Scientists?", "answer": "Back Bay"}, {"question": "What was the city's first Anglican church?", "answer": "King's Chapel"}, {"question": "How is the air quality in Boston?", "answer": "generally very good"}, {"question": "How many days between 2004 and 2013 was the air unhealthy?", "answer": "4 days"}, {"question": "Who determined that the air quality was unhealthy on those 4 days?", "answer": "the EPA"}, {"question": "Allston Green District is an example of what?", "answer": "cleaner energy facilities"}, {"question": "How many green housing facilities does the Allston green District contain?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How often is Boston's climate plan updated?", "answer": "every three years"}, {"question": "When was the last time the climate plan was modified?", "answer": "in 2013"}, {"question": "Whos is the late Mayor of Boston?", "answer": "Thomas Menino"}, {"question": "Who came up with the Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive?", "answer": "Mayor Thomas Menino"}, {"question": "The incentive reduced the cost of what in buildings?", "answer": "cost of living"}, {"question": "The goal is to get how  many residents to sign up?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "How much does the program cost?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "Lots of older buildings are supported by what?", "answer": "wooden piles"}, {"question": "The piles begin to rot if exposed to what?", "answer": "air"}, {"question": "What has been happening to groundwater levels?", "answer": "dropping"}, {"question": "Where does the groundwater go instead of into the ground?", "answer": "directly into sewers"}, {"question": "How many major North American sports leagues are there?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many championships has Boston won in these leagues?", "answer": "36 championships"}, {"question": "How many championships have the sports leagues won since 2001?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Why did the city turn down the chance to host the 2024 Olympic games?", "answer": "financial concerns"}, {"question": "When did Boston withdraw its bid for hosting the Olympic games?", "answer": "July 27, 2015"}, {"question": "Who plays their games at Fenway park?", "answer": "The Boston Red Sox"}, {"question": "Where is Fenway park?", "answer": "near Kenmore Square"}, {"question": "What year was the first game of the first world series played?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What year was fenway Park built?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?", "answer": "Red Stockings"}, {"question": "What is the TD Gardens former name?", "answer": "the FleetCenter"}, {"question": "What was the FleetCenter built to replace?", "answer": "Boston Garden"}, {"question": "How many teams is TD garden the home to?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many people can be seated in a basketball game at TD Garden?", "answer": "18,624"}, {"question": "How many people can be seated for an ice hockey game at TD Garden?", "answer": "17,565"}, {"question": "What league do the new England patriots belong to?", "answer": "the National Football League"}, {"question": "What year were the new England patriots founded in?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the new England patriots?", "answer": "Boston Patriots"}, {"question": "When dod the Boston patriots change their name?", "answer": "after relocating"}, {"question": "What stadium do the patriots play in?", "answer": "Gillette Stadium"}, {"question": "How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which college participates in college football at the highest level?", "answer": "Boston College"}, {"question": "What is the name of the highest level of college football?", "answer": "the Football Bowl Subdivision"}, {"question": "Who participates in the second highest level of college football?", "answer": "Harvard"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second highest level of college football?", "answer": "Football Championship Subdivision"}, {"question": "What is one of the most famous sporting events in the city?", "answer": "the Boston Marathon"}, {"question": "When is the head of Charles Regatta held?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the explosions at the Boston marathon?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the oldest public park in the US?", "answer": "Boston Common"}, {"question": "Where is Boston Common located?", "answer": "near the Financial District and Beacon Hill"}, {"question": "What is next to Boston Common?", "answer": "Boston Public Garden"}, {"question": "The Emerald necklace is a string of what?", "answer": "parks"}, {"question": "Who designed the Emerald necklace?", "answer": "Frederick Law Olmsted"}, {"question": "What ranking does the Boston park system have?", "answer": "third-best"}, {"question": "Who ranks city park systems?", "answer": "ParkScore"}, {"question": "Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?", "answer": "a half-mile"}, {"question": "How often are elections for mayor held in Boston?", "answer": "every fourth year"}, {"question": "What kind of power does the mayor have?", "answer": "extensive executive power"}, {"question": "Who became Mayor in january, 2014?", "answer": "Marty Walsh"}, {"question": "Who oversees the Boston Public Schools?", "answer": "The School Committee"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Massachusetts?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?", "answer": "state politics"}, {"question": "What is the MWRA?", "answer": "Massachusetts Water Resources Authority"}, {"question": "What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?", "answer": "Massport"}, {"question": "Where is the John F kennedy Federal office building located?", "answer": "The city"}, {"question": "What court is located in Boston?", "answer": "the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit"}, {"question": "What is the name of the famous bank located in Boston?", "answer": "Federal Reserve Bank of Boston"}, {"question": "Boston is split between how many congressional districts?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What district is the North 3/4 of the city located in?", "answer": "the 7th district"}, {"question": "Who represents the 7th district?", "answer": "Mike Capuano"}, {"question": "What year was Capuano elected?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What district is the South fourth of Boston located in?", "answer": "the 8th district"}, {"question": "The Boston Globe and the Boston herals are two of Bostons what?", "answer": "daily newspapers"}, {"question": "Where is the Christial Science Monitor headquarters?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "When did the Christian Science Monitor end daily print newspapers?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How often does The Christian Science monitor publish their magazine?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "What is the name of the teen paper that the Boston Globe provides to schools?", "answer": "Teens in Print"}, {"question": "Where is the main office of Siglo21?", "answer": "Lawrence"}, {"question": "The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?", "answer": "El Planeta"}, {"question": "What is the name of the citys only lesbian owned LGBT magazine?", "answer": "The Rainbow Times"}, {"question": "What year was the Rainbow Times founded?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What locations does the Rainbow Times serve?", "answer": "all of New England"}, {"question": "Where is the headquarters for the Rainbow Times?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What is the national ranking of Bostons radio market?", "answer": "11th largest"}, {"question": "What Bostom Am radio station is a sports and talk station?", "answer": "WEEI"}, {"question": "What is the name of Boston Colleges radio station?", "answer": "WZBC"}, {"question": "What is the name of Harvards radio station?", "answer": "WHRB"}, {"question": "WBUR and WGBH are exaples of what type of radio station?", "answer": "NPR"}, {"question": "What ranking does the Boston television DMA hold?", "answer": "8th largest in the United States"}, {"question": "What is the sister station to WBZ-TV?", "answer": "WSBK-TV"}, {"question": "What is the citys PBS station?", "answer": "WGBH-TV"}, {"question": "MundoFox is an example of what?", "answer": "Spanish-language television networks"}, {"question": "Where are most of the television stations transmitters located?", "answer": "Needham and Newton"}, {"question": "What is the Longwood medical and Academic Area located next to?", "answer": "the Fenway district"}, {"question": "Where is Massachusetts General Hospital located?", "answer": "the Beacon Hill area"}, {"question": "Where is St. Elizabeths medical center located?", "answer": "Brighton Center"}, {"question": "What agency oversees health concerns for city residents?", "answer": "The Boston Public Health Commission"}, {"question": "A lot of Bostond medical facilities are associated with what?", "answer": "universities"}, {"question": "The Longwood medical and Academic Area is affiliated with what medical school?", "answer": "Harvard Medical School"}, {"question": "Tufts- new England medical Center was renamed what?", "answer": "Tufts Medical Center"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is the Tufts medical Center located in?", "answer": "Chinatown"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first municipal Hospital in the US?", "answer": "Boston City Hospital"}, {"question": "What Airport is located in East Boston?", "answer": "Logan Airport"}, {"question": "Who operates Logan Airport?", "answer": "Massport"}, {"question": "What is the name of Bostons main airport?", "answer": "Logan Airport"}, {"question": "What airport is North of Logan Airport?", "answer": "Beverly Municipal Airport"}, {"question": "What airport is south of Logan Airport?", "answer": "Norwood Memorial Airport"}, {"question": "How did the streets of downtown Boston grow?", "answer": "organically"}, {"question": "Boston is at the East end of what Interstate?", "answer": "I-90"}, {"question": "What year was the O'neill tunnel put in place?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "The streets of Back bay grew into a what?", "answer": "planned grid"}, {"question": "How many people in Boston use public transportation?", "answer": "nearly a third"}, {"question": "Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?", "answer": "fifth-highest"}, {"question": "What is the name of Bostons subway system?", "answer": "MBTA"}, {"question": "The MBTA is also known as the what?", "answer": "T"}, {"question": "How long is bostons subway system?", "answer": "65.5 miles"}, {"question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines start?", "answer": "South Station"}, {"question": "Where do Amtrack's Northeast corridor and Chicago lines end?", "answer": "Back Bay"}, {"question": "Trains serving new Yourk and Washington D.C also stop where?", "answer": "Route 128 Station"}, {"question": "What suburbs of Boston is the Route 128 Station located in?", "answer": "southwestern"}, {"question": "Where does the Downeaster service to maine start?", "answer": "North Station"}, {"question": "What is Bostons nickname?", "answer": "The Walking City"}, {"question": "What type of commuters does Have than any other largely populated city?", "answer": "pedestrian"}, {"question": "What percent of Boston's population commutes by walking?", "answer": "13 percent"}, {"question": "What year did walkscore rank Boston the third most walkable city in the US?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What was the walk score given to Boston?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "Bicycling magazine named Boston one of the worst cities in the US for what?", "answer": "cycling"}, {"question": "What magazine put Boston on its Future best City For Biking list?", "answer": "Bicycling magazine"}, {"question": "What is the name of the bike share program in Boston?", "answer": "Hubway"}, {"question": "What year did Hubway launch?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How many rides did Hubway log in its first year?", "answer": "more than 140,000"}, {"question": "What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?", "answer": "Universal Pictures"}, {"question": "Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?", "answer": "Comcast"}, {"question": "What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?", "answer": "100 Universal City Plaza Drive"}, {"question": "In what city and state are its production studios located?", "answer": "Universal City, California"}, {"question": "In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What is the nationality of Path\u00e9?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Along with Path\u00e9 and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?", "answer": "Nordisk Film company"}, {"question": "Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?", "answer": "Edison"}, {"question": "For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?", "answer": "the Latham Loop"}, {"question": "What company did Laemmle found in June 1909?", "answer": "Yankee Film Company"}, {"question": "Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company?", "answer": "Abe Stern and Julius Stern"}, {"question": "In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based?", "answer": "Fort Lee, New Jersey"}, {"question": "What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence?", "answer": "The Biograph Girl"}, {"question": "What actor did Laemmle promote?", "answer": "King Baggot"}, {"question": "On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?", "answer": "April 30, 1912"}, {"question": "In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912?", "answer": "Laemmle"}, {"question": "What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?", "answer": "bought out by Laemmle"}, {"question": "Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?", "answer": "movie production"}, {"question": "On what date did Universal City Studios open?", "answer": "March 15, 1915"}, {"question": "In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?", "answer": "0.9"}, {"question": "What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?", "answer": "Cahuenga Pass"}, {"question": "What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?", "answer": "Universal"}, {"question": "What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?", "answer": "low-budget programmers"}, {"question": "What type of movies came out of Bluebird?", "answer": "more ambitious productions"}, {"question": "What motion pictures were made by Jewel?", "answer": "prestige motion pictures"}, {"question": "What was the profession of George Marshall?", "answer": "Directors"}, {"question": "Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?", "answer": "Lois Weber"}, {"question": "Who directed Blind Husbands?", "answer": "Erich von Stroheim"}, {"question": "In what year was Foolish Wives produced?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera?", "answer": "Lon Chaney"}, {"question": "What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?", "answer": "Irving Thalberg"}, {"question": "What was the name of Universal's German production unit?", "answer": "Deutsche Universal-Film AG"}, {"question": "Who ran Universal's German production unit?", "answer": "Joe Pasternak"}, {"question": "In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?", "answer": "three to four"}, {"question": "Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years?", "answer": "\"clean picture\""}, {"question": "By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on \"unclean pictures\"?", "answer": "April 1927"}, {"question": "Why did Laemmle change his position on \"unclean pictures\"?", "answer": "Universal was losing money"}, {"question": "Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?", "answer": "Ub Iwerks"}, {"question": "Who owned the rights to Oswald?", "answer": "Universal"}, {"question": "Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?", "answer": "Charles Mintz"}, {"question": "What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?", "answer": "Mickey Mouse"}, {"question": "What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?", "answer": "Steamboat Willie"}, {"question": "Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006?", "answer": "Disney"}, {"question": "Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons?", "answer": "NBC Universal"}, {"question": "What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC?", "answer": "Al Michaels"}, {"question": "Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929?", "answer": "Walter Lantz"}, {"question": "In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?", "answer": "Uncle Carl"}, {"question": "What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?", "answer": "Ogden Nash"}, {"question": "At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?", "answer": "William Wyler"}, {"question": "What was Carl Laemmle Jr.'s nickname?", "answer": "Junior"}, {"question": "What movie was based on an Edna Ferber novel?", "answer": "Show Boat"}, {"question": "In what year was the musical Broadway produced?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What movie won the 1930 Academy Award for Best Picture?", "answer": "All Quiet on the Western Front"}, {"question": "What all-color musical did Universal make in 1930?", "answer": "King of Jazz"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal make a film version of Dracula?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "In what year was The Invisible Man made?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "What film was produced by Laemmle in 1934?", "answer": "Imitation of Life"}, {"question": "In what year did My Man Godfrey premiere?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "When was Universal's version of Frankenstein made?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What part of Universal's business was terminated while it was in bankruptcy?", "answer": "The theater chain"}, {"question": "Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?", "answer": "production operations"}, {"question": "In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?", "answer": "$750,000"}, {"question": "Who granted Universal the production loan?", "answer": "the Standard Capital Corporation"}, {"question": "When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?", "answer": "April 2, 1936"}, {"question": "Who became president of Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "answer": "J. Cheever Cowdin"}, {"question": "What notable female star left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "answer": "Margaret Sullavan"}, {"question": "Who was Universal's chairman of the board of directors after the Standard Captial takeover?", "answer": "J. Cheever Cowdin"}, {"question": "Along with Margaret Sullavan, what notable film talent left Universal after the Standard Capital takeover?", "answer": "William Wyler"}, {"question": "In what year was Show Boat released?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?", "answer": "Joe Pasternak"}, {"question": "Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?", "answer": "Deanna Durbin"}, {"question": "In what year was Three Smart Girls made?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?", "answer": "Universal's German subsidiary"}, {"question": "What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?", "answer": "light musicals"}, {"question": "How old was Gloria Jean in 1939?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Along with Donald O'Connor and Bing Crosby, with whom did Gloria Jean star?", "answer": "Bing Crosby"}, {"question": "Who played Destry in Destry Rides Again?", "answer": "James Stewart"}, {"question": "Prior to working at Universal, what studio employed Marlene Dietrich?", "answer": "Paramount Studios"}, {"question": "In what year was Destry Rides again produced?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "During what period were the Little Tough Guys films produced?", "answer": "1938\u201343"}, {"question": "Over what span were the Baby Sandy films made?", "answer": "1938\u201341"}, {"question": "In what period did Universal produce Hugh Herbert comedies?", "answer": "1938\u201342"}, {"question": "When did Universal make Tom Mix westerns?", "answer": "1932\u201333"}, {"question": "In what span did Universal produce westerns with Kirby Grant?", "answer": "1946\u201347"}, {"question": "What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?", "answer": "Bud Abbott and Lou Costello"}, {"question": "What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?", "answer": "Buck Privates"}, {"question": "Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?", "answer": "W. C. Fields"}, {"question": "Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?", "answer": "Fritz Lang"}, {"question": "In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?", "answer": "1942\u201346"}, {"question": "In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?", "answer": "1943\u201345"}, {"question": "What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?", "answer": "Selznick International Pictures"}, {"question": "In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What was the first Universal film to use the three-strip Technicolor process?", "answer": "Arabian Nights"}, {"question": "What actress starred in Arabian Nights?", "answer": "Maria Montez"}, {"question": "Along with Nelson Eddy, who starred in the Phantom of the Opera?", "answer": "Claude Rains"}, {"question": "When was Universal's first version of the Phantom of the Opera made?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "In what year was Arabian Nights produced?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "In what year was United World Pictures founded?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?", "answer": "Kenneth Young"}, {"question": "How long did United World Pictures last?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?", "answer": "William Goetz"}, {"question": "Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?", "answer": "Louis B. Mayer"}, {"question": "In what year was the Olivier version of Hamlet made?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who directed 1946's Great Expectations?", "answer": "David Lean"}, {"question": "In 1947, what company did Universal buy a stake in?", "answer": "Castle Films"}, {"question": "Who ran Realart Pictures?", "answer": "Jack Broeder"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal-International take over Castle Films?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "In what year was The Killers produced?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?", "answer": "Francis"}, {"question": "In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?", "answer": "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein"}, {"question": "Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?", "answer": "Milton Rackmil"}, {"question": "Who did many of Universal-International's Arabian Nights films feature?", "answer": "Tony Curtis"}, {"question": "Who notably produced monster and science fiction films for Universal?", "answer": "William Alland"}, {"question": "What Universal director was known for his melodramas?", "answer": "Douglas Sirk"}, {"question": "Who directed monster movies for Universal?", "answer": "Jack Arnold"}, {"question": "Who produced melodramas for Universal?", "answer": "Ross Hunter"}, {"question": "Who was a notable talent agent circa 1950?", "answer": "Lew Wasserman"}, {"question": "What star did Lew Wasserman represent?", "answer": "James Stewart"}, {"question": "What actor featured in Winchester '73?", "answer": "James Stewart"}, {"question": "What legal decision resulted in movie studios letting their contract actors go?", "answer": "U.S. vs. Paramount Pictures, et al."}, {"question": "What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?", "answer": "MCA"}, {"question": "Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?", "answer": "Republic Studios"}, {"question": "In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?", "answer": "$11 million"}, {"question": "In what year did MCA take over Universal?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What company did MCA create in 1964?", "answer": "Universal City Studios, Inc."}, {"question": "What new name was given to Revue Productions in 1966?", "answer": "Universal Television"}, {"question": "What was the company formed by the merger of Universal and NBC?", "answer": "NBC Universal"}, {"question": "When did Universal inaugurate its studio tour subsidiary?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Who produced Anne of the Thousand Days?", "answer": "Hal B. Wallis"}, {"question": "Who wrote the original work that the film version of Anne of the Thousand Days was based on?", "answer": "Maxwell Anderson"}, {"question": "In what year was the film version of Mary, Queen of Scots made?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Whose performance in Anne of the Thousand Days garnered a Best Actor nod?", "answer": "Richard Burton"}, {"question": "What was the name of the sequel to True Grit produced by Universal?", "answer": "Rooster Cogburn"}, {"question": "Who partnered with Universal in the creation of Cinema International Corporation?", "answer": "Paramount Pictures"}, {"question": "In what year was the film Airport made?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What Universal hit film was produced in 1974?", "answer": "Earthquake"}, {"question": "What company was purchased by MGM in 1981?", "answer": "United Artists"}, {"question": "When did United International Pictures start distributing films for DreamWorks?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who was the head of MCA in 1990?", "answer": "Lew Wasserman"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the company that was called Matsushita Electric in 1990?", "answer": "Panasonic"}, {"question": "How much did Matsushita Electric pay for MCA?", "answer": "$6.6 billion"}, {"question": "In what year was MCA/Universal Home Video Inc. created?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Matsushita Electric?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?", "answer": "Seagram"}, {"question": "How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?", "answer": "$5.7 billion"}, {"question": "What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?", "answer": "its stake in DuPont"}, {"question": "What company did Seagram buy in 1999?", "answer": "PolyGram"}, {"question": "Who was the head of Seagram?", "answer": "Edgar Bronfman Jr."}, {"question": "Who bought the USA cable network from Seagram?", "answer": "Barry Diller"}, {"question": "Who bought Seagram in June 2000?", "answer": "Vivendi"}, {"question": "What was the budget of the film Love Actually?", "answer": "$40 million"}, {"question": "What StudioCanal film received an Academy Award nomination?", "answer": "Mulholland Drive"}, {"question": "Who bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "What percentage of NBC Universal was owned by Vivendi until 2011?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "Who bought 51% of NBC Universal in 2011?", "answer": "Comcast"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Comcast buy 49% of NBCUniversal?", "answer": "March 2013"}, {"question": "How much did Comcast pay for 49% of NBCUniversal in 2013?", "answer": "$16.7 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006?", "answer": "Stacey Snider"}, {"question": "Who became the chairperson in late 2009?", "answer": "Adam Fogelson"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing?", "answer": "Stephanie Sperber"}, {"question": "Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013?", "answer": "Donna Langley"}, {"question": "Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?", "answer": "Elliott Management"}, {"question": "With whom did Universal sign a marketing and distribution deal in July 2013?", "answer": "Legendary Pictures"}, {"question": "How many years is the deal with Legendary Pictures intended to run?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal's deal with Legendary Pictures begin?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What film studio was brought back in May 2015?", "answer": "Gramercy Pictures"}, {"question": "What division of NBCUniversal revived Gramercy Pictures?", "answer": "Focus Features"}, {"question": "What genre of films will Gramercy be responsible for creating?", "answer": "action, sci-fi, and horror"}, {"question": "In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015?", "answer": "Minions"}, {"question": "How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year?", "answer": "Universal is the only studio"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Universal production company based in Paris?", "answer": "Universal Productions France S.A."}, {"question": "What was the name of Universal's French distribution company?", "answer": "Universal Pictures France"}, {"question": "What was the English title of Le scandale?", "answer": "The Champagne Murders"}, {"question": "Who directed The Day of the Jackal?", "answer": "Fred Zinnemann"}, {"question": "What film was known in English as Going Places?", "answer": "Les Valseuses"}, {"question": "What country has Estonian as its official language?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language", "answer": "1.1 million"}, {"question": "Of what language family is Estonian a part of?", "answer": "Uralic"}, {"question": "On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?", "answer": "Finnic"}, {"question": "How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?", "answer": "tens of thousands"}, {"question": "Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?", "answer": "linguists"}, {"question": "What are the phonemic length's three degrees?", "answer": "short, long, and \"overlong\""}, {"question": "What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?", "answer": "the underlying phonological mechanism"}, {"question": "What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?", "answer": "Finnic"}, {"question": "What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?", "answer": "Finnish, Karelian"}, {"question": "What language group is Estonian not a part of?", "answer": "Indo-European languages"}, {"question": "What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?", "answer": "Hungarian and to the Sami languages"}, {"question": "Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?", "answer": "Baltic Germans"}, {"question": "Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?", "answer": "Middle Low German"}, {"question": "What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?", "answer": "vowel"}, {"question": "What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? ", "answer": "agglutinative"}, {"question": "In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?", "answer": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}, {"question": "What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?", "answer": "North and South Estonian languages"}, {"question": "When did the Northern Crusades happen?", "answer": "13th century to 1918"}, {"question": "Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?", "answer": "Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia"}, {"question": "Following the crusades which country was dominated?", "answer": "Estonia"}, {"question": "What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?", "answer": "indigenous literacy"}, {"question": "How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "Where can records of Estonian place names be found?", "answer": "Originates Livoniae"}, {"question": "Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?", "answer": "Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"}, {"question": "Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?", "answer": "words and fragments of sentences."}, {"question": "What was the first Estonian language book to be published?", "answer": "a Lutheran manuscript"}, {"question": "When were the Kallamaa prayers written?", "answer": "1524 and 1528"}, {"question": "What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?", "answer": "destroyed"}, {"question": "At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?", "answer": "immediately after publication"}, {"question": "What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?", "answer": "S. Wanradt and J. Koell"}, {"question": "In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?", "answer": "1535"}, {"question": "What type of book was it?", "answer": "bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism"}, {"question": "What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?", "answer": "An Estonian grammar book"}, {"question": "What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?", "answer": "1637"}, {"question": "Which Estonian poet's works were printed from 1810 to 1820?", "answer": "Kristjan Jaak Peterson"}, {"question": "What subjects were Kristjan Jaak Peterson poems on?", "answer": "patriotic and philosophical"}, {"question": "When was Peterson born?", "answer": "March 14"}, {"question": "What is another name given for Peterson's birthday?", "answer": "Mother Tongue Day"}, {"question": "What university did Peterson attend?", "answer": "German-language University of Dorpat"}, {"question": "In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?", "answer": "23,868"}, {"question": "In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?", "answer": "14,503"}, {"question": "In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?", "answer": "Age of Enlightenment"}, {"question": "Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?", "answer": "Baltic Germans"}, {"question": "Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?", "answer": "Estophile educated class"}, {"question": "Who conquered the ancient Estonians?", "answer": "Danes and Germans"}, {"question": "When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?", "answer": "97.3%"}, {"question": "What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "What happened to Estonia during WWII?", "answer": "invaded and occupied"}, {"question": "Who invaded Estonia?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "After the Soviet invasion what other language became the second official Estonian language?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What was another country with similar immigration patterns to post Soviet Estonia?", "answer": "Latvia"}, {"question": "What became more intense in the 1970's in Estonia?", "answer": "pressure of bilingualism"}, {"question": "What historical event once again freed Estonia?", "answer": "collapse of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Following the Soviet collapse what became the only official Estonian Language?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "What language was no longer promoted as one of Estonia's main languages?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What came into being in January 1989?", "answer": "The Law on the Status of the Estonian Language"}, {"question": "Following the departure of the Soviet immigrants what was the percentage of Estonians in Estonia?", "answer": "above 70%"}, {"question": "How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?", "answer": "the northern and southern dialects"}, {"question": "What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?", "answer": "Tallinn"}, {"question": "Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?", "answer": "the northeastern coast of Estonia"}, {"question": "What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?", "answer": "Tartu"}, {"question": "What dialect is also known as the central dialect?", "answer": "the keskmurre"}, {"question": "What is the dialect from Lake Peipsi?", "answer": "the idamurre or eastern dialect"}, {"question": "What dialects of the northern group are spoken on the saarte murre?", "answer": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa"}, {"question": "What is another name for Estonian's northern group's western dialect?", "answer": "the l\u00e4\u00e4nemurre"}, {"question": "What dialects comprise the southern group?", "answer": "the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects"}, {"question": "More importantly than their language aspect how do the Seto and V\u00f5ro dialects set themselves apart from each other?", "answer": "their culture"}, {"question": "Aside from being thought of as variants of Estonian's southern group what else are the Tartu, Mulgi, V\u00f5ru (V\u00f5ro) and Setu (Seto) dialects sometimes considered?", "answer": "separate languages altogether"}, {"question": "What religion is associated with Seto and V\u00f5ro?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "From what script does the Estonian language get its alphabet?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What is another language that uses Latin for its alphabet?", "answer": "Finnish"}, {"question": "In the Estonian language how is the letter A pronounced?", "answer": "[\u00e6], as in English mat"}, {"question": "What principles usually govern the Estonian orthography?", "answer": "phonemic principles"}, {"question": "To how many phoneme's does each grapheme correspond?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What type of deviations are there from the single phoneme to each grapheme general principle?", "answer": "some historical and morphological deviations"}, {"question": "On what occasions are \u0161 and \u017e replaced with sh and zh?", "answer": "Where it is very impractical or impossible to type \u0161 and \u017e"}, {"question": "What is an example of a word containing a voiceless glottal fricative?", "answer": "Pasha (pas-ha)"}, {"question": " In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?", "answer": "Newer Orthography"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?", "answer": "Eduard Ahrens"}, {"question": "In what century was the Newer Orthography created?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?", "answer": "Older Orthography"}, {"question": "From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?", "answer": "standard German orthography"}, {"question": "In Soviet international publications what language's transliteration are Estonian words and names often back-transliterations from?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What famous encyclopedia contains a Russian back-transliteration of Estonian?", "answer": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}, {"question": "What is the Russian back-transliteration from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica?", "answer": "\"ostrov Khiuma\""}, {"question": "What is the typological form of Estonian?", "answer": "transitional"}, {"question": "What is Estonian typologically transitioning from?", "answer": "an agglutinating language"}, {"question": "What sort of form is Estonian transitioning into?", "answer": "a fusional language"}, {"question": "How are words ordered in Estonian canonically?", "answer": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}, {"question": "What language lacks gendered nouns and pronouns?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "In the nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative cases what always agrees with the noun in number and case?", "answer": "adjectives"}, {"question": "What other language has a telicity contrast?", "answer": "Finnish"}, {"question": "Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?", "answer": "partitive"}, {"question": "What is the accusative used for?", "answer": "total objects"}, {"question": "From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?", "answer": "verbal system"}, {"question": "What is used in place of the future tense?", "answer": "present tense"}, {"question": "What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?", "answer": "special forms"}, {"question": "Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?", "answer": "Germanic languages"}, {"question": "What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?", "answer": "Low Saxon"}, {"question": "When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?", "answer": "during the period of German rule"}, {"question": "From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?", "answer": "High German"}, {"question": "Standard German is part of what Germanic language?", "answer": "High German"}, {"question": "What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?", "answer": "'b' & 'p'"}, {"question": "What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?", "answer": "The initial letter 's' is often dropped"}, {"question": "In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?", "answer": "pagas"}, {"question": "Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?", "answer": "Ado Grenzstein"}, {"question": "In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?", "answer": "1870s\u201390s"}, {"question": "What is another term for making up words from nothing?", "answer": "formation ex nihilo"}, {"question": "Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?", "answer": "Ado Grenzstein"}, {"question": "Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?", "answer": "Johannes Aavik"}, {"question": "What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?", "answer": "1880\u20131973"}, {"question": "What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?", "answer": "creations ex nihilo"}, {"question": "In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?", "answer": "Aavik\u2019s dictionary"}, {"question": "How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?", "answer": "approximately 4000"}, {"question": "What languages did Aavik know?", "answer": "Ancient Greek, Latin and French"}, {"question": "When was Aavik's dictionary published?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What is another term for words created by Aavik?", "answer": "Aavikisms"}, {"question": "Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?", "answer": "foreign lexical items"}, {"question": "What is a source for the particles in paper?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "What is a common use for paper?", "answer": "writing"}, {"question": "What is the last step in paper production?", "answer": "drying"}, {"question": "When was the pulp papermaking process developed?", "answer": "2nd century AD"}, {"question": "What country was the process developed in?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What country is leading in production of paper?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What country is the second largest produced of paper?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?", "answer": "Cai Lun"}, {"question": "Who is credited with the papermaking process?", "answer": "Cai Lun"}, {"question": "What material did paper replace upon its invention?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?", "answer": "Golden Age"}, {"question": "What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?", "answer": "13th"}, {"question": "Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "What name did the process take on in Baghdad?", "answer": "bagdatikos"}, {"question": "In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?", "answer": "Charles Fenerty"}, {"question": "What Latin word is paper derived from?", "answer": "Papyrus"}, {"question": "What language is papyrus derived from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What process changes the properties of the fibres used in papermaking?", "answer": "maceration"}, {"question": "What plant was used in Egypt to make papyrus?", "answer": "Cyperus"}, {"question": "What part of the Cyperus plant was used in making papyrus?", "answer": "the pith"}, {"question": "What is separated from the cellulose fibres?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "What type of paper is paper made from chemical pulps known as?", "answer": "wood-free"}, {"question": "What percentage of fibres are wasted in the bleaching process?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What percentage of cotton is cellulose?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "How many chemical pulping processes are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What decade does the sulfite process date to?", "answer": "1840s"}, {"question": "What process is most commonly used?", "answer": "The kraft process"}, {"question": "What is another process used to pulp straws with high silicate content?", "answer": "Soda pulping"}, {"question": "Besides the thermomechanical process, what is a process used in pulping?", "answer": "groundwood pulp"}, {"question": "What is the main ingredient in the groundwood process?", "answer": "debarked logs"}, {"question": "What strength of paper is produced by mechanical pulps?", "answer": "weak"}, {"question": "Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?", "answer": "virgin"}, {"question": "What type of clay improves the characteristics of the pulps used in papermaking?", "answer": "china clay"}, {"question": "What is added for sizing purposes?", "answer": "Additives"}, {"question": "What besides china clay is used as a filler?", "answer": "chalk"}, {"question": "How is the water removed by force from a sheet of paper?", "answer": "Pressing"}, {"question": "What is used to collect the water expelled from pressing?", "answer": "felt"}, {"question": "What is used to collect water when hand-making paper?", "answer": "blotter sheet"}, {"question": "Besides a blotter sheet, what can be used to collect water?", "answer": "felt"}, {"question": "What is the main component of drying the paper?", "answer": "air"}, {"question": "At what percentage moisture content is the papermaking process trying to achieve in the end?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "Besides calcium, coated paper has a thin layer of what?", "answer": "china clay"}, {"question": "What process is done to polish the surface of the paper?", "answer": "calendering"}, {"question": "What is the shiniest type of coated paper?", "answer": "Gloss"}, {"question": "What papers give the best optical density?", "answer": "Gloss"}, {"question": "What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?", "answer": "reels"}, {"question": "In what manner are sheets normally cut?", "answer": "long-grain"}, {"question": "If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?", "answer": "cut into sheets"}, {"question": "What type of paper is produced on a machine like the Fourdrinier?", "answer": "wove paper"}, {"question": "What is used to apply watermarks and other patterns?", "answer": "rollers"}, {"question": "What is in common with the lentgh along and across the grain of paper produced by a machine such as the Fourdrinier?", "answer": "density"}, {"question": "What leaves a pattern on the paper that has a consistent density width and lengthwise?", "answer": "wire mesh"}, {"question": "What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?", "answer": "Laidlines"}, {"question": "What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?", "answer": "Laidlines"}, {"question": "What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?", "answer": "chainlines"}, {"question": "Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?", "answer": "Laidlines"}, {"question": "What tool is often used in measuring the thickness of paper?", "answer": "caliper"}, {"question": "In the United States, what units are used when stating the measurements of paper thickness?", "answer": "thousandths of an inch"}, {"question": "Someone measuring the thickness of paper in the UK is likely to use what unit?", "answer": "mm"}, {"question": "Sated in inches, what is the common range of paper thickness?", "answer": "0.0028 and 0.0071 in"}, {"question": "What characteristic is paper usually classified by?", "answer": "weight"}, {"question": "In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?", "answer": "a ream"}, {"question": "Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?", "answer": "card"}, {"question": "What ISO sizing system does Europe use?", "answer": "ISO 216"}, {"question": "If paper is over 160g what is it considered as?", "answer": "card"}, {"question": "Besides thickness, what attribute is used in stating the weight of a ream in Europe?", "answer": "dimensions"}, {"question": "Commercial paper is commonly defined by what?", "answer": "length and width"}, {"question": "Most commercial paper in North America is cut in what manner?", "answer": "standard paper sizes"}, {"question": "Standard paper sizes are usually described with what terms?", "answer": "length and width"}, {"question": "Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?", "answer": "ISO 216"}, {"question": "What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What is the largest standard size paper?", "answer": "A0"}, {"question": "How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?", "answer": "A3"}, {"question": "What is the lightest density of paper produced?", "answer": "tissue paper"}, {"question": "What is the common density of printing paper?", "answer": "800 kg/m3"}, {"question": "What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?", "answer": "Alum"}, {"question": "Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?", "answer": "sizing"}, {"question": "How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?", "answer": "more stable"}, {"question": "What particle is associated with the yellowing of newspapers?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "A book is likely made with paper that has low amounts of what component of wood?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "What does lignin react to to produce the yellowing you see in newspapers?", "answer": "light and oxygen"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the tests that show that all papers are subject to acid decay?", "answer": "Library of Congress"}, {"question": "Besides formic, acetic, and lactic acid, what type of acid does cellulose produce?", "answer": "oxalic"}, {"question": "How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?", "answer": "Mechanical"}, {"question": "What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?", "answer": "acid-free"}, {"question": "In the last 40 years, how much has worldwide paper consumption risen?", "answer": "400%"}, {"question": "What percentage of harvested trees are used in the manufacturing of paper?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "What do many paper companies do to ensure the health of forests?", "answer": "plant trees"}, {"question": "What percentage of wood pulp comes from old-growth trees?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What percentage of total waste can be attributed to paper?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How many millions of tons of paper are wasted in the US each year?", "answer": "71.6 million"}, {"question": "How many paper cups are used by Americans each year?", "answer": "16 billion"}, {"question": "How many pages are printed by the average office worker in the US each day?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?", "answer": "bleaching"}, {"question": "How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?", "answer": "through food"}, {"question": "Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?", "answer": "fatty tissue"}, {"question": "What agency internationally regulates dioxins?", "answer": "the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"}, {"question": "What product used in the sale ofpaper is newly used by manufacturers in an effort to be more environmentally friendly?", "answer": "paperfoam"}, {"question": "What is the main benefit of using paperfoam over traditional shrink-wrap?", "answer": "biodegradable"}, {"question": "What is paperfoam primarily made of?", "answer": "paper"}, {"question": "How is paperfoam commonly disposed of?", "answer": "recycled"}, {"question": "What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?", "answer": "corn protein"}, {"question": "Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?", "answer": "corn protein"}, {"question": "PFOA is what type of coating?", "answer": "synthetic"}, {"question": "Along with pop, soul, rhythm and blues, quiet storm, and rock, what musical style influenced adult contemporary?", "answer": "easy listening"}, {"question": "What was the prevailing style of adult contemporary music in the 1970s?", "answer": "soft rock"}, {"question": "What type of adult contemporary music was popular in the 1960s?", "answer": "vocal"}, {"question": "What does the acronym AC stand for?", "answer": "Adult contemporary"}, {"question": "Along with easy listening, adult contemporary is a modern day continuation of what style of music?", "answer": "soft rock"}, {"question": "Along with harmonies, what aspect of music is emphasized in adult contemporary?", "answer": "melody"}, {"question": "What is the typical structure of an adult contemporary song?", "answer": "verse\u2013chorus structure"}, {"question": "With what broader style of music does adult contemporary share its structure?", "answer": "pop music"}, {"question": "Along with being pleasurable, what trait makes adult contemporary appropriate for background music?", "answer": "inoffensive"}, {"question": "What type of song is frequently seen in the adult contemporary genre?", "answer": "romantic sentimental ballads"}, {"question": "Along with synthesizers, what electronic instruments sometimes appear in modern adult contemporary?", "answer": "drum machines"}, {"question": "What general type of instruments tend to be used in adult contemporary?", "answer": "acoustic"}, {"question": "What electric instrument is often seen in adult contemporary?", "answer": "bass guitar"}, {"question": "Along with being faint, what characteristic is usually present in electric guitars used in adult contemporary?", "answer": "high-pitched"}, {"question": "What age group does adult contemporary radio typically focus on?", "answer": "25\u201344"}, {"question": "Along with teen pop, dance and hard rock, what form of music is typically not heard on AC radio?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "When did advertisers begin to focus on the adult contemporary age demographic?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What type of music are AC stations noted as playing less of versus hits of the past?", "answer": "newer music"}, {"question": "What is lite AC otherwise known as?", "answer": "soft AC"}, {"question": "What is Christian AC a subgenre of?", "answer": "contemporary Christian music"}, {"question": "Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?", "answer": "rhythmic AC"}, {"question": "From what decade of easy listening radio does adult contemporary trace its heritage?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Generally speaking, what percentage of music on easy listening stations was instrumental?", "answer": "70-80%"}, {"question": "On what date was the Billboard easy listening chart first published?", "answer": "July 17, 1961"}, {"question": "How many songs were on the first Billboard easy listening chart?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who performed the first #1 on the easy listening chart?", "answer": "Brook Benton"}, {"question": "Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?", "answer": "Connie Francis"}, {"question": "What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?", "answer": "instrumental"}, {"question": "What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?", "answer": "big band-era recordings"}, {"question": "What chart did the Easy Listening chart begin to diverge from?", "answer": "the Hot 100 chart"}, {"question": "In what year did the Easy Listening and Hot 100 charts begin to diverge?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Along with Roger Miller and Barbra Streisand, who was a successful Easy Listening artist in this era?", "answer": "Bobby Vinton"}, {"question": "Why did the crossover between Hot 100 and Easy Listening decrease?", "answer": "rock music continued to harden"}, {"question": "During what decade did rock and roll music first rise to popularity?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "What does the acronym MOR stand for?", "answer": "middle of the road"}, {"question": "Along with pre-rock standards, what type of older songs did MOR stations play?", "answer": "big band titles"}, {"question": "What was another term for easy listening stations?", "answer": "beautiful music"}, {"question": "Easy listening was predominately what type of music?", "answer": "instrumental"}, {"question": "What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?", "answer": "hit singles and album cuts"}, {"question": "What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?", "answer": "lite"}, {"question": "As of what year was hard rock a mainstream type of music?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Along with soft rock, what type of music made up mainstream rock music in the late 1960s?", "answer": "hard rock"}, {"question": "What type of instruments were prominent in soft rock? ", "answer": "acoustic"}, {"question": "What genre of music was soft rock descended from?", "answer": "folk rock"}, {"question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, Carole King, Cat Stevens and Bread, who was a prominent soft rock artist of this era?", "answer": "James Taylor"}, {"question": "At the end of what decade did the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts begin to converge?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "During the middle and early parts of what decade did the similarity of Easy Listening and Hot 100 increase?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "How did Top 40 radio what ifmusic change during this era?", "answer": "began to soften"}, {"question": "With Elton John and the Eagles, what was a prominent adult contemporary artist in this period?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?", "answer": "the mid-to-late 1970s"}, {"question": "What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?", "answer": "Fleetwood Mac"}, {"question": "In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?", "answer": "WYNY"}, {"question": "Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?", "answer": "Walter Sabo"}, {"question": "What genre of music was was listening to by a different demographic than hard rock?", "answer": "disco"}, {"question": "In what decade did genres begin to diverge on the basis of demographic groups?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Along with Linda Ronstadt, Elton John, Rod Stewart and Elvis Presley, what rock musician sometimes had songs featured on adult contemporary radio?", "answer": "Billy Joel"}, {"question": "During what period were artists like Anne Murray and Barbra Streisand featured on Top 40 radio?", "answer": "the early 1970s"}, {"question": "Along with rock and roll, what genre of music was sometimes featured on Easy Listening radio?", "answer": "R&B"}, {"question": "What genre of music was surprisingly successful on adult contemporary radio?", "answer": "disco"}, {"question": "What type of musicians were artists such as Diana Ross, James Taylor, Carly Simon, Carole King and Janis Ian?", "answer": "singer-songwriters"}, {"question": "When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?", "answer": "April 7, 1979"}, {"question": "What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?", "answer": "the Easy Listening chart"}, {"question": "Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Along with Richard Marx, Bonnie Tyler, George Michael, Phil Collins, and Laura Branigan, what artist was also frequently played on Contemporary Hit Radio stations?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "What television station was responsible for the increasing success of Contemporary Hit Radio artists on the AC charts?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "Along with Barbra Streisand, the Carpenters, Dionne Warwick, Barry Manilow and Olivia Newton-John, what adult contemporary staple found it more difficult to score chart hits in the 1980s?", "answer": "John Denver"}, {"question": "Who did Allmusic refer to as \"one of the most successful pop and adult contemporary singers of the '80s and beyond\"?", "answer": "Phil Collins"}, {"question": "In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?", "answer": "disco or new wave"}, {"question": "What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?", "answer": "hip-hop and harder rock music"}, {"question": "During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Along with electronic pop, what type of music was the most successful in the 1980s?", "answer": "ballad-oriented rock"}, {"question": "What genre did the music of Billy Ocean belong to?", "answer": "soft rock"}, {"question": "What was the longest that a song spent at #1 on the adult contemporary charts in the 1980s?", "answer": "six weeks"}, {"question": "In what year did Lionel Richie record \"You Are\"?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Aside from the adult contemporary chart, on what other chart did Lionel Richie's \"Hello\" reach the top spot?", "answer": "Hot 100"}, {"question": "What artist issued the album known as \"the first true Adult Contemporary album of the decade\"?", "answer": "Linda Ronstadt"}, {"question": "In what year was the album Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind released?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What male singer featured on several songs from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind?", "answer": "Aaron Neville"}, {"question": "What certification did Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind receive?", "answer": "Triple Platinum"}, {"question": "Along with \"Don't Know Much,\" what single won a Grammy?", "answer": "\"All My Life\""}, {"question": "What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?", "answer": "softening"}, {"question": "The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?", "answer": "widening of the market"}, {"question": "Mainstream artists from what decade generally did not have success on the adult contemporary charts?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Along with All-4-One, Boyz II Men, Rob Thomas, Christina Aguilera and Backstreet Boys, what 90s artists were notable in the pop/R&B genre?", "answer": "Savage Garden"}, {"question": "What genre of music did Lynda Thomas, Ricky Martin, Selena, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias and Luis Miguel make?", "answer": "Latin pop"}, {"question": "What milestone did Celine Dion, Mariah Carey, Phil Collins, Michael Bolton, Whitney Houston and Shania Twain share on the 1990s adult contemporary charts?", "answer": "multiple number ones"}, {"question": "Along with Sarah McLachlan, Natalie Merchant, Melissa Etheridge and Sheryl Crow, what female singer-songwriter had chart success in the 1990s?", "answer": "Jewel"}, {"question": "On what chart did Whitney Houston see success?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "What was the name of the chart created by Billboard in 1996?", "answer": "Adult Top 40"}, {"question": "Adult Top 40 represented a midpoint between what two radio formats?", "answer": "\"adult contemporary\" music and \"pop\" music"}, {"question": "What chart is the Adult Top 40 chart sometimes confused with?", "answer": "Adult Contemporary"}, {"question": "What radio programming genre is sometimes confused with the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart?", "answer": "hot AC"}, {"question": "Who invented the term \"urban adult contemporary format\"?", "answer": "Barry Mayo"}, {"question": "What demographic group is the urban adult contemporary format marketed to?", "answer": "African Americans"}, {"question": "What style of singing is absent from R&B played on urban adult contemporary format stations?", "answer": "rapping"}, {"question": "Along with R&B, gospel and dance music, what type of music is represented on urban adult contemporary stations?", "answer": "classic soul"}, {"question": "Urban adult contemporary music came into being because of pressure on what previously existing format?", "answer": "Hot AC"}, {"question": "Who performed the song \"Unbreak My Heart\"?", "answer": "Toni Braxton"}, {"question": "What is the name of a notable dance artist along with C&C Music Factory and Black Box?", "answer": "Amber"}, {"question": "What radio station format plays soft AC, hot AC, disco and dance?", "answer": "rhythmic AC"}, {"question": "What artist notably remixed \"Unbreak My Heart\"?", "answer": "Soul Solution"}, {"question": "What radio station format was sometimes regarded as a type of adult contemporary?", "answer": "smooth jazz"}, {"question": "What type of music was predominantly played on smooth jazz stations?", "answer": "instrumental"}, {"question": "Along with Kenny G and Dave Koz, what artist was featured on smooth jazz stations?", "answer": "George Benson"}, {"question": "What other format of station were smooth jazz artists sometimes featured on?", "answer": "soft AC"}, {"question": "What is Adrian Moreira's job title?", "answer": "senior vice president for adult music"}, {"question": "For what company does Adrian Moreira work?", "answer": "RCA Music Group"}, {"question": "Who wrote, \"In other words, AC stations are where pop songs go to die a very long death. Or, to optimists, to get a second life\"?", "answer": "Corey Moss"}, {"question": "Where was Corey Moss' article published?", "answer": "MTV's website"}, {"question": "When do adult contemporary stations begin to play Top 40 songs?", "answer": "after the hits had become established"}, {"question": "Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?", "answer": "less and less new music fits their bill"}, {"question": "By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?", "answer": "dance-pop and electronic dance music"}, {"question": "Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?", "answer": "too alternative"}, {"question": "What was the name of DJ Sammy's mix of \"Heaven\"?", "answer": "the \"Candlelight Mix\""}, {"question": "Who recorded the song \"Listen To Your Heart\"?", "answer": "D.H.T."}, {"question": "Who is known for the song \"Everytime We Touch\"?", "answer": "Cascada"}, {"question": "What artist performed the song \"Forget You\"?", "answer": "Cee Lo Green"}, {"question": "What version of P!nk's \"Perfect\" appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011?", "answer": "edited"}, {"question": "Along with Josh Groban, what notable pop artist started out his career on adult contemporary radio?", "answer": "Michael Bubl\u00e9"}, {"question": "What sort of sound does the music of Susan Boyle have?", "answer": "ballad heavy"}, {"question": "Along with Faith Hill, Shania Twain and LeAnn Rimes, what country artist has had adult contemporary hits?", "answer": "Carrie Underwood"}, {"question": "What genre of music has soft AC found common ground with? ", "answer": "country"}, {"question": "What genre of music are bands like Feist and Wilco?", "answer": "indie rock"}, {"question": "Along with Mumford & Sons, Of Monsters & Men, Ed Sheeran and The Lumineers, what indie artist has had adult contemporary success?", "answer": "Imagine Dragons"}, {"question": "In what decade did indie musicians first began getting attention from the adult contemporary audience?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "Along with the recession, what broad economic trend marked the decline of adult contemporary radio stations?", "answer": "the 2005-2007 economic downturn"}, {"question": "Along with CHR, Top 40 and Latino, what format have former AC stations transitioned to?", "answer": "urban"}, {"question": "What AC format is still viable?", "answer": "hot AC"}, {"question": "Declining sales of what items harmed the adult contemporary genre?", "answer": "physical record"}, {"question": "Generally speaking, what is the earliest decade represented by the \"oldies\" on soft AC stations?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Along with R&B, pop and rock, what genre of music is represented on modern soft AC stations?", "answer": "jazz"}, {"question": "What genre of music do new songs on soft AC stations often belong to?", "answer": "\"easy listening\""}, {"question": "During what period did soft AC stations attempt to reinvent themselves?", "answer": "the late 2000s/early 2010s"}, {"question": "What radio format was described as being \"the acoustic equivalent to Prozac\"?", "answer": "soft adult contemporary"}, {"question": "What decade saw the birth of the soft adult contemporary format?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What radio station introduced the term \"soft rock\"?", "answer": "WEEI-FM"}, {"question": "Where was the station that introduced the term \"soft rock\" based?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What processed meat, featured in WEEI-FM's ad slogan, rhymes with Joni?", "answer": "baloney"}, {"question": "In what country is soft adult contemporary called \"EZ Rock\"?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Along with MOR, easy listening and soft rock, what format is soft adult contemporary a successor to?", "answer": "beautiful music"}, {"question": "What occupation is stereotypical held by soft adult contemporary listeners?", "answer": "office workers"}, {"question": "What advertising demographic is soft adult contemporary marketed towards?", "answer": "females aged 25\u201354"}, {"question": "What station first introduced the tagline \"everyone at work can agree on\"?", "answer": "KOST"}, {"question": "Along with romantic and sexual relationships, family and work, what do soft adult contemporary songs sometimes discuss?", "answer": "raising children"}, {"question": "Music from what two decades is notably featured on the soft AC format?", "answer": "1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "Along with classic R&B, what genre is notably featured on soft AC stations?", "answer": "soul"}, {"question": "What radio station format is soft AC often contrasted with?", "answer": "hot AC"}, {"question": "What radio station formats faced demographic pressures in the 1960s and 70s?", "answer": "jazz and big band"}, {"question": "What radio station format is facing demographic pressures in the present day?", "answer": "oldies"}, {"question": "What radio station format have many of the former soft AC artists moved to?", "answer": "adult standards"}, {"question": "Certain soft AC stations have found a niche on the radio by doing what?", "answer": "incorporating more oldies"}, {"question": "Why are adult standards format radio stations declining?", "answer": "aging demographics"}, {"question": "Along with Andy Williams, Johnny Mathis, Nana Mouskouri, Celine Dion, Julio Iglesias, Barry Manilow, Engelbert Humperdinck, and Marc Anthony, what notable artist is featured on the soft AC format?", "answer": "Frank Sinatra"}, {"question": "Along with classic hits, what type of music do hot adult contemporary stations feature?", "answer": "contemporary mainstream music"}, {"question": "What is the primary audience of hot adult contemporary format stations?", "answer": "adult"}, {"question": "What demographic do hot AC stations featuring more pop and alternative rock focus on?", "answer": "Generation Z"}, {"question": "Along with urban and rhythmic dance tracks, what genre is featured on hot AC stations with a younger audience?", "answer": "teen pop"}, {"question": "Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?", "answer": "dance-pop"}, {"question": "What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?", "answer": "boybands"}, {"question": "What genre of music is played by Westlife?", "answer": "power pops"}, {"question": "What genre of music is played by The Eagles?", "answer": "soft rock"}, {"question": "What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?", "answer": "18-54"}, {"question": "What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997?", "answer": "KMXB"}, {"question": "Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997?", "answer": "Las Vegas"}, {"question": "What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on?", "answer": "18-34"}, {"question": "What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards?", "answer": "men"}, {"question": "Unlike modern rock radio, what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What age group is Urban AC focused towards?", "answer": "adult"}, {"question": "What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?", "answer": "Des'ree"}, {"question": "What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?", "answer": "I Ain't Movin'"}, {"question": "What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What other adult contemporary radio format is urban AC similar to?", "answer": "soft AC"}, {"question": "What genre of music is not played frequently on urban AC?", "answer": "hip-hop"}, {"question": "What two genres of music are popular on urban AC?", "answer": "R&B and soul music"}, {"question": "Along with Trey Songz, Patti LaBelle, Toni Braxton, Whitney Houston, Aretha Franklin, Frank Ocean, Craig David and Mariah Carey, who is a well-known urban AC artist?", "answer": "Luther Vandross"}, {"question": "What adult contemporary radio format is urban AC not similar to?", "answer": "hot AC"}, {"question": "What radio format is similar to urban AC but features older soul and R&B songs?", "answer": "rhythmic oldies"}, {"question": "What is the earliest decade of music typically featured on the rhythmic oldies format?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What is the most recent decade music from which music can be heard on a rhythmic oldies station?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What is the target demographic of the rhythmic oldies format?", "answer": "African-Americans"}, {"question": "What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?", "answer": "quiet storm"}, {"question": "What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?", "answer": "quiet storm"}, {"question": "At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?", "answer": "the evening"}, {"question": "What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?", "answer": "Black and Latino"}, {"question": "Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?", "answer": "Vanessa L. Williams"}, {"question": "Along with urban adult contemporary and smooth jazz, what station format might feature music from Sade?", "answer": "mainstream AC"}, {"question": "What other format is sometimes played on urban AC stations?", "answer": "smooth jazz"}, {"question": "When might you hear smooth jazz on a soft AC station?", "answer": "the weekends"}, {"question": "What is a more recent name for the smooth jazz format?", "answer": "Smooth AC"}, {"question": "What was the smooth jazz format renamed?", "answer": "to lure younger listeners"}, {"question": "Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?", "answer": "urban AC"}, {"question": "What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?", "answer": "songcraft and sophistication"}, {"question": "Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?", "answer": "Philly soul"}, {"question": "During what decade was smooth soul popular?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?", "answer": "sequencers"}, {"question": "What genre of music did Patti Austin perform?", "answer": "jazz-R&B fusion"}, {"question": "Of what genre was the musician Keith Sweat?", "answer": "crossover R&B"}, {"question": "During what decade were musicians like Al Jarreau and Luther Vandross notably successful?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What type of songs was Leona Lewis known for?", "answer": "ballads"}, {"question": "Who wrote Boyz II Men's I'll Make Love to You?", "answer": "Babyface"}, {"question": "What is CCM an acronym of?", "answer": "Contemporary Christian music"}, {"question": "What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?", "answer": "Christian AC"}, {"question": "What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?", "answer": "Radio & Records"}, {"question": "Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?", "answer": "hot AC"}, {"question": "What AC format is especially known for playing Christmas music in the Christmas season?", "answer": "soft AC"}, {"question": "During what two months does the Christmas season take place?", "answer": "November and December"}, {"question": "Along with Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Nat King Cole, The Carpenters, Percy Faith and Andy Williams, who is an artist played on AC stations around Christmastime but not otherwise?", "answer": "Johnny Mathis"}, {"question": "When does Christmas music on AC format stations usually begin?", "answer": "the week before Thanksgiving Day"}, {"question": "When is the earlier of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations typically ends?", "answer": "after Christmas Day"}, {"question": "When is the later of the two times that Christmas music on adult contemporary stations usually ends?", "answer": "New Year's Day"}, {"question": "When is the earliest an AC station will switch to a Christmas format?", "answer": "the beginning of November"}, {"question": "What two formats pioneered the Christmas music tradition in the 1960s?", "answer": "beautiful music and easy listening"}, {"question": "What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?", "answer": "summer time"}, {"question": "What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?", "answer": "one hour"}, {"question": "What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?", "answer": "daylight"}, {"question": "In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?", "answer": "autumn"}, {"question": "By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?", "answer": "sunrise"}, {"question": "Who first suggested daylight saving?", "answer": "George Hudson"}, {"question": "From what country did George Hudson hail?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What used to be the main draw on electricity?", "answer": "incandescent lighting"}, {"question": "What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?", "answer": "retailing"}, {"question": "In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?", "answer": "farming"}, {"question": "Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?", "answer": "travel"}, {"question": "When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?", "answer": "Computer software"}, {"question": "What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?", "answer": "policy"}, {"question": "What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?", "answer": "sleep patterns"}, {"question": "What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?", "answer": "Industrialized"}, {"question": "What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?", "answer": "agrarian"}, {"question": "In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?", "answer": "North and south of the tropics"}, {"question": "What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?", "answer": "axial tilt"}, {"question": "How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?", "answer": "one hour"}, {"question": "In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?", "answer": "after"}, {"question": "What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?", "answer": "Standard Time"}, {"question": "What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?", "answer": "lighting and heating"}, {"question": "What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?", "answer": "equal"}, {"question": "Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?", "answer": "after"}, {"question": "Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?", "answer": "Supporters"}, {"question": "What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?", "answer": "higher latitudes"}, {"question": "What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?", "answer": "near the equator"}, {"question": "How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?", "answer": "extreme"}, {"question": "What kind of clocks did the Romans use?", "answer": "water clocks"}, {"question": "What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?", "answer": "hora tertia"}, {"question": "During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?", "answer": "Jewish"}, {"question": "Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be \"healthy, wealthy, and wise\"?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin"}, {"question": "Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?", "answer": "Parisians"}, {"question": "In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?", "answer": "1784"}, {"question": "What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?", "answer": "rail"}, {"question": "In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?", "answer": "ringing church bells"}, {"question": "What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?", "answer": "entomologist"}, {"question": "What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?", "answer": "William Willett"}, {"question": "Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?", "answer": "Robert Pearce"}, {"question": "What year did Germany decide to try DST?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?", "answer": "Sommerzeit"}, {"question": "What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?", "answer": "coal"}, {"question": "What year did the United States get on board with DST?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?", "answer": "energy crisis"}, {"question": "What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?", "answer": "Second World War"}, {"question": "Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?", "answer": "many"}, {"question": "Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?", "answer": "repeals"}, {"question": "At what local time does the United States change the time?", "answer": "02:00"}, {"question": "Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?", "answer": "03:00:00.0"}, {"question": "Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?", "answer": "weekend"}, {"question": "What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?", "answer": "weekday schedules"}, {"question": "Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?", "answer": "Eastern European Time"}, {"question": "For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?", "answer": "two hours"}, {"question": "In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?", "answer": "October 26"}, {"question": "At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?", "answer": "one hour"}, {"question": "In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?", "answer": "the Energy Policy Act of 2005"}, {"question": "What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?", "answer": "Halloween"}, {"question": "In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?", "answer": "Beginning and ending dates"}, {"question": "At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?", "answer": "24:00"}, {"question": "What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?", "answer": "five hours"}, {"question": "During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?", "answer": "southern Brazil"}, {"question": "What part of Brazil does not observe DST?", "answer": "equatorial Brazil"}, {"question": "Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?", "answer": "Asia and Africa"}, {"question": "The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?", "answer": "sunrise"}, {"question": "What leader said daylight saving gives people more \"opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness\"?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?", "answer": "Daylight Slaving Time"}, {"question": "In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?", "answer": "sports"}, {"question": "Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?", "answer": "war"}, {"question": "Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?", "answer": "Edward VII"}, {"question": "What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?", "answer": "Napier Shaw"}, {"question": "What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?", "answer": "Andrew Peters"}, {"question": "What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?", "answer": "Robert Garland"}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?", "answer": "Easter"}, {"question": "After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?", "answer": "golf"}, {"question": "What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?", "answer": "May 1965"}, {"question": "What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?", "answer": "Idaho"}, {"question": "What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?", "answer": "7-Eleven"}, {"question": "What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?", "answer": "54.5%"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?", "answer": "Daylight Saving for South East Queensland"}, {"question": "In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?", "answer": "Peter Wellington"}, {"question": "What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?", "answer": "the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents"}, {"question": "Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?", "answer": "postal workers"}, {"question": "What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?", "answer": "northern regions"}, {"question": "What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?", "answer": "Ramadan"}, {"question": "What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?", "answer": "the evening dinner"}, {"question": "What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "When was Ramadan in 2012?", "answer": "July and August"}, {"question": "What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?", "answer": "Belarus"}, {"question": "Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?", "answer": "urban workers"}, {"question": "If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?", "answer": "saves energy"}, {"question": "What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?", "answer": "heart attack"}, {"question": "What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?", "answer": "Farmers"}, {"question": "What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?", "answer": "inconclusive"}, {"question": "What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?", "answer": "morning"}, {"question": "Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?", "answer": "get up earlier"}, {"question": "What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?", "answer": "television"}, {"question": "During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?", "answer": "coordination with others"}, {"question": "What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?", "answer": "3.5%"}, {"question": "DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?", "answer": "morning"}, {"question": "When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?", "answer": "incandescent"}, {"question": "Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?", "answer": "climate"}, {"question": "Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?", "answer": "Franklin"}, {"question": "Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?", "answer": "extension of DST"}, {"question": "What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?", "answer": "sporting goods"}, {"question": "What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?", "answer": "the National Golf Foundation"}, {"question": "What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?", "answer": "$30 million"}, {"question": "Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?", "answer": "after"}, {"question": "What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?", "answer": "cows"}, {"question": "What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?", "answer": "disrupts their systems"}, {"question": "Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?", "answer": "earlier"}, {"question": "Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?", "answer": "parents of young children"}, {"question": "What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?", "answer": "William F. Shughart II"}, {"question": "What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?", "answer": "decreased economic efficiency"}, {"question": "What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?", "answer": "the daylight-saving effect"}, {"question": "What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?", "answer": "methodology"}, {"question": "In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?", "answer": "the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?", "answer": "SDST"}, {"question": "In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?", "answer": "11%"}, {"question": "How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?", "answer": "40 minutes"}, {"question": "What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?", "answer": "violent crime rate"}, {"question": "How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?", "answer": "heating"}, {"question": "In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?", "answer": "carbon monoxide detectors"}, {"question": "If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?", "answer": "the first days of spring and autumn"}, {"question": "What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?", "answer": "lights"}, {"question": "What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?", "answer": "hazardous materials"}, {"question": "What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?", "answer": "outdoor exercise"}, {"question": "What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?", "answer": "vitamin D"}, {"question": "What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?", "answer": "Gordon Gund"}, {"question": "What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?", "answer": "skin cancer"}, {"question": "Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?", "answer": "rise earlier"}, {"question": "What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?", "answer": "circadian rhythm"}, {"question": "In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?", "answer": "Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?", "answer": "Dmitri Medvedev"}, {"question": "According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the \"spring forward\" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?", "answer": "before dawn"}, {"question": "What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?", "answer": "air pollution"}, {"question": "During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?", "answer": "confusion"}, {"question": "What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?", "answer": "change their clocks"}, {"question": "What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?", "answer": "multiple DST rules"}, {"question": "What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?", "answer": "one hour"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?", "answer": "software developers"}, {"question": "What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?", "answer": "Coordinated Universal Time"}, {"question": "What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?", "answer": "Unix-based"}, {"question": "Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?", "answer": "complexity"}, {"question": "What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?", "answer": "Some clock-shift problems"}, {"question": "What does DST inherit from standard time?", "answer": "disadvantages"}, {"question": "Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?", "answer": "magnify"}, {"question": "Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?", "answer": "sun-exposure guidelines"}, {"question": "When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?", "answer": "time zone"}, {"question": "What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an \"s\" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?", "answer": "Richard Meade"}, {"question": "In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?", "answer": "daylight savings time"}, {"question": "Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?", "answer": "daylight saving time"}, {"question": "Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the \"s\" is still listed first in what dictionary?", "answer": "American Heritage"}, {"question": "Along with \"daylight saving\" and \"daylight savings,\" what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?", "answer": "daylight time"}, {"question": "Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?", "answer": "daylight saving"}, {"question": "What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?", "answer": "summer time"}, {"question": "What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?", "answer": "zomertijd"}, {"question": "What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as \"legal time\"?", "answer": "ora legale"}, {"question": "What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?", "answer": "solar time"}, {"question": "What usually changes when a place observes DST?", "answer": "The name of local time"}, {"question": "What word does American English swap out for \"daylight\" when referring to time zones?", "answer": "standard"}, {"question": "In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?", "answer": "Pacific Daylight Time"}, {"question": "When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?", "answer": "British Summer Time"}, {"question": "What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?", "answer": "spring forward, fall back"}, {"question": "What is a language like \"spring forward, fall back\" that acts as a trigger for memory called?", "answer": "mnemonic"}, {"question": "What does \"spring forward, fall back\" help people remember?", "answer": "which direction to shift clocks"}, {"question": "What can cause issues with installed computer systems?", "answer": "Changes to DST rules"}, {"question": "What year did DST rules change in North America?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?", "answer": "upgrades"}, {"question": "In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?", "answer": "email"}, {"question": "Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?", "answer": "corporate information technologists"}, {"question": "What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?", "answer": "UTC"}, {"question": "By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?", "answer": "time zone differences"}, {"question": "In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?", "answer": "operating systems"}, {"question": "Where do computers usually use UTC?", "answer": "internally"}, {"question": "What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?", "answer": "local time"}, {"question": "Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?", "answer": "the IANA time zone database"}, {"question": "What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?", "answer": "date/time"}, {"question": "What's another name for the IANA database?", "answer": "zoneinfo"}, {"question": "The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?", "answer": "historical and predicted clock shifts"}, {"question": "IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?", "answer": "system maintenance"}, {"question": "What environment variable defines a location's name?", "answer": "TZ"}, {"question": "What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?", "answer": "timezone-independent epoch time"}, {"question": "What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?", "answer": "tztab"}, {"question": "Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "When must TZ values be changed on an older system?", "answer": "whenever DST rules change"}, {"question": "What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?", "answer": "time for the eastern United States starting in 2007"}, {"question": "What years will a new TZ value apply to?", "answer": "all years"}, {"question": "What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?", "answer": "older timestamps"}, {"question": "Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?", "answer": "specifying the name of a location"}, {"question": "When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?", "answer": "when DST rules change"}, {"question": "If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?", "answer": "marked Israel as not having DST"}, {"question": "How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?", "answer": "twice a year"}, {"question": "What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?", "answer": "The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law"}, {"question": "Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?", "answer": "the Gregorian calendar"}, {"question": "What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?", "answer": "local time"}, {"question": "Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?", "answer": "a rescue boot disk"}, {"question": "As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?", "answer": "a single system-wide setting"}, {"question": "In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What file system do recent Windows versions use?", "answer": "NTFS"}, {"question": "Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?", "answer": "UTC"}, {"question": "What file system do most removable devices use?", "answer": "FAT"}, {"question": "What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?", "answer": "current local time"}, {"question": "What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?", "answer": "permanent daylight saving time"}, {"question": "Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?", "answer": "time shifts"}, {"question": "In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?", "answer": "late"}, {"question": "During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?", "answer": "2011 to 2014"}, {"question": "In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?", "answer": "westward"}, {"question": "About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?", "answer": "Central Standard Time"}, {"question": "Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?", "answer": "negative DST"}, {"question": "What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?", "answer": "an extra hour"}, {"question": "During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?", "answer": "Double Summer Time"}, {"question": "What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?", "answer": "Central European Midsummer Time"}, {"question": "What does RIBA stand for?", "answer": "Royal Institute of British Architects"}, {"question": "What is the goal of RIBA?", "answer": "the advancement of architecture"}, {"question": "When was RIBA founded?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "When was RIBA's founding document expanded?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "In what country does RIBA mainly operate?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was Riba's first name?", "answer": "Institute of British Architects in London"}, {"question": "In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?", "answer": "Architects"}, {"question": "What caused the change of the Institute's name?", "answer": "the grant of the royal charter"}, {"question": "What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?", "answer": "the reference to London"}, {"question": "When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?", "answer": "Portland Place"}, {"question": "Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?", "answer": "King George V and Queen Mary"}, {"question": "When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?", "answer": "King William IV"}, {"question": "In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?", "answer": "1887, 1909 and 1925"}, {"question": "When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?", "answer": "minor amendments"}, {"question": "What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?", "answer": "the general advancement of Civil Architecture"}, {"question": "What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?", "answer": "The original Charter of 1837"}, {"question": "What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?", "answer": "promoting and facilitating"}, {"question": "What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?", "answer": "the Byelaws"}, {"question": "What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?", "answer": "the Byelaws"}, {"question": "What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?", "answer": "the Privy Council's approval"}, {"question": "What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?", "answer": "Usui civium decori urbium"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?", "answer": "Thomas Leverton Donaldson"}, {"question": "What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?", "answer": "honorary secretary"}, {"question": "Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?", "answer": "Eric Gill"}, {"question": "When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?", "answer": "the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?", "answer": "the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938"}, {"question": "Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?", "answer": "the Liverpool University School of Architecture"}, {"question": "What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?", "answer": "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}, {"question": "How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?", "answer": "Harry Barnes"}, {"question": "In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?", "answer": "80 per cent"}, {"question": "Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?", "answer": "architectural associations"}, {"question": "What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?", "answer": "ARCUK"}, {"question": "When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?", "answer": "syllabus"}, {"question": "What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?", "answer": "an approved external examiner"}, {"question": "What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?", "answer": "Visiting Board"}, {"question": "What organization's policies regarding acceptance of professional qualifications prompted thoughts of revamping ARCUK?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "When did the name of ARCUK change?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What was the name of the legistlation leading to the change in ARCUK's name?", "answer": "the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act"}, {"question": "What was shut down as a result of legislation changing the name of ARCUK?", "answer": "the ARCUK Board of Architectural Education"}, {"question": "What was the new name given to ARCUK in the '90s?", "answer": "Architects Registration Board"}, {"question": "What is the function of the Royal Institute's Visiting Boards?", "answer": "to assess courses for exemption from the RIBA's examinations in architecture"}, {"question": "When did the Royal Institute and ARB reach accord on a shared body of criteria?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What does ARB stand for?", "answer": "Architects Registration Board"}, {"question": "What is a key difference between the ARB and Royal Institute?", "answer": "RIBA also validates courses outside the UK"}, {"question": "How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?", "answer": "44,000"}, {"question": "What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?", "answer": "RIBA"}, {"question": "What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?", "answer": "Student Members"}, {"question": "What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?", "answer": "fellowships"}, {"question": "Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?", "answer": "FRIBA"}, {"question": "What is the Royal Institute of British Architects' street address?", "answer": "66 Portland Place"}, {"question": "Who designed RIBA's headquarters?", "answer": "George Grey Wornum"}, {"question": "What is one room in RIBA's headquarters that can be visited by the public?", "answer": "the Library"}, {"question": "For what purpose can rooms be rented at the Royal Institute's building?", "answer": "events"}, {"question": "How many satellite offices does the Royal Institute run in the UK?", "answer": "a dozen"}, {"question": "When was RIBA's first satellite office opened?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In what city was the first RIBA branch office opened?", "answer": "Cambridge"}, {"question": "What territory did RIBA's Cambridge branch office cover?", "answer": "the East of England"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?", "answer": "RIBA Enterprises"}, {"question": "Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?", "answer": "15 Bonhill Street in London"}, {"question": "How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?", "answer": "over 250"}, {"question": "How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "What are three divisions of RIBA Enterprises?", "answer": "RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing"}, {"question": "What are two publications produced by RIBA Publishing?", "answer": "RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal"}, {"question": "What does NBS stand for?", "answer": "National Building Specification"}, {"question": "How many people work for the NBS?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "Where is the NBS located?", "answer": "Newcastle"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Royal Institute Library?", "answer": "The British Architectural Library"}, {"question": "When was the RIBA library founded?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "How many materials are housed in the RIBA library?", "answer": "over four million"}, {"question": "The British Architectural Library is the biggest library of its kind in which continent?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "In what institution are some materials from the RIBA collection located?", "answer": "Victoria and Albert Museum"}, {"question": "What was the RIBA Library's first address?", "answer": "9 Conduit Street"}, {"question": "Where did RIBA move its library?", "answer": "66 Portland Place"}, {"question": "In what year did RIBA move its library?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Which architect's work was preserved throughout World War II by the Royal Institute's Library?", "answer": "Adolf Loos"}, {"question": "Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?", "answer": "66 Portland Place"}, {"question": "Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?", "answer": "the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A"}, {"question": "What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?", "answer": "Art Deco"}, {"question": "In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?", "answer": "students, education groups and families"}, {"question": "When did the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects start a formal relationship?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What is the name of the joint venture involving the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Royal Institute of British Architects?", "answer": "the V&A + RIBA Architecture Partnership"}, {"question": "What is the main goal of the V&A + RIBA partnership?", "answer": "to promote the understanding and enjoyment of architecture"}, {"question": "In what space at the V&A is the Architecture Gallery located?", "answer": "Room 128"}, {"question": "What is found at Room 128a of the Victoria & Albert Museum?", "answer": "Architecture Exhibition Space"}, {"question": "Who designed rooms 128 and 128a at the V&A Museum?", "answer": "Gareth Hoskins Architects"}, {"question": "Where was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives Collections located originally?", "answer": "21 Portman Place"}, {"question": "What part of the V&A was the Royal Institute's Drawing and Archives collection moved to?", "answer": "the Henry Cole Wing"}, {"question": "What does the Royal Institute of British Architects award the Stirling Prize for?", "answer": "the best new building of the year"}, {"question": "What was the first year in which RIBA's Royal Gold Medal was given?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "What is the Royal Gold Medal awarded for?", "answer": "a distinguished body of work"}, {"question": "What is the limit of how much can be spent on projects receiving the Stephen Lawrence Prize?", "answer": "\u00a3500,000"}, {"question": "What is the name of the RIBA awards given to students of architecture?", "answer": "the President's Medals"}, {"question": "What are events that a company can sponsor when it is planning a new construction project or redesigning an existing one?", "answer": "Architectural design competitions"}, {"question": "What is provided to guide entrants in an architectural competition?", "answer": "Brief"}, {"question": "What kinds of people generally make up the panels which judge architecture competitions?", "answer": "design professionals and client representatives"}, {"question": "What is necessary for the integrity of a design competition?", "answer": "independence of the jury"}, {"question": "What kind of artistic production can be supported by design competitions?", "answer": "public realm artworks"}, {"question": "Aside from the ARB, what other organization offers accreditation services for schools serving architects?", "answer": "RIBA"}, {"question": "What process does RIBA use in its accreditation system?", "answer": "course validation"}, {"question": "What kinds of courses does RIBA conduct accreditation services for apart from the Architects Registration Board?", "answer": "international courses"}, {"question": "What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?", "answer": "three-year first degree"}, {"question": "What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?", "answer": "a two-year post graduate diploma or masters"}, {"question": "What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?", "answer": "professional exams"}, {"question": "How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?", "answer": "seven years"}, {"question": "What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?", "answer": "A further year out"}, {"question": "What did the Royal Institute support in order to keep up with housing in mainland Europe?", "answer": "minimum space standards"}, {"question": "When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2007?", "answer": "Jack Pringle"}, {"question": "To what decade did Pringle unfavorably compare the size of modern British homes?", "answer": "the 1920s"}, {"question": "What country did Pringle cite as having homes with better proportions than those found in the UK?", "answer": "Holland"}, {"question": "NARA is responsible for what collection of archives?", "answer": "National Archives"}, {"question": "What independent agency preserves the original copy of executive orders?", "answer": "National Archives and Records Administration"}, {"question": "What is the official that oversees the operation of NARA?", "answer": "The Archivist"}, {"question": "What member of NARA has the ability to declare when the constitutional threshold of passage has ocurred?", "answer": "The Archivist"}, {"question": "What office publishes the Federal Register?", "answer": "The Office of the Federal Register"}, {"question": "What office administers the Electoral College?", "answer": "The Office of the Federal Register"}, {"question": "Which office publishes the Code of Federal Regulations?", "answer": "The Office of the Federal Register"}, {"question": "Which office publishes the United States Statutes at Large?", "answer": "The Office of the Federal Register"}, {"question": "Which arm of NARA handles grants?", "answer": "The National Historical Publications and Records Commission"}, {"question": "What year was The National Historical Publications and Records Commission established?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "About how many grants has the NHPRC awarded?", "answer": "4,500"}, {"question": "OGIS provides what resource for the government and public?", "answer": "FOIA"}, {"question": "What type of dispute does NARA typically resolve?", "answer": "FOIA disputes"}, {"question": "NARA is ordered by congress to review what type of policies?", "answer": "FOIA policies"}, {"question": "What types of recommendations does NARA provide to congress?", "answer": "changes to FOIA"}, {"question": "What year was the National Archives Establishment established in?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "In what year did NARA become an independent agency?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "In what year was The National Archives merged with GSA?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who was the first Archivist at the National Archives?", "answer": "R.D.W. Connor"}, {"question": "When did the first Archivist start at the National Archives?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "What branch of the US government established the National Archives?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What commission merged the National Archives with GSA?", "answer": "Hoover Commission"}, {"question": "The Archivist took on what role after the incorporation of the Nation Archives into GSA?", "answer": "subordinate official"}, {"question": "When was the reclassification program originally intended to end?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How was the reclassification of documents in '06 revealed?", "answer": "public hearing"}, {"question": "What year was Executive Order 13526 created?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What Executive order created the National Declassification Center?", "answer": "Executive Order 13526"}, {"question": "What was the aim of Executive Order 13526?", "answer": "coordinate declassification practices"}, {"question": "What types of groups are NARA's holdings classified into?", "answer": "record groups"}, {"question": "Each record group is classified based on what?", "answer": "governmental department or agency"}, {"question": "Besides films and other non-static media, what type of media is classified into a group?", "answer": "documents"}, {"question": "Besides the general media and motion picture categories, which category contains media that is not static?", "answer": "microfilm"}, {"question": "Where are archival descriptions of holdings under the custody of NARA stored?", "answer": "Archival Research Catalog (ARC)"}, {"question": "As of the end mid December of 2012, how many logical data records are stored at NARA?", "answer": "10 billion"}, {"question": "How many digital copies of previously digitized materials were there in December of 2012?", "answer": "922,000"}, {"question": "Archival descriptions include traditional paper holdings, electron records, and what?", "answer": "artifacts"}, {"question": "The 10 billion logical data records are linked to how many artifacts?", "answer": "527,000"}, {"question": "Most of NARA's holdings are available to sector?", "answer": "public domain"}, {"question": "Federal government works are excluded from what legal protection?", "answer": "copyright"}, {"question": "Some records at NARA are legally protected by what?", "answer": "copyright"}, {"question": "What executive order directs agencies to declassify documents before sending them to NARA?", "answer": "Executive Order 13526"}, {"question": "What office of NARA oversees the declassification of classified materials?", "answer": "Information Security Oversight Office"}, {"question": "Besides census records and passenger lists, what NARA documents are particularly useful to genealogists?", "answer": "naturalization records"}, {"question": "For what time period does NARA have census records available for?", "answer": "1790 to 1930"}, {"question": "What is the informal name of The National Archives Building?", "answer": "Archives I"}, {"question": "On what street is the The National Archives Building located?", "answer": "Constitution Avenue"}, {"question": "Where is the Declaration of Independence kept?", "answer": "The National Archives Building"}, {"question": "Where in the National Archives can you view a copy of the Magna Carta?", "answer": "main chamber"}, {"question": "Where is the Louisiana Purchase Treaty kept?", "answer": "The National Archives Building"}, {"question": "Since when has all filming and photography in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom been banned?", "answer": "February 25, 2010"}, {"question": "For how long has the National Archives prohibited flash photography?", "answer": "over 30 years"}, {"question": "What is an aspect of a visit to the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?", "answer": "no lines"}, {"question": "What has made the no photography rule hard to enforce in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom?", "answer": "advent of cameras with automatic flashes"}, {"question": "What is the second facility of NARA named?", "answer": "Archives II"}, {"question": "When was Archives II opened?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What college is Archives II closest to?", "answer": "University of Maryland"}, {"question": "What college does NARA have cooperatives initiatives with?", "answer": "University of Maryland"}, {"question": "What campus of University of Maryland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places?", "answer": "College Park campus"}, {"question": "Where is The Washington National Records Center located?", "answer": "Suitland, Maryland"}, {"question": "What does The Washington National Records Center primarily store?", "answer": "federal records"}, {"question": "After staying at the WNRC, where are records transferred to?", "answer": "the National Archives"}, {"question": "What happens to temporary records at the WNRC if they are not retrieved by the end of the retention times?", "answer": "destroyed"}, {"question": "Beyond the storage of federal records, what service does the WNRC provide?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "Where is the National Archives Building located?", "answer": "downtown Washington"}, {"question": "What proportion of the federal census records in existence does the National Archives Building house?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "What's the latest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for?", "answer": "Philippine\u2013American War"}, {"question": "What's the earliest war The National Archives Building has military unit records for", "answer": "American Revolution"}, {"question": "What do the facilities designated to each area of the US specialize in?", "answer": "documents of federal agencies and courts pertinent to each region"}, {"question": "Microfilms of documents from federal agencies can be found where?", "answer": "facilities across the country"}, {"question": "Where are some of the items relevant to JFKs medical treatments housed?", "answer": "Federal Records Centers"}, {"question": "Federal Records Centers are particularly unhelpful to what type of research?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Which Federal Records Center houses materials relevant to JFKs assassination? ", "answer": "FRC in Lenexa, Kansas"}, {"question": "When was JFK shot?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What agency maintains the Presidential Library system?", "answer": "NARA"}, {"question": "What is the system that preserves the documents of US Presidents?", "answer": "Presidential Library system"}, {"question": "Who is the earliest President that is represented in the archives of the Presidential Library system?", "answer": "Herbert Hoover"}, {"question": "In what area of the US can one find the Presidential Library system libraries?", "answer": "nationwide"}, {"question": "Libraries that are established for other presidents are operated by private foundations, historical societies, and what government entities?", "answer": "state governments"}, {"question": "What state operates the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library?", "answer": "Illinois"}, {"question": "What is the earliest President that NARA does not hold records for in its presidential library system?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "Abraham Lincoln's Presidential Library and Museum is operated by what type of entity?", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "In what year did the National Archives make strides towards making its holdings more widely available?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What large internet company has partnered with NARA to digitize records?", "answer": "Google"}, {"question": "What Archivist announced the partnership with Google?", "answer": "Allen Weinstein"}, {"question": "What is Google helping NARA with?", "answer": "digitize and offer NARA video online"}, {"question": "What is the aim of NARA in entering public-private partnerships?", "answer": "to make its holdings more widely available"}, {"question": "In January of 2007, what internet company did the National Archives partner with?", "answer": "Fold3.com"}, {"question": "What was the aim of the partnership with Fold3.com?", "answer": "to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings"}, {"question": "What Archivist announced the partnership with Fold3?", "answer": "Allen Weinstein"}, {"question": "Of all the benefits of the partnership with Fold3, what benefited the public at large the most?", "answer": "much greater access"}, {"question": "What direct benefit did NARA itself gain from the partnership with Fold3?", "answer": "enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records"}, {"question": "In what year did the National Archives announce that it would make its collection of Universal Newsreels available for purchase online?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What company did the National Archives partner with make it's Universal Newsreels available online?", "answer": "CreateSpace"}, {"question": "Universal Newsreels dated from which year up to 1967 were made available through CreateSpace?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What did the National Archives announce in May of 2008?", "answer": "digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection"}, {"question": "Which genealogy website benefits by the May 2008 announcement?", "answer": "Ancestry.com"}, {"question": "What happens after the 5 year embargo that allows Ancestry.com exclusive use of digitized records?", "answer": "turned over to the National Archives"}, {"question": "Which Google affiliated website did the National Archives decide to use in 2009?", "answer": "YouTube"}, {"question": "What purpose does the National Archive YouTube channel serve?", "answer": "showcase popular archived films"}, {"question": "What online service did the National Archives decide to use to showcase its photographic holdings?", "answer": "Flickr"}, {"question": "The National Archives' educational team created a website in what year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "In 2011, what sort of Wikipedia addition did the National Archives make?", "answer": "Wikiproject"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of creating a Wikiproject?", "answer": "expand collaboration"}, {"question": "Whose idea was it for the National Archives to work with Wikimedia?", "answer": "National Archives"}, {"question": "What benefit does public reap from the National Archives working with Wikimedia?", "answer": "holdings widely available"}, {"question": "Which language was the Wikiproject primarily created in?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha", "answer": "volcanic"}, {"question": "where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?", "answer": "south Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "how many square kilometres  is the island?", "answer": "98"}, {"question": "what type of island group are the islands?", "answer": "archipelago"}, {"question": "what territory is Tristan da Cunha part of?", "answer": "the British overseas territory of Saint Helena"}, {"question": "What is the population of the island?", "answer": "267"}, {"question": "what other island is included in the territory?", "answer": "Ascension Island"}, {"question": "in what year were the islands first sighted?", "answer": "1506"}, {"question": "what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?", "answer": "Trist\u00e3o da Cunha"}, {"question": "who was the main island named after?", "answer": "Portuguese explorer Trist\u00e3o da Cunha"}, {"question": "what year was it said the first island landing was made?", "answer": "1520"}, {"question": "what was the name of the first long term settler? ", "answer": "Jonathan Lambert"}, {"question": "what year did the first permanent settler arrive?", "answer": "December 1810"}, {"question": "what did one of the settlers rename the islands?", "answer": "Islands of Refreshment"}, {"question": "in what year did the UK annex the islands?", "answer": "1816"}, {"question": "where did the UK rule the islands from?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "in what year did Prince Alfred visit the island?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "what was the main settlement named?", "answer": "Edinburgh of the Seven Seas"}, {"question": "who is Lewis Carroll's youngest brother?", "answer": "Reverend Edwin Heron Dodgson"}, {"question": "what is one reason that caused the island to become less used?", "answer": "the opening of the Suez Canal"}, {"question": "what year were the islands declared dependent of saint helena?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "During what war was the island used as a Royal Navy station?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What was the islands codename during World War II?", "answer": "HMS Atlantic Isle"}, {"question": "Who was the administrator during World War II for the island?", "answer": "Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley"}, {"question": "What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What year was the island evacuated due to an eruption?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What year did most families return after being evacuated?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What was the name of the settlement that was assessed after the evactuation?", "answer": "Edinburgh of the Seven Seas"}, {"question": "In what year was the island hit by an extratropical cyclone?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who provided aid for the extratropical cyclone?", "answer": "the British government"}, {"question": "what year was a virus induced flu reported?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What year did a large fire destroy the fishing factory?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When were the new generators installed to correct the power problems?", "answer": "March 2008"}, {"question": "what was the name of the ship that was a temporary fishing facility?", "answer": "M/V Kelso"}, {"question": "when was the new fishing factory ready for use?", "answer": "July 2009"}, {"question": "When did the freighter Nightingale run aground?", "answer": "March 2011"}, {"question": "What was spilled when the freighter ran aground?", "answer": "heavy fuel oil"}, {"question": "what animal was threatened with the fuel oil spill?", "answer": "rockhopper penguins"}, {"question": "where were the penguins transported for cleaning?", "answer": "Tristan da Cunha"}, {"question": "When did a boat arrive at the island with damage during a race?", "answer": "November 2011"}, {"question": "What was the name of the boat that was damaged during the race?", "answer": "Puma's Mar Mostro"}, {"question": "What was the name of the race the boat was damaged in?", "answer": "Volvo Ocean Race"}, {"question": "what was broken/damaged on the boat?", "answer": "mast"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation by which the University of Kansas is known?", "answer": "KU"}, {"question": "Where is the main branch of the University of Kansas located?", "answer": "Lawrence"}, {"question": "What is the tallest point in Lawrence?", "answer": "Mount Oread"}, {"question": "Who authorized the opening of the University of Kansas?", "answer": "the Kansas State Legislature"}, {"question": "In what year was Kansas made a member of the United States?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "In what two cities are there satellite locations for KU's medical school?", "answer": "Wichita and Salina"}, {"question": "What organization does KU belong to?", "answer": "the Association of American Universities"}, {"question": "How many insititutions comprise the Association of American Universities' membership?", "answer": "62"}, {"question": "In what city can KU's hospital be found?", "answer": "Kansas City"}, {"question": "In what city can KU's Edwards campus be found?", "answer": "Overland Park"}, {"question": "How many people attended the University of Kansas at its Edwards and Lawrence locations in the fall semester of 2014?", "answer": "23,597"}, {"question": "In the autumn of 2014, how many people attended the University of Kansas's Medical Center?", "answer": "3,371"}, {"question": "How many students attended the University of Kansas combined in fall of 2014?", "answer": "26,968"}, {"question": "How many education professionals were working at KU in the fall of 2012?", "answer": "2,663"}, {"question": "On what date was KU's Lawrence campus made official?", "answer": "February 20, 1863"}, {"question": "How much money did Lawrence have to contribute to the University as terms of its charter?", "answer": "$15,000"}, {"question": "What was the minimum size of the land that Lawrence could provide for the university?", "answer": "forty acres"}, {"question": "What competing city was next in line if Lawrence would have been unable to meet the requirements necessary to get KU built in its city?", "answer": "Emporia"}, {"question": "On what geographic feature was KU built?", "answer": "Mount Oread"}, {"question": "Who did the site of KU's construction originally belong to?", "answer": "Charles L. Robinson"}, {"question": "Who provided the majority of the money needed to secure the site of the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Amos Adams Lawrence"}, {"question": "What was the governing body of KU?", "answer": "Board of Regents"}, {"question": "What was the year in which KU's first roster of students graduated?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "How many institutions participated in the V-12 program?", "answer": "131"}, {"question": "What did the V-12 program provide to interested pupils?", "answer": "a path to a Navy commission"}, {"question": "During what event did the V-12 program take place?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What part of KU serves students learning about government?", "answer": "the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics"}, {"question": "What are two radio stations that broadcast from KU?", "answer": "KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM"}, {"question": "What is the name of a fine art institution on the campus of KU?", "answer": "the Spencer Museum of Art"}, {"question": "Which library is dedicated to a former student of the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Anschutz Library"}, {"question": "Whom is the Anschutz Library named for?", "answer": "Philip Anschutz"}, {"question": "How many campuses are run by KU?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What term describes the nature of how the university is partially funded?", "answer": "state-sponsored"}, {"question": "What are two parts of the University of Kansas house in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences?", "answer": "the School of the Arts and the School of Public Affairs & Administration"}, {"question": "At least how many different degree-granting programs exist at KU?", "answer": "345"}, {"question": "What program at the University of Kansas was rated highest among its peers?", "answer": "city management and urban policy"}, {"question": "What KU department was rated second in its field?", "answer": "special education"}, {"question": "Which publication provided rankings of college and university programs?", "answer": "U.S. News & World Report"}, {"question": "In what tier did a number of KU's programs rank in 2016?", "answer": "the top 25"}, {"question": "What KU school is abbreviated as SADP?", "answer": "The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning"}, {"question": "Where is the SADP housed?", "answer": "Marvin Hall"}, {"question": "What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?", "answer": "the School of Architecture and Urban Design"}, {"question": "With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?", "answer": "civil and environmental engineering"}, {"question": "In what year did the SADP assume its current form?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?", "answer": "DesignIntelligence"}, {"question": "What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?", "answer": "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools"}, {"question": "What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?", "answer": "best in the Midwest"}, {"question": "In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "What kind of institution is KU's School of Business?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Where is the business school at KU located?", "answer": "Lawrence"}, {"question": "When was the University of Kansas School of Business established?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "How many students attend the business school at KU?", "answer": "1500"}, {"question": "How many educators work at the KU School of Business?", "answer": "more than 80"}, {"question": "Who considered the business school of the University of Kansas among the best Midwestern business institutions?", "answer": "Princeton Review"}, {"question": "What organization provides oversight for business schools like KU's?", "answer": "the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business"}, {"question": "By what acronym is the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business known?", "answer": "AACSB"}, {"question": "What are two kinds of courses of study available at KU's business school?", "answer": "business and accounting"}, {"question": "In 2014, what issue of U.S. News & World Report provided rankins for law schools?", "answer": "Best Graduate Schools"}, {"question": "What was KU's national law school ranking in 2014?", "answer": "68th"}, {"question": "The University of Kansas had the highest rated law school in which state?", "answer": "Kansas"}, {"question": "In what building do law students attend classes at KU?", "answer": "Green Hall"}, {"question": "For whom is Green Hall named?", "answer": "James Green"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for an organization that serves as an accreditation body for engineering schools?", "answer": "ABET"}, {"question": "On what campus is the University of Kansas School of Engineering located?", "answer": "main campus"}, {"question": "When was KU's engineering school established?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "When did the University of Kansas start issuing degrees in engineering?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "What kind of institution is KU's engineering school?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Who published America's Best Colleges in 2016?", "answer": "U.S. News & World Report"}, {"question": "In what place did the engineering school at KU appear in 2016?", "answer": "90th"}, {"question": "Against what other kinds of institutions was KU's engineering school compared?", "answer": "national universities"}, {"question": "What former leader of a car manufacturing company attended KU?", "answer": "Alan Mulally"}, {"question": "Which person associated with web browsers was a student at KU?", "answer": "Lou Montulli"}, {"question": "What Google employee once studied at the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Brian McClendon"}, {"question": "What oil company leader is an alumnus of the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Charles E. Spahr"}, {"question": "For what company did Charles Spahr serve as CEO?", "answer": "Standard Oil of Ohio"}, {"question": "What is the full name of KU's journalism school?", "answer": "The William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications"}, {"question": "What are the two different programs offered at KU's Schoold of Journalism?", "answer": "News and Information and Strategic Communication"}, {"question": "What three types of media are students taught to work with at KU's School of Journalism?", "answer": "print, online and broadcast"}, {"question": "What is the name of a magazine published at KU?", "answer": "Jayplay magazine"}, {"question": "Who sponsors a contest for journalistic writing?", "answer": "Hearst Foundation"}, {"question": "What are the three constituents of the medical center at KU?", "answer": "the School of Medicine, School of Nursing, and School of Health Professions"}, {"question": "What does each of the component schools of KU's Medical Center offer?", "answer": "its own programs of graduate study"}, {"question": "How many students attended the medical center at KU in fall of 2013?", "answer": "3,349"}, {"question": "At what other KU campus is a four year program available?", "answer": "Wichita"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the Salina location's medical program?", "answer": "rural health care"}, {"question": "In what city is the Edwards Campus located?", "answer": "Overland Park"}, {"question": "When was the Edwards Campus built?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "Who are the main kinds of students at the Edwards Campus?", "answer": "adults"}, {"question": "What is the average age of students on KU's Edwards Campus?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What can adult learners obtain through studying at the Edwards Campus of the University of Kansas?", "answer": "college degrees"}, {"question": "Who provides statistics on educational costs?", "answer": "the College Board"}, {"question": "What is a phrase that expresses the value of the education offered at KU with respect to its cost?", "answer": "best buy"}, {"question": "What was first instituted for first year students in the 2007-2008 school year?", "answer": "fixed tuition rate"}, {"question": "For how long does the fixed rate of tuition last?", "answer": "48 months"}, {"question": "What was the edict approved by the Board of Regents that provided for the fixed tuition program?", "answer": "Four-Year Tuition Compact"}, {"question": "How much did a student from outside of Kansas have to pay per course credit in 2014-15?", "answer": "$828"}, {"question": "What is charged at KU's specialized professional schools?", "answer": "additional fees"}, {"question": "What was launched in 1965 by the business school at KU?", "answer": "interdisciplinary management science graduate studies in operations research"}, {"question": "What kind of applications did the interdisciplinary program help shape?", "answer": "decision science"}, {"question": "Which government agency used the applications that were informed by KU's interdisciplinary management program?", "answer": "NASA"}, {"question": "What NASA program benefited from the use of decision science applications?", "answer": "NASA Project Apollo Command Capsule Recovery Operations"}, {"question": "In what year was a new interdisciplinary management program launched at KU's School of Business?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What division of the University of Kansas contributed to the development of the internet?", "answer": "academic computing"}, {"question": "What kind of software is Lynx?", "answer": "text based web browser"}, {"question": "What was made possible by Lynx?", "answer": "hypertext browsing and navigation"}, {"question": "What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?", "answer": "crimson and royal blue"}, {"question": "What is the name of KU athletic teams?", "answer": "Kansas Jayhawks"}, {"question": "How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Where does KU's cross country team run?", "answer": "Rim Rock Farm"}, {"question": "When did KU start fielding a football team?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "How many times has the team from the University of Kansas appeared in the Orange Bowl?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who is the current head of KU's football program?", "answer": "David Beaty"}, {"question": "Who did KU defeat in the 2008 Orange Bowl?", "answer": "Virginia Tech Hokies"}, {"question": "What is the name of the facility that the KU football team plays in?", "answer": "Memorial Stadium"}, {"question": "What was the first year in which a men's team played basketball at the University of Kansas?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "Who is the head of men's basketball at KU?", "answer": "Bill Self"}, {"question": "How many times has the University of Kansas won a national championship in men's basketball?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is considered the most famous basketball alumnus of KU?", "answer": "Wilt Chamberlain"}, {"question": "In what year did the NABC hold its first and only men's basketball tournament?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of all sports teams at KU?", "answer": "Sheahon Zenger"}, {"question": "Who did Zenger replace as athletic director at KU?", "answer": "Lew Perkins"}, {"question": "With what broadcasting company does KU have a contract?", "answer": "ESPN Regional Television"}, {"question": "What sportswear company has a deal with the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Adidas"}, {"question": "What sportswear company formerly held a contract with the University of Kansas?", "answer": "Nike"}, {"question": "How many times have KU teams appeared in the National Debate Tournament?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "How many times has KU won the national debate championship?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How many times has KU been one of the last four teams competing at the National Debate Championships?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What school has won the most national debate championships?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "What is the name of an honor given to collegiate debate teams?", "answer": "Copeland Award"}, {"question": "What are two events non-sports at which school songs are often heard?", "answer": "commencement and convocation"}, {"question": "What are two songs that reference the school's team colors in their titles?", "answer": "\"Crimson and the Blue\", \"Red and Blue\""}, {"question": "What is the name of a song that references the state that KU serves?", "answer": "\"Kansas Song\""}, {"question": "What is the name of a traditional American song that is associated with KU?", "answer": "\"Home on the Range\""}, {"question": "What is the name of the newspaper printed every day by the University of Kansas?", "answer": "University Daily Kansan"}, {"question": "What high profile contest has the Daily Kansan won?", "answer": "Intercollegiate Writing Competition"}, {"question": "In what year did the Daily Kansan win the Intercollegiate Writing Competition?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the name of an online resource that was created into provide a resource about KU?", "answer": "KUpedia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the poet who won the Nelson award in 2006?", "answer": "Matthew Porubsky"}, {"question": "In what two forms of media is the Daily Kansan available?", "answer": "print and online"}, {"question": "What institution houses the Daily Kansan?", "answer": "William Allen White School of Journalism"}, {"question": "How big is the Daily Kansan's audience?", "answer": "at least 30,000"}, {"question": "What are the call letters of the National Public Radio affiliate that broadcasts from KU?", "answer": "KANU"}, {"question": "What is the name of the station operated by KU students?", "answer": "KJHK"}, {"question": "When did KJHK first broadcast?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What is the name of an independent radio broadcast run out of KU?", "answer": "KUJH-LP"}, {"question": "What kinds of programming appear on KUJH-LP?", "answer": "public affairs"}, {"question": "When was KU's first student union constructed?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "What was the role the union was intended serve?", "answer": "campus community center"}, {"question": "What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?", "answer": "Jayhawk Central"}, {"question": "What company runs the University of Kansas's bookstore?", "answer": "KU Memorial Unions Corporation"}, {"question": "What is the name of a potential recipient of funds from enterprises like the bookstore and dining centers at KU?", "answer": "Student Union Activities"}, {"question": "What is the name of the University of Kansas's foundation?", "answer": "KU Endowment"}, {"question": "When was the KU Endowment founded?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "To whom does the KU Endowment seek to connect with?", "answer": "donors"}, {"question": "What do donors offer to the University of Kansas?", "answer": "philanthropic support"}, {"question": "What is the name of a publicly-available resource of KU related to community health?", "answer": "The Community Tool Box"}, {"question": "What body is responsible for managing the Community Tool Box?", "answer": "the Work Group for Community Health and Development"}, {"question": "What kinds of groups around the world can benefit from the Community Tool Box?", "answer": "professionals and grassroots groups engaged in the work of community health and development"}, {"question": "How much content does the Community Tool Box offer?", "answer": "more than 7,000 pages"}, {"question": "Where can the Community Tool Box be found?", "answer": "online"}, {"question": "What is the legal capital of the Republic of China?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "What region is Nanjing in?", "answer": "lower Yangtze River region"}, {"question": "When was the city given the name Nanjing?", "answer": "Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "When did Nanjing become the Chinese national capital?", "answer": "Jin dynasty"}, {"question": "What does Nanjing mean?", "answer": "\"Southern Capital\""}, {"question": "What part of China (North, East, South, West) is Nanjing located?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "What does Nanjing have that is considered one of the world's biggest?", "answer": "inland ports"}, {"question": "What river is Nanjing associated with?", "answer": "Yangtze River"}, {"question": "What city was awarded the 2008 Habitat Scroll of Honour of China?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "How long has Nanjing been important?", "answer": "over a thousand years"}, {"question": "How many Great Ancient Capitals does China have?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "What city is considered to be the nominal capital of the Republic of China?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "What mausoleum is in Nanjing?", "answer": "Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum"}, {"question": "What city was the capital of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "How long ago did \"Nanjing Man\" live?", "answer": "more than 500 thousand years ago"}, {"question": "What vessel was found 5000 years ago?", "answer": "Zun, a kind of wine vessel"}, {"question": "When was the the fort of Yuecheng built?", "answer": "473 BC"}, {"question": "How long had Nanjing been the capital city of Yangzhou?", "answer": "about 400 years"}, {"question": "When was the Wu state created?", "answer": "the late period of Shang dynasty"}, {"question": "When did Nanjing become a state capital?", "answer": "229 AD"}, {"question": "Who founded Eastern Wu?", "answer": "Sun Quan"}, {"question": "When was Eastern Wu founded?", "answer": "during the Three Kingdoms period"}, {"question": "Who defeated Nanjing and took over in 280?", "answer": "the Western Jin dynasty"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing extended?", "answer": "211 AD"}, {"question": "What happened prior to the collapse of the Western Jin dynasty?", "answer": "the unification of the region"}, {"question": "When did the Jin court head South?", "answer": "317"}, {"question": "Where did the Jin court re-establish itself, after fleeing?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Who fled with the Jin court to the South?", "answer": "nobles and wealthy families"}, {"question": "How long was Nanjing the capital of the Southern dynasties?", "answer": "more than two and a half centuries"}, {"question": "During the time of the North\u2013South division, what city was the center of East Asia?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "During the time of the North\u2013South division, how many households were in Nanjing?", "answer": "280,000 registered households"}, {"question": "What is the estimated population of Nanjing during that time?", "answer": "more than 1.4 million residents"}, {"question": "Where did the information on registered households during that period originate?", "answer": "historical documents"}, {"question": "What has survived in Nanjing's suburbs?", "answer": "A number of sculptural ensembles"}, {"question": "In what district are these sculptural pieces located?", "answer": "Qixia and Jiangning District"}, {"question": "Which piece is the best, in terms of preservation condition?", "answer": "the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu"}, {"question": "Who was Xiao Xiu?", "answer": "a brother of Emperor Wu of Liang"}, {"question": "When did Xiao Xiu live?", "answer": "475\u2013518"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing made a capital again?", "answer": "during the Southern Tang (937\u2013976)"}, {"question": "During what dynasty did Nanjing become a thriving textile city?", "answer": "the Song dynasty"}, {"question": "What was the name of the short-lived puppet court created by the Jurchens?", "answer": "The court of Da Chu"}, {"question": "Who defeated the court of Song?", "answer": "the Mongol empire"}, {"question": "Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?", "answer": "Zhu Yuanzhang"}, {"question": "Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?", "answer": "the Yuan dynasty"}, {"question": "What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?", "answer": "long city wall"}, {"question": "How long did it take to finish the wall?", "answer": "21 years"}, {"question": "How many workers worked on the wall?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing considered to be the biggest city in the world?", "answer": "from 1358 to 1425"}, {"question": "What was the number of people in Nanjing in 1400?", "answer": "487,000"}, {"question": "When did Nanjing cease to be the capital?", "answer": "1421"}, {"question": "Where was the capital moved to?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "Who was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty?", "answer": "the Yongle Emperor"}, {"question": "What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?", "answer": "Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum"}, {"question": "Who decimated the Porcelain Tower?", "answer": "the Taipings"}, {"question": "When was the Porcelain Tower destroyed?", "answer": "in the 19th century"}, {"question": "One possibility the Tower was destroyed was to prevent it's use by a hostile enemy. What is the other possibility?", "answer": "superstitious fear of its geomantic properties"}, {"question": "How far from Nanjing is the Yangshan Quarry?", "answer": "15\u201320 km (9\u201312 mi) east of the walled city"}, {"question": "What large item is abandoned at the Quarry?", "answer": "a gigantic stele"}, {"question": "How long ago was the stele abandoned?", "answer": "600 years ago"}, {"question": "Why was the stele abandoned?", "answer": "it was impossible to move or complete it"}, {"question": "Who ordered the creation of the stele?", "answer": "the Yongle Emperor"}, {"question": "What Admiral called Nanjing his home?", "answer": "admiral Zheng He"}, {"question": "What visiting king died in China in 1408?", "answer": "(Boni \u6e24\u6ce5)"}, {"question": "What country did this visiting king come from?", "answer": "Borneo"}, {"question": "What stele is at Boni's tomb?", "answer": "a tortoise stele"}, {"question": "When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?", "answer": "1644"}, {"question": "What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?", "answer": "Zhu Yousong"}, {"question": "When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?", "answer": "in June 1644"}, {"question": "What was Zhu Yousong's title?", "answer": "the Hongguang Emperor"}, {"question": "The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?", "answer": "the so-called Southern Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?", "answer": "late May 1645"}, {"question": "Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?", "answer": "Zhao the Earl of Xincheng"}, {"question": "What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?", "answer": "shave their heads"}, {"question": "When was the Qing dynasty in power?", "answer": "1644\u20131911"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "Jiangning"}, {"question": "What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?", "answer": "the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors"}, {"question": "What year did the First Opium War end?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "Who lived in buildings that would later come to be known as the Presidential Palace?", "answer": "the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king"}, {"question": "When did Qing troops regain Nanjing?", "answer": "1864"}, {"question": "How many people died during the Qing troops retaking of Nanjing?", "answer": "over 100,000"}, {"question": "Qing troops allowed no rebels who spoke what dialect to surrender?", "answer": "Taiping"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Qing troops?", "answer": "Zeng Guofan"}, {"question": "When was the Republic of China founded?", "answer": "January 1912"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of China?", "answer": "Sun Yat-sen"}, {"question": "Who moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing?", "answer": "Yuan Shikai"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing re-established as the capital of the Republic of China?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What party established Nanjing as the capital of the Republic of China?", "answer": "the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party)?", "answer": "Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek"}, {"question": "What are the 1930's known as, in China?", "answer": "the Nanking decade"}, {"question": "When did the Kuomintang (KMT; Nationalist Party) defeat and take over Beijing?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "When did Japan invade Manchuria?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "When did Japan invade all of China?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "Who killed innocent civilians in the Nanking Massacre?", "answer": "the Imperial Japanese Army"}, {"question": "How many died in the Nanking Massacre?", "answer": "between 300,000 and 350,000"}, {"question": "When was the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall built?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "When was the National Government of China moved to Chungking?", "answer": "A few days before the fall of the city"}, {"question": "When was the Nanjing Regime established?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Nanjing Regime?", "answer": "Wang Jingwei"}, {"question": "When did the KMT move back to Nanjing?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Nanjing Regime?", "answer": "\"Reorganized National Government of China\""}, {"question": "When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?", "answer": "21 April"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?", "answer": "April 23, 1949"}, {"question": "Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?", "answer": "Canton (Guangzhou)"}, {"question": "When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?", "answer": "December 10"}, {"question": "When was the People's Republic of China formed?", "answer": "October 1949"}, {"question": "How large is Nanjing, in miles?", "answer": "2,548 sq mi"}, {"question": "Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?", "answer": "past the west side and then north side"}, {"question": "How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?", "answer": "190 mi"}, {"question": "How far is Nanjing from Beijing?", "answer": "750 mi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?", "answer": "Hsiajiang (\u4e0b\u6c5f, Downstream River) region"}, {"question": "What city is northeast of Nanjing?", "answer": "Yangzhou"}, {"question": "What is southeast of Nanjing?", "answer": "Changzhou"}, {"question": "What province is to the west of Nanjing?", "answer": "Anhui province"}, {"question": "How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?", "answer": "Zhenjiang"}, {"question": "What is the east-west waterway near Nanjing?", "answer": "Yangtze River"}, {"question": "What is the railway that runs South to North called?", "answer": "Nanjing\u2013Beijing railway"}, {"question": "What mountain is in the East are of Nanjing?", "answer": "Zhong Mountain"}, {"question": "What mountain lies in the west of Nanjing?", "answer": "Stone Mountain"}, {"question": "Stone Mountain is compared to what animal?", "answer": "tiger"}, {"question": "What type of climate does Nanjing enjoy?", "answer": "a humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "What monsoon affects Nanjing?", "answer": "the East Asian monsoon"}, {"question": "Nanjing is one of three \"Furnacelike\" cities. What are the other two cities?", "answer": "Chongqing and Wuhan"}, {"question": "How many days of rain does Nanjing get a year, on average?", "answer": "115 days"}, {"question": "How many hours of bright sunshine does Nanjing get each year?", "answer": "1,983 hours"}, {"question": "How many types of minerals are found in Nanjing?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "Which minerals comprise 40 percent of those in the province?", "answer": "iron and sulfur"}, {"question": "For what mineral reserve does Nanjing rank first in both East Asia and the South East Asia areas?", "answer": "strontium"}, {"question": "What are Nanjing's main water sources?", "answer": "the Yangtze River and groundwater"}, {"question": "What hot spring is in Jiangning?", "answer": "Tangshan Hot Spring"}, {"question": "What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?", "answer": "Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake"}, {"question": "What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?", "answer": "evergreens and oaks"}, {"question": "Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?", "answer": "Liu Bei"}, {"question": "What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?", "answer": "Nanjing's impeccable geographic position"}, {"question": "What is Nanjing surrounded by?", "answer": "the Yangtze River and mountains"}, {"question": "When did a thick wave of smog first appear in Central and Eastern China?", "answer": "2 December 2013"}, {"question": "How long was Nanjing ranked as \"severely polluted\" during this wave?", "answer": "five straight days"}, {"question": "On what days did Nanjing have to issue a Red Alert because of the severe air pollution?", "answer": "From 5 to 6 December"}, {"question": "What is the full name for Nanjing's government?", "answer": "\"People's Government of Nanjing City\""}, {"question": "How many parties rule Nanjing?", "answer": "one-party"}, {"question": "What party rules Nanjing?", "answer": "the CPC"}, {"question": "Who is considered to be the governor of Nanjing?", "answer": "the CPC Nanjing Committee Secretary"}, {"question": "who is the executive leader of Nanjing, working under the secretary?", "answer": "the mayor"}, {"question": "What was the population of Nanjing in 2010?", "answer": "8.005 million"}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of Nanjing in 2011?", "answer": "8.11 million"}, {"question": "How was the population figure for 2010 obtained?", "answer": "the Sixth China Census"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing's birth rate?", "answer": "8.86 percent"}, {"question": "How many people were considered to be living in the urban portion of Nanjing?", "answer": "6.47 million"}, {"question": "What is the overwhelming ethnic majority in Nanjing?", "answer": "Han nationality"}, {"question": "What minority nationality is most common?", "answer": "Hui nationalities"}, {"question": "What is the second most common minority group in Nanjing?", "answer": "Manchu"}, {"question": "How many people of Manchu descent live in Nanjing?", "answer": "2,311"}, {"question": "How many minority nationality types does Nanjing contain?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "In addition to textiles, what other industry is Nanjing known for, since the Three Kingdoms period?", "answer": "minting"}, {"question": "Why is Nanjing so strong in textiles and minting?", "answer": "its strategic geographical location and convenient transportation"}, {"question": "During what dynasty was Nanjing the biggest business center in all of East Asia?", "answer": "Ming"}, {"question": "In what dynasty were textiles particularly popular?", "answer": "Qing"}, {"question": "During the textile boom, how many jobs were created?", "answer": "around 200 thousand jobs"}, {"question": "In what time period did Nanjing transform from a producer to more of a consumer city?", "answer": "Into the first half of the twentieth century"}, {"question": "What mostly caused the shift to a consumer city?", "answer": "the rapid expansion of its wealthy population"}, {"question": "What is Zhongyang Shangchang?", "answer": "huge department stores"}, {"question": "In what year did the revenue of food and entertainment eclipse the output of industry?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "How much of the population worked in a service capacity at that time?", "answer": "One third of the city population"}, {"question": "What did the government build in Nanjing during the 1950's?", "answer": "a series of state-owned heavy industries"}, {"question": "The mistakes the government made during this period resulted in what type of growth?", "answer": "negative economic growth"}, {"question": "How many Pillar industries were there from the 1960s to the 1980s?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "The inability to compete with multinational firms led to what for workers?", "answer": "large numbers of layoff"}, {"question": "The government wanted Nanjing to be what kind of industrial city?", "answer": "\u201cworld-class\u201d"}, {"question": "What type of industries are now dominant in Nanjing?", "answer": "Service industries"}, {"question": "How much of the city's GDP do the service industries contribute to?", "answer": "about 60 percent"}, {"question": "Companies such as Huawei, ZTE and Lenovo have built what in Nanjing?", "answer": "many R & D centers and institutions"}, {"question": "Companies such as Ford, IBM, Lucent, Samsung and SAP have built what in Nanjing?", "answer": "research center"}, {"question": "The top 3 industries in Nanjing are?", "answer": "financial industry, culture industry and tourism industry"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?", "answer": "RMB 801 billion"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?", "answer": "RMB 98,174(US$16041)"}, {"question": "Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?", "answer": "lower than the national average"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?", "answer": "land, water and air"}, {"question": "What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?", "answer": "public transportation"}, {"question": "How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where is the city centre located?", "answer": "on the south bank"}, {"question": "Nanjing's railway is important, and is located in what region of China?", "answer": "eastern China"}, {"question": "What line does Nanjing serve as a railway junction for?", "answer": "Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu)"}, {"question": "What lines comprise the Beijing-Shanghai (Jinghu) line?", "answer": "the old Jinpu and Huning Railways"}, {"question": "What high-speed railway is Nanjing connected to that contains Shanghai?", "answer": "Shanghai\u2013Wuhan\u2013Chengdu Passenger Dedicated Line"}, {"question": "What type of railway lines are now under construction?", "answer": "several more high-speed rail lines"}, {"question": "How many railway stations are there in Nanjing?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Which are the two most prominent railway stations?", "answer": "Nanjing Railway Station and Nanjing South Railway Station"}, {"question": "When was the Nanjing Railway Station originally constructed?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "In what year was the Nanjing Railway Station re-built?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Which station is one of the 5 hub stations on the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway line?", "answer": "Nanjing South Railway Station"}, {"question": "What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?", "answer": "Express highways"}, {"question": "How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?", "answer": "140 mi"}, {"question": "What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?", "answer": "Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong"}, {"question": "Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?", "answer": "in the city centre, Xinjiekou"}, {"question": "What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?", "answer": "181.15 mi/100 sq mi"}, {"question": "What are the main types of public transportation?", "answer": "bus, taxi and metro systems"}, {"question": "How many companies are involved with the network of buses?", "answer": "three companies"}, {"question": "How many stations are there in total in the Nanjing metro system?", "answer": "121 stations"}, {"question": "When does Nanjing expect to finish it's light rail line?", "answer": "2030"}, {"question": "How many bus routes are there in Nanjing?", "answer": "more than 370 routes"}, {"question": "What is Nanjing's airport called?", "answer": "Lukou International Airport"}, {"question": "How many routes does Nanjing's airport run?", "answer": "85 routes"}, {"question": "How many passengers did the airport service in 2013?", "answer": "15,011,792 passengers"}, {"question": "When did the airport open for business?", "answer": "28 June 1997"}, {"question": "What airport was the primary airport before Lukou?", "answer": "Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport"}, {"question": "What is the largest inland port for China?", "answer": "Port of Nanjing"}, {"question": "How long is the Port of Nanjing?", "answer": "98 kilometres (61 mi) in length"}, {"question": "How many berths does the Port contain?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "When did Longtan Containers Port Area open up?", "answer": "March 2004"}, {"question": "How many containers can Longtan Containers Port Area handle?", "answer": "one million container-capacity"}, {"question": "When was the very first Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge finished?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "What was the symbolism of the bridge?", "answer": "symbol of modern China"}, {"question": "When did the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge first open for traffic?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What type of design is the bridge?", "answer": "a two-tiered road and rail design"}, {"question": "How many more bridges have been built since the first one was completed?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many ancient capitals does China have in its history?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What type of people does Nanjing draw because of its culture?", "answer": "intellectuals"}, {"question": "In what dynasties did poets congregate in Nanjing?", "answer": "the Tang and Song dynasties"}, {"question": "When did the city serve as the official imperial examination centre?", "answer": "the Ming and Qing dynasties"}, {"question": "What was the name of the examination centre?", "answer": "Jiangnan Examination Hall"}, {"question": "How is Nanjing seen, from a cultural perspective?", "answer": "as a \u201ccity of culture\u201d"}, {"question": "Who provides strong support to Nanjing?", "answer": "local educational institutions"}, {"question": "What city is considered one of the more pleasant cities to live in, by the Chinese?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Does Nanjing have a long or short tradition of culture?", "answer": "a long cultural tradition"}, {"question": "Where do some of the country's most prominent art groups call home?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Which opera company is based in Nanjing?", "answer": "Jiangsu Peking Opera Institute"}, {"question": "What art company is based in Nanjing?", "answer": "Nanjing Xiaohonghua Art Company"}, {"question": "Name two dance groups that are based in Nanjing:", "answer": "the Qianxian Dance Company, Nanjing Dance Company"}, {"question": "What is the name of China's oldest stage art?", "answer": "Kunqu"}, {"question": "What is one of the best theatres for Kunqu?", "answer": "Jiangsu Province Kun Opera"}, {"question": "What type of troupe is Jiangsu Province Kun Opera considered to be?", "answer": "a conservative and traditional troupe"}, {"question": "What other types of operas are performed in Nanjing?", "answer": "Yang, Yue (shaoxing), Xi and Jing"}, {"question": "What other types of theater performance are seen in Nanjing?", "answer": "Suzhou pingtan, spoken theatre and puppet theatre"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest art gallery in Jiangsu Province?", "answer": "Jiangsu Art Gallery"}, {"question": "What type of art does Jiangsu Art Gallery contain?", "answer": "traditional and contemporary art pieces of China"}, {"question": "What are two smaller galleries in Nanjing?", "answer": "Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery"}, {"question": "What type of exhibitions do Red Chamber Art Garden and Jinling Stone Gallery show?", "answer": "their own special exhibitions"}, {"question": "When was the festival of climbing on the city wall celebrated?", "answer": "January 16"}, {"question": "On March 3, what festival was celebrated in ancient times?", "answer": "bathing in Qing Xi"}, {"question": "What did citizens used to do on September 9?", "answer": "hill hiking"}, {"question": "Where can one find the dates of more old festivals?", "answer": "Chinese lunar calendar"}, {"question": "How many of these old festivals are still celebrated by residents of Nanjing?", "answer": "Almost none of them"}, {"question": "What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?", "answer": "a series of government-organised events"}, {"question": "What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?", "answer": "Plum Blossom Hill"}, {"question": "Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?", "answer": "domestically and internationally"}, {"question": "What festival involves kites and fruit trees?", "answer": "Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival"}, {"question": "When was the Nanjing Library completed?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?", "answer": "the third largest library in China"}, {"question": "How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?", "answer": "more than 10 million volumes"}, {"question": "What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?", "answer": "Nanjing University Library"}, {"question": "Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?", "answer": "Peking University Library"}, {"question": "What city contains some of the finest and oldest museums in all of China?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "What is the previous name of the Nanjing Museum?", "answer": "National Central Museum"}, {"question": "Which museum was the first modern one in China?", "answer": "Nanjing Museum"}, {"question": "What collections are the Nanjing Museum famous for?", "answer": "Ming and Qing imperial porcelain"}, {"question": "How many items does the Nanjing Museum contain?", "answer": "400,000 items"}, {"question": "What can most of Nanjing's multi-purpose theatres be used for?", "answer": "convention halls, cinemas, musical halls and theatres"}, {"question": "What are the two most prominent theatres in Nanjing?", "answer": "the People's Convention Hall and the Nanjing Arts and Culture Center"}, {"question": "What is the current purpose of The Capital Theatre?", "answer": "a museum in theatre/film"}, {"question": "What was the popularity of The Capital Theater, in the past?", "answer": "well known"}, {"question": "Where have Nanjing's after-hours activities typically been located?", "answer": "around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River"}, {"question": "What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area?", "answer": "night markets, restaurants and pubs"}, {"question": "What was a major night attraction for Nanjing?", "answer": "Boating at night in the river"}, {"question": "What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators?", "answer": "courtesans"}, {"question": "What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao?", "answer": "Confucius Temple"}, {"question": "When did more commercial streets become built in Nanjing?", "answer": "In the past 20 years"}, {"question": "What has happened as the result of more commercial streets in Nanjing?", "answer": "the nightlife has become more diverse"}, {"question": "What area has lots of types of recreational outlets?", "answer": "\"Nanjing 1912\""}, {"question": "Other than at \"Nanjing 1912\", where else are there a lot of bars?", "answer": "along Shanghai road and its neighbourhood"}, {"question": "The two areas with a lot of bars are popular with whom?", "answer": "international residents of the city"}, {"question": "What is considered to be a typical food for a Nanjing resident?", "answer": "radish"}, {"question": "Which area has the longest history of growing radish?", "answer": "the southern suburb"}, {"question": "What does the radish taste like in the spring?", "answer": "very juicy and sweet"}, {"question": "What are Nanjing people called by others?", "answer": "'Nanjing big radish'"}, {"question": "What does calling someone 'Nanjing big radish' mean they are like?", "answer": "they are unsophisticated, passionate and conservative"}, {"question": "Generally, what types of teams call Nanjing home?", "answer": "many professional sports teams"}, {"question": "What is the name of the football club in Nanjing?", "answer": "Jiangsu Sainty"}, {"question": "What building is home to Jiangsu Sainty?", "answer": "Nanjing Olympic Sports Center"}, {"question": "What is the name of the major basketball team in Nanjing?", "answer": "Jiangsu Nangang Basketball Club"}, {"question": "What is the name of China's highest level basketball league?", "answer": "CBA"}, {"question": "Which sports center started in 1952?", "answer": "Wutaishan Sports Center"}, {"question": "How many major sports centers are located in Nanjing?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of sports centers are Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center considered to be?", "answer": "comprehensive sports centers"}, {"question": "What is special about Wutaishan Sports Center, from a historical perspective?", "answer": "it was one of the oldest and most advanced stadiums in early time of People's Republic of China."}, {"question": "Both Wutaishan Sports Center and Nanjing Olympic Sports Center contain a stadium, gymnasium, natatorium, and what other facility?", "answer": "tennis court"}, {"question": "When was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Why was the Nanjing Olympic Sports Center built?", "answer": "in order to host The 10th National Game of People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's stadium hold?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's gymnasium hold?", "answer": "13,000"}, {"question": "How many people can Nanjing Olympic Sports Center's natatorium hold?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "When was Nanjing announced as the host city for the 2nd Summer Youth Olympic Games?", "answer": "10 February 2010"}, {"question": "What was the theme for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?", "answer": "\u201cShare the Games, Share our Dreams\u201d"}, {"question": "How many types of sports were performed in the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What type of spirit does the Youth Olympic Games hope to spread?", "answer": "the Olympic spirit"}, {"question": "When was the 2014 Youth Olympic Games?", "answer": "from 16 to 28 August"}, {"question": "Nanjing is considered one of the most pretty cities in what region?", "answer": "mainland China"}, {"question": "How many tourists does Nanjing receive each year?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What type of buildings attract tourists to Nanjing?", "answer": "historical buildings"}, {"question": "List three natural attractions of Nanjing.", "answer": "lush green parks, natural scenic lakes, small mountains"}, {"question": "What was the designation of Nanjing?", "answer": "the national capital"}, {"question": "What happened around the time that Nanjing was designated as the capital?", "answer": "many structures were built"}, {"question": "Are any of the structures that were built at that time still around?", "answer": "some of them still remain"}, {"question": "The structures that still remain are open to whom?", "answer": "tourists"}, {"question": "How long has Nanjing been considered the education hub of southern China?", "answer": "more than 1700 years"}, {"question": "How many places of higher learning are in Nanjing?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key laboratories?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What is Nanjing's nationwide ranking for National key disciplines?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What type of educational institutions are in the area, that Nanjing can brag about?", "answer": "some of the most prominent"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?", "answer": "Jim Foster"}, {"question": "What was the inaugural year of the AFL?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "In yards, how large is an arena football field?", "answer": "68"}, {"question": "What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "How many teams played in the Arena Football League in the 2015 season?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What team left the AFL after the 2015 season to join another league?", "answer": "Spokane Shock"}, {"question": "What league did the Spokane Shock join after the 2015 season?", "answer": "IFL"}, {"question": "Along with the American Conference, what is the other conference in the AFL?", "answer": "National Conference"}, {"question": "As of 2016, how many teams does each conference have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "As of 2016, how many regular season games does an AFL team play?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How long is the AFL regular season?", "answer": "18-week"}, {"question": "In what month did the 2015 AFL season begin?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What month did the 2015 AFL season end?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What is the name of the AFL championship game?", "answer": "ArenaBowl"}, {"question": "What was the name of the AFL development league?", "answer": "af2"}, {"question": "When did the AFL development league begin?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "When was the first AFL season played?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What Arena Football League season was cancelled?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In what city and state is the Arena Football League based?", "answer": "Chicago, Illinois"}, {"question": "Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?", "answer": "the National Football League"}, {"question": "What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?", "answer": "an indoor soccer match"}, {"question": "Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden"}, {"question": "In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?", "answer": "NBC"}, {"question": "What football league began in 1982?", "answer": "the United States Football League"}, {"question": "What team in the USFL did Jim Foster work for?", "answer": "Chicago Blitz"}, {"question": "When did the USFL shut down?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "On what date was the arena football test game played?", "answer": "April 27, 1986"}, {"question": "What was Foster's job title with the Chicago Blitz?", "answer": "executive vice-president"}, {"question": "In what city and state did the arena football test game take place?", "answer": "Rockford, Illinois"}, {"question": "At what venue did the test game occur?", "answer": "Rockford MetroCentre"}, {"question": "Along with the Rockford Metros, what was the name of the other team that played in the test game?", "answer": "Chicago Politicians"}, {"question": "On what date did the second test game take place?", "answer": "February 26, 1987"}, {"question": "The second test game was played in what arena?", "answer": "Rosemont Horizon"}, {"question": "How many teams did the Arena Football League originally have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Along with the Chicago Bruisers, Denver Dynamite and Pittsburgh Gladiators, what team was one of the original AFL teams?", "answer": "Washington Commandos"}, {"question": "What was the title of Darrell Davis in the AFL?", "answer": "executive director of football operations"}, {"question": "What was Darrell Davis' nickname?", "answer": "Mouse"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for hiring the first coaches of the AFL teams?", "answer": "Davis"}, {"question": "On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?", "answer": "June 19, 1987"}, {"question": "Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?", "answer": "Gladiators"}, {"question": "How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?", "answer": "12,117"}, {"question": "On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?", "answer": "June 20, 1987"}, {"question": "At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?", "answer": "the Rosemont Horizon"}, {"question": "On what date did Foster apply for a patent on arena football?", "answer": "September 30, 1987"}, {"question": "When did the United States Patent and Trademark Office grant Foster's patent?", "answer": "March 27, 1990"}, {"question": "On what date was the expiration of Foster's patent?", "answer": "September 30, 2007"}, {"question": "With whom did Foster file his patent?", "answer": "the United States Patent and Trademark Office"}, {"question": "In 1987, what television station sometimes showed arena football games?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "In the early years of arena football, after what hour were games often aired?", "answer": "midnight"}, {"question": "What AFL game was broadcast on ABC?", "answer": "Arena Bowl XII"}, {"question": "In what year did ABC broadcast an Arena Football League game?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "On what ABC program was an AFL game shown?", "answer": "Wide World of Sports"}, {"question": "Who was the coach of the Pittsburgh Gladiators in 1989?", "answer": "Joe Haering"}, {"question": "What day of the week was July 23, 1989?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "Who was the commissioner of the AFL in 1989?", "answer": "Jim Foster"}, {"question": "What paper featured a photograph of the head coach of the Gladiators punching the commissioner of the AFL?", "answer": "USA Today"}, {"question": "In what arena were the Gladiators playing the Bruisers on July 23, 1989?", "answer": "Arco Arena"}, {"question": "What team did Art Schlichter play for?", "answer": "Detroit Drive"}, {"question": "Where did the Detroit Drive play their home games?", "answer": "Joe Louis Arena"}, {"question": "In what year did the Drive go to their first Arena Bowl?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who owned the Detroit Drive in this period?", "answer": "Mike Ilitch"}, {"question": "What team did the owner of the Detroit Drive buy that led him to sell the Drive?", "answer": "Detroit Tigers"}, {"question": "Where did the Drive franchise relocate to?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "Before what season did the Drive move to a different state?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What is the name of the AFL team based in Tampa Bay?", "answer": "Storm"}, {"question": "What team is cited as a rival of the Tampa Bay franchise?", "answer": "Orlando Predators"}, {"question": "What team was the rival of the Arizona Rattlers?", "answer": "San Jose SaberCats"}, {"question": "What notable event in the AFL first occurred in 1993?", "answer": "first All-Star Game"}, {"question": "In what city and state did the 1993 All-Star Game occur?", "answer": "Des Moines, Iowa"}, {"question": "What AFL team would be based in Des Moines?", "answer": "Iowa Barnstormers"}, {"question": "What conference lost the first All-Star Game?", "answer": "American Conference"}, {"question": "How many points did the National Conference score in the first All-Star Game?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "What team did the New York CityHawks become after moving to Hartford?", "answer": "New England Sea Wolves"}, {"question": "What city did the Sea Wolves move to?", "answer": "Toronto"}, {"question": "How many seasons were the CityHawks in New York?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How long did the Sea Wolves stay in Hartford?", "answer": "two seasons"}, {"question": "How many seasons did the Toronto Phantoms last?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What AFL team did Kurt Warner play for?", "answer": "Iowa Barnstormers"}, {"question": "Kurt Warner was the Most Valuable Player in what Super Bowl?", "answer": "Super Bowl XXXIV"}, {"question": "What NFL team did Kurt Warner play for?", "answer": "St. Louis Rams"}, {"question": "What television network did the AFL sign a deal with in 2000?", "answer": "TNN"}, {"question": "What was the name of the AFL team based in New Orleans?", "answer": "VooDoo"}, {"question": "How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What year introduced the free substitution rule?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the \"jack\" linebacker?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Who was the commissioner of the Arena Football League for the first half of 2008?", "answer": "David Baker"}, {"question": "For how many years did David Baker serve as commissioner of the AFL?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "On what date did Baker step down as commissioner of the AFL?", "answer": "July 25, 2008"}, {"question": "What Arena Football League event occurred two days after Baker's resignation?", "answer": "ArenaBowl XXII"}, {"question": "Who temporarily served in the commissioner's post after Baker's departure?", "answer": "Ed Policy"}, {"question": "What team shut down in October 2008?", "answer": "New Orleans VooDoo"}, {"question": "Who made the announcement that the VooDoo were shutting down?", "answer": "Tom Benson"}, {"question": "What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?", "answer": "Platinum Equity"}, {"question": "How large a stake did Platinum Equity want to buy in the AFL?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What publication announced the Platinum Equity business deal?", "answer": "Sports Business Journal"}, {"question": "On what date was the dispersal draft first scheduled to occur?", "answer": "December 2"}, {"question": "To what date was the dispersal draft first delayed?", "answer": "December 3"}, {"question": "After the second delay, when was the dispersal draft schedule to occur?", "answer": "December 9"}, {"question": "When was free agency first scheduled to begin?", "answer": "December 4"}, {"question": "When was free agency scheduled to begin after the delay?", "answer": "December 11"}, {"question": "What numbered season did Arenafootball2 in 2009?", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "In what month and year was it decided to suspend the 2009 Arena Football League season?", "answer": "December 2008"}, {"question": "What National Hockey League season was cancelled?", "answer": "2004-05"}, {"question": "What led the National Hockey League to cancel the 2004-2005 season?", "answer": "a lockout"}, {"question": "Who owned the Columbus Destroyers in 2008?", "answer": "Jim Renacci"}, {"question": "What was the job title of Ed Policy?", "answer": "interim commissioner"}, {"question": "After Ed Policy resigned, what franchise closed?", "answer": "Los Angeles Avengers"}, {"question": "How many weeks after Policy's resignation did the Avengers fold?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "How long after the shuttering of the Avengers did the league fail to ratify the new collective bargaining agreement?", "answer": "One month"}, {"question": "What reason did Policy give for his resignation?", "answer": "the obsolescence of his position in the reformatted league"}, {"question": "On what date was it reported that the AFL was considering bankruptcy?", "answer": "July 20, 2009"}, {"question": "What publication reported that the Arena Football League was thinking about filing bankruptcy?", "answer": "Sports Business Journal"}, {"question": "How much debt was the AFL reported to have as of July 20, 2009?", "answer": "$14 million"}, {"question": "What type of bankruptcy was the league reportedly thinking about filing in July 2009?", "answer": "Chapter 11"}, {"question": "On what date did the AFL announce that it was not shutting down?", "answer": "August 4"}, {"question": "What percent of af2 was owned by the AFL?", "answer": "50.1"}, {"question": "On what date was af2 regarded as disbanded?", "answer": "September 8, 2009"}, {"question": "What legal entity was created by af2 league owners?", "answer": "Arena Football 1"}, {"question": "Along with the Orlando Predators, what former Arena Football League team joined af2?", "answer": "Arizona Rattlers"}, {"question": "What Arena Football League season was suspended?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Who owned the Dallas Desperados?", "answer": "Jerry Jones"}, {"question": "When was an auction announced for the Arena Football League's assets?", "answer": "November 11, 2009"}, {"question": "When did the auction for the Arena Football League's assets take place?", "answer": "November 25, 2009"}, {"question": "Who won the auction for the AFL's assets?", "answer": "Arena Football 1"}, {"question": "What was the purchase price for the Arena Football League's assets?", "answer": "$6.1 million"}, {"question": "On what date did AF1 announce that it would be called the Arena Football League?", "answer": "February 17, 2010"}, {"question": "What television network was contracted to show Arena Football League games in 2010?", "answer": "NFL Network"}, {"question": "How many expansion teams were announced in 2010?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Along with the Dallas Vigilantes, what expansion team was announced in 2010?", "answer": "Jacksonville Sharks"}, {"question": "Along with the New Orleans VooDoo, Kansas City Brigade, Philadelphia Soul and Georgia Force, what former team returned for the 2011 season?", "answer": "San Jose SaberCats"}, {"question": "Along with the Grand Rapids Rampage, Colorado Crush, Columbus Destroyers and Los Angeles Avengers, what team did not return for the 2011 season?", "answer": "New York Dragons"}, {"question": "What expansion team joined the league in 2011?", "answer": "Pittsburgh Power"}, {"question": "For what NFL team did Lynn Swann play?", "answer": "Pittsburgh Steelers"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Tampa Bay Storm?", "answer": "Pittsburgh Gladiators"}, {"question": "What anniversary did the Arena Football League celebrate in 2012?", "answer": "25th"}, {"question": "What was the first day of the 2015 AFL season?", "answer": "March 9, 2012"}, {"question": "To what city did the Tulsa Talons relocate?", "answer": "San Antonio"}, {"question": "Who bought the Tampa Bay Storm in 2012?", "answer": "Jeffrey Vinik"}, {"question": "What event resulted in the postponement of the AFL free agency period?", "answer": "Hurricane Sandy"}, {"question": "On what date did the AFL announce its title sponsorship deal?", "answer": "December 12, 2012"}, {"question": "What business was the title sponsor of the AFL?", "answer": "NET10 Wireless"}, {"question": "What was the league renamed after the title sponsorship deal?", "answer": "NET10 Wireless Arena Football League"}, {"question": "When did the AFL title sponsorship deal come to an end?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many years did the AFL title sponsorship deal last?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Los Angeles-based team added in 2013?", "answer": "Kiss"}, {"question": "Along with Paul Stanley, who owned the Los Angeles Kiss?", "answer": "Gene Simmons"}, {"question": "Other than the Los Angeles Kiss, what expansion team entered in the league in 2013?", "answer": "Portland Thunder"}, {"question": "Paul Stanley and Gene Simmons are members of what musical group?", "answer": "Kiss"}, {"question": "What band was Vince Neil a part of?", "answer": "M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Las Vegas team owned by Vince Neil?", "answer": "Outlaws"}, {"question": "What was the original intended home field of the Las Vegas Outlaws?", "answer": "MGM Grand Garden Arena"}, {"question": "Where did the Outlaws play their home games?", "answer": "the Thomas & Mack Center"}, {"question": "Along with the Las Vegas Gladiators, what prior AFL team played its home games at the Thomas & Mack Center?", "answer": "Las Vegas Sting"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the AFL?", "answer": "Jerry Kurz"}, {"question": "What was Jerry Kurz's job title prior to being president of the AFL?", "answer": "commissioner"}, {"question": "Who became commissioner of the AFL after Jerry Kurz?", "answer": "Scott Butera"}, {"question": "Where did Scott Butera work prior to becoming AFL commissioner?", "answer": "Foxwoods"}, {"question": "What was Scott Butera's job title prior to becoming AFL commissioner?", "answer": "CEO"}, {"question": "On what date was it reported that the Las Vegas Outlaws were shutting down?", "answer": "August 9, 2015"}, {"question": "Who first reported the closure of the New Orleans VooDoo?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "On what date did the Spokane Shock leave the AFL?", "answer": "September 1, 2015"}, {"question": "What rival league did the Spokane Shock join?", "answer": "IFL"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Spokane Shock after they joined the IFL?", "answer": "Spokane Empire"}, {"question": "What day of the week was October 30, 2015?", "answer": "Friday"}, {"question": "At what team's game was an announcement by the AFL supposed to happen on October 30?", "answer": "San Antonio Spurs"}, {"question": "Who worked as an AFL spokesman during this period?", "answer": "BJ Pickard"}, {"question": "What prior AFL franchise was based in Austin?", "answer": "Austin Wranglers"}, {"question": "Along with the San Antonio Talons, what AFL franchise did San Antonio host at one time?", "answer": "San Antonio Force"}, {"question": "Who were the defending champions of the Arena Football League?", "answer": "San Jose SaberCats"}, {"question": "When was it announced that the SaberCats would be shutting down?", "answer": "November 12"}, {"question": "What was the reason given for the closing of the SaberCats?", "answer": "reasons unrelated to League operations"}, {"question": "How many AFL teams are operating as of 2016?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "On what date did the AFL take control of one of its teams?", "answer": "January 6, 2016"}, {"question": "What team did the league take control of?", "answer": "Portland Thunder"}, {"question": "Who owned the trademark to the Portland Thunder?", "answer": "Terry Emmert"}, {"question": "Who owned the Desperados trademarks?", "answer": "Jerry Jones"}, {"question": "Who is commissioner of the Arena Football League?", "answer": "Scott Butera"}, {"question": "On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?", "answer": "December 10, 2015"}, {"question": "How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?", "answer": "Independence Day"}, {"question": "Where did ArenaBowl XX take place?", "answer": "Las Vegas"}, {"question": "What arena was ArenaBowl XXI played in?", "answer": "New Orleans Arena"}, {"question": "On what date was ArenaBowl XXI played?", "answer": "July 29, 2007"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Hurricane Katrina occur?", "answer": "August 2005"}, {"question": "What team won ArenaBowl XXI?", "answer": "San Jose SaberCats"}, {"question": "A contract with what television network led to the discontinuation of exhibition games in the preseason?", "answer": "NBC"}, {"question": "How many games was the regular season in 1996?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many games were played in the 2001 regular season?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many games long was the 2011 regular season?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many games will each team play in the 2016 regular season?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What league did the AFL found in China?", "answer": "the China American Football League"}, {"question": "When was the AFL's China project announced?", "answer": "August 2012"}, {"question": "Who is leading the China American Football League?", "answer": "Ron Jaworski"}, {"question": "What television network does Ron Jaworski work for?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "What team is Ron Jaworski the majority owner of?", "answer": "Philadelphia Soul"}, {"question": "Who created Ganlan Media?", "answer": "Martin E. Judge"}, {"question": "What company is Martin Judge the founder of?", "answer": "the Judge Group"}, {"question": "In what year was AFL Global created?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "In what month was an exhibition game planned for Guangzhou?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "Who is the Chief Executive Officer of the China American Football League?", "answer": "Gary Morris"}, {"question": "When does the CAFL plan on start its first season?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "When was the abortive first CAFL season supposed to have taken place?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many teams participated in the 2015 CAFL tournament?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "In what month did the CAFL tournament occur?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "In what month did the AFL season originally begin?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "After the TV deal, when was the start of the AFL season moved to?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "What days were AFL games traditionally played on before the TV deal?", "answer": "Friday or Saturday"}, {"question": "When were most of the AFL's games played after the TV deal?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "On what date did the business relationship between the AFL and NBC end?", "answer": "June 30, 2006"}, {"question": "On what date did ESPN buy a minority share of the AFL?", "answer": "December 19, 2006"}, {"question": "At minimum, how many regular season games did the AFL agree to broadcast?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "On what day would most of the games televised on the ESPN networks be played?", "answer": "Monday"}, {"question": "What network broadcast ArenaBowl XXI?", "answer": "ABC"}, {"question": "Under the deal, how many AFL playoff games did ESPN broadcast each year?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Affiliates of what network broadcast Arizona Rattlers games?", "answer": "Fox Sports"}, {"question": "What cable network did the AFL sign a regional contract with?", "answer": "FSN"}, {"question": "After a hiatus, in what year did the AFL begin operations again?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?", "answer": "NFL Network"}, {"question": "On what day would AFL games be shown on NFL Network?", "answer": "Friday"}, {"question": "What streaming service broadcast AFL games that were not on NFL Network?", "answer": "Ustream"}, {"question": "What was the cost to watch AFL games on Ustream?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "In what year did AFL games temporarily cease to be broadcast on NFL Network?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Why did the temporary cessation of game broadcasts occur?", "answer": "ongoing labor problems"}, {"question": "Why did the NFL Network begin to broadcast games again?", "answer": "the labor issues were resolved"}, {"question": "On what day was an AFL game broadcast live on NFL Network?", "answer": "Friday"}, {"question": "At what time of day was an AFL game shown on Fridays on NFL Network?", "answer": "night"}, {"question": "Who was the AFL's 2013 national broadcast partner?", "answer": "CBS Sports Network"}, {"question": "How many regular season games were shown by CBS Sports Network in 2013?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How many 2013 playoff games did CBSSN broadcast?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "On what channel was the 2013 ArenaBowl broadcast?", "answer": "CBS"}, {"question": "In 2013, on what day were Arena Football League games usually broadcast on CBS Sports Network?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?", "answer": "WatchESPN"}, {"question": "Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?", "answer": "CBS Sports Network"}, {"question": "On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "What was the first Arena Football League video game?", "answer": "Arena Football"}, {"question": "For what system was the first Arena Football League video game released?", "answer": "the C-64"}, {"question": "In what year was the first Arena Football League video game released?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "On what date was Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed released?", "answer": "May 18, 2000"}, {"question": "Who made Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed?", "answer": "Midway Games"}, {"question": "Who wrote War on the Floor: An Average Guy Plays in the Arena Football League and Lives to Write About It?", "answer": "Jeff Foley"}, {"question": "In what year was War on the Floor released?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What team did Jeff Foley play for?", "answer": "Albany Firebirds"}, {"question": "How many games did Jeff Foley play in?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Along with 1999, in what preseason did Foley play for the Firebirds? ", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "In what year did the AFL begin operating under the single-entity model?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who owns the rights to the players under the single-entity model?", "answer": "the league"}, {"question": "What model of ownership is commonly used in American professional sports?", "answer": "franchise model"}, {"question": "What was the normal per game attendance of AFL games in the 1990s?", "answer": "10,000\u201311,000"}, {"question": "Along with the recession, what event is held to have decreased per-game attendance below 10,000?", "answer": "the September 11, 2001 attacks"}, {"question": "What was the average per-game attendance in 2007?", "answer": "12,392"}, {"question": "In 2008, what was the average attendance for an AFL game?", "answer": "12,957"}, {"question": "During the 2008 season, how many teams averaged more than 13,000 spectators per game?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What was the AFL's average per-game attendance in 2010?", "answer": "8,135"}, {"question": "In the 2010 season, how many teams drew an average of more than 13,000 fans per game?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What team drew more than 13,000 fans per game in 2010?", "answer": "Tampa Bay"}, {"question": "What language is the word dialectus from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "From what language does the word di\u00e1lektos come?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What does di\u00e1lektos mean in English?", "answer": "discourse"}, {"question": "How many different types of linguistic phenomena is the term dialect used to describe?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many distinct ways is the term dialect used?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the common definition of dialect?", "answer": "a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers"}, {"question": "What is the term dialect most often applied to?", "answer": "regional speech patterns"}, {"question": "Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?", "answer": "social class"}, {"question": "What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?", "answer": "sociolect"}, {"question": "What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?", "answer": "ethnolect"}, {"question": "What is the other definition of the term dialect?", "answer": "a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language"}, {"question": "How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?", "answer": "subordinate to the standard language"}, {"question": "The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?", "answer": "regional Italian"}, {"question": "From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?", "answer": "vocabulary"}, {"question": "If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?", "answer": "accent"}, {"question": "What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?", "answer": "jargons"}, {"question": "Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?", "answer": "argots"}, {"question": "What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?", "answer": "standard language"}, {"question": "The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?", "answer": "institutions"}, {"question": "Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?", "answer": "textbooks"}, {"question": "Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?", "answer": "institutional support"}, {"question": "What language is Scouse a dialect of?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?", "answer": "The Dialect Test"}, {"question": "Who came up with the Dialect Test?", "answer": "Joseph Wright"}, {"question": "Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?", "answer": "vocabulary"}, {"question": "In what country is Lim\u00f3n Creole English spoken?", "answer": "Costa Rica"}, {"question": "On what coast of Costa Rica is Lim\u00f3n Creole English spoken?", "answer": "Caribbean"}, {"question": "Speakers of Lim\u00f3n Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?", "answer": "Jamaican"}, {"question": "What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?", "answer": "mutual intelligibility"}, {"question": "What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?", "answer": "dialect continua"}, {"question": "What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?", "answer": "if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other"}, {"question": "What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?", "answer": "linguistic authority"}, {"question": "Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?", "answer": "East Franconian German"}, {"question": "Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?", "answer": "Middle High German"}, {"question": "Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?", "answer": "a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary"}, {"question": "According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?", "answer": "everybody"}, {"question": "Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?", "answer": "Heinz Kloss"}, {"question": "In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?", "answer": "politically and/or culturally"}, {"question": "The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?", "answer": "languoid"}, {"question": "What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?", "answer": "variety"}, {"question": "Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?", "answer": "lect"}, {"question": "With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?", "answer": "the elite class"}, {"question": "What social status is the term \"dialect\" sometimes associated with?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "What is another term for language varieties?", "answer": "dialects"}, {"question": "What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?", "answer": "historical and political"}, {"question": "What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?", "answer": "Lombardic alpine"}, {"question": "What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?", "answer": "mutual unintelligibility"}, {"question": "What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?", "answer": "the French Revolution"}, {"question": "If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?", "answer": "its own independent state"}, {"question": "What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?", "answer": "regional autonomy"}, {"question": "Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?", "answer": "armed conflict"}, {"question": "Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "What does \"A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot\" mean in English?", "answer": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"}, {"question": "When did Max Weinrich write \"A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot\"?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?", "answer": "traditional regional varieties"}, {"question": "What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?", "answer": "the regional varieties of modern standard German"}, {"question": "After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?", "answer": "Germanic tribes"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?", "answer": "Northern Germany"}, {"question": "Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?", "answer": "cities"}, {"question": "In what environment are dialects less common?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?", "answer": "familiar"}, {"question": "What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss German"}, {"question": "What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?", "answer": "standard German"}, {"question": "Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?", "answer": "Liechtenstein"}, {"question": "What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "an ausbau language"}, {"question": "Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?", "answer": "they are roofed by standard German"}, {"question": "What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?", "answer": "dialetti"}, {"question": "What language are many Italian dialects derived from?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?", "answer": "dialects"}, {"question": "Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?", "answer": "they are not derived from modern standard Italian"}, {"question": "What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?", "answer": "they lack mutual intelligibility"}, {"question": "From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?", "answer": "Lombardy"}, {"question": "What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?", "answer": "Gallo-Italic"}, {"question": "What type of language is Sicilian?", "answer": "Neapolitan"}, {"question": "What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?", "answer": "Sicilian Gallo-Italic"}, {"question": "What language is modern standard Italian derived from?", "answer": "Florentine Tuscan"}, {"question": "What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?", "answer": "upper class"}, {"question": "From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?", "answer": "Tuscany"}, {"question": "What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?", "answer": "Alessandro Manzoni"}, {"question": "During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?", "answer": "the Risorgimento"}, {"question": "In what decade was Italy unified?", "answer": "1860s"}, {"question": "What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?", "answer": "2.5%"}, {"question": "When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?", "answer": "standard Italian"}, {"question": "During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?", "answer": "television"}, {"question": "In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?", "answer": "outside of one's region"}, {"question": "Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?", "answer": "at home with family"}, {"question": "Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?", "answer": "standard Italian"}, {"question": "What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?", "answer": "Italo-Dalmatian"}, {"question": "What language are most languages of Italy derived from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?", "answer": "Romance"}, {"question": "Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?", "answer": "The Sardinian language"}, {"question": "What language is Sassarese closely related to?", "answer": "Italian Tuscan"}, {"question": "What language family does Gallurese belong to?", "answer": "Italo-Dalmatian"}, {"question": "What language family does Ligurian belong to?", "answer": "Gallo-Romance"}, {"question": "Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?", "answer": "Sardinian"}, {"question": "Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?", "answer": "American English"}, {"question": "What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?", "answer": "Serbian and Croatian"}, {"question": "Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?", "answer": "dialects of a single language"}, {"question": "Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?", "answer": "distinct languages"}, {"question": "Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?", "answer": "the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies"}, {"question": "Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?", "answer": "Bulgarian"}, {"question": "What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?", "answer": "South Slavic"}, {"question": "What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?", "answer": "a Bulgarian dialect"}, {"question": "In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?", "answer": "Republic of Macedonia"}, {"question": "Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "In what language are Lebanese laws written?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?", "answer": "Lebanese Arabic"}, {"question": "What language is Lebanese closely related to?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?", "answer": "Algeria"}, {"question": "What is the liturgical language of Islam?", "answer": "Literary Arabic"}, {"question": "In what language is the Qur'an written?", "answer": "Literary Arabic"}, {"question": "What does the term Dariajs refer to?", "answer": "spoken North African languages"}, {"question": "What is the dominant religion of North Africa?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?", "answer": "the Tsarist Government"}, {"question": "The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?", "answer": "Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth"}, {"question": "What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?", "answer": "The German Empire"}, {"question": "What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?", "answer": "the Entente"}, {"question": "What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?", "answer": "Bolsheviks"}, {"question": "Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?", "answer": "Whites"}, {"question": "After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?", "answer": "Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers"}, {"question": "Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?", "answer": "to gain independence"}, {"question": "In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?", "answer": "Ukraine"}, {"question": "Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?", "answer": "Mircea Snegur"}, {"question": "In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?", "answer": "Romanian expansionism"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?", "answer": "Ion B\u0103rbu\u0163\u0103"}, {"question": "From what did Chinese characters derive?", "answer": "logograms"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Yue language?", "answer": "Cantonese"}, {"question": "Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?", "answer": "the south"}, {"question": "From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?", "answer": "Standard Mandarin"}, {"question": "From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?", "answer": "Ancient Greek"}, {"question": "From what language is North Germanic derived?", "answer": "Old Norse"}, {"question": "Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?", "answer": "French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change"}, {"question": "What Italian word is similar to the French word \"avoir\"?", "answer": "avere"}, {"question": "What French word is similar to the Italian word \"essere\"?", "answer": "\u00eatre"}, {"question": "What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?", "answer": "Italian and Spanish"}, {"question": "Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?", "answer": "body parts"}, {"question": "When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?", "answer": "sere"}, {"question": "What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?", "answer": "Interlingua"}, {"question": "Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?", "answer": "International Auxiliary Language Association"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?", "answer": "Swedish"}, {"question": "Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?", "answer": "the international scientific vocabulary"}, {"question": "Where is Bern located? ", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "How many municiplaities are in Bern?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "Bern is the capitol of which canton?", "answer": "Canton of Bern"}, {"question": "Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What is the official language of Bern?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?", "answer": "centre of Bern"}, {"question": "Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?", "answer": "top ten"}, {"question": "When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?", "answer": "bear"}, {"question": "What live animals did they keep in the B\u00e4rengraben?", "answer": "bears"}, {"question": "What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the B\u00e4rengraben?", "answer": "1440s."}, {"question": "When was the earliest evidnce of settlement in the city centre?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "What era was there a Gallo-Roman vicus on the same site?", "answer": "Roman era"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Bern zinc tablet?", "answer": "Brenodor"}, {"question": "When was the settlement in Bumpliz close to the medieval city?", "answer": "Early Middle Ages"}, {"question": "The medieval city is a foundation of what family?", "answer": "Z\u00e4hringer"}, {"question": "When did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "Where did the Zahringer ruling family rise to power?", "answer": "Upper Burgundy"}, {"question": "What year was Bern founded?", "answer": "1191"}, {"question": "Who founded Bern?", "answer": "Berthold V, Duke of Z\u00e4hringen"}, {"question": "what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?", "answer": "1353"}, {"question": "How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What year did Bern invade Aargau?", "answer": "1415"}, {"question": "What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?", "answer": "Bern"}, {"question": "What river was the city near?", "answer": "River Aare"}, {"question": "What was the name of the tower that was the western boundary?", "answer": "Zytglogge"}, {"question": "What tower took over after Zytglogge?", "answer": "K\u00e4figturm"}, {"question": "What did the big and small Schanze protect?", "answer": "the whole area of the peninsula"}, {"question": "What year was there a huge fire?", "answer": "1405"}, {"question": "What was destroyed in the fire?", "answer": "the city's original wooden buildings"}, {"question": "What year was Bern occupied by French troops?", "answer": "1798"}, {"question": "Why were French troops in Bern?", "answer": "French Revolutionary Wars"}, {"question": "When did Bern regain control of Bernese Oberland?", "answer": "1802"}, {"question": "What new territory was aquired in 1814?", "answer": "Bernese Jura."}, {"question": "When did the canton of Jura seceed?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What congresses were held in Bern?", "answer": "First and Second Internationals"}, {"question": "In World War I, what side was Switzerland on?", "answer": "Switzerland was neutral"}, {"question": "What percent of the populatin of Bern resident foreigners?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "Where is Bern located?", "answer": "the Swiss plateau in the Canton of Bern"}, {"question": "What helped form the Bern countryside?", "answer": "glaciers"}, {"question": "What is the tallest mountain closests to Bern?", "answer": "Bantiger"}, {"question": "What peninsula is Bern located on?", "answer": "Aare"}, {"question": "What was built to help Bern grow bigger than the peninula?", "answer": "bridges"}, {"question": "What century did Bern outgrow the peninsula?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What type of ground was Bern built on?", "answer": "uneven ground."}, {"question": "What is the elevation difference between the inner cities and the other cities?", "answer": "several metres"}, {"question": "Which city is higher, Matte or Langgasse?", "answer": "L\u00e4nggasse"}, {"question": "What is 33.6% of the land in Bern?", "answer": "forested"}, {"question": "When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How does the government of Bern operate?", "answer": "as a collegiate authority."}, {"question": "How many councilors are there?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is Bern's mayor, or Stadtprasident?", "answer": "Alexander Tsch\u00e4pp\u00e4t"}, {"question": "How after are the elections?", "answer": "every four years."}, {"question": "Where is the executive body held?", "answer": "in the Erlacherhof"}, {"question": "Who has the majority of the seats in Bern's City Council?", "answer": "left parties"}, {"question": "What party also had the mayor as of 2015?", "answer": "Social Democratic Party"}, {"question": "What is the Christian Democratic Party also known as?", "answer": "CVP"}, {"question": "Who holds the legislative power?", "answer": "The City Parliament"}, {"question": "How many members are part of the City Parliament?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "How often are elections held for the City Parliament?", "answer": "every four years."}, {"question": "Are the sessions of City Parliament private or public?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Which party has the absolute majority of the seats?", "answer": "left parties"}, {"question": "How many seats are there?", "answer": "46"}, {"question": "Which specific party has the most members in the City Parliament?", "answer": "Social Democratic Party"}, {"question": "What is the population of Bern?", "answer": "140,634"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are resident foreign nationals?", "answer": "34%"}, {"question": "What was the population change from 2000 and 2010?", "answer": ".6%"}, {"question": "What counted for more of the population change?", "answer": "births and deaths"}, {"question": "What is the main lanuage of Bern?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What is the second most common language?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What percent of the population speaks German?", "answer": "81.2%"}, {"question": "What did the city decide again?", "answer": "having twinned cities"}, {"question": "When did they have a temporary twinned city?", "answer": "during the UEFA Euro 2008"}, {"question": "What was the twinning city with Bern in 2008?", "answer": "Salzburg"}, {"question": "What country is Salzburg in?", "answer": "Austrian"}, {"question": "How many Swiss men live in Bern?", "answer": "35.4%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population is born somewhere else in Switzerland?", "answer": "20.1%"}, {"question": "What percent were born outside of Switzerland?", "answer": "21.6%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are 19 years old and under?", "answer": "15.1%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are between 20-64?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are over 64 years old?", "answer": "19.9%"}, {"question": "What age group has most of the population included?", "answer": "adults"}, {"question": "How many people were single in Bern in 2000?", "answer": "59,948"}, {"question": "How many people were married in Bern in 2000?", "answer": "49,873"}, {"question": "How many people were widows or widowers in Bern in 2000?", "answer": "9,468"}, {"question": "Where there more married or single people in Bern in 2000?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "What is the average of people per household in Bern?", "answer": "1.8 persons"}, {"question": "How many households have 5 or more people living in them?", "answer": "1,592"}, {"question": "What percentage of the apartment homes in Bern were occupied in 2000?", "answer": "90.6%"}, {"question": "What percent of apartments are seasonal apartments?", "answer": "7.4%"}, {"question": "What was the average price to rent an average apartment in Bern?", "answer": "1108.92 Swiss francs"}, {"question": "What was the vacancy rate for Bern in 2010?", "answer": ".45%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population were Roman Catholic?", "answer": "24.5%"}, {"question": "How much of the population is Jewish in Bern?", "answer": ".25%"}, {"question": "How many muslims were there in Bern in 2000?", "answer": "4,907"}, {"question": "How much of the population had no religion?", "answer": "12.72%"}, {"question": "The structure of Bern's city centre is mainly what type of buildings?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What does UNESCO recognised Bern's city center to be?", "answer": "a Cultural World Heritage Site"}, {"question": "What is Berns most famous site?", "answer": "Zytglogge"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 15th century cathedral?", "answer": "M\u00fcnster"}, {"question": "What type of cathedral is Muster?", "answer": "Gothic"}, {"question": "What is the Barengraben?", "answer": "a bear pit"}, {"question": "Where is the Barengraben located?", "answer": "the far end of the Nydeggbr\u00fccke"}, {"question": "What are held at the Barengraben?", "answer": "heraldic animals"}, {"question": "Who gave Bern their bears?", "answer": "the Russian president"}, {"question": "What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?", "answer": "D\u00e4hlh\u00f6lzli zoo"}, {"question": "Where is the national parliment housed?", "answer": "The Federal Palace"}, {"question": "What is the Federal Palace called?", "answer": "Bundeshaus"}, {"question": "Where is Albert Einstein live?", "answer": "the Kramgasse 49"}, {"question": "What was published the same years?", "answer": "Annus Mirabilis Papers"}, {"question": "What is the flat that Einstein called?", "answer": "Einsteinhaus"}, {"question": "What is the Rose Garden also known as?", "answer": "Rosengarten"}, {"question": "What can you see from the Rose Garden?", "answer": "view of the medieval town centre"}, {"question": "What was the Rosarium converted into?", "answer": "a park"}, {"question": "What year was the Rosarium converted?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "Where are the statues at in the Old Town?", "answer": "public fountains"}, {"question": "Who does the Kindlifresserbrunnen scare?", "answer": "disobedient children."}, {"question": "Who created all the statues except the Zahringer fountain?", "answer": "Hans Hiltbrand"}, {"question": "What does the UNESCO consider the entre Old Town?", "answer": "a UNESCO World Heritage Site"}, {"question": "When was the biggest cathedral in Switzerland built?", "answer": "1421"}, {"question": "What is the largest Swiss Reformed church in Switzerland?", "answer": "Holy Ghost Church"}, {"question": "Who is attributed to the 11 fountains in Old Town?", "answer": "Hans Gieng"}, {"question": "What subtitles are included in the movies?", "answer": "German and French subtitles"}, {"question": "What year was the Football World Cup Final in Bern?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who won the game?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "What football team is based in Bern?", "answer": "BSC Young Boys"}, {"question": "What is the major hockey league team of Bern?", "answer": "SC Bern"}, {"question": "Where do they play?", "answer": "PostFinance Arena"}, {"question": "What year was the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship held in Bern?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What year did Bern want to host the Winter Olympics?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What year did they withdraw their bid?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Where were the 2010 Winter Olympics held?", "answer": "Vancouver, Canada"}, {"question": "What was Berns unemployment rate in 2010?", "answer": "3.3%"}, {"question": "How many businesses are there in the primary sector?", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "How many businesses are there in the secondary sector?", "answer": "950"}, {"question": "How many businesses are there in the tertiary sector?", "answer": "7,654"}, {"question": "How many full time jobs were there in 2008?", "answer": "125,037."}, {"question": "How many jobs in the primary sector were agrictulture?", "answer": "184"}, {"question": "How many jobs in the primary sector were in forestry or lumber production?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How many jobs are in the secondary sector?", "answer": "15,476"}, {"question": "How many jobs are in the tertiary secotr?", "answer": "109,358"}, {"question": "How many workers commute into the municipality?", "answer": "94,367"}, {"question": "How many workers had to commute away from the municipality?", "answer": "16,424"}, {"question": "How much of the working population uses public transportation?", "answer": "50.6%"}, {"question": "How many of the working population use private cars?", "answer": "20.6%"}, {"question": "Where are the majority of the buildings for the University of Bern?", "answer": "L\u00e4nggasse quarter"}, {"question": "What percent of the population has completed non-mandatory upper secondary education?", "answer": "39.2%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population has completed additionaly higher education?", "answer": "18.9%"}, {"question": "The majority of the population to finish tertiary schooling in bern are what people?", "answer": "Swiss men"}, {"question": "Do you have to go to the one year of kindergarten?", "answer": "non"}, {"question": "What seperates the children in secondary school?", "answer": "ability and aptitude"}, {"question": "How many students were attending school during the 2009-2010 school year?", "answer": "10,979"}, {"question": "How many kindergarten classes were there?", "answer": "89"}, {"question": "How many primary classes were there?", "answer": "266"}, {"question": "How many lower secondary classes were there?", "answer": "151"}, {"question": "How many libraries are in Bern?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "How many pupils lived in another municipality?", "answer": "9,045"}, {"question": "How many pupils attended school outside of the city?", "answer": "1,185"}, {"question": "What connects Marzili to Bundeshaus?", "answer": "A funicular railway"}, {"question": "How long is the Marzilibah funicular?", "answer": "106 m"}, {"question": "What is the second shortest public railway in Europe?", "answer": "Marzilibahn"}, {"question": "What is the shortest public railway in Europe?", "answer": "Zagreb funicular"}, {"question": "What is the name of Bern's airport?", "answer": "Bern Airport"}, {"question": "What is the name of the regional airport?", "answer": "Bern-Belp or Belpmoos"}, {"question": "What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster"}, {"question": "Where is Westminster Abbey located?", "answer": "City of Westminster, London"}, {"question": "When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?", "answer": "Between 1540 and 1556"}, {"question": "What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?", "answer": "Church of England \"Royal Peculiar\""}, {"question": "What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?", "answer": "Thorn Island"}, {"question": "When was a church first founded at the site?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "Who was Mellitus?", "answer": "a Bishop of London"}, {"question": "When was construction of the present church started?", "answer": "1245"}, {"question": "Who ordered the construction of the church?", "answer": "King Henry III"}, {"question": "Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror"}, {"question": "Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "1066"}, {"question": "How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?", "answer": "Henry I and Richard II"}, {"question": "When did royal weddings begin at the church?", "answer": "1100"}, {"question": "Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?", "answer": "Aldrich"}, {"question": "Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?", "answer": "Thames fishermen"}, {"question": "Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?", "answer": "Fishmonger's Company"}, {"question": "When was the monk community installed?", "answer": "960s or early 970s"}, {"question": "Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?", "answer": "King Edward the Confessor"}, {"question": "What style was the church rebuilt in?", "answer": "Romanesque"}, {"question": "When was the building consecrated?", "answer": "28 December 1065"}, {"question": "When did King Edward the Confessor die?", "answer": "5 January 1066"}, {"question": "Who was the first documented coronation?", "answer": "William the Conqueror"}, {"question": "Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?", "answer": "Bayeux Tapestry"}, {"question": "What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?", "answer": "a dozen"}, {"question": "How was the community able to increase?", "answer": "endowments"}, {"question": "What is adjacent the abbey?", "answer": "Palace of Westminster"}, {"question": "Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?", "answer": "The abbot and monks"}, {"question": "The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "Who was employed on royal service?", "answer": "The abbot"}, {"question": "With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?", "answer": "secular"}, {"question": "To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?", "answer": "Cluniac"}, {"question": "What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?", "answer": "Lord of the Manor of Westminster"}, {"question": "What did the monastery help fuel?", "answer": "the town economy"}, {"question": "What did the abbey build on the west side?", "answer": "shops and dwellings"}, {"question": "What encroached upon the sanctuary?", "answer": "shops and dwellings"}, {"question": "What was the abbey to Norman kings?", "answer": "coronation site"}, {"question": "What architect continued work on the abbey?", "answer": "Henry Yevele"}, {"question": "Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?", "answer": "Richard II"}, {"question": "What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?", "answer": "Cosmati"}, {"question": "What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?", "answer": "The Confessor's shrine"}, {"question": "Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?", "answer": "Henry VII"}, {"question": "Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?", "answer": "Blessed Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What part of France did the Caen stone come from?", "answer": "Caen"}, {"question": "Where did the Portland stone come from?", "answer": "Isle of Portland"}, {"question": "When was the Lady Chapel added?", "answer": "1503"}, {"question": "When was the abbey's annual income \u00a32400\u20132800?", "answer": "1535"}, {"question": "What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?", "answer": "\u00a31,310,000 to \u00a31,530,000"}, {"question": "To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?", "answer": "Glastonbury Abbey"}, {"question": "During what was the abbey made second in wealth?", "answer": "the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries"}, {"question": "When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?", "answer": "1539"}, {"question": "Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?", "answer": "destruction"}, {"question": "What did changing the status of the abbey create?", "answer": "the Diocese of Westminster"}, {"question": "When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?", "answer": "1550"}, {"question": "The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?", "answer": "a second cathedral of the Diocese of London"}, {"question": "Who is the abbey dedicated to?", "answer": "Saint Peter"}, {"question": "The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?", "answer": "Mary I of England"}, {"question": "Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?", "answer": "Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?", "answer": "Collegiate Church of St Peter"}, {"question": "Who was made the first dean of the new church?", "answer": "The last of Mary's abbots"}, {"question": "When did the abbey suffer damage?", "answer": "1640s"}, {"question": "Who attacked the abbey?", "answer": "Puritan iconoclasts"}, {"question": "What protected the abbey?", "answer": "ties to the state during the Commonwealth"}, {"question": "Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?", "answer": "Oliver Cromwell"}, {"question": "When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?", "answer": "January 1661"}, {"question": "When were the western towers built?", "answer": "between 1722 and 1745"}, {"question": "Who built the western towers of the abbey?", "answer": "Nicholas Hawksmoor"}, {"question": "What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?", "answer": "Purbeck"}, {"question": "Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?", "answer": "Sir George Gilbert Scott"}, {"question": "What were the two western towers built from?", "answer": "Portland stone"}, {"question": "What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?", "answer": "A narthex"}, {"question": "When was the narthex designed?", "answer": "mid-20th century"}, {"question": "The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?", "answer": "Yevele"}, {"question": "Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?", "answer": "Oxford and Cambridge"}, {"question": "The first third of what was translated at the abbey?", "answer": "King James Bible Old Testament"}, {"question": "The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?", "answer": "New Testament"}, {"question": "The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?", "answer": "the Blitz"}, {"question": "Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?", "answer": "Sergei Fyodorov"}, {"question": "What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?", "answer": "funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales"}, {"question": "Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?", "answer": "Pope Benedict XVI"}, {"question": "On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?", "answer": "17 September 2010"}, {"question": "What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "Where was Henry III crowned?", "answer": "Gloucester Cathedral"}, {"question": "When was Henry III crowned?", "answer": "1216"}, {"question": "Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?", "answer": "French prince Louis"}, {"question": "Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?", "answer": "The Archbishop of Canterbury"}, {"question": "What is the name of the throne used for coronation?", "answer": "King Edward's Chair"}, {"question": "What is another name for King Edward's Chair?", "answer": "St Edward's Chair"}, {"question": "Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?", "answer": "the Stone of Scone"}, {"question": "Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?", "answer": "Scottish nationalists"}, {"question": "What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "collegiate church"}, {"question": "Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "Who governs the church?", "answer": "the Dean and Chapter of Westminster"}, {"question": "Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?", "answer": "the Dean and four canons residentiary"}, {"question": "Who assist the chapter of Westminster?", "answer": "the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk"}, {"question": "How many lay vicars are there?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many choristers are there at the abbey?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "When was the office of Priest Vicar created?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?", "answer": "Edward the Confessor"}, {"question": "When did George II of Great Britain die?", "answer": "1760"}, {"question": "Who was Edward the Confessor?", "answer": "a royal saint"}, {"question": "Where was Henry VI buried?", "answer": "St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "Where was Richard III buried?", "answer": "Leicester Cathedral"}, {"question": "Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?", "answer": "inside chapels"}, {"question": "Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?", "answer": "master of the King's Works"}, {"question": "Henry Purcell was buried where?", "answer": "in the abbey"}, {"question": "Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?", "answer": "Admiral Robert Blake"}, {"question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?", "answer": "Isaac Newton"}, {"question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?", "answer": "William Wilberforce"}, {"question": "Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?", "answer": "William Pitt"}, {"question": "In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?", "answer": "cremated"}, {"question": "In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?", "answer": "Frances Challen"}, {"question": "What family has the Northumberland Vault?", "answer": "Percy Family"}, {"question": "When was The Unknown Warrior buried?", "answer": "11 November 1920"}, {"question": "Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?", "answer": "At the east end of the Lady Chapel"}, {"question": "The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?", "answer": "the Battle of Britain"}, {"question": "The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?", "answer": "Tudor stained glass window"}, {"question": "When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?", "answer": "Saturday September 6, 1997"}, {"question": "When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "Who designed Diana's dress?", "answer": "Catherine Walker"}, {"question": "Who gave Diana the rosary beads?", "answer": "Mother Teresa"}, {"question": "What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School"}, {"question": "Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?", "answer": "1179"}, {"question": "The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?", "answer": "Westminster Abbey Choir School"}, {"question": "Who built the organ?", "answer": "Harrison & Harrison"}, {"question": "When was the organ built? ", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "When was the organ first used?", "answer": "the coronation of King George VI"}, {"question": "What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?", "answer": "pipework"}, {"question": "Who designed the two organ cases?", "answer": "John Loughborough Pearson"}, {"question": "What part of the organ is not connected or playable?", "answer": "the Celestial Organ"}, {"question": "When were the bells overhauled?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "How many bells make up the abbey ring?", "answer": "Ten"}, {"question": "When were the ten bells cast?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who cast the abbey bells?", "answer": "Whitechapel Bell Foundry"}, {"question": "Who cast the two service bells?", "answer": "Robert Mot"}, {"question": "When were the two service bells cast?", "answer": "1585 and 1598"}, {"question": "When was the Sanctus bell cast?", "answer": "1738"}, {"question": "Who cast the Sanctus bell?", "answer": "Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester"}, {"question": "Where is the \"dish bell\" kept?", "answer": "in the refectory"}, {"question": "Under whom was the chapter house built?", "answer": "Henry III"}, {"question": "Who restored the chapter house in 1872?", "answer": "Sir George Gilbert Scott"}, {"question": "What style is the octagonal chapter house?", "answer": "Geometrical Gothic style"}, {"question": "There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?", "answer": "crypt"}, {"question": "What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?", "answer": "vaulted"}, {"question": "What kind of windows are in the chapter house?", "answer": "4-light quatre-foiled windows"}, {"question": "The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?", "answer": "the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris"}, {"question": "What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?", "answer": "mid-13th-century"}, {"question": "A door in the vestible dates back to when?", "answer": "1050"}, {"question": "When were the exterior flying buttresses added?", "answer": "the 14th century"}, {"question": "Who else met in the chapter house?", "answer": "King's Great Council and the Commons"}, {"question": "What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?", "answer": "The Pyx Chamber"}, {"question": "When does the Pyx Chamber date to?", "answer": "the late 11th century"}, {"question": "When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?", "answer": "the Trial of the Pyx"}, {"question": "The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?", "answer": "English Heritage"}, {"question": "Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?", "answer": "the Dean and Chapter of Westminster"}, {"question": "English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?", "answer": "repairs"}, {"question": "What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?", "answer": "The Westminster Abbey Museum"}, {"question": "The area the museum occupies dates back to when?", "answer": "1065"}, {"question": "The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?", "answer": "funeral saddle, helm and shield"}, {"question": "What kind of panels are in the museum?", "answer": "panels of mediaeval glass"}, {"question": "Who modelled the effigies in the museum?", "answer": "sculptor Patience Wright"}, {"question": "What are the effigies made of?", "answer": "wax"}, {"question": "What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?", "answer": "some of his own clothes"}, {"question": "What was recently added to the museum exhibit?", "answer": "13th-century Westminster Retable"}, {"question": "What is the Westminster Retable?", "answer": "England's oldest altarpiece"}, {"question": "What was the altarpiece designed for?", "answer": "high altar of the abbey"}, {"question": "What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?", "answer": "altarpiece"}, {"question": "What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?", "answer": "major building work"}, {"question": "On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?", "answer": "4 August 2010"}, {"question": "Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?", "answer": "a restaurant"}, {"question": "What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?", "answer": "English Oak"}, {"question": "Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?", "answer": "Luke Hughes and Company"}, {"question": "What will be created in the medieval triforium?", "answer": "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries"}, {"question": "What has been designed to help with the gallery?", "answer": "Gothic access tower with lift"}, {"question": "When will the new galleries open?", "answer": "2018"}, {"question": "What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?", "answer": "Political corruption"}, {"question": "One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?", "answer": "nepotism"}, {"question": "Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?", "answer": "gombeenism"}, {"question": "Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?", "answer": "human trafficking"}, {"question": "The repression of what is also considered political corruption?", "answer": "political opponents"}, {"question": "Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?", "answer": "bribery"}, {"question": "What does kleptocracy mean?", "answer": "rule by thieves"}, {"question": "What are some forms of corruption now  called?", "answer": "institutional corruption"}, {"question": "Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?", "answer": "bribery"}, {"question": "This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?", "answer": "the primary purpose of the institution"}, {"question": "What does corruption undermine in politics?", "answer": "democracy"}, {"question": "What does corruption disregard in politics?", "answer": "formal processes"}, {"question": "Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?", "answer": "accountability"}, {"question": "Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?", "answer": "judiciary"}, {"question": "Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?", "answer": "public administration"}, {"question": "What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?", "answer": "trust and tolerance"}, {"question": "Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?", "answer": "bought and sold"}, {"question": "The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?", "answer": "accountability"}, {"question": "Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?", "answer": "bureaucracy"}, {"question": "What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?", "answer": "Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations"}, {"question": "Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?", "answer": "competition"}, {"question": "Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?", "answer": "public investment"}, {"question": "What is more plentiful in capital projects?", "answer": "bribes and kickbacks"}, {"question": "Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?", "answer": "compliance"}, {"question": "African dictators often have what kind of bank accounts?", "answer": "Swiss"}, {"question": "What form has corruption taken in Africa?", "answer": "rent extraction"}, {"question": "In Africa, the finances are often moved where?", "answer": "overseas"}, {"question": "Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?", "answer": "University of Massachusetts Amherst"}, {"question": "The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?", "answer": "external debts"}, {"question": "What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?", "answer": "political instability"}, {"question": "Where is corruption most noticeable?", "answer": "countries with the smallest per capita incomes"}, {"question": "These countries rely on foreign aid for what?", "answer": "health services"}, {"question": "In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?", "answer": "Local"}, {"question": "Which report described this corruption? ", "answer": "the 2006 World Bank Report"}, {"question": "How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?", "answer": "about half"}, {"question": "What kind of employees received payments?", "answer": "ghost employees"}, {"question": "Where were drugs siphoned off to?", "answer": "the black market"}, {"question": "In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?", "answer": "counterfeit drugs"}, {"question": "If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?", "answer": "money"}, {"question": "Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?", "answer": "environmental destruction"}, {"question": "Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?", "answer": "bribed"}, {"question": "Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?", "answer": "social rights worker protection"}, {"question": "When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?", "answer": "illegitimate economic advantage"}, {"question": "Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?", "answer": "Amartya Sen"}, {"question": "What can trigger famine conditions?", "answer": "drought"}, {"question": "While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?", "answer": "government action or inaction"}, {"question": "Even if a harvest is good, food security can be crippled when a government has tendencies toward what?", "answer": "kleptocracy"}, {"question": "Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?", "answer": "construction"}, {"question": "How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?", "answer": "physically diverted"}, {"question": "Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?", "answer": "assessments"}, {"question": "Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?", "answer": "workmanship"}, {"question": "What happens with contracts to aid corruption?", "answer": "kickbacks"}, {"question": "Recipients of aid are concerned about what?", "answer": "exclusion"}, {"question": "Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?", "answer": "forced to give sexual favors"}, {"question": "Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?", "answer": "statistics"}, {"question": "These types of corruption can harm what?", "answer": "the public health"}, {"question": "Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?", "answer": "social relationships"}, {"question": "Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?", "answer": "sports"}, {"question": "Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?", "answer": "anti-doping controls"}, {"question": "The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?", "answer": "artificial"}, {"question": "What needs to stay away from loopholes?", "answer": "national anti-corruption initiatives"}, {"question": "What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?", "answer": "a bribe"}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?", "answer": "culture of corruption"}, {"question": "Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?", "answer": "harm"}, {"question": "What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?", "answer": "active and passive bribery"}, {"question": "In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?", "answer": "mutual understanding"}, {"question": "A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?", "answer": "accepting"}, {"question": "Bribes can be direct or what?", "answer": "indirect"}, {"question": "Selling or trading government position influence is called what?", "answer": "influence peddling"}, {"question": "Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?", "answer": "tri-lateral"}, {"question": "In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?", "answer": "an accessory"}, {"question": "Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?", "answer": "distinctive criteria"}, {"question": "What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?", "answer": "article 12"}, {"question": "Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?", "answer": "Patronage"}, {"question": "What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?", "answer": "nepotism"}, {"question": "What is it called when friends are favored over other people?", "answer": "cronyism"}, {"question": "Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?", "answer": "old boy network"}, {"question": "Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?", "answer": "enemies"}, {"question": "False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?", "answer": "politically sensitive issues"}, {"question": "What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?", "answer": "Gombeenism"}, {"question": "Parish pump politics is also called what?", "answer": "parochialism"}, {"question": "Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?", "answer": "Irish Banking crisis"}, {"question": "Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?", "answer": "senior management or committee position"}, {"question": "Illegal interference with an election is called what?", "answer": "Electoral fraud"}, {"question": "Another term for electoral fraud is what?", "answer": "voter fraud"}, {"question": "Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?", "answer": "intimidation"}, {"question": "When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?", "answer": "Embezzlement"}, {"question": "It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?", "answer": "personal"}, {"question": "What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?", "answer": "kickback"}, {"question": "A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?", "answer": "bidder"}, {"question": "What is not limited to just government officials?", "answer": "Kickbacks"}, {"question": "When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?", "answer": "unholy alliance"}, {"question": "While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?", "answer": "patronage"}, {"question": "When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?", "answer": "1920s and 1930s"}, {"question": "Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?", "answer": "Du Yuesheng"}, {"question": "In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?", "answer": "a gang boss"}, {"question": "What was Noriega's government accused of being?", "answer": "narcokleptocracy"}, {"question": "What country did Noriega rule?", "answer": "Panama"}, {"question": "What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is a narcokleptocracy?", "answer": "government profiting on illegal drug trade"}, {"question": "What is Noriega's first name?", "answer": "Manuel"}, {"question": "According to Thomas Jefferson, when the media is free and people are literate they are what?", "answer": "safe"}, {"question": "Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?", "answer": "Brunetti and Weder"}, {"question": "Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?", "answer": "Adser\u00e0, Boix, and Payne"}, {"question": "About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?", "answer": "different states in the US."}, {"question": "Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?", "answer": "Snyder and Str\u00f6mberg"}, {"question": "What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?", "answer": "Cincinnati Post"}, {"question": "Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?", "answer": "incumbents"}, {"question": "Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?", "answer": "voter turnout"}, {"question": "What did the analysis show mixed results for?", "answer": "growth of the Internet"}, {"question": "What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?", "answer": "traditional sources of funding"}, {"question": "How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?", "answer": "a tiny fraction"}, {"question": "How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?", "answer": "Bribe Payers Index"}, {"question": "What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?", "answer": "CPI"}, {"question": "When was the CPI first released?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?", "answer": "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index"}, {"question": "How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?", "answer": "over 100,000"}, {"question": "How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?", "answer": "Control of Corruption"}, {"question": "Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?", "answer": "Millennium Challenge Corporation"}, {"question": "A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?", "answer": "International Budget Partnership"}, {"question": "When was the Global Integrity Index first published?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?", "answer": "public surveys"}, {"question": "Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?", "answer": "in-country experts"}, {"question": "The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?", "answer": "local"}, {"question": "Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?", "answer": "worldwide"}, {"question": "What is the British aid agency's research called?", "answer": "Drivers of Change"}, {"question": "What does Drivers of Change skip?", "answer": "numbers"}, {"question": "What does Drivers of Change promote?", "answer": "understanding corruption"}, {"question": "Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?", "answer": "cronyism"}, {"question": "What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?", "answer": "Complicated"}, {"question": "The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?", "answer": "privatization and deregulation"}, {"question": "What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?", "answer": "Nordic"}, {"question": "What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "Selling government property is highly at risk for what?", "answer": "cronyism"}, {"question": "What type of people got wealthy from the sale of state-owned companies?", "answer": "Those with political connections"}, {"question": "Where is corruption even more prevalent?", "answer": "non-privatized sectors"}, {"question": "Countries that what have more extralegal and unofficial things going on?", "answer": "privatized less"}, {"question": "Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?", "answer": "principle of subsidiarity"}, {"question": "What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?", "answer": "embezzlement"}, {"question": "Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?", "answer": "centralized"}, {"question": "What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?", "answer": "kleptocracy"}, {"question": "What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?", "answer": "diamonds and oil"}, {"question": "Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?", "answer": "foreign aid"}, {"question": "Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?", "answer": "armaments"}, {"question": "In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?", "answer": "economic and social problems"}, {"question": "Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?", "answer": "Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko"}, {"question": "What did Zaire used to be known as?", "answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?", "answer": "kleptocracy"}, {"question": "Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?", "answer": "General Sani Abacha"}, {"question": "What magazine had articles about Castro benefiting from corruption?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "The $900 million Forbes said Castro took may only be what of his total assets?", "answer": "a portion"}, {"question": "What is Fidel Castro's official title?", "answer": "General Secretary of the Republic of Cuba"}, {"question": "What is OAS?", "answer": "Organization of American States"}, {"question": "Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?", "answer": "the African Union"}, {"question": "What organization joined at the universal level?", "answer": "the United Nations Convention against Corruption"}, {"question": "When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Why is it difficult to measure corruption?", "answer": "imprecise definitions of corruption"}, {"question": "When did indices on corruption first appear?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?", "answer": "the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI"}, {"question": "How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?", "answer": "executive"}, {"question": "What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?", "answer": "separation of powers"}, {"question": "What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?", "answer": "judiciary"}, {"question": "Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?", "answer": "Mobile telecommunications"}, {"question": "What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "Who works against corruption in India?", "answer": "the anti-corruption bureau"}, {"question": "What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?", "answer": "Jan Lokpal Bill"}, {"question": "What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Who started the Programme of Action?", "answer": "Ministers of the Council of Europe"}, {"question": "What did the Programme of Action issue?", "answer": "a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments"}, {"question": "What does GRECO stand for?", "answer": "Group of States Against Corruption"}, {"question": "What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?", "answer": "Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption"}, {"question": "The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?", "answer": "transnational"}, {"question": "What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?", "answer": "the Classical period"}, {"question": "What years are termed the Renaissance period?", "answer": "1400\u20131600"}, {"question": "What years are termed the Baroque period? ", "answer": "1600\u20131750"}, {"question": "From 1804-1910 was called what era?", "answer": "Romantic"}, {"question": "Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? ", "answer": "Western music"}, {"question": "Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?", "answer": "the Classical period"}, {"question": "What time period is known at the common practice period?", "answer": "between 1550 and 1900"}, {"question": "When was the modern era?", "answer": "1890\u20131930"}, {"question": "How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?", "answer": "its system of staff notation"}, {"question": "What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?", "answer": "Western staff notation"}, {"question": "What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?", "answer": "jazz and blues"}, {"question": "Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? ", "answer": "complexity"}, {"question": "How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?", "answer": "its system of staff notation"}, {"question": "How long has the system of staff notation been in use?", "answer": "since about the 16th century"}, {"question": "Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? ", "answer": "improvisation"}, {"question": "Classic music can a attain a high level of what?", "answer": "complexity"}, {"question": "When did the term \"classical music\" appear? ", "answer": "the early 19th century"}, {"question": "What period is referred to as a \"golden age\"?", "answer": "the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven"}, {"question": "What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?", "answer": "Oxford English Dictionary"}, {"question": "What term did not appear until the early 19th century?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?", "answer": "golden age"}, {"question": "What year was the earliest reference to classical music?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?", "answer": "Oxford English Dictionary"}, {"question": "Who sang Medieval plainchant?", "answer": "monks"}, {"question": "Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?", "answer": "solo piano"}, {"question": "What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?", "answer": "use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works"}, {"question": "Through what period did the symphony not exist?", "answer": "the entire classical music period"}, {"question": "What has become a defining feature of classical music?", "answer": "the symphony ensemble"}, {"question": "What did not exist through the entire classical music period?", "answer": "the symphony"}, {"question": "The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "Who sang medieval plainchant?", "answer": "monks"}, {"question": "J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?", "answer": "live improvisation"}, {"question": "The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?", "answer": "rhythm"}, {"question": "What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?", "answer": "written notation"}, {"question": "Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?", "answer": "J.S. Bach's"}, {"question": "The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?", "answer": "perform a historical work"}, {"question": "In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? ", "answer": "the Baroque era"}, {"question": "Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?", "answer": "the human voice"}, {"question": "What are fermatas?", "answer": "held notes"}, {"question": "Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?", "answer": "improvisation"}, {"question": "In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?", "answer": "organ performers"}, {"question": "Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?", "answer": "instrumental performers"}, {"question": "Who was noted for his complex improvisations?", "answer": "J.S. Bach"}, {"question": "What was Mozart noted for?", "answer": "his ability to improvise melodies in different styles"}, {"question": "Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?", "answer": "the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "What is the most widely known medium for classical music?", "answer": "The symphony orchestra"}, {"question": "A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?", "answer": "brass"}, {"question": "What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?", "answer": "a string section"}, {"question": "What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?", "answer": "vocal"}, {"question": "What was the medieval flute made from?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "What was an early version of the fiddle called?", "answer": "vielle"}, {"question": "What was an early version of the trombone called? ", "answer": "sackbut"}, {"question": "Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?", "answer": "singly"}, {"question": "Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?", "answer": "bas"}, {"question": "What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?", "answer": "liturgical"}, {"question": "What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?", "answer": "Polyphonic vocal genres"}, {"question": "When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?", "answer": "during the high medieval era"}, {"question": "What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?", "answer": "monophonic"}, {"question": "Many instruments originated during what era?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?", "answer": "authentic instruments"}, {"question": "Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?", "answer": "percussion"}, {"question": "Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?", "answer": "the hurdy-gurdy"}, {"question": "The virginal is what type of instrument?", "answer": "Keyboard instruments with strings"}, {"question": "The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?", "answer": "Percussion"}, {"question": "The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?", "answer": "Woodwind"}, {"question": "Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?", "answer": "polyphonic style"}, {"question": "What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?", "answer": "masses"}, {"question": "Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?", "answer": "opera"}, {"question": "The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?", "answer": "Baroque"}, {"question": "What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?", "answer": "fell into disuse"}, {"question": "The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?", "answer": "Percussion"}, {"question": "The serpent is what type of instrument?", "answer": "Brass"}, {"question": "Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?", "answer": "theorbo"}, {"question": "What was less standardized during the Baroque era?", "answer": "the types of instruments used in ensembles"}, {"question": "Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?", "answer": "a classical era string quartet"}, {"question": "Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?", "answer": "clavichord"}, {"question": "What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?", "answer": "a lute"}, {"question": "From the 1750's to the early 1830's is the era of Mozart and what other composer?", "answer": "Haydn"}, {"question": "Classical music can mean all Western art music or more specifically from the 1750's to when?", "answer": "the early 1830s"}, {"question": "The broad meaning of classical music stretches back from today to what era?", "answer": "the Medieval era"}, {"question": "Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?", "answer": "Baroque"}, {"question": "The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?", "answer": "rackett"}, {"question": "The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?", "answer": "the violin"}, {"question": "What did the Baroque trumpet become?", "answer": "the regular valved trumpet"}, {"question": "The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?", "answer": "viola"}, {"question": "The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?", "answer": "Woodwinds"}, {"question": "What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?", "answer": "the harpsichord"}, {"question": "What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?", "answer": "the ophicleide"}, {"question": "To whom is the \"standard complement\" attributed to?", "answer": "Beethoven"}, {"question": "PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?", "answer": "Symphony No. 5"}, {"question": "How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?", "answer": "several decades"}, {"question": "What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?", "answer": "timbral \"palette\""}, {"question": "A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?", "answer": "sunshine"}, {"question": "What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?", "answer": "fortepiano"}, {"question": "How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?", "answer": "the standard orchestral palette"}, {"question": "Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?", "answer": "sound"}, {"question": "What is a celestes?", "answer": "a bell-like keyboard instrument"}, {"question": "When do saxophones first appear in scores?", "answer": "the late 19th century"}, {"question": "Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?", "answer": "Symphonic Dances"}, {"question": "How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?", "answer": "as a member of the orchestral ensemble"}, {"question": "The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?", "answer": "\"tenor tuba\""}, {"question": "Who wrote The Planets?", "answer": "Gustav Holst"}, {"question": "What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?", "answer": "The Wagner tuba"}, {"question": "Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?", "answer": "Symphony No. 7 in E Major"}, {"question": "Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?", "answer": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky"}, {"question": "What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?", "answer": "freelance musicians"}, {"question": "What Debussy piece features a cornet?", "answer": "La Mer"}, {"question": "What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?", "answer": "Electric"}, {"question": "What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?", "answer": "popular"}, {"question": "What type of instrument is the gamelan?", "answer": "electronic"}, {"question": "In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?", "answer": "early classical music,"}, {"question": "What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?", "answer": "the acoustic guitar"}, {"question": "Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?", "answer": "popular"}, {"question": "What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?", "answer": "equal temperament"}, {"question": "When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?", "answer": "meantone temperament"}, {"question": "What have classical trained performers done extensively?", "answer": "studied classical music"}, {"question": "What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?", "answer": "individual lessons from professors"}, {"question": "To what level is training for classical music often required?", "answer": "postgraduate"}, {"question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?", "answer": "sight-reading"}, {"question": "Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?", "answer": "harmonic"}, {"question": "Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "What brothers have had significant classical training?", "answer": "Van Halen brothers"}, {"question": "Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?", "answer": "classical"}, {"question": "Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?", "answer": "commercial"}, {"question": "What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?", "answer": "harpist"}, {"question": "What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?", "answer": "the Berlin Philharmonic"}, {"question": "Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?", "answer": "Dieter Flury"}, {"question": "In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?", "answer": "Anna Lelkes"}, {"question": "What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?", "answer": "harp"}, {"question": "How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?", "answer": "Albena Danailova"}, {"question": "The National Symphony Orchestra is led by what gender of violinist?", "answer": "female"}, {"question": "The double bass, brass and percussion sections are predominately what gender?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "What type of audition are expected to eliminator gender or racial prejudice?", "answer": "'blind' auditions"}, {"question": "In what section of the New York Philharmonic do women outnumber men?", "answer": "violin"}, {"question": "Works of classical repertoire exhibit what in their use of orchestration and harmony, and form?", "answer": "complexity"}, {"question": "What is usually written in song forms?", "answer": "popular styles"}, {"question": "The concerto, symphony, sonata and opera are examples of what type of musical forms?", "answer": "sophisticated"}, {"question": "What are self-contained pieces in longer works called?", "answer": "movements"}, {"question": "How many movements are symphonies written in the Classical period usually divided into?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What, typically, is the speed of the second movement in a classical piece?", "answer": "slow"}, {"question": "A movement broken up further is called what?", "answer": "sections"}, {"question": "The final movement of a classical piece is usually called what?", "answer": "Allegro"}, {"question": "What period was from 500-1400?", "answer": "Medieval"}, {"question": "What years dictate the Baroque period?", "answer": "1600\u20131750"}, {"question": "How have periods been reckoned Since 1900?", "answer": "by calendar century"}, {"question": "What era has the 21st century has been characterized by?", "answer": "the contemporary/postmodern musical era"}, {"question": "The years 1804-1910 marked what era?", "answer": "Romantic"}, {"question": "What composer continued the counterpoint and fugue?", "answer": "Haydn"}, {"question": "Haydn is classified as typical of what era?", "answer": "Classical"}, {"question": "Who is described as a founder of the Romantic era?", "answer": "Beethoven"}, {"question": "Who is classified as Romantic, but also uses counterpoint and fugue?", "answer": "Brahms"}, {"question": "Some authorities reverse terminologies to refer to the common practice period as a what?", "answer": "era"}, {"question": "A Contemporary composition written in the style of an earlier era is described with what prefix?", "answer": "neo"}, {"question": "What century were Neoclassical compositions written in?", "answer": "20th-century"}, {"question": "Who wrote Pulcinella?", "answer": "Stravinsky's"}, {"question": "What era is Pulcinella similar to?", "answer": "Classical"}, {"question": "When does the Egyptian orchestra date to?", "answer": "2695 BC"}, {"question": "Who suggested that Western classical music is rooted to ancient Egyptian art music?", "answer": "Burgh"}, {"question": "What music followed ancient Egyptian art music?", "answer": "early Christian liturgical music,"}, {"question": "Which ancient society developed individual tones and scales?", "answer": "ancient Greeks"}, {"question": "Who helped codify musical notation?", "answer": "Pythagoras"}, {"question": "The Medieval period begins with the fall of what city?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What can Plainsong or Gregorian chant also be called?", "answer": "Monophonic chant"}, {"question": "What does Polyphonic mean? ", "answer": "multi-voiced"}, {"question": "When did Monophonic chant stop being the dominant form?", "answer": "1100"}, {"question": "Polyphonic music included more complex voicing of what?", "answer": "motets"}, {"question": "When was the Renaissance era?", "answer": "from 1400 to 1600"}, {"question": "What era was from 1400 to 1600? ", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "What became widespread in the Renaissance era?", "answer": "Social dancing"}, {"question": "Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "The notation of music on a what began to take shape at this time?", "answer": "staff"}, {"question": "How was music transmitted before the invention of musical notation?", "answer": "oral"}, {"question": "What was oral music subject to every time is was transmitted?", "answer": "change"}, {"question": "What can a musical scored be performed without?", "answer": "the composer's presence"}, {"question": "When was the movable-type printing press invented?", "answer": "the 15th century"}, {"question": "The record is part of what wind family?", "answer": "the flute family"}, {"question": "The sahwm was an early family member of what instrument?", "answer": "the oboe"}, {"question": "Where were the first pipe organs confined to?", "answer": "churches"}, {"question": "When had the viol emerged by?", "answer": "the 16th century"}, {"question": "What enabled descriptions and specification of instruments?", "answer": "Printing"}, {"question": "When did many of the ideas that make up western classical music take shape?", "answer": "The common practice period"}, {"question": "What began with the Baroque era?", "answer": "The common practice period"}, {"question": "What era did the classical era follow?", "answer": "Baroque era"}, {"question": "When did the classical era end?", "answer": "around 1820"}, {"question": "When did the romantic era end?", "answer": "about 1910"}, {"question": "Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? ", "answer": "Baroque"}, {"question": "What does basso continuo mean? ", "answer": "a continuous bass line"}, {"question": "What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?", "answer": "more complex"}, {"question": "What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? ", "answer": "the sonata form"}, {"question": "Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?", "answer": "tonalities"}, {"question": "Keyboard music became popular during what era?", "answer": "Baroque"}, {"question": "The violin family is what type of instrument?", "answer": "stringed"}, {"question": "Opera began to differentiate itself from earlier forms as what?", "answer": "staged musical drama"}, {"question": "What became more common during the Baroque era?", "answer": "vocal forms"}, {"question": "What did vocalist add to melodies beginning in the Baroque era?", "answer": "embellishments"}, {"question": "What theories began to be put in wider practice?", "answer": "equal temperament"}, {"question": "What does equal temperament enabled in hard to tune keyboard instruments?", "answer": "a wider range of chromatic possibilities"}, {"question": "What did Bach not use?", "answer": "equal temperament"}, {"question": "A modern piano is generally what?", "answer": "tuned"}, {"question": "What system of temperaments was common during Bach's time?", "answer": "meantone"}, {"question": "When was the Classical era?", "answer": "1750 to 1820"}, {"question": "What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?", "answer": "the piano"}, {"question": "What became more standardized during the classical era?", "answer": "The basic forces required for an orchestra"}, {"question": "How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What is an opera buffa?", "answer": "a form of comic opera"}, {"question": "What type of instrument became more refined during the classical era?", "answer": "Wind"}, {"question": "What is the single reed family called?", "answer": "the clarinet family"}, {"question": "What type of instrument was somewhat standardized int eh Baroque era?", "answer": "double reeded"}, {"question": "Who expanded the single reeds role?", "answer": "Mozart"}, {"question": "Increased attention to extended melodic lines characterized what era?", "answer": "Romantic"}, {"question": "When did the Romantic era end?", "answer": "the early 20th century"}, {"question": "Free-form pieces like nocturnes and preludes were a break from what era?", "answer": "Classical"}, {"question": "Tensions about what increased during the Romantic era?", "answer": "key signatures"}, {"question": "What is a name for an art song?", "answer": "Lied"}, {"question": "Who controlled musical institutions before the 19th century?", "answer": "wealthy patrons"}, {"question": "Composers and musicians began to construct lives independent of what in the 19th century?", "answer": "the nobility"}, {"question": "What class increased it's interest in music during the 19th century?", "answer": "middle classes"}, {"question": "What instrument became widely popular in the middle class in the 19th century?", "answer": "The piano"}, {"question": "The 19th century marks the foundation of many what?", "answer": "symphony orchestras"}, {"question": "To what number did the size of the orchestra grow to?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What size of choirs have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?", "answer": "over 400"}, {"question": "What size orchestras have performed Gustav Mahler's 1906 Symphony No. 8?", "answer": "over 150"}, {"question": "What allowed Brass instruments to play a wider range of notes?", "answer": "rotary valves"}, {"question": "What array of instrument grew wider?", "answer": "percussion"}, {"question": "What did European cultural ideas follow?", "answer": "colonial expansion"}, {"question": "What type of music rose toward the end of the era?", "answer": "nationalism"}, {"question": "What did nationalism in music sometime echo?", "answer": "political sentiments of the time"}, {"question": "Edvard Grieg and Antonin Dvorak used what kind of music in their compositions?", "answer": "traditional music of their homelands"}, {"question": "What style does 20th century classical music encompass?", "answer": "post-Romantic"}, {"question": "When did modernism take place?", "answer": "1890\u20131930"}, {"question": "Composers rejected the traditions of the common practice period during what era?", "answer": "Modernism"}, {"question": "Neo-classical music emerged during what era?", "answer": "high-modern era"}, {"question": "Postmodern music is also know as what?", "answer": "contemporary music"}, {"question": "What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?", "answer": "Musicologist Marcia Citron"}, {"question": "Why were women composers deemed not notable?", "answer": "did not write many symphonies"}, {"question": "Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?", "answer": "Clara Shumann"}, {"question": "What type of music did women composers typically write?", "answer": "art songs"}, {"question": "What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?", "answer": "modernist"}, {"question": "Musical notation is effective for what?", "answer": "transmitting classical music"}, {"question": "Why is written musical notation effective? ", "answer": "contains the technical instructions for performing the work"}, {"question": "Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?", "answer": "moderately lower"}, {"question": "Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?", "answer": "students who used classical during the course of study"}, {"question": "Who conducted the research study?", "answer": "University of Colorado"}, {"question": "What years was the study conducted in?", "answer": "1996\u20131997"}, {"question": "Which composer had an effect named after him?", "answer": "Mozart"}, {"question": "Who wrote a book on the Mozart effect?", "answer": "Don Campbell"}, {"question": "Where was the experiment originally published?", "answer": "Nature"}, {"question": "How many IQ points of a students' does the Mozart effect temporarily boost?", "answer": "8 to 9 points"}, {"question": "How much did the Governor of Georgia budget per year to provide every child with a CD of classical music?", "answer": "$105,000"}, {"question": "What harmed the music industry in the 20th century according to Shawn Vancour?", "answer": "the commercialization of classical music"}, {"question": "Who argued that the commercialization of classical music was harmful to the music industry?", "answer": "Shawn Vancour"}, {"question": "Why was the commercialization of classical music harmful to the music industry according the Shawn Vancour? ", "answer": "inadequate representation."}, {"question": "Works from the Golden Age of music matches action to what?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "Who produced Fantasia?", "answer": "Walt Disney"}, {"question": "Who starred in Johann Mouse?", "answer": "Tom and Jerry"}, {"question": "Who produced Rabbit of Seville?", "answer": "Warner Bros"}, {"question": "Who produced What's Opera, Doc?", "answer": "Warner Bros"}, {"question": "What does classical music convey in movies and television?", "answer": "refinement or opulence"}, {"question": "What piece by Vivaldi is used as a cliche to convey opulence?", "answer": "Four Seasons"}, {"question": "What piece by Mozart is used as a cliche to convey refinement?", "answer": "Eine kleine Nachtmusik"}, {"question": "Who wrote William Tell Overture?", "answer": "Rossini"}, {"question": "Who wrote Night on Bald Mountain?", "answer": "Mussorgsky"}, {"question": "What does the written score not usually contain explicitly? ", "answer": "instructions"}, {"question": "Interpretations of written score is left to whom?", "answer": "performers"}, {"question": "Performers can use their knowledge of what to help interpret a written score?", "answer": "the work's idiom"}, {"question": "Improvisation is integral before what took a high significance?", "answer": "the score"}, {"question": "When did oral tradition disappear?", "answer": "the 20th century"}, {"question": "There is still controversy about how to perform works, even though scores provide what?", "answer": "key elements of the music"}, {"question": "A score-centric approach strictly emphasizes what?", "answer": "block-rhythms"}, {"question": "What once played an important role in classical music?", "answer": "Improvisation"}, {"question": "Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?", "answer": "cadenza"}, {"question": "What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?", "answer": "their virtuoso skills on the instrument"}, {"question": "What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?", "answer": "authentic performances"}, {"question": "An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?", "answer": "Da tempeste il legno infranto"}, {"question": "How are staples of classical music often used?", "answer": "commercially"}, {"question": "TV commercials using Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra have now become what?", "answer": "clich\u00e9d"}, {"question": "What piece is often used in the horror genre?", "answer": "\"O Fortuna\" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana"}, {"question": "Who wrote Ride of the Valkyries?", "answer": "Wagner"}, {"question": "Who wrote in the Hall of the Mountain King?", "answer": "Edvard Grieg"}, {"question": "Folk musicians are not commonly what?", "answer": "classically trained"}, {"question": "What music comes from those commonly trained by oral tradition?", "answer": "folk music"}, {"question": "Dovrak has used what type of themes to impart a nationalist flavor?", "answer": "folk"}, {"question": "Who used specific themes lifted from folk-music?", "answer": "Bart\u00f3k"}, {"question": "How are performers expected to play a work due to written transmission?", "answer": "in a way that realizes in detail the original intentions of the composer"}, {"question": "When did details that composers put in their scores increase?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "Admiration of performers for new interpretations can be seen when composers feel the performer achieve what?", "answer": "a better realization of the original intent than the composer"}, {"question": "What do classical performers often achieve?", "answer": "high reputations for their musicianship"}, {"question": "When was improvisation in classical music performance common?", "answer": "the Baroque and early romantic eras"}, {"question": "When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?", "answer": "the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries"}, {"question": "What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?", "answer": "the cadenzas to their piano concertos"}, {"question": "What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?", "answer": "come scritto"}, {"question": "Who strongly supposed ome scritto?", "answer": "soprano Maria Callas"}, {"question": "Popular music from the composer's time was incorporation into what?", "answer": "Classical music"}, {"question": "What did Brahms sometimes use in his Academic Festival Overture?", "answer": "student drinking songs"}, {"question": "What type of music was Maurice Ravel influenced by?", "answer": "jazz"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Threepenny Opera?", "answer": "Kurt Weill"}, {"question": "What type of music do certain composers acknowledge a debt to?", "answer": "popular"}, {"question": "Pachelbel's Canon has influenced popular songs since what decade?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "What phenomenon sees classical musicians achieving success in popular music?", "answer": "the musical crossover phenomenon"}, {"question": "Baroque or Classical era influence can be seen in what modern musical style?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads play what instrument?", "answer": "electric guitar"}, {"question": "What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?", "answer": "Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe."}, {"question": "What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?", "answer": "They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia."}, {"question": "What was colonised by the East Slavs?", "answer": "The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia."}, {"question": "What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?", "answer": "Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities"}, {"question": "Slavic mercenaries settled where?", "answer": "Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria."}, {"question": "West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?", "answer": "Poles, Czechs and Slovaks"}, {"question": "East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?", "answer": "Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians"}, {"question": "South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?", "answer": "Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins"}, {"question": "West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?", "answer": "North Slavs"}, {"question": "*Slov\u011bnin\u044a, plural *Slov\u011bne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?", "answer": "Proto-Slavic"}, {"question": "Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?", "answer": "Old Church Slavonic"}, {"question": "Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?", "answer": "Procopius"}, {"question": "Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What slavic word denotes \"people who speak the same language?\"", "answer": "slovo"}, {"question": "What slavic word denotes \"foreign people?\"", "answer": "n\u011bmci"}, {"question": "Who considered *Slov\u011bnin\u044a do be a derivation from slovo?", "answer": "Roman Jakobson"}, {"question": "Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?", "answer": "*\u1e31lew"}, {"question": "The Ancient Greek \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 (kl\u00eas - \"famous\") helped create what famous name?", "answer": "Pericles"}, {"question": "What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *\u1e31lew- (\"be spoken of, fame\")?", "answer": "he word slovo (\"word\") and the related slava (\"fame\") and slukh (\"hearing\")"}, {"question": "The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?", "answer": "sclave"}, {"question": "The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?", "answer": "Sklavinoi"}, {"question": "The Byzantine Greek \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 skl\u00e1bos \"slave,\" which was in turn apparently derived from what?", "answer": "misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym"}, {"question": "The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?", "answer": "medieval Arab historiographers"}, {"question": "Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?", "answer": "Lozinski"}, {"question": "Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?", "answer": "S.B. Bernstein"}, {"question": "The suffix -enin indicates what?", "answer": "a man from a certain place"}, {"question": "Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?", "answer": "Henrich Bartek"}, {"question": "The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?", "answer": "River Danube"}, {"question": "The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?", "answer": "Slavic raids"}, {"question": "No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?", "answer": "c. 600 AD"}, {"question": "There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?", "answer": "the Balkans"}, {"question": "The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?", "answer": "in the early 6th century"}, {"question": "The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?", "answer": "the Antes and the Sclaveni"}, {"question": "According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?", "answer": "the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea"}, {"question": "Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?", "answer": "the Danubian provinces"}, {"question": "Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?", "answer": "under Justinian I"}, {"question": "Who wrote in 545 that \"the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.\"?", "answer": "Procopius"}, {"question": "When did Procopius write that \"the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times.\"?", "answer": "545"}, {"question": "Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?", "answer": "Spori"}, {"question": "What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?", "answer": "their social structure and beliefs"}, {"question": "Who did Procopius write about in 545?", "answer": "the Sclaveni and the Antae"}, {"question": "Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?", "answer": "Jordanes"}, {"question": "Who had swamps and forests for their cities?", "answer": "the Sclaveni"}, {"question": "A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?", "answer": "among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes"}, {"question": "Who mentions a Daurentius (577\u2013579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?", "answer": "Menander Protector"}, {"question": "Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?", "answer": "Daurentius"}, {"question": "The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?", "answer": "the Avars"}, {"question": "Who said, \"Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs \u2013 so it shall always be for us.\"?", "answer": "Daurentius"}, {"question": "Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?", "answer": "Khagan Bayan I"}, {"question": "An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?", "answer": "the Veneti"}, {"question": "The Veneti tribe was located where?", "answer": "east of the River Vistula"}, {"question": "What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?", "answer": "Veneti"}, {"question": "When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?", "answer": "in the Roman period"}, {"question": "Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?", "answer": "multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia"}, {"question": "What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?", "answer": "the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires"}, {"question": "Who started the great migration of the Slavs?", "answer": "Germans"}, {"question": "Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?", "answer": "Iberia and north Africa"}, {"question": "Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?", "answer": "the Huns and their allies"}, {"question": "When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?", "answer": "Around the 6th century"}, {"question": "The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?", "answer": "Byzantine borders"}, {"question": "Where else reported Slavic settlements?", "answer": "Peloponnese and Asia Minor"}, {"question": "Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?", "answer": "the Eastern Alps"}, {"question": "When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?", "answer": "By the end of the 6th century"}, {"question": "What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?", "answer": "the first rudiments of state organizations"}, {"question": "When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?", "answer": "When their migratory movements ended"}, {"question": "Early state organizations where headed by what?", "answer": "a prince with a treasury and a defense force"}, {"question": "Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?", "answer": "the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors"}, {"question": "When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?", "answer": "the 7th century"}, {"question": "What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?", "answer": "Samo"}, {"question": "What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?", "answer": "Carantania"}, {"question": "When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?", "answer": "681"}, {"question": "Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?", "answer": "Slavic literacy and Christianity"}, {"question": "What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?", "answer": "the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro"}, {"question": "When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "Whose official independence was declared in 1908?", "answer": "Bulgaria"}, {"question": "When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?", "answer": "In 1918"}, {"question": "Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?", "answer": "Hitler's"}, {"question": "What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost"}, {"question": "The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?", "answer": "19.3 million civilians"}, {"question": "What is the German word for living space?", "answer": "Lebensraum"}, {"question": "The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?", "answer": "succession of wars, famines and other disasters"}, {"question": "Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?", "answer": "Stephen J. Lee"}, {"question": "When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?", "answer": "Russia and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?", "answer": "In the 19th century"}, {"question": "Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?", "answer": "Russian Empire"}, {"question": "The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?", "answer": "Pan-Slavism"}, {"question": "What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?", "answer": "Yugoslavia"}, {"question": "When did Yugoslavia break apart?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?", "answer": "1939\u20131945"}, {"question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "1943\u20131992"}, {"question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "1992\u20132003"}, {"question": "When was the word \"Slavs\" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?", "answer": "2003\u20132006"}, {"question": "Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?", "answer": "the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR"}, {"question": "What is the largest Slavic minority?", "answer": "Russians"}, {"question": "Where is the largest Slavic minority located?", "answer": "Kazakhstan"}, {"question": "What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles"}, {"question": "What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?", "answer": "Pan-Slavism"}, {"question": "Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice"}, {"question": "Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?", "answer": "The Russian Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?", "answer": "between 1945 and 1948"}, {"question": "How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?", "answer": "until the period 1989\u20131991"}, {"question": "What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?", "answer": "Slavic studies"}, {"question": "When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?", "answer": "As early as 1833"}, {"question": "What languages were recognized as Indo-European?", "answer": "Slavic languages"}, {"question": "In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?", "answer": "Indo-European"}, {"question": "What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?", "answer": "The alphabet"}, {"question": "Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?", "answer": "The Orthodox"}, {"question": "Who uses the Latin alphabet?", "answer": "the Roman Catholics"}, {"question": "Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?", "answer": "the Bosniaks"}, {"question": "What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?", "answer": "the Lacinka alphabet"}, {"question": "What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?", "answer": "Proto-Slavic"}, {"question": "Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?", "answer": "Baltic languages"}, {"question": "The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?", "answer": "Balto-Slavic"}, {"question": "Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?", "answer": "Indo-Europeans"}, {"question": "Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European"}, {"question": "Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?", "answer": "Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic"}, {"question": "What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?", "answer": "Proto-Slavic"}, {"question": "Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?", "answer": "Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?", "answer": "Old Church Slavonic manuscripts"}, {"question": "When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?", "answer": "between the 6th and 10th centuries"}, {"question": "What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?", "answer": "Orthodox Christianity"}, {"question": "What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism"}, {"question": "When did the East-West Schism begin?", "answer": "11th century"}, {"question": "The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?", "answer": "Orthodox"}, {"question": "Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?", "answer": "Slavs"}, {"question": "What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?", "answer": "West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs"}, {"question": "The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?", "answer": "non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age"}, {"question": "Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?", "answer": "the Lemkos"}, {"question": "The idea of \"Carpatho-Ruthenian\" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?", "answer": "Transcarpathia and abroad"}, {"question": "Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?", "answer": "Czechs"}, {"question": "What group is considered part of the Poles?", "answer": "Silesians"}, {"question": "Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?", "answer": "Bosniak"}, {"question": "What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?", "answer": "Bosniak and Muslim"}, {"question": "A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?", "answer": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"question": "This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?", "answer": "Yugoslav republics"}, {"question": "The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?", "answer": "USA and Canada"}, {"question": "Where are Bunjevci located?", "answer": "Ba\u010dka"}, {"question": "Where are \u0160okci located?", "answer": "Slavonia and Vojvodina"}, {"question": "Where are Janjevci located?", "answer": "Kosovo"}, {"question": "Where are Burgenland Croats located?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "Where are Krashovans located?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?", "answer": "Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes"}, {"question": "What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?", "answer": "Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians"}, {"question": "Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?", "answer": "the Grenzers"}, {"question": "Where are Zagorci located?", "answer": "northern Croatia"}, {"question": "Where are Istrijani located?", "answer": "westernmost Croatia"}, {"question": "Where are Boduli located?", "answer": "Adriatic islands"}, {"question": "Where are Vlaji located?", "answer": "hinterland of Dalmatia"}, {"question": "What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?", "answer": "R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?", "answer": "63.39%"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?", "answer": "56.4%"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?", "answer": "52%"}, {"question": "When did R\u0119ba\u0142a and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?", "answer": "R\u0119ba\u0142a"}, {"question": "In 2007 R\u0119ba\u0142a and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?", "answer": "the Proto-Slavic homeland"}, {"question": "Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?", "answer": "Marcin Wo\u017aniak and colleagues"}, {"question": "When did Marcin Wo\u017aniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "The team that discovered M458 was led by who?", "answer": "Peter Underhill"}, {"question": "What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?", "answer": "Pomors"}, {"question": "Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?", "answer": "Y Haplogroup N"}, {"question": "Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?", "answer": "Uralic peoples"}, {"question": "Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?", "answer": "central-eastern Europe"}, {"question": "Pomors are also known as what?", "answer": "Northern Russians"}, {"question": "I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?", "answer": "South Slavic populations"}, {"question": "I2a1b1 is found being highest where?", "answer": "Bosnia-Herzegovina"}, {"question": "Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?", "answer": "north-eastern Italians"}, {"question": "Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?", "answer": "west Balkans"}, {"question": "Who has split I2a2 into two clades?", "answer": "Ken Nordtvedt"}, {"question": "When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of \"Monigoloid\" \"mtDNA lineages\"?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of \"Monigoloid\" \"mtDNA lineages\"?", "answer": "Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk"}, {"question": "Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?", "answer": "Slavic populations"}, {"question": "Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of \"Balto-Slavics\" in what time period?", "answer": "Malyarchuk said that other Slavs \"Mongoloid component\" was increased during the waves of migration from \"steppe populations"}, {"question": "Malyarchuk said that other Slavs \"Mongoloid component\" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?", "answer": "steppe populations"}, {"question": "DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?", "answer": "1228"}, {"question": "DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?", "answer": "West Eurasian"}, {"question": "Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?", "answer": "0.7%"}, {"question": "Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?", "answer": "Ukraine"}, {"question": "Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?", "answer": "Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths"}, {"question": "After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?", "answer": "non-Slavic peoples"}, {"question": "What peoples where in the Balkans?", "answer": "Paleo-Balkan peoples"}, {"question": "Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?", "answer": "The Thracians and Illyrians"}, {"question": "Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?", "answer": "In the Western Balkans"}, {"question": "In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?", "answer": "Avar invaders"}, {"question": "In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?", "answer": "Germanic and Celtic"}, {"question": "The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?", "answer": "Uralic and Scandinavian peoples"}, {"question": "Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?", "answer": "the Rus' state"}, {"question": "Who settled in parts of England?", "answer": "Polabian Slavs (Wends)"}, {"question": "Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?", "answer": "parts of England (Danelaw)"}, {"question": "Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?", "answer": "Norse age Iceland"}, {"question": "What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?", "answer": "Saqaliba"}, {"question": "Saqaliba served as what?", "answer": "caliph's guards"}, {"question": "Cossacks came from what backgrounds?", "answer": "Tatars and other Turks"}, {"question": "Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?", "answer": "Ossetians"}, {"question": "What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?", "answer": "Orthodox Christians"}, {"question": "Where did the Gorals reside?", "answer": "southern Poland and northern Slovakia"}, {"question": "Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?", "answer": "Gorals"}, {"question": "When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?", "answer": "14th to 17th centuries"}, {"question": "What population descended from the Vlachs?", "answer": "Moravian Wallachia"}, {"question": "Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?", "answer": "the Magyar or Romanian population"}, {"question": "There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?", "answer": "Bulgaria"}, {"question": "Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?", "answer": "Carpathian basin"}, {"question": "What's the estimated population of Southampton?", "answer": "253,651"}, {"question": "What could you call someone who lives in Southampton?", "answer": "Sotonian"}, {"question": "In what ceremonial county is Southampton located?", "answer": "Hampshire"}, {"question": "How many miles away from London is Southampton?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "In which direction would you travel from Portsmouth to reach Southampton?", "answer": "north-west"}, {"question": "What is the big retail shopping center in Southampton called?", "answer": "WestQuay"}, {"question": "In what month of 2014 did Southampton's City Council give the go-ahead for WestQuay Watermark?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What war is Southampton often associated with?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What company owns WestQuay Watermark?", "answer": "Hammerson"}, {"question": "By the end of 2016, how many people are projected to be working onsite at WestQuay Watermark?", "answer": "1,550"}, {"question": "What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?", "answer": "Portsmouth"}, {"question": "What's the other name for South Hampshire?", "answer": "Solent City"}, {"question": "In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?", "answer": "855,569"}, {"question": "What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?", "answer": "South Hampshire"}, {"question": "What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "What year did the Romans invade Britain?", "answer": "AD 43"}, {"question": "What ancient settlement was established after Rome invaded and the Britons were conquered?", "answer": "Clausentum"}, {"question": "According to evidence found, in what archaeological age were there first inhabitants in the area of Southampton?", "answer": "stone age"}, {"question": "What is the site of Clausentum called now?", "answer": "Bitterne Manor"}, {"question": "In addition to two ditches, what was Clausentum's defense from invaders?", "answer": "a wall"}, {"question": "What people established a settlement in what is now the St. Mary's area of Southampton?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxons"}, {"question": "What name did the Anglo-Saxons give their settlement first?", "answer": "Hamwic"}, {"question": "What name did Hamwic have in the interim as it was evolving into Hampton?", "answer": "Hamtun"}, {"question": "What county in England was named after Hampton?", "answer": "Hampshire"}, {"question": "What river separated Hamwic from the home of previous settlers?", "answer": "Itchen"}, {"question": "What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?", "answer": "Viking"}, {"question": "What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?", "answer": "840"}, {"question": "In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?", "answer": "Southampton"}, {"question": "In what year did the Norman Conquest take place?", "answer": "1066"}, {"question": "What was the capital of England during the time of the Norman Conquest?", "answer": "Winchester"}, {"question": "Southampton was important to transit between Winchester and what other region in England in the 11th century?", "answer": "Normandy"}, {"question": "In what century was Southampton Castle built?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "During the 13th century, what did Southampton get in trade for English cloth and wool?", "answer": "French wine"}, {"question": "Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?", "answer": "Black Death"}, {"question": "What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?", "answer": "Canute's Palace"}, {"question": "Who led the invasion of Southampton in the 14th century by the French and others?", "answer": "Charles Grimaldi"}, {"question": "What principality did Grimaldi set up with the profits from plundering Southampton?", "answer": "Monaco"}, {"question": "What year did Edward III show up in Southampton and tell them to build walls?", "answer": "1339"}, {"question": "How many of the original towers from Southampton's walls are still standing?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "The oldest section of the original wall around the town dates from what year?", "answer": "1175"}, {"question": "What's the name of the wall tower that was the first of its kind in England built for artillery purposes?", "answer": "God's House Tower"}, {"question": "In what year was the God's House Tower built?", "answer": "1417"}, {"question": "What museum was located in God's House Tower until 2011?", "answer": "Museum of Archaeology"}, {"question": "Which king of England directed new fortifications that helped Southampton rely less on its wall?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "In what century did Southampton complete construction of the wall around the city?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?", "answer": "Castle Way"}, {"question": "About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?", "answer": "1233"}, {"question": "What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?", "answer": "1538"}, {"question": "In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?", "answer": "Friary House"}, {"question": "In what year was the friars' water supply system built in Southampton?", "answer": "1290"}, {"question": "Where was the water brought from by the friars' supply system?", "answer": "Conduit Head"}, {"question": "What year did the friars start letting the rest of Southampton use the water from their system?", "answer": "1310"}, {"question": "When was ownership of the medieval water supply system given to the town of Southampton?", "answer": "1420"}, {"question": "What's the name of the landmark on Commercial Road where remains of the friars' water system can be seen?", "answer": "Conduit House"}, {"question": "What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?", "answer": "English Civil War"}, {"question": "What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?", "answer": "Redbridge"}, {"question": "In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "shipbuilding"}, {"question": "What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?", "answer": "HMS Grace Dieu"}, {"question": "What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?", "answer": "Walter Taylor"}, {"question": "Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?", "answer": "Thornycroft"}, {"question": "In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?", "answer": "Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "What battle did King Henry leave for in 1415?", "answer": "Battle of Agincourt"}, {"question": "What group did the men accused of high treason, including Henry Scrope and Sir Thomas Grey, lead?", "answer": "Southampton Plot"}, {"question": "What is the public house where the men from Southampton Plot were tried called now?", "answer": "Red Lion"}, {"question": "What was the Earl of Cambridge's first name?", "answer": "Richard"}, {"question": "Outside of what structure did the execution of the Southampton Plot leaders take place?", "answer": "the Bargate"}, {"question": "What did the military use Southampton for during wars in the 18th century?", "answer": "embarkation"}, {"question": "In addition to wars with the French and the Boer War, in which notable war in the 18th century did Southampton play a role?", "answer": "the Crimean war"}, {"question": "What war won Southampton the title of No. 1 Military Embarkation port?", "answer": "the Great War"}, {"question": "What group of people in addition to wounded soldiers from the Great War often were brought to Southampton for treatment?", "answer": "POWs"}, {"question": "In what year did Southampton lead preparations for the Invasion of Europe?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "When did Southampton turn into a spa town?", "answer": "1740"}, {"question": "Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw  Southampton become popular for sea bathing?", "answer": "1760s"}, {"question": "Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?", "answer": "West Quay"}, {"question": "What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?", "answer": "the tide"}, {"question": "In what historical period did Southampton expand greatly?", "answer": "Victorian era"}, {"question": "What year was the Southampton Docks company created?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "In what month of 1838 was stone laid for the foundation of the Southampton docks?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What year did the railroad to London from Southampton open fully?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "What name did Southampton earn for its importance in creating a link to London?", "answer": "The Gateway to the Empire"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star\"?", "answer": "John Choules"}, {"question": "What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?", "answer": "one mile and a half"}, {"question": "What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?", "answer": "elegant"}, {"question": "Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?", "answer": "clean"}, {"question": "What famous ship left Southampton's port carrying the Pilgrim Fathers?", "answer": "Mayflower"}, {"question": "What year did the Mayflower set sail from Southampton?", "answer": "1620"}, {"question": "How many crew members out of every five on the RMS Titanic were Sotonians?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "What company operated passenger ships across the Atlantic, including the RMS Queen Elizabeth?", "answer": "Cunard"}, {"question": "In what year did Southampton Container Terminals open?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Who designed the Supermarine Spitfire?", "answer": "R J Mitchell"}, {"question": "What area of Southampton did Mitchell hail from?", "answer": "Portswood"}, {"question": "What color is the plaque that marks the Spitfire designer's house?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "In what month of 1940 did bombs destroy the factory that made Mitchell's seaplanes?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "Which forces did Southampton supply after D-Day that made it a target for many Luftwaffe air raids?", "answer": "Allied forces"}, {"question": "How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?", "answer": "630"}, {"question": "In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What style of architecture partially survived the war?", "answer": "Georgian"}, {"question": "Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?", "answer": "the Bargate"}, {"question": "What document declared the upgrade of University College at Highfield?", "answer": "Royal Charter"}, {"question": "What is the new name of University College at Highfield?", "answer": "University of Southampton"}, {"question": "When did Southampton officially become a city?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "In what year did the Royal Charter give the University of Southampton its name?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?", "answer": "the Corporation in Southampton"}, {"question": "What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?", "answer": "Hantscire"}, {"question": "What designation was Southampton given in 1974?", "answer": "non-metropolitan district"}, {"question": "Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?", "answer": "King John"}, {"question": "What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?", "answer": "\u00a3200"}, {"question": "In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?", "answer": "Langstone"}, {"question": "Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?", "answer": "Henry VI"}, {"question": "What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?", "answer": "29 June 1199"}, {"question": "What king's charter recognized Southampton as its own county?", "answer": "Charles I"}, {"question": "What year did Southampton receive the charter naming it 'The Town and County of the Town of Southampton'?", "answer": "1640"}, {"question": "What era in history saw local government begin setting up County Councils in the area?", "answer": "Victorian period"}, {"question": "After 1888, which Council took over some governance of Southampton Town?", "answer": "Hampshire County Council"}, {"question": "What was the year that Queen Elizabeth II's charter created the City and County of the City of Southampton?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What county did the city of Southampton become administratively independent of in April of 1997?", "answer": "Hampshire County"}, {"question": "What official designation did Southampton receive in the April 1997 local government reorganization?", "answer": "unitary authority"}, {"question": "What act was responsible for the reorganization of local government on April 1, 1997?", "answer": "1992 Local Government Act"}, {"question": "What ceremonial county does Southampton still belong to?", "answer": "Hampshire"}, {"question": "How many concillors sit on Southampton's City Council?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "How man wards are there in Southampton?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many councillors are assigned to each ward in Southampton?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "In what month are council elections held?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "In how many years of every four is a council election held in Southampton?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many representatives does Southampton have in parliament?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is Royston Smith's constituency?", "answer": "Southampton Itchen"}, {"question": "Who is Southampton Test's member of parliament?", "answer": "Dr. Alan Whitehead"}, {"question": "To what political party does Caroline Nokes belong?", "answer": "Conservative"}, {"question": "Which directional area of Southampton does Dr. Alan Whitehead represent?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "How many cities or towns are there in all of England and Wales with a ceremonial sheriff acting as the Mayor's deputy?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Who's the current Mayor of Southampton?", "answer": "Linda Norris"}, {"question": "What's the name of the 578th sheriff of Southampton?", "answer": "Catherine McEwing"}, {"question": "When did John Melody, the town crier of Southampton, pass away?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many decibels was John Melody able to reach in his cry?", "answer": "104"}, {"question": "What city in France does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with?", "answer": "Le Havre"}, {"question": "Which Italian city did Southampton City Council establish a twinning link with in 2002?", "answer": "Trieste"}, {"question": "What's the only city in the USA with a twinning link to Southampton City Council?", "answer": "Hampton, Virginia"}, {"question": "What year did Southampton City Council link with Busan, South Korea?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "In what country does Southampton City Council have a twinning link with Rems-Murr-Kreis?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What river converges with the Test?", "answer": "Itchen"}, {"question": "Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?", "answer": "Test"}, {"question": "Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?", "answer": "Itchen"}, {"question": "What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?", "answer": "The city centre"}, {"question": "What's the name of the public quay that's been in Southampton since the 13th century?", "answer": "Town Quay"}, {"question": "In what decade were the Eastern Docks that can be seen today created?", "answer": "1830s"}, {"question": "What company commissioned the program that created the Western Docks?", "answer": "Southern Railway Company"}, {"question": "What body of water was dredged for the material used for reclamation?", "answer": "Southampton Water"}, {"question": "In what decade did the Southern Railway Company commission the program that created the Western Docks?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "How many high tide peaks does Southampton Water get?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What island do many people think causes the double high tide in Southampton Water?", "answer": "Isle of Wight"}, {"question": "What body of water is actually responsible for the unusual double high tide?", "answer": "English Channel"}, {"question": "What size ships can move through Southampton Water more easily because of the double high tide?", "answer": "large"}, {"question": "In addition to its shape, what property of the English Channel affects water flow in Southampton Water?", "answer": "depth"}, {"question": "Along which border of Southampton does the River Test run?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "What forest is on the opposite bank of the River Test from Southampton?", "answer": "New Forest"}, {"question": "What motorway crosses the River Test to the North?", "answer": "the M27"}, {"question": "Where was the first bridge built across the River Itchen?", "answer": "Mansbridge"}, {"question": "What bridge at Swaythling crosses at the point between the tidal and non-tidal sections of the River Itchen?", "answer": "Woodmill Bridge"}, {"question": "What's the largest park in Southampton?", "answer": "Southampton Common"}, {"question": "How many hectares is Southampton Common?", "answer": "148"}, {"question": "What wildlife center is located in Southampton Common?", "answer": "Hawthorns Urban Wildlife Centre"}, {"question": "What related attraction was at the same site before the Urban Wildlife Centre?", "answer": "Southampton Zoo"}, {"question": "How many Local Authorities are there in England?", "answer": "354"}, {"question": "In addition to the Thornhill and Townhill Park districts, what other district has a council estate?", "answer": "Weston"}, {"question": "What's Southampton's ranking on the list of most deprived Local Authorities in England?", "answer": "96th"}, {"question": "What kind of climate does Southampton have?", "answer": "oceanic"}, {"question": "For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?", "answer": "35.6"}, {"question": "What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? ", "answer": "96.1"}, {"question": "What source of geothermal power sits below Southampton's center?", "answer": "hot water aquifer"}, {"question": "In what region of Southampton is the geothermal power station for the aquifer?", "answer": "West Quay"}, {"question": "Which section of the city receives hot water from geothermal power through the West Quay plant?", "answer": "Southampton District Energy Scheme"}, {"question": "What utility company sponsored a carbon emissions survey in 2006?", "answer": "British Gas"}, {"question": "In the 2006 study, Southampton was discovered to be one of the lowest carbon emitters out of major cities in what large geographical area?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What race makes up the vast majority of Southampton's population?", "answer": "White"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of Southampton is Black, according to the 2001 Census?", "answer": "1.0"}, {"question": "Going by the 2001 Census, what percentage of Southampton's population is of mixed race?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "What percentage of the white population did the 2001 Census show were White Irish?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "According to the 2001 Census, what race comprises 3.8% of people living in Southampton?", "answer": "South Asian"}, {"question": "In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?", "answer": "236,900"}, {"question": "What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "Are there more males or females in Southampton?", "answer": "males"}, {"question": "What age range contains the most people from Southampton?", "answer": "20\u201324"}, {"question": "How many people between the ages of 30 and 34 live in Southampton?", "answer": "17,800"}, {"question": "How many women live in Southampton?", "answer": "117,400"}, {"question": "What's the only monocentric city on the South Coast larger than Southampton?", "answer": "Plymouth"}, {"question": "By what percentage did the population of Southampton increase from 1996 to 2004?", "answer": "4.9"}, {"question": "What's the only other city in England besides Portsmouth more densely populated than Southampton?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What organization anticipated an additional 2% population growth from 2006 to 2013?", "answer": "Hampshire County Council"}, {"question": "What age segment of the population of Southampton is projected to increase the most?", "answer": "the elderly"}, {"question": "How many more residents would Southampton have if the population grew by 2%, as the council expected?", "answer": "4,200"}, {"question": "How many jobs were there in Southampton in March of 2007?", "answer": "120,305"}, {"question": "How many Southampton residents were claiming job seeker's allowance in March, 2007?", "answer": "3,570"}, {"question": "In March 2007, what percentage of Southampton residents claimed job seeker's allowance?", "answer": "2.4"}, {"question": "What England's average percentage for people claiming job seeker's allowance?", "answer": "2.5"}, {"question": "What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?", "answer": "health and education"}, {"question": "What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?", "answer": "wholesale and retail"}, {"question": "By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?", "answer": "18.5"}, {"question": "What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?", "answer": "16.2"}, {"question": "What was Southampton's average annual salary in January of 2007?", "answer": "\u00a322,267"}, {"question": "How far below the national average is the average annual salary in Southampton?", "answer": "\u00a31,700"}, {"question": "How far below England's South East region is Southampton's average annual salary?", "answer": "\u00a33,800"}, {"question": "About how much of UK's passenger traffic did Southampton handle during the inter-war period?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What kind of passenger ships make up a lot of the traffic in the port of Southampton?", "answer": "cruise ships"}, {"question": "Going by what unit of measurement makes Southampton the fourth largest port in the UK?", "answer": "tonnage"}, {"question": "In what year did Southampton's fourth cruise terminal open in the western docklands?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What branch of the Department for Transport has its headquarters in Southampton?", "answer": "Marine Accident Investigation Branch"}, {"question": "What century saw more diverse industries come to Southampton?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "Southampton's range of industries includes the manufacture of cars and what other transport?", "answer": "aircraft"}, {"question": "What kind of engineering does industry in Southampton support?", "answer": "electrical"}, {"question": "Along with the docks and grain mills, what crop has been processed in Southampton for a long time?", "answer": "tobacco"}, {"question": "How many people in the Southampton area receive hospital services from University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "How many people in the South of England rely on the NHS Foundation Trust's specialist services?", "answer": "3 million"}, {"question": "What type of service does the NHS Foundation Trust provide at the Countess Mountbatten House?", "answer": "palliative care"}, {"question": "What hospital is the Countess Mountbatten House a part of?", "answer": "Moorgreen Hospital"}, {"question": "In what village is Moorgreen Hospital located?", "answer": "West End"}, {"question": "What's the name of the UK's national mapping agency?", "answer": "Ordnance Survey"}, {"question": "What year did Ordnance Survey's new headquarters open in Southampton?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What company said it is planning to move marine operations to the University of Southampton?", "answer": "Lloyd's Register Group"}, {"question": "What area of Southampton holds a Ford assembly plant?", "answer": "Swaythling"}, {"question": "Which model does Ford manufacture in their Southampton plant?", "answer": "Transit"}, {"question": "What's the largest retail center in Southampton?", "answer": "WestQuay Shopping Centre"}, {"question": "What's WestQuay's ranking among the largest retail centers in the UK?", "answer": "35th"}, {"question": "What was the name of the third phase of West Quay development that got put on hold because of the recession?", "answer": "Watermark Westquay"}, {"question": "What year did work resume on the development of Watermark Westquay?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What popular Swedish company opened a new store in the West Quay site in 2009?", "answer": "IKEA"}, {"question": "What type of tall buildings are being planned on Southampton's waterfront?", "answer": "skyscrapers"}, {"question": "How many stories tall will each of the three proposed towers be?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "What marina in Southampton may get a 15-story high hotel?", "answer": "Ocean Village"}, {"question": "What factor is very strong in Southampton that encourages redevelopment of the city?", "answer": "economy"}, {"question": "What's the projected budget of the development plan that includes the new hotels?", "answer": "\u00a3100m"}, {"question": "Going by 2004 calculations, how much does Southampton contribute to the region's economy each year?", "answer": "\u00a34.2 bn"}, {"question": "What sector puts up most of Southampton's economic contribution?", "answer": "the service sector"}, {"question": "In 2004, Southampton's contribution to the regional economy had almost doubled from what it was in what year?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What museum reopened on July 30th, 2011 after a huge renovation?", "answer": "Tudor House Museum"}, {"question": "What's the name of the museum located in one of Southampton's tower walls?", "answer": "God's House Tower"}, {"question": "What's the name of the aviation museum in Southampton?", "answer": "Solent Sky"}, {"question": "What's the impressive budget of the SeaCity Museum?", "answer": "\u00a328 million"}, {"question": "What organization invested half a million pounds in the SeaCity Museum?", "answer": "the National Lottery"}, {"question": "In what month each year is the Southampton Boat Show held?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "What waterfront park hosts the Boat Show?", "answer": "Mayflower Park"}, {"question": "When was the Boat Show first held in Mayflower Park?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What Southampton festival culminates in the Boat Show?", "answer": "Sea City"}, {"question": "Attendees of the Boat Show can expect to see at least how many exhibitors?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "What's the biggest theatre in Southampton?", "answer": "Mayflower Theatre"}, {"question": "How many people can the Mayflower Theatre hold?", "answer": "2,300"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Mayflower Theatre?", "answer": "the Gaumont"}, {"question": "What famous ballet company has performed at the Mayflower?", "answer": "English National Ballet"}, {"question": "Which Southampton theatre won The Stage Award for Best Regional Theatre for 2015?", "answer": "Nuffield Theatre"}, {"question": "What gallery in Southampton houses a Designated Collection?", "answer": "The Southampton City Art Gallery"}, {"question": "What's the all-lowercase named arts organization in charge of the art gallery in Southampton's Bargate?", "answer": "a space"}, {"question": "What project, also run by a space, showcases art in Southampton's medieval buildings?", "answer": "Art Vaults"}, {"question": "What art gallery is a part of Southampton Solent University?", "answer": "The Millais Gallery"}, {"question": "In addition to the Mayflower Theatre, what's Southampton's other big venue for live music?", "answer": "the Guildhall"}, {"question": "What legendary band with a color in its name has played at the Guildhall?", "answer": "Pink Floyd"}, {"question": "What orchestra with a name that starts with \"B\" has played at the Guildhall?", "answer": "Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra"}, {"question": "What choir from the area has sung at the Guildhall?", "answer": "Southampton Philharmonic Choir"}, {"question": "What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?", "answer": "Junk"}, {"question": "What genre of music is featured at Junk?", "answer": "dance"}, {"question": "What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?", "answer": "the Dolphin"}, {"question": "What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?", "answer": "Craig David"}, {"question": "What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?", "answer": "Will Champion"}, {"question": "What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?", "answer": "Holloways"}, {"question": "What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?", "answer": "Kids Can't Fly"}, {"question": "What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?", "answer": "dance"}, {"question": "What program with a direction in its name does the BBC broadcast from Southampton?", "answer": "South Today"}, {"question": "What's the name of the local ITV division?", "answer": "Meridian"}, {"question": "Where is the Meridian headquarters located?", "answer": "Whiteley"}, {"question": "What is the local television channel for Southampton called?", "answer": "That's Solent"}, {"question": "Towards the end of what year did That's Solent begin broadcasting?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many community FM radio stations are there in Southampton?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What local FM station won the Queens Award?", "answer": "Unity 101 Community Radio"}, {"question": "What's the new name of the station formerly known as The Saint?", "answer": "The Breeze"}, {"question": "What genre of music is played on The Breeze?", "answer": "Hot adult contemporary"}, {"question": "What was the old name of Heart Hampshire?", "answer": "Ocean FM"}, {"question": "What's Southampton University's radio station called?", "answer": "SURGE"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Wave 105 play?", "answer": "adult contemporary"}, {"question": "What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?", "answer": "The Saints"}, {"question": "What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?", "answer": "St Mary's Stadium"}, {"question": "What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992? ", "answer": "the Premier League"}, {"question": "Local Southampton football leagues have what day of the week in their names?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "How many local Sunday football leagues does Southampton have? ", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What's the name of the local league with \"City\" in its name?", "answer": "City of Southampton Sunday Football League"}, {"question": "What's the name of the the local league with \"District\" in its name?", "answer": "Southampton and District Sunday Football League"}, {"question": "At what venue does the Hampshire County Cricket Club play?", "answer": "the Rose Bowl"}, {"question": "What part of the city is the Rose Bowl in?", "answer": "West End"}, {"question": "Besides the County Cricket Ground, at what other cricket ground did the Hampshire County Cricket Club used to play?", "answer": "the Antelope Ground"}, {"question": "Besides the Hampshire County Cricket Club, what's the name of the other cricket league in Southampton?", "answer": "the Southampton Evening Cricket League"}, {"question": "What's Southampton's hockey club named?", "answer": "Southampton Hockey Club"}, {"question": "What year was Southampton Hockey Club founded?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "How many senior men's teams does the hockey club field each week?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "Weekly, how many senior ladies teams does Southampton Hockey Club field?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How old do kids need to be to play in the hockey club?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What's the oldest rugby team in Southampton?", "answer": "Trojans RFC"}, {"question": "What division was Trojans RFC promoted to in 2008-9?", "answer": "London South West 2"}, {"question": "What famous player from Trojans RFC also played for the Leicester Tigers?", "answer": "Anthony Allen"}, {"question": "What position did Allen play for the Leicester Tigers?", "answer": "centre"}, {"question": "What division do the Tottonians belong to?", "answer": "London South West division 2"}, {"question": "What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting?", "answer": "marinas"}, {"question": "What race named after a car company used to be hosted in Southampton?", "answer": "the Volvo Ocean Race"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Volvo Ocean Race?", "answer": "the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race"}, {"question": "Which marina in Southampton hosted the yacht race from 1977 too 2001?", "answer": "Ocean Village marina"}, {"question": "What facility is the center of Southampton's public sports and outdoor activities?", "answer": "Southampton Sports Centre"}, {"question": "How many additional leisure venues are run by Council executives?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What company did the Council leisure executives sell operating rights to?", "answer": "Park Wood Leisure"}, {"question": "What magazine awarded Southampton \"fittest city in the UK\" in 2006?", "answer": "Men's Fitness"}, {"question": "How many spots did Southampton lose in the \"fittest city\" rankings for 2007?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Who was the \"fittest city in the UK\" ahead of Southampton in 2007?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "During the pre-war period, where was speedway racing held?", "answer": "Banister Court Stadium"}, {"question": "What year did Banister Court Stadium close its doors for good?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What College American Football team calls Southampton home?", "answer": "Southampton Stags"}, {"question": "At what sports venue do the Southampton Stags play?", "answer": "Wide Lane Sports Facility"}, {"question": "Where is the Wide Lane Sports Facility located?", "answer": "Eastleigh"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for policing Southampton?", "answer": "Hampshire Constabulary"}, {"question": "How much did it cost to build the operations base of Southampton's police service?", "answer": "\u00a330 million"}, {"question": "On what street in Southampton is the police headquarters for the city?", "answer": "Southern Road"}, {"question": "What year did the brand new, eight-story police headquarters open?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What train station is close to the police force's building?", "answer": "Southampton Central"}, {"question": "Who handles fires in Southampton?", "answer": "Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service"}, {"question": "How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Along with Hightown and Redbridge, what's the third fire station in Southampton?", "answer": "St Mary's"}, {"question": "How many crimes overall are reported for each 1,000 people in Southampton?", "answer": "202"}, {"question": "Did Hampshire Constabulary record fewer or more crime incidents in 2009/10 than the year before?", "answer": "fewer"}, {"question": "For how many consecutive years has violent crime in Southampton decreased?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Is Southampton's crime rate higher or lower than the national average?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "Which statistics are debated because of the different ways various police forces record crime?", "answer": "comparative crime statisitics"}, {"question": "Is Southampton's higher education sector weak or strong?", "answer": "strong"}, {"question": "What's the combined student population of the two major universities in Southampton?", "answer": "over 40,000"}, {"question": "What's the name of the institution of higher learning with \"Solent\" in its name?", "answer": "Southampton Solent University"}, {"question": "What year was the University of Southampton founded?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "When did the University of Southampton receive university designation by official Royal Charter?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "The University of Southampton has more than what number of students attending?", "answer": "22,000"}, {"question": "What research centre at the University of Southampton is abbreviated NOCS?", "answer": "National Oceanography Centre, Southampton"}, {"question": "What organization ranked the University of Southampton in the top 80 universities worldwide in 2010?", "answer": "THES - QS World University Rankings"}, {"question": "How many students attend Southampton Solent University?", "answer": "17,000"}, {"question": "What specialized academy does Southampton Solent University host?", "answer": "Warsash Maritime Academy"}, {"question": "In addition to international shipping, what other industry does the Warsash Maritime Academy prepare students for?", "answer": "off-shore oil"}, {"question": "How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs?", "answer": "Southampton City College"}, {"question": "What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students?", "answer": "Access courses"}, {"question": "What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton?", "answer": "Barton Peveril College"}, {"question": "What's the sixth form college named after a person?", "answer": "Richard Taunton Sixth Form College"}, {"question": "More than what percentage of the students surveyed said they'd been bullied?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "About how many pupils took the bullying survey?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "What specific form of bullying did the survey show was most common?", "answer": "verbal"}, {"question": "What was the second most common form of bullying experienced by boys who took the survey?", "answer": "physical"}, {"question": "Which level of schools in Southampton are the worst behaved in the UK?", "answer": "secondary"}, {"question": "How many times the national average are the suspension rates at Southampton's secondary schools?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Out of about every 14 students, how many will be suspended from school?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "In addition to physical attacks, what other kind of assault do Southampton's students commit against staff more than anywhere else in the country?", "answer": "verbal"}, {"question": "Which motorway located north of Southampton links up England's south coast?", "answer": "M27"}, {"question": "Which motorway connects Southampton to London?", "answer": "M3"}, {"question": "What city is located on the A34 where the M3 connects to the North and Midlands?", "answer": "Winchester"}, {"question": "What spur of the M27 connects it to Southampton's city centre and Western Docks?", "answer": "M271"}, {"question": "Are Southampton's transport routes around the UK good or bad?", "answer": "good"}, {"question": "Southampton's railways provide freight services and what other important services?", "answer": "passenger services"}, {"question": "What's the name of the main train station in Southampton?", "answer": "Southampton Central"}, {"question": "Heading east from Southampton, what city is connected by rail?", "answer": "Portsmouth"}, {"question": "In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "In addition to the southern and eastern sections of Southampton, what other section has local train service?", "answer": "central"}, {"question": "What company operates Southampton's local train service?", "answer": "South West Trains"}, {"question": "What organization announced plans for rail expansion in Southampton in July of 2009?", "answer": "Hampshire County Council"}, {"question": "In what year did a proposal to expand light rail service to Portsmouth and Gosport fail?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What's the current destination of the freight-only line the Hampshire County Council wants to use to expand passenger service?", "answer": "Fawley"}, {"question": "What competing railway company tried to open a rail route in the 1880s?", "answer": "Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway"}, {"question": "In which direction did the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway want to expand?", "answer": "North"}, {"question": "What feature survives in the Hill Lane area as evidence of the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway's work?", "answer": "embankment"}, {"question": "In what town is Southampton Airport located?", "answer": "Eastleigh"}, {"question": "What direction would one travel from Southampton to get to the airport in Eastleigh?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "If passengers don't want to take a train to the airport, what other transport is available?", "answer": "bus"}, {"question": "To take a train to Southampton Airport, what railway station would you need to go through?", "answer": "Southampton Airport (Parkway)"}, {"question": "What cruise line has its headquarters in Southampton?", "answer": "Carnival Corporation & plc"}, {"question": "Besides Carnival, what other major cruise line parks its record-breaking cruise ships in Southampton Water? ", "answer": "Royal Caribbean"}, {"question": "In addition to P&O Cruises and Cunard Line, what other brand does Carnival Corporation own?", "answer": "Princess Cruises"}, {"question": "What brand of cruise ships has a special importance to Southampton?", "answer": "Cunard Line"}, {"question": "What was the name of the liner that left Southampton on its final journey on November 11, 2008?", "answer": "RMS Queen Elizabeth 2"}, {"question": "Who christened the Cunard ship Queen Victoria in December 2007?", "answer": "HRH The Duchess of Cornwall"}, {"question": "In what year did the Queen Elizabeth receive its name from the Queen?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What ship did the Duchess of Cambridge christen on June 13, 2013?", "answer": "Royal Princess"}, {"question": "What does Southampton call the event when three ships named after queens all visit the city?", "answer": "Arrival of the Three Queens"}, {"question": "Which of the \"Three Queens\" has a number in its name?", "answer": "Queen Mary 2"}, {"question": "Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth"}, {"question": "What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?", "answer": "P&O Cruises"}, {"question": "Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?", "answer": "175th"}, {"question": "How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with \"V\"?", "answer": "Ventura"}, {"question": "Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?", "answer": "Oceana"}, {"question": "How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?", "answer": "Town Quay"}, {"question": "How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?", "answer": "Red Funnel"}, {"question": "What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?", "answer": "Southampton Water"}, {"question": "In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?", "answer": "a retail and housing development"}, {"question": "What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?", "answer": "a marina"}, {"question": "What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?", "answer": "Eastern Docks"}, {"question": "What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?", "answer": "Buses"}, {"question": "Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?", "answer": "Bluestar"}, {"question": "What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?", "answer": "Uni-link"}, {"question": "What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?", "answer": "midnight"}, {"question": "What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?", "answer": "Enterprise"}, {"question": "What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?", "answer": "Pound Tree Road"}, {"question": "Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?", "answer": "Uni-link"}, {"question": "What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?", "answer": "Wilts & Dorset"}, {"question": "When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?", "answer": "Hanover Buildings"}, {"question": "Who are the actors in international law?", "answer": "sovereign states and international organizations"}, {"question": "What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?", "answer": "A treaty"}, {"question": "How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?", "answer": "equally"}, {"question": "How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?", "answer": "the rules are the same"}, {"question": "What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?", "answer": "live up to their obligations"}, {"question": "What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?", "answer": "contracts"}, {"question": "Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?", "answer": "international law"}, {"question": "What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?", "answer": "willing"}, {"question": "What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?", "answer": "obligations"}, {"question": "How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?", "answer": "in words"}, {"question": "How are states that enter into a treaty bound?", "answer": "legally"}, {"question": "What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?", "answer": "A treaty"}, {"question": "What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?", "answer": "A treaty"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?", "answer": "themselves"}, {"question": "What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?", "answer": "a fairly consistent format"}, {"question": "What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?", "answer": "a preamble"}, {"question": "Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?", "answer": "readability"}, {"question": "Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?", "answer": "a verb"}, {"question": "In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?", "answer": "any underlying events (such as a war)"}, {"question": "What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?", "answer": "boilerplate"}, {"question": "What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?", "answer": "full powers"}, {"question": "In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?", "answer": "sovereign titles"}, {"question": "How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?", "answer": "in good or proper form."}, {"question": "Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?", "answer": "their representatives"}, {"question": "What follows the preamble in a treaty?", "answer": "numbered articles"}, {"question": "What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?", "answer": "the substance of the parties' actual agreement"}, {"question": "What does each article heading usually encompass?", "answer": "a paragraph"}, {"question": "How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?", "answer": "under chapter headings"}, {"question": "The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?", "answer": "A long treaty"}, {"question": "What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?", "answer": "peaceful"}, {"question": "Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?", "answer": "articles"}, {"question": "Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?", "answer": "their interpretation"}, {"question": "Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?", "answer": "the final authentic copies"}, {"question": "Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?", "answer": "disputes"}, {"question": "What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?", "answer": "the eschatocol"}, {"question": "What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?", "answer": "the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)"}, {"question": "How is the date typically written in a treaty?", "answer": "its most formal, longest possible form"}, {"question": "What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?", "answer": "equally authentic"}, {"question": "A clause like \"in witness whereof\" or \"in faith whereof\" typically signals what in a treaty?", "answer": "The end"}, {"question": "Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?", "answer": "the parties' representatives"}, {"question": "Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?", "answer": "in a collection of treaties currently in effect"}, {"question": "Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?", "answer": "an editor"}, {"question": "Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?", "answer": "ratified the treaty"}, {"question": "Even if signed  and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?", "answer": "came into effect"}, {"question": "Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?", "answer": "It is possible"}, {"question": "The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?", "answer": "the European Economic Area agreement"}, {"question": "Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?", "answer": "it does not"}, {"question": "The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?", "answer": "bilateral"}, {"question": "What is a treaty concluded among several countries?", "answer": "A multilateral treaty"}, {"question": "Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?", "answer": "each party and every other party"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?", "answer": "attack"}, {"question": "What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?", "answer": "international compacts"}, {"question": "Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?", "answer": "region"}, {"question": "What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?", "answer": "Reservations"}, {"question": "What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?", "answer": "Reservations"}, {"question": "When must reservations be included in a treaty?", "answer": "at the time of signing or ratification"}, {"question": "What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?", "answer": "add a reservation"}, {"question": "A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?", "answer": "exclude or to modify"}, {"question": "A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?", "answer": "reservations"}, {"question": "Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?", "answer": "inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty"}, {"question": "How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?", "answer": "rejecting them"}, {"question": "Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?", "answer": "all parties"}, {"question": "Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?", "answer": "expressly"}, {"question": "When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?", "answer": "accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them"}, {"question": "Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?", "answer": "other parties to the treaty"}, {"question": "What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?", "answer": "drop out completely"}, {"question": "What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?", "answer": "no legal obligations"}, {"question": "If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?", "answer": "the reserving state is a party to the treaty"}, {"question": "How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?", "answer": "the ratification process"}, {"question": "What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?", "answer": "a proc\u00e8s-verbal"}, {"question": "Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?", "answer": "the terms they both agreed upon"}, {"question": "In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?", "answer": "some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty"}, {"question": "What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?", "answer": "a protocol"}, {"question": "A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?", "answer": "add additional provisions"}, {"question": "Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?", "answer": "not required"}, {"question": "What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?", "answer": "an \"optional protocol\""}, {"question": "A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?", "answer": "amend the previous treaty"}, {"question": "The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty?", "answer": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"}, {"question": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol?", "answer": "the Kyoto Protocol"}, {"question": "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what?", "answer": "binding greenhouse gas emission limits"}, {"question": "While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what?", "answer": "the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon"}, {"question": "The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty?", "answer": "Protocol"}, {"question": "A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?", "answer": "self-executing"}, {"question": "What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?", "answer": "implementing legislation"}, {"question": "What is \"implementing legislation\" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?", "answer": "a change in the domestic law of a state party"}, {"question": "A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?", "answer": "non-self-executing"}, {"question": "Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?", "answer": "puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action"}, {"question": "What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?", "answer": "a non-self-executing treaty"}, {"question": "A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?", "answer": "pass the necessary domestic laws"}, {"question": "What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?", "answer": "its legislature"}, {"question": "The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?", "answer": "politicized"}, {"question": "A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?", "answer": "not clear"}, {"question": "What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?", "answer": "principle of maximum effectiveness"}, {"question": "The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?", "answer": "the fullest force and effect"}, {"question": "What states that treaties are to be interpreted \"in good faith\" according to the \"ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?\"", "answer": "The Vienna Convention"}, {"question": "What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?", "answer": "The language"}, {"question": "Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?", "answer": "a perhaps unforeseen circumstance"}, {"question": "No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?", "answer": "impose its particular interpretation of the treaty"}, {"question": "What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?", "answer": "Consent"}, {"question": "Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?", "answer": "complaint"}, {"question": "Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?", "answer": "adding another clause to the treaty"}, {"question": "The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?", "answer": "an 'authentic interpretation'"}, {"question": "What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?", "answer": "substantial disputes over treaty interpretations"}, {"question": "What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?", "answer": "International tribunals and arbiters"}, {"question": "In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?", "answer": "the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty"}, {"question": "For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?", "answer": "To establish the meaning in context"}, {"question": "In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?", "answer": "the final, signed treaty itself"}, {"question": "What are agreements between states within the United States called?", "answer": "compacts"}, {"question": "What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?", "answer": "memoranda of understanding"}, {"question": "In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?", "answer": "memoranda of understanding"}, {"question": "Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?", "answer": "a sovereign state"}, {"question": "Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?", "answer": "international law"}, {"question": "Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what?", "answer": "international law"}, {"question": "Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law?", "answer": "North Korea and the United States"}, {"question": "Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics?", "answer": "security guarantees and nuclear proliferation"}, {"question": "North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?", "answer": "to create an obligation under international law"}, {"question": "What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?", "answer": "documents under domestic law"}, {"question": "What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?", "answer": "convention, protocol, or simply agreement"}, {"question": "What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?", "answer": "named something other than a treaty,"}, {"question": "What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?", "answer": "the Treaty of Waitangi"}, {"question": "Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?", "answer": "terminology"}, {"question": "Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?", "answer": "consent"}, {"question": "What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?", "answer": "procedures of notification"}, {"question": "Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?", "answer": "not necessarily"}, {"question": "What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?", "answer": "the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs"}, {"question": "Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?", "answer": "Article 56"}, {"question": "What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?", "answer": "the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"}, {"question": "What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?", "answer": "the Secretary-General of the United Nations"}, {"question": "What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?", "answer": "the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire"}, {"question": "The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?", "answer": "The possibility of withdrawal"}, {"question": "What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?", "answer": "sovereignty"}, {"question": "What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?", "answer": "how other states will react"}, {"question": "What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?", "answer": "impose sanctions or go to war"}, {"question": "Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?", "answer": "In practice"}, {"question": "Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?", "answer": "at any time"}, {"question": "What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?", "answer": "terminated"}, {"question": "What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?", "answer": "a bilateral treaty"}, {"question": "What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?", "answer": "remain in force"}, {"question": "After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?", "answer": "withdrawal"}, {"question": "Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?", "answer": "agreed upon between the remaining states parties"}, {"question": "What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?", "answer": "A material breach"}, {"question": "In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?", "answer": "temporarily suspending their obligations to that party"}, {"question": "In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?", "answer": "terminating the treaty itself"}, {"question": "Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?", "answer": "the other parties"}, {"question": "What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?", "answer": "suspending their obligations to that party"}, {"question": "What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?", "answer": "the seriousness of a breach"}, {"question": "Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?", "answer": "a tribunal or other independent arbiter"}, {"question": "Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?", "answer": "does not"}, {"question": "What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?", "answer": "how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it"}, {"question": " A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?", "answer": "how they resolve to respond to it"}, {"question": "Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?", "answer": "self-termination"}, {"question": "What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?", "answer": "set to expire on a given date"}, {"question": "In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?", "answer": "certain defined conditions are met"}, {"question": "What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met?", "answer": "automatically terminated"}, {"question": "What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date?", "answer": "temporarily binding"}, {"question": "What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?", "answer": "a fundamental change in circumstances"}, {"question": "A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?", "answer": "its own breach of the treaty"}, {"question": "The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?", "answer": "political boundaries"}, {"question": "The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?", "answer": "the extent of obligations"}, {"question": "In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?", "answer": "unforeseen"}, {"question": "The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?", "answer": "the Banu Qaynuqa tribe"}, {"question": "Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?", "answer": "the Constitution of Medina"}, {"question": "Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?", "answer": "Abdullah ibn Ubayy"}, {"question": "Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?", "answer": "stripped naked"}, {"question": "What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?", "answer": "revenge killings"}, {"question": "What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza?", "answer": "Gabriel"}, {"question": "Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart?", "answer": "Al-Waqidi"}, {"question": "How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham?", "answer": "600-900"}, {"question": "According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers?", "answer": "all Males and 1 woman"}, {"question": "How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement?", "answer": "at the formation of the treaty"}, {"question": "What treaties between Japan and Korea are examples of treaties that were declared null and void?", "answer": "the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907 and 1910"}, {"question": "In what treaty were the serial Japan-Korea treaties of 1905, 1907, and 1910 confirmed as \"already null and void?\"", "answer": "the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea"}, {"question": "Which two states signed a treaty that declared previous treaties between the two from 1905, 1907, and 1910 to be already void?", "answer": "Japan and the Republic of Korea"}, {"question": "An otherwise valid and agreed upon treaty may be rejected as what for several reasons most of which involve problems created at the formation of a treaty?", "answer": "a binding international agreement"}, {"question": "A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?", "answer": "that state's domestic law"}, {"question": "For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?", "answer": "his proper authority"}, {"question": "What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?", "answer": "a \"manifest violation\""}, {"question": "A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?", "answer": "the internal affairs and processes"}, {"question": "What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?", "answer": "invalid"}, {"question": "If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?", "answer": "invalid"}, {"question": "Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?", "answer": "his sovereign"}, {"question": "What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?", "answer": "the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing"}, {"question": "Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid? ", "answer": "the other parties"}, {"question": "The preamble of what states that treaties are a source of international law?", "answer": "The Law of Treaties"}, {"question": "Which will prevail in a conflict between international and domestic law?", "answer": "international law"}, {"question": "What are started to be a source of international law in the preamble in The Law of Treaties?", "answer": "treaties"}, {"question": "Approval under what law will not make an act or lack thereof legal if condemned under international law?", "answer": "internal law"}, {"question": "An act or lack thereof cannot be made legal under what law even if made legal under internal law?", "answer": "international law"}, {"question": "Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?", "answer": "Articles 46\u201353"}, {"question": "In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, why might a treaty be invalidated?", "answer": "the content of the treaty itself"}, {"question": "In addition to the content of the treaty itself, why might a treated by invalidated?", "answer": "the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty"}, {"question": "A treaty might be considered what if it's considered unenforceable and void under international law?", "answer": "invalidated"}, {"question": "Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely?", "answer": "withdrawal, suspension, or termination"}, {"question": "What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?", "answer": "own conduct"}, {"question": "Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?", "answer": "the truth"}, {"question": "What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?", "answer": "A state's consent"}, {"question": "An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?", "answer": "formed the \"essential basis\" of the state's consent"}, {"question": "What, if it formed the \"essential basis\" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?", "answer": "an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation"}, {"question": "What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?", "answer": "fraudulent conduct"}, {"question": "What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?", "answer": "corruption"}, {"question": "Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?", "answer": "invalidate that consent"}, {"question": "Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?", "answer": "representative"}, {"question": "What must  be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?", "answer": "used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty"}, {"question": "What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?", "answer": "null and void"}, {"question": "What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?", "answer": "peremptory norm"}, {"question": "What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?", "answer": "no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts"}, {"question": "What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?", "answer": "permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations"}, {"question": "What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?", "answer": "genocide"}, {"question": "What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?", "answer": "the International Court of Justice"}, {"question": "What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?", "answer": "The United Nations Charter"}, {"question": "Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?", "answer": "to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties"}, {"question": "In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?", "answer": "19th and 20th century"}, {"question": "What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?", "answer": "Section 103"}, {"question": "Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?", "answer": "the United Nations"}, {"question": "Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures?", "answer": "the Office of Legal Affairs"}, {"question": "When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations?", "answer": "After their adoption"}, {"question": "In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption?", "answer": "entry into force"}, {"question": "What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption?", "answer": "signature, ratification and entry into force"}, {"question": "The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?", "answer": "the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government"}, {"question": "In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?", "answer": "function and effectiveness"}, {"question": "The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?", "answer": "modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation"}, {"question": "Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?", "answer": "the UN"}, {"question": "What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?", "answer": "Articles of Confederation"}, {"question": "What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?", "answer": "articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I"}, {"question": "In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree?", "answer": "the Federal Supreme Court"}, {"question": "In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid?", "answer": "the federal register"}, {"question": "In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?", "answer": "same hierarchical position"}, {"question": "In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?", "answer": "the 45th amendment"}, {"question": "The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?", "answer": "abrogate"}, {"question": "What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?", "answer": "leis ordin\u00e1rias"}, {"question": "What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects?", "answer": "supremacy clause"}, {"question": "A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discussion on the relation between treaties and what other type of legislation?", "answer": "state legislation"}, {"question": "What clause of the United States Constitution is relevant to the discussion of the relation between treaties and U.S. legislation?", "answer": "supremacy clause"}, {"question": "The Brazilian constitution does not have a supremacy clause that would be of interest to the relation between state legislation and what other legal agreements?", "answer": "treaties"}, {"question": "Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?", "answer": "internal American law"}, {"question": "Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?", "answer": "their method of approval"}, {"question": "What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?", "answer": "sole executive agreements"}, {"question": "What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?", "answer": "congressional-executive agreements"}, {"question": "In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?", "answer": "10:1"}, {"question": "What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?", "answer": "the relative ease"}, {"question": "The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?", "answer": "pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds"}, {"question": "The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?", "answer": "long-term, complex"}, {"question": "The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?", "answer": "Head Money Cases"}, {"question": "The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified by what for the purposes of US law?", "answer": "Act of Congress"}, {"question": "What Supreme Court case ruled that a treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is null and void under US law?", "answer": "Reid v. Covert"}, {"question": "The US Supreme Court ruled that treaties can be repealed or modified for the purposes of US law just like what by any subsequent Act of Congress?", "answer": "any other regular law"}, {"question": "Any treaty provision that conflicts with the US Constitution is considered what under US law?", "answer": "null and void"}, {"question": "Into what 3 lists are legislation subjects divided in India?", "answer": "Union List, State List and Concurrent List"}, {"question": "What type of legislative subjects can both the central legislative body and state legislatures make laws?", "answer": "Concurrent subjects"}, {"question": "What is the central legislative body in India?", "answer": "Parliament of India"}, {"question": "In order to implement international treaties, for what subjects can the Parliament of India legislate to override the general division of subject lists?", "answer": "any subject"}, {"question": "What subjects can only be legislated by the central legislative body in India?", "answer": "the subjects in Union list"}, {"question": "What formed an important part of European colonization?", "answer": "Treaties"}, {"question": "With whom did Europeans attempt to sign treaties in order to legitimize their sovereignty during colonization?", "answer": "indigenous peoples"}, {"question": "What terms in relation to Europeans did most indigenous people enjoy under treaties?", "answer": "extremely disadvantageous terms"}, {"question": "What aspect of the treaties that indigenous people signed with Europeans did the indigenous people typically not understand?", "answer": "the implications"}, {"question": "What did Europeans try to legitimize all over the world by signing treaties with indigenous people?", "answer": "their sovereignty"}, {"question": "In what two rare cases were local governments able to mitigate the impact of of European colonization through treaties?", "answer": "Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China"}, {"question": "What did Ethiopians learn in order to use treaties to prevent a European power from overstepping their agreement?", "answer": "the intricacies of European diplomatic customs"}, {"question": "Both Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China learned the intricacies of European diplomatic customs to mitigate what through treaties?", "answer": "the impact of European colonization"}, {"question": "In addition to preventing a power from overstepping their agreement, how was Ethiopia able to mitigate the impact of European colonization?", "answer": "by playing different powers against each other"}, {"question": "Ethiopia and Qing Dynasty China were both able to prevent European powers from doing what to their agreements?", "answer": "overstepping"}, {"question": "What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?", "answer": "autonomy"}, {"question": "What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?", "answer": "M\u0101ori"}, {"question": "What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?", "answer": "terra nullius"}, {"question": "The concept of native title was established by what court case?", "answer": "Mabo v Queensland"}, {"question": "Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?", "answer": "colonizers"}, {"question": "What legislative act provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as an independent nation with whom the United States may contract by treaty?", "answer": "Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871"}, {"question": "By what did the US federal government provide contractual relations with Indian tribes following the Indian Appropriations Act of March 3, 1871?", "answer": "agreements, statutes, and executive orders"}, {"question": "Prior to what year did the United States regularly enter into treaties with Native Americans?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that no Indian nation shall be acknowledged as what?", "answer": "an independent nation, tribe, or power"}, {"question": "A rider to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 provided that the US government could not do what with an Indian nation?", "answer": "contract by treaty"}, {"question": "In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?", "answer": "the Partisans,"}, {"question": "For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?", "answer": "Yugoslavia"}, {"question": "In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?", "answer": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"}, {"question": "In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?", "answer": "Sukarno"}, {"question": "What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?", "answer": "General Secretary"}, {"question": "What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "How many foreign decorations did he receive?", "answer": "98"}, {"question": "What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?", "answer": "Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath"}, {"question": "During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?", "answer": "1941\u201345"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was Tito's mother?", "answer": "Slovene"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was Tito's father?", "answer": "Croat"}, {"question": "Who captured him during World War I?", "answer": "the Imperial Russians"}, {"question": "Tito joined which unit in Omsk?", "answer": "Red Guard"}, {"question": "What party in Yugoslavia did he join?", "answer": "Communist Party"}, {"question": "When did the second Yugoslavia start?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What group did Tito found?", "answer": "Cominform"}, {"question": "When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "When did Yugoslavia disintegrate?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Where was Josip Broz born?", "answer": "Kumrovec"}, {"question": "In what year was Broz born?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was Broz's father?", "answer": "Croat"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was Broz's mother?", "answer": "Slovene"}, {"question": "What grade did he fail?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "When was he conscripted into the army?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "What position in the army did he become after office school?", "answer": "sergeant"}, {"question": "What competition did he win a silver medal in?", "answer": "fencing"}, {"question": "For what crime was he arrested?", "answer": "anti-war propaganda"}, {"question": "Where was Tito serioiusly wounded and captured by the Russians at?", "answer": "Bukovina"}, {"question": "How long was Broz in the hospital?", "answer": "13 months"}, {"question": "Where was Broz's work camp?", "answer": "Ural Mountains"}, {"question": "What position was he selected for at work camp?", "answer": "camp leader"}, {"question": "Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?", "answer": "Kirgiziya"}, {"question": "Where did Broz marry Belousova?", "answer": "Omsk"}, {"question": "How many seats did the Communists win in 1920 Yugoslavia?", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "Who was elected mayor of Zagreb after the Communists won 59 parliamentary seats?", "answer": "Svetozar Deli\u0107"}, {"question": "Where did Broz move in 1921?", "answer": "Veliko Trojstvo"}, {"question": "How long was he in prison at Lepoglava for?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "Who became his ideological mentor in prison?", "answer": "Mo\u0161a Pijade,"}, {"question": "When was Tito sent to Vienna?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Who did Stalin have murdered in 1937?", "answer": "Milan Gorki\u0107"}, {"question": "Where was the Secretary-General of the CPY murdered?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Who became Secretary-General of the CPY after the prior one was murdered?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who is known as \"Comrade Walter\"?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "When did German forces launch an invasion of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "6 April 1941"}, {"question": "Which king fled the country in 1941?", "answer": "King Peter II"}, {"question": "What did Tito use to get the people to unit in a battle against the occupation in 1941?", "answer": "pamphlet"}, {"question": "What position was Tito appointed to in 1941 by the Central Committee?", "answer": "Chief of all project national liberation military forces."}, {"question": "In 1941, where did representatives of the government and military meet with German officials?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "Who succeeded in liberating territory despite conflicts?", "answer": "Partisans"}, {"question": "Who did the Partisans have conflicts with?", "answer": "Chetnik movement"}, {"question": "Which Chetnik leader did Tito hold talks with?", "answer": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107"}, {"question": "Which group did Tito order his forces to assist?", "answer": "escaping Jews,"}, {"question": "2000 of what group fought directly for Tito?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "Where was the 67-member \"presidency\" located?", "answer": "Jajce"}, {"question": "How many members were in the \"presidency\" in Jajce?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?", "answer": "Axis"}, {"question": "Who was the opponent of the Allies?", "answer": "Axis"}, {"question": "Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?", "answer": "Drvar"}, {"question": "What type of assault was there in Bosnia?", "answer": "airborne"}, {"question": "Who was attacking the Partisans in 1943?", "answer": "Axis"}, {"question": "From whom did Allied leaders switch their support from to Tito?", "answer": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107"}, {"question": "Who was the Soviet Premier who recognized Tito?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "At what event was Tito recognized by Stalin?", "answer": "Tehran Conference"}, {"question": "When was the Balkan air force formed?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "Who was Tito considered loyal to?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Who was Tito considered second to in the Eastern bloc?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "With whom did Tito have an uneasy alliance form the start?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Who considered Tito too independent?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Who was considered loyal to Moscow?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In 1944 who called on all Yuboslavs to come together under Tito's leadership?", "answer": "King Peter II"}, {"question": "With whom did Tito sign an agreement on September 28 1944?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who were allowed \"temporary entry\" into Yugoslav territory?", "answer": "Soviet troops"}, {"question": "Who assisted in operations in ortheastern areas of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Red Army"}, {"question": "Who executed a massive offensive and succeeded in breaking through German lines?", "answer": "the Partisans"}, {"question": "Who offered amnesty to the retreatig column? ", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who dispatched a telegram to the supreme headquarters prohibiting the execution of prisoners of war?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In the final days of WWII in Yugoslavia, who were responsible for atrocities?", "answer": "Partisans"}, {"question": "What did Tito offer to the retreating column?", "answer": "amnesty"}, {"question": "Where were possible suspects transferred to?", "answer": "military court."}, {"question": "Where was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "When was the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia assembled?", "answer": "7 March 1945"}, {"question": "Who Where assembled the provisional government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who was seen as the liberator of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who was formally deposed by the Yugoslav Constitutent Assembly on November 29, 1945?", "answer": "King Peter II"}, {"question": "What was formed as the new secret police?", "answer": "The State Security Administration"}, {"question": "Who was charged with brining to trial large numbers of Nazi collaborators?", "answer": "Yugoslav intelligence"}, {"question": "Who were controversial among those brought to trial for Nazi collaboration?", "answer": "Catholic clergymen"}, {"question": "Who was found guilty of collaboration, high treason?", "answer": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107"}, {"question": "How was Draza executed?", "answer": "firing squad"}, {"question": "Who was the president of the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Aloysius Stepinac"}, {"question": "How long after his release from imprisonment did TIto attend the Bishops' Conference of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "two days"}, {"question": "What topic was a sticking point at the Bishops' Conference?", "answer": "Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Under whose leadership did the bishops' conference release a letter condemning alleged Partisan war crimes?", "answer": "Stepinac"}, {"question": "What was Stepinac's sentence shortened to?", "answer": "house-arrest"}, {"question": "Who had a leading role in liberating Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who was Tito formally an ally of after WWII?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Who set up a spy ring in the Yugoslav party?", "answer": "Soviets"}, {"question": "As early as what year was a spy ring set up in the Yugoslav party?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "From what domination did Yugoslavia liberate itself?", "answer": "Axis"}, {"question": "What Italian territory did Yugoslavia acquire after the war?", "answer": "Istria"}, {"question": "What territory did Yugoslavia leadership want to incorporate?", "answer": "Trieste"}, {"question": "At least how many American aircraft were shot down between 1945 and 1948?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who openly supported the Communist side in the Greek Civil War?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito model his economic development plan independently from Moscow?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Tito did not attend the second meeting of this.", "answer": "Cominform"}, {"question": "In what year did the crisis nearly escalate into armed conflict?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What was the name of those purged in other socialist states in Eastern Europe?", "answer": "Titoists"}, {"question": "Who made several assasination attempts on Tito?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Whose methods did Tito use to fight Yugoslav Stalinists?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Who used inhumane methods against oponents through the UBDA?", "answer": "Rankovi\u0107"}, {"question": "Until what year did the repression of the UBDA last?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "The work of the UBDA was due to tension between Yugoslavia and what country?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What is another name for the UBDA?", "answer": "State Security Service"}, {"question": "Which country gave Yugoslavia aid when Tito became estranged from the USSR?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "What agency distributed aid to Yugoslavia?", "answer": "ECA"}, {"question": "What plan was also administered by the ECA?", "answer": "Marshall Plan"}, {"question": "Which leader feared that accepting American aid meant aligning with the West?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did Stalin die?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?", "answer": "Informbiro"}, {"question": "What was Tito's form of communism called?", "answer": "Titoism"}, {"question": "Who encouraged purges against Titoites?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?", "answer": "Eastern bloc"}, {"question": "Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did the National Assembly support a crucial bill about \"self Management\"?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Who wrote the bill with Tito about \"self management\"?", "answer": "Milovan \u0110ilas"}, {"question": "Tito succeeded who as the President of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Ribar"}, {"question": "Whose invitation did Tito reject after Stalin's death?", "answer": "USSR"}, {"question": "When did Tito visit the USSR to signal that his country's animosity was decreasing?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?", "answer": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "Who espoused the \"national path to socialism\"?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Nasser led which country in 1961?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?", "answer": "Nehru"}, {"question": "Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "When did Tito first visit Emperor Haile Selassie?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "When did Tito last visit Emperor Selassie?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What country does Emperor Selassie rule?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "In what country does Tito have a street named in his honor?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "Who is the Emperor of Ethiopia in 1954?", "answer": "Selassie"}, {"question": "During what period did Tito pursue a policy of neutrality?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "With whom did Tito's belief in self-determination cause a rift?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "What type of countries did Tito develop relations with?", "answer": "developing"}, {"question": "Who had a strong belief in self-determination and was opposed to Stalin because of this?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Tito had cordial relations with the United States and what other Western area?", "answer": "Western European nations"}, {"question": "Nasser was a leader of what country?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Nehru was a leader of what country?", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "Gandhi was a leader of what country?", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "Eisenhower was a president of what country?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "Nixon was a president of what country?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "When did Tito first visit India?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "When did Tito leave India?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "After his return from where did Tito remove many restrictions on churches in Yugoslavia?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Where did Tito visit from 1954 to 1955?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "After returning from India, Tito removed restrictions on what type of institutions?", "answer": "spiritual"}, {"question": "What country did U Nu lead?", "answer": "Burma"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Burma in 1955?", "answer": "U Nu"}, {"question": "Who succeeded U Nu in Burma?", "answer": "Ne Win"}, {"question": "Ne Win led what country?", "answer": "Burma"}, {"question": "Who led Burma in 1959?", "answer": "Ne Win"}, {"question": "What was the only Communist country allowed to have an embassy in Stroessner's Paraguay?", "answer": "Yugoslavia"}, {"question": "Yugoslavia was the only communist country to have an embassy where?", "answer": "Alfredo Stroessner's Paraguay"}, {"question": "Pinochet ruled what country?", "answer": "Chile"}, {"question": "Who did Pinochet overthrow?", "answer": "Allende"}, {"question": "What country did Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia lead?", "answer": "Guatemala"}, {"question": "When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "7 April 1963"}, {"question": "Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?", "answer": "Americas"}, {"question": "Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960?", "answer": "United Nations General Assembly meeting."}, {"question": "Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean \"not taking sides\"?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N.?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What anti-communist archbisoph died in 1960?", "answer": "Stepinac"}, {"question": "Stepinac's death gave new freedom to what branch of the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "Yugoslav"}, {"question": "What agency had its staff reduced to 5000 after Lenninist orthodoxy was abandoned?", "answer": "UDBA"}, {"question": "What acronym describes the State Security Administration?", "answer": "UDBA"}, {"question": "What ideology did Tito abandon as part of his new socialism?", "answer": "Leninist"}, {"question": "Who was the first communist country to open its borders to all foreign visitors?", "answer": "Yugoslavia"}, {"question": "In what year did the first communist country open its borders to all foreign visitors?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "When did Tito start promoting a peaceful resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "Whose plan called for Arabs to recognize the state of Israel in exchange for territories Israel gained?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito start working in Arab Israeli peace processes?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What country did Dubcek lead?", "answer": "Czechoslovak"}, {"question": "How much time did Tito give Dubcek to fly to Prague?", "answer": "three hours"}, {"question": "Where did Tito send Dubcek in 1968?", "answer": "Prague"}, {"question": "Who removed generals Gosnjak and Hamovic?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "What army was unprepared for the invasion of Czechoslovakia?", "answer": "Yugoslavia"}, {"question": "In what year was Tito reelected president of Yugoslavia for the sixth time?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who elected Tito president in 1971?", "answer": "Federal Assembly"}, {"question": "How many sweeping constitutional amendments did Tito introduce in 1971?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who was chosen as a premier in 1971 in Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Bijedi\u0107"}, {"question": "What branch of the Yugoslav government would retain control over foreign affairs, defense and internal security?", "answer": "federal"}, {"question": "What person's calls for unity is credited by western communists of holding together Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "What was referred to as the \"Mass Movement\"?", "answer": "the Croatian Spring"}, {"question": "When was the new Yugoslavian constitution passed?", "answer": "16 May 1974"}, {"question": "Who was named President for Life of Yugoslavia in 1974?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "How long did the person named \"president for life\" serve?", "answer": "five years."}, {"question": "What flag did protesters of Tito often burn?", "answer": "Yugoslav"}, {"question": "What did protesters scream during Tito's visit to the United Nations in the late 1970's?", "answer": "Tito murderer"}, {"question": "Which authorities fielded complaints from TIto about protesters?", "answer": "United States authorities."}, {"question": "What American state did Tito visit when he saw the U.N.?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Security for Tito's visit was unusually high to keep Tito away from what individuals?", "answer": "protesters"}, {"question": "Where did Tito travel in 1977 to reconcile with Chinese leadership?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito travel to China to reconcile with Chinese leadership?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What Chinese leader traveled to Yugoslavia in 1979?", "answer": "Chairman Hua Guofeng"}, {"question": "After the constitutional changes made in what year did Tito reduce his role in the day-to-day running of the state.", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito travel to the U.S. to visit Washington D.C., amist protest by anti-communist Croat, Serb and Albanian groups?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "During what year did Tito become increasingly ill?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was built near Morovic for Tito to use in the event of his recovery?", "answer": "Vila Srna"}, {"question": "Where was Tito admitted on 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 with circulatory problems?", "answer": "the Medical Centre in Ljubljana"}, {"question": "When did Tito die?", "answer": "4 May 1980"}, {"question": "Tito's cause of death was what?", "answer": "gangrene"}, {"question": "In what city was Tito interred?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "What museum was formerly called \"Museum 25 May\"?", "answer": "Museum of Yugoslav History"}, {"question": "What name was given to Tito's mausoleum?", "answer": "House of Flowers"}, {"question": "Who made the original print of Los Caprichos?", "answer": "Francisco Goya"}, {"question": "After whose death did speculation begin concerning whether his successors could continue to hold Yugoslavia together?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "What name was changed to Titograd?", "answer": "Podgorica"}, {"question": "When did Uziece revert to its original name?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "Where is the birthplace of Antun Augustincic?", "answer": "Kumrovec"}, {"question": "What country is Stejpan Mesic president of?", "answer": "Croatian"}, {"question": "Where is the largest Tito monument located?", "answer": "Slovenia"}, {"question": "Where does the annual \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race end?", "answer": "\"House of Flowers\""}, {"question": "Where is the final resting place of Tito?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "Where is Tito's birthplace in Croatia?", "answer": "Kumrovec"}, {"question": "How often is the \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race done?", "answer": "Every year"}, {"question": "On what day in May does the \"Brotherhood and Unity\" relay race end?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "On what year did a Slovenian court find a 2009 naming of a street after Tito to be unconstitutional?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Where was the street named after Tito that was found unconstitutional located?", "answer": "Ljubljana"}, {"question": "Several public area of Slovenia bear which person's name.", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Under which ruler do historians argue human rights were suppressed in Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Tito Square is located in what Slovenian city?", "answer": "Velenje"}, {"question": "How tall is the statue in Tito Square?", "answer": "10-meter"}, {"question": "Where is a 10-meter statue of Tito located?", "answer": "Tito Square"}, {"question": "Where is Velenje located?", "answer": "Slovenia"}, {"question": "What is the ethnic origin of the Danube Swabian people?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Where is the location of the Danube Swabian population?", "answer": "Vojvodina"}, {"question": "There were mass executions of Danube Swabian populations in what city?", "answer": "Vojvodina"}, {"question": "Which group of people occupied Yugoslavia at the end of World War II?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "At the end of what World War did the Germans occupy Yugoslavia?", "answer": "World War II,"}, {"question": "Where in Russia was Tito brought as a prisoner of war in 1918?", "answer": "Omsk"}, {"question": "When was Tito brought to Russia as a prisoner of war?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "How old was Pelagija Belousava when Tito met her?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "How many children did Pelagija bore for Tito?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who was the only surviving child of Tito's?", "answer": "\u017darko Leon"}, {"question": "Where is the Hotel Lux located in Russia?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "When did Tito stay at the Hotel Lux?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Austrian comrade Tito met in Moscow in 1936?", "answer": "Lucia Bauer"}, {"question": "When did Tito marry Lucia Bauer?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Tito's marriage to what person was later erased in records?", "answer": "Lucia Bauer"}, {"question": "Who did Tito marry in 1940?", "answer": "Herta Haas"}, {"question": "When did Haas give birth to Tito's son?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "What was the name of Tito's son born to him and Haas?", "answer": "Aleksandar \"Mi\u0161o\" Broz"}, {"question": "With whom did Tito have a parallel life during his marriage to Haas?", "answer": "Davorjanka Paunovi\u0107"}, {"question": "When did Davorjanka die of Tuberculosis?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Who was Tito's best known wife?", "answer": "Jovanka Broz"}, {"question": "How old was Jovanka Broz when she married Tito?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "In what year did Tito and Jovanka marry?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Who was the best man at the wedding of Jovanka and Tito?", "answer": "Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107"}, {"question": "Who went down in history as Yugoslavia's first lady?", "answer": "Jovanka"}, {"question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a theatre director?", "answer": "Aleksandra Broz"}, {"question": "Which of Tito's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer?", "answer": "Svetlana Broz"}, {"question": "Where does Svetlana Broz live?", "answer": "Bosnia-Herzegovina"}, {"question": "Where does Leksandra Broz live?", "answer": "Croatia"}, {"question": "Where does Edvard Broz live?", "answer": "Bosnia-Herzegovina"}, {"question": "What is the name of the official residence in Belgrade?", "answer": "Beli dvor"}, {"question": "What islands were the site of the State Summer Residence from 1949 on?", "answer": "Brijuni"}, {"question": "Who designed the pavilion at the State Summer Residence?", "answer": "Jo\u017ee Ple\u010dnik"}, {"question": "In what city was the official residence for Tito?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "Film stars including Elizabeth Taylor visited what island residence of Tito?", "answer": "State Summer Residence"}, {"question": "The grounds at what location were the site of \"diplomatic hunts\"?", "answer": "Kara\u0111or\u0111evo"}, {"question": "What was the name of the yacht the Yugoslav president had at his disposal?", "answer": "Galeb"}, {"question": "What company bought the presidential Boeing 727 after Tito's death?", "answer": "Aviogenex"}, {"question": "Where was the Galeb docked after Tito's death?", "answer": "Montenegro"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Galeb?", "answer": "seagull"}, {"question": "With what accent did Tito speak German according to a biographer?", "answer": "Viennese"}, {"question": "How much English did Tito speak?", "answer": "some"}, {"question": "Other than Serbo-Croatian, German, Russian, Czech, Slovenian and English, French and Italian, what language does Tito speak?", "answer": "Kirghiz"}, {"question": "What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?", "answer": "atheist"}, {"question": "What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?", "answer": "slapped and shouted at"}, {"question": "After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?", "answer": "church"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest town or city renamed in Tito's name?", "answer": "Titograd"}, {"question": "What is Titograd now called?", "answer": "Podgorica"}, {"question": "What is Podgorica the capital city of?", "answer": "Montenegro"}, {"question": "Whose name was added to the name for every town or city with historical signiciance from the World War II period?", "answer": "Tito's"}, {"question": "What was the name of Tito's personal doctor?", "answer": "Aleksandar Matunovi\u0107"}, {"question": "Who wrote a book about Tito questioning his true origin?", "answer": "Aleksandar Matunovi\u0107"}, {"question": "What Serbian journalist includes several alternate identities of Tito?", "answer": "Vladan Dini\u0107"}, {"question": "In what year waas Vladan Dinic born?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Dinic gives several alternate identities of what person?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "In what year did the study in Cryptologic Spectrum come out?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What organization created the Cryptologic Spectrum?", "answer": "NSA"}, {"question": "What other Slavic languages did the Cryptologic Spectrum conclude Tito spoke?", "answer": "Russian and Polish"}, {"question": "The Cryptologic Spectrum also notes whose impressions of Tito's Russian origins?", "answer": "Dra\u017ea Mihailovi\u0107's"}, {"question": "Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?", "answer": "Croatian"}, {"question": "What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?", "answer": "Zagorje"}, {"question": "Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito's ethnic origins?", "answer": "NSA"}, {"question": "Tito's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects?", "answer": "Croatian"}, {"question": "Starting in what year was the Communist Party outlawed in Yugoslavia?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "What party was outlawed in Yugoslavia in 1920?", "answer": "Communist"}, {"question": "\"Rudi\", \"Walter\" and \"Tito\" are names that what person assumed?", "answer": "Josip Broz"}, {"question": "On what date in 1920 was the Communist party outlawed in Yugoslavia?", "answer": "30 December"}, {"question": "What was Tito's former name?", "answer": "Josip Broz"}, {"question": "How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?", "answer": "119"}, {"question": "Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Which government awards the Order of the Bath?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "In what year did the Tito-Stalin split occur?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "In what year was Tito inaugurated as president?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "In what year was Tito's funeral?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Who was inauguarated as President of Yugoslavia in 1953?", "answer": "Tito"}, {"question": "Tito was awarded the Star of what country?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "Tito was awarded the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of what country?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "Tito was awarded the Queen of where?", "answer": "Sheba"}, {"question": "Tito was awarded with the Order of the White Rose of what country?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "Tito was awarded with the Royal Order of what country?", "answer": "Cambodia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Marshall Islands in its native language?", "answer": "Aolep\u0101n Aor\u014dkin M\u0327aje\u013c"}, {"question": "Near what major line of latitutde are the Marshall Islands located?", "answer": "the equator"}, {"question": "As of 2011, how many people live in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "53,158"}, {"question": "What country borders the Marshall Islands on the western side?", "answer": "the Federated States of Micronesia"}, {"question": "Which island is home to the capital of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Majuro"}, {"question": "What is the official name of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Republic of the Marshall Islands"}, {"question": "In what ocean are the Marshall Islands located?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 2011?", "answer": "53,158"}, {"question": "How many coral atolls comprise the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "On what island is the capital of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Majuro"}, {"question": "Who were the original settlers of the area that became the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Micronesian colonists"}, {"question": "How were original settlers of the area able to move between islands?", "answer": "traditional stick charts"}, {"question": "In what year did a European explorer first see the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1526"}, {"question": "Which explorer first saw the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Alonso de Salazar"}, {"question": "For whom are the Marshall Islands named?", "answer": "John Marshall"}, {"question": "During what span were the Marshall Islands first settled?", "answer": "2nd millennium BC"}, {"question": "In what decade did Europeans first visit the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1520s"}, {"question": "In what month and year did a European first arrive at the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "August 1526"}, {"question": "After whom are the Marshall Islands named?", "answer": "John Marshall"}, {"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands gain official recognition by the major European nations?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "In 1884, which country purchased the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the German Empire"}, {"question": "What group was the Marshall Islands a part of following World War I?", "answer": "the South Pacific Mandate"}, {"question": "Who took over the Marshall Islands in the second world war?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands achieve total sovereignty?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What European nation owned the Marshall Islands in 1874?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Who bought the Marshall Islands from the Spanish in 1884?", "answer": "the German Empire"}, {"question": "Who occupied the Marshall Islands during the First World War?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "In what year was the South Pacific Mandate created?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands become a sovereign nation?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "presidential republic"}, {"question": "With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?", "answer": "service"}, {"question": "What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?", "answer": "aid"}, {"question": "What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the United States dollar"}, {"question": "Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the FCC"}, {"question": "What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?", "answer": "service"}, {"question": "What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "United States dollar"}, {"question": "What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "presidential republic"}, {"question": "Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Marshallese"}, {"question": "What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?", "answer": "Malayo-Polynesian"}, {"question": "What does UCCCMI stand for?", "answer": "United Church of Christ \u2013 Congregational in the Marshall Islands"}, {"question": "Aside from UCCCMI, what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the Assemblies of God"}, {"question": "From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens?", "answer": "Marshallese"}, {"question": "Along with Marshallese, what is the official language of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Of what language group is the Marshallese language?", "answer": "Malayo-Polynesian"}, {"question": "What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious?", "answer": "three-quarters"}, {"question": "Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI, what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the Assemblies of God"}, {"question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?", "answer": "Micronesians"}, {"question": "What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "historical or oral records"}, {"question": "What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel?", "answer": "canoe"}, {"question": "What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "traditional stick charts"}, {"question": "Who first settled the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Micronesians"}, {"question": "When were the Marshal Islands first settled?", "answer": "2nd millennium BC"}, {"question": "In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water?", "answer": "canoe"}, {"question": "What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use?", "answer": "stick charts"}, {"question": "Which European first saw the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Alonso de Salazar"}, {"question": "What was Alonso de Salazar's nationality?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1526"}, {"question": "What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?", "answer": "Santa Maria de la Victoria"}, {"question": "What did Alonso de Salazar call the island that he saw?", "answer": "San Bartolome"}, {"question": "Who was the first person from Europe to observe the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Alonso de Salazar"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of the first European to observe the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "In what year did the first European view the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1526"}, {"question": "What was the name of Alonso de Salazar's ship?", "answer": "Santa Maria de la Victoria"}, {"question": "Which of the Marshall Islands did Salazar most likely see?", "answer": "Taongi"}, {"question": "Whose ship was named Florida?", "answer": "\u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n"}, {"question": "From where did Cer\u00f3n attempt to cross the Pacific Ocean?", "answer": "the Maluku Islands"}, {"question": "What did Cer\u00f3n name the islands from which people threw rocks at his vessel?", "answer": "Los Pintados"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the islands reached by Cer\u00f3n in October of 1529?", "answer": "Los Jardines"}, {"question": "What are two possible modern names for the islands called Los Jardines by Cer\u00f3n?", "answer": "Enewetak or Bikini Atoll"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the ship named Florida?", "answer": "\u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Where did Cer\u00f3n's expedition begin?", "answer": "the Maluku Islands"}, {"question": "What name did Cer\u00f3n give to the island that might have been Ujelang?", "answer": "Los Pintados"}, {"question": "What group of islands might have been Bikini Atoll or Enewetak?", "answer": "Los Jardines"}, {"question": "How long did Cer\u00f3n spend on Los Jardines?", "answer": "eight days"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the island reached by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi on January 9th of 1530?", "answer": "Los Barbudos"}, {"question": "What is thought to be the modern name of the island Legazpi called Los Barbudos?", "answer": "Mejit"}, {"question": "On what date did Legazpi's expedition see the island it named Placeres?", "answer": "January 10"}, {"question": "What name did the expedition give to the island it saw on January 12th?", "answer": "Corrales"}, {"question": "What was the location of Corrales?", "answer": "10\u00b0N"}, {"question": "Who led the expedition involving the ship San Pedro?", "answer": "Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi"}, {"question": "What did Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi call the island discovered on January 9, 1530?", "answer": "Los Barbudos"}, {"question": "What did the Spanish call the island that might have been Ailuk?", "answer": "Placeres"}, {"question": "On what day did the Spanish see the island they named Corrales?", "answer": "January 12"}, {"question": "What island may have been spotted by the Spanish on January 15?", "answer": "Ujelang"}, {"question": "Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in 1788?", "answer": "Captain John Charles Marshall and Thomas Gilbert"}, {"question": "What do natives of the Marshall Islands call their country?", "answer": "jolet jen Anij"}, {"question": "Which Russian was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Adam Johann von Krusenstern"}, {"question": "Which French citizen was involved in naming the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Louis Isidore Duperrey"}, {"question": "At what island did the Globe arrive in 1824?", "answer": "Mulgrave"}, {"question": "Who notably accompanied John Charles Marshall to the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Thomas Gilbert"}, {"question": "In what year did Marshall and Gilbert go to the islands?", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "What is the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "jolet jen Anij"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of the traditional name of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Gifts from God"}, {"question": "On what island did mutinous American whalers land in 1824?", "answer": "Mulgrave Island"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?", "answer": "Captain DonSette"}, {"question": "What vessel was attacked in 1845?", "answer": "Naiad"}, {"question": "What ships were attacked in 1852?", "answer": "Glencoe and Sea Nymph"}, {"question": "In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Ebon"}, {"question": "Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?", "answer": "Captain DonSette"}, {"question": "In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "What type of ship was the Naiad?", "answer": "schooner"}, {"question": "Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "Where did missionaries live as of 1857?", "answer": "Ebon"}, {"question": "What nation had a claim on the Marshall Islands as of 1874?", "answer": "the Spanish Empire"}, {"question": "What nation formed a protectorate over the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the German Empire"}, {"question": "What nation asserted their rights over the Gilbert and Ellice islands?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "On what ship did German ambassadors arrive in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "SMS Nautilus"}, {"question": "What title did the Germans give to Kabua?", "answer": "King of the Ralik Islands"}, {"question": "On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?", "answer": "November 1"}, {"question": "What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?", "answer": "Imperial German Protectorate"}, {"question": "What nation had control of the Carolines?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "copra"}, {"question": "In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "What company ran the Marshall Islands in the late 19th century?", "answer": "the Jaluit Gesellschaft"}, {"question": "When did the Jaluit Gesellschaft's administration of the islands end?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "What document was signed in 1899?", "answer": "the German\u2013Spanish Treaty of 1899"}, {"question": "Along with the Marianas and Palau, what islands were acquired from Spain in 1899?", "answer": "the Carolines"}, {"question": "What official administered Germany's Micronesian possessions?", "answer": "the governor of German New Guinea"}, {"question": "What Catholic group was Father Erdland a part of?", "answer": "the Sacred Heart Jesu Society"}, {"question": "In what year did Father Erdland leave the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "In what year was Father Linckens' last visit to the Marshalls?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "When was Father Linckens' book published?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "In what year did Father Linckens first travel to the Marshalls?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "What notable historical event occurred in Japan in 1868?", "answer": "the Meiji Restoration"}, {"question": "In what region did the Japanese attempt to build up their power after 1868?", "answer": "East Asia"}, {"question": "Along with fishermen, what sort of Japanese people visited the Marshalls?", "answer": "traders"}, {"question": "On what date did the Japanese land on Enewetak?", "answer": "September 29, 1914"}, {"question": "What military alliance did the Japanese join in the First World War?", "answer": "the Entente"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese occupy on September 30, 1914?", "answer": "the Jaluit Atoll"}, {"question": "On what date was the Treaty of Versailles signed?", "answer": "June 28, 1919"}, {"question": "When was the South Pacific Mandate for Japan approved?", "answer": "December 17, 1920"}, {"question": "About how many Japanese emigrated to the Marshalls when it was a Japanese colony?", "answer": "1,000"}, {"question": "What was the primary nature of Germany's interest in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "economic"}, {"question": "What was the primary nature of Japan's interest in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "land"}, {"question": "Along with the Mariana Islands, on what island were there more Japanese settlers than indigenous inhabitants?", "answer": "Palau"}, {"question": "What was the traditional social organization of the Marshall Islanders?", "answer": "Matrilineality"}, {"question": "What system of social organization was used in Japan?", "answer": "the Japanese Patriarchal system"}, {"question": "On what date did the Japanese leave the League of Nations?", "answer": "March 27, 1933"}, {"question": "What language were Marshall Islanders taught in schools while under Japanese colonial administration?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "Along with Protestants, missionaries from what denomination were allowed to operate in the Marshalls?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What Japanese fleet was based in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "6th Fleet"}, {"question": "On what atoll was the 6th Fleet Forces Service based?", "answer": "Kwajalein"}, {"question": "What was the mission of the 6th Fleet Forces Service?", "answer": "defense of the Marshall Islands"}, {"question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What was the name of the campaign in which the US occupied the Marshalls?", "answer": "the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign"}, {"question": "In what year did the United States occupy the Marshalls?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How many months did it take for the US to occupy Kwajalein Atoll, Majuro and Enewetak?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Along with Mili, Maloelap and Jaluit, what parts of the Marshall Islands were not occupied in the first three months of the American campaign?", "answer": "Wotje"}, {"question": "In what year did American air attacks on the Marshalls begin?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "How large was the Japanese garrison on Mili?", "answer": "5,100"}, {"question": "What fraction of the Japanese garrison on Mili died due to hunger?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Along with injuries, what suffering did the American bombing cause to the Marshall Islanders?", "answer": "lack of food"}, {"question": "During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?", "answer": "Security Council Resolution 21"}, {"question": "In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?", "answer": "Micronesia"}, {"question": "In what year did the Cold War begin?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "How many nuclear weapons were tested in the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1958?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "What was the name of the United States' largest atmospheric nuclear test?", "answer": "Castle Bravo"}, {"question": "What was the yield of the Castle Bravo bombs in kilotons?", "answer": "108,496"}, {"question": "Which of the Marshall Islands was destroyed in a United States hydrogen bomb test?", "answer": "Elugelab"}, {"question": "What was the name of the US study of nuclear fallout on Bikini Atoll?", "answer": "Project 4.1"}, {"question": "When did the United States begin to pay compensation to Marshall Islanders for nuclear weapon exposure?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "In millions of dollars, how much money did the United States pay out in nuclear testing compensation to Marshall Island residents between 1956 and 1998?", "answer": "759"}, {"question": "What document granted sovereignty to the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the Compact of Free Association"}, {"question": "In what year did the Marshall Islands receive sovereignty?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Where in the Marshall Islands does the United States have a missile testing range?", "answer": "Kwajalein Atoll"}, {"question": "When did UN Trusteeship over the Marshall Islands end?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What Security Council Resolution ended UN Trusteeship over the Marshalls?", "answer": "Security Council Resolution 683"}, {"question": "What is the capital of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Majuro"}, {"question": "On what day in 2008 did the Marshall Island government declare a state of emergency?", "answer": "Christmas"}, {"question": "In meters, how high were the 2008 floods?", "answer": "0.91"}, {"question": "What caused the 2008 floods?", "answer": "extreme waves and high tides"}, {"question": "In what year did waves overcome the walls of the capital city?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What part of the Marshall Islands experienced drought in 2013?", "answer": "the northern atolls"}, {"question": "How many people were stricken by drought in 2013?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "In the drought stricken areas, how many litres of water did residents consume each day?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "Along with pink eye and influenza, what other health issue was caused by the drought?", "answer": "diarrhea"}, {"question": "What official declared a state of emergency in the Marshall Islands in response to the drought?", "answer": "the United States President"}, {"question": "As of 2013, who was the Marshall Islands Minister of Foreign Affairs?", "answer": "Tony de Brum"}, {"question": "In what month and year did the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit take place?", "answer": "September 2013"}, {"question": "What document did Foreign Minister de Brum present at the 44th Pacific Islands Forum summit?", "answer": "Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership"}, {"question": "What environmental issue did the Majuro Declaration for Climate Leadership address?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "Who encouraged de Brum to address climate issues?", "answer": "the Obama administration"}, {"question": "What is the governing system of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "parliamentary-presidential system"}, {"question": "How old must a citizen of the Marshall Islands be to vote?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How often are elections held in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "every four years"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Marshall Islands legislature?", "answer": "Nitijela"}, {"question": "When was the most recent constitution of the Marshall Islands adopted?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What is the name of the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?", "answer": "the Council of Iroij"}, {"question": "Who comprises the upper house of the Marshall Islands Parliament?", "answer": "twelve tribal chiefs"}, {"question": "How many ministers are in the Presidential Cabinet?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Along with the United Democratic Party, what party currently rules the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the AKA"}, {"question": "How many electoral districts exist in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "twenty-four"}, {"question": "What document governs the defense of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Compact of Free Association"}, {"question": "What nation is responsible for the defense of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the U.S."}, {"question": "Along with economic aid, what assistance does the Compact of Free Association provide?", "answer": "technical aid"}, {"question": "When did the UN Security Council recommend that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?", "answer": "August 9, 1991"}, {"question": "When did the UN General Assembly approve the Marshall Islands joining the UN?", "answer": "September 17, 1991"}, {"question": "What nation does the Marshall Islands vote similarly to in the General Assembly?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What Security Council Resolution recommended that the Marshall Islands be allowed to join the UN?", "answer": "Resolution 704"}, {"question": "On what date did the Iranian Navy capture a Marshall Islands ship?", "answer": "28 April 2015"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran?", "answer": "MV Maersk Tigris"}, {"question": "Who chartered the captured Marshall Islands ship?", "answer": "Rickmers Ship Management"}, {"question": "How many crew members were on the MV Maersk Tigris?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "Near what body of water was the Maersk Tigris seized?", "answer": "the Strait of Hormuz"}, {"question": "What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the Federated States of Micronesia"}, {"question": "What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?", "answer": "Wake Island"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?", "answer": "1,900,000"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "How large is the Marshall Islands shark sanctuary in square miles?", "answer": "772,000"}, {"question": "In what month and year did the Marshall Islands declare the largest shark sanctuary in the world?", "answer": "October 2011"}, {"question": "In how many square miles of ocean around the world are sharks protected?", "answer": "1,776,000"}, {"question": "What is forbidden in shark sanctuaries?", "answer": "shark fishing"}, {"question": "What island do the Marshall Islands claim?", "answer": "Wake Island"}, {"question": "Who controls Wake Island?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?", "answer": "Enen-kio"}, {"question": "When does the wet season in the Marshalls begin?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "In what month does the Marshall Islands wet season end?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "Typhoons sometimes begin as what whether event in the Marshalls?", "answer": "tropical storms"}, {"question": "Along with the Marianas, where do typhoons that begin in the Marshalls sometimes terminate?", "answer": "the Philippines"}, {"question": "What feature makes the Marshalls susceptible to harm due to rising sea levels?", "answer": "its very low elevation"}, {"question": "Who said that the Marshalls are the most endangered nation in the world?", "answer": "the president of Nauru"}, {"question": "Why are the Marshall Islands the most endangered nation on Earth?", "answer": "flooding from climate change"}, {"question": "How many millimeters of rain do the northern atolls of the Marshall Islands receive?", "answer": "1,300"}, {"question": "What is the main source of fresh water for the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "rainfall"}, {"question": "What is the Marshall Islands often threatened with?", "answer": "drought"}, {"question": "How much more rain do the southern atolls get compared to the northern?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?", "answer": "the International Labour Organization"}, {"question": "What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?", "answer": "its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks"}, {"question": "What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?", "answer": "business conditions"}, {"question": "How much money did the Marshall Islands receive yearly from the United States until 2013?", "answer": "US$57.7 million"}, {"question": "How much money will the United States give the Marshal Islands every year until 2023?", "answer": "US$62.7 million"}, {"question": "What document defines how much money is transferred from the United States to the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "the Amended Compact of Free Association"}, {"question": "What will be established in 2023?", "answer": "a trust fund"}, {"question": "On what atoll is a missile test facility based?", "answer": "Kwajalein Atoll"}, {"question": "Who is the missile test facility named after?", "answer": "Ronald Reagan"}, {"question": "What is the official name of the missile test facility?", "answer": "Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site"}, {"question": "What organization operates the missile test site?", "answer": "United States Army"}, {"question": "Along with coconuts, tomatoes and melons, what crops are notably grown in the Marshalls?", "answer": "breadfruit"}, {"question": "Where does most agricultural production take place?", "answer": "small farms"}, {"question": "In what year was a tuna loining plant constructed?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "How many people worked at the tuna loining plant?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "In what year did the tuna loining plant shut down?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Before it shut down, what was the tuna loining plant attempting to produce?", "answer": "tuna steaks"}, {"question": "What was the amount of the loan to the tuna loining plant that the Marshall Islands government was responsible for?", "answer": "$2 million"}, {"question": "Who did Witon Barry work for?", "answer": "the Tobolar Copra processing plant"}, {"question": "Where was the Tobolar Copra plant located?", "answer": "Majuro"}, {"question": "What is copra?", "answer": "the meat of the coconut"}, {"question": "How many coconuts are required to produce 1 liter of coconut oil?", "answer": "6 to 10"}, {"question": "How many kilowatts of power are produced by the solar plant built in 2009?", "answer": "57"}, {"question": "About how many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1862?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the Marshall Islands in 1960?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "As of July 2011, how many people resided on the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "72,191"}, {"question": "On what atoll is Ebeye located?", "answer": "Kwajalein Atoll"}, {"question": "What town hosts the largest number of Marshall Islanders outside the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Springdale, Arkansas"}, {"question": "What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?", "answer": "Marshallese"}, {"question": "From what continent did the Marshallese originate?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?", "answer": "one-half"}, {"question": "What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?", "answer": "several thousand years ago"}, {"question": "What was the previous name of the United Church of Christ?", "answer": "Congregational"}, {"question": "What percentage of Marshall Islanders belong to the Assemblies of God?", "answer": "24.2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Marshall Islands residents are Mormons?", "answer": "8.3%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Marshall Islanders worship at the Assembly of God Part Two?", "answer": "2.2%"}, {"question": "When did the first mosque in Majuro open?", "answer": "September 2012"}, {"question": "What body operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)"}, {"question": "Along with the University of the South Pacific, what tertiary education institution exists in the Marshall Islands?", "answer": "College of the Marshall Islands"}, {"question": "Where is the Marshall Islands International Airport located?", "answer": "Majuro"}, {"question": "What airfield operates in Kwajalein?", "answer": "Bucholz Army Airfield"}, {"question": "What class was slackta in Poland?", "answer": "noble class"}, {"question": "Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?", "answer": "King Casimir III the Great"}, {"question": "WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?", "answer": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland"}, {"question": "When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?", "answer": "1569\u20131795"}, {"question": "What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. ", "answer": "Ducal Prussia"}, {"question": "What is another name for folwarks?", "answer": "manor farms"}, {"question": "Were the szlachta obscure and mysterious or obvious and proud.", "answer": "obscurity and mystery"}, {"question": "Around what time was the decline of the polish common wealth.", "answer": "late 18th century"}, {"question": "WHat did the commonwealth increase before it declined.", "answer": "political and legal privileges"}, {"question": "When, during the partitions of Poland, did the szlachta lose legal and social status. ", "answer": "1772 to 1795"}, {"question": "What was one name of a power that the szlachta was dependent on.", "answer": "Russian Empire"}, {"question": "When was the March constitution implemented.", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What did the Mach constitution do?", "answer": "legal privileges of the szlachta were legally abolished"}, {"question": "In what republic did the szlachta lose their legal privileges. ", "answer": "Second Polish Republic"}, {"question": "What was the notion for all polish nobles?", "answer": "social equals"}, {"question": "What ethnic saying is this traditional from?", "answer": "Polish saying"}, {"question": "Did it matter how much money a person had to polish nobles?", "answer": "regardless of their financial status"}, {"question": "What german word does the term szlachta come from?", "answer": "slahta"}, {"question": "What does slahta mean?", "answer": "\"(noble) family\""}, {"question": "What is the polish name for knight?", "answer": "rycerz"}, {"question": "German name for knight?", "answer": "Ritter"}, {"question": "Where does the word her derive from in german?", "answer": "Erbe"}, {"question": "What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?", "answer": "German \"schlachten\""}, {"question": "What does schlachtan mean in german?", "answer": "(\"to slaughter\" or \"to butcher\")"}, {"question": "What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?", "answer": "Schlacht"}, {"question": "What does schlacht mean?", "answer": "battle"}, {"question": "The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?", "answer": "legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech"}, {"question": "What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?", "answer": "magnates"}, {"question": "What is the singular version of magnates?", "answer": "magnat"}, {"question": "What is another name referring polish nobles?", "answer": "mo\u017cny"}, {"question": "What is the plural version of mozny?", "answer": "mo\u017cni"}, {"question": "What other country  besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?", "answer": "Lithuania"}, {"question": "What term designated the noble class of polish Lithuania common wealth?", "answer": "szlachta"}, {"question": "What are two adjectives that best describe the szlachta?", "answer": "formalized, hereditary"}, {"question": "Who is referred to as nobilitas?", "answer": "hereditary szlachta"}, {"question": "What is the legal status of nobilitas?", "answer": "equivalent in legal status of the English nobility"}, {"question": "What simple word does the term szlachta translate too?", "answer": "nobility"}, {"question": "What were the non noble land owners referred too as?", "answer": "szlachta"}, {"question": "Why were the non nobles and nobles referred as the same term?", "answer": "by courtesy or error"}, {"question": "What does szlachta mainly denote?", "answer": "old-Commonwealth nobility"}, {"question": "Why did the mistranslation of szlachta come about?", "answer": "included those almost rich and powerful enough to be magnates down to rascals"}, {"question": "Who was inferior of the other, European countries or szlachta?", "answer": "szlachta"}, {"question": "What ultimately determined nobility?", "answer": "hereditary juridical status"}, {"question": "What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?", "answer": "to become tenants of the wealthier gentry."}, {"question": "Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?", "answer": "retained all their constitutional prerogatives"}, {"question": "Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?", "answer": "obscure"}, {"question": "What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?", "answer": "odwieczna"}, {"question": "What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?", "answer": "descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians"}, {"question": "What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "What was important and unique about regional leaders?", "answer": "had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens"}, {"question": "WHat was the name of the distinct element from a nnon-Slavic warrior class?", "answer": "Lechici/Lekhi (Lechit\u00f3w):"}, {"question": "In this theory, what was the upper class?", "answer": "was of a different origin than the Slavonic peasants"}, {"question": "WHen did they find the polish kingdom?", "answer": "about the fifth century."}, {"question": "WHat caste system does the hindu society have?", "answer": "military caste"}, {"question": "Who shares the same caste system as Hindu?", "answer": "The szlachta"}, {"question": "WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?", "answer": "documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure"}, {"question": "WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?", "answer": "Middle Ages and in the early modern period"}, {"question": "The polish anem and cry ritualized what?", "answer": "the ius militare,"}, {"question": "In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?", "answer": "define knightly status"}, {"question": "Around what time were the knights and szlachta very similiar?", "answer": "Around the 14th century"}, {"question": "What was a personal obligation of the szlachtas?", "answer": "defend the country"}, {"question": "What contributed to the long standing traditions?", "answer": "geography"}, {"question": "What was governing the polish tribes?", "answer": "wiec"}, {"question": "What was the wiec?", "answer": "an assembly of free tribesmen"}, {"question": "When power needed to be consolidated what was chosen to govern?", "answer": "an elected prince"}, {"question": "What was the governing position limited to?", "answer": "elites"}, {"question": "What ruled over the tribes?", "answer": "clans (r\u00f3d)"}, {"question": "What did the clans people all have in common?", "answer": "theoretically descending from a common ancestor"}, {"question": "What gave them a sense of solidarity? ", "answer": "related by blood or marriage"}, {"question": "What were stronghold called?", "answer": "gr\u03ccd"}, {"question": "What was the territory occupied by a single tribe?", "answer": "opole"}, {"question": "WHo established an elite knightly retinue?", "answer": "Mieszko I of Poland"}, {"question": "How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?", "answer": "(c. 935 \u2013 25 May 992)"}, {"question": "Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?", "answer": "preserving the unity of his state"}, {"question": "Who also established this retinue as well?", "answer": "Mieszko I's successors"}, {"question": "WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?", "answer": "rycerz"}, {"question": "What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?", "answer": "knight"}, {"question": "What people did the rycerstwo class represent?", "answer": "wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes"}, {"question": "What positive did the szlachta class receive?", "answer": "gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues."}, {"question": "What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?", "answer": "could serve as officials in state administration."}, {"question": "WHen was the period of Division?", "answer": "A.D., 1138 \u2013 A.D., 1314"}, {"question": "What stemmed the period of division?", "answer": "Boles\u0142aw III's division of Poland among his sons"}, {"question": "What tribe was the prior social structure from?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "WHen did the Piast dynasty appear?", "answer": "850 A.D."}, {"question": "Polish nation ruled by what dynasty?", "answer": "Piast dynasty,"}, {"question": "What did some Mozni regard themselves with?", "answer": "co-proprietors of Piast realms"}, {"question": "What did the magnates do to the Piasts realms?", "answer": "attempted to deprive them of their independence"}, {"question": "Who constantly sought to undermine princely authority?", "answer": "mo\u017cni"}, {"question": "WHat were nobles named in german language?", "answer": "die beste leuten"}, {"question": "What were the nobles named in lithuanian?", "answer": "ponai"}, {"question": "What were the higher nobility named?", "answer": "kunigai' or 'kunigaik\u0161\u010diai'"}, {"question": "The kunigai were subordinate to who?", "answer": "King of Lithuania."}, {"question": "What word is used to denominate nobility?", "answer": "\u0431\u043e\u044f\u0440\u0435"}, {"question": "What other group had equal status with the lithuanian nobility?", "answer": "Polish szlachta"}, {"question": "What did the polish szlachta become more of?", "answer": "polonized"}, {"question": "What did some lithuanian nobility claim that caused a paradox?", "answer": "they were of Roman extraction"}, {"question": "What is the new term used for the lithuanian nobility?", "answer": "\u0161l\u0117kta"}, {"question": "Who forbid the use of the word slekta?", "answer": "Lithuanian linguists"}, {"question": "WHo was first invloved in the polonization?", "answer": "the highest members of the nobility"}, {"question": "Who imposed various sanction on the people?", "answer": "Russian Empire"}, {"question": "What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?", "answer": "removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas"}, {"question": "What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?", "answer": "\"Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism\""}, {"question": "What language was banned from printing on books?", "answer": "Lithuanian language."}, {"question": "What group did the Nobility of Ruthenia gravitate its loyalty towards?", "answer": "Grand Duchy of Lithuania"}, {"question": "What type of people were the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?", "answer": "multicultural and multilingual"}, {"question": "What eventually became a part of the grand duchy of lithuania?", "answer": "principalities of Halych and Volhynia"}, {"question": "What was common for families of ruthenian and lithuanian?", "answer": "intermarried"}, {"question": "What other rights were equal to orthodox nobles?", "answer": "Polish and Lithuanian nobility"}, {"question": "What social pressure was pressing down the people?", "answer": "convert to Catholicism"}, {"question": "What greatly eased the cultural pressure towards Catholicism. ", "answer": "Union of Brest"}, {"question": "What year was the union of brest", "answer": "1596"}, {"question": "Before 1641 the privileged ennoblement was granted by what?", "answer": "by monarch"}, {"question": "What right was reversed by sijm?", "answer": "ennoblement"}, {"question": "What would be given to the enobled one?", "answer": "undifferentiated coat of arms"}, {"question": "After 1641 who was given the privilege of ennoblement?", "answer": "sejm"}, {"question": "What clan was given the privileged of enoblement?", "answer": "szlachta clan"}, {"question": "Around what time was the total legal number of ennoblement at 800?", "answer": "between the 14th century and the mid-18th century,"}, {"question": "What is average for ennoblements between 14th and min 18th century.", "answer": "two ennoblements per year"}, {"question": "What type of sources give information regarding total number of enablements?", "answer": "heraldic sources"}, {"question": "What was the toalt number of legal ennoblements thoughout history of poland and polish commonwealth", "answer": "1,600"}, {"question": "When did theys tart recording the ennoblements?", "answer": "14th century onward"}, {"question": "When were most ennoblements implemented?", "answer": "final years of the late 18th century"}, {"question": "WHo reformed the grand duchy army?", "answer": "Vytautas the Great"}, {"question": "vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?", "answer": "bajorai"}, {"question": "What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?", "answer": "Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors"}, {"question": "What is an example of noble family name?", "answer": "Go\u0161tautai,"}, {"question": "Who gave the coat of arms to others?", "answer": "Union of Horodlo"}, {"question": "Who defined the significant legislative changes?", "answer": "Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries"}, {"question": "What is one exemption was part of the significant changes in legislation?", "answer": "1374 exemption from the land tax,"}, {"question": "What did the 1425 requirement entail? ", "answer": "requirement that military forces and new taxes be approved by provincial Sejms"}, {"question": "What were the statutes issued between 1496 and 1611 prescribed from?", "answer": "rights of commoners"}, {"question": "What was a rarest rare to become a noble?", "answer": "service to the state"}, {"question": "Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?", "answer": "really usurpers, being commoners,"}, {"question": "Who denounced many nobles?", "answer": "Hieronim Nekanda Trepka"}, {"question": "When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?", "answer": "first half of the 16th century"}, {"question": "What did the nobles lose by being denounced?", "answer": "owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer"}, {"question": "THe polish nobility had many positives compared to others including what?", "answer": "many rights"}, {"question": "What was the nobilities commonwealth?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "WHo elected the king?", "answer": "not of the king or the ruling dynasty"}, {"question": "WHy did the state affairs partly grow up on?", "answer": "the extinction of the male-line descendants of the old royal dynasty"}, {"question": "The selection of nobility oh the polish kingdom was selected my whom?", "answer": "dynasty's female-line descendants."}, {"question": "When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?", "answer": "at the time of their election to the throne"}, {"question": "What specified the kings privileges?", "answer": "king-elect's Pacta conventa"}, {"question": "What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?", "answer": "ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax"}, {"question": "What did nobles get in from the king during election?", "answer": "privileges"}, {"question": "When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?", "answer": "1355"}, {"question": "who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? ", "answer": "Buda King Casimir III the Great"}, {"question": "WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?", "answer": "Louis I of Hungary"}, {"question": "What was promised by Buda King Casimer?", "answer": "the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes"}, {"question": "WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?", "answer": "the king and the court"}, {"question": "When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?", "answer": "1374"}, {"question": "WHy did King louis approve the privilege?", "answer": "in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga"}, {"question": "What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?", "answer": "exempted the entire class from all but one tax"}, {"question": "WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?", "answer": "abolished"}, {"question": "What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?", "answer": "King to pay indemnities"}, {"question": "Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?", "answer": "King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o"}, {"question": "When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?", "answer": "1422"}, {"question": "What happened to the right to mint coinage?", "answer": "ceded"}, {"question": "Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?", "answer": "at Krak\u00f3w in 1433"}, {"question": "WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?", "answer": "Brze\u015b\u0107 Kujawski privilege"}, {"question": "What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?", "answer": "nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest"}, {"question": "What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? ", "answer": "warrant from a court of justice"}, {"question": "What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? ", "answer": "King W\u0142adys\u0142aw's quid pro quo for this boon"}, {"question": "When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?", "answer": "1454"}, {"question": "What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?", "answer": "the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks"}, {"question": "THe nobility was protected from what?", "answer": "judicial abuses"}, {"question": "Whos power was curbed?", "answer": "magnates"}, {"question": "Why did the szlachta demand privileges?", "answer": "their participation in the Thirteen Years' War."}, {"question": "When did the first free election take place?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "What was different about later elections then first free election?", "answer": "no restrictions on the choice of candidates."}, {"question": "Who only voted in the election of 1492?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "Who won the election of 1492?", "answer": "John I Albert"}, {"question": "What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?", "answer": "Jagiellonian Dynasty"}, {"question": "Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?", "answer": "King John I Albert"}, {"question": "Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?", "answer": "On April 26, 1496"}, {"question": "WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?", "answer": "increasing"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to leave the village?", "answer": "one son (not the eldest)"}, {"question": "What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?", "answer": "owning land"}, {"question": "When did the Mielnik Polish\u2013Lithuanian union reform?", "answer": "23 October 1501"}, {"question": "Where was the Mielnik Polish\u2013Lithuanian union refromed?", "answer": "Union of Mielnik"}, {"question": "Where was the  coronation Sejm founded?", "answer": "Union of Mielnik"}, {"question": "What did the actof of milno do?", "answer": "more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility"}, {"question": "What right was given to the nobles?", "answer": "disobey the King or his representatives"}, {"question": "When did the Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" happen?", "answer": "3 May 1505"}, {"question": "Who granted the act Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\"?", "answer": "King Alexander I Jagiellon"}, {"question": "What did The Act of \"Nihil novi nisi commune consensu\" Do", "answer": "forbade the king to pass any new law without the consent of the representatives of the nobility"}, {"question": "What happened to the notabilities political position?", "answer": "greatly strengthened"}, {"question": "What has happened to the legislative power?", "answer": "legislative power from the king to the Sejm."}, {"question": "What was the movement called also known as execution of laws?", "answer": "\"executionist movement"}, {"question": "What were the intentions of executionists movement?", "answer": "seek to curb the power of the magnates at the Sejm and to strengthen the power of king and country"}, {"question": "what did the Sejm in Piotrk\u00f3w forced the magnates to do?", "answer": "return many leased crown lands to the king,"}, {"question": "WHen did Jan Zamoyski. die?", "answer": "1605"}, {"question": "What happened when Jan Zamoyski died?", "answer": "movement lost its political force."}, {"question": "Who was the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty?", "answer": "Sigismund II Augustus"}, {"question": "What stopped after the death of Sigismund II Augustus?", "answer": "monarchs could be elected from within only the royal family"}, {"question": "After 1573 who could become a polish-lithuanian monarch?", "answer": "any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood"}, {"question": "How many documents should the new elected king sign?", "answer": "two documents"}, {"question": "What was contained in the Henrican articles and the Pacta conventa?", "answer": "basic laws of the Commonwealth"}, {"question": "The crown tribunal was created when?", "answer": "1578"}, {"question": "Who created the crown tribunal?", "answer": "king Stefan Batory"}, {"question": "What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?", "answer": "reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court"}, {"question": "Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?", "answer": "the nobility class"}, {"question": "WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?", "answer": "Lithuanian Tribunal"}, {"question": "What did powerful leaders of szlachta sought?", "answer": "gain legal privileges over their peers"}, {"question": "What were most szlachtas class?", "answer": "Few szlachta were wealthy enough to be known as magnates"}, {"question": "What is another name for magnates?", "answer": "Crimsons"}, {"question": "A proper magnates own what?", "answer": "own at least 20 villages or estates."}, {"question": "Who is properly in the major office in the commonwealth?", "answer": "magnates"}, {"question": "Historians estimate how much of magnates make up szlachta?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "Out of one million szlachtas how many were magnates? ", "answer": "200\u2013300"}, {"question": "Out of one million how many people could be viewed with significant impact politically?", "answer": "30\u201340"}, {"question": "Magnates recieved gifts often from who?", "answer": "monarchs"}, {"question": "What significantly increased the magnates wealth?", "answer": "Magnates"}, {"question": "What terms were these gifts given?", "answer": "temporary leases"}, {"question": "What did the magnates do eventually with the gifts?", "answer": "never returned"}, {"question": "The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?", "answer": "magnates"}, {"question": "When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?", "answer": "late 16th century"}, {"question": "What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?", "answer": "ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this"}, {"question": "What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?", "answer": "often rivalled"}, {"question": "What was an important power basis for the magnates?", "answer": "estates of the king"}, {"question": "When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?", "answer": "1795"}, {"question": "Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?", "answer": "Partitions of Poland"}, {"question": "UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?", "answer": "szlachta"}, {"question": "Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?", "answer": "Nicholas I"}, {"question": "IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?", "answer": "62.8%"}, {"question": "When and who abolished the serfdom?", "answer": "Russian Poland on February 19, 1864"}, {"question": "Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?", "answer": "only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta"}, {"question": "How much land was held by the peasants? ", "answer": "48.9%"}, {"question": "What was different between the polish nobility and others?", "answer": "European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy"}, {"question": "What happened to nobility at expense of the king?", "answer": "actually gained power"}, {"question": "What did the political system eventually evolve into?", "answer": "oligarchy"}, {"question": "What did the ruler strive for?", "answer": "absolute monarchy"}, {"question": "How much of the total population was polish common wealth?", "answer": "10\u201312%"}, {"question": "IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?", "answer": "most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland\u2013Lithuania"}, {"question": "How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?", "answer": "1\u20133%"}, {"question": "What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?", "answer": "March Constitution of Poland"}, {"question": "What class was polands nobility?", "answer": "closed class"}, {"question": "Who could rise into polish ennoblement?", "answer": "Many low-born individuals"}, {"question": "How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?", "answer": "enormous influence"}, {"question": "WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?", "answer": "any nobleman"}, {"question": "What is is called to nullify proceedings?", "answer": "liberum veto"}, {"question": "Children inherited polish nobility from whom?", "answer": "noble mother and father"}, {"question": "What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?", "answer": "special services to the state"}, {"question": "WHo could naturalize a polish noble?", "answer": "Polish king"}, {"question": "What is another name for ennoblement? ", "answer": "nobilitacja"}, {"question": "WHat is another name for polish noble?", "answer": "indygenat"}, {"question": "In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?", "answer": "equals"}, {"question": "Was was unique about the dignities?", "answer": "not hereditary"}, {"question": "If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "Nobles held land form whom?", "answer": "other lords were only peers \"de iure\""}, {"question": "Who could compose the polish landed gentry?", "answer": "any nobility that owned lands"}, {"question": "whats is another name for polish landed gentry?", "answer": "(ziemianie or ziemia\u0144stwo"}, {"question": "Did all hold title of nobility?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What was very important to the polish nobility?", "answer": "Coats of arms"}, {"question": "What kind of system was the coats of arms?", "answer": "heraldic system"}, {"question": "how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?", "answer": "differing in many ways"}, {"question": "Where did polish knightshood originate?", "answer": "Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany"}, {"question": "What is the most notable difference between countries?", "answer": "minorities would be given the noble title"}, {"question": "Coat of arms would be shared with who else?", "answer": "most families sharing origin"}, {"question": "How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?", "answer": "on the basis of similarity of arms"}, {"question": "Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?", "answer": "low and did not exceed 200"}, {"question": "What was rarely used?", "answer": "brisure"}, {"question": "Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "Where did men get their coat of arms usually?", "answer": "their fathers"}, {"question": "What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? ", "answer": "Sarmatism"}, {"question": "Where did the name sarmatism originate?", "answer": "powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians"}, {"question": "How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?", "answer": "served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility"}, {"question": "What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?", "answer": "peace and pacifism"}, {"question": "What languages were freely mixed?", "answer": "Polish and Latin"}, {"question": "What two religions were most common?", "answer": "Roman Catholic or Orthodox"}, {"question": "What was the minority group in the polish nobility?", "answer": "Muslims"}, {"question": "What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?", "answer": "ennoblement"}, {"question": "What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?", "answer": "the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic"}, {"question": "What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "During which period was Vigil a poet?", "answer": "Augustan"}, {"question": "How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?", "answer": "Aeneid"}, {"question": "What is Virgil's full name?", "answer": "Publius Vergilius Maro"}, {"question": "Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil?", "answer": "Appendix Vergiliana"}, {"question": "Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?", "answer": "Aeneid"}, {"question": "Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?", "answer": "Iliad and Odyssey"}, {"question": "Who is the main character in the Aeneid?", "answer": "Aeneas"}, {"question": "What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?", "answer": "fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy"}, {"question": "Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?", "answer": "Virgil"}, {"question": "Who was Virgil's editor?", "answer": "Varius"}, {"question": "Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?", "answer": "Servius and Donatus"}, {"question": "What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?", "answer": "inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing"}, {"question": "Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?", "answer": "problematic"}, {"question": "In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born?", "answer": "Andes"}, {"question": "In which cities did Virgil attend schools?", "answer": "Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples"}, {"question": "What other career did Virgil consider?", "answer": "rhetoric and law"}, {"question": "Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?", "answer": "equestrian landowning"}, {"question": "Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?", "answer": "humble"}, {"question": "Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?", "answer": "rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy"}, {"question": "How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?", "answer": "extremely shy and reserved"}, {"question": "What was Virgil's nickname?", "answer": "Parthenias"}, {"question": "How did Virgil earn his nickname \"Parthenias\" or \"maiden\"?", "answer": "social aloofness"}, {"question": "Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?", "answer": "the Culex"}, {"question": "Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?", "answer": "Theocritus"}, {"question": "Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "Virgil's loss of his famiyl farm and the attempt to regain his property though poetry was the inferred motive for which work?", "answer": "Eclogues"}, {"question": "To whom was Eclogue 4 addressed to?", "answer": "Asinius Pollio"}, {"question": "Which Eclogues discusses homosexual love?", "answer": "Ecl. 2"}, {"question": "Who helped finish the Aeneid?", "answer": "Varius Rufus"}, {"question": "When where the Eclogues likely published?", "answer": "before 37 BC"}, {"question": "What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?", "answer": "Maecenas"}, {"question": "Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?", "answer": "Horace"}, {"question": "Which long didactic hexameter poem did Virgil work on for several years?", "answer": "Georgics"}, {"question": "To whom was Georgics dedicated to?", "answer": "Maecenas"}, {"question": "The theme of Georgics is instruction in the methods of what?", "answer": "running a farm"}, {"question": "Which of Virgil's poet friends committed suicide in 26 BC?", "answer": "Gallus"}, {"question": "Who was Gallus disgraced by?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at which battle?", "answer": "Battle of Actium"}, {"question": "When did Octavian return from the Battle of Actium?", "answer": "31 BC"}, {"question": "Who took turns with Virgil to read the Georgics to Octavian?", "answer": "Maecenas"}, {"question": "Which of Virgil's works is widely considered his finest?", "answer": "The Aeneid"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the Aeneid according to Propertius?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "How many books are included in The Aeneid?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Which of Homer's works did the first six books of the Aeneid model after?", "answer": "Odyssey"}, {"question": "Which of Homer's works did the last six books of the Aeneid connect to?", "answer": "Iliad"}, {"question": "Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?", "answer": "Juno"}, {"question": "Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?", "answer": "Dido"}, {"question": "In which book does Aeneas' father die?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?", "answer": "Anchises"}, {"question": "Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?", "answer": "Sibyl"}, {"question": "To whom is Aeneas betrothed?", "answer": "Lavinia"}, {"question": "Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?", "answer": "King Evander"}, {"question": "Who had Lavinia already been promised to?", "answer": "Turnus"}, {"question": "Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?", "answer": "Turnus"}, {"question": "When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur?", "answer": "31 BC"}, {"question": "Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid?", "answer": "Aeneas"}, {"question": "Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas?", "answer": "Turnus"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?", "answer": "Virgil Reading the Aeneid"}, {"question": "Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "According to tradition, where did Virgil travel in 19 BC to revise the Aeneid?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "Where did Virgil die?", "answer": "Brundisium harbor"}, {"question": "What date did Virgil die?", "answer": "September 21, 19 BC"}, {"question": "Who were Virgil's literary executors?", "answer": "Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca"}, {"question": "What wish of Virgil's did Lucius Varius Rufus and Plotius Tucca disregard?", "answer": "the poem be burned"}, {"question": "Who was one of Virgil's most ardent admirers who referenced Virgil in almost every line of his epic?", "answer": "Silius Italicus"}, {"question": ".What was the title of Silius Italicus' epic in which Virgil was referenced in almost every line?", "answer": "Punica"}, {"question": "Who bought Virgil's tomb?", "answer": "Silius"}, {"question": "Which of Virgil's works was later widely interpreted to have predicted the birth of Jesus Christ?", "answer": "Fourth Eclogue"}, {"question": "Who cautioned \"we ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death\"?", "answer": "Gregory of Tours"}, {"question": "Literate men acknowledged Virgil as a master poet despite what empire collapsing?", "answer": "Western Roman"}, {"question": "Did literate men acknowledge Virgil as a master or novice poet?", "answer": "master"}, {"question": "In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?", "answer": "Divine Comedy"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?", "answer": "Dante"}, {"question": "Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?", "answer": "Virgil"}, {"question": "Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?", "answer": "Eclogues 4"}, {"question": "Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Where did the tradition start which regarded Virgil as a great magician?", "answer": "Naples"}, {"question": "How long did legends of Virgil's magical powers remain popular?", "answer": "over two hundred years"}, {"question": "What is the modern Welsh word for phramacist?", "answer": "fferyllydd"}, {"question": "Where did Virgil's name become a generic term for magic-worker?", "answer": "medieval Wales"}, {"question": "When did Virgil's reputation as a great magician begin?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "During which time period did the legend of Virgil in his Basket arise?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What is the name of the beautiful woman who Virgil enamoured?", "answer": "Lucretia"}, {"question": "Which story did Virgil being left halfway in basket parallel?", "answer": "Phyllis riding Aristotle"}, {"question": "Which artist made a woodcut and later an engraving of Virgil and his basket?", "answer": "Lucas van Leyden"}, {"question": "During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "In which district is \"Virgil's tomb\" located?", "answer": "Piedigrotta"}, {"question": "What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where \"Virgil's tomb\" is located also called?", "answer": "grotta vecchia"}, {"question": "Besides Virgilius, which other spelling is permitted in modern usage?", "answer": "Vergilius"}, {"question": "During which time period was Vergilius spelled Virgilius?", "answer": "Late Empire and Middle Ages"}, {"question": "In what century did some German-trained classicists in the US suggest modifying the common usage to Vergil?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Which style guide recommends using Vergilius to avoid confusion with Virgilius Maro Grammaticus?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "What Country are the Alps located in?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "How many kilometres do the Alps stretch?", "answer": "1,200 kilometres"}, {"question": "How long has it taken for the Alps to form? ", "answer": "over tens of millions of years"}, {"question": "What is the highest mountain in the Alps?", "answer": "Mont Blanc"}, {"question": "The Alpine region is also known as what? ", "answer": "the \"four-thousanders\""}, {"question": "What affects the climate in Europe? ", "answer": "The altitude and size of the range"}, {"question": "What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?", "answer": "ibex"}, {"question": "What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?", "answer": "Edelweiss"}, {"question": "Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? ", "answer": "Paleolithic era"}, {"question": "How old was the mummified man discovered at the Austrian-Italian bored?", "answer": "5,000 years old"}, {"question": "What culture was well established by the 6th Century BC? ", "answer": "the Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture"}, {"question": "Who famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants? ", "answer": "Hannibal"}, {"question": "What person took an army of 40,000 across the mountain passes? ", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "Where was Adolf Hitlers base of operation during World War 2?", "answer": "Bavarian Alps"}, {"question": "The alps is home to how many people?", "answer": "14 million people"}, {"question": "How many visitors go to the Alps annually?", "answer": "120 million"}, {"question": "What is the dominant industry in the Alpine region? ", "answer": "tourist industry"}, {"question": "The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? ", "answer": "Alpes"}, {"question": "Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?", "answer": "Maurus Servius Honoratus"}, {"question": "What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? ", "answer": "Celtic languages"}, {"question": "There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin? ", "answer": "Indo-European origin"}, {"question": "What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe? ", "answer": "Albania"}, {"question": "Albania was a name for what during Roman Times? ", "answer": "the eastern Caucasus"}, {"question": "Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language? ", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What words are likely to have common origins?", "answer": "alb (\"white\") and albus"}, {"question": "Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?", "answer": "the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow."}, {"question": "Alb can also mean what? ", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to what in modern languages? ", "answer": "a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks"}, {"question": "What refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months?", "answer": "An alp"}, {"question": "Words such as horn, kogel, gipfel, spitz, and berd are used in what regions?", "answer": "German speaking regions"}, {"question": "Mont, pic, dent and aiguille are words used in what regions?", "answer": "French speaking regions"}, {"question": "What are the crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe?", "answer": "The Alps"}, {"question": "What is the mean height of the Alp's peak?", "answer": "2.5 km (1.6 mi)"}, {"question": "How far does the Alps range stretch?", "answer": "the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, eastward through mid and southern Switzerland"}, {"question": "Switzerland, France, Austria and Italy have the greatest what? ", "answer": "alpine territory"}, {"question": "The highest portion of the Alp's range is divided by what? ", "answer": "the glacial trough of the Rhone valley"}, {"question": "Where are the peaks smaller in the range? ", "answer": "the easterly portion"}, {"question": "The Bernese Alps are located in what part of the range? ", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?", "answer": "The variances in nomenclature"}, {"question": "Who came up with the general classification?", "answer": "geologist Stefan Schmid"}, {"question": "Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?", "answer": "Spl\u00fcgen Pass"}, {"question": "The highest peak of the Western Alps is where? ", "answer": "Mont Blanc"}, {"question": "How tall is the peak at Mont Blanc? ", "answer": "4,810 m"}, {"question": "The highest peak of the Eastern Alps is where?", "answer": "Piz Bernina"}, {"question": "How tall is the peak of Piz Bernina", "answer": "4,049 metres"}, {"question": "Where are the French Prealps located? ", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What mountains are located in Switzerland and France?", "answer": "the Jura Mountains"}, {"question": "What follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald?", "answer": "The secondary chain of the Alps"}, {"question": "What heads approximately east-northeast once at the Swiss bored?", "answer": "the line of the main chain"}, {"question": "What have been crossed for war and commerce? ", "answer": "The Alps"}, {"question": "What was established during medieval periods by religious orders?", "answer": "hospices"}, {"question": "Where were hospices established? ", "answer": "the summits of many of the main passes"}, {"question": "What is the highest of the most important passes of the Alps?", "answer": "Col de l'Iseran"}, {"question": "What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?", "answer": "the Brenner Pass"}, {"question": "How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route? ", "answer": "since the 14th century"}, {"question": "The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation? ", "answer": "985 m (3,232 ft)"}, {"question": "Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops? ", "answer": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}, {"question": "Where is the highest point in the alps located? ", "answer": "col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)"}, {"question": "Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps", "answer": "naturalists"}, {"question": "When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of \"folded\" mountain chains? ", "answer": "theory of geosynclines"}, {"question": "What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? ", "answer": "the theory of plate tectonics"}, {"question": "When did the formation of the alps began?", "answer": "about 300 million years ago"}, {"question": "What did the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of what during the Paleozoic Era?", "answer": "a single tectonic plate"}, {"question": "When did the single tectonic plate break into separate plates?", "answer": "the Mesozoic Era"}, {"question": "The Tethys sea developed during what period of time? ", "answer": "Jurassic Period"}, {"question": "The collision between the African and the Eurasian plates began during what time? ", "answer": "the late Cretaceous Period"}, {"question": "What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? ", "answer": "marine sedimentary rocks"}, {"question": "When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?", "answer": "As the rising peaks underwent erosion"}, {"question": "What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?", "answer": "Coarse sediments"}, {"question": "Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?", "answer": "flysch"}, {"question": "What caused the development of the Jura Mountains? ", "answer": "a late-stage orogeny"}, {"question": "What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?", "answer": "A series of tectonic events"}, {"question": "What is another word for rock composition? ", "answer": "lithology"}, {"question": "What geological subdivision is located in the north?", "answer": "Helveticum"}, {"question": "What is Stefan Schmid's profession?", "answer": "geologist"}, {"question": "What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era", "answer": "a metamorphic event"}, {"question": "When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?", "answer": "the Cretaceous Period"}, {"question": "The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?", "answer": "nappe formations"}, {"question": "When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?", "answer": "Cretaceous"}, {"question": "What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in? ", "answer": "Houilli\u00e8re zone"}, {"question": "What are more common in the Western Alps?", "answer": "High \"massifs\""}, {"question": "When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?", "answer": "Eastern Alps"}, {"question": "Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?", "answer": "the structure of the Alps"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure? ", "answer": "continental Europe"}, {"question": "Where are the top of the nappes derived from? ", "answer": "the African plate"}, {"question": "What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?", "answer": "The Matterhorn"}, {"question": "What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?", "answer": "folded and fractured"}, {"question": "Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?", "answer": "layers of rock from the various orogenies"}, {"question": "What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?", "answer": "steep vertical peaks"}, {"question": "What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?", "answer": "Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)"}, {"question": "What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?", "answer": "subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives"}, {"question": "The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?", "answer": "500 m (1,640 ft)"}, {"question": "When was Mont Blanc first climbed?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?", "answer": "first half of the 19th century"}, {"question": "When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?", "answer": "the end of the golden age of alpinism"}, {"question": "Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?", "answer": "Karl Blodig"}, {"question": "When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent? ", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?", "answer": "1819"}, {"question": "When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks? ", "answer": "the mid-1850s"}, {"question": "What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed? ", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years? ", "answer": "minerals"}, {"question": "What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?", "answer": "high-quality iron ore"}, {"question": "The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?", "answer": "Slovenia"}, {"question": "How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected? ", "answer": "hundreds of years"}, {"question": "When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified? ", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "Who studied the shapes of crystals? ", "answer": "Leonhard Euler"}, {"question": "By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?", "answer": "crystal hunting"}, {"question": "Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?", "answer": "David Friedrich Wiser"}, {"question": "Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?", "answer": "Miocene Epoch"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the severe erosion?", "answer": "glaciation"}, {"question": "Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?", "answer": "Louis Agassiz"}, {"question": "What was Louis Agassiz also known as? ", "answer": "the \"father of the ice-age concept\""}, {"question": "Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?", "answer": "the Unteraar Glacier"}, {"question": "Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year? ", "answer": "100 m (328 ft)"}, {"question": "The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?", "answer": "the middle"}, {"question": "What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages? ", "answer": "The Inn valley"}, {"question": "What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley", "answer": "Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age"}, {"question": "The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?", "answer": "erosion from earlier ice ages"}, {"question": "What are Moraines?", "answer": "piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier"}, {"question": "Where have moraines accumulated?", "answer": "at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers."}, {"question": "How do Piedmont glaciers appear?", "answer": "spread in a fan-like shape"}, {"question": "What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?", "answer": "The stress of the movement"}, {"question": "What does the cracking of the ice create?", "answer": "unpredictable and dangerous crevasses"}, {"question": "What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?", "answer": "a piece of glacier will detach or break"}, {"question": "What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?", "answer": "an avalanche"}, {"question": "How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century? ", "answer": "120 homes"}, {"question": "What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas? ", "answer": "High levels of precipitation"}, {"question": "From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?", "answer": "to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?", "answer": "decreased river run-off levels."}, {"question": "How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?", "answer": "Forty percent"}, {"question": "How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?", "answer": "The Alps"}, {"question": "How much of Europe does the Alps cover?", "answer": "11 percent of the surface area"}, {"question": "How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?", "answer": "90 percent"}, {"question": "How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?", "answer": "80 percent"}, {"question": "Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "The Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from?", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean?", "answer": "The Rhone"}, {"question": "What does The Rhone begin as?", "answer": "glacial meltwater"}, {"question": "Where does the Rhine originate?", "answer": "a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland"}, {"question": "Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?", "answer": "south side"}, {"question": "What do the rivers form?", "answer": "lakes"}, {"question": "Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?", "answer": "Scientists"}, {"question": "Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?", "answer": "snowmaking in the ski resorts"}, {"question": "What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?", "answer": "unknown"}, {"question": "What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain?", "answer": "The Alps"}, {"question": "Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what?", "answer": "Alpine"}, {"question": "What causes the temperature to decrease?", "answer": "A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere"}, {"question": "What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south?", "answer": "The height of the Alps"}, {"question": "Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied? ", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?", "answer": "the weather patterns"}, {"question": "What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?", "answer": "Numerous weather stations"}, {"question": "Where is the Aosta valley located?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Where is the Valais located?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff?", "answer": "The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation"}, {"question": "What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps?", "answer": "2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year"}, {"question": "Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur? ", "answer": "high altitudes"}, {"question": "At what altitude does snowfall begin in November?", "answer": "At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m"}, {"question": "How many zones are the Alps split into?", "answer": "five climatic zones"}, {"question": "What is the lowest zone of the Alps called?", "answer": "colline zone"}, {"question": "Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist? ", "answer": "between 500 and 1,000 m"}, {"question": "Where does the montane zone extend from?", "answer": "from 800 to 1,700 m"}, {"question": "Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from?", "answer": "from 1,600 to 2,400 m"}, {"question": "What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps?", "answer": "Various models of climate change"}, {"question": "What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff?", "answer": "increased temperatures"}, {"question": "What have the various models been of?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions?", "answer": "Thirteen thousand"}, {"question": "How are Alpine plants grouped?", "answer": "by habitat and soil type"}, {"question": "Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees?", "answer": "chief deciduous trees"}, {"question": "What is often above the forestry?", "answer": "a band of short pine trees"}, {"question": "What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer?", "answer": "acidic soil"}, {"question": "What is the area above the treeline defined as?", "answer": "alpine"}, {"question": "Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly?", "answer": "because of regional fluctuations in tree lines."}, {"question": "What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental?", "answer": "Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian"}, {"question": "What are Gentians named after?", "answer": "the Illyrian king Gentius"}, {"question": "How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps?", "answer": "40 species"}, {"question": "What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? ", "answer": "isolated cushions"}, {"question": "Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps?", "answer": "above 4,000 m"}, {"question": "What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as?", "answer": "the King of the Alps"}, {"question": "What is the best known of the alpine plants?", "answer": "Edelweiss"}, {"question": "What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?", "answer": "extreme and stressful climatic conditions"}, {"question": "Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?", "answer": "medicinal"}, {"question": "Where are Urtica dioica found?", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?", "answer": "Human interference"}, {"question": "What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?", "answer": "forests of deciduous trees"}, {"question": "What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?", "answer": "The vegetation"}, {"question": "The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?", "answer": "the underlying tundra"}, {"question": "How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?", "answer": "30,000 species"}, {"question": "What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?", "answer": "made adaptations"}, {"question": "Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?", "answer": "directly above or below the snow line"}, {"question": "What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes?", "answer": "alpine ibex"}, {"question": "How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted?", "answer": "as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft)"}, {"question": "Where do the ibex live?", "answer": "in caves"}, {"question": "What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes?", "answer": "chamois"}, {"question": "What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "Where do many rodents live?", "answer": "underground"}, {"question": "Where do Marmots live?", "answer": "almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft)"}, {"question": "Where do marmots build their colonies?", "answer": "beneath the alpine pastures"}, {"question": "What is the most common bird found in the Alps?", "answer": "the alpine chough"}, {"question": "Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line?", "answer": "they cannot bear the cold temperatures"}, {"question": "What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures?", "answer": "they hibernate underground"}, {"question": "How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line?", "answer": "by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs"}, {"question": "What can be found in the streams up to the snow line?", "answer": "Brown trout"}, {"question": "How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?", "answer": "120 million years"}, {"question": "What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?", "answer": "Blue moths"}, {"question": "The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?", "answer": "1,800 m (5,906 ft)"}, {"question": "What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?", "answer": "Rosalia alpina"}, {"question": "Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?", "answer": "having been indigenous to the area"}, {"question": "How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?", "answer": "the Alpine orogeny"}, {"question": "Where is Emosson located?", "answer": "Valais, Switzerland"}, {"question": "When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?", "answer": "About 10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What has been found in caves near Vercors?", "answer": "Evidence of human habitation"}, {"question": "Why were houses built on piles?", "answer": "to keep them dry"}, {"question": "What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?", "answer": "Standing stones"}, {"question": "How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?", "answer": "more than 5000 years old"}, {"question": "Who was Otzi the Iceman?", "answer": "a mummy of a neolithic body"}, {"question": "When was Otzi the Iceman found?", "answer": "In 1991"}, {"question": "Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered?", "answer": "the Similaun glacier"}, {"question": "When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? ", "answer": "between 1000 to 1500 BC"}, {"question": "The Raetians lived in what region?", "answer": "the eastern regions"}, {"question": "The Helvetii occupied which region?", "answer": "the west"}, {"question": "What did the Celtic tribes mine?", "answer": "salt"}, {"question": "Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?", "answer": "The Celts"}, {"question": "When was the Second Punic War?", "answer": "218 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the Carthaginian general?", "answer": "Hannibal"}, {"question": "What did the Romans build along the mountain passes?", "answer": "roads"}, {"question": "What can still be found on the mountain passes?", "answer": "Roman road markers"}, {"question": "What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?", "answer": "The Roman expansion"}, {"question": "When were the Allobrogi defeated?", "answer": "in 121 BC"}, {"question": "When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?", "answer": "58 BC"}, {"question": "What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?", "answer": "Germanic tribes"}, {"question": "Who established Christianity in the region?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce?", "answer": "feudalism"}, {"question": "What area still has intricate frescoes?", "answer": "Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy"}, {"question": "What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture?", "answer": "Ch\u00e2teau de Chillon"}, {"question": "Much of the medieval period was a time of what?", "answer": "power struggles"}, {"question": "Where were the Visconti from?", "answer": "northern Italy"}, {"question": "What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia?", "answer": "the House of Habsburg"}, {"question": "What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?", "answer": "the Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "When was the Helvetic Republic established?", "answer": "1798"}, {"question": "Where was the Helvetic Republic established?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion?", "answer": "After the fall of Napol\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley?", "answer": "Savoy"}, {"question": "Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built?", "answer": "to protect the major alpine passes"}, {"question": "Who ordered the construction of a paved road?", "answer": "Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte"}, {"question": "What became tourist destinations during the 19th century?", "answer": "the monasteries built in the high Alps"}, {"question": "Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau?", "answer": "The Benedictines"}, {"question": "Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken?", "answer": "the Augustinians"}, {"question": "When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built?", "answer": "the 9th or 10th centuries"}, {"question": "How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?", "answer": "50,000 years"}, {"question": "What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?", "answer": "the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people"}, {"question": "What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?", "answer": "Seven bear skulls"}, {"question": "People blindfolded themselves to cross what?", "answer": "Alpine passes"}, {"question": "Where was Charles VII from?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?", "answer": "climb Mont Aiguille"}, {"question": "What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?", "answer": "a bronze triptych of three crosses"}, {"question": "When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains?", "answer": "Conrad Gessner"}, {"question": "Where was Horace-Benedict de Saussure born?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "Who was a member of the third ascent of Mont Blanc?", "answer": "Saussure"}, {"question": "Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?", "answer": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}, {"question": "Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?", "answer": "Albrecht von Haller"}, {"question": "When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?", "answer": "After the end of the Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?", "answer": "the sublime effects of monumental nature"}, {"question": "Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?", "answer": "Mont Blanc"}, {"question": "When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?", "answer": "the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "Where was Adolf Hitler born?", "answer": "Austrian"}, {"question": "What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with? ", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?", "answer": "the Obersalzberg region"}, {"question": "When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?", "answer": "the Third Reich"}, {"question": "What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?", "answer": "The Swiss commanders"}, {"question": "Who were trained for the war?", "answer": "Ski troops"}, {"question": "Where was the battle at Riva Ridge?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Where was a substantial amount of Nazi plunder found at the end of the war?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "Where did American troops find 75 kilos of gold coins?", "answer": "The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area"}, {"question": "What is the population of the Alpine region?", "answer": "14 million"}, {"question": "What does the economy consist of on the rim of the mountains?", "answer": "manufacturing and service jobs"}, {"question": "Farming and Forestry continue to be a mainstay of what?", "answer": "Alpine culture"}, {"question": "Much of what has not changed since the medieval period?", "answer": "Alpine culture"}, {"question": "When were skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys most important?", "answer": "the medieval period"}, {"question": "What is one of the strongest traditions in Alpine culture?", "answer": "carpentry"}, {"question": "What has been a traditional occupation for centuries?", "answer": "Farming"}, {"question": "What made farming less dominant in the 20th century? ", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "Why is pasture land limited? ", "answer": "because of the steep and rocky topography of the Alps"}, {"question": "When are cows moved to the highest pastures close to the snowline?", "answer": "mid-June"}, {"question": "What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?", "answer": "Cheesemaking"}, {"question": "How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?", "answer": "up to 45 kg (100 lb)"}, {"question": "What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?", "answer": "Haymaking"}, {"question": "How many times is Hay normally brought each year?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "When is Carnival celebrated? ", "answer": "before Lent"}, {"question": "What do people in high villages build their homes according to?", "answer": "medieval designs that withstand cold winters"}, {"question": "What is the area of the home heated by a stove called? ", "answer": "the stube"}, {"question": "The typic Swiss chalet originated from where?", "answer": "the Bernese Oberland"}, {"question": "Which direction do Chalets often face? ", "answer": "south or downhill"}, {"question": "What are Chalets built of? ", "answer": "solid wood"}, {"question": "The food is passed from the kitchen to where? ", "answer": "the stube"}, {"question": "Where is the dining room table placed? ", "answer": "the stube"}, {"question": "Traditionally, what are meals served on? ", "answer": "carved wooden plates"}, {"question": "How is furniture traditionally carved? ", "answer": "elaborately"}, {"question": "What are roofs traditionally constructed from? ", "answer": "Alpine rocks"}, {"question": "Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? ", "answer": "the higher parts of the valleys"}, {"question": "The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? ", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? ", "answer": "Romansh"}, {"question": "What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? ", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "Where is Saalbach located? ", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "How many people visit the Alps every year? ", "answer": "over 120 million"}, {"question": "What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "When did the tourism industry begin? ", "answer": "the early 19th century"}, {"question": "When were large hotels built in the Alps? ", "answer": "during the Belle \u00c9poque"}, {"question": "When were cog-railways built in the Alps?", "answer": "early in the 20th century"}, {"question": "When was the first figure skating championship held? ", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Where was the first figure skating championship held? ", "answer": "St. Moritz"}, {"question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1924?", "answer": "Chamonix, France"}, {"question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1928?", "answer": "St. Moritz, Switzerland"}, {"question": "Where were the Winter Olympics held in 1936?", "answer": "Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany"}, {"question": "When was the Lauberhorn Rennen ran for the first time on the Lauberhorn above Wengen?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "When were the Winter Olympics held in Albertville, France? ", "answer": "(1992)"}, {"question": "When were ski-lifts built in Swiss and Austrian towns?", "answer": "post-World War I"}, {"question": "When were several new villages built in France almost exclusively for skiing?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "Where is Les Menuires located? ", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?", "answer": "4,200 km (2,600 mi)"}, {"question": "How many vehicles use the roads? ", "answer": "6 million"}, {"question": "Where are most of Europe's highest railways located? ", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? ", "answer": "57 km"}, {"question": "Where is the village of Avoriaz located? ", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Where are the villages of Wengen and Zermatt located? ", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Why are villages considering becoming car free zones?", "answer": "reasons of sustainability"}, {"question": "When are many passes in the Alps closed? ", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "The lower regions and larger towns of the Alps are well-served by what?", "answer": "motorways"}, {"question": "What can be treacherous even in summer due to steep slopes?", "answer": "mountain passes"}, {"question": "What is a gene?", "answer": "a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product"}, {"question": "What is the basis of inheritance of phenotypic traits?", "answer": "The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring"}, {"question": "What influence are most biological traits under?", "answer": "polygenes (many different genes)"}, {"question": "What is one instantly visible genetic trait?", "answer": "eye colour or number of limbs"}, {"question": "What is one invisible genetic trait?", "answer": "blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life"}, {"question": "What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?", "answer": "different variants, known as alleles"}, {"question": "What do alleles do?", "answer": "encode slightly different versions of a protein"}, {"question": "What do alleles cause?", "answer": "different phenotype traits"}, {"question": "What does \"having a gene\" or a \"good gene\" typically refer to?", "answer": "having a different allele of the gene"}, {"question": "What causes genes to evolve?", "answer": "natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles"}, {"question": "What can regulatory regions of a gene be far removed from?", "answer": "its coding regions"}, {"question": "What can coding regions be split into?", "answer": "several exons"}, {"question": "What do some viruses store their genome in instead of DNA?", "answer": "RNA"}, {"question": "What are some gene products?", "answer": "functional non-coding RNAs"}, {"question": "What is a broad, modern working definition of a gene?", "answer": "any discrete locus of heritable, genomic sequence which affect an organism's traits by being expressed as a functional product"}, {"question": "Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?", "answer": "Gregor Mendel (1822\u20131884)"}, {"question": "If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? ", "answer": "n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas"}, {"question": "What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?", "answer": "independent assortment"}, {"question": "What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?", "answer": "the distinction between dominant and recessive traits"}, {"question": "What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?", "answer": "discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics"}, {"question": "What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?", "answer": "one of blending inheritance"}, {"question": "Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "What does the term gemmule describe?", "answer": "hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction"}, {"question": "What year was Mendel's work first published?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?", "answer": "Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak"}, {"question": "What ancient Greek word is the word 'gene' derived from?", "answer": "\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (g\u00e9nos)"}, {"question": "What does the ancient Greek word 'g\u00e9nos' mean?", "answer": "\"race, offspring\""}, {"question": "What Danish botanist coined the word 'gene'?", "answer": "Wilhelm Johannsen"}, {"question": "What was the word 'gene' used to describe in 1909?", "answer": "the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity"}, {"question": "Who first used the word 'genetics' in 1905?", "answer": "William Bateson"}, {"question": "What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?", "answer": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)"}, {"question": "Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?", "answer": "Rosalind Franklin"}, {"question": "What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?", "answer": "James D. Watson and Francis Crick"}, {"question": "What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?", "answer": "reverse transcription in retroviruses"}, {"question": "What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?", "answer": "molecular genetics"}, {"question": "When was the first sequence of a gene determined?", "answer": "In 1972"}, {"question": "What was the first gene to be sequenced?", "answer": "the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein"}, {"question": "Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?", "answer": "Frederick Sanger"}, {"question": "What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?", "answer": "improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool."}, {"question": "What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?", "answer": "the Human Genome Project"}, {"question": "In what time span were the theories to integrate molecular genetic with Darwinian evolution developed?", "answer": "the 1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "What are the theories that integrate molecular genetics with Darwinian evolution called?", "answer": "the modern evolutionary synthesis"}, {"question": "Who proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?", "answer": "George C. Williams"}, {"question": "What is the definition of the concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection?", "answer": "\"that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency.\""}, {"question": "Who popularized ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution?", "answer": "Richard Dawkins"}, {"question": "What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?", "answer": "long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)"}, {"question": "What does DNA consist of?", "answer": "a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits"}, {"question": "What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?", "answer": "a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)"}, {"question": "What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?", "answer": "adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine"}, {"question": "Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?", "answer": "a phosphate group"}, {"question": "What is the backbone of a DNA double helix made of?", "answer": "phosphate-sugar"}, {"question": "What base pairs with thymine?", "answer": "adenine"}, {"question": "What base does guanine pair with?", "answer": "cytosine"}, {"question": "What causes the specificity of base pairing?", "answer": "adenine and thymine align form two hydrogen bonds, whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds"}, {"question": "Due to the cause of the specificity of base pairing, what must be true of the two strands in a double helix?", "answer": "The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary"}, {"question": "What causes the directionality of DNA strands?", "answer": "the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases"}, {"question": "What is known as the 3' end?", "answer": "an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose"}, {"question": "What is known as the 5' end?", "answer": "an exposed phosphate group"}, {"question": "What type of synthesis occurs in the 5'\u21923' direction?", "answer": "Nucleic acid synthesis"}, {"question": "Why does DNA replication and transcription occur in the 5'\u21923' direction?", "answer": "because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3' hydroxyl as a nucleophile"}, {"question": "How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?", "answer": "by transcribing the gene into RNA"}, {"question": "What is RNA?", "answer": "a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA"}, {"question": "What base does RNA have in place of thymine?", "answer": "the base uracil"}, {"question": "What are codons?", "answer": "a series of three-nucleotide sequences"}, {"question": "What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?", "answer": "The genetic code"}, {"question": "What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?", "answer": "its genome"}, {"question": "What does a chromosome consist of?", "answer": "a single, very long DNA helix"}, {"question": "What is encoded on a chromosome?", "answer": "thousands of genes"}, {"question": "What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?", "answer": "its locus"}, {"question": "What does each locus contain?", "answer": "one allele of a gene"}, {"question": "Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?", "answer": "on a set of large, linear chromosomes"}, {"question": "Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?", "answer": "a nucleosome"}, {"question": "What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate?", "answer": "whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression"}, {"question": "What are replication origins?", "answer": "regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome"}, {"question": "Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?", "answer": "Telomeres"}, {"question": "What are prokaryotes?", "answer": "bacteria and archaea"}, {"question": "How do prokaryotes store their genomes?", "answer": "on a single large, circular chromosome"}, {"question": "What type of chromosome do some eukaryotic organelles contain?", "answer": "a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes"}, {"question": "Small circles of DNA that encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals are called what?", "answer": "plasmids"}, {"question": "What allows genes for antibiotic resistance to be passed between individual cells?", "answer": "horizontal gene transfer"}, {"question": "What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?", "answer": "prokaryotes"}, {"question": "Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?", "answer": "eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What is referred to as \"junk DNA\"?", "answer": "DNA without an identified function"}, {"question": "What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?", "answer": "barely 2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA", "answer": "about 80%"}, {"question": "Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?", "answer": "often only a small part"}, {"question": "What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? ", "answer": "the actual protein coding sequence"}, {"question": "What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?", "answer": "DNA regions that are not transcribed"}, {"question": "What is another element of the structure of a gene?", "answer": "untranslated regions of the RNA"}, {"question": "What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?", "answer": "DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA"}, {"question": "What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?", "answer": "a regulatory sequence"}, {"question": "How is a promoter sequence recognized?", "answer": "by transcription factors and RNA polymerase"}, {"question": "What results when genes have more than one promoter?", "answer": "messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end"}, {"question": "What does a \"strong\" promoter sequence do?", "answer": "bind the transcription machinery well"}, {"question": "What does a \"weak\" promoter sequence do?", "answer": "bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently"}, {"question": "How do regulatory regions act?", "answer": "by binding to transcription factors"}, {"question": "What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?", "answer": "the DNA to loop"}, {"question": "How do enhancers increase transcription?", "answer": "by binding an activator protein"}, {"question": "What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?", "answer": "helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter"}, {"question": "What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?", "answer": "silencers bind repressor proteins"}, {"question": "What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA?", "answer": "untranslated regions"}, {"question": "Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?", "answer": "untranslated regions"}, {"question": "What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain?", "answer": "untranslated introns"}, {"question": "What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA?", "answer": "The sequences at the ends of the introns"}, {"question": "What encodes the protein or RNA product?", "answer": "the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA"}, {"question": "What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?", "answer": "operons"}, {"question": "What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?", "answer": "a unit"}, {"question": "What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?", "answer": "related functions"}, {"question": "What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?", "answer": "the same regulatory network"}, {"question": "What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?", "answer": "multiple protein-coding sequences"}, {"question": "What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?", "answer": "enhancers"}, {"question": "Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?", "answer": "because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity"}, {"question": "What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?", "answer": "a gene's introns"}, {"question": "How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?", "answer": "in trans"}, {"question": "Where can regulatory regions be found?", "answer": "different chromosomes"}, {"question": "What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?", "answer": "the model that one gene makes one protein."}, {"question": "What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?", "answer": "the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins"}, {"question": "How do genes encode multiple proteins?", "answer": "by alternative splicing and coding sequences"}, {"question": "How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?", "answer": "split in short section across the genome"}, {"question": "In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?", "answer": "concatenated by trans-splicing."}, {"question": "What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?", "answer": "A broad operational definition"}, {"question": "What is the broad operational definition of a gene?", "answer": "a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products"}, {"question": "What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?", "answer": "their specific DNA loci"}, {"question": "What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?", "answer": "their functional products (proteins or RNA)"}, {"question": "What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?", "answer": "regulatory elements"}, {"question": "How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?", "answer": "two steps are required"}, {"question": "What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?", "answer": "the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)"}, {"question": "What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?", "answer": "mRNA is translated to protein"}, {"question": "What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?", "answer": "the first step"}, {"question": "What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?", "answer": "gene expression"}, {"question": "What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?", "answer": "The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA"}, {"question": "What are sets of three nucleotides known as?", "answer": "codons"}, {"question": "What does each codon correspond to?", "answer": "a specific amino acid"}, {"question": "What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?", "answer": "a \"start codon\", and three \"stop codons\""}, {"question": "How many possible codons are there?", "answer": "There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)"}, {"question": "What does transcription produce?", "answer": "a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA"}, {"question": "How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?", "answer": "complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed"}, {"question": "What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?", "answer": "The gene's DNA"}, {"question": "Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?", "answer": "because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand"}, {"question": "What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?", "answer": "an RNA polymerase"}, {"question": "Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?", "answer": "in the cytoplasm"}, {"question": "If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?", "answer": "at the 5' end of the RNA"}, {"question": "Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?", "answer": "transcription occurs in the nucleus"}, {"question": "Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?", "answer": "in the nucleus"}, {"question": "What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?", "answer": "the primary transcript"}, {"question": "What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?", "answer": "Translation"}, {"question": "What does a ribosome consist of?", "answer": "large complexes of RNA and protein"}, {"question": "What is a ribosome responsible for?", "answer": "carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain"}, {"question": "How is the genetic code read?", "answer": "via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA)"}, {"question": "How many unpaired bases does each tRNA have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When are genes expressed?", "answer": "only when the product is needed"}, {"question": "What are examples of a cell's external environment?", "answer": "available nutrients, temperature and other stresses"}, {"question": "What are examples of a cell's internal environment?", "answer": "cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status"}, {"question": "At which step can gene expression be regulated?", "answer": "at any step"}, {"question": "What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961?", "answer": "The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli"}, {"question": "What is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product?", "answer": "A typical protein-coding gene"}, {"question": "In some cases, what are the actual functional products?", "answer": "the RNA molecules"}, {"question": "What sort of synthesis occurs when the RNA molecules are the actual functional products?", "answer": "the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA"}, {"question": "What sort of function are ribozymes capable of?", "answer": "enzymatic function"}, {"question": "What are the DNA sequences from which ribozymes are transcribed known as?", "answer": "non-coding RNA genes"}, {"question": "In what form do some viruses store their entire genome?", "answer": "in the form of RNA"}, {"question": "Why do the cellular hosts of some viruses not have to wait for transcription to synthesize their proteins?", "answer": "Because they use RNA to store genes"}, {"question": "What is one type of an RNA retrovirus?", "answer": "HIV"}, {"question": "What sort of transcription does the genome of HIV require before its proteins can be synthesized?", "answer": "reverse transcription"}, {"question": "Besides viruses, where has RNA-mediated epigenetic inheritance been observed?", "answer": "in plants and very rarely in animals"}, {"question": "Where do organisms inherit their genes from?", "answer": "from their parents"}, {"question": "How much of an asexual organism's genome is inherited from its parents?", "answer": "a complete copy"}, {"question": "How many copies of each chromosome does a sexual organism have?", "answer": "two copies of each chromosome"}, {"question": "How many sets of chromosomes does a sexual organism inherit from each parent?", "answer": "one complete set from each parent"}, {"question": "Why do sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome?", "answer": "because they inherit one complete set from each parent"}, {"question": "According to Mendelian inheritance, what is part of the cause of variations in an organism's phenotype?", "answer": "variations in its genotype"}, {"question": "What sort of characteristics are described by an organism's phenotype?", "answer": "observable physical and behavioral characteristics"}, {"question": "What is a genotype?", "answer": "particular set of genes"}, {"question": "What specifies a particular trait with a different sequence of alleles?", "answer": "Each gene"}, {"question": "How many alleles do most eukaryotic organisms have for each trait?", "answer": "two alleles for each trait"}, {"question": "Where can alleles be located in order to be either dominant or recessive?", "answer": "at a locus"}, {"question": "When paired with any other allele for the same trait, what do dominant alleles give rise to?", "answer": "their corresponding phenotypes"}, {"question": "When do recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype?", "answer": "when paired with another copy of the same allele"}, {"question": "When do alleles assort independently?", "answer": "in the production of gametes"}, {"question": "What are gametes?", "answer": "germ cells"}, {"question": "What does the growth, development, and reproduction of organisms rely on?", "answer": "cell division"}, {"question": "In cell division, what two cells are created? ", "answer": "identical daughter cells"}, {"question": "What specialized enzyme is responsible DNA replication?", "answer": "DNA polymerases"}, {"question": "Why does the sequence of one strand completely specify the sequence of its complement?", "answer": "Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing"}, {"question": "What one word characterizes the process of DNA replication?", "answer": "semiconservative"}, {"question": "What is one thing the cell must do once DNA replication is compete?", "answer": "physically separate the two copies of the genome"}, {"question": "What is another thing the cell must do once DNA replication is complete?", "answer": "divide into two distinct membrane-bound cells"}, {"question": "In binary fission, what shape is each genome?", "answer": "circular"}, {"question": "In binary fission. when does each genome separate into daughter cells?", "answer": "as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm"}, {"question": "Compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes, with what speed does binary fission occur?", "answer": "extremely fast"}, {"question": "The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?", "answer": "molecular inheritance"}, {"question": "Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?", "answer": "cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells"}, {"question": "In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?", "answer": "In asexually reproducing organisms"}, {"question": "In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?", "answer": "In sexually reproducing organisms"}, {"question": "What are the gametes produced by females called?", "answer": "eggs or ova"}, {"question": "When can an event called genetic recombination or crossing-over sometimes occur?", "answer": "During the process of meiotic cell division"}, {"question": "If the alleles on the chromatids are the same, what effect arises from genetic recombination? ", "answer": "no effect"}, {"question": "If the alleles on the chromatids are different, what effect arises from genetic recombination? ", "answer": "reassortment of otherwise linked alleles"}, {"question": "Each of a parent's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes according to what Mendelian principle?", "answer": "independent assortment"}, {"question": "In genetic linkage, what sort of point is extremely unlikely to occur?", "answer": "a crossover point"}, {"question": "What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?", "answer": "mutations"}, {"question": "What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?", "answer": "10\u22128 per nucleotide per replication"}, {"question": "What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?", "answer": "10\u22123"}, {"question": "What can small mutations be caused by?", "answer": "DNA replication"}, {"question": "What can larger mutations be caused by?", "answer": "errors in recombination"}, {"question": "What is it called when multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species's population?", "answer": "polymorphic"}, {"question": "What can some alleles give rise to?", "answer": "different phenotypic traits"}, {"question": "What is a gene's most common allele known as?", "answer": "the wild type"}, {"question": "What are rare alleles called?", "answer": "mutants"}, {"question": "What is one cause of the genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population?", "answer": "genetic drift"}, {"question": "What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?", "answer": "silent mutations"}, {"question": "What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?", "answer": "synonymous mutations"}, {"question": "What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called?", "answer": "conservative mutations"}, {"question": "What is a result of deleterious mutations?", "answer": "Genetic disorders"}, {"question": "What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to?", "answer": "adaptive evolution"}, {"question": "What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?", "answer": "homologs"}, {"question": "What is one reason for homologs to appear?", "answer": "gene duplication within an organism's genome"}, {"question": "What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?", "answer": "paralogous genes"}, {"question": "What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?", "answer": "orthologous genes"}, {"question": "What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?", "answer": "The relationship between genes"}, {"question": "What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?", "answer": "conserved sequence"}, {"question": "How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?", "answer": "by neutral molecular evolution"}, {"question": "Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?", "answer": "stabilizing"}, {"question": "What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?", "answer": "phylogenetic"}, {"question": "What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?", "answer": "gene duplication"}, {"question": "What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?", "answer": "gene duplication"}, {"question": "What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called?", "answer": "paralogs"}, {"question": "What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in?", "answer": "nonfunctional"}, {"question": "What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called?", "answer": "pseudogenes"}, {"question": "What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?", "answer": "De novo or \"orphan\" genes"}, {"question": "What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?", "answer": "18 to 60"}, {"question": "How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?", "answer": "typically shorter"}, {"question": "How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?", "answer": "simpler in structure"}, {"question": "What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?", "answer": "gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change"}, {"question": "What is the  transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?", "answer": "Horizontal gene transfer"}, {"question": "In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?", "answer": "prokaryotes"}, {"question": "What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading?", "answer": "antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare?", "answer": "eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?", "answer": "alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin"}, {"question": "What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms?", "answer": "genome size"}, {"question": "In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur?", "answer": "viruses"}, {"question": "What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene?", "answer": "viroids"}, {"question": "What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth?", "answer": "5 million"}, {"question": "Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?", "answer": "2,000,000"}, {"question": "What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?", "answer": "alternative variants"}, {"question": "After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?", "answer": "1\u20132%"}, {"question": "What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?", "answer": "Essential genes"}, {"question": "What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?", "answer": "environmental stress"}, {"question": "How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli?", "answer": "250\u2013400"}, {"question": "What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs?", "answer": "Half"}, {"question": "How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?", "answer": "1000 genes"}, {"question": "What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?", "answer": "Housekeeping genes"}, {"question": "At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?", "answer": "constant"}, {"question": "When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?", "answer": "housekeeping genes"}, {"question": "How are some essential genes regulated?", "answer": "developmentally"}, {"question": "When are some essential genes expressed?", "answer": "at certain times during the organism's life cycle"}, {"question": "What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?", "answer": "HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)"}, {"question": "How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? ", "answer": "through a database maintained by HGNC"}, {"question": "How many symbols does each gene have?", "answer": "only one"}, {"question": "With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?", "answer": "homologs in other species"}, {"question": "What type of model does the mouse play a role for?", "answer": "common model"}, {"question": "What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?", "answer": "Genetic engineering"}, {"question": "When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?", "answer": "engineered nuclease enzymes"}, {"question": "What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?", "answer": "targeted"}, {"question": "What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?", "answer": "synthetic biology"}, {"question": "What has become a common research tool with model organisms?", "answer": "Genetic engineering"}, {"question": "What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?", "answer": "that gene's function"}, {"question": "What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?", "answer": "industrial biotechnology"}, {"question": "What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?", "answer": "multicellular organisms"}, {"question": "What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?", "answer": "gene therapy techniques"}, {"question": "What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?", "answer": "the embryo"}, {"question": "What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?", "answer": "the genomes of cells"}, {"question": "What can be treated using genetic engineering?", "answer": "genetic diseases"}, {"question": "What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "the Republic of Guinea-Bissau"}, {"question": "Where is Guinea-Bissau located?", "answer": "West Africa"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "13,948 sq mi"}, {"question": "What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "1,704,000"}, {"question": "How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?", "answer": "36,125"}, {"question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?", "answer": "Gabu"}, {"question": "What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?", "answer": "Mali Empire"}, {"question": "What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?", "answer": "Guinea (formerly French Guinea)"}, {"question": "Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?", "answer": "political instability"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What are the two main religions?", "answer": "African traditional religions and Islam"}, {"question": "What is their gross domestic product status?", "answer": "one of the lowest in the world"}, {"question": "What is the minority religion?", "answer": "Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)"}, {"question": "What Islamic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?", "answer": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"}, {"question": "What Portuguese organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?", "answer": "Community of Portuguese Language Countries"}, {"question": "What West African organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?", "answer": "Economic Community of West African States"}, {"question": "What South Atlantic organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?", "answer": "South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone"}, {"question": "What Latin organization does Guinea-Bissau belong to?", "answer": "the Latin Union"}, {"question": "What area was known as the Slave Coast?", "answer": "Portuguese Guinea"}, {"question": "Who exported African slaves to the western hemisphere?", "answer": "Europeans"}, {"question": "What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once a part of?", "answer": "Gabu"}, {"question": "How long did the Mali Empire persist?", "answer": "until the 18th century"}, {"question": "Who traded slaves into the Middle East?", "answer": "Arabs"}, {"question": "When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?", "answer": "1455"}, {"question": "When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?", "answer": "1479\u20131480"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?", "answer": "Diogo C\u00e3o"}, {"question": "What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?", "answer": "Congo River"}, {"question": "What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Angola"}, {"question": "What areas were the first places colonized by the Portuguese?", "answer": "the rivers and coast"}, {"question": "When did the Portuguese first set up trading posts in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "When did the Portuguese explore the interior of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Who controlled the inland trade in Guinea-Bissau during this time?", "answer": "local African rulers"}, {"question": "What ports were the Portuguese restricted to?", "answer": "Bissau and Cacheu"}, {"question": "Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "When was a rival foothold  attempted at Bolama?", "answer": "the 1790s"}, {"question": "Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?", "answer": "the Portuguese"}, {"question": "What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?", "answer": "part of present South Senegal"}, {"question": "What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "What group started an armed rebellion in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC)"}, {"question": "When did the armed rebellion begin?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the armed rebellion?", "answer": "Am\u00edlcar Cabral"}, {"question": "Who supplied doctors and technicians to the rebels?", "answer": "Cuba"}, {"question": "When was Cabral assassinated?", "answer": "January 1973"}, {"question": "When was independence declared?", "answer": "24 September 1973"}, {"question": "What date was independence considered universal? ", "answer": "25 April 1974"}, {"question": "What event caused the recognition to be universal?", "answer": "socialist-inspired military coup"}, {"question": "Where did a coup take place?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "Who was overthrown in the coup?", "answer": "Lisbon's Estado Novo regime"}, {"question": "Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Lu\u00eds Cabral"}, {"question": "How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "Where did one of the massacres occur?", "answer": "Bissor\u00e3"}, {"question": "When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?", "answer": "29 November 1980"}, {"question": "Where were the soldiers buried?", "answer": "Cumer\u00e1, Portogole, and Mansab\u00e1"}, {"question": "Who controlled the country prior to 1984?", "answer": "a revolutionary council"}, {"question": "When were the first multi-party elections held?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What led to the Guinea-Bissau Civil War?", "answer": "An army uprising"}, {"question": "When was the president ousted?", "answer": "June 1999"}, {"question": "Who was elected president in the 2000 election?", "answer": "Kumba Ial\u00e1"}, {"question": "When was a military coup conducted?", "answer": "September 2003"}, {"question": "Who did the military arrest?", "answer": "Ial\u00e1"}, {"question": "When were legislative elections held?", "answer": "March 2004"}, {"question": "When did the mutiny of military factions occur?", "answer": "October 2004"}, {"question": "Who died in the mutiny?", "answer": "the head of the armed forces"}, {"question": "After the coup, when were presidential elections held?", "answer": "June 2005"}, {"question": "At that time, who ran claiming to be the legitimate president of the country?", "answer": "Ial\u00e1"}, {"question": "Who won the election?", "answer": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira"}, {"question": "Who did Vieira beat in a runoff election?", "answer": "Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1"}, {"question": "When was Vieira, a former president, deposed?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?", "answer": "arms"}, {"question": "What type of \"disturbances\" were reported during the campaign?", "answer": "attacks on government offices"}, {"question": "How did foreign election monitors describe the election?", "answer": "\"calm and organized\""}, {"question": "What year was the election held?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Where the election monitors local, or foreign?", "answer": "foreign"}, {"question": "When was the parliamentary election held?", "answer": "November 2008"}, {"question": "Who won a strong majority in the election?", "answer": "PAIGC"}, {"question": "How many seats did PAIGC win in the election?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "Whose residence was attacked by members of the armed forces?", "answer": "President Vieira's"}, {"question": "When did the attack on the residence occur?", "answer": "November 2008"}, {"question": "Who was assassinated on 2 March 2009?", "answer": "Vieira"}, {"question": "Who was assassinated on 1 March 2009?", "answer": "General Batista Tagme Na Wai"}, {"question": "Who pledged to respect the constitutional order of succession?", "answer": "Military leaders"}, {"question": "Who was appointed interim president?", "answer": "Raimundo Pereira"}, {"question": "Who won the election in June 2009?", "answer": "Malam Bacai Sanh\u00e1"}, {"question": "When was a coup d'etat staged?", "answer": "12 April 2012"}, {"question": "Who staged the coup d'etat?", "answer": "members of the country's military"}, {"question": "Who assumed control of the country after the coup d'etat?", "answer": "Mamadu Ture Kuruma"}, {"question": "Who did Kuruma negotiate with?", "answer": "opposition parties"}, {"question": "What was Kuruma's former position?", "answer": "vice chief of staff"}, {"question": "What country is listed as a republic?", "answer": "Guinea-Bissau"}, {"question": "When had the government been highly centralized?", "answer": "In the past"}, {"question": "When was multi-party governance established?", "answer": "mid-1991"}, {"question": "Who is the head of state?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "Who is the head of government?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "How many members compose the legislature?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "Is the legislature bicameral or unicameral?", "answer": "unicameral"}, {"question": "How long do members serve in the legislature?", "answer": "four-year term"}, {"question": "What is the head of the judicial system?", "answer": "Tribunal Supremo da Justi\u00e7a (Supreme Court)"}, {"question": "How many justices are on the Supreme Court?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Who was elected as President in 2005?", "answer": "Jo\u00e3o Bernardo \"Nino\" Vieira"}, {"question": "What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?", "answer": "CNE (Comit\u00e9 Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es)"}, {"question": "How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "What year did Vieira first assume power?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?", "answer": "Lu\u00eds Cabral"}, {"question": "What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?", "answer": "widespread violence"}, {"question": "When was Vieira killed?", "answer": "2 March 2009"}, {"question": "In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?", "answer": "Sanh\u00e1"}, {"question": "In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PRS?", "answer": "Kumba Ial\u00e1"}, {"question": "Who won the 2009 election?", "answer": "Sanh\u00e1"}, {"question": "When did President Sanha die?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What party did Sanha belong to?", "answer": "PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)"}, {"question": "Besides the PAIGC, what is the other major political party?", "answer": "PRS (Party for Social Renewal)"}, {"question": "How many minor political parties are there?", "answer": "more than 20"}, {"question": "What office did Sanha hold in 2012?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "How many regions does Guinea-Bissau contain?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many autonomous sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How many subdivided Sectors does Guinea-Bissau contain?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "What country is on the north border of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Senegal"}, {"question": "What country is on the south border of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Guinea"}, {"question": "What is to the west of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What latitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?", "answer": "11\u00b0 and 13\u00b0N"}, {"question": "What longitudes does Guinea-Bissau mostly lie between?", "answer": "13\u00b0 and 17\u00b0W"}, {"question": "Guinea-Bissau is larger than what two countries?", "answer": "Taiwan or Belgium"}, {"question": "How high is the highest point in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "300 metres (984 ft)"}, {"question": "What archipelago lies off the mainland?", "answer": "Bijagos"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers is Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "36,125"}, {"question": "Where does Guinea-Bissau get its hot dry winds from?", "answer": "the Sahara"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall in Bissau, in millimetres?", "answer": "2,024"}, {"question": "When is the rainy season in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "between June and September/October"}, {"question": "What does the country experience from December through April?", "answer": "drought"}, {"question": "When is Guinea-Bissau warm?", "answer": "all year around"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "26.3 \u00b0C (79.3 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "How much of the population lives below the poverty line?", "answer": "More than two-thirds"}, {"question": "What are Guinea-Bissau's major exports?", "answer": "fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts"}, {"question": "What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world?", "answer": "GDP"}, {"question": "For what index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest on earth?", "answer": "Human Development Index"}, {"question": "What area depends on agriculture in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "The economy"}, {"question": "Political instability has resulted in what type of economic activity?", "answer": "depressed"}, {"question": "Political instability has resulted in what description of social conditions?", "answer": "deteriorating"}, {"question": "What type of imbalances have increased as a result of the instability?", "answer": "macroeconomic"}, {"question": "How long does it take to register a business in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "233 days or about 33 weeks"}, {"question": "What is the one country that takes longer than Guinea-Bissau to register a business?", "answer": "Suriname"}, {"question": "What did the main political parties sign to help the economy?", "answer": "a pact of stability"}, {"question": "What organization backed a structural reform program?", "answer": "IMF"}, {"question": "When did Guinea-Bissau become independent?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What country left Guinea-Bissau in 1974?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "What happened in Portugal that contributed to Guinea-Bissau's independence?", "answer": "the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution"}, {"question": "In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What did the government do in 1997 to increase monetary stability?", "answer": "entered the CFA franc monetary system"}, {"question": "What years did the civil war take place?", "answer": "1998 and 1999"}, {"question": "When was there a military coup in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "September 2003"}, {"question": "When were parliamentary elections held?", "answer": "March 2004"}, {"question": "When did drug traffickers begin to use Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Where did the drug traffickers come from?", "answer": "Latin America"}, {"question": "What was the final destination of the drugs going through Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Who described Guinea-Bissau as being at risk for becoming a \"narco-state\"?", "answer": "a United Nations official"}, {"question": "Who has done little to stop drug trafficking in the country?", "answer": "The government and the military"}, {"question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 1950?", "answer": "518,000"}, {"question": "What was the population of Guinea-Bissau in 2010?", "answer": "1,515,000"}, {"question": "What is the source of the population data?", "answer": "the 2010 revison of the UN World Population Prospects"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was below the age of 15?", "answer": "41.3%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was 65 or older?", "answer": "3.3%"}, {"question": "What natives comprise a very small percentage of the population?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "Who left the country after Guinea-Bissau gained independence?", "answer": "Portuguese nationals"}, {"question": "What ethnic group has a tiny population in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "What is the name of a former Asian Portuguese colony?", "answer": "Macau"}, {"question": "What is the ancestry of the Chinese population in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "mixed Portuguese and Chinese ancestry"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population speaks Kriol?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What is the official language of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "How long was Guinea-Bissau under colonial rule?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "What type of language is Kriol?", "answer": "a Portuguese-based creole language"}, {"question": "What is the second language for most Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Kriol"}, {"question": "Why is French taught in school?", "answer": "Guinea-Bissau is surrounded by French-speaking nations."}, {"question": "What is Guinea-Bissau a full member of?", "answer": "the Francophonie"}, {"question": "Who speaks both African languages and Kriol?", "answer": "Most Portuguese and Mesti\u00e7os"}, {"question": "In the 20th century most people practiced some form of what faith?", "answer": "Animism."}, {"question": "What religion was adopted by the population in the early 21st century?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population now practices Islam?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What denomination are the majority of Guinea-Bissau's muslims?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "What sect does 2% of the population belong to?", "answer": "Ahmadiyya"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population is Christian?", "answer": "Approximately 10%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population continues to hold indigenous beliefs?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "What forms of Islamic and Christian faiths do many residents practice?", "answer": "syncretic"}, {"question": "What do many residents combine with Islamic and Christian practices?", "answer": "traditional African beliefs"}, {"question": "What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "HIV"}, {"question": "What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?", "answer": "1.8%"}, {"question": "How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What does retroviral coverage help prevent?", "answer": "transmission to newborns"}, {"question": "Who receives retroviral coverage?", "answer": "infected pregnant women"}, {"question": "What kills more residents than AIDS?", "answer": "Malaria"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population has Malaria?", "answer": "9%"}, {"question": "How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?", "answer": "three times as many"}, {"question": "How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?", "answer": "fewer than half"}, {"question": "What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008?", "answer": "antimalarial"}, {"question": "What type of disease was reported to be on the rise in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "cholera"}, {"question": "How many died from cholera in a November 2012 report?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many died from cholera in a 2008 epidemic?", "answer": "225"}, {"question": "Where are there reported cholera rates that are lowering?", "answer": "surrounding countries"}, {"question": "How many people were affected by the 2008 cholera epidemic?", "answer": "14,222"}, {"question": "What was the 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "What was the 1990 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births?", "answer": "966"}, {"question": "How many midwives are listed per 1,000 live births?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "How many pregnant women die as a result of pregnancy?", "answer": "one out of eighteen"}, {"question": "According to UNICEF, what percentage of women in Guinea-Bissau had undergone female genital mutilation?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What are the ages when education is compulsory?", "answer": "7 to 13"}, {"question": "What gender has a higher enrollment?", "answer": "boys"}, {"question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate in 1998?", "answer": "53.5%"}, {"question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate for males?", "answer": "67.7%"}, {"question": "What was the gross primary enrollment rate for females?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "What type of secondary schools does Guinea-Bissau have?", "answer": "general as well as technical"}, {"question": "What institutions have added a Faculty of Law?", "answer": "universities"}, {"question": "What institutions have added a Faculty of Medicine?", "answer": "universities"}, {"question": "What two words are used to describe the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine?", "answer": "institutionally autonomous"}, {"question": "What music genre is usually associated with Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "gumbe"}, {"question": "What is considered the country's primary musical export?", "answer": "the polyrhythmic gumbe genre"}, {"question": "What major factor has kept gumbe out of mainstream audiences?", "answer": "civil unrest"}, {"question": "What other type of countries has gumbe been kept out of?", "answer": "generally syncretist African countries"}, {"question": "What is the primary instrument of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "The calabash"}, {"question": "What type of music is the calabash used in?", "answer": "extremely swift and rhythmically complex dance music"}, {"question": "What language are lyrics typically sung in?", "answer": "Guinea-Bissau Creole"}, {"question": "What do typical song lyrics revolve around?", "answer": "current events and controversies"}, {"question": "What is the main controversy found in song lyrics?", "answer": "AIDS"}, {"question": "What is sometimes used as a generic word for any music of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "gumbe"}, {"question": "Gumbe fuses how many of the country's folk music traditions?", "answer": "about ten"}, {"question": "Other than gumbe, what are two popular music genres?", "answer": "Tina and tinga"}, {"question": "What sound comes from the Bissagos Islands?", "answer": "kundere"}, {"question": "What type of tradition includes ceremonial music used in funerals?", "answer": "folk"}, {"question": "What grain is a staple for residents near the coast of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Rice"}, {"question": "What grain is a staple for residents in the interior of Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "millet"}, {"question": "Who encouraged peanut production in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "The Portuguese"}, {"question": "What type of oil is harvested?", "answer": "Palm"}, {"question": "What kind of pea is part of the diet in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Black-eyed peas"}, {"question": "What are common dishes in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "soups and stews"}, {"question": "What are common ingredients in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "yams, sweet potato, cassava, onion, tomato and plantain"}, {"question": "What are spices, peppers and chilis used in?", "answer": "cooking"}, {"question": "What is another name for Guinea pepper?", "answer": "Aframomum melegueta seeds"}, {"question": "What are Guinea peppers used in?", "answer": "cooking"}, {"question": "Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Flora Gomes"}, {"question": "What is Flora Gomes' most famous film?", "answer": "Nha Fala (English: My Voice)"}, {"question": "What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau?", "answer": "Umban u\u2019Kest"}, {"question": "What prize did the film Mortu Nega win?", "answer": "Oumarou Ganda Prize"}, {"question": "What is the grid plan aligned with rather than the cardinal directions?", "answer": "Hudson River"}, {"question": "In this article, how many degrees north of true west is \"West?\"", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "Does this article cover east-west or north-south streets?", "answer": "east-west"}, {"question": "Which streets have their own linked articles?", "answer": "Major streets"}, {"question": "Which streets are one-way eastbound?", "answer": "even-numbered"}, {"question": "Odd-numbered streets are one-way in which direction?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Do most wide streets carry one-way or two-way traffic?", "answer": "two-way"}, {"question": "What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?", "answer": "Streets' names change"}, {"question": "What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?", "answer": "Streets' names change"}, {"question": "Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?", "answer": "West to East"}, {"question": "The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?", "answer": "14th Street north"}, {"question": "Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?", "answer": "East Houston Street"}, {"question": "In what village is East Houston Street located?", "answer": "East Village"}, {"question": "Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?", "answer": "Greenwich Village"}, {"question": "Who laid out the Grid Plan?", "answer": "Commissioners' Plan of 1811"}, {"question": "What is the highest numbered street on Manhattan Island?", "answer": "220th Street"}, {"question": "What is the highest street number within the borough of Manhattan?", "answer": "228"}, {"question": "What is the highest street number in the Bronx?", "answer": "263"}, {"question": "Where is First Place located?", "answer": "Battery Park City"}, {"question": "Where is East First Street located?", "answer": "Alphabet City"}, {"question": "What is the spot where the grid takes hold called?", "answer": "Peretz Square"}, {"question": "What shape is the sliver park where Houston Street, First Street, and First Avenue meet?", "answer": "triangular"}, {"question": "Which street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A?", "answer": "East 1st Street"}, {"question": "East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to where?", "answer": "Bowery"}, {"question": "East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive?", "answer": "FDR"}, {"question": "Where is the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets?", "answer": "Avenue D"}, {"question": "Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery?", "answer": "East 2nd Street"}, {"question": "What name did 3rd Street previously hold?", "answer": "Amity Place"}, {"question": "Which village do 3rd and 4th Street extend into?", "answer": "Greenwich"}, {"question": "Which street connects East 3rd to West 3rd?", "answer": "Great Jones"}, {"question": "The west end of these streets is Third Avenue and where?", "answer": "Bowery"}, {"question": "Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A?", "answer": "Village View"}, {"question": "What is the Public School number that interrupts East 5th Street?", "answer": "364"}, {"question": "Which school interrupts East 5th Street?", "answer": "The Earth School"}, {"question": "East 5th Street goes west to what stopping point?", "answer": "Cooper Square"}, {"question": "West 8th Street is an important local street for what activity?", "answer": "shopping"}, {"question": "8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called what?", "answer": "St Mark's Place"}, {"question": "Where do 8th and 9th Streets begin?", "answer": "Avenue D"}, {"question": "Where do 8th and 9th Streets end?", "answer": "Sixth Avenue"}, {"question": "Which park interrupts 8th and 9th Street at Avenue B?", "answer": "Tompkins Square Park"}, {"question": "Which bus operates on 10th Street between Avenues D and A and between West Street and Sixth Ave?", "answer": "M8"}, {"question": "Does the two-way section of 10th Street have a dedicated bike lane?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "The end of what road was once home to Newgate Prison?", "answer": "West 10th Street"}, {"question": "Which prison was New York City's first?", "answer": "Newgate Prison"}, {"question": "What was the name of the United States' second prison?", "answer": "Newgate Prison"}, {"question": "Which street runs from Broadway to West Street?", "answer": "West 11th Street"}, {"question": "When was the Old Grapevine tavern demolished?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "11th Street and 6th Avenue was the home of what tavern from the 1700s?", "answer": "Old Grapevine"}, {"question": "What church interuppts 11th Street between Broadway and Fourth Avenue?", "answer": "Grace Church"}, {"question": "13th Street is divided into how many parts?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The first part of 13th Street is a dead end from which Avenue?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "Where does the second part of 13th Street end?", "answer": "Greenwich Avenue"}, {"question": "Which street has its third section between Eighth Avenue and Tenth Avenue?", "answer": "13th Street"}, {"question": "Where does 14th Street begin?", "answer": "Avenue C"}, {"question": "Where does 14th Street end?", "answer": "West Street"}, {"question": "How many subway stations are on 14th Street?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is the length of 14th Street in miles?", "answer": "2.1"}, {"question": "Where does 15th Street start?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Which road starts at a dead end half way between FDR Drive and Avenue C?", "answer": "16th Street"}, {"question": "16th Street pauses at which Square?", "answer": "Stuyvesant"}, {"question": "Which Square stops both 15th and 16th Streets?", "answer": "Union Square"}, {"question": "What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street?", "answer": "runs in both directions"}, {"question": "Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways?", "answer": "one way"}, {"question": "What was the job of the person who lived at 327 East 17th Street?", "answer": "Composer"}, {"question": "Where was Time Magazine started?", "answer": "141 East 17th Street"}, {"question": "What was Antonin Dvorak's New York home replaced with after it was demolished?", "answer": "AIDS hospice"}, {"question": "What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue?", "answer": "subway station"}, {"question": "Which train line do the 1 2 trains serve?", "answer": "IRT Broadway \u2013 Seventh Avenue Line"}, {"question": "Which train line used to have an 18th Street Station at the crossing with Park Avenue South?", "answer": "IRT Lexington Avenue Line"}, {"question": "Where does 10th Street start?", "answer": "Avenue C"}, {"question": "At which Avenue do 21st and 22nd Streets begin?", "answer": "First"}, {"question": "What is different about 20th Street between Avenue C and First Avenue?", "answer": "very wide"}, {"question": "Which street is much wider from Avenue C to First Avenue?", "answer": "20th Street"}, {"question": "How does traffic travel on the last block of the 20th, 21st, and 22nd Streets?", "answer": "in the opposite direction"}, {"question": "Which Street is also known as Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?", "answer": "21st Street"}, {"question": "What is 21st Street known as along the northern perimeter of Gramercy Park?", "answer": "Gramercy Park North"}, {"question": "Between what avenues is 21st Street known by Police Officer Anthony Sanchez Way?", "answer": "Second and Third Avenues"}, {"question": "Which police officer does a section of 21st Street refer to?", "answer": "Anthony Sanchez"}, {"question": "Where does 23rd Street begin?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Where does 23rd Street end?", "answer": "Eleventh Avenue"}, {"question": "What is the length of 23rd Street in kilometers?", "answer": "3.1 km"}, {"question": "Does traffic move in one or two ways on 23rd Street?", "answer": "two-way"}, {"question": "How many local subway stations are on 23rd Street?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which street is a pedestrian plaza between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue?", "answer": "25th Street"}, {"question": "Where does 24th street start?", "answer": "First Avenue"}, {"question": "Which park is at the end of 24th Street and Madison Avenue?", "answer": "Madison Square Park"}, {"question": "Where does 25th Street end?", "answer": "Madison"}, {"question": "After being interrupted, where do 24th and 25th Streets continue from?", "answer": "Fifth Avenue"}, {"question": "Which street does Club Row occur on?", "answer": "27th Street"}, {"question": "Which strip is known for its numerous nightclubs and lounges?", "answer": "Club Row"}, {"question": "What is the strip of 27th Street between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues known as?", "answer": "Club Row"}, {"question": "Does traffuc on 27th Street run one-way or two-ways?", "answer": "one-way"}, {"question": "Where does 27th Street start?", "answer": "Second Avenue"}, {"question": "How many blocks south of 27th Street is Manhattan's Meatpacking District?", "answer": "fifteen blocks"}, {"question": "Which businesses on 27th Street face competition from other venues in dowtown Manhattan?", "answer": "nightclubs"}, {"question": "What direction is Manhattan's Meatpacking District from West 27th Street?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue?", "answer": "Eighth"}, {"question": "What year was the New York Life Building built?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Who designed the New York Life Building?", "answer": "Cass Gilbert"}, {"question": "Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street?", "answer": "Bellevue"}, {"question": "Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "Where does 31st Street begin?", "answer": "West Side Yard"}, {"question": "Which church is situated at 135-139 West 31st Street?", "answer": "Catholic church of St. Francis of Assisi"}, {"question": "Who owned the building at 29 East 32nd Street between 1890 and 1917?", "answer": "Grolier Club"}, {"question": "The corner of Broadway and West 31st Street is home to what business?", "answer": "Grand Hotel"}, {"question": "Which religios center is located at 210 West?", "answer": "Capuchin Monastery of St. John the Baptist"}, {"question": "Where does 35th Street begin?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Where does 35th Street end?", "answer": "Eleventh Avenue"}, {"question": "On which street does LaptopMD headquarters sit?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "On which street is the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center located?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "Which street runs from FDR Drive to Eleventh Avenue?", "answer": "35th Street"}, {"question": "What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?", "answer": "Designers' Way"}, {"question": "Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?", "answer": "Designers' Way"}, {"question": "Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?", "answer": "Second"}, {"question": "Which street begins at East Drive, at Engineers Gate of Central Park?", "answer": "East 90th Street"}, {"question": "Which church is located on East 90th Street between Second and Third Avenue?", "answer": "Our Lady of Good Counsel Church"}, {"question": "Which towers are located at 1601 and 1619 Third Avenue?", "answer": "Ruppert Towers"}, {"question": "What is located on East 90th Street between York Avenue and East End Avenue?", "answer": "Asphalt Green"}, {"question": "Where does 112th Street start?", "answer": "Morningside Heights"}, {"question": "Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue?", "answer": "112th Street"}, {"question": "Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine?", "answer": "112th Street"}, {"question": "Which library is Columbia University's largest?", "answer": "Butler Library"}, {"question": "114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university's Morningside Heights Campus?", "answer": "Columbia University"}, {"question": "114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University's Morningside Heights Campus?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?", "answer": "114th Street"}, {"question": "Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?", "answer": "St. Luke's\u2013Roosevelt Hospital Center"}, {"question": "A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?", "answer": "114th Street"}, {"question": "On which road does 120th Street begin?", "answer": "Riverside Drive"}, {"question": "The Interchurch Center is the start of which street?", "answer": "120th Street"}, {"question": "Morningside Park interrupts which street?", "answer": "120th Street"}, {"question": "Who formerly lived at 58 West?", "answer": "Maya Angelou"}, {"question": "120th Street turns into Paladino Avenue and into a pedestrian bridge across what road?", "answer": "FDR Drive"}, {"question": "Which memorial park divides 122nd Street?", "answer": "Marcus Garvey"}, {"question": "Which park divides 122nd Street along with Marcus Garvey Memorial Park?", "answer": "Morningside Park"}, {"question": "How many segments is 122nd Street divided into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Are 122nd Street's three segments contiguous or noncontiguous?", "answer": "noncontiguous"}, {"question": "How many blocks west of Second Avenue does E 122nd Street run?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "At which park does E 122nd Street end?", "answer": "Marcus Garvey Memorial Park"}, {"question": "At which intersection does E 122nd Street terminate?", "answer": "Madison Avenue"}, {"question": "What is another name for Fourth Avenue?", "answer": "Park"}, {"question": "A segment of what road crosses portions of Third Avenue, Lexington, and Park and runs in East Harlem?", "answer": "E 122nd Street"}, {"question": "At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?", "answer": "Morningside Avenue"}, {"question": "At which park does W 122nd Street end?", "answer": "Morningside Park"}, {"question": "How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?", "answer": "Mount Morris"}, {"question": "What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?", "answer": "Lenox Avenue"}, {"question": "What is another name for Tenth Avenue?", "answer": "Amsterdam Avenue"}, {"question": "At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?", "answer": "Riverside Drive"}, {"question": "What is another name for Ninth Avenue?", "answer": "Morningside Drive"}, {"question": "Which district surrounds Columbia University?", "answer": "Morningside Heights"}, {"question": "Besides the Union Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?", "answer": "Jewish Theological"}, {"question": "Other than the Jewish Theological Seminary, which other Seminary touches Seminary Row?", "answer": "Union Theological"}, {"question": "Which road runs by two Seminaries, the Manhattan School of Music, Riverside Church, and Grant's Tomb?", "answer": "Seminary Row"}, {"question": "Who is the main character in Taxi Driver?", "answer": "Travis Bickle"}, {"question": "What street is mentioned in the movie Taxi Driver as the location where a cab driver is assaulted?", "answer": "122nd Street"}, {"question": "Which character in Taxi Driver deemed 122nd Street as \"Mau Mau Land\"?", "answer": "Wizard"}, {"question": "What is the term given to 122nd Street by Wizard in Taxi Driver indicating the area is majority black?", "answer": "\"Mau Mau Land\""}, {"question": "Which neighborhood surrounds 122nd Street?", "answer": "Harlem"}, {"question": "Which street in West Harlem runs just two blocks between Amersterdam Avenue and Claremont Avenue?", "answer": "La Salle Street"}, {"question": "La Salle Street runs between Amsterdam Avenue and which other Avenue?", "answer": "Claremont"}, {"question": "In which neighborhood does La Salle Street run?", "answer": "West Harlem"}, {"question": "Which street was swallowed up to make low income housing projects?", "answer": "125th Street"}, {"question": "Which street is the only area left of the routing onto old Manhattan Avenue?", "answer": "La Salle Street"}, {"question": "There is a small stretch of what road between Broadway and Twelfth Avenue?", "answer": "West 132nd Street"}, {"question": "The main portion of what road runs eastbound from Frederick Douglass Boulevard to Park Avenue?", "answer": "132nd Street"}, {"question": "On what Avenue is a southbound exit and entrance to the Harlem River Drive?", "answer": "Park Avenue"}, {"question": "West 132nd Street is interrupted by St. Nicholas Park and which college?", "answer": "City College"}, {"question": "West 132nd Street is interrupted by City College and which park?", "answer": "St. Nicholas Park"}, {"question": "Who takes care of the 132nd Street Community Garden?", "answer": "local residents"}, {"question": "The 132nd Street Community Garden is located between Malcom X Boulevard and what other Boulevard?", "answer": "Adam Clayton Powell Jr."}, {"question": "In which year did the garden receive a makover with a water distribution system?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who funded the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system?", "answer": "Borough President's office"}, {"question": "How much did the 132nd Street Community Garden's water distribution system cost?", "answer": "$100,000"}, {"question": "What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?", "answer": "Manhattanville Bus Depot"}, {"question": "What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?", "answer": "132nd Street Bus Depot"}, {"question": "In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?", "answer": "Manhattanville"}, {"question": "The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?", "answer": "Riverside Drive"}, {"question": "How many crosstown streets are mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?", "answer": "155"}, {"question": "Which street is the northernmost of the streets mapped in the Commissioner's Plan of 1811?", "answer": "155th Street"}, {"question": "Which street forms the boundary between Harlem and Washington Heights?", "answer": "155th Street"}, {"question": "What document established Manhattan's numbered street grid?", "answer": "Commissioner's Plan of 1811"}, {"question": "155th Street forms the boundary between Harlem and what other neighborhood?", "answer": "Washington Heights"}, {"question": "Where does 155th Street start?", "answer": "Riverside Drive"}, {"question": "155th Street crosses Broadway, Amsterdam Avenue, and what other Avenue?", "answer": "St. Nicholas"}, {"question": "How many meters long is the viaduct on which 155th Street travels?", "answer": "490"}, {"question": "In what year was the viaduct along 155th Street constructed?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "A section of 155th Street connects Harlem River Drive and what Avenue?", "answer": "Bradhurst"}, {"question": "181st Street runs through what neighborhood?", "answer": "Washington Heights"}, {"question": "What is the west end of 181st Street called?", "answer": "Plaza Lafayette"}, {"question": "Does Plaza Lafayette refer to the east or west end of 181st Street?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Which river does 181st Street run near?", "answer": "Hudson River"}, {"question": "Which road runs from the Washington Bridge to the Henry Hudson Parkway?", "answer": "181st Street"}, {"question": "In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?", "answer": "West"}, {"question": "In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?", "answer": "Fort Washington Avenue"}, {"question": "Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?", "answer": "Harlem"}, {"question": "How many subway lines serve 181st Street?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many metres apart are 181st Street's two subway stations?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "On what avenue is the George Wasington Bridge Bus Terminal?", "answer": "Fort Washington Avenue"}, {"question": "Which road is the Trans-Manhattan Expressway's last south/west exit?", "answer": "181st Street"}, {"question": "187th Street runs from Laurel Hill Terrace in the east to which avenue in the west?", "answer": "Chittenden Avenue"}, {"question": "What is 187th Street interrupted by?", "answer": "stairs"}, {"question": "Where do the stairs interrupting 187th street lead to?", "answer": "Broadway valley"}, {"question": "An area of 187th Street serves as the main shopping district for which neighborhood?", "answer": "Hudson Heights"}, {"question": "Which is the eastmost intersection that 187th Street has?", "answer": "Laurel Hill Terrace"}, {"question": "Which is the westernmost intersection that 187th Street has?", "answer": "Chittenden Avenue"}, {"question": "Wadsworth Avenue is intersected by what street?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard?", "answer": "P.S. 187"}, {"question": "On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "Which University has a campus on 187th Street?", "answer": "Yeshiva University"}, {"question": "Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?", "answer": "187th Street"}, {"question": "What is the center of the nervous system in all creatures?", "answer": "The brain"}, {"question": "What is the most complex organ in an animal's body?", "answer": "The brain"}, {"question": "In people, how many neurons make up the cerebral cortex?", "answer": "15\u201333 billion"}, {"question": "Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?", "answer": "axons"}, {"question": "A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?", "answer": "sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts"}, {"question": "Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?", "answer": "The brain"}, {"question": "What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?", "answer": "reflexes"}, {"question": "Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?", "answer": "spinal cord or peripheral ganglia"}, {"question": "Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?", "answer": "central processing unit (CPU)"}, {"question": "Animals with a spine are called what?", "answer": "vertebrates"}, {"question": "Animals without a spine are called what?", "answer": "invertebrates"}, {"question": "The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?", "answer": "visual inspection"}, {"question": "Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "The two main areas of the brain are what colors?", "answer": "grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter"}, {"question": "What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?", "answer": "microscope"}, {"question": "Grey matter of the brain is what color?", "answer": "dark color"}, {"question": "Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?", "answer": "neurons and glial cells"}, {"question": "Glial cells are also referred to as what?", "answer": "glia or neuroglia"}, {"question": "Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?", "answer": "neurons"}, {"question": "Axons send signals that are named what?", "answer": "action potentials"}, {"question": "What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?", "answer": "1\u2013100 meters per second"}, {"question": "Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?", "answer": "synapses"}, {"question": "The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?", "answer": "receptor molecules"}, {"question": "An axon can connect to how many other cells?", "answer": "several thousand"}, {"question": "How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?", "answer": "100 trillion synapses;"}, {"question": "The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?", "answer": "several million"}, {"question": "A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?", "answer": "excitatory"}, {"question": "The primary job of the brain is what?", "answer": "cell-to-cell communication"}, {"question": "Axons grouped together are known as what?", "answer": "nerve fiber tracts"}, {"question": "An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what?", "answer": "sheath of myelin"}, {"question": "Myelin is what color in the brain?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures?", "answer": "axons"}, {"question": "Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what?", "answer": "neuron cell bodies"}, {"question": "Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?", "answer": "cnidarians"}, {"question": "Bilaterians are animals that have what?", "answer": "symmetric body shape"}, {"question": "The Cambrian period was how long ago?", "answer": "485-540 million years ago"}, {"question": "A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?", "answer": "a ganglion"}, {"question": "What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?", "answer": "leeches"}, {"question": "A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?", "answer": "acoelomorphs"}, {"question": "Some bilaterians without a brain are what?", "answer": "echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs"}, {"question": "Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?", "answer": "arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods"}, {"question": "Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?", "answer": "parallel nerve cords"}, {"question": "The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?", "answer": "octopus and squid"}, {"question": "Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?", "answer": "invertebrate"}, {"question": "How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?", "answer": "over 500 million years ago"}, {"question": "During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?", "answer": "Cambrian period"}, {"question": "Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?", "answer": "450 Mya"}, {"question": "The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?", "answer": "(the telencephalon"}, {"question": "At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?", "answer": "200 Mya"}, {"question": "Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?", "answer": "0.75"}, {"question": "Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?", "answer": "primates"}, {"question": "The forebrain during development is known as what?", "answer": "prosencephalon"}, {"question": "The midbrain during development is known as what?", "answer": "mesencephalon"}, {"question": "The hindbrain during development is known as what?", "answer": "rhombencephalon"}, {"question": "Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest?", "answer": "mammals"}, {"question": "During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?", "answer": "neural tube;"}, {"question": "Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?", "answer": "pinkish"}, {"question": "The color of the brain inside is what?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?", "answer": "meninges"}, {"question": "Meninges separate what structure from the brain?", "answer": "the skull"}, {"question": "The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?", "answer": "cells in the blood vessel walls"}, {"question": "People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?", "answer": "Neuroanatomists"}, {"question": "The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?", "answer": "telencephalon"}, {"question": "The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?", "answer": "diencephalon"}, {"question": "The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?", "answer": "mesencephalon"}, {"question": "Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?", "answer": "thalamus and hypothalamus"}, {"question": "The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?", "answer": "teleost fishes"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?", "answer": "forebrain area"}, {"question": "A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?", "answer": "twice as large"}, {"question": "A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?", "answer": "ten times"}, {"question": "The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?", "answer": "size."}, {"question": "What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?", "answer": "The cerebral cortex"}, {"question": "The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?", "answer": "pallium"}, {"question": "Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?", "answer": "neocortex or isocortex"}, {"question": "The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?", "answer": "neocortex"}, {"question": "The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?", "answer": "visual"}, {"question": "The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what?", "answer": "(the neocerebellum"}, {"question": "The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain?", "answer": "cerebral cortex"}, {"question": "Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?", "answer": "encephalization quotient (EQ)"}, {"question": "What is the average EQ of a person?", "answer": "7-to-8 range"}, {"question": "Primates have an EQ in what range?", "answer": "2-to-3"}, {"question": "Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?", "answer": "prefrontal cortex"}, {"question": "The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?", "answer": "primates"}, {"question": "The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?", "answer": "the neural plate"}, {"question": "The neural groove is a hollow cord of cells with what in the center?", "answer": "fluid-filled ventricle"}, {"question": "The forebrain splits during development into vesicles called what?", "answer": "telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon"}, {"question": "The vesicle that contains the cerebral cortex is which one?", "answer": "telencephalon"}, {"question": "The thalamus and hypothalamus are contained in which vesicle?", "answer": "the diencephalon"}, {"question": "A growth cone of an axon is made up of a blob of what?", "answer": "protoplasm"}, {"question": "What two structures does a neuron extend when it is in place during development?", "answer": "dendrites and an axon"}, {"question": "The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?", "answer": "neurons"}, {"question": "The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?", "answer": "sense of smell"}, {"question": "What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?", "answer": "dentate gyrus of the hippocampus"}, {"question": "Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?", "answer": "Glial cells"}, {"question": "Neurogenesis is the process of what?", "answer": "neurons continue to be generated throughout life"}, {"question": "The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by what?", "answer": "neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses"}, {"question": "What type of signals do neurons transfer from one another?", "answer": "electrochemical"}, {"question": "Chemicals called neurotransmitters are released at what part of the brain?", "answer": "synapses"}, {"question": "What do neurotransmitters attach to?", "answer": "receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse's target cell"}, {"question": "Neurons that release the same chemicals are following what rule?", "answer": "Dale's principle"}, {"question": "GABA is the abbreviation for what?", "answer": "gamma-aminobutyric acid"}, {"question": "Which of two neurotransmitters is usually inhibitory?", "answer": "gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"}, {"question": "The neurostransmitter that usually excites targets is called what?", "answer": "glutamate,"}, {"question": "Tranquilizers affect which of the two common neurotransmitters?", "answer": "gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)"}, {"question": "Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?", "answer": "Raphe nuclei"}, {"question": "Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?", "answer": "Serotonin"}, {"question": "Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?", "answer": "Norepinephrine"}, {"question": "Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?", "answer": "locus coeruleus"}, {"question": "An EEG of the brain stands for what?", "answer": "electroencephalography"}, {"question": "MEG of the brain is an abbreviation of what?", "answer": "magnetoencephalography"}, {"question": "What type of test is used to tell that a brain is active even during sleep?", "answer": "EEG"}, {"question": "What type of brain waves are seen in mammals during sleep?", "answer": "large slow delta waves"}, {"question": "What type of brain waves are sen when a creature is awake, but inattentive?", "answer": "faster alpha waves"}, {"question": "What type of cells have a huge role in brain metabolism?", "answer": "Glial cells"}, {"question": "Glial cells control what inside the brain?", "answer": "chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons"}, {"question": "Where does the brain usually get most of its energy from inside the body?", "answer": "glucose (i.e., blood sugar"}, {"question": "The energy used for metabolism of the brain in humans is what percentage?", "answer": "20\u201325%"}, {"question": "Other sources than glucose that provide energy to the brain are what?", "answer": "ketones"}, {"question": "Most vertebrates usually devote how much metabolism to the brain?", "answer": "2% and 8%"}, {"question": "The function of the brain from an evolutionary-biological thought is what?", "answer": "provide coherent control over the actions of an animal"}, {"question": "Computers were invented in what decade in history?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?", "answer": "cybernetics"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?", "answer": "John von Neumann's"}, {"question": "When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "The scientific paper, What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain was released in what year?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "Who won a Nobel Prize for the discovery that cells in the visual cortex of monkeys become active when sharp edges move?", "answer": "David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel"}, {"question": "What is the project called that is trying to build a realistic, detailed computer model of the human brain?", "answer": "the Human Brain Project"}, {"question": "What type of animal has a sense that adapted into sonar?", "answer": "bats"}, {"question": "What type of animal uses infrared heat to sense?", "answer": "snakes"}, {"question": "The group of animals that can detect magnetic fields is what?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "The group of creatures that can sense electric fields is what?", "answer": "fish"}, {"question": "Light-receptive neurons are located in what part of the eye?", "answer": "retina"}, {"question": "Vibration-sensitive neurons are found in what part of the ear?", "answer": "cochlea"}, {"question": "Signals are sent from the thalamus to what part of the brain?", "answer": "cerebral cortex"}, {"question": "What part of the body is controlled by nuclei in the midbrain?", "answer": "the eye,"}, {"question": "All the muscles controlled by motor neurons in the body are controlled by what?", "answer": "spinal cord and hindbrain"}, {"question": "Which motor areas of the brain control breathing and swallowing?", "answer": "the medulla and pons,"}, {"question": "At the lowest level of the brain and spinal cord, are what areas?", "answer": "the medulla and pons"}, {"question": "The red nucleus controls what part(s) of the body?", "answer": "coordinating movements of the arms and legs"}, {"question": "A strip of tissue found at the edge of the frontal lobe is called what?", "answer": "primary motor cortex"}, {"question": "The primary motor cortex sends signals to the spinal cord through what?", "answer": "pyramidal tract."}, {"question": "The brain and spinal cord work together to control what system of the body?", "answer": "autonomic nervous system"}, {"question": "What system in the body controls heart rate?", "answer": "autonomic nervous system"}, {"question": "What system in the body controls salivation?", "answer": "autonomic nervous system"}, {"question": "Most of the processes of the autonomic nervous system are called what?", "answer": "not under direct voluntary control"}, {"question": "Which system in the body controls urination?", "answer": "The autonomic nervous system"}, {"question": "The SCN of the nervous system is an abbreviation for what?", "answer": "suprachiasmatic nucleus"}, {"question": "The suprachiasmatic nucleus is a small part of what part of the brain?", "answer": "the hypothalamus"}, {"question": "Which part of the arousal system controls the body's biological clock?", "answer": "the suprachiasmatic nucleus"}, {"question": "The RHT is an abbreviation for what?", "answer": "retinohypothalamic tract"}, {"question": "THE SCN receives information from the optic nerves through what?", "answer": "the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT"}, {"question": "A group of neuron-clusters scattered in the core of the lower brain is called what?", "answer": "the reticular formation"}, {"question": "Reticular neurons transfer signals to what part of the brain?", "answer": "the thalamus"}, {"question": "Damage to the reticular formation can cause what?", "answer": "state of coma"}, {"question": "The SCN transfers signals to a set of areas that implement what?", "answer": "sleep-wake cycles."}, {"question": "There are two types of sleep called what?", "answer": "REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM"}, {"question": "What type of sleep involves dreaming?", "answer": "REM sleep"}, {"question": "The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?", "answer": "REM, light NREM and deep NREM"}, {"question": "Slow wave sleep is also known as what?", "answer": "deep NREM sleep"}, {"question": "During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?", "answer": "slow wave sleep"}, {"question": "Homeostasis is defined as what?", "answer": "The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body"}, {"question": "Homeostasis is Greek for what phrase?", "answer": "\"standing still\""}, {"question": "The milieu interieur term was used by what physiologist?", "answer": "Claude Bernard"}, {"question": "Homeostasis is like what household tool?", "answer": "a thermostat."}, {"question": "The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?", "answer": "the forebrain"}, {"question": "In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?", "answer": "the hypothalamus,"}, {"question": "A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?", "answer": "the hypothalamus,"}, {"question": "The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?", "answer": "the pituitary gland"}, {"question": "The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?", "answer": "the bloodstream"}, {"question": "A set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain is called what?", "answer": "basal ganglia"}, {"question": "The basal ganglia is thought to be the central location at which what are made?", "answer": "decisions"}, {"question": "Which neurotransmitter plays a large role in drug abuse?", "answer": "dopamine"}, {"question": "Which of the two systems, reward or punishment is better understood?", "answer": "The reward mechanism"}, {"question": "In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?", "answer": "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor"}, {"question": "Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?", "answer": "Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal"}, {"question": "What field of science studies the brain and the central nervous system?", "answer": "neuroscience"}, {"question": "What scientific field tries to understand the mind and behavior?", "answer": "Psychology"}, {"question": "What field of science strives to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system?", "answer": "neurology"}, {"question": "Psychiatry is the branch of science that does what?", "answer": "study, prevent, and treat mental disorders"}, {"question": "Cognitive science seeks to join what two branches of science with other fields?", "answer": "neuroscience and psychology"}, {"question": "The oldest known method of studying the brain is what?", "answer": "anatomical,"}, {"question": "What do neuroanatomists study?", "answer": "the large-scale structure of the brain"}, {"question": "What type of study uses medical imaging techniques to correlate changes in brain structure?", "answer": "neuroanatomy"}, {"question": "Until what century was brain studying mostly anatomical?", "answer": "the middle of the 20th century,"}, {"question": "What do neurophysiologists study?", "answer": "the chemical, pharmacological, and electrical properties of the brain"}, {"question": "The most common tools that neurophysiologists use are what?", "answer": "drugs and recording devices"}, {"question": "What type of receptors does the brain lack?", "answer": "pain receptors"}, {"question": "Electrodes are often glued to what like in EEG studies?", "answer": "the scalp"}, {"question": "The brain is surrounded by what type of fluid?", "answer": "cerebrospinal fluid"}, {"question": "The brain is separated from the bloodstream by what feature?", "answer": "the blood\u2013brain barrier"}, {"question": "The two main structures that protect the brain are what?", "answer": "the skull and meninges"}, {"question": "What type of disease if often studied to understand damage to the brain?", "answer": "strokes"}, {"question": "What type of animal is most commonly used to study brain damage?", "answer": "rats"}, {"question": "Computational neuroscience is concerned with what two studies?", "answer": "the use of computers to study the brain; second, the study of how brains perform computation."}, {"question": "What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?", "answer": "mice"}, {"question": "Where was the oldest brain that was found?", "answer": "Armenia"}, {"question": "How old was the oldest brain discovered thought to be?", "answer": "over 5,000 years old"}, {"question": "The oldest known brain discovered was found in how old of a person?", "answer": "12 to 14-year-old"}, {"question": "The oldest brain found in a cave was from what gender of human?", "answer": "girl"}, {"question": "The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?", "answer": "brain or heart."}, {"question": "Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?", "answer": "the heart"}, {"question": "Who invented the atomic theory of matter?", "answer": "Democritus,"}, {"question": "The \"father of medicine\" is a name given to whom in history?", "answer": "Hippocrates"}, {"question": "What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?", "answer": "Democritus"}, {"question": "The physician Galen was from which country in history?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "What period in history was anatomical  studies of nerves greatly increased?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?", "answer": "The Roman physician Galen"}, {"question": "Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?", "answer": "animal spirits"}, {"question": "Who found out that a shock of electricity to an exposed nerve of a dead frog caused contractions?", "answer": "Luigi Galvani"}, {"question": "The tool that was invented to stain only a small fractions of neurons was called what?", "answer": "the Golgi stain"}, {"question": "What nationality was santiago Ramon y Cajal?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?", "answer": "Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley"}, {"question": "Which decade in history was officially called the \"Decade of the Brain\"?", "answer": "the 1990s"}, {"question": "Multielectrode recording allows what?", "answer": "the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time;"}, {"question": "Genetic engineering allows what?", "answer": "molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally;"}, {"question": "What does genomics allow the study of?", "answer": "variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging."}, {"question": "During what century was multielectrode recording invented?", "answer": "the 21st century,"}, {"question": "Genetic engineering was first discovered in what century?", "answer": "the 21st century,"}, {"question": "What is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia?", "answer": "Near East (French: Proche-Orient)"}, {"question": "The term near east was originally applies to the maximum extent of what empire?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "The term Near East has fallen into disuses in what language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What has replaced the term Near East?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?", "answer": "The Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica"}, {"question": "The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?", "answer": "the National Geographic Society"}, {"question": "What empire included all of the Balkan Peninsula north to the southern edge of the Hungarian Plain at the beginning of the 19th century?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Ottoman Empire lose all of it's empire except Constantinople and Eastern Thrace?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "The rise of what saw the independence of Greece, Serbia, the Danubian Principalities and Bulgaria?", "answer": "the rise of Balkan nationalism"}, {"question": "Until what year did the Ottomans retain a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "When did the Ottomans lose the territory of Albania, Macedonia and Thrace?", "answer": "the two Balkan Wars of 1912\u201313"}, {"question": "How was the Ottoman Empire portrayed in the press?", "answer": "as the sick man of Europe"}, {"question": "The Balkan states were primarily what religion? ", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "When did the Ottomans strike at the Armenians?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "What are the grounds on which the Ottomans struck at the Armenians?", "answer": "the explicit grounds that they were a non-Muslim people"}, {"question": "What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?", "answer": "The Hamidian Massacres"}, {"question": "When did \"Near East\" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?", "answer": "middle of the 19th century"}, {"question": "In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area", "answer": "the East Indies"}, {"question": "\"Near East\" applied to this mainly known area", "answer": "the Levant"}, {"question": "What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? ", "answer": "the Ottoman Porte"}, {"question": "What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? ", "answer": "permits from the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?", "answer": "North Africa west of Egypt"}, {"question": "Where were the piratical kingdoms from? ", "answer": "Barbary Coast"}, {"question": "Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? ", "answer": "because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia"}, {"question": "What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?", "answer": "the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia"}, {"question": "The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by \"Near East\" ", "answer": "of the sick man of Europe"}, {"question": "The terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? ", "answer": "the opposites of far and near"}, {"question": "When do the terms \"Near East\" and \"Far East\" appear together in journals? ", "answer": "the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? ", "answer": "the near or far east of a field, village or shire."}, {"question": "Who used the terms near Gaul?", "answer": "The Romans"}, {"question": "The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?", "answer": "the Greeks"}, {"question": "Usually the terms were given when referencing what?  ", "answer": "a geographic feature"}, {"question": "What divided Asia on a similar basis? ", "answer": "Ptolemy's Geography"}, {"question": "\"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" is located where? ", "answer": "In the north"}, {"question": "\"India on this side of the Ganges\" is located where? ", "answer": "To the south"}, {"question": "\"Scythia beyond the Himalayas\" is located where? ", "answer": "In the north"}, {"question": "Where did Asia begin? ", "answer": "on the coast of Anatolia"}, {"question": "When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?", "answer": "1670"}, {"question": "What had \"India Beyond the Ganges\" become? ", "answer": "the East Indies"}, {"question": "China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? ", "answer": "\"the East Indies\""}, {"question": "What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, \"the land of the rising sun\"?", "answer": "\"east\""}, {"question": "What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? ", "answer": "1590"}, {"question": "Where was Elizabeth I from?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? ", "answer": "trade with the east"}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?", "answer": "English merchants"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the first trading companies?", "answer": "obtain trading concessions by treaty"}, {"question": "What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?", "answer": "The East India Company"}, {"question": "What has pleased western historians?", "answer": "to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? ", "answer": "The borders"}, {"question": "What was the Ottoman Empire created from?", "answer": "the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire"}, {"question": "How did the last Roman emperor die?", "answer": "fighting hand-to-hand in the streets"}, {"question": "Where was the Roman emperor's capital?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "The populations did not accept what?", "answer": "Turkish rule"}, {"question": "The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? ", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "What created Serbia?", "answer": "the Serbian Revolution"}, {"question": "When was the Serbian Revolution?", "answer": "1815\u20131833"}, {"question": "When was the Greek War of Independence?", "answer": "1821\u20131832"}, {"question": "When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "When was the Crimean War?", "answer": "1853\u20131856"}, {"question": "During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?", "answer": "the incursions of the Russian Empire"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?", "answer": "the Balkan region"}, {"question": "Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? ", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "What brought a change in vocabulary?", "answer": "The Crimean War"}, {"question": "The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? ", "answer": "the British government"}, {"question": "What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?", "answer": "the British Empire"}, {"question": "When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?", "answer": "Thomas Taylor Meadows"}, {"question": "What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?", "answer": "the suggestion by another interpreter"}, {"question": "What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?", "answer": "the letter to the Times"}, {"question": "What was said must represent usage by that administration?", "answer": "Meadows' terminology"}, {"question": "Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?", "answer": "Duke of Wellington"}, {"question": "What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?", "answer": "\"Near East\""}, {"question": "What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?", "answer": "\"the Nearer East,\""}, {"question": "There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "the Biblical lands"}, {"question": "What did the Christians see the country as?", "answer": "the land of the Old and New Testaments"}, {"question": "How did the scholars attempt their definition? ", "answer": "on the basis of archaeology"}, {"question": "When was the London Review?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?", "answer": "The London Review of 1861"}, {"question": "Who wrote The London Review of 1861?", "answer": "(Telford and Barber"}, {"question": "What region was explicitly excluded?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What region has no mention?", "answer": "the Balkans"}, {"question": "Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?", "answer": "regions in their inventory"}, {"question": "What does Hogarth say in detail?", "answer": "where and why"}, {"question": "Hogarth makes no mention of what?", "answer": "the classics"}, {"question": "How is Hogarth's analysis?", "answer": "geopolitical"}, {"question": "When did the term \"Near East\" acquire considerable disrepute?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "The term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?", "answer": "English-speaking public"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the onus?", "answer": "the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?", "answer": "they were Christians"}, {"question": "When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?", "answer": "1913)"}, {"question": "Reports from who made the change evident?", "answer": "influential British travellers"}, {"question": "Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894", "answer": "the Far East"}, {"question": "What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?", "answer": "The Peoples and Politics of the Far East"}, {"question": "What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? ", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?", "answer": "June, 1896"}, {"question": "What magazine did Norman publish his work in?", "answer": "Scribner's Magazine"}, {"question": "Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?", "answer": "The Russians"}, {"question": "Who did Norman say \"turned her back\"?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What does Norman mean in the article when saying \"Near East\"?", "answer": "the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied"}, {"question": "What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?", "answer": "just \"the east.\""}, {"question": "\"The East\" refers to what?", "answer": "The rest of the Ottoman domain"}, {"question": "What was William Miller's life span?", "answer": "1864\u20131945"}, {"question": "What was William Miller an expert on?", "answer": "the Near East"}, {"question": "So to speak, what did William Miller do?", "answer": "signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires"}, {"question": "Where did Miller attend school?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "Miller's words were considered what?", "answer": "fighting words"}, {"question": "It was considered Europe needed what country?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What was Miller citing?", "answer": "the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?", "answer": "Austro-Hungarian Empire"}, {"question": "Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?", "answer": "the German Empire"}, {"question": "Who did the British Empire side with?", "answer": "the Russian Empire"}, {"question": "The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "By what year were three empires gone? ", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?", "answer": "Arnold J. Toynbee"}, {"question": "Arnold J Toynbee believed what?", "answer": "Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms"}, {"question": "What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?", "answer": "new nations"}, {"question": "What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?", "answer": "the Republic of Turkey"}, {"question": "How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?", "answer": "with the west"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?", "answer": "Mustafa Kemal"}, {"question": "Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?", "answer": "Mustafa Kemal"}, {"question": "When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?", "answer": "archaeology"}, {"question": "Where did the \"Far East\" derive from? ", "answer": "Ptolemy's \"India Beyond the Ganges.\""}, {"question": "Where did the Ottoman Empire end?", "answer": "the eastern border of Iraq"}, {"question": "Why did archaeologists count Iran as \"The Near East\"?", "answer": "because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there"}, {"question": "Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?", "answer": "in British and American diplomatic circles"}, {"question": "What was Iran known as to the west?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish \"The Problem of the Middle East\"?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?", "answer": "The Problem of the Middle East"}, {"question": "The problem of the Middle East was published by who?", "answer": "Thomas Edward Gordon"}, {"question": "What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?", "answer": "resumption of work on a railway"}, {"question": "Who was a diplomat and military officer?", "answer": "Gordon"}, {"question": "Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?", "answer": "Gordon"}, {"question": "Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?", "answer": "Alfred Thayer Mahan"}, {"question": "What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?", "answer": "the naval vulnerability of the trade routes"}, {"question": "When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "Who did not connect with the soldier?", "answer": "the sailor"}, {"question": "What did Mahan believe he was innovating?", "answer": "the term Middle East"}, {"question": "What had already been there to be seen?", "answer": "the term Middle East"}, {"question": "The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?", "answer": "the period following World War I"}, {"question": "Who was the colonial officer killed in China?", "answer": "Bertram Lenox Simpson"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?", "answer": "Bertram Lenox Simpson"}, {"question": "What was Simpson's pen-name?", "answer": "Weale"}, {"question": "What is the basis of Simpson's unity?", "answer": "color and colonial subjection"}, {"question": "The great whites were appearing as late as what time?", "answer": "the 1920s"}, {"question": "In whose works were the great whites appearing?", "answer": "James Henry Breasted"}, {"question": "What was mainly of interest in America?", "answer": "A red wavelength"}, {"question": "These regions were occupied by who?", "answer": "the brown men"}, {"question": "Where where the yellow?", "answer": "the Far East"}, {"question": "Where were the black?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "When did Kenya become independent?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "The color issue was not settled until when?", "answer": "Kenya became independent"}, {"question": "The Ottomans were portrayed as what?", "answer": "the slavers"}, {"question": "Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?", "answer": "Charles George Gordon"}, {"question": "What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?", "answer": "assignments living among the poor and donating his salary"}, {"question": "When did he win Ottoman confidence?", "answer": "as a junior officer in the Crimean War"}, {"question": "What did he become in his later career?", "answer": "a high official in the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "When did the term \"Near and Middle East\" hold stage?", "answer": "a few years before World War I"}, {"question": "What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?", "answer": "The term \"Near and Middle East,\""}, {"question": "When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "Who were the 40th Pathans?", "answer": "(troops of British India"}, {"question": "In the book Fowle wrote, what is the entire region considered?", "answer": "\"the Middle East."}, {"question": "What prevailed with the disgrace of \"Near East\"?", "answer": "\"Middle East\""}, {"question": "What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?", "answer": "Near East"}, {"question": "What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?", "answer": "Near East"}, {"question": "What sentiment persists even though racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?", "answer": "sentiment of unity"}, {"question": "What definitions of the Middle East are no longer ideologically sound?", "answer": "racial and colonial definitions"}, {"question": "What are racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East considered?", "answer": "no longer considered ideologically sound"}, {"question": "When were terms such as \"Near East\", \"Far East\", and \"Middle East\" relegated to the experts?", "answer": "the 20th century"}, {"question": "Where did the new wave of diplomats often come from?", "answer": "the new field of political science"}, {"question": "Where did archaeology on the international scene fall into?", "answer": "the shadow of international relations"}, {"question": "What replaced the fallen empires of the 19th century?", "answer": "independent republics"}, {"question": "What is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the Near East?", "answer": "The United States"}, {"question": "What has the state department been most influential in promulgating?", "answer": "the Near Eastern regional system"}, {"question": "Who has abandoned the term Near East?", "answer": "The countries of the former empires of the 19th century"}, {"question": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?", "answer": "the United States Department of State"}, {"question": "What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?", "answer": "The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs"}, {"question": "Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?", "answer": "statecraft"}, {"question": "Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?", "answer": "the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)"}, {"question": "What is NESA?", "answer": "an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense"}, {"question": "What does NESA Teach?", "answer": "It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops"}, {"question": "What is WINEP?", "answer": "The Washington Institute for Near East Policy"}, {"question": "What is WINEPS target countries as?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "How does WINEP bundle the countries of Northwest Africa?", "answer": "under \"North Africa.\""}, {"question": "What does LoC stand for?", "answer": "The Library of Congress"}, {"question": "What is the Library of Congress?", "answer": "an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government"}, {"question": "The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?", "answer": "the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library"}, {"question": "Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?", "answer": "The United Nations"}, {"question": "Who recognizes the \"Middle East and North Africa\" region?", "answer": "UNICEF"}, {"question": "The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?", "answer": "the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East"}, {"question": "The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?", "answer": "the Near East"}, {"question": "What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?", "answer": "The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)"}, {"question": "The CIA appears to have what?", "answer": "multiple leadership"}, {"question": "Who appoints the director of the CIA?", "answer": "the president"}, {"question": "Who oversees the operations of the CIA?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?", "answer": "The World Factbook"}, {"question": "What does NESA stand for?", "answer": "Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis"}, {"question": "Whose duties are defined as \"support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?\"", "answer": "(NESA)"}, {"question": "What does USAID stand for?", "answer": "U.S. Agency for International Development"}, {"question": "What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?", "answer": "USAID"}, {"question": "What term does USAID not use?", "answer": "the term Near East"}, {"question": "The Foreign and Commonwealth Office of United Kingdom recognizes what?", "answer": "a Middle East and North Africa region"}, {"question": "What region does the Foreign and Commonwealth office of United Kingdom not recognize?", "answer": "Near East"}, {"question": "What consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea?", "answer": "Their original Middle East"}, {"question": "What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?", "answer": "\"bilateral relationships\""}, {"question": "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?", "answer": "Near East"}, {"question": "The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?", "answer": "Republic of Turkey"}, {"question": "What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?", "answer": "The Ancient Near East"}, {"question": "The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?", "answer": "the Ancient Near East"}, {"question": "What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?", "answer": "Fertile Crescent"}, {"question": "James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?", "answer": "Texts relating to the Old Testament"}, {"question": "When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Who was a British archaeologist?", "answer": "Leonard Woolley"}, {"question": "Who excavated ancient Ur?", "answer": "Leonard Woolley"}, {"question": "What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? ", "answer": "library and museum collections"}, {"question": "What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?", "answer": "the collection of resources"}, {"question": "What are these resources collected for?", "answer": "for scholarship and research"}, {"question": "What does CSAD stand for?", "answer": "Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents"}, {"question": "Who founded the CSAD?", "answer": "Oxford University"}, {"question": "Where is Oxford University?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?", "answer": "university departments named for the Near East"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?", "answer": "Expertise on the modern Middle East"}, {"question": "What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?", "answer": "Near Eastern Languages"}, {"question": "What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?", "answer": "Chekiang"}, {"question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?", "answer": "Anhui"}, {"question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?", "answer": "Jiangxi"}, {"question": "Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?", "answer": "Fujian"}, {"question": "Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?", "answer": "East China Sea"}, {"question": "What is the former name of the Qiantang River?", "answer": "Zhe River"}, {"question": "What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?", "answer": "Hangzhou Bay"}, {"question": "What does Zhe mean in Chinese?", "answer": "Crooked"}, {"question": "Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?", "answer": "Zhe River"}, {"question": "What does the Qiantang River flow past?", "answer": "Hangzhou"}, {"question": "What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?", "answer": "Neolithic"}, {"question": "Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?", "answer": "Zhejiang"}, {"question": "What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?", "answer": "Liangzhu"}, {"question": "What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?", "answer": "O1"}, {"question": "Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?", "answer": "Hundred Yue"}, {"question": "When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?", "answer": "Spring and Autumn Period"}, {"question": "Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?", "answer": "northern Zhejiang"}, {"question": "Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?", "answer": "Yu the Great"}, {"question": "What does the Sword of Goujian bear?", "answer": "bird-worm seal script"}, {"question": "What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?", "answer": "Kuaiji Commandery"}, {"question": "Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?", "answer": "the Han"}, {"question": "In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?", "answer": "Kuaiji"}, {"question": "Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?", "answer": "Xiang Yu"}, {"question": "Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?", "answer": "the Qin Empire"}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?", "answer": "220\u2013280 CE"}, {"question": "What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?", "answer": "Zhejiang"}, {"question": "What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Wu"}, {"question": "Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?", "answer": "Jianye"}, {"question": "Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?", "answer": "Funan"}, {"question": "When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?", "answer": "during the Three Kingdoms"}, {"question": "What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?", "answer": "Sun Wu"}, {"question": "What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?", "answer": "Wu"}, {"question": "Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?", "answer": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms"}, {"question": "Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?", "answer": "Shu"}, {"question": "What was Nanjing formerly known as?", "answer": "Jiankang"}, {"question": "What was the former name of Hangzhou?", "answer": "Qiantang"}, {"question": "Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?", "answer": "Chengdu"}, {"question": "What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?", "answer": "589"}, {"question": "How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When was the Jin Dynasty?", "answer": "265\u2013420"}, {"question": "Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?", "answer": "Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)"}, {"question": "When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?", "answer": "this day"}, {"question": "What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?", "answer": "mountainous"}, {"question": "When did Zhuge Liang live from?", "answer": "181\u2013234"}, {"question": "When did the Six Dynasties end?", "answer": "589"}, {"question": "What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?", "answer": "Zhejiang"}, {"question": "Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?", "answer": "the Sui dynasty"}, {"question": "What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?", "answer": "the Zhe River"}, {"question": "When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?", "answer": "960"}, {"question": "When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?", "answer": "1127"}, {"question": "What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?", "answer": "Lin'an"}, {"question": "When was the Yuan dynasty established?", "answer": "Lin'an"}, {"question": "What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?", "answer": "Kinsay"}, {"question": "What were greenware ceramics made from?", "answer": "celadon"}, {"question": "What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?", "answer": "bluish-green"}, {"question": "What period did Longquan ceramics decline?", "answer": "the Ming"}, {"question": "What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?", "answer": "Jingdezhen in Jiangxi"}, {"question": "What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?", "answer": "Middle Eastern"}, {"question": "What do 'to-min' mean?", "answer": "idle people"}, {"question": "What does 'yoh-hu' mean?", "answer": "music people"}, {"question": "What does 'si-min' mean?", "answer": "small people"}, {"question": "What does Tanka mean? ", "answer": "egg-people"}, {"question": "What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?", "answer": "Zhejiang"}, {"question": "During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?", "answer": "the First Opium War"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?", "answer": "Ningbo"}, {"question": "What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?", "answer": "the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"}, {"question": "When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?", "answer": "B-25"}, {"question": "The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?", "answer": "the Reorganized National Government of China"}, {"question": "When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "When was the Cultural Revolution?", "answer": "1966\u201376"}, {"question": "When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?", "answer": "1966\u201369"}, {"question": "What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?", "answer": "grain"}, {"question": "What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?", "answer": "natural"}, {"question": "What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?", "answer": "flooding"}, {"question": "What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?", "answer": "capitalist"}, {"question": "Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?", "answer": "Northeast Zhejiang"}, {"question": "What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?", "answer": "flat"}, {"question": "What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?", "answer": "hills"}, {"question": "What percent of Zhejiang is hills?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What is the highest peak of the province?", "answer": "Huangmaojian Peak"}, {"question": "How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?", "answer": "1,929"}, {"question": "How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?", "answer": "6,329"}, {"question": "What does the north of the province lie just south of?", "answer": "the Yangtze Delta"}, {"question": "Where does the Grand Canal of China end?", "answer": "Hangzhou"}, {"question": "What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?", "answer": "Ou Rivers"}, {"question": "What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?", "answer": "West Lake"}, {"question": "What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?", "answer": "South Lake"}, {"question": "How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?", "answer": "over three thousand"}, {"question": "What is the largest island near Zhejiang?", "answer": "Zhoushan Island"}, {"question": "What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?", "answer": "Hangzhou Bay"}, {"question": "How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "When does Spring start in Zhejiang?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?", "answer": "1,570"}, {"question": "What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?", "answer": "Jinhua"}, {"question": "What is called 'China's Hollywood'?", "answer": "Hengdian"}, {"question": "How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?", "answer": "a dual party-government system"}, {"question": "Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?", "answer": "The Governor of Zhejiang"}, {"question": "Who is the Governor subordinate to?", "answer": "the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary"}, {"question": "What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?", "answer": "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief"}, {"question": "What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?", "answer": "dual"}, {"question": "When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?", "answer": "1949-1952"}, {"question": "Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?", "answer": "Tan Zhenlin"}, {"question": "When was the so-called February Countercurrent?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "When was Jiang Hua's term?", "answer": "1956-1968"}, {"question": "When was the case against the Gang of Four?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What is the province traditionally known as?", "answer": "Land of Fish and Rice"}, {"question": "What is the main crop of the province?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What is the second main crop of the province?", "answer": "wheat"}, {"question": "What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?", "answer": "north Zhejiang"}, {"question": "What is the largest fishery in the country?", "answer": "Zhoushan fishery"}, {"question": "What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?", "answer": "Zhoushan"}, {"question": "What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?", "answer": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge"}, {"question": "What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?", "answer": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge"}, {"question": "What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?", "answer": "commercial"}, {"question": "The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?", "answer": "Cixi"}, {"question": "What is Zhejiang's own development model dubbed?", "answer": "Zhejiang model"}, {"question": "What is the Zhejiang model based on prioritizing and encouraging?", "answer": "entrepreneurship"}, {"question": "What direction is the economic heart of Zhejiang moving toward?", "answer": "southeast"}, {"question": "What was the annual real growth of urbanites in Zhejiang in 2009?", "answer": "8.3%"}, {"question": "What was Zhejiang's nominal GDP in yuan for 2011?", "answer": "3.20 trillion"}, {"question": "What day of the week was September 15, 2011?", "answer": "Thursday"}, {"question": "What village protested over the large-scale death of fish in a nearby river on September 15, 2011?", "answer": "Hongxiao"}, {"question": "How many company vehicles did angry protesters overturn at the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Company?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many more nights after the first day did protests last?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who was the deputy head of Haining's environmental protection bureau at the time?", "answer": "Chen Hongming"}, {"question": "What kind of Chinese make up the vast majority of the population?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "What varieties of Chinese do the largest Han subgroup speak?", "answer": "Wu"}, {"question": "How many members of ethnic minorities are there?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "How many She people are there?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Where is the only She autonomous county in China?", "answer": "Lishui"}, {"question": "What is another predominant religion of Zhejiang besides Chinese folk religions and Taoist traditions?", "answer": "Chinese Buddhism"}, {"question": "According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population believes in cults of ancestors?", "answer": "23.02%"}, {"question": "According to surveys in 2007 and 2009, what percent of the population identifies as Christian?", "answer": "2.62%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population identified as Christians in 2004?", "answer": "3.92%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population may be irreligious?", "answer": "74.36%"}, {"question": "What year did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "When did Buddhism arrive in Zhejiang?", "answer": "1,800 years ago"}, {"question": "What has an important presence in Zhejiang since its arrival 1,800 years ago?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What part of 2015 did the government of Zhejiang recognise folk religion as 'civil religion'?", "answer": "mid"}, {"question": "More than how many thousand folk religious organisations were registered in Zhejiang in 2015?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "How many years ago did Catholicism arrive in the province?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "How many years ago did Protestantism arrive in the province?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "Where are Protestants especially notable in Zhejiang?", "answer": "Wenzhou"}, {"question": "What percent of Zhejiang was Protestant in 1999?", "answer": "2.8%"}, {"question": "Which religion came to Zhejiang 400 years ago?", "answer": "Catholicism"}, {"question": "When did the rapid development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "According to the locality, in addition to \"Three Rectifications and One Demolition\", what was another name for these measures?", "answer": "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activities"}, {"question": "These regulations have led to the demolition of churches and what else?", "answer": "folk religion temples"}, {"question": "What have these regulations led to the removal of from churches?", "answer": "crosses"}, {"question": "What was an exemplary case of all this?", "answer": "Sanjiang Church"}, {"question": "How long ago did Islam arrive in Zhejiang?", "answer": "1,400 years"}, {"question": "What religion do the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "How many of the Hui Chinese living in Zhejiang practice Islam?", "answer": "virtually all"}, {"question": "What is practiced by the She ethnic minority in Zhejiang?", "answer": "She shamanism"}, {"question": "What religion came to Zhejiang 1,400 years ago?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?", "answer": "extremely"}, {"question": "What do most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak?", "answer": "Wu"}, {"question": "Mandarin and Huizhou dialects are spoken on the border where?", "answer": "with Anhui"}, {"question": "Min dialects are spoken on the border where?", "answer": "with Fujian"}, {"question": "What type of geography is Zhejiang?", "answer": "mountainous"}, {"question": "When was the People's Republic of China founded?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?", "answer": "Mandarin"}, {"question": "A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?", "answer": "Urban"}, {"question": "Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?", "answer": "lingua francas"}, {"question": "What is one of the most prominent forms of Chinese opera?", "answer": "Yueju"}, {"question": "Where did Yueju originate?", "answer": "Shengzhou"}, {"question": "Who is Yueju traditionally performed by?", "answer": "actresses only"}, {"question": "Who plays male roles in Yueju?", "answer": "actresses"}, {"question": "Who plays female roles in Yueju?", "answer": "actresses"}, {"question": "What is Longjing tea also called?", "answer": "dragon well tea"}, {"question": "Where does Longjing tea originate from?", "answer": "Hangzhou"}, {"question": "What type of umbrellas is Hangzhou known for?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "What type of fans is Hangzhou known for?", "answer": "hand"}, {"question": "Zhejiang cuisine is one of how many great traditions of Chinese cuisine?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What neighbours north Zhejiang to the south?", "answer": "Jiangsu"}, {"question": "What neighbours south Jiangsu to the north?", "answer": "Zhejiang"}, {"question": "North Zhejiang and south Jiangsu are famed for their opulence and what else?", "answer": "prosperity"}, {"question": "Inserting north Zhejiang names into poetry gave an effect of what?", "answer": "dreaminess"}, {"question": "The fame of where led to a popular saying?", "answer": "Hangzhou"}, {"question": "Which government's Ministry of Defence is mentioned here?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What does MoD stand for?", "answer": "Ministry of Defence"}, {"question": "Who sets the defence policy in Great Britain?", "answer": "Her Majesty's Government"}, {"question": "For which part of the government is the MoD the headquarters?", "answer": "British Armed Forces"}, {"question": "What does the MoD wish to strengthen?", "answer": "international peace and stability"}, {"question": "The UK consists of what two areas?", "answer": "Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "What does the MoD defend?", "answer": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "What are the threats that the MoD has identified?", "answer": "weapons of mass destruction, international terrorism, and failed and failing states"}, {"question": "What does the MoD manage?", "answer": "day-to-day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement"}, {"question": "What three services make up the armed forces of the UK?", "answer": "the British Army, the Royal Navy, and the Royal Air Force"}, {"question": "What did David Lloyd George's coalition government reject in 1921?", "answer": "The formation of a united ministry of defence"}, {"question": "When was the Chiefs of Staff Committee formed?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Who created the position of Minister for Coordination of Defence?", "answer": "Stanley Baldwin"}, {"question": "What post did Lord Chatfield hold until 1940?", "answer": "Minister for Coordination of Defence"}, {"question": "Who created the office of Minister of Defence?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "When did Winstron Churchill form his government?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?", "answer": "a seat in the Cabinet"}, {"question": "Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?", "answer": "the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air"}, {"question": "During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?", "answer": "1946 to 1964"}, {"question": "What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?", "answer": "the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence"}, {"question": "When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Who is supported by civilian, scientific, and professional military advisors?", "answer": "The Ministers and Chiefs of the Defence Staff"}, {"question": "What is the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Defence generally known as?", "answer": "Permanent Secretary"}, {"question": "Where does the Permanent Secretary serve as the senior civil servant?", "answer": "MoD"}, {"question": "What is the role of the Permanent Secretary?", "answer": "to ensure the MoD operates effectively as a department of the government"}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?", "answer": "General Sir Nicholas Houghton"}, {"question": "Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?", "answer": "Chief of the Defence Staff"}, {"question": "The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?", "answer": "HM Armed Forces"}, {"question": "Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?", "answer": "the Commander"}, {"question": "How many Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff?", "answer": "Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations)"}, {"question": "Who represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff?", "answer": "The Surgeon General"}, {"question": "Who leads the Defence Medical Services?", "answer": "The Surgeon General"}, {"question": "One of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff is for Reserves and what?", "answer": "Cadets"}, {"question": "The Personnel Chief is also known as what?", "answer": "the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "There is a Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the what?", "answer": "Sovereign"}, {"question": "Who are two of the Assistant Chiefs of the Defence Staff?", "answer": "Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) and the Defence Services Secretary in the Royal Household of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "In what year was there a Strategic Defence Review?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What paper was published in 2003?", "answer": "Delivering Security in a Changing World White Paper"}, {"question": "Which part of the Britsh government were the two publications listed concerning?", "answer": "British Armed Forces"}, {"question": "In what concept is the MoD considered a leader?", "answer": "defence diplomacy"}, {"question": "Who was the PM of Britain in 2010?", "answer": "David Cameron"}, {"question": "Who was the president of France in 2010?", "answer": "Nicolas Sarkozy"}, {"question": "In which two countries is the UK installing military bases?", "answer": "UAE and Bahrain"}, {"question": "In which other country is the UK thinking about installing a military base?", "answer": "Oman"}, {"question": "How much was the investment in new equipment and capabilities worth?", "answer": "\u00a3178 billion"}, {"question": "In which year was a \u00a3178 billion investment made?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How many primary missions were included in the 2015 Review?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the name of the yearly statement released by the MoD?", "answer": "The Strategic Defence and Security Review"}, {"question": "What was the new threat that arose after the end of the Cold War?", "answer": "terrorism"}, {"question": "Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?", "answer": "Cold War mentality"}, {"question": "How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the \"land environment\"?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?", "answer": "Afghanistan and Iraq"}, {"question": "Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?", "answer": "2003 and 2018"}, {"question": "Who was the Chief of Defence Materiel in 2009?", "answer": "General Sir Kevin O\u2019Donoghue"}, {"question": "Which department is overseen by the Chief of Defence Materiel?", "answer": "Defence Equipment and Support (DE&S)"}, {"question": "Which programme was mentioned as being underfunded?", "answer": "Equipment Programme"}, {"question": "Who was the Secretary of State for Defence in 2009?", "answer": "Bob Ainsworth MP"}, {"question": "Which publication said the 2009 defence budget was more than 10% overbudget?", "answer": "London Evening Standard"}, {"question": "How much land is owned by the MoD?", "answer": "227,300 hectares"}, {"question": "How much is the land owned by the MoD worth?", "answer": "\u00a320 billion"}, {"question": "The MoD owns or has rights of access to what percentage of the UK's total land?", "answer": "1.8%"}, {"question": "How much is the annual cost to support the defence estate?", "answer": "in excess of \u00a33.3 billion"}, {"question": "Who is one of the largest landowners in the UK?", "answer": "The Ministry of Defence"}, {"question": "What percentage of the defence estate makes up training areas and ranges?", "answer": "84.0%"}, {"question": "What makes up the smallest portion of the defence estate?", "answer": "storage & supply depots"}, {"question": "What percentage of the defence estate is taken up by airfields?", "answer": "(3.4%"}, {"question": "Who manages the defence estate?", "answer": "Defence Infrastructure Organisation"}, {"question": "Barracks and camps are what percentage of the defence estate?", "answer": "(2.5%"}, {"question": "In what city are the headquarters of the MoD?", "answer": "Whitehall"}, {"question": "Who designed the headquarters of the MoD?", "answer": "Vincent Harris"}, {"question": "Who designed the statues that are on either side of the northern entrance to the MoD headquarters?", "answer": "Charles Wheeler"}, {"question": "What is the headquarters of the MoD called?", "answer": "Main Building"}, {"question": "Who made the Gurkha Monument?", "answer": "Philip Jackson"}, {"question": "Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?", "answer": "the basement of Main Building"}, {"question": "When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?", "answer": "1514\u20131516"}, {"question": "What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?", "answer": "brick"}, {"question": "When was the cellar relocated?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?", "answer": "Gordon Foxley"}, {"question": "What position was held by Foxley?", "answer": "head of defence procurement"}, {"question": "What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?", "answer": "1981 to 1984"}, {"question": "How much money was Foxley accused of taking?", "answer": "at least \u00a33.5m"}, {"question": "What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?", "answer": "influence the allocation of contracts"}, {"question": "What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?", "answer": "the Guardian"}, {"question": "What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?", "answer": "secret germ warfare tests"}, {"question": "What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?", "answer": "children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps"}, {"question": "When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?", "answer": "between 1940 and 1979"}, {"question": "When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?", "answer": "between 1961 and 1968"}, {"question": "How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?", "answer": "\u00a3240m"}, {"question": "When were the helicopters ordered?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?", "answer": "National Audit Office"}, {"question": "In what year were the helicopters brought into service?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?", "answer": "\u00a3500m"}, {"question": "Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?", "answer": "Boeing"}, {"question": "When was the Boeing contract signed?", "answer": "April 2008"}, {"question": "Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?", "answer": "QinetiQ"}, {"question": "How much was the Boeing contract worth?", "answer": "\u00a390m"}, {"question": "What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?", "answer": "more advanced equipment"}, {"question": "When was the TA budget withdrawn?", "answer": "October 2009"}, {"question": "How much money was allocated to the volunteer Territorial Army?", "answer": "\u00a320m"}, {"question": "When was the training for the TA supposed to resume?", "answer": "April 2010"}, {"question": "How much of the UK's troops are provided by the TA?", "answer": "a small percentage"}, {"question": "How often do the TA troops regularly train?", "answer": "weekly evenings and monthly weekends"}, {"question": "By how much did the MoD go over its equipment budget?", "answer": "\u00a36.5bn"}, {"question": "When was the overbudget amount discovered?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What are some of the criticisms that have been directed at the MoD?", "answer": "poor management and financial control"}, {"question": "What is a long-range estimate on fulfillment of some of the equipment orders made by the MoD?", "answer": "up to 39 years"}, {"question": "Past projects ordered by the MoD have taken what type of time frame to fulfill?", "answer": "up to 10 and even as much as 15 years"}, {"question": "The term \"high definition\" originally described televisions systems from what year?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Earlier television systems were based on what?", "answer": "mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution"}, {"question": "During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?", "answer": "21st"}, {"question": "What is the most current HDTV system development?", "answer": "8K"}, {"question": "Who started trials in August 1936?", "answer": "The British high-definition TV service"}, {"question": "When was the Baird system discontinued?", "answer": "February 1937"}, {"question": "Which country developed the 441-line system?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?", "answer": "the technical limitations of the time"}, {"question": "Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?", "answer": "405-line system"}, {"question": "What year did color broadcasts start in the US?", "answer": "1953,"}, {"question": "How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?", "answer": "525"}, {"question": "When did Europe begin color broadcasts?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?", "answer": "625"}, {"question": "What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?", "answer": "Nippon H\u014ds\u014d Ky\u014dkai"}, {"question": "What does NHK stand for in Japan?", "answer": "Nippon H\u014ds\u014d Ky\u014dkai"}, {"question": "What year was NHK Color created?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?", "answer": "5:3"}, {"question": "What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? ", "answer": "The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)"}, {"question": "How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?", "answer": "SMPTE"}, {"question": "Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?", "answer": "an SMPTE study group"}, {"question": "In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?", "answer": "A Study of High Definition Television Systems"}, {"question": "When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?", "answer": "early 2000s"}, {"question": "In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?", "answer": "SECAM systems"}, {"question": "In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?", "answer": "PAL-M"}, {"question": "525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?", "answer": "standard definition television systems"}, {"question": "In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What did France start transmissions with in 1949?", "answer": "an 819 lines system"}, {"question": "Was France's 819 line system in color?", "answer": "monochrome only"}, {"question": "When was France's 819 line system discontinued?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?", "answer": "a research project"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Who developed Transformator in 1958?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?", "answer": "1,125"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the Transformator system?", "answer": "providing teleconferencing for military command"}, {"question": "In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?", "answer": "the Japanese state broadcaster NHK"}, {"question": "When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?", "answer": "November 25, 1994"}, {"question": "When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?", "answer": "5:3"}, {"question": "Which president declared it \"a matter of national interest\" to introduce HDTV to the US?", "answer": "President Ronald Reagan"}, {"question": "Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?", "answer": "MUSE"}, {"question": "Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?", "answer": "MUSE"}, {"question": "Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?", "answer": "their higher bandwidth requirements"}, {"question": "What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?", "answer": "television channels"}, {"question": "Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?", "answer": "the FCC"}, {"question": "What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?", "answer": "had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth"}, {"question": "What was the existing system at the time?", "answer": "NTSC"}, {"question": "What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?", "answer": "technical and economic"}, {"question": "What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?", "answer": "use bandwidths greater than normal television"}, {"question": "How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?", "answer": "over four times"}, {"question": "Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?", "answer": "about twice"}, {"question": "Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?", "answer": "by satellite"}, {"question": "What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?", "answer": "Early HDTV commercial experiments"}, {"question": "How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?", "answer": "recording and reproducing an HDTV signal"}, {"question": "What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?", "answer": "the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV"}, {"question": "What does ITU-R stand for?", "answer": "International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector"}, {"question": "What does DVB stand for?", "answer": "Digital Video Broadcasting"}, {"question": "What is the DVB?", "answer": "an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies"}, {"question": "What is the DVB's role?", "answer": "develops and agrees upon specifications"}, {"question": "Who standardizes HDTV specifications?", "answer": "ETSI"}, {"question": "What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?", "answer": "ATSC"}, {"question": "Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?", "answer": "MPEG-2"}, {"question": "Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?", "answer": "DVB"}, {"question": "Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?", "answer": "the Grand Alliance"}, {"question": "When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?", "answer": "setting a single international HDTV standard"}, {"question": "What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?", "answer": "a suitable frame/field refresh rate"}, {"question": "What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?", "answer": "motion vectors"}, {"question": "How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?", "answer": "16:9"}, {"question": "Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?", "answer": "the IWP11/6 working party"}, {"question": "What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?", "answer": "widescreen cinema"}, {"question": "Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?", "answer": "MBAFF"}, {"question": "Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?", "answer": "5:3"}, {"question": "What scan format is also included in MBAFF?", "answer": "1440\u00d71152 HDMAC"}, {"question": "What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?", "answer": "a mooted 750-line"}, {"question": "A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?", "answer": "an enhanced television format"}, {"question": "What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?", "answer": "US SMPTE standards"}, {"question": "When was HDTV introduced in the US?", "answer": "late 1980s"}, {"question": "Who made HDTV official in 1993?", "answer": "the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance"}, {"question": "AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?", "answer": "the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance"}, {"question": "When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?", "answer": "July 23, 1996"}, {"question": "What does ATSC stand for?", "answer": "Advanced Television Systems Committee"}, {"question": "When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?", "answer": "FIFA World Cup"}, {"question": "When did Europe abandon standard transmission?", "answer": "mid-1990s"}, {"question": "Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?", "answer": "8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain"}, {"question": "When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?", "answer": "January 1, 2004"}, {"question": "What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?", "answer": "Vienna New Year's Concert"}, {"question": "The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?", "answer": "HD1"}, {"question": "When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?", "answer": "September 2003"}, {"question": "Which European company launched HD1?", "answer": "Euro1080"}, {"question": "Euro1080 was a division of what former company?", "answer": "Alfacam"}, {"question": "What \"chicken or the egg\" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?", "answer": "\"no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ...\""}, {"question": "What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?", "answer": "HDTV interest in Europe"}, {"question": "How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?", "answer": "free-to-air"}, {"question": "What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?", "answer": "a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule"}, {"question": "What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?", "answer": "1080i format"}, {"question": "What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?", "answer": "MPEG-2"}, {"question": "What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?", "answer": "DVB-S"}, {"question": "What compression did Euro1080 later change to?", "answer": "MPEG-4/AVC"}, {"question": "What signal did Euro1080 later change to?", "answer": "DVB-S2"}, {"question": "According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?", "answer": "185 million"}, {"question": "According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? ", "answer": "20 million"}, {"question": "How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?", "answer": "\u00a360 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?", "answer": "27%"}, {"question": "The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?", "answer": "risen steadily"}, {"question": "Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?", "answer": "December 2009"}, {"question": "What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?", "answer": "DVB-T2"}, {"question": "What does DTG stand for?", "answer": "Digital TV Group"}, {"question": "How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?", "answer": "October 2012"}, {"question": "Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?", "answer": "Freeview HD"}, {"question": "How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?", "answer": "region by region"}, {"question": "What are the three HDTV parameters?", "answer": "[frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]"}, {"question": "Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?", "answer": "frame size or frame rate"}, {"question": "When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?", "answer": "if its value is implied from context"}, {"question": "When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?", "answer": "the scanning system"}, {"question": "What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?", "answer": "1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high"}, {"question": "The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?", "answer": "50i, 25p and 50p"}, {"question": "Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p", "answer": "60 Hz"}, {"question": "SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?", "answer": "whole numbers"}, {"question": "Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?", "answer": "ambiguity"}, {"question": "What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?", "answer": "the frame rate"}, {"question": "What does 24p mean?", "answer": "24 progressive scan frames per second"}, {"question": "What does 50i mean?", "answer": "25 interlaced frames per second"}, {"question": "When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?", "answer": "a resolution"}, {"question": "Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?", "answer": "YUV"}, {"question": "Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?", "answer": "a RGB color space"}, {"question": "When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?", "answer": "8-bit RGB channels"}, {"question": "What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?", "answer": "it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen"}, {"question": "At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?", "answer": "letterboxing or anamorphic stretching"}, {"question": "What does SDTV stand for?", "answer": "standard-definition television"}, {"question": "HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?", "answer": "16:9"}, {"question": "If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?", "answer": "fidelity"}, {"question": "The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?", "answer": "distort the received picture"}, {"question": "A very high resolution source may require more of what?", "answer": "bandwidth"}, {"question": "A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?", "answer": "the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics"}, {"question": "For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? ", "answer": "transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate"}, {"question": "For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? ", "answer": "those of the source"}, {"question": "The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?", "answer": "The optimum format for a broadcast"}, {"question": "PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?", "answer": "analogue standard"}, {"question": "PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?", "answer": "digital or high definition"}, {"question": "In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?", "answer": "25/50 Hz"}, {"question": "In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?", "answer": "30/60 Hz"}, {"question": "At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?", "answer": "24 frames per second"}, {"question": "To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?", "answer": "25 frame/s"}, {"question": "The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?", "answer": "3:2 Pulldown"}, {"question": "The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?", "answer": "1/12 of a second"}, {"question": "What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?", "answer": "the correct average film frame rate"}, {"question": "What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?", "answer": "720p or 1080i"}, {"question": "Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?", "answer": "720p"}, {"question": "Most computer monitors operate in what mode?", "answer": "progressive-scan"}, {"question": "1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. ", "answer": "Blu-ray"}, {"question": "In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?", "answer": "ATSC"}, {"question": "Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?", "answer": "the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts"}, {"question": "Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?", "answer": "home owners' associations and city government"}, {"question": "Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?", "answer": "the installation of antennas"}, {"question": "Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?", "answer": "an external box"}, {"question": "Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?", "answer": "HD content"}, {"question": "What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?", "answer": "a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD"}, {"question": "What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?", "answer": "QAM"}, {"question": "What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?", "answer": "CableCARD"}, {"question": "Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?", "answer": "IPTV"}, {"question": "Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?", "answer": "High-definition image sources"}, {"question": "Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?", "answer": "High-definition image sources"}, {"question": "Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?", "answer": "High-definition image sources"}, {"question": "Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?", "answer": "because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player"}, {"question": "In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?", "answer": "Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace"}, {"question": "What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?", "answer": "The Wii U"}, {"question": "The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?", "answer": "port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics"}, {"question": "Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?", "answer": "an HDTV-capable digital video recorder"}, {"question": "Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?", "answer": "receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format"}, {"question": "What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?", "answer": "analog only"}, {"question": "What does D-VHS stand for?", "answer": "Digital-VHS or Data-VHS"}, {"question": "When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?", "answer": "in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file"}, {"question": "Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?", "answer": "'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray"}, {"question": "What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?", "answer": "the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder"}, {"question": "W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?", "answer": "analog HD"}, {"question": "What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?", "answer": "Analog tape"}, {"question": "In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?", "answer": "expensive and scarce"}, {"question": "Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?", "answer": "a set-top box with \"functional\" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request"}, {"question": "When were boxes with \"functional\" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?", "answer": "July 2004"}, {"question": "Content is now protected by what encryption?", "answer": "5C"}, {"question": "What can 5c encryption prevent?", "answer": "duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted"}, {"question": "In addition to being used to build things, what has wood been used for over thousands of years?", "answer": "fuel"}, {"question": "What kind of strong fibers are part of the composite of wood?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What's the matrix in wood made up of?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?", "answer": "support"}, {"question": "What does wood convey to leaves, roots, and other tissues of a woody plant in addition to water?", "answer": "nutrients"}, {"question": "How many cubic meters of growing stock forest are there on the planet?", "answer": "434 billion"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Earth's stock forest is commercial?", "answer": "47%"}, {"question": "In addition to buildings, what is wood often used to make?", "answer": "furniture"}, {"question": "About how many cubic kilometers of the vast stock forest's wood were harvested in 1991?", "answer": "3.5"}, {"question": "In addition to being carbon neutral, what other adjective describes wood that makes it compelling as a renewable energy source?", "answer": "abundant"}, {"question": "What year were the earliest plants that grew wood discovered?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "In which Canadian province were the oldest woody plants found?", "answer": "New Brunswick"}, {"question": "If dendrochronology can't be used, what method would scientists employ to date wood?", "answer": "carbon dating"}, {"question": "How many millions of years old were the plants that were discovered in New Brunswick?", "answer": "395 to 400"}, {"question": "What has been the primary purpose of wood for millennia other than fuel?", "answer": "construction material"}, {"question": "What is often made of wood that provides shelter to people?", "answer": "houses"}, {"question": "For clues about the climate of a place, we can look at variation in isotopic abundances or what other thing?", "answer": "tree-ring widths"}, {"question": "What could be made out of wood that could be used to fight off attackers?", "answer": "weapons"}, {"question": "What category of items often constructed from wood does a chair belong to?", "answer": "furniture"}, {"question": "Where does wood come from?", "answer": "trees"}, {"question": "What forms in a tree to increase its diameter?", "answer": "woody layers"}, {"question": "What is the process of trees growing out to get bigger around called?", "answer": "secondary growth"}, {"question": "What do many places have four of that would cause growth rings in a tree?", "answer": "seasons"}, {"question": "If a place has annual seasons, what are the growth rings on the trees there called?", "answer": "annual rings"}, {"question": "If a growth ring has differences over one season, would the part nearest the tree's center be narrower or wider?", "answer": "wider"}, {"question": "What name, besides springwood, is used for the part of a growth ring formed in the beginning of the growing season?", "answer": "earlywood"}, {"question": "If the opposite of springwood is summerwood, what's the opposite of earlywood?", "answer": "latewood"}, {"question": "Is earlywood usually lighter or darker than the part of the growth ring that forms later in the season?", "answer": "lighter"}, {"question": "Is summerwood the inner or outer portion of a growth ring?", "answer": "outer"}, {"question": "What is the sort of circular imperfection in a piece of wood called?", "answer": "knot"}, {"question": "What property of wood does a knot usually reduce in the wood around it?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "In what direction is wood often sawn so that a knot appears as a solid circle that the grain flows around?", "answer": "longitudinally"}, {"question": "Are knots usually lighter or darker than the surrounding wood?", "answer": "darker"}, {"question": "The direction of grain in a knot can differ by as much as how many degrees from the regular wood?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "Other than the base of a side branch, what tree feature causes a knot?", "answer": "a dormant bud"}, {"question": "What shape is the knot formed by a side branch's base?", "answer": "conical"}, {"question": "What measurement of a stem determines a knot's inner tip placement?", "answer": "diameter"}, {"question": "Because a knot's shape is conical, what shape does a cross-section of it have?", "answer": "circular"}, {"question": "What will the lower limbs of a tree usually do during development?", "answer": "die"}, {"question": "For what length of time can a dead lower limb stay attached to a tree?", "answer": "years"}, {"question": "Rather than being joined to the limb that died, where do subsequent layers grow?", "answer": "around it"}, {"question": "Are the knots that dead tree limbs form attached or not attached?", "answer": "not attached"}, {"question": "A detached knot will probably drop out of the wood when someone saws it into what?", "answer": "boards"}, {"question": "What's the process in which knots are classified called?", "answer": "grading"}, {"question": "Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?", "answer": "size"}, {"question": "What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?", "answer": "firmness"}, {"question": "What is wood's breaking strength susceptible to? ", "answer": "defects"}, {"question": "Depending on the placement and size of a knot, what property of structural timber can be affected?", "answer": "stiffness"}, {"question": "What do stiffness and elastic strength depend on more than defects?", "answer": "sound wood"}, {"question": "What direction of compression in relation to its grain won't weaken wood with sound knots in it?", "answer": "parallel"}, {"question": "What positive visual component can knots sometimes add to decorative pieces?", "answer": "interest"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe what knots can do to affect the finish of things made from wood even when they've been painted?", "answer": "bleed"}, {"question": "Is bleed easy or difficult to control?", "answer": "difficult"}, {"question": "The stain from a knot bleeding is usually brownish or what other color?", "answer": "yellow"}, {"question": "In what stage of processing does knot primer need to be applied for maximum effectiveness?", "answer": "preparation"}, {"question": "What's another word for \"duramen\"?", "answer": "Heartwood"}, {"question": "What is heartwood naturally resistant to?", "answer": "decay"}, {"question": "How does heartwood formation occur due to its being genetically programmed?", "answer": "spontaneously"}, {"question": "What adjective describes fully formed heartwood?", "answer": "dead"}, {"question": "Despite being considered dead, what can heartwood have one chemical reaction to?", "answer": "decay organisms"}, {"question": "In what part of a tree's cross-section is heartwood visible?", "answer": "growth rings"}, {"question": "What simple color distinction can heartwood have that makes it stand out from living wood in a tree?", "answer": "darker"}, {"question": "Along with insect infestation, what process can discolor wood and make it look like heartwood?", "answer": "decay"}, {"question": "What kind of plants never form heartwood?", "answer": "woody"}, {"question": "What is the living wood in a tree called?", "answer": "sapwood"}, {"question": "What term is interchangeable with \"sapwood\"?", "answer": "alburnum"}, {"question": "Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?", "answer": "younger"}, {"question": "What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?", "answer": "All"}, {"question": "Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?", "answer": "thicker"}, {"question": "If a tree starts forming heartwood right away, will its sapwood layer be thin or thick?", "answer": "thin"}, {"question": "What property of heartwood that has nothing to do with how important it is to trees got it its name?", "answer": "position"}, {"question": "Does a beech tree usually have thin or thick sapwood?", "answer": "thick"}, {"question": "Does a sassafras tree typically have a thin or thick sapwood layer?", "answer": "Thin"}, {"question": "Would a thin or a thick sapwood layer be found in a pine tree?", "answer": "thick"}, {"question": "What part of a tree is the cross-sectional area of the sapwood approximately proportional to?", "answer": "crown"}, {"question": "Are more rings necessary if they're narrow or wide?", "answer": "narrow"}, {"question": "As a tree grows bigger, if the sapwood layer doesn't increase in volume, what will it become?", "answer": "thinner"}, {"question": "In what part of the tree trunk is the sapwood layer thinnest?", "answer": "near the base"}, {"question": "Along with the smaller diameter of the upper trunk, what factor leads to thinner sapwood higher up a tree?", "answer": "age"}, {"question": "What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?", "answer": "limbs"}, {"question": "What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?", "answer": "knots"}, {"question": "In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?", "answer": "heartwood"}, {"question": "What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?", "answer": "Subsequent growth"}, {"question": "Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?", "answer": "sapwood"}, {"question": "What do broken limbs and deep wounds open a door for in a tree?", "answer": "decay"}, {"question": "Decay can spread to all of what part of a tree?", "answer": "the trunk"}, {"question": "What growth stage of insects bore holes into trees?", "answer": "larvae"}, {"question": "What part of a tree often stays impressively sound even when hundreds or thousands of years old?", "answer": "inner heartwood"}, {"question": "What evidence do some insect larvae leave in a tree forever?", "answer": "tunnels"}, {"question": "In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?", "answer": "youth"}, {"question": "As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?", "answer": "narrower"}, {"question": "What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?", "answer": "crown"}, {"question": "Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?", "answer": "lessened"}, {"question": "Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "When a big tree is cut up, will the pieces of wood differ or all be the same?", "answer": "differ"}, {"question": "In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?", "answer": "heartwood"}, {"question": "If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?", "answer": "sapwood"}, {"question": "Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?", "answer": "mature"}, {"question": "When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?", "answer": "heartwood"}, {"question": "What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?", "answer": "chemical substances"}, {"question": "Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?", "answer": "conspicuous"}, {"question": "What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?", "answer": "mechanical"}, {"question": "Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?", "answer": "chemical"}, {"question": "What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?", "answer": "Longleaf Pine"}, {"question": "What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?", "answer": "fat lighter"}, {"question": "What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?", "answer": "rot"}, {"question": "If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?", "answer": "kindling"}, {"question": "Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?", "answer": "latewood"}, {"question": "Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?", "answer": "density"}, {"question": "What category of trees show this difference greatly?", "answer": "coniferous"}, {"question": "What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?", "answer": "ring-porous"}, {"question": "With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?", "answer": "no indication"}, {"question": "What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?", "answer": "diseased"}, {"question": "What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?", "answer": "unsoundness"}, {"question": "What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?", "answer": "insect attacks"}, {"question": "What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?", "answer": "spalting"}, {"question": "What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?", "answer": "oven-dried"}, {"question": "Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?", "answer": "softer"}, {"question": "What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?", "answer": "rawhide"}, {"question": "What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?", "answer": "paper"}, {"question": "When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?", "answer": "greater"}, {"question": "What type of action does water create in cloth?", "answer": "softening"}, {"question": "What will drying often increase in wood?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "What color is also used interchangeably with \"undried\" for wood?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?", "answer": "spruce"}, {"question": "What type of \"ultimate\" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?", "answer": "crushing"}, {"question": "What property of wood is least affected by drying?", "answer": "elasticity"}, {"question": "Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?", "answer": "strength at elastic limit in endwise compression"}, {"question": "Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?", "answer": "modulus of rupture"}, {"question": "Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?", "answer": "heterogeneous"}, {"question": "What does wood consist of?", "answer": "cells"}, {"question": "What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?", "answer": "walls"}, {"question": "What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?", "answer": "tracheids"}, {"question": "Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?", "answer": "softwood"}, {"question": "What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?", "answer": "pores"}, {"question": "What hardwood that starts with the letter \"O\" would have pores?", "answer": "oak"}, {"question": "Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?", "answer": "ash"}, {"question": "Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?", "answer": "complex"}, {"question": "What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?", "answer": "vessels"}, {"question": "Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?", "answer": "large"}, {"question": "In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?", "answer": "a hand lens"}, {"question": "Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?", "answer": "diffuse-porous"}, {"question": "What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?", "answer": "ring-porous"}, {"question": "In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?", "answer": "wood fibers"}, {"question": "Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?", "answer": "toughness"}, {"question": "What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?", "answer": "diffuse-porous"}, {"question": "What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?", "answer": "Populus"}, {"question": "With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?", "answer": "cherry"}, {"question": "What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?", "answer": "water conducting"}, {"question": "Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?", "answer": "diffuse-porous"}, {"question": "What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?", "answer": "temperate"}, {"question": "Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?", "answer": "denser"}, {"question": "Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?", "answer": "walls"}, {"question": "Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?", "answer": "thin"}, {"question": "What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?", "answer": "very small"}, {"question": "Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?", "answer": "heavy"}, {"question": "What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?", "answer": "growth rings"}, {"question": "What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?", "answer": "white pines"}, {"question": "Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?", "answer": "easy"}, {"question": "What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?", "answer": "hard pines"}, {"question": "Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?", "answer": "quality"}, {"question": "What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?", "answer": "comparative density"}, {"question": "What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "What could we call some specimens with a high proportion of latewood that explains why they weigh less than specimens with much less latewood?", "answer": "porous"}, {"question": "What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?", "answer": "character"}, {"question": "If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?", "answer": "moderate to slow"}, {"question": "What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?", "answer": "conifers"}, {"question": "What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?", "answer": "latewood"}, {"question": "While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?", "answer": "a rule"}, {"question": "What kind of woods always have very clearly marked seasonal growth?", "answer": "ring-porous"}, {"question": "What size pores form early in ring-porous woods' growing season?", "answer": "large"}, {"question": "When does the denser tissue the new pores abut come from?", "answer": "the year before"}, {"question": "Ring-porous hardwoods have a clear relationship between their properties and what other factor?", "answer": "rate of growth"}, {"question": "Is harder, heavier wood indicated by narrower or wider growth rings?", "answer": "wider"}, {"question": "What kind of wood with a name that starts with \"H\" is a ring-porous hardwood?", "answer": "hickory"}, {"question": "If the growth rings are wider, was the growth of the tree slower or more rapid?", "answer": "more rapid"}, {"question": "What is the only kind of wood that will definitely be harder and stronger when it grows faster?", "answer": "ring-porous"}, {"question": "Which specific type of wood within ring-porous woods have more fibers to make it strong?", "answer": "latewood"}, {"question": "When there is less latewood, what is diminishing?", "answer": "breadth of ring"}, {"question": "Does slow or rapid growth make relatively porous, light wood?", "answer": "slow"}, {"question": "What kind of oak has just 6-10% volume of large vessels in the log?", "answer": "good"}, {"question": "What kind of fibers are in the latewood of good oak, making it very firm?", "answer": "thick-walled"}, {"question": "What term is sometimes used for wood with wide rings?", "answer": "second-growth"}, {"question": "Do young trees grow more quickly in open stands or in a closed forest?", "answer": "open stands"}, {"question": "What property is important to manufacturers who use \"second-growth\" hardwood?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "What specific kind of \"second-growth\" hardwood is often used to make handles and spokes? ", "answer": "hickory"}, {"question": "What organization tested hickory to find out about its properties?", "answer": "U.S. Forest Service"}, {"question": "What kind of wood often has ring divisions that can't even be seen by looking at it?", "answer": "diffuse-porous"}, {"question": "In diffuse-porous woods, if the demarcation between rings is obvious, what type of difference within the ring might not be?", "answer": "structure"}, {"question": "What adjective describes how our eyes function without a tool like a microscope to help?", "answer": "unaided"}, {"question": "What kind of wood has all similarly sized vessels?", "answer": "diffuse-porous"}, {"question": "What rate of growth in a tree will make the wood from it stronger than trees that grow very slowly or very quickly?", "answer": "medium"}, {"question": "The capability of diffuse-porous woods to carry what substance is spread out in the growth ring?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What division of trees are diffuse-porous woods more similar in growth rate to than ring-porous woods?", "answer": "conifers"}, {"question": "Does uniformity of the texture and grain of wood usually result from much or little contrast between earlywood and latewood?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "What's another term used for \"conifer\" wood?", "answer": "dicot"}, {"question": "What type of plants produce material that is referred to as \"wood\" even though it is technically not?", "answer": "monocot"}, {"question": "What monocot plant produces \"wood\" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?", "answer": "bamboo"}, {"question": "While we call bamboo \"wood,\" what botanical family does it belong to?", "answer": "grass"}, {"question": "Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called \"wood\"?", "answer": "palms"}, {"question": "Which property of wood reveals the most about its quality?", "answer": "specific gravity"}, {"question": "In addition to lumber strength, what important indicator of wood's quality can be determined using specific gravity?", "answer": "pulp yield"}, {"question": "What measurement is expressed in mass per unit substance?", "answer": "density"}, {"question": "When wood dries and shrinks, what happens to its density?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "When wood is described as \"green,\" what does \"green\" mean?", "answer": "water-saturated"}, {"question": "Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?", "answer": "physiological"}, {"question": "Into how many characteristics are the factors of wood combined?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What author called wood's density \"fairly easily measured\"?", "answer": "Elliott"}, {"question": "What should be anticipated because of the many factors that influence wood's density?", "answer": "Variation"}, {"question": "What specific type of growth has an effect on the density of wood?", "answer": "radial"}, {"question": "Which part of a tree can have vertical or horizontal variation in its specific gravity?", "answer": "bole"}, {"question": "Variation in what measurement is sometimes greater within one tree than from one tree to another?", "answer": "density"}, {"question": "What tiny object's source plays a role in determining wood density?", "answer": "seed"}, {"question": "What term do we use for the wood that comes from pine trees?", "answer": "softwood"}, {"question": "What kind of wood does an oak tree have?", "answer": "hardwood"}, {"question": "Is balsa a softwood or a hardwood?", "answer": "hardwood"}, {"question": "What's an example of a softwood that isn't \"soft,\" and is actually harder than a lot of hardwoods?", "answer": "yew"}, {"question": "What's the scientific name for trees like the oak with broad leaves?", "answer": "dicotyledons"}, {"question": "What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?", "answer": "strong"}, {"question": "What property of wood varies according to species?", "answer": "density"}, {"question": "What property of wood has a correlation to its density?", "answer": "strength"}, {"question": "Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?", "answer": "hardwood"}, {"question": "What hobby is balsa wood often used for?", "answer": "model building"}, {"question": "What approximate percentage of carbon does wood have?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What element makes up about 6% of the chemical composition of wood?", "answer": "hydrogen"}, {"question": "About what percentage of wood is composed of nitrogen?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "Which element in wood composes about 42% of its weight?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "What element joins potassium, calcium, manganese, iron, and sodium to make a combined 1% of the chemical composition of wood?", "answer": "magnesium"}, {"question": "How many main components make up wood, not counting water?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?", "answer": "Cellulose"}, {"question": "After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?", "answer": "hemicellulose"}, {"question": "What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?", "answer": "conifers"}, {"question": "Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What component of wood determines whether it is hardwood or softwood?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "Which wood has lignin that comes primarily from one type of alcohol?", "answer": "Softwood"}, {"question": "Which type of alcohol mainly becomes softwood lignin?", "answer": "coniferyl"}, {"question": "In addition to coniferyl alcohol, what other alcohol is in hardwood lignin?", "answer": "sinapyl"}, {"question": "Which kind of wood contains lignin derived from two main alcohol sources?", "answer": "Hardwood"}, {"question": "What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?", "answer": "extractives"}, {"question": "Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?", "answer": "resin"}, {"question": "Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?", "answer": "waxes"}, {"question": "What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?", "answer": "turpentine"}, {"question": "What type of wood is preferred as fuel?", "answer": "Hardwood"}, {"question": "What type of wood burns quickly and makes more smoke than hardwood?", "answer": "softwood"}, {"question": "What type of areas use more wood for fuel?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "What benefit besides the cozy atmosphere would a wood-burning fireplace add to a home?", "answer": "warmth"}, {"question": "What wood is decay-resistant when wet?", "answer": "Elm"}, {"question": "What plumbing component was once made out of elm?", "answer": "water pipe"}, {"question": "Until the late 19th century, what vessels were almost always wooden?", "answer": "boats"}, {"question": "What significant purpose has wood been used for as long as humans have built shelters?", "answer": "construction material"}, {"question": "Other than boats, what do people often build with wood?", "answer": "houses"}, {"question": "What term is used in North America for wood used in construction?", "answer": "lumber"}, {"question": "Outside of North America, if someone said \"lumber,\" to what would they be referring?", "answer": "felled trees"}, {"question": "What do people outside of North America call the sawn boards used for building?", "answer": "timber"}, {"question": "What was the preferred wood for construction in Medieval Europe?", "answer": "oak"}, {"question": "For modern solid wood doors, what wood is often used in addition to small-knotted pine or poplar?", "answer": "Douglas fir"}, {"question": "What type of construction is often used now to build homes in much of the world?", "answer": "timber-framed"}, {"question": "In addition to residential applications, what type of buildings often have engineered wood components?", "answer": "commercial"}, {"question": "Along with decorative components, what type of building materials can be engineered from wood?", "answer": "structural"}, {"question": "What industry benefits greatly from engineered wood products?", "answer": "construction"}, {"question": "What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?", "answer": "supporting material"}, {"question": "What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?", "answer": "roof"}, {"question": "Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?", "answer": "cladding"}, {"question": "Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?", "answer": "doors"}, {"question": "What holds together an engineered wood product?", "answer": "glue"}, {"question": "Engineered wood products are often used in construction, but what other major type of applications do they have?", "answer": "industrial"}, {"question": "What requirements do engineered wood products meet?", "answer": "application-specific performance requirements"}, {"question": "What efficient type of unit does the process of \"engineering\" wood result in?", "answer": "composite structural unit"}, {"question": "Wood fibers from wood strands, lumber, and what other source can be glued together to make larger units?", "answer": "veneers"}, {"question": "What category do composite panels, strand board, and plywood all fit into?", "answer": "wood structural panels"}, {"question": "What's another word for glued laminated timber?", "answer": "glulam"}, {"question": "What does LVL stand for?", "answer": "laminated veneer lumber"}, {"question": "If current building trends continue, what material will be replaced by particle and fiber board?", "answer": "plywood"}, {"question": "About how many cubic meters of wood was used in 1991 to make products like glulam, LVL, and structural composite lumber?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "What material results from chemically breaking down wood?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for medium-density fiberboard?", "answer": "MDF"}, {"question": "How is wood broken down into chips and fibers?", "answer": "mechanically"}, {"question": "What type of flooring can be made from wood derivatives?", "answer": "laminate"}, {"question": "What widely-used product is almost always made of wood fibers?", "answer": "paper"}, {"question": "What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?", "answer": "furniture"}, {"question": "What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?", "answer": "wooden spoon"}, {"question": "Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?", "answer": "handles"}, {"question": "What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?", "answer": "beds"}, {"question": "What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?", "answer": "chopsticks"}, {"question": "What could we monitor electronically that could help inform new methods of wood protection?", "answer": "Moisture content"}, {"question": "Development in the wood manufacturing industry include using lignin to make what substance?", "answer": "glue"}, {"question": "Instead of rubber, what important part of a car might someday be replaced by components of wood?", "answer": "tire"}, {"question": "What material might be developed from wood that could make clothes that resist wear and tear?", "answer": "high strength fabrics"}, {"question": "In addition to extracting components from wood, what might scientist do by adding components, for example, to make innovative products?", "answer": "modify wood"}, {"question": "Along with sculptures, what type of art have people been making out of wood for centuries?", "answer": "carvings"}, {"question": "What did indigenous people in North America make out of the trunks of conifers?", "answer": "totem poles"}, {"question": "What type of tree was often used for totem poles?", "answer": "Western Red Cedar"}, {"question": "What city in Scotland would you visit to see the Millennium clock tower?", "answer": "Edinburgh"}, {"question": "What museum exhibits the Millennium clock tower?", "answer": "National Museum of Scotland"}, {"question": "What kind of wood are clarinet bodies made from?", "answer": "african blackwood"}, {"question": "What expensive wood with a prized color is used to make the backs of violins?", "answer": "ripple sycamore"}, {"question": "What category of wood is often used for musical instruments?", "answer": "tonewoods"}, {"question": "What's the common name for Picea abies?", "answer": "European spruce"}, {"question": "Along with resonance, what property of an instrument will be affected by the wood used to make it?", "answer": "tone"}, {"question": "What type of instruments with a misleading name aren't always made completely out of wood?", "answer": "woodwind instruments"}, {"question": "What are woodwind instrument's reeds often made out of?", "answer": "Arundo donax"}, {"question": "Is the Arundo donax a monocot or dicot cane plant?", "answer": "monocot"}, {"question": "What objects do musicians have to have in order to play woodwind instruments?", "answer": "reeds"}, {"question": "What wood is usually used for cricket bats?", "answer": "white willow"}, {"question": "Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?", "answer": "Major League Baseball"}, {"question": "What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?", "answer": "parquetry"}, {"question": "What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?", "answer": "maple"}, {"question": "Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?", "answer": "fragile"}, {"question": "What pieces of equipment for shooting arrows used to be wooden?", "answer": "archery bows"}, {"question": "Which pieces of ice hockey equipment were once made out of wood?", "answer": "sticks"}, {"question": "When the golf club called the \"wood\" was actually made out of it, what type of wood was used?", "answer": "persimmon"}, {"question": "What is the golf club known as the \"wood\" usually made out of today?", "answer": "synthetic materials"}, {"question": "What other modern material has joined composites, carbon fiber, titanium, and aluminum to replace wood in the manufacture of sporting equipment?", "answer": "fiberglass"}, {"question": "What component of wood is degraded by bacteria that scientists are still trying to learn about?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?", "answer": "Symbiotic"}, {"question": "What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?", "answer": "sunken"}, {"question": "How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?", "answer": "over a year"}, {"question": "What bacteria starting with the letter \"F\" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?", "answer": "Flavobacteria"}, {"question": "What language family is Somali a part of?", "answer": "Afro-Asiatic"}, {"question": "What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?", "answer": "Cushitic"}, {"question": "What is the majority religion of Somalis?", "answer": "Sunni Muslim"}, {"question": "How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?", "answer": "12.3 million"}, {"question": "What country has the second largest Somali population?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "From whom are several Somali clans descended?", "answer": "Irir Samaale"}, {"question": "From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?", "answer": "soo and maal"}, {"question": "What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?", "answer": "go and milk"}, {"question": "What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?", "answer": "dhawamaal"}, {"question": "What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?", "answer": "livestock"}, {"question": "What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?", "answer": "Berbera"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?", "answer": "Po-pa-li"}, {"question": "In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?", "answer": "the Abyssinian Emperor"}, {"question": "Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?", "answer": "Zeila"}, {"question": "How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?", "answer": "5000 years"}, {"question": "Where are the most notable rock paintings located?", "answer": "the Laas Geel complex"}, {"question": "Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?", "answer": "human figures"}, {"question": "Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?", "answer": "the northern Dhambalin region"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?", "answer": "the Doian culture"}, {"question": "What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?", "answer": "Inscriptions"}, {"question": "During what period did the Doian culture thrive?", "answer": "the Stone age"}, {"question": "In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?", "answer": "Somalia"}, {"question": "From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?", "answer": "4th millennium BC"}, {"question": "At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?", "answer": "the Jalelo site"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?", "answer": "commerce"}, {"question": "Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?", "answer": "frankincense"}, {"question": "Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?", "answer": "Mycenaeans"}, {"question": "What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?", "answer": "Land of Punt"}, {"question": "What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?", "answer": "Pharaonic Egypt"}, {"question": "Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?", "answer": "Hatshepsut"}, {"question": "Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?", "answer": "pyramidal structures"}, {"question": "Near what headland was Mosylon located?", "answer": "Cape Guardafui"}, {"question": "Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?", "answer": "Damo"}, {"question": "Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?", "answer": "Sabaeans"}, {"question": "What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?", "answer": "Indo-Greco-Roman"}, {"question": "What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "In what location was Islam born?", "answer": "the Arabian Peninsula"}, {"question": "What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?", "answer": "Berberi"}, {"question": "What was another name for Mogadishu?", "answer": "the City of Islam"}, {"question": "The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?", "answer": "the Walashma dynasty"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?", "answer": "Zeila"}, {"question": "Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?", "answer": "Djibouti"}, {"question": "According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?", "answer": "the Red Sea"}, {"question": "What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?", "answer": "the Ajuran Sultanate"}, {"question": "What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?", "answer": "the Sultanate of Adal"}, {"question": "What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?", "answer": "Ahmed Gurey"}, {"question": "What state did Adal conquer?", "answer": "the Ethiopian Empire"}, {"question": "What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?", "answer": "Sultan Ahmed Yusuf"}, {"question": "What states supported the Dervish State?", "answer": "the Ottoman and German empires"}, {"question": "In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Dervish State?", "answer": "Taleex"}, {"question": "In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?", "answer": "Italian Somaliland"}, {"question": "At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?", "answer": "the Potsdam Conference"}, {"question": "Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?", "answer": "Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali"}, {"question": "How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? ", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?", "answer": "the Ogaden"}, {"question": "In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?", "answer": "Emperor Menelik"}, {"question": "In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?", "answer": "Somali"}, {"question": "What was Djibouti called in 1958?", "answer": "French Somaliland"}, {"question": "In what year did Somalia become independent?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?", "answer": "Vice President of the Government Council"}, {"question": "When did Djibouti achieve independence?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of Djibouti?", "answer": "Hassan Gouled Aptidon"}, {"question": "On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?", "answer": "26 June 1960"}, {"question": "What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?", "answer": "the State of Somaliland"}, {"question": "What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?", "answer": "the Trust Territory of Somalia"}, {"question": "On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?", "answer": "1 July 1960"}, {"question": "Who was the first President of the Somali Republic?", "answer": "Aden Abdullah Osman Daar"}, {"question": "On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?", "answer": "15 October 1969"}, {"question": "Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?", "answer": "one of his own bodyguards"}, {"question": "On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?", "answer": "21 October 1969"}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?", "answer": "Mohamed Siad Barre"}, {"question": "What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?", "answer": "Major General"}, {"question": "Along with Jama Korshel, who led the Supreme Revolutionary Council?", "answer": "Salaad Gabeyre Kediye"}, {"question": "What was Jama Korshel's title?", "answer": "Chief of Police"}, {"question": "What was the military rank of Salaad Gabeyre Kediye?", "answer": "Lieutenant Colonel"}, {"question": "What name did the Supreme Revolutionary Council give to Somalia?", "answer": "the Somali Democratic Republic"}, {"question": "Along with dissolving the Supreme Court and parliament, what action did the Supreme Revolutionary Council take?", "answer": "suspended the constitution"}, {"question": "What did the new government nationalize along with land?", "answer": "industry"}, {"question": "What international body did the new government join?", "answer": "the Arab League"}, {"question": "In what year did the new government enter the Arab League?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What organization would the Organization of African Unity later become?", "answer": "the African Union"}, {"question": "What rate did the new government's programs significantly increase?", "answer": "literacy"}, {"question": "Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?", "answer": "northeastern"}, {"question": "What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?", "answer": "Pan-Somalism"}, {"question": "Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?", "answer": "Cuba"}, {"question": "What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?", "answer": "the Ogaden War"}, {"question": "In what year did Sanchez publish his study on Somali ethnicity?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What language group speakers are ethnic Somalis closely related to?", "answer": "Afro-Asiatic"}, {"question": "What haplogroup is present in a significant number of Somalis?", "answer": "E1b1b1a"}, {"question": "Based on the presence of the M78 subclade, where do some researchers think Somalis originated?", "answer": "Egypt/Libya"}, {"question": "What percentage of Somali males had DNA containing the M78 subclade of E1b1b?", "answer": "77%"}, {"question": "When did Richards publish his mtDNA research?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Along with Egyptians, Algerians and Somalis, what people commonly possess the M1 haplogroup?", "answer": "Ethiopians"}, {"question": "On what continent is the M1 haplogroup believed to have originated?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Who authored an mtDNA study in 2005?", "answer": "Holden"}, {"question": "What family of languages is the M1 haplogroup associated with?", "answer": "Afro-Asiatic"}, {"question": "When did Hodgson publish his DNA study?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "According to Hodgson, what ancestral people spread the Afro-Asiatic languages?", "answer": "Ethio-Somali"}, {"question": "According to Hodgson, what people is mostly descended from Ethio-Somalis?", "answer": "Somalis"}, {"question": "According to Hodgson, how long ago did the Ethio-Somalis diverge from other non-African ancestries?", "answer": "at least 23,000 years ago"}, {"question": "According to Hodgson, where did the Ethio-Somalis originate?", "answer": "the Near East"}, {"question": "In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Somalia is Zeila located?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "From whom were the early Muslims fleeing?", "answer": "the Quraysh"}, {"question": "Along with the Shafi'i, to what sect of Islam do most Somalis belong?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "What is the majority religion in Somalia?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "A small minority of Somalis belong to what branch of Islam?", "answer": "Shia"}, {"question": "What is another name for a Qur'anic school?", "answer": "dugsi"}, {"question": "What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What government body regulates Qur'anic education?", "answer": "the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs"}, {"question": "Along with Minneapolis, London and Birmingham, what city contains a notable population of Somalis?", "answer": "Toronto"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mosque under construction in Minneapolis?", "answer": "the Abuubakar-As-Saddique Mosque"}, {"question": "Along with floods, what natural disaster often spurs Islamic fundraising?", "answer": "droughts"}, {"question": "Along with universities, the construction of what educational buildings are sometimes the focus of Islamic fundraising?", "answer": "schools"}, {"question": "Along with the Horn of Africa, what is a notable location where Somali Islamic figures have been influential?", "answer": "the Arabian Peninsula"}, {"question": "What is a basic social unit of Somali society?", "answer": "clan"}, {"question": "In what geographical portion of Somalia is the tomb of the founder of the Dir clan located?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "Of what clan is the Abgaal a sub-clan?", "answer": "Hawiye"}, {"question": "What practice is often used to bind different clans together?", "answer": "marriage"}, {"question": "According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?", "answer": "55"}, {"question": "To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?", "answer": "Darod"}, {"question": "What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?", "answer": "4.3%"}, {"question": "What law gave Somali husbands and wives equal rights over personal property?", "answer": "1975 Somali Family Law"}, {"question": "What was the official name of the country in which the 1975 Somali Family Law was passed?", "answer": "the Somali Democratic Republic"}, {"question": "In addition to giving spouses equal rights over their personal property during marriage, what did the Somali Family Law give them?", "answer": "equal division of property between the husband and wife upon divorce"}, {"question": "What is the biggest ethnic group in Somalia?", "answer": "Somalis"}, {"question": "What percentage of Somalians are ethnic Somalis?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "During what century did the nomad lifestyle decline among Somalis?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "Why do many Somalis live in South Asia and Europe?", "answer": "their seafaring tradition"}, {"question": "Along with Djibouti and Ethiopia, in what African country outside Somalia can Somalis be found?", "answer": "Kenya"}, {"question": "What led to an increase in the number of Somalis leaving the country?", "answer": "Civil strife"}, {"question": "Along with the Middle East and North America, to what continent did the Somali diaspora go in the 1990s?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Along with Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, Hamilton and Vancouver, what Canadian city has a significant Somali population?", "answer": "Toronto"}, {"question": "As of 2006, where did Somalis rank in terms of population by ethnicity in Canada?", "answer": "69th"}, {"question": "About how many Somalis live in the UK?", "answer": "108,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of Somalis living in Britain reside in London?", "answer": "78%"}, {"question": "As of 2014, how many Somalis lived in Sweden?", "answer": "57,906"}, {"question": "In 2014, how many Somalis resided in Norway?", "answer": "38,413"}, {"question": "How many Somalis lived in Finland as of 2014?", "answer": "16,721"}, {"question": "What country is Cedar Rapids located in?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "Along with Saint Paul, what city constitutes the Twin Cities?", "answer": "Minneapolis"}, {"question": "About how many Somalis moved to Minnesota ten years ago?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What area of Minneapolis contains a notable number of Somalis?", "answer": "Cedar-Riverside"}, {"question": "What is hawala?", "answer": "money transfer services"}, {"question": "What sort of meat is sold in Somali businesses in Minneapolis?", "answer": "halal"}, {"question": "In what Middle Eastern country is there a notable Somali population?", "answer": "the United Arab Emirates"}, {"question": "What is another name for the city center of Dubai?", "answer": "Deira"}, {"question": "People of what nationality export more products from Dubai than Somalis?", "answer": "Iranians"}, {"question": "What is the name of an airline owned by Dubai-based Somalis?", "answer": "Star African Air"}, {"question": "How many Dubai-based airlines are owned by Somalis?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Near what city in Sudan do many Somalis reside?", "answer": "Khartoum"}, {"question": "In what geographical portion of Sudan do some Somalis live?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Along with businesspeople, what sort of Somalis live in Sudan?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "In what Somali enclave in Kenya have Somalis invested over $1.5 billion?", "answer": "Eastleigh"}, {"question": "In what province of South Africa do Somalis congregate?", "answer": "Western Cape"}, {"question": "What language family does the Somali language belong to?", "answer": "Afro-Asiatic"}, {"question": "What branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family does the Somali language belong to?", "answer": "Cushitic"}, {"question": "Along with Saho, what language is closely related to Somali?", "answer": "Afar"}, {"question": "Among the Cushitic languages, which is the most well-documented?", "answer": "Somali"}, {"question": "Before what year did studies on the Somali language exist?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?", "answer": "7.78 million"}, {"question": "In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?", "answer": "12.65"}, {"question": "Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?", "answer": "the Somali diaspora"}, {"question": "Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?", "answer": "Benaadir"}, {"question": "What dialect is Standard Somali based on?", "answer": "Northern Somali"}, {"question": "What is another name for Benaadir?", "answer": "Coastal Somali"}, {"question": "What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?", "answer": "Benaadir"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?", "answer": "the Somali alphabet"}, {"question": "Who introduced the Somali alphabet?", "answer": "Mohamed Siad Barre"}, {"question": "In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?", "answer": "October 1972"}, {"question": "Who created the Somali alphabet?", "answer": "Shire Jama Ahmed"}, {"question": "Who invented the Osmanya script?", "answer": "Osman Yusuf Kenadid"}, {"question": "Other than Somali, what is an official language of Somalia?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "To what language family does Arabic belong?", "answer": "Afro-Asiatic"}, {"question": "In what neighboring country is Arabic also an official language?", "answer": "Djibouti"}, {"question": "What organization do both Djibouti and Somalia belong to?", "answer": "the Arab League"}, {"question": "For how long has Somalia had connections to the Arab world?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "Civilizations from what geographic part of Africa influenced Somali culture?", "answer": "Northeast"}, {"question": "Civilizations from what geographic part of Asia influenced Somali culture?", "answer": "Southeast"}, {"question": "What Asian country notable influenced Somali culture?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Along with Northeast Africa, Southeast Asia and India, what locale had a significant influence on Somali culture?", "answer": "the Arabian Peninsula"}, {"question": "Somali food contains influences from what region?", "answer": "Southeast Asian"}, {"question": "Along with textiles, wood carving and pottery, what ancient cultural activity still dominates Somalia today?", "answer": "monumental architecture"}, {"question": "Who called Somalia a \"Nation of Bards\"?", "answer": "Margaret Laurence"}, {"question": "Of what nationality is the person who called Somalia a \"Nation of Bards\"?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "What is the profession of the individual who referred to Somalia as a \"Nation of Bards\"?", "answer": "novelist"}, {"question": "What is a notable game that is played in Somalia?", "answer": "Shax"}, {"question": "Along with sport, games, literature, dress and festivals, what is a notable Somali cultural tradition?", "answer": "martial arts"}, {"question": "What scale is used by most Somali songs?", "answer": "pentatonic"}, {"question": "How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?", "answer": "the major scale"}, {"question": "Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?", "answer": "Sudan"}, {"question": "What does midho mean in English?", "answer": "lyricists"}, {"question": "In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "In what year was the SFA founded?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?", "answer": "Ali Said Hassan"}, {"question": "What are riwaaydo?", "answer": "popular musicals"}, {"question": "What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?", "answer": "The Somali Darwish"}, {"question": "What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?", "answer": "aniconism"}, {"question": "Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "What do Somali women wear on their feet during Eid?", "answer": "henna"}, {"question": "Along with triangular shapes, what are common henna designs in Somalia?", "answer": "flower motifs"}, {"question": "What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?", "answer": "kohl"}, {"question": "From what ancient region did kuul application come?", "answer": "Land of Punt"}, {"question": "What activity is often held before Somali weddings?", "answer": "Henna parties"}, {"question": "What sport do Somalis most enjoy?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Somali national football team?", "answer": "Ocean Stars"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ocean Stars first compete in the Olympics?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "Along with Liban Abdi, Ayub Daud and Abdisalam Ibrahim, who is a notable Somali football player?", "answer": "Mohammed Ahamed Jama"}, {"question": "Along with the Somalia Cup, what is an important Somali football competition?", "answer": "the Somalia League"}, {"question": "When did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?", "answer": "15\u201323 December 1981"}, {"question": "Who hosted the 1981 FIBA African Championship?", "answer": "Somalia"}, {"question": "In what city did the 1981 FIBA African Championship take place?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "For what nation did Hussein Ahmed Salah compete?", "answer": "Djibouti"}, {"question": "Who did Mohammed Ahmed compete for in the Olympics?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Who came in fourth in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?", "answer": "Mohamed Deq Abdulle"}, {"question": "What medal did Faisal Jeylani Aweys win in the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "Where did the 2013 Open World Taekwondo Challenge Cup take place?", "answer": "Tongeren"}, {"question": "Along with Thai Boxing, in what has Mohamed Jama won a European title?", "answer": "K1"}, {"question": "What is a koofiyad?", "answer": "an embroidered fez"}, {"question": "What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?", "answer": "the macawis"}, {"question": "Where is the macawis worn?", "answer": "around the waist"}, {"question": "What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?", "answer": "sarong"}, {"question": "Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?", "answer": "turban"}, {"question": "What is the jellabiya?", "answer": "a long white garment"}, {"question": "Along with jellabiyad, what is the jellabiya called in Somali?", "answer": "qamiis"}, {"question": "In what region do men commonly wear the jellabiya?", "answer": "the Arab world"}, {"question": "What is the regular garment of Somali women?", "answer": "the guntiino"}, {"question": "What is the guntiino normally made from?", "answer": "alandi"}, {"question": "What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?", "answer": "the dirac"}, {"question": "Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?", "answer": "taffeta"}, {"question": "What is the underskirt of the dirac called?", "answer": "the gorgorad"}, {"question": "What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?", "answer": "shaash"}, {"question": "What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?", "answer": "garbasaar"}, {"question": "Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?", "answer": "the jilbab"}, {"question": "What is the jewelry worn by Somali women commonly made from?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "Along with anklets, what pieces of jewelry are traditionally worn by Somali women?", "answer": "necklaces"}, {"question": "What type of jewelry do Somali women wear at their weddings?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "In what year was the Somali flag invented?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who devised the Somali flag?", "answer": "Mohammed Awale Liban"}, {"question": "What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?", "answer": "scholar"}, {"question": "What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?", "answer": "Star of Unity"}, {"question": "How many points does the Star of Unity have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?", "answer": "all food is served halal"}, {"question": "What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?", "answer": "pork"}, {"question": "What beverage is not halal?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?", "answer": "blood"}, {"question": "What is the English word for qado?", "answer": "lunch"}, {"question": "What is bariis in English?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What is the most popular variety of bariis?", "answer": "basmati"}, {"question": "When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?", "answer": "11 pm"}, {"question": "After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?", "answer": "Tarawih prayers"}, {"question": "What is another term for xalwo?", "answer": "halva"}, {"question": "Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?", "answer": "Eid celebrations"}, {"question": "What do the Somalis call frankincense?", "answer": "lubaan"}, {"question": "What is the English word for cunnsi?", "answer": "incense"}, {"question": "What do the Somalis call incense burners?", "answer": "dabqaad"}, {"question": "When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?", "answer": "Nuruddin Farah"}, {"question": "In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?", "answer": "Farah Mohamed Jama Awl"}, {"question": "Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?", "answer": "Nadifa Mohamed"}, {"question": "What is the Somali system of customary law?", "answer": "Xeer"}, {"question": "In what century did the Xeer system begin?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "In what region did the Xeer system develop?", "answer": "the Horn of Africa"}, {"question": "What fact about Somali legal terms implies that Xeer developed locally?", "answer": "devoid of loan words"}, {"question": "In the Xeer system, what are judges called?", "answer": "odayal"}, {"question": "What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?", "answer": "jurists"}, {"question": "What does the Xeer system call attorneys?", "answer": "garxajiyaal"}, {"question": "By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?", "answer": "murkhaatiyal"}, {"question": "What does the Xeer system call cops?", "answer": "waranle"}, {"question": "Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?", "answer": "Western designs"}, {"question": "Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What material was used to make Somali cities?", "answer": "stone"}, {"question": "What do Somalis call their ancient pyramids?", "answer": "taalo"}, {"question": "What were taalo used for?", "answer": "burial"}, {"question": "What were ancient Somali houses made out of?", "answer": "dressed stone"}, {"question": "Ancient Somali houses were similar to houses in what country?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What is a notable stone wall built in ancient Somalia?", "answer": "the Wargaade Wall"}, {"question": "During what period was the Muslim faith introduced to Somalia?", "answer": "early medieval"}, {"question": "Along with Arabian influences, where did architectural influences come from in the medieval period?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "In the medieval period, what buildings were notably built atop older ruins?", "answer": "mosques"}, {"question": "Along with sundried bricks and coral stone, what construction material was widely used after the introduction of Islam?", "answer": "limestone"}, {"question": "Before Islam was introduced, what was a common building material in Somalia?", "answer": "drystone"}, {"question": "What is the academic study of the Somali people called?", "answer": "Somali Studies"}, {"question": "Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?", "answer": "anthropology"}, {"question": "Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?", "answer": "oral literature"}, {"question": "What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?", "answer": "the International Congress of Somali Studies"}, {"question": "When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "In what century did the Middle Ages begin?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the collapse of the Western Roman Empire"}, {"question": "Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Age of Discovery"}, {"question": "What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?", "answer": "Antiquity"}, {"question": "Along with the movement of peoples, invasion and depopulation, what event started in Late Antiquity and continued into the Middle Ages?", "answer": "deurbanisation"}, {"question": "In what state did barbarian invaders establish kingdoms?", "answer": "the Western Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What empire was North Africa previously a part of?", "answer": "the Eastern Roman Empire"}, {"question": "In what century did the Caliphate conquer North Africa?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "In what year did Italians discover the Code of Justinian?", "answer": "1070"}, {"question": "What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Medieval Warm Period"}, {"question": "What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?", "answer": "Manorialism"}, {"question": "What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?", "answer": "feudalism"}, {"question": "In what year did the Crusades begin?", "answer": "1095"}, {"question": "When did the Black Death end?", "answer": "1350"}, {"question": "In what period of the Middle Ages did the Black Death occur?", "answer": "Late"}, {"question": "What portion of the European population died in the Black Death?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "What era occurred after the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the early modern period"}, {"question": "Along with controversy and schism, what upset the peace of the Church during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "heresy"}, {"question": "Along with Antiquity and the Middle Ages, what is the other major division of European history?", "answer": "the Modern Period"}, {"question": "How many major periods is European history divided into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is another name for Antiquity?", "answer": "classical civilisation"}, {"question": "Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?", "answer": "Four Empires"}, {"question": "What writer referred to the Christian period as new?", "answer": "Petrarch"}, {"question": "Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?", "answer": "Leonardo Bruni"}, {"question": "When was the History of the Florentine People published?", "answer": "1442"}, {"question": "Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?", "answer": "Christoph Cellarius"}, {"question": "What date is usually given as the beginning of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "476"}, {"question": "Who was the first writer to date the Middle Ages from 476?", "answer": "Bruni"}, {"question": "When is the Middle Ages generally considered to have ended?", "answer": "1500"}, {"question": "In what year did the Turks conquer Constantinople?", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "When did Ferdinand II die?", "answer": "1516"}, {"question": "In what century did the Roman Empire achieve its greatest extent?", "answer": "the 2nd century AD"}, {"question": "In what century did the revival of Persia occur under the Sassanids?", "answer": "3rd century"}, {"question": "How much did the size of the Roman army increase in the 3rd century?", "answer": "doubled"}, {"question": "What did the need for increased revenue to pay for the Roman army lead to an increase in?", "answer": "taxes"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Roman landowning class?", "answer": "curial"}, {"question": "In what year did Diocletian begin his reign?", "answer": "284"}, {"question": "When was the Roman Empire split into western and eastern administrative divisions?", "answer": "286"}, {"question": "What was the name of the city previously located on the site of Constantinople?", "answer": "Byzantium"}, {"question": "During what century was the Roman conversion to Christianity considered complete?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "When did the rule of Constantine end?", "answer": "337"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ostrogoths settle in the Roman Empire?", "answer": "376"}, {"question": "Who invited the Ostrogoths to settle in the Roman Empire?", "answer": "Valens"}, {"question": "In what province did the Ostrogoths settle?", "answer": "Thracia"}, {"question": "At what battle was the Emperor Valens killed?", "answer": "the Battle of Adrianople"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Adrianople occur?", "answer": "9 August 378"}, {"question": "Who was the last Western Roman Emperor?", "answer": "Romulus Augustus"}, {"question": "When did the reign of the last Western Roman Emperor end?", "answer": "476"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Eastern Roman Empire?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "What Eastern Roman Emperor reconquered Italy?", "answer": "Justinian"}, {"question": "When did Justinian's reign end?", "answer": "565"}, {"question": "When did Aspar die?", "answer": "Aspar"}, {"question": "What year saw the death of Gundobad?", "answer": "516"}, {"question": "What notable Roman figure died in 408?", "answer": "Stilicho"}, {"question": "The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?", "answer": "tax revenue"}, {"question": "Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?", "answer": "land or rents"}, {"question": "In what century did the Ostrogoths arrive in Italy?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What Ostrogothic leader led his people into Italy?", "answer": "Theoderic"}, {"question": "Who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom in 436?", "answer": "the Huns"}, {"question": "In what part of Europe did the Burgundians settle?", "answer": "Gaul"}, {"question": "Who was the first notable king of the Franks?", "answer": "Childeric"}, {"question": "People of what ethnicity settled in the Balkan Peninsula?", "answer": "Slavic"}, {"question": "In what geographic region did most of the invaders settle in Gaul?", "answer": "north-east"}, {"question": "What is the collective name for languages derived from Latin?", "answer": "Romance languages"}, {"question": "What language was spoken in the Byzantine Empire?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What languages were spoken by the Slavs?", "answer": "Slavonic"}, {"question": "In what century did the economic revival in the Eastern Roman Empire end?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "In what century was there peace with one of Rome's traditional enemies?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "Where did most of the invasion in the Eastern Roman Empire take place?", "answer": "the Balkans"}, {"question": "What year saw the completion of the Theodosian Code?", "answer": "438"}, {"question": "Who was Emperor when the Corpus Juris Civilis was compiled?", "answer": "Justinian"}, {"question": "Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?", "answer": "Slavic tribes"}, {"question": "What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?", "answer": "the Avars"}, {"question": "Near what river were the Avars originally based?", "answer": "the Danube"}, {"question": "During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?", "answer": "Heraclius"}, {"question": "In what year did the reign of Maurice end?", "answer": "602"}, {"question": "What author would Jerome rather read than the Bible?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": "In what year did Jerome die?", "answer": "420"}, {"question": "In what century did Gregory of Tours live?", "answer": "6th"}, {"question": "Along with art, how was religious instruction commonly received in the late 6th century?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "When was the death of Sidonius Apollinaris?", "answer": "489"}, {"question": "What was the focus of aristocratic culture during this period?", "answer": "great feasts"}, {"question": "Along with gold, what luxury was present on the clothes of the elite?", "answer": "jewels"}, {"question": "Along with loyalty and honor, what virtue did the elite value?", "answer": "courage"}, {"question": "In what society did women have status as abbesses?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxon"}, {"question": "In what country did Gregory of Tours live?", "answer": "Merovingian Gaul"}, {"question": "How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?", "answer": "military service"}, {"question": "In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?", "answer": "law codes"}, {"question": "What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?", "answer": "archaeology"}, {"question": "About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What new use was found for Roman temples?", "answer": "Christian churches"}, {"question": "What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of a leader who converted to Judaism in this era?", "answer": "Arab"}, {"question": "What was the dominant religion of Persia before Islam?", "answer": "Zoroastrianism"}, {"question": "In what yer did Muhammad die?", "answer": "632"}, {"question": "In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria?", "answer": "634\u2013635"}, {"question": "In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?", "answer": "732"}, {"question": "What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?", "answer": "Abbasid"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Abbasid state?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?", "answer": "Tulunids"}, {"question": "What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?", "answer": "the Franks"}, {"question": "Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century?", "answer": "Muslim conquests"}, {"question": "What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era?", "answer": "luxury goods"}, {"question": "During what century did gold coinage cease?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?", "answer": "penny"}, {"question": "What was another name for the denarius?", "answer": "denier"}, {"question": "In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?", "answer": "Southern Europe"}, {"question": "What language was used by the eastern church?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What language did the western church use?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "When did the eastern and western churches split?", "answer": "1054"}, {"question": "Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split?", "answer": "papal supremacy"}, {"question": "What was the eastern church subsequently known as?", "answer": "the Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "When did Gregory the Great become pope?", "answer": "590"}, {"question": "About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy?", "answer": "850"}, {"question": "In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain?", "answer": "597"}, {"question": "When did Columbanus die?", "answer": "615"}, {"question": "What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?", "answer": "monasticism"}, {"question": "Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?", "answer": "Pachomius"}, {"question": "Who composed the Benedictine Rule?", "answer": "Benedict of Nursia"}, {"question": "From what part of England did Bede come?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What was the title of the leader of a monastery?", "answer": "abbot"}, {"question": "Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom?", "answer": "Burgundy"}, {"question": "What dynasty ruled Neustria?", "answer": "Merovingian"}, {"question": "From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry?", "answer": "Clovis"}, {"question": "What was the title of Pippin?", "answer": "Mayor of the Palace"}, {"question": "What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers?", "answer": "Charles Martel"}, {"question": "What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel?", "answer": "Carolingian"}, {"question": "In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria?", "answer": "753"}, {"question": "Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia?", "answer": "Pippin III"}, {"question": "When did Stephen II become pope?", "answer": "752"}, {"question": "Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin?", "answer": "Carloman"}, {"question": "On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?", "answer": "Christmas Day 800"}, {"question": "Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?", "answer": "peasants"}, {"question": "About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?", "answer": "small farms"}, {"question": "Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?", "answer": "Scandinavia"}, {"question": "Where was Charlemagne's court based?", "answer": "Aachen"}, {"question": "What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?", "answer": "Carolingian Renaissance"}, {"question": "Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "In what year did Alcuin die?", "answer": "804"}, {"question": "What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?", "answer": "Medieval Latin"}, {"question": "Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?", "answer": "Louis the Pious"}, {"question": "How long did Louis the Pious reign?", "answer": "26 years"}, {"question": "When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?", "answer": "840"}, {"question": "Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?", "answer": "Lothair I"}, {"question": "Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?", "answer": "Louis the German"}, {"question": "How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom?", "answer": "the Rhine and Rhone"}, {"question": "In what modern country were Louis the German's lands?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "When did Louis the Child die?", "answer": "911"}, {"question": "What group settled in Iceland during this period?", "answer": "the Vikings"}, {"question": "Who was king of the Franks in 899?", "answer": "Charles the Simple"}, {"question": "In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle?", "answer": "Normandy"}, {"question": "What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld?", "answer": "Magyar"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur?", "answer": "955"}, {"question": "When did Alfred the Great begin his reign?", "answer": "871"}, {"question": "What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Alba"}, {"question": "Of what dynasty was Otto I a member?", "answer": "Ottonian dynasty"}, {"question": "What group did Otto I defeat?", "answer": "Magyars"}, {"question": "In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor?", "answer": "962"}, {"question": "Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?", "answer": "907"}, {"question": "Along with the kingdom of Le\u00f3n, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?", "answer": "Asturias"}, {"question": "Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member?", "answer": "Macedonian"}, {"question": "During what period did Constantine VII reign?", "answer": "913\u2013959"}, {"question": "When did Basil I's rule begin?", "answer": "867"}, {"question": "During what century did John Geometres flourish?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded?", "answer": "680"}, {"question": "When were the Constantinian basilicas built?", "answer": "4th century"}, {"question": "In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed?", "answer": "the west end"}, {"question": "What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use?", "answer": "the basilica"}, {"question": "What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica?", "answer": "transept"}, {"question": "How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave?", "answer": "perpendicular"}, {"question": "What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies?", "answer": "infantry"}, {"question": "What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of?", "answer": "cavalry"}, {"question": "What Scythian weapon was used during this era?", "answer": "composite bow"}, {"question": "What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow?", "answer": "Hunnic composite bow"}, {"question": "Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor?", "answer": "mail"}, {"question": "Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common?", "answer": "illuminated manuscripts"}, {"question": "What is a notable cross made during this era?", "answer": "the Cross of Lothair"}, {"question": "Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire?", "answer": "Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s"}, {"question": "What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold?", "answer": "Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram"}, {"question": "Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found?", "answer": "Guarrazar"}, {"question": "The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?", "answer": "heavy cavalry"}, {"question": "What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxon England"}, {"question": "What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?", "answer": "the crossbow"}, {"question": "Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?", "answer": "the stirrup"}, {"question": "Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?", "answer": "infantry"}, {"question": "What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347?", "answer": "80 million"}, {"question": "About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?", "answer": "villages"}, {"question": "What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?", "answer": "assarting"}, {"question": "In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?", "answer": "11th and 12th"}, {"question": "In this period, who usually inherited fiefs?", "answer": "the eldest son"}, {"question": "What were castles originally built out of?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "What group constituted the lowest nobility?", "answer": "Knights"}, {"question": "In what century were castles first built?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?", "answer": "the secular clergy"}, {"question": "What type of clergy were monks?", "answer": "regular clergy"}, {"question": "What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?", "answer": "less than one per cent"}, {"question": "What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?", "answer": "the nobility"}, {"question": "From what class were many parish priests?", "answer": "the peasant class"}, {"question": "In what type of settlement did most Jews live?", "answer": "cities"}, {"question": "In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?", "answer": "the 11th and 12th"}, {"question": "What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "What was the religion of the Slavs?", "answer": "pagan"}, {"question": "Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?", "answer": "taking care of the household"}, {"question": "Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?", "answer": "brewing"}, {"question": "What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?", "answer": "help with field-work"}, {"question": "What role did women fill in the Church?", "answer": "nuns"}, {"question": "What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?", "answer": "Baltic"}, {"question": "Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?", "answer": "Genoa"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?", "answer": "Marco Polo"}, {"question": "What accounting method was utilized in this period?", "answer": "double-entry bookkeeping"}, {"question": "In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?", "answer": "\u00c1rp\u00e1d"}, {"question": "When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?", "answer": "1198"}, {"question": "Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?", "answer": "900"}, {"question": "What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?", "answer": "Ottonian"}, {"question": "What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?", "answer": "Salian"}, {"question": "When did Henry IV's reign begin?", "answer": "1084"}, {"question": "The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?", "answer": "Investiture Controversy"}, {"question": "What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?", "answer": "Frederick II"}, {"question": "Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?", "answer": "William the Conqueror"}, {"question": "During what period did William reign over England?", "answer": "1066\u201387"}, {"question": "When did Robert Guiscard die?", "answer": "1085"}, {"question": "What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?", "answer": "Kingdom of Sicily"}, {"question": "To what dynasty did Henry II belong?", "answer": "Angevin"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?", "answer": "the Reconquista"}, {"question": "How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Along with Le\u00f3n, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?", "answer": "Navarre"}, {"question": "What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?", "answer": "the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba"}, {"question": "What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?", "answer": "the Almohad Caliphate"}, {"question": "During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?", "answer": "1060s"}, {"question": "In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?", "answer": "1071"}, {"question": "Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?", "answer": "Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV"}, {"question": "Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?", "answer": "the Fatimids of Egypt"}, {"question": "During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "What pope launched the First crusade?", "answer": "Urban II"}, {"question": "At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?", "answer": "the Council of Clermont"}, {"question": "In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?", "answer": "1095"}, {"question": "What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?", "answer": "Alexios I Komnenos"}, {"question": "In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?", "answer": "1099"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?", "answer": "to regain Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Who took Jerusalem in 1187?", "answer": "Saladin"}, {"question": "In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?", "answer": "1203"}, {"question": "What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?", "answer": "Latin Empire of Constantinople"}, {"question": "After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?", "answer": "southern France"}, {"question": "Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?", "answer": "Marienburg"}, {"question": "What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?", "answer": "the Order of the Sword Brothers"}, {"question": "In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?", "answer": "14th"}, {"question": "What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?", "answer": "realists"}, {"question": "What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "When did Peter Lombard die?", "answer": "1164"}, {"question": "What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?", "answer": "scholasticism"}, {"question": "Who authored the Summa Theologica?", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "What does chansons de geste mean in English?", "answer": "songs of great deeds"}, {"question": "Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?", "answer": "The Song of Hildebrand"}, {"question": "Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?", "answer": "Geoffrey of Monmouth"}, {"question": "What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?", "answer": "Arthur"}, {"question": "Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?", "answer": "Emperor Frederick Barbarossa"}, {"question": "What is another name for canon law?", "answer": "ecclesiastical law"}, {"question": "What is another name for Roman law?", "answer": "Secular law"}, {"question": "Where could one study Roman law in 1100?", "answer": "Bologna"}, {"question": "In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Decretum?", "answer": "Gratian"}, {"question": "What invention led to advances in mathematics?", "answer": "algebra"}, {"question": "What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?", "answer": "Almagest"}, {"question": "In what language was Almagest originally written?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?", "answer": "Salerno"}, {"question": "Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?", "answer": "mechanical clocks"}, {"question": "What was invented in approximately 1286?", "answer": "Concave spectacles"}, {"question": "Near what city were concave spectacles invented?", "answer": "Pisa"}, {"question": "What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?", "answer": "one half"}, {"question": "What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?", "answer": "the horse collar"}, {"question": "What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?", "answer": "the heavy plough"}, {"question": "In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?", "answer": "faster"}, {"question": "Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?", "answer": "houses"}, {"question": "What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?", "answer": "mortise and tenon"}, {"question": "What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?", "answer": "rib and plank"}, {"question": "What type of rudder was introduced during this period?", "answer": "stern-post"}, {"question": "What type of sails were first used during this era?", "answer": "lateen"}, {"question": "In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?", "answer": "13th"}, {"question": "Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?", "answer": "the English"}, {"question": "Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?", "answer": "the Scots"}, {"question": "In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?", "answer": "1320s"}, {"question": "What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?", "answer": "The increasing use of crossbows"}, {"question": "In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?", "answer": "arched stone vaults"}, {"question": "Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?", "answer": "C. R. Dodwell"}, {"question": "What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?", "answer": "the castle"}, {"question": "Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?", "answer": "Nicholas of Verdun"}, {"question": "What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?", "answer": "1205"}, {"question": "On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?", "answer": "on the barrel-vaulted roof"}, {"question": "What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?", "answer": "Gloucester Candlestick"}, {"question": "In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?", "answer": "Chartres"}, {"question": "What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?", "answer": "Salisbury Cathedral"}, {"question": "Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?", "answer": "Janetta Benton"}, {"question": "What form of art had the most prestige in this era?", "answer": "Metalwork"}, {"question": "When did Giotto die?", "answer": "1337"}, {"question": "What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?", "answer": "ivory"}, {"question": "Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?", "answer": "Cimabue"}, {"question": "In what century was thought given to monastic reform?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?", "answer": "909"}, {"question": "In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?", "answer": "M\u00e2con"}, {"question": "Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?", "answer": "austerity"}, {"question": "What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?", "answer": "Cluniac Reforms"}, {"question": "During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?", "answer": "1049"}, {"question": "What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?", "answer": "Pope Gregory VII"}, {"question": "In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?", "answer": "1122"}, {"question": "What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?", "answer": "German princes"}, {"question": "What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?", "answer": "Cistercians"}, {"question": "When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?", "answer": "1153"}, {"question": "Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?", "answer": "Monte Gargano"}, {"question": "Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "Compostela"}, {"question": "Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?", "answer": "Carthusians"}, {"question": "Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?", "answer": "Franciscans"}, {"question": "What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?", "answer": "poverty"}, {"question": "How did the mendicant orders make a living?", "answer": "begging"}, {"question": "What was the crusade against the Cathars called?", "answer": "the Albigensian Crusade"}, {"question": "Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?", "answer": "the Waldensians"}, {"question": "In what years did the Great Famine occur?", "answer": "1315\u201317"}, {"question": "What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?", "answer": "the Little Ice Age"}, {"question": "What period preceded the Little Ice Age?", "answer": "the Medieval Warm Period"}, {"question": "Along with 1317\u201321, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?", "answer": "1313\u201314"}, {"question": "In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?", "answer": "14th"}, {"question": "When did the Black Death start?", "answer": "1347"}, {"question": "How many million people died from the Black Death?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?", "answer": "the jacquerie"}, {"question": "What English popular revolt took place during this period?", "answer": "the Peasants' Revolt"}, {"question": "What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?", "answer": "Florence"}, {"question": "By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?", "answer": "cash rents"}, {"question": "What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?", "answer": "chivalry"}, {"question": "In what year were the Jews expelled from England?", "answer": "1290"}, {"question": "What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?", "answer": "1306"}, {"question": "Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?", "answer": "Holland"}, {"question": "Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?", "answer": "Paying for the wars"}, {"question": "What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?", "answer": "Estates General"}, {"question": "What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?", "answer": "the peasantry"}, {"question": "When did the Hundred Years' War begin?", "answer": "1337"}, {"question": "What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?", "answer": "the Black Prince"}, {"question": "When did the reign of Edward III begin?", "answer": "1327"}, {"question": "Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?", "answer": "Cr\u00e9cy"}, {"question": "What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?", "answer": "1420s"}, {"question": "Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?", "answer": "Bohemia"}, {"question": "During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?", "answer": "Henry VII"}, {"question": "Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?", "answer": "Palaeologi"}, {"question": "Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?", "answer": "Venice"}, {"question": "What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?", "answer": "Ottomans"}, {"question": "In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?", "answer": "1366"}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?", "answer": "Serbia"}, {"question": "During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?", "answer": "1305\u201378"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?", "answer": "Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"}, {"question": "When did the Great Schism end?", "answer": "1418"}, {"question": "How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who was made pope in 1417?", "answer": "Martin V"}, {"question": "Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?", "answer": "1415"}, {"question": "Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?", "answer": "the laity"}, {"question": "What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?", "answer": "Hussitism"}, {"question": "How did Jan Hus die?", "answer": "burned at the stake"}, {"question": "In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?", "answer": "the clergy"}, {"question": "When did Thomas \u00e0 Kempis die?", "answer": "1471"}, {"question": "In what year did the Church condemn witches?", "answer": "1484"}, {"question": "In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?", "answer": "1486"}, {"question": "What was the Malleus Maleficarum?", "answer": "handbook for witch-hunters"}, {"question": "What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?", "answer": "scholasticism"}, {"question": "Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?", "answer": "customary law"}, {"question": "What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?", "answer": "Lithuania"}, {"question": "What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?", "answer": "universals"}, {"question": "What was the main purpose of education in this period?", "answer": "training of future clergy"}, {"question": "Along with rhetoric and logic, what constituted the trivium?", "answer": "grammar"}, {"question": "About what percentage of European men were literate in 1500?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "In 1500, approximately what percent of European women could read?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Along with their family, who typically taught a child letters and numbers?", "answer": "a village priest"}, {"question": "Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?", "answer": "Petrarch"}, {"question": "When did Chaucer die?", "answer": "1400"}, {"question": "Who was a notable female French author of this period?", "answer": "Christine de Pizan"}, {"question": "In what language was most religious literature of this period written?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?", "answer": "Meister Eckhart"}, {"question": "Explorers in the employ of what nation discovered the Azores?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "What leader sponsored the expedition that discovered Cape Verde?", "answer": "Prince Henry the Navigator"}, {"question": "What Portuguese explorer visited India in 1498?", "answer": "Vasco da Gama"}, {"question": "What did Christopher Columbus discover in 1492?", "answer": "the Americas"}, {"question": "What English monarch financed John Cabot?", "answer": "Henry VII"}, {"question": "Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "infantry"}, {"question": "What troops were uniquely successful in English service?", "answer": "longbowmen"}, {"question": "What influenced the increasing development of armor?", "answer": "the increasing power of crossbows"}, {"question": "What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?", "answer": "pikes"}, {"question": "Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?", "answer": "hand-held guns"}, {"question": "What was replaced by the spinning wheel?", "answer": "the traditional distaff"}, {"question": "What invention replaced laces on clothing?", "answer": "buttons"}, {"question": "What new type of windmill was invented in this period?", "answer": "the tower mill"}, {"question": "In what country did the blast furnace first appear?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "Where did patent law originate?", "answer": "Venice"}, {"question": "Around what year did the International Gothic style flourish?", "answer": "1400"}, {"question": "What is a notable masterpiece of the International Gothic style?", "answer": "the Tr\u00e8s Riches Heures du Duc de Berry"}, {"question": "Along with the Trecento, what period occurred in Italy during the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "Early Renaissance"}, {"question": "Who produced most of the Hispano-Moresque pottery?", "answer": "Mud\u00e9jar potters"}, {"question": "What is a notable piece of surviving Late Middle Age royal plate?", "answer": "the Royal Gold Cup"}, {"question": "Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea?", "answer": "Giovanni Pisano"}, {"question": "Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period?", "answer": "Painted"}, {"question": "When did Rogier van der Weyden die?", "answer": "1464"}, {"question": "Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck?", "answer": "Netherlandish"}, {"question": "What does incunabula refer to?", "answer": "works printed before 1500"}, {"question": "Along with the Renaissance, during what period were the Middle Ages disparaged?", "answer": "Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What era did Renaissance scholars negatively compare the Middle Ages to?", "answer": "the Classical world"}, {"question": "How did scholars of the Enlightenment see the Middle Ages?", "answer": "as a time of ignorance and superstition"}, {"question": "What did Enlightenment scholars consider to be inferior to reason?", "answer": "faith"}, {"question": "What is Edward Grant a historian of?", "answer": "Science"}, {"question": "Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?", "answer": "David Lindberg"}, {"question": "According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "During what century was it first proposed that people in the Middle Ages thought the Earth was flat?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?", "answer": "dissections"}, {"question": "According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?", "answer": "ancient science"}, {"question": "According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?", "answer": "natural philosophy"}, {"question": "Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Ronald Numbers"}, {"question": "What is phonology a branch of?", "answer": "linguistics"}, {"question": "What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology? ", "answer": "phonemes"}, {"question": "The study of sign language is a part of what?", "answer": "Phonology"}, {"question": "What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?", "answer": "the phonological system"}, {"question": "What is another term for phonological system?", "answer": "sound system"}, {"question": "Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?", "answer": "vocabulary"}, {"question": "What sort of language system is phonology?", "answer": "fundamental"}, {"question": "What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?", "answer": "phonetics"}, {"question": "What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?", "answer": "descriptive"}, {"question": "Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?", "answer": "linguistics"}, {"question": "When was the phonome's modern concept developed?", "answer": "mid 20th century"}, {"question": "What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics? ", "answer": "speech perception"}, {"question": "What language does phonology as a word come from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What Greek word is -logy derived from?", "answer": "l\u00f3gos"}, {"question": "Who in 1939 defined phonology?", "answer": "Nikolai Trubetzkoy"}, {"question": "A distinction was drawn between language and what?", "answer": "speech"}, {"question": "When did Lass write about phonology?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?", "answer": "Ashtadhyayi"}, {"question": "Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?", "answer": "P\u0101\u1e47ini"}, {"question": "During what time period did Panini do his work?", "answer": "4th century BC"}, {"question": "What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?", "answer": "the Shiva Sutras"}, {"question": "When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?", "answer": "Miko\u0142aj Kruszewski"}, {"question": "What nationality was de Courtenay?", "answer": "Polish"}, {"question": "What was de Courtenay's profession?", "answer": "scholar"}, {"question": "Who was influenced by  Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?", "answer": "Ferdinand de Saussure"}, {"question": "What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?", "answer": "Principles of Phonology"}, {"question": "When was Principles of Phonology published?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?", "answer": "morphophonology"}, {"question": "What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?", "answer": "the Prague school."}, {"question": "What was Trubetzkoy's title?", "answer": "Prince"}, {"question": "When was The Sound Pattern of English published?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?", "answer": "Morris Halle"}, {"question": "Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?", "answer": "emphasis on segments"}, {"question": "What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists?", "answer": "morphophonology"}, {"question": "Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?", "answer": "David Stampe"}, {"question": "According to Stampe what is phonology based on?", "answer": "a set of universal phonological processes"}, {"question": "Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?", "answer": "suppressed"}, {"question": "Who is the number two natural phonologist?  ", "answer": "Patricia Donegan"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of natural morphology?", "answer": "Wolfgang U. Dressler"}, {"question": "Who founded autosegmental phonology?", "answer": "John Goldsmith"}, {"question": "When did John Goldsmith share his work?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?", "answer": "feature geometry"}, {"question": "When was Government phonology first seen?", "answer": "the early 1980s"}, {"question": "Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?", "answer": "Government"}, {"question": "What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?", "answer": "restricted variation"}, {"question": "When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Where was optimality theory created?", "answer": "LSA summer institute"}, {"question": "Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?", "answer": "John McCarthy"}, {"question": "Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?", "answer": "Mark Hale and Charles Reiss"}, {"question": "What followed government phonology?", "answer": "strict-CV phonology"}, {"question": "Where is government phonology popular?", "answer": "the United Kingdom,"}, {"question": "What theory is seen more in the US?", "answer": "optimality theory"}, {"question": "What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?", "answer": "phonological theory"}, {"question": "What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?", "answer": "synchronic and diachronic accounts"}, {"question": "When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?", "answer": "recent years."}, {"question": "What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?", "answer": "integrated"}, {"question": "What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?", "answer": "phonemes"}, {"question": "What is another word for variations?", "answer": "allophones"}, {"question": "What is the opposite of aspirated?", "answer": "unaspirated"}, {"question": "What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?", "answer": "phonological"}, {"question": "Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?", "answer": "sound inventory"}, {"question": "What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining? ", "answer": "native"}, {"question": "What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?", "answer": "historical"}, {"question": "With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?", "answer": "contrasts"}, {"question": "In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?", "answer": "the same phoneme"}, {"question": "How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?", "answer": "complicate"}, {"question": "How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?", "answer": "unrecognizable"}, {"question": "What does splicing words affect?", "answer": "speech perception"}, {"question": "What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?", "answer": "sounds"}, {"question": "What part of a human does language processing?", "answer": "brain"}, {"question": "The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?", "answer": "allophones"}, {"question": "When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?", "answer": "early 1960s"}, {"question": "On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?", "answer": "abstract"}, {"question": "What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?", "answer": "morphophonemes"}, {"question": "What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?", "answer": "morphophonology"}, {"question": "What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?", "answer": "theoretical"}, {"question": "What do phonemes differentiate? ", "answer": "meaning"}, {"question": "Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?", "answer": "how sounds alternate"}, {"question": "The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?", "answer": "phonology"}, {"question": "Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?", "answer": "prosody"}, {"question": "Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?", "answer": "feeding"}, {"question": "Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?", "answer": "Phonology"}, {"question": "Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?", "answer": "prosody"}, {"question": "Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?", "answer": "general analytical tools"}, {"question": "What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?", "answer": "sign languages"}, {"question": "What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?", "answer": "modality"}, {"question": "In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?", "answer": "sub-lexical units"}, {"question": "In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?", "answer": "central processing unit"}, {"question": "What are the devices called that are from an external source?", "answer": "Peripheral devices"}, {"question": "What are two things that a computer always has?", "answer": "(CPU), and some form of memory"}, {"question": "What were analog computers originally used for?", "answer": "astronomical calculations"}, {"question": "During what war were computers first used for military applications?", "answer": "World War II,"}, {"question": "In computer terms, what does PC stand for?", "answer": "personal computers"}, {"question": "During what war were the first digital computers invented?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Computers in today's age are based on what that make them much faster than earlier computers?", "answer": "integrated circuits"}, {"question": "How much more powerful are modern computers versus early computers?", "answer": "millions to billions of times"}, {"question": "When was the first known use of the word \"computer\"?", "answer": "1613"}, {"question": "In which book, was the term \"computer\" first used?", "answer": "The Yong Mans Gleanings"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?", "answer": "Richard Braithwait"}, {"question": "From the end of what century, did the word \"computer\" take its well known meaning of today?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "The earliest device to help count was what?", "answer": "a form of tally stick"}, {"question": "Calculi during the Fertile Crescent refers to what?", "answer": "(clay spheres, cones, etc.)"}, {"question": "What was the abacus first used for?", "answer": "arithmetic tasks"}, {"question": "When was the Roman abacus first used?", "answer": "2400 BC"}, {"question": "Where was the Roman abacus first used?", "answer": "Babylonia"}, {"question": "In medieval Europe was was placed on a table to help count money?", "answer": "a checkered cloth"}, {"question": "A checkered cloth on a table was used in medieval Europe to help count what?", "answer": "sums of money"}, {"question": "What is thought to be the first mechanical analog computer?", "answer": "The Antikythera mechanism"}, {"question": "The Antikythera mechanism was thought to be the first computer according to whom?", "answer": "Derek J. de Solla Price."}, {"question": "When was the Antikythera mechanism discovered?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "Where was the Antikythera mechanism found in 1901?", "answer": "Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera"}, {"question": "Where is the Greek Island of Antikythera located between?", "answer": "Kythera and Crete"}, {"question": "Who invented the planisphere?", "answer": "Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b"}, {"question": "Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?", "answer": "Hipparchus"}, {"question": "The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?", "answer": "the planisphere and dioptra"}, {"question": "The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?", "answer": "1235"}, {"question": "The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "The sector, a calculating instrument, was invented during what century?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "When was the slide rule first invented?", "answer": "1620\u20131630"}, {"question": "What is the slide rule used for?", "answer": "doing multiplication and division."}, {"question": "What industry are slide rules still used today?", "answer": "Aviation"}, {"question": "What was the profession of Pierre Jaquet-Droz?", "answer": "a Swiss watchmaker"}, {"question": "When did Pierre Jaquet-Droz build a mechanical doll that could hold a pen?", "answer": "In the 1770s"}, {"question": "Where is the doll Pierre Jaquet-Droz built today?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e d'Art et d'Histoire"}, {"question": "Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located?", "answer": "Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"}, {"question": "When was the tide-predicting machine invented by Sir William Thomson invented?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "Who invented the first tide-predicting machine in 1872?", "answer": "Sir William Thomson"}, {"question": "What did Sir William Thomson's tide-predicting machine use to function?", "answer": "system of pulleys and wires"}, {"question": "What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?", "answer": "wheel-and-disc"}, {"question": "In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?", "answer": "Lord Kelvin"}, {"question": "During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?", "answer": "Vannevar Bush"}, {"question": "Who invented the concept of a programmable computer?", "answer": "Charles Babbage"}, {"question": "Who is considered the \"father of the computer\"?", "answer": "Charles Babbage"}, {"question": "During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "Who was Charles Babbage's son?", "answer": "Henry Babbage"}, {"question": "Who created a simple version of the analytical engine's computing unit?", "answer": "Henry Babbage"}, {"question": "When was the mill created by Henry Babbage?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "When was a demonstration by Henry Babbage of the mill given?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "Who invented the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine?", "answer": "Sir William Thomson"}, {"question": "When was the first analog computer in the form of a tide-predicting machine created?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "Who created the idea of the differential analyzer in 1876?", "answer": "James Thomson"}, {"question": "James Thomson was the brother of what famous figure?", "answer": "Lord Kelvin"}, {"question": "Where was the differential analyzer built by H.L. Hazen?", "answer": "MIT"}, {"question": "The differential analyzer by H.L. Hazen and Vannevar Bush was first being built in what year?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "The torque amplifiers of the differential analyzer were created by whom?", "answer": "H. W. Nieman"}, {"question": "By what decade were analog computing devices rendered obsolete?", "answer": "50s"}, {"question": "Analog computers remain in use in what industries?", "answer": "education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule)."}, {"question": "Who wrote the paper \"On Computable Numbers\"?", "answer": "Alan Turing"}, {"question": "When did Alan Turing write the paper, \"On Computable Numbers\"?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who did Turing revise the results on the limits of proof and computation in 1931?", "answer": "Kurt G\u00f6del"}, {"question": "A Universal Machine is known as what today?", "answer": "Universal Turing machine"}, {"question": "What part of the US military developed an electromechanical analog computer to use on a submarine?", "answer": "the United States Navy"}, {"question": "When did the US Navy invent an electromechanical computer to use on a submarine?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What type of math did the Torpedo Data computer use to fire a torpedo at a moving target?", "answer": "trigonometry"}, {"question": "Who created the relay computer, the Z2?", "answer": "Konrad Zuse"}, {"question": "When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?", "answer": "The Z2"}, {"question": "Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "When did Konrad Zuse create the Z3 computer?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "What was the first automatic, digital, programmable computer created by Konrad Zuse?", "answer": "the Z3"}, {"question": "How many relays did the Z3 contain?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What did the Z3 operate for a clock frequency?", "answer": "about 5\u201310 Hz"}, {"question": "How many words of memory could be stored with the Z3?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?", "answer": "Post Office Research Station"}, {"question": "In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?", "answer": "about 300"}, {"question": "At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?", "answer": "Iowa State University"}, {"question": "Who built the first Colossus in 1943?", "answer": "Flowers"}, {"question": "When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?", "answer": "18 January 1944"}, {"question": "Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?", "answer": ", the British"}, {"question": "Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?", "answer": "Bletchley Park"}, {"question": "What was the first electronic digital programmable computer in the world?", "answer": "Colossus"}, {"question": "How many vacuum tubes did the Colossus Mark I contain?", "answer": "1500 thermionic valves (tubes)"}, {"question": "How many tubes did Colossus Mark II contain?", "answer": "2400"}, {"question": "The US-buils ENIAC stands for what?", "answer": "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)"}, {"question": "What was the first electronic programmable computer built in the United States?", "answer": "ENIAC"}, {"question": "How many times could it add or subtract a second?", "answer": "5000"}, {"question": "What was the limit of its high speed memory?", "answer": "ENIAC"}, {"question": "ENIAC was constructed by whom?", "answer": "John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert"}, {"question": "Where did John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert build the ENIAC?", "answer": "University of Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "When was ENIAC fully operational?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?", "answer": "Alan Turing"}, {"question": "When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?", "answer": "1945."}, {"question": "Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?", "answer": "University of Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?", "answer": "Baby"}, {"question": "What was the first stored-program computer in the world?", "answer": "The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine"}, {"question": "Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?", "answer": "Victoria University of Manchester"}, {"question": "Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?", "answer": "Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill"}, {"question": "When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?", "answer": "21 June 1948"}, {"question": "What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?", "answer": "The Mark 1"}, {"question": "What was the first available computer for the public?", "answer": "Ferranti Mark 1"}, {"question": "When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?", "answer": "University of Manchester"}, {"question": "When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?", "answer": "April 1951"}, {"question": "When was the bipolar transistor created?", "answer": "1947."}, {"question": "When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?", "answer": "Tom Kilburn"}, {"question": "The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?", "answer": "valves"}, {"question": "Who built the Harwell CADET?", "answer": "electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell"}, {"question": "In what year was the Harwell CADET built?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?", "answer": "Geoffrey W.A. Dummer"}, {"question": "Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?", "answer": "Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence"}, {"question": "Where created the first practical integrated circuits?", "answer": "Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor."}, {"question": "Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?", "answer": "Texas Instruments"}, {"question": "When was the first functional IC demonstrated?", "answer": "12 September 1958."}, {"question": "What was Kilby's IC made of?", "answer": "germanium"}, {"question": "Noyce's IC was made up of what material?", "answer": "silicon"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?", "answer": "Intel 4004"}, {"question": "Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?", "answer": "Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor"}, {"question": "Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?", "answer": "Intel."}, {"question": "Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?", "answer": "smartphones"}, {"question": "How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?", "answer": "237 million devices"}, {"question": "Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?", "answer": "(gigaflops)"}, {"question": "When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?", "answer": "the flow of control"}, {"question": "What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?", "answer": "the flow of control"}, {"question": "Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?", "answer": "Harvard Mark I computer"}, {"question": "A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?", "answer": "the Harvard architecture"}, {"question": "A computer's assembly language is known as what?", "answer": "basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function"}, {"question": "Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?", "answer": "an assembler."}, {"question": "Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?", "answer": "machine language"}, {"question": "Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?", "answer": "a compiler or an assembler"}, {"question": "Programming languages are translated at run time by what?", "answer": "an interpreter"}, {"question": "An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?", "answer": "a PDA or a hand-held videogame"}, {"question": "Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?", "answer": "a compiler"}, {"question": "An example of a 4GL is what?", "answer": "SQL"}, {"question": "What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?", "answer": "provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer"}, {"question": "Another name for errors in programs are called what?", "answer": "\"bugs"}, {"question": "Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?", "answer": "programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design"}, {"question": "Who was the developer of the first compier?", "answer": "Admiral Grace Hopper"}, {"question": "Who first coined the term \"bugs\"?", "answer": "Admiral Grace Hopper"}, {"question": "What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?", "answer": "moth"}, {"question": "What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?", "answer": "Harvard Mark II"}, {"question": "When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?", "answer": "September 1947"}, {"question": "The ALU of a computer stands for what?", "answer": "arithmetic logic"}, {"question": "Input and output devices are known as what term?", "answer": "I/O"}, {"question": "Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?", "answer": "the control unit, the memory"}, {"question": "A circuit in a computer part represents what?", "answer": "a bit (binary digit) of information"}, {"question": "In positive logic representation a \"1\" represents when a circuit is what?", "answer": "on"}, {"question": "In positive logic representation a \"0\" represents when a circuit is what?", "answer": "off"}, {"question": "What are other names for a control unit for a computer?", "answer": "a control system or central controller)"}, {"question": "Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?", "answer": "(decodes"}, {"question": "A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?", "answer": "a register"}, {"question": "A register of a CPU keeps track of what?", "answer": "which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from"}, {"question": "What is a component that all CPUs have?", "answer": "the program counter"}, {"question": "In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?", "answer": "the ALU"}, {"question": "Instructions that change the program counter are called what?", "answer": "\"jumps\""}, {"question": "Loops are defined as what?", "answer": "instructions that are repeated by the computer)"}, {"question": "In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?", "answer": "microsequencer"}, {"question": "A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?", "answer": "CPU"}, {"question": "The CPU is an abbreviation for what?", "answer": "central processing unit"}, {"question": "What 3 parts make up the CPU?", "answer": "The control unit, ALU, and registers"}, {"question": "CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?", "answer": "a microprocessor"}, {"question": "Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?", "answer": "mid-1970s"}, {"question": "Some trigonometry functions are what?", "answer": "sine, cosine,"}, {"question": "The term for whole numbers is what?", "answer": "(integers"}, {"question": "Boolean logic consists of what?", "answer": "AND, OR, XOR, and NOT"}, {"question": "Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?", "answer": "Superscalar"}, {"question": "How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?", "answer": "a single number"}, {"question": "What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?", "answer": "the software's"}, {"question": "A group of 8 bits is called what?", "answer": "a byte"}, {"question": "How many numbers can a byte represent?", "answer": "256 different numbers"}, {"question": "What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?", "answer": "0 to 255 or \u2212128 to +127"}, {"question": "What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?", "answer": "The CPU"}, {"question": "What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?", "answer": "two and one hundred registers"}, {"question": "What type of memory can a CPU only read from?", "answer": "ROM"}, {"question": "What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?", "answer": "RAM"}, {"question": "What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?", "answer": "ROM"}, {"question": "A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?", "answer": "the BIOS"}, {"question": "Software stored in ROM is called what usually?", "answer": "firmware,"}, {"question": "RAM cache memory is slower than what?", "answer": "registers"}, {"question": "Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?", "answer": "peripherals"}, {"question": "A mouse is what type of peripheral device?", "answer": "input"}, {"question": "A printer is what type of peripheral device?", "answer": "output"}, {"question": "Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?", "answer": "input and output"}, {"question": "A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?", "answer": "input"}, {"question": "In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?", "answer": "multitasking"}, {"question": "A method of multitasking that takes a \"slice\" of time in turn is called what?", "answer": "\"time-sharing\""}, {"question": "A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?", "answer": "an interrupt,"}, {"question": "Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?", "answer": "more slowly,"}, {"question": "What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?", "answer": "input/output devices"}, {"question": "Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?", "answer": "CPUs"}, {"question": "How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?", "answer": "Supercomputers"}, {"question": "What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?", "answer": "SAGE system"}, {"question": "When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?", "answer": "the 1950s"}, {"question": "ARPA is now known as what?", "answer": "DARPA)"}, {"question": "Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?", "answer": "ARPA"}, {"question": "The network spread to be known as what today?", "answer": "the Internet."}, {"question": "The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?", "answer": "programs"}, {"question": "The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?", "answer": "The Church\u2013Turing thesis"}, {"question": "All devices that can process information can qualify being called what?", "answer": "a computer"}, {"question": "Vacuum tubes in early computers were replaced by what?", "answer": "transistors"}, {"question": "Transistors are typically made up of what today?", "answer": "photolithographed semiconductors"}, {"question": "A computer that is made using pool balls is known as what?", "answer": "billiard ball computer)"}, {"question": "What type of computer can break encryption algorithms quickly?", "answer": "quantum computers"}, {"question": "By what method do quantum computers solve encryption algorithms quickly?", "answer": "quantum factoring"}, {"question": "Computer programs that can learn are studied in what field?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "Parts of a computer that are real objects are collectively known as what?", "answer": "hardware"}, {"question": "Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?", "answer": "Software"}, {"question": "Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?", "answer": "firmware"}, {"question": "What type of \"ware\" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?", "answer": "software"}, {"question": "A BIOS chip is located where in a computer?", "answer": "the motherboard"}, {"question": "What type of software is stored in a BIOS chip?", "answer": "BIOS set up"}, {"question": "Processing data from input and output devices is typically done by what?", "answer": "CPU"}, {"question": "Where is the data from input devices sent to after being processed?", "answer": "output devices"}, {"question": "Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word \"black\"?", "answer": "communities and countries, \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory,"}, {"question": "What is \"black people\" a term for?", "answer": "racial classification or of ethnicity"}, {"question": "Do all regions perceive that term \"black people\" the same?", "answer": "the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies"}, {"question": "Do some cultures not use the term \"Black people\"?", "answer": ", \"black\" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,"}, {"question": "Can the term \"black people\" have different meanings?", "answer": "the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context."}, {"question": "Do all societies use the term \"black\" the same?", "answer": "Different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as \"black\""}, {"question": "What factors can affect the classification of \"blackness\"?", "answer": "societal variables"}, {"question": "Are mixed race people classified as black?", "answer": "mixed-race people are generally not classified as \"black.\""}, {"question": "How is the term \"black\" defined in the United States?", "answer": "it is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery."}, {"question": "How did European Colonists use the term \"Black\"?", "answer": "European colonists applied the term \"black\" or it was used by populations with different histories and ethnic origin."}, {"question": "What made up Mauretania?", "answer": "Morocco, western Algeria, and the Spanish cities Ceuta and Melilla"}, {"question": "Who conquered parts of Mauretania?", "answer": "The Romans"}, {"question": "During what period did Mauretania exist? ", "answer": "the classical period."}, {"question": "Where were the people of the region noted? ", "answer": "in Classical literature"}, {"question": "What is Mauri in English? ", "answer": "Moors"}, {"question": "Where was the Arab Slave Trade?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "When were the Arab Invasions?", "answer": "the 7th century"}, {"question": "Where were numerous dark-skinned communities? ", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "When did these communities begin?", "answer": "some dating from prehistoric communities."}, {"question": "Who are they descendants of?", "answer": "Trans-Saharan trade in peoples"}, {"question": "When did Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail live?", "answer": "(1672\u20131727)"}, {"question": "How many black slaves did he own?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "What did he call his slave army?", "answer": "Black Guard"}, {"question": "What did the Black Guard do?", "answer": "coerced the country into submission."}, {"question": "When did the Black Guard exist?", "answer": "In the 18th century"}, {"question": "Why would a black-looking Arab consider himself white?", "answer": "because they have some distant white ancestry."}, {"question": "Where does Dr. Carlos Moore work?", "answer": "Brazil's University of the State of Bahia"}, {"question": "How do Afro-multiracials identify in the 21st century?", "answer": "in ways that resemble multi-racials"}, {"question": "Who was the Egyptian President?", "answer": "Anwar Sadat"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was his father?", "answer": "Egyptian"}, {"question": "What color did he refer to himself as?", "answer": "reddish"}, {"question": "Who was enslaved more often?", "answer": "black women"}, {"question": "What were female slaves used for?", "answer": "domestic service and agriculture"}, {"question": "What did the Qur'an permit?", "answer": "sexual relations between a male master and his female slave"}, {"question": "What is the term for a pregnant slave?", "answer": "umm walad"}, {"question": "What does umm walad mean?", "answer": "\"mother of a child\""}, {"question": "Who was the ruler in Morocco?", "answer": "Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur"}, {"question": "When did Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur rule?", "answer": "from 1578 to 1608"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was his mother?", "answer": "Fulani"}, {"question": "What Arabic term is still used for black people?", "answer": "(Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f\u200e,) (meaning \"slave\")"}, {"question": "Who still had the term \"slave\" used in reference to them?", "answer": "sub-Saharan peoples"}, {"question": "When did the Arab apartheid intensify? ", "answer": "early 1991"}, {"question": "Who felt persecuted due to the apartheid?", "answer": "non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe"}, {"question": "Where did these people live?", "answer": "Sudan"}, {"question": "Who controlled the government?", "answer": "Sudanese Arabs"}, {"question": "What was the government being accused of?", "answer": "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity\" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing."}, {"question": "Who accused the Arab government of practicing acts of racism?", "answer": "George Ayittey"}, {"question": "Who executed the apartheid?", "answer": "the Arab government"}, {"question": "Who was excluded?", "answer": "blacks"}, {"question": "Where were they?", "answer": "Sudan"}, {"question": "What is George Ayittey's profession? ", "answer": "economist"}, {"question": "Who was the Canadian Minister of Justice?", "answer": "Irwin Cotler"}, {"question": "How did Alan Dershozitz describe the Sudan?", "answer": "an example of a government that \"actually deserve(s)\" the appellation \"apartheid.\""}, {"question": "Who argeed with Dershowitz?", "answer": "Irwin Cotler"}, {"question": "Where did Irwin Cotler live?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "What did the colonization of South Africa result in?", "answer": "many unions and marriages between European men and African women from various tribes"}, {"question": "What was a result of these marriages?", "answer": "mixed-race children"}, {"question": "What class were Africans and Mixed Race children considered?", "answer": "second-class"}, {"question": "Who was included in the Coloured group?", "answer": "Bantu, Khoisan, and European descent"}, {"question": "What does apartheid mean?", "answer": "a system of legal racial segregation"}, {"question": "What act determined what class a citizen belonged to?", "answer": "the Population Registration Act of 1945"}, {"question": "What test was used to determine if someone was coloured or black?", "answer": "pencil test"}, {"question": "How did the pencil test work?", "answer": "A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil"}, {"question": "Who administered the \"Pencil Test\"?", "answer": "Minor officials"}, {"question": "Who was featured in the movie \"Skin\"?", "answer": "Sandra Laing"}, {"question": "What year was the movie \"Skin\" made?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "At was age was Sandra Laing expelled from school?", "answer": "age 10"}, {"question": "What is Sandra Laing's ethnicity? ", "answer": "South African"}, {"question": "How many generations of European Ancestors does Sandra Laing have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who was oppressed and discriminated against?", "answer": "those classed as \"Coloured\""}, {"question": "What era did this discrimination take place?", "answer": "During the apartheid era"}, {"question": "Who were \"Coloured\" people above in the class system?", "answer": "those classed as \"Black\""}, {"question": "Where were the \"black\" areas?", "answer": "large townships located away from the cities"}, {"question": "What did South Africa's Constitution Declare to be?", "answer": "a \"Non-racial democracy\""}, {"question": "What laws did they introduce to support blacks?", "answer": "affirmative action policies"}, {"question": "Who does the term \"black\" people include?", "answer": "\"Africans\", \"Coloureds\" and \"Asians\""}, {"question": "Who makes the \"Coloured\" people feel \"Not black enough\"?", "answer": "ANC (African National Congress)"}, {"question": "Who is favored more under the affirmative action policies? ", "answer": "\"Africans"}, {"question": "Who declared Chinese South Africans as \"Black People\"?", "answer": "the High Court in South Africa"}, {"question": "What year did this ruling happen?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Why was this classification made?", "answer": "solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits"}, {"question": "What Chinese people did not qualify for benefits?", "answer": "Chinese people who arrived in the country after the end of apartheid"}, {"question": "Why did some Chinese citizens qualify for benefits? ", "answer": "they were also \"disadvantaged\" by racial discrimination."}, {"question": "What is another way \"Coloureds\" can be distinguished from \"Blacks\"?", "answer": "language"}, {"question": "What languages are most common?", "answer": "Afrikaans or English"}, {"question": "What are less common languages spoken?", "answer": "Zulu or Xhosa"}, {"question": "What types of names do \"coloureds\" have?", "answer": "European-sounding names"}, {"question": "What type of names do \"blacks\" have?", "answer": "Bantu names"}, {"question": "How many sub-Saharan Black Africans were enslaved?", "answer": "10 to 18 million"}, {"question": "In what time frame were these people enslaved?", "answer": "between the advent of Islam in 650CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century"}, {"question": "Who enslaved these people?", "answer": "Arab slave traders"}, {"question": "Why were women slaves more popular?", "answer": "for them to serve as concubines"}, {"question": "Who was assimilated into the Arab slave owner families?", "answer": "The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners"}, {"question": "How many people in Yemen have African lineage? ", "answer": "average of 38%"}, {"question": "How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?", "answer": "16%"}, {"question": "How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?", "answer": "African female-mediated gene"}, {"question": "Who is seeking minority status from the government?", "answer": "African-Iraquis"}, {"question": "Where would they be represented if minority status is granted?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "How are Africans classified in the Arabian Peninsula?", "answer": "as Arab"}, {"question": "What types of communities have been reported in Iraq?", "answer": "Distinctive and self-identified black communities"}, {"question": "Who gave information on how blacks were classified in the Arabian Peninsula?", "answer": "Alamin M. Mazrui et al."}, {"question": "How many East African and black people live in Israel?", "answer": "About 150,000"}, {"question": "What percent of Israel's population is black?", "answer": "just over 2%"}, {"question": "When did they migrate to Israel?", "answer": "during the 1980s and 1990s"}, {"question": "Where did they migrate from?", "answer": "Ethiopia."}, {"question": "Where are most of the black converts from?", "answer": "the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States."}, {"question": "How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?", "answer": "around 60,000"}, {"question": "What have these immigrants sought?", "answer": "asylum"}, {"question": "Where are most of them from?", "answer": "Sudan and Eritrea"}, {"question": "What languages do they speak?", "answer": "Niger-Congo"}, {"question": "Where are the non jewish immigrants from?", "answer": "southern Nuba Mountains"}, {"question": "When did the slave trade begin?", "answer": "during the period of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Where were the slaves brought?", "answer": "Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey"}, {"question": "Where did former slaves go for work once freed?", "answer": "\u0130zmir area"}, {"question": "What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Who are the Siddi?", "answer": "an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan"}, {"question": "Who did the Siddi descend from?", "answer": "Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa"}, {"question": "What does the word \"Siddi\" derive from?", "answer": "\"Sayyid\""}, {"question": "Where does the term Sayyid come from?", "answer": "the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area"}, {"question": "When was the \"black power\" movement in Sindh?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?", "answer": "The Negritos"}, {"question": "Where do the Negritos reside currently?", "answer": "Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands."}, {"question": "What does Negrito mean?", "answer": "\"little black people\""}, {"question": "What language does the term Negrito come from?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What term is interchangable with Negrito?", "answer": "Semang"}, {"question": "What does the term \"Moors\" refer to?", "answer": "Muslims"}, {"question": "What descent of Muslims does \"Moors\" refer to?", "answer": "Arab or Berber descent"}, {"question": "In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?", "answer": "Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans"}, {"question": "Where did \"Moors\" migrate from?", "answer": "North Africa or Iberia"}, {"question": "What kind of term is \"Moors\"?", "answer": "derogatory"}, {"question": "Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?", "answer": "Isidore of Seville"}, {"question": "When was this claim made?", "answer": "7th century,"}, {"question": "What does mauron mean?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?", "answer": "Etymologies"}, {"question": "What was \"Black by definition\"?", "answer": "Moors"}, {"question": "What are Afro-Spaniards?", "answer": "Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent"}, {"question": "Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?", "answer": "Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal"}, {"question": "Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?", "answer": "Equatorial Guinea"}, {"question": "How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?", "answer": "an estimated 683,000"}, {"question": "In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?", "answer": "over a million black"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black Caribbean\"?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black African\"?", "answer": "0.8%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was \"Black other\"?", "answer": "0.2%"}, {"question": "When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?", "answer": "after World War II"}, {"question": "When did African states become independent?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "How many students moved from Africa to Russia?", "answer": "about 400,000"}, {"question": "Why did students move to Russia?", "answer": "to pursue higher studies"}, {"question": "Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?", "answer": "Eastern bloc."}, {"question": "Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?", "answer": "in the Balkans"}, {"question": "What town had it's own black community?", "answer": "Ulcinj"}, {"question": "What country is Ulcinj in?", "answer": "Montenegro"}, {"question": "How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?", "answer": "an estimated 30,000"}, {"question": "Who has been referred to as \"black people\"?", "answer": "Indigenous Australians"}, {"question": "What was the original term related to?", "answer": "skin colour"}, {"question": "Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?", "answer": "since the early days of European settlement"}, {"question": "What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? ", "answer": "to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry"}, {"question": "What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?", "answer": "Aboriginal Protection Boards"}, {"question": "What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?", "answer": "where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents."}, {"question": "Were Aborigines allowed to vote?", "answer": "Aborigines were not allowed to vote"}, {"question": "Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?", "answer": "Sir Baldwin Spencer"}, {"question": "What year was his report from?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "Which race was growing faster after the First World War?", "answer": "mixed-race people"}, {"question": "What did people fear in 1930?", "answer": "\"half-caste menace\""}, {"question": "What did this menace undermine?", "answer": "the White Australia ideal"}, {"question": "Who noted this particular fear?", "answer": "Dr. Cecil Cook"}, {"question": "Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?", "answer": "the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,"}, {"question": "Who did the government want raised as white?", "answer": "\"half-caste\" individuals"}, {"question": "What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?", "answer": "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white\""}, {"question": "What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?", "answer": "speaking their native language and practising traditional customs"}, {"question": "What was this process referred to?", "answer": "the Stolen Generation"}, {"question": "When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?", "answer": "The second half of the 20th century"}, {"question": "What year was constitutional discrimination ended?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What else was included in the 1967 referendum?", "answer": "to include Aborigines in the national census."}, {"question": "What term was embraced during this period?", "answer": "\"black\""}, {"question": "Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?", "answer": "Activist Bob Maza"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Living Black?", "answer": "Kevin Gilbert"}, {"question": "What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What was Living Black about?", "answer": "a collection of Aboriginal people's stories"}, {"question": "What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?", "answer": "the Human Rights Award for Literature"}, {"question": "What was the award in 1998 for?", "answer": "Inside Black Australia"}, {"question": "What did the improvements in quality of life increase?", "answer": "people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander"}, {"question": "What has the reappropriation of the word \"black\" done?", "answer": "resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,"}, {"question": "In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?", "answer": "Anthony Mundine"}, {"question": "Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?", "answer": "Andrew Bolt"}, {"question": "Who described slaves as negars?", "answer": "John Rolfe"}, {"question": "Where was John Rolfe?", "answer": "Colonial America"}, {"question": "Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?", "answer": "Virginia colony"}, {"question": "What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?", "answer": "\"Begraafplaats van de Neger\""}, {"question": "What does \"Begraafplaats van de Neger\" mean?", "answer": "Cemetery of the Negro"}, {"question": "When did \"nigger\" become a pejorative word?", "answer": "By the 1900s"}, {"question": "What term replaced negro as mainstream?", "answer": "colored"}, {"question": "What term followed \"negro\" and \"colored\"?", "answer": "\"black\""}, {"question": "What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? ", "answer": "the African-American Civil rights movement"}, {"question": "Who led the Civil Rights movement?", "answer": "Reverend Martin Luther King"}, {"question": "How did black people identify in early America?", "answer": "by their specific ethnic group"}, {"question": "What was not acknowledged by English colonists?", "answer": "individual ethnic affiliations"}, {"question": "How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?", "answer": "West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast"}, {"question": "How was the new African American identity defined?", "answer": "This new identity was based on provenance and slave status"}, {"question": "Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?", "answer": "French and Spanish colonists"}, {"question": "What type of skin pigment does \"Black\" refer to?", "answer": "the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors"}, {"question": "In the United States the term \"black people\" is an indicator for?", "answer": "socially based racial classification related to being African American,"}, {"question": "Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?", "answer": "a family history associated with institutionalized slavery."}, {"question": "How are people defined as \"black\" or \"white\"?", "answer": "they fulfill the social criteria"}, {"question": "Why did the use of \"African\" become an issue?", "answer": "the majority of black people in the United States were native-born"}, {"question": "Why did blacks fear to identify as African?", "answer": "would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US."}, {"question": "What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?", "answer": "1835,"}, {"question": "What group decided to keep the \"African\" in their name?", "answer": "the African Methodist Episcopal Church"}, {"question": "What terms did African Americans use instead?", "answer": "\"Negro\" or \"colored\""}, {"question": "Who argued for Americans to use the term \"African American\"?", "answer": "Jesse Jackson"}, {"question": "What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Why did Jackson want this term to be used?", "answer": "it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants"}, {"question": "Who also argued for the term \"African American\"?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "Why did some argue that \"black\" was the better term?", "answer": "because \"African\" suggests foreignness"}, {"question": "How does the U.S. census define \"black\" Americans?", "answer": "having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa"}, {"question": "What classification are given?", "answer": "socio-political constructs"}, {"question": "What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?", "answer": "17\u201318%"}, {"question": "What is the Census definition not based on?", "answer": "scientific or anthropological"}, {"question": "What did the \"one-drop\" rule do?", "answer": "classify as black a person of any known African ancestry"}, {"question": "When was the \"one-drop\" rule put into place?", "answer": "early 20th century."}, {"question": "When was racial definition more flexible?", "answer": "18th and 19th centuries"}, {"question": "What war changed the way the United States looked at race?", "answer": "the American Civil War"}, {"question": "When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?", "answer": "1662"}, {"question": "How is blackness described in the US?", "answer": "the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values."}, {"question": "What defines \"blackness\"?", "answer": "political orientation, culture and behavior"}, {"question": "What is the opposite of \"blackness\"?", "answer": "\"acting white\""}, {"question": "How does one \"act white\"?", "answer": "black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans"}, {"question": "In what regards can one \"act white\"?", "answer": "with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,"}, {"question": "Who described Bill Clinton as \"Black\"?", "answer": "Toni Morrison"}, {"question": "Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?", "answer": "Christopher Hitchens"}, {"question": "Who is Toni Morrison?", "answer": "Nobel Prize-winning novelist"}, {"question": "Why were people offended by this comment?", "answer": "Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain"}, {"question": "What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?", "answer": "Rwandan Genocide"}, {"question": "Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?", "answer": "John Punch"}, {"question": "Who is John Punch?", "answer": "the first African slave in the Virginia colony"}, {"question": "When was Punch indentured?", "answer": "1640"}, {"question": "Why was he indentured for life?", "answer": "trying to escape"}, {"question": "Why were his children free?", "answer": "they were born to free English women"}, {"question": "How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?", "answer": "12 million"}, {"question": "How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?", "answer": "11.5 million"}, {"question": "How many slaves were imported by Brazil?", "answer": "5.5 million"}, {"question": "How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?", "answer": "2.76 million"}, {"question": "How is black identified in South America?", "answer": "closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,"}, {"question": "How are people in Brazil classified?", "answer": "by appearance"}, {"question": "What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?", "answer": "based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color"}, {"question": "How are people evaluated in Brazil?", "answer": "like the colors of the spectrum"}, {"question": "What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?", "answer": "lighter skin"}, {"question": "What are poor whites considered in Brazil?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What does Preto mean?", "answer": "(black)"}, {"question": "How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?", "answer": "estimated 3.5 million"}, {"question": "How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?", "answer": "Afro-descendants"}, {"question": "What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?", "answer": "segregation laws"}, {"question": "What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?", "answer": "intermarriage"}, {"question": "How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?", "answer": "6.2%"}, {"question": "How much identified as mixed race?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How much identified as white?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?", "answer": "29%"}, {"question": "What has Brazil avoided?", "answer": "the binary polarization of society into black and white"}, {"question": "What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?", "answer": "violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil."}, {"question": "Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality? ", "answer": "Elio Ferreira de Araujo"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?", "answer": "black and indigenous communities."}, {"question": "In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?", "answer": "one-drop rule"}, {"question": "What does the one drop rule do?", "answer": "discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry."}, {"question": "What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?", "answer": "illiteracy and education levels"}, {"question": "What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?", "answer": "blacks"}, {"question": "How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What large hurricane hit New Orleans?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina"}, {"question": "What do critics claim people of color have?", "answer": "limited media visibility"}, {"question": "What has the Brazilian media been accused of?", "answer": "hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations."}, {"question": "What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?", "answer": "northern Europeans"}, {"question": "What is another word for \"Light Skinned\"", "answer": "mulatto"}, {"question": "What would scholars like the term \"Negro\" to include?", "answer": "all African-descended people"}, {"question": "What does this aim to stimulate?", "answer": "a \"black\" consciousness and identity."}, {"question": "What does the term \"pardo\" include?", "answer": "a wide range of multiracial people"}, {"question": "What does caboclos mean?", "answer": "mestizos"}, {"question": "The Times is based in what major British city?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?", "answer": "1785"}, {"question": "What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?", "answer": "The Daily Universal Register"}, {"question": "The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?", "answer": "News Corp group"}, {"question": "The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?", "answer": "Times Newspapers"}, {"question": "What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?", "answer": "1785"}, {"question": "What year did The Times of India start?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "What year did The New York Times start?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "What year did the Irish Times start?", "answer": "1859"}, {"question": "What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "What major typeface font was started by The Times?", "answer": "Times Roman"}, {"question": "Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?", "answer": "Stanley Morison"}, {"question": "In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?", "answer": "Times Modern"}, {"question": "How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?", "answer": "219 years"}, {"question": "In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Traditionally, what political spectrum did The Times support?", "answer": "moderate"}, {"question": "What party did The Times support in 2001 and 2005 general elections?", "answer": "Labour Party"}, {"question": "In March 2014, The Times had an average daily circulation of how many people?", "answer": "394,448"}, {"question": "The complete historical file of the digitized paper of The Times is online and published by what publisher?", "answer": "Gage Cengage"}, {"question": "What political party has the highest readership of The Times?", "answer": "Conservative Party"}, {"question": "The Times was founded by what publisher who also was the editor?", "answer": "John Walter"}, {"question": "The Times was known as what name before it became The Times?", "answer": "The Daily Universal Register"}, {"question": "What year was the very first publication of The Times?", "answer": "1785"}, {"question": "The first publisher and editor of The Times when to prison for what crime when printed in his newspaper?", "answer": "libel"}, {"question": "Before the newspaper changed its name to The Times, how many editions were printed?", "answer": "940"}, {"question": "In 1815, The Times had a circulation of how many people?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "Beginning in 1814, The Times was printed using what new kind of press?", "answer": "steam-driven cylinder press"}, {"question": "The Times used contributions from significant figures to build what?", "answer": "reputation"}, {"question": "Who developed the new press type in 1814 for The Times?", "answer": "Friedrich Koenig"}, {"question": "Who was appointed general editor for The Times in 1817?", "answer": "Thomas Barnes"}, {"question": "In 1817, The Times paper's printer James Lawson passed his business to which family member?", "answer": "his son"}, {"question": "Peter Fraser and Edward Sterling, two noted The Times journalists, gained what nickname for themselves?", "answer": "The Thunderer"}, {"question": "What kind of printing press helped increase the circulation and influence of The Times back in 1817?", "answer": "steam-driven rotary printing press"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Thomas Barnes as editor of The Times in 1841?", "answer": "John Thadeus Delane"}, {"question": "The Times was the first newspaper to send correspondents to what kind of event?", "answer": "war"}, {"question": "Who was The Times first correspondent with an army?", "answer": "W. H. Russell"}, {"question": "Which war did The Times first cover using correspondents?", "answer": "Crimean War"}, {"question": "What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?", "answer": "Irish Potato Famine"}, {"question": "The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?", "answer": "Great Reform Bill of 1832"}, {"question": "Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?", "answer": "Corn Laws"}, {"question": "During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?", "answer": "wealthy classes"}, {"question": "The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?", "answer": "the secessionists"}, {"question": "What year did the founder's grandson succeed his father as editor of The Times?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "What is the name of the The Times founder's grandson who succeeded his father as editor?", "answer": "John Walter"}, {"question": "In the 1850s, the Times was beginning to suffer from the rise in competition from what kind of press?", "answer": "the penny press"}, {"question": "Which agency often used The Times for continental intelligence?", "answer": "the Foreign Office"}, {"question": "Which century was The Times first often relied upon for continental intelligence?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Continental intelligence conveyed by The Times was often superior to what?", "answer": "official sources"}, {"question": "Which editor nearly ruined The Times in 1890?", "answer": "Arthur Fraser Walter"}, {"question": "Which energetic editor rescued The Times from financial collapse in 1890?", "answer": "Charles Frederic Moberly Bell"}, {"question": "Which encyclopedia was The Times aggressively selling to American markets?", "answer": "Britannica"}, {"question": "Who was the creator of the encyclopedia that The Times was known for selling to America?", "answer": "Horace Everett Hooper"}, {"question": "Who later bought the well-known encyclopedia from The Times in 1908?", "answer": "Alfred Harmsworth"}, {"question": "Who was The Times' Chief Editor in 1914?", "answer": "Wickham Steed"}, {"question": "The Chief Editor of The Times in 1914 argued that the British Empire should enter what war?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "What anti-Semitic fabrication did The Times endorse in 1920?", "answer": "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion"}, {"question": "After publishing anti-Semitic editorials in 1920, what did The Times refer to Jews as being?", "answer": "the world's greatest danger"}, {"question": "What was the name of the anti-Semitic article that The Time's Chief Editor published in 1914?", "answer": "The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry"}, {"question": "A Constantinople correspondent of The Times exposed what anti-Semitic document as a forgery?", "answer": "The Protocols"}, {"question": "Who was the name of the The Times Constantinople correspondent who exposed the anti-Semitic document as a forgery?", "answer": "Philip Graves"}, {"question": "How did The Times respond to the exposing of anti-Semitic documents as forgery?", "answer": "retracted the editorial"}, {"question": "In 1922, who bought The Times?", "answer": "John Jacob Astor"}, {"question": "In 1922, which estate sold The Times?", "answer": "Northcliffe estate"}, {"question": "The Times gained much notoriety in the 1930s because of its advocacy of what?", "answer": "German appeasement"}, {"question": "Which The Times editor was closely allied with the government who practised German appeasement?", "answer": "Geoffrey Dawson"}, {"question": "Which notable government official did The Times ally with in the 1930s whom practised German appeasement?", "answer": "Neville Chamberlain"}, {"question": "Who was the name of the Soviet double agent who was the correspondent for The Times in Spain in the late 1930s?", "answer": "Kim Philby"}, {"question": "A Soviet double agent working for The Times in Spain was a war correspondent during what war in the late 1930s?", "answer": "Spanish Civil War"}, {"question": "During World War II, the Soviet double agent who was corresponding for The Times in Spain in the 1930s later joined what agency?", "answer": "MI6"}, {"question": "In 1963, a notable double agent providing valuable and high-quality reporting for The Times during a war in the late 1930s eventually defected to which country?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Between 1941 and 1946, which left-wing British historian was Assistant Editor for The Times?", "answer": "E.H. Carr"}, {"question": "The Assistant Editor of The Times in 1941-1946 strongly supported what stance?", "answer": "pro-Soviet"}, {"question": "Which side did The Times support in the fighting that broke out in Athens in 1944?", "answer": "Communists"}, {"question": "Which major political figure condemned The Times in 1944 for not supporting the British Army?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "During World War II, The Times was nicknamed what in 1944?", "answer": "the threepenny Daily Worker"}, {"question": "In what year did The Times resume printing news on the front page instead of small advertisements?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In 1967, what well-known family sold The Times to a Canadian publishing magnate?", "answer": "Astor family"}, {"question": "In 1967, which Canadian publishing magnate bought The Times?", "answer": "Roy Thomson"}, {"question": "What is the name of the corporation that bought The Times in 1967?", "answer": "Thomson Corporation"}, {"question": "Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?", "answer": "The Sunday Times"}, {"question": "In 1979, which corporation was struggling to run The Times?", "answer": "Thomson Corporation"}, {"question": "What crisis in 1979 caused near ruin to The Times?", "answer": "1979 Energy Crisis"}, {"question": "What kind of demands were causing ruin to The Times in 1979?", "answer": "union demands"}, {"question": "A media magnate from which country bought The Times in the 1980s?", "answer": "Australian"}, {"question": "What is the name of the media magnate that bought The Times in the 1980s?", "answer": "Rupert Murdoch"}, {"question": "Who did a media magnate in the 1980s buy The Times from?", "answer": "Thomson"}, {"question": "What corporation bought The Times in 1981?", "answer": "News International"}, {"question": "Who owned the major corporation that bought The Times in 1981?", "answer": "Rupert Murdoch"}, {"question": "During the acquisition of The Times in 1981, John Collier and Bill O'Neill were part of what group that did three weeks of intensive bargaining?", "answer": "the unions"}, {"question": "When The Times was bought in 1982, who resigned as editor?", "answer": "William Rees-Mogg"}, {"question": "How many years as an editor was editor who resigned from The Times in 1982?", "answer": "14 years"}, {"question": "In 1982, what is the name of the editor who replaced the previous editor of The Times?", "answer": "Harold Evans"}, {"question": "What printing process for The Times was replaced by computers in 1982?", "answer": "hot-metal Linotype printing process"}, {"question": "In 1982, the allowed print room staff at The Times and The Sunday Times was reduced by how much?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Which major journalist resigned as foreign correspondent of the Times in 1988?", "answer": "Robert Fisk"}, {"question": "The foreign correspondent who resigned from The Times in 1988 won how many major journalism awards?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "The foreign correspondent for The Times who resigned in 1988, resigned for what reason?", "answer": "political censorship"}, {"question": "What stance did The Times take that cause a famous foreign correspondent to resign in 1988?", "answer": "pro-Israel stance"}, {"question": "What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?", "answer": "Iran Air Flight 655"}, {"question": "In what year did The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles for living persons before full names on first reference?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What kind of style is now confined to the \"Court and Social\" page of The Times when referring to the use of courtesy titles?", "answer": "formal style"}, {"question": "When The Times ceased its policy of using courtesy titles, it continued to use them for what kind of name on references after the first?", "answer": "surnames"}, {"question": "In what year did News International begin producing The Times in both broadsheet in tabloid sizes?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "When The Times began producing its newpaper in both broadsheet and tabloid sizes, which region did The Times withdraw its broadsheet from sale?", "answer": "Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "The Times is printed solely in what format since 2004?", "answer": "tabloid format"}, {"question": "On 6 June 2005, The Times redesigned what page of its newspaper?", "answer": "Letters page"}, {"question": "In 2005, The Times dropped the practice of printing what kind of feature of its correspondents?", "answer": "full postal addresses"}, {"question": "Which author and solicitor has had more letters published on the main letters page of The Times than any other known contributor?", "answer": "David Green of Castle Morris Pembrokeshire"}, {"question": "The leading author and solicitor of the letters page in The Times had how many articles published?", "answer": "158"}, {"question": "What is the name of the leading article that referenced the removal of a major feature in The Times in 2005?", "answer": "From Our Own Correspondents"}, {"question": "In what year was the meeting of the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications that was investigating media ownership and the news?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "In the 2007 meeting with the government, Rupert Murdoch, owner of The Times, stated that the law and the independent board prevented him from doing what?", "answer": "exercising editorial control"}, {"question": "What government committee was investigating Rupert Murdoch and The Times in 2007?", "answer": "House of Lords Select Committee on Communications"}, {"question": "In May 2008, The Times switched from what plant to new plants in Broxbourne, Merseyside, and Glasgow?", "answer": "Wapping"}, {"question": "In 2008, The Times switched to a new plant in Broxbourne, which is on the outskirts of what city?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "In May 2008, The Times switched to new plants which allowed for what kind of feature to be printed on every page for the first time?", "answer": "full colour"}, {"question": "What major event took place in London in 2012?", "answer": "London 2012 Olympics"}, {"question": "What kind of front cover did The Times issue on 26 July 2012?", "answer": "souvenir"}, {"question": "In 2012, The Times added what suffix to its masthead?", "answer": "of London"}, {"question": "The Times features what in the first half of its newspaper?", "answer": "news"}, {"question": "What section begins after the first half of The Times newspaper?", "answer": "Opinion/Comment section"}, {"question": "What is The Times current price for the daily edition?", "answer": "\u00a31.20"}, {"question": "What feature begins on the centre spread of The Times?", "answer": "business pages"}, {"question": "What section is featured at the end of the main paper of The Times?", "answer": "sport section"}, {"question": "What is the name of the lifestyle column of The Times?", "answer": "times2"}, {"question": "The Times features a puzzles section called what?", "answer": "Mind Games"}, {"question": "What is the name of the sudoku game in The Times?", "answer": "Killer Sudoku"}, {"question": "What sports activity is featured in The Times on Mondays?", "answer": "football"}, {"question": "What kind of football game is featured in the Scottish edition of The Times?", "answer": "Scottish Premier League"}, {"question": "What is the name of the section that features football on Mondays in The Times?", "answer": "The Game"}, {"question": "What is the name of the section of the Saturday edition of The Times that features travel and lifestyle?", "answer": "Weekend"}, {"question": "Arts, books, and ideas are featured in what section in the Saturday edition of The Times?", "answer": "Saturday Review"}, {"question": "An entertainment listings guide in the Saturday edition of The Times is called what?", "answer": "Playlist"}, {"question": "What is the name of the notable contributor to The Times Magazine columns that became the Food and Drink Writer of the Year in 2005?", "answer": "Giles Coren"}, {"question": "What is the name of the winner of BBC's The Great British Bake Off who is also a column writer in The Times Magazine section?", "answer": "Nadiya Hussain"}, {"question": "In what year did notable Times Magazine contributor, Gile Coren, become Food and Drink Writer of the Year?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Nadiya Hussain, a Times Magazine column writer, is known for being the winner of what BBC contest?", "answer": "The Great British Bake Off"}, {"question": "What is the name of the section that features columns touching on subjects such as celebrities, fashion and beauty, food and drink, homes and garden or simply writers' anecdotes?", "answer": "The Times Magazine"}, {"question": "Since what year has The Times and The Sunday Times had an online presense?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What is the URL of online website for The Times?", "answer": "timesonline.co.uk"}, {"question": "The website, thetimes.co.uk, is aimed at what kind of reader?", "answer": "daily readers"}, {"question": "The website, thesundaytimes.co.uk, provides what kind of content?", "answer": "weekly magazine-like content"}, {"question": "How much does a non-subscriber of The Times need to pay to read the online versions?", "answer": "\u00a32 per week"}, {"question": "What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?", "answer": "The Times Digital Archive"}, {"question": "The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?", "answer": "Gale databases"}, {"question": "What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?", "answer": "academic"}, {"question": "Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?", "answer": "87%"}, {"question": "What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?", "answer": "paywall"}, {"question": "In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?", "answer": "750,000"}, {"question": "As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?", "answer": "111,000"}, {"question": "What year was Harold Evans appointed to editor of The Times?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "The Times has a traditional rival with what other major British newspaper?", "answer": "The Daily Telegraph"}, {"question": "What is the name of the highest-selling tabloid daily newspaper in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "The Sun"}, {"question": "What is the name of the highest-selling middle market British daily newspaper?", "answer": "Daily Mail"}, {"question": "Which newspaper has a significantly higher circulation, The Sunday Times or The Times?", "answer": "The Sunday Times"}, {"question": "As of January 2013, The Times has a circulation of how many people?", "answer": "399,339"}, {"question": "As of January 2013, The Sunday Times has a circulation of how many people?", "answer": "885,612"}, {"question": "In a 2009 national readership survey, what newspaper has the highest number of ABC1 25-44 readers?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "What newspaper has the highest number of readers in London of any of the \"quality\" papers?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "The Times is found to have the highest number of readers from what age group?", "answer": "25\u201344"}, {"question": "The Times commissioned what serif typeface in 1931?", "answer": "Times New Roman"}, {"question": "Who is the creator of the serif typeface created in 1931 for The Times newspaper?", "answer": "Victor Lardent"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the change of the typeface of The Times in 1931?", "answer": "Stanley Morison"}, {"question": "What is the name of the typeface that Times New Roman is based on?", "answer": "Plantin"}, {"question": "How many years has The Times stayed with Times New Roman?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?", "answer": "peculiarly detached"}, {"question": "After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?", "answer": "Tory"}, {"question": "What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?", "answer": "Con-Lib coalition"}, {"question": "From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?", "answer": "Conservatives"}, {"question": "After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?", "answer": "Eurosceptic"}, {"question": "In the 2001 general election, The Times declared support for what political party?", "answer": "Labour"}, {"question": "What is the name of the political party's leader that The Times supported in the 2001 general election?", "answer": "Tony Blair"}, {"question": "For the 2010 general election, which political party did The Times support?", "answer": "Tories"}, {"question": "What political party did the Tories have to form a coalition with in 2010?", "answer": "Liberal Democrats"}, {"question": "What political party was re-elected by a landslide in 2001?", "answer": "Labour"}, {"question": "What is the name of the newspaper with the most varied political support in British history?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "Which political party is The Times columnist, Daniel Finkelstein, associated with?", "answer": "Conservative Party"}, {"question": "Which political party is The Times columnist, David Aaronovitch, associated with?", "answer": "Labour Party"}, {"question": "In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?", "answer": "foreign policy"}, {"question": "What film festival does The Times support that is also supported alongside the British Film Institute?", "answer": "London Film Festival"}, {"question": "What festival is featured at Asia House, London?", "answer": "Asia House Festival of Asian Literature"}, {"question": "The Cheltenham Literature Festival is supported by what major newspaper?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "What is the name of the supplement that first appeared in 1902 as a supplement to The Times?", "answer": "Times Literary Supplement"}, {"question": "In 1914, a separately paid-for supplement for The Times was a magazine that featured what kind of content?", "answer": "weekly literature"}, {"question": "The editorial offices of The Times Literary Supplement is based in what location in London?", "answer": "Times House, Pennington Street"}, {"question": "In what year did The Times Literary Supplement begin publishing online?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?", "answer": "Atlases"}, {"question": "What publisher prints The Times atlas?", "answer": "HarperCollins Publishers"}, {"question": "What is the name of The Times' atlas?", "answer": "The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World"}, {"question": "What is the name of the travel magazine sold by The Times?", "answer": "Sunday Times Travel Magazine"}, {"question": "In what year was The Times' travel magazine first sold?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "How many pages is The Times' travel magazine?", "answer": "164"}, {"question": "What is the name of Britain's best-selling travel magazine?", "answer": "Sunday Times Travel Magazine"}, {"question": "In what novel was The Times featured as an organ of a totalitarian ruling party?", "answer": "Nineteen Eighty-Four"}, {"question": "What is the name of the author of Nineteen Eighty-Four?", "answer": "George Orwell"}, {"question": "What kind of future world did George Orwell create in his novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four?", "answer": "dystopian"}, {"question": "The author, Rex Stout, created a fictional detection that is fond of solving London Times' crossword puzzles that goes by what name?", "answer": "Nero Wolfe"}, {"question": "In what part of the world did the fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, live in?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, preferred what newspaper to American newspapers?", "answer": "London Times"}, {"question": "The fictional detective, Nero Wolfe, is described as fond of solving what kind of puzzle in the London Times newspaper?", "answer": "crossword"}, {"question": "The author, Ian Fleming, created a fictional character named James Bond who prefers to only read what newspaper?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "What is the name of the spy and hero in Ian Fleming's books?", "answer": "James Bond"}, {"question": "In what Ian Fleming novel is James Bond described as only reading The Times newspaper?", "answer": "From Russia, with Love"}, {"question": "In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?", "answer": "The Wombles"}, {"question": "What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?", "answer": "Very Behind the Times"}, {"question": "In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?", "answer": "Uncle Bulgaria"}, {"question": "In what territory is New Delhi located?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "What municipality serves as the capital of India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "For what territory does New Delhi serve as the seat of Government?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "What municipality serves as the seat of Government for India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What municipality serves as the seat of government of Delhi?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?", "answer": "Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker"}, {"question": "On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?", "answer": "13 February 1931"}, {"question": "Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?", "answer": "Viceroy Lord Irwin"}, {"question": "What are the two terms colloquially used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?", "answer": "Delhi and New Delhi"}, {"question": "New Delhi is a small part of what larger territory?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "Delhi and New Delhi are colloquially used to refer to what jurisdiction?", "answer": "NCT of Delhi"}, {"question": "What is one name used to refer to the jurisdiction of NCT of Delhi?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "How many Indian cities have been selected to be developed as a smart city?", "answer": "hundred"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mission to develop Indian smart cities?", "answer": "Smart Cities Mission"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for India's smart city initiative?", "answer": "PM Narendra Modi"}, {"question": "What is one Indian city that has been selected to be developed as a smart city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What city was the capital of India until December 1911?", "answer": "Calcutta"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city formerly known as Calcutta?", "answer": "Kolkata"}, {"question": "What is the name of the empire for which Delhi served as the political and financial capital from 1649 to 1857?", "answer": "Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "In the early 1900s, the capital of the British Indian Empire was shifted from Calcutta to what city?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "In what part of India is Delhi located?", "answer": "the centre of northern India"}, {"question": "Who announced that the capital of India would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi?", "answer": "George V"}, {"question": "On what date was it announced that the capital of India would be moved to Delhi?", "answer": "12 December 1911"}, {"question": "Who laid the foundation stone of New Delhi?", "answer": "King George V and Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for designing large parts of New Delhi?", "answer": "Edwin Lutyens"}, {"question": "On what date did inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi begin?", "answer": "10 February 1931"}, {"question": "Who rejected the proposals of Brodie and Lutyens?", "answer": "the Viceroy"}, {"question": "Which site was eventually chosen by the Delhi Town Planning Committee?", "answer": "the South site"}, {"question": "Raisina Hill lay directly opposite what religious site?", "answer": "Dinapanah citadel"}, {"question": "The Rajpath was also known by what name?", "answer": "King's Way"}, {"question": "Who designed the Parliament House of New Delhi?", "answer": "Herbert Baker"}, {"question": "The construction of Connaught Place was completed in what year?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "On what hill did construction of Lutyen's Bungalow Zone begin?", "answer": "Raisina Hill"}, {"question": "The Imperial Delhi Railway was built to transport workers and materials for how many years?", "answer": "twenty years"}, {"question": "In what year did the Imperial Delhi Railway line begin operating?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "In what year did the New Delhi Railway Station open?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "A temporary secretariat building was built in New Delhi in what year?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "In what year what New Delhi inaugurated as the capital of India?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "Housing for employees was built in what area during the 1920s?", "answer": "Gole Market area"}, {"question": "What was the name of the last residential area built by the British Raj?", "answer": "Lodhi colony"}, {"question": "During what decade was the Lodhi colony built?", "answer": "the 1940s"}, {"question": "In what year did India gain independence?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "In what year was Delhi converted into a union territory?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What is the name of the act that caused the Union Territory of Delhi to become formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi?", "answer": "The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act"}, {"question": "The enforcement of the legislation of the Constitution Act began in what year?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "In 1956, Delhi was converted into what type of territory?", "answer": "a union territory"}, {"question": "In what decade did New Delhi first extend significantly from Lutyen's Delhi?", "answer": "the 1950s"}, {"question": "What organization developed land to expand New Delhi in the 1950s?", "answer": "the Central Public Works Department"}, {"question": "What was the name of the enclave created by the Central Public Works Department?", "answer": "Chanakyapuri"}, {"question": "In which direction did Chanakyapuri extend from New Delhi?", "answer": "southwest"}, {"question": "What was one use of the uses for the newly developed land of Chanakypuri?", "answer": "residences of ambassadors"}, {"question": "What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles?", "answer": "16.5 sq mi"}, {"question": "On what plain is New Delhi located?", "answer": "the Indo-Gangetic Plain"}, {"question": "The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name?", "answer": "the Lungs of Delhi"}, {"question": "New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river?", "answer": "Yamuna River"}, {"question": "What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under?", "answer": "seismic zone-IV"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?", "answer": "5.4 magnitude"}, {"question": "A 4.7 magnitude earthquake that affected New Delhi occurred on what date?", "answer": "25 November 2007"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the earthquake that affected New Delhi on September 2011?", "answer": "4.2-magnitude"}, {"question": "How many earthquakes occurred on March 5, 2012?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "What is the geographical feature New Delhi lies on that is responsible for frequent earthquakes?", "answer": "fault lines"}, {"question": "In what type of climate is New Delhi located?", "answer": "subtropical climate"}, {"question": "Between which months do New Delhi's long summers last?", "answer": "April to October"}, {"question": "When does the monsoon season occur in New Delhi?", "answer": "the middle of the summer"}, {"question": "What is the annual mean temperature of New Delhi?", "answer": "25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the highest ever recorded temperature in New Delhi?", "answer": "49.1 \u00b0C (120.4 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?", "answer": "154"}, {"question": "What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?", "answer": "bad air quality and pollution"}, {"question": "New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?", "answer": "The World Health Organization"}, {"question": "How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?", "answer": "1,600"}, {"question": "How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?", "answer": "230"}, {"question": "In what season does New Delhi's air pollution worsen?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What method was introduced in December 2015 to reduce New Delhi's air pollution?", "answer": "alternate-day travel"}, {"question": "New Delhi's alternate-day travel scheme allowed trucks to enter the city after what hour?", "answer": "11 p.m"}, {"question": "How long is the initial trial period for New Delhi's driving restriction scheme?", "answer": "15 days"}, {"question": "On what day of the week will travel remain unrestricted by New Delhi's alternate day driving scheme?", "answer": "Sundays"}, {"question": "On what date did the Supreme Court of India enact restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to reduce pollution?", "answer": "December 16, 2015"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court restricted registration of some vehicles with engines of 2000 cc and over until what date?", "answer": "March 31, 2016"}, {"question": "All taxis in Delhi were ordered to switch to what type of fuel by March 1, 2016?", "answer": "compressed natural gas"}, {"question": "Which transportation vehicles were banned from entering New Delhi?", "answer": "vehicles that are more than 10 years old"}, {"question": "New restrictions on New Delhi's transportation system were enacted by the Supreme Court to accomplish what goal?", "answer": "curb pollution"}, {"question": "New Delhi is the capital of what National Capital Territory?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "What is the national capital of India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "The local Government of Delhi and the Central Government of India jointly administer what city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What city is the official capital of the National Capital Territory of Delhi?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What is the name of one government body that oversees the capital of New Delhi?", "answer": "the Central Government of India"}, {"question": "The government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes three members from what government body?", "answer": "New Delhi's Legislative Assembly"}, {"question": "What government body is responsible for nominating five members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?", "answer": "the central government"}, {"question": "What government official is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council?", "answer": "Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi"}, {"question": "The Chief Minister of what NCT is responsible for nominating two members to the New Delhi Municipal Council? ", "answer": "NCT of Delhi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the government structure created for New Delhi that is comprised of ten representatives?", "answer": "New Delhi Municipal Council"}, {"question": "What is the official title of Delhi's head of state?", "answer": "Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for appointing the Lieutenant Governor of the Union Territory of Delhi?", "answer": "President of India"}, {"question": "Which takes precedent when a law passed by Parliament conflicts with a law passed by Delhi's Legislative assembly?", "answer": "the law enacted by the parliament"}, {"question": "What government body advises the president on appointing a Lieutenant Governor?", "answer": "the Central government"}, {"question": "Which government position is given most of the executive powers over Delhi?", "answer": "Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the municipal government by which New Delhi is governed?", "answer": "New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC)"}, {"question": "What government body is responsible for administering other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi?", "answer": "Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)"}, {"question": "What is the name commonly used to refer to the entire metropolis of Delhi?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "The New Delhi Municipal Government oversees what large Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What form of government is responsible for the municipality of New Delhi?", "answer": "a municipal government"}, {"question": "What British architect was responsible for designing much of New Delhi?", "answer": "Edwin Lutyens"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two central promenades around which New Delhi is structured?", "answer": "Rajpath and the Janpath"}, {"question": "Which of the two promenades is referred to as The King's Way?", "answer": "the Rajpath"}, {"question": "Which promenade was formerly known as the Queen's Way?", "answer": "The Janpath"}, {"question": "The largest diplomatic enclave in India which contains 19 foreign embassies is located along which promenade?", "answer": "Shantipath"}, {"question": "Formerly known as the Viceroy's House, which large building is located at the heart of New Delhi?", "answer": "Rashtrapati Bhavan"}, {"question": "The Rashtrapati Bhavan was formerly known by what name?", "answer": "Viceroy's House"}, {"question": "Connaught Place in New Delhi is modeled after what area of England?", "answer": "the Royal Crescent"}, {"question": "How many roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place?", "answer": "Twelve"}, {"question": "What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?", "answer": "Indira Gandhi International Airport"}, {"question": "Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?", "answer": "35 million"}, {"question": "How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?", "answer": "\u20b996.8 billion"}, {"question": "How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?", "answer": "37 million"}, {"question": "What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "The Delhi Flying Club was established in what year?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "When established in 1928, which airport served as the base of the Delhi Flying Club?", "answer": "Safdarjung Airport"}, {"question": "In what year did the government close Safdarjung Airport due to security concerns?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "In what year did the Delhi Flying club begin operations?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft was first used by the Delhi Flying Club after its founding?", "answer": "de Havilland Moth aircraft"}, {"question": "In what year did Indira Gandhi International Airport earn an award for being forth best airport in the world in the 15-25 million category?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What organization is responsible for awarding Indira Gandhi International Airport as Best Improved Airport in the Asia-Pacific Region?", "answer": "Airports Council International"}, {"question": "What year did Indira Gandhi International Airport win an award for Best airport in the world in the 25-40 million passenger category?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How many awards did Indira Gandhi International Airport win at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In 2015, the Airports Council International gave what award to Indira Gandhi International Airport?", "answer": "Best airport in the world in the 25\u201340 million passengers category"}, {"question": "What state-owned organization operates New Delhi's bus transport system?", "answer": "Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)"}, {"question": "Delhi Transport Company owns the world's largest fleet of buses powered by what type of fuel?", "answer": "compressed natural gas"}, {"question": "What city has the highest number of registered cars of any city in India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What large metropolis has some of the highest road density in India? ", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What type of vehicle transport system is owned by the Delhi Transport Corporation?", "answer": "Buses"}, {"question": "What Indian city is the headquarters of the Northern Railway?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "How many main stations of the Northern Railway serve the New Delhi area?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The Delhi Metro consists of how many stations?", "answer": "146"}, {"question": "What organization is responsible for building and operating the Delhi Metro system?", "answer": "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world's 12 largest metro system by length?", "answer": "The Delhi Metro"}, {"question": "What is the total length of the Delhi Metro?", "answer": "189.63 kilometres"}, {"question": "How many stations are there on the Delhi Metro?", "answer": "142"}, {"question": "How many of the Delhi Metro's stations are located underground?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "How many of the New Delhi Metro's stations are located at ground level?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What organization operates the Delhi Metro system?", "answer": "Delhi Metro Rail Corporation"}, {"question": "The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation operates under the administrative control of what government body?", "answer": "Ministry of Urban Development"}, {"question": "The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by what Indian government figure?", "answer": "Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan"}, {"question": "Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan was popularly known by what nickname?", "answer": "\"Metro Man\""}, {"question": "What major award was given to Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan for his contribution the the Delhi Metro?", "answer": "Legion of Honour"}, {"question": "What is the population of New Delhi?", "answer": "249,998"}, {"question": "What are the most common languages spoken in New Delhi?", "answer": "Hindi and Punjabi"}, {"question": "What language is used for formal purposes by business and government institutes of New Delhi?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate of New Delhi according to the 2011 census?", "answer": "89.38%"}, {"question": "What city in the territory of Delhi has the highest literacy rate?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Hindu?", "answer": "79.8%"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly practiced religion in New Delhi?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Muslim?", "answer": "12.9%"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Sikh?", "answer": "5.4%"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Delhi's population is Christian?", "answer": "0.9%"}, {"question": "What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?", "answer": "Gandhi Jayanti"}, {"question": "What is the date of India's Independence Day?", "answer": "15 August"}, {"question": "On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?", "answer": "the Red Fort"}, {"question": "On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?", "answer": "freedom"}, {"question": "What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?", "answer": "Republic Day Parade"}, {"question": "What religious festival is also known as the festival of light?", "answer": "Diwali"}, {"question": "What cultural event showcases dancers and musicians from all over India?", "answer": "The Qutub Festival"}, {"question": "In what location is The Qutub Festival held?", "answer": "the Qutub Minar"}, {"question": "The Spring Festival which is held each year in Delhi is also known by what name?", "answer": "Vasant Panchami"}, {"question": "What is the name of the fruit related festival held annually in Delhi?", "answer": "International Mango Festival"}, {"question": "The Nipponzan Myohoji decided to build a Peace Pagoda in new Delhi in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji contained what type of artifacts?", "answer": "Buddha relics"}, {"question": "Which Japanese Buddhist organization built a Peace Pagoda in New Delhi in 2007?", "answer": "Nipponzan Myohoji"}, {"question": "The Peace Pagoda built in New Delhi by the Nipponzan Myohoji was inaugurated by which prominent figure?", "answer": "Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "What structure did the Nipponzan Myohoji decide to build in New Delhi in 2007?", "answer": "Peace Pagoda"}, {"question": "The New Delhi town plan was chosen primarily to symbolize what?", "answer": "British power and supremacy"}, {"question": "The New Delhi town plan was influenced by what type of architecture?", "answer": "Hindu and Islamic"}, {"question": "What town plan was chosen with the chief consideration of displaying British power and superiority?", "answer": "The New Delhi town plan"}, {"question": "What is one type of architecture that heavily influenced the New Delhi town plan?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "Approximately how long did it take to build New Delhi?", "answer": "20 years"}, {"question": "The architecture of New Delhi borrows from indigenous sources but fits into what tradition?", "answer": "British Classical/Palladian"}, {"question": "What historian is partially responsible for the use of indigenous features in the architecture of New Delhi?", "answer": "E.B. Havell"}, {"question": "Which government official urged that indigenous features be used in the design of New Delhi?", "answer": "Viceroy Lord Hardinge"}, {"question": "Many of the architectural elements of New Delhi borrow from what sources?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "On what date was the National Museum formally inaugurated?", "answer": "15 August 1949"}, {"question": "How many works of art currently reside in the National Museum?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What length of time do the 200,000 works of art in the National Museum encompass?", "answer": "5,000 years"}, {"question": "The National Museum began in 1947 with a display of what type of art?", "answer": "Indian art"}, {"question": "In the winter of 1947, the National Museum started with a display of Indian art in what location?", "answer": "Royal Academy in London"}, {"question": "What year was the India Gate built?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "The Indian Gate was inspired by what Parisian monument?", "answer": "Arc de Triomphe"}, {"question": "The India Gate commemorates how many soldiers of past wars?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "Which Indian monument, inspired by the Arc de Triomphe, was built in 1931?", "answer": "The India Gate"}, {"question": "The India Gate commemorates the lost soldiers of what army?", "answer": "Indian Army"}, {"question": "The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?", "answer": "the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"}, {"question": "What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?", "answer": "The Rajpath"}, {"question": "On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?", "answer": "The Rajpath"}, {"question": "What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?", "answer": "Republic Day parade"}, {"question": "On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?", "answer": "26 January"}, {"question": "In which location did Mahatma Gandhi spend the final 144 days of his life?", "answer": "Gandhi Smriti"}, {"question": "In which city is the Gandhi Smriti located?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "On which date was Mahatma Gandhi killed?", "answer": "30 January 1948"}, {"question": "In what location was Mahatma Gandhi cremated?", "answer": "Rajghat"}, {"question": "The Raj Ghat was designed by what architect?", "answer": "Vanu Bhuta"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?", "answer": "Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur"}, {"question": "In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?", "answer": "Connaught Place"}, {"question": "The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?", "answer": "compile astronomical tables"}, {"question": "What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?", "answer": "Jantar Mantar"}, {"question": "What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?", "answer": "National Rail Museum"}, {"question": "What is the name of the doll themed museum located in New Delhi?", "answer": "Shankar's International Dolls Museum"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court of India Museum is located in what major city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the modern art museum located in new Delhi?", "answer": "National Gallery of Modern Art"}, {"question": "The National Philatelic Museum is located in which large Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "The Buddha Jayanti Park is located in which Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "A notable New Delhi garden is located adjacent to what metro station?", "answer": "Jangpura Metro Station"}, {"question": "The gardens of New Delhi are particularly stunning in which season?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "New Delhi is well known for what type of beautifully landscaped feature?", "answer": "gardens"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the largest gardens in new Delhi?", "answer": "Buddha Jayanti Park"}, {"question": "New Delhi played host to what major athletic competition in 2010?", "answer": "Commonwealth Games"}, {"question": "New Delhi first hosted the Asian Games in what year?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "The Asian Games were most recently held in New Delhi in what year?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "New Delhi's bid for the 2019 Asian Games was turned down by the government for what reason?", "answer": "allegations of corruption"}, {"question": "New Delhi is the annual host of what foot-race?", "answer": "Delhi Half Marathon"}, {"question": "What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi?", "answer": "R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex"}, {"question": "What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi?", "answer": "Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium"}, {"question": "The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What was the estimated net State Domestic Product of New Delhi for 2010?", "answer": "\u20b91595 billion"}, {"question": "The per capita income of New Delhi was second only to what Indian municipality?", "answer": "Goa"}, {"question": "What was the 2012-13 current price estimate for GSDP in Delhi?", "answer": "Rs 3.88 trillion"}, {"question": "What was the 2011-12 GSDP estimate for Delhi?", "answer": "Rs 3.11 trillion"}, {"question": "What is the per capita income of Delhi as of 2013?", "answer": "Rs. 230000"}, {"question": "What is the name of the large commercial and financial district located in the northern part of New Delhi?", "answer": "Connaught Place"}, {"question": "New Delhi's service sector has expanded largely due to skilled workers that speak what language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What is one of the key service industries of New Delhi?", "answer": "information technology"}, {"question": "Prior to the expansion of the service sector, what sector was the largest employer in New Delhi?", "answer": "Government"}, {"question": "The large skilled English-speaking workforce of New Delhi has been able to attract what type of organizations to the city?", "answer": "multinational companies"}, {"question": "According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?", "answer": "39"}, {"question": "New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?", "answer": "World Wealth Report"}, {"question": "Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?", "answer": "economic activity"}, {"question": "In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What government body is responsible for releasing the annual official economic report for Delhi?", "answer": "The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi"}, {"question": "What was the 2004-05 State Domestic Product of Delhi?", "answer": "83,085 crores"}, {"question": "What was the 2008-09 Per Capita income of New Delhi?", "answer": "Rs.1,16,886"}, {"question": "What was New Delhi's Per Capita GDP in dollars for 2009-10?", "answer": "$6,860"}, {"question": "New Delhi's Per Capita income grew by what percentage in 2009-10?", "answer": "16.2%"}, {"question": "What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12?", "answer": "Rs 3.13 lakh crore"}, {"question": "The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12?", "answer": "18.7"}, {"question": "In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore?", "answer": "2011-12"}, {"question": "Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "In what city is the Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology located?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What major city is home to most regional UN offices in India?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What is one regional UN office located in New Delhi?", "answer": "UNDP"}, {"question": "The regional office of the World Bank in India is located in what city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "The regional offices of the IMF, UNICEF, and UNESCO are all located in what major Indian city?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "Where does migration mainly occur?", "answer": "the northern hemisphere"}, {"question": "Why do birds primarily migrate?", "answer": "availability of food"}, {"question": "Which birds migrate?", "answer": "Many species"}, {"question": "What is bird migration?", "answer": "the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds"}, {"question": "What is a cause of death to birds during migration?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "When was migration first recorded?", "answer": "3,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Who recorded the earliest records of migration?", "answer": "Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job"}, {"question": "Where was Johannes Leche from?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?", "answer": "storks, turtle doves, and swallows"}, {"question": "What is a major threat to migratory birds?", "answer": "habitat destruction"}, {"question": "Which birds migrate the furthest?", "answer": "The Arctic tern"}, {"question": "Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?", "answer": "between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic"}, {"question": "which bird migrates by circling the earth?", "answer": "albatrosses"}, {"question": "Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?", "answer": "between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean"}, {"question": "What is an example of a shorter migration?", "answer": "altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas"}, {"question": "What causes the timing of migration?", "answer": "changes in day length"}, {"question": "How do migrating birds navigate?", "answer": "celestial cues from the sun and stars"}, {"question": "How else to migrating birds navigate?", "answer": "the earth's magnetic field"}, {"question": "What might help migrating birds navigate?", "answer": "mental maps"}, {"question": "Who recorded early records of migration?", "answer": "Ancient Greek writers"}, {"question": "Where in the bible does it mention migration?", "answer": "the Book of Job (39:26)"}, {"question": "What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?", "answer": "hawk"}, {"question": "Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Who repeats Aristotle's observations?", "answer": "Pliny the Elder"}, {"question": "Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?", "answer": "in his Historia Naturalis"}, {"question": "What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?", "answer": "cranes"}, {"question": "Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?", "answer": "swallows"}, {"question": "Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?", "answer": "Elliott Coues"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"The Natural History of Selborne\"?", "answer": "Gilbert White"}, {"question": "When was migration finally accepted?", "answer": "the end of the eighteenth century"}, {"question": "Who wrote A History of British Birds?", "answer": "Thomas Bewick"}, {"question": "What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?", "answer": "1797"}, {"question": "Where were Swallows seen flying?", "answer": "between the islands of Minorca and Majorca"}, {"question": "Which directions were the Swallows flying?", "answer": "northward"}, {"question": "Who describes an experiment with swallows?", "answer": "Bewick"}, {"question": "Where did this experiment take place?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "How did the experiment succeed?", "answer": "they remained warm and dry through the winters"}, {"question": "How long did the birds stay alive?", "answer": "several years"}, {"question": "Why do birds migrate?", "answer": "response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather"}, {"question": "What are non=migratory birds called?", "answer": "resident or sedentary"}, {"question": "How many species of birds are there?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "How many bird species are long distance migrants?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Which direction do birds primarily migrate?", "answer": "north and south"}, {"question": "Along where do many birds migrate?", "answer": "a flyway"}, {"question": "What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?", "answer": "flying north"}, {"question": "What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "Why do the birds fly north?", "answer": "to breed"}, {"question": "What is the primary motivation for migration?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?", "answer": "hummingbirds"}, {"question": "When do the birds return to warmer regions?", "answer": "autumn"}, {"question": "what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?", "answer": "time for breeding birds to feed their young."}, {"question": "What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?", "answer": "larger clutches"}, {"question": "What is hightened during migration?", "answer": "Predation"}, {"question": "Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?", "answer": "Mediterranean islands"}, {"question": "What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?", "answer": "southbound passerine migrants"}, {"question": "What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?", "answer": "the greater noctule bat"}, {"question": "What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?", "answer": "higher concentrations of migrating birds"}, {"question": "What is partial migration?", "answer": "not all populations may be migratory"}, {"question": "Where is partial migration most common?", "answer": "the southern continents"}, {"question": "In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What is leap frog migration?", "answer": "birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes"}, {"question": "Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?", "answer": "Female"}, {"question": "Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?", "answer": "Eastern Fennoscandia"}, {"question": "When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?", "answer": "autumn"}, {"question": "How do most migrations begin?", "answer": "the birds starting off in a broad front"}, {"question": "What to the migrating birds usually follow?", "answer": "mountain ranges or coastlines"}, {"question": "What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?", "answer": "large stretches of open water"}, {"question": "What is a common pattern in North America migration?", "answer": "clockwise"}, {"question": "What are the preferred routes for migration called?", "answer": "flyways"}, {"question": "How do most birds migrate?", "answer": "in flocks"}, {"question": "How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?", "answer": "12\u201320%"}, {"question": "How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?", "answer": "3.1 mph"}, {"question": "How do birds conserve energy?", "answer": "a V-formation"}, {"question": "What does flying in flocks reduce?", "answer": "energy cost"}, {"question": "What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?", "answer": "skeletons"}, {"question": "Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?", "answer": "Bar-headed geese Anser indicus"}, {"question": "What kind of birds fly low over water?", "answer": "Seabirds"}, {"question": "What altitude range is most migration recorded?", "answer": "150 to 600 m"}, {"question": "Where do most in air collisions occur?", "answer": "below 600 m"}, {"question": "How do penguins migrate?", "answer": "by swimming"}, {"question": "How far do penguins travel when they migrate?", "answer": "over 1,000 km"}, {"question": "How do Dusky grouse migrate?", "answer": "mostly by walking"}, {"question": "How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?", "answer": "on foot"}, {"question": "Where are Emus from?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?", "answer": "from Iceland to Britain"}, {"question": "Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?", "answer": "arctic climates to the contiguous United States"}, {"question": "Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?", "answer": "Asia and Europe"}, {"question": "Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "How do young learn migratory routes?", "answer": "during their first migration with their parents"}, {"question": "What route does a migrating bird usually follow?", "answer": "an hooked or arched line"}, {"question": "What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?", "answer": "large water bodies or high mountain ranges"}, {"question": "Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?", "answer": "the lack of stopover or feeding sites"}, {"question": "Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?", "answer": "lack of thermal columns"}, {"question": "What do water birds avoid while migrating?", "answer": "a large area of land without bodies of water"}, {"question": "Where do brent geese migrate from?", "answer": "the Taymyr Peninsula"}, {"question": "Where do brent geese migrate to?", "answer": "the Wadden Sea"}, {"question": "How do brent geese migrate?", "answer": "via the White Sea coast and the Baltic Sea"}, {"question": "What are waders called in North America?", "answer": "shorebirds"}, {"question": "Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?", "answer": "warmer locations in the same hemisphere"}, {"question": "Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?", "answer": "the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere"}, {"question": "Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?", "answer": "Arctic breeding grounds"}, {"question": "What does successful migration depend on for some waders?", "answer": "the availability of certain key food resources"}, {"question": "Where do migrants refuel?", "answer": "stopover points along the migration route"}, {"question": "Where is an important stopover location?", "answer": "the Bay of Fundy"}, {"question": "What is another stopover location?", "answer": "Delaware Bay"}, {"question": "Which bird has the longest migration?", "answer": "bar-tailed godwits"}, {"question": "How far do bar-tailed godwits travel to migrate?", "answer": "11,000 km"}, {"question": "Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate from", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "Where do bar-tailed godwits migrate to?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "How much of the bar-tailed godwits bodyweight is stored as fat before migration?", "answer": "55 percent"}, {"question": "Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?", "answer": "The Arctic tern"}, {"question": "Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?", "answer": "The Arctic tern"}, {"question": "How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?", "answer": "22,000 km"}, {"question": "Where do tubenosed birds breed?", "answer": "the southern hemisphere"}, {"question": "Which species are great wanderers?", "answer": "pelagic"}, {"question": "Which bird broke a record in how far it flew over it's life?", "answer": "Manx shearwater"}, {"question": "How far did a Manx shearwater fly over it's lifespan?", "answer": "8 million km"}, {"question": "How long did the Manx shearwater live?", "answer": "50 year"}, {"question": "How far will Puffinus griseus migrate each year?", "answer": "14,000 km"}, {"question": "What do some large broad-winged birds rely on to help them soar?", "answer": "thermal columns of rising hot air"}, {"question": "When do large birds of pray migrate?", "answer": "daytime"}, {"question": "What is one of the heaviest migratory funnels?", "answer": "Batumi bottleneck"}, {"question": "How much of their body weight do honey buzzards lose during migration?", "answer": "10 to 20%"}, {"question": "How many birds funnel through Batumi, Georgia each year?", "answer": "hundreds of thousands"}, {"question": "When do many insectivorous birds migrate?", "answer": "usually at night"}, {"question": "Which kinds of birds land for a few days before resuming migration?", "answer": "smaller insectivorous birds"}, {"question": "What are smaller insectivorous birds referred to?", "answer": "passage migrants"}, {"question": "How long do passage migrants stop and feed before resuming migration?", "answer": "a few days"}, {"question": "What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?", "answer": "minimize predation"}, {"question": "What is a cost of nocturnal migration?", "answer": "loss of sleep"}, {"question": "How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?", "answer": "Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep"}, {"question": "What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?", "answer": "avoid overheating"}, {"question": "What are many long distance migrants genetically programmed to do?", "answer": "respond to changing day length"}, {"question": "How do species that move short distances know when to migrate?", "answer": "response to local weather conditions"}, {"question": "Why do mountain and moorland breeders move only altitudinally?", "answer": "to escape the cold higher ground"}, {"question": "Where do the merlin Falco columbarius migrate to?", "answer": "the coast or towards the south"}, {"question": "How far do British chaffinch more in their lives?", "answer": "5 km"}, {"question": "How many evolutionary origins do short distance passerine migrants have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which species have long-distance migrants in the same family?", "answer": "the common chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita"}, {"question": "Why have some specied progressively shortened their return migration?", "answer": "to stay in the northern hemisphere"}, {"question": "What species has no long-distance migratory relatives?", "answer": "the waxwings Bombycilla"}, {"question": "What are the waxwings Bombycilla moving in response to?", "answer": "winter weather and the loss of their usual winter food"}, {"question": "Why are the waxwing Bombycilla not migrating for?", "answer": "enhanced breeding opportunities"}, {"question": "Where is there little variation in the length of day throughout the year?", "answer": "In the tropics"}, {"question": "Why does altitudinal migration occur in some tropical birds?", "answer": "to obtain more of their preferred foods"}, {"question": "What are tropical birds preferred foods?", "answer": "fruits"}, {"question": "Where is it always warm enough for food supply?", "answer": "In the tropics"}, {"question": "For what reason would birds mor far beyond the normal range?", "answer": "a good breeding season followed by a food source failure"}, {"question": "How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain in the nineteeth century?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many times did Bohemian waxwings come to Britain between 1937 and 200?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What years did Red crossbills invade England?", "answer": "1251, 1593, 1757, and 1791"}, {"question": "In which hemisphere does bird migration primarily happen?", "answer": "Northern"}, {"question": "Where do birds from high northern latitutes migrate to?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "Why do birds migrate south in winter?", "answer": "food becomes scarce"}, {"question": "Which species of seabirds are more likely to migrate?", "answer": "species of the Southern Hemisphere"}, {"question": "Why are seabirds from the southern hemisphere more likely to migrate?", "answer": "there is a large area of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere"}, {"question": "What controls a birds migration?", "answer": "a primitive trait"}, {"question": "How do birds navigate and orient themselves during migration?", "answer": "endogenous programs as well as learning"}, {"question": "What is a primitive trait present even in non migrating birds?", "answer": "migration"}, {"question": "What is a complex phenomenon in regards to migration?", "answer": "The ability to navigate"}, {"question": "What is the primary cue for migration?", "answer": "changes in the day length"}, {"question": "How do birds act in the period before migration?", "answer": "higher activity"}, {"question": "What does Zugunruhe mean in English?", "answer": "migratory restlessness"}, {"question": "What do caged birds display that corresponds with migratory direction in nature?", "answer": "preferential flight direction"}, {"question": "When do caged birds change their preferential direction?", "answer": "the same time their wild conspecifics change course"}, {"question": "What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?", "answer": "protandry"}, {"question": "What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?", "answer": "males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites"}, {"question": "Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?", "answer": "sexual dimorphism"}, {"question": "What is navigation based on?", "answer": "a variety of senses"}, {"question": "What do many birds use as a compass?", "answer": "sun"}, {"question": "What does using the sun for direction involve?", "answer": "the need for making compensation based on the time"}, {"question": "What else is navigation based on?", "answer": "use visual landmarks"}, {"question": "What is magnetoception?", "answer": "the ability to detect magnetic fields"}, {"question": "When do long distance migrants disperse?", "answer": "as young birds"}, {"question": "What do young birds form attachments to?", "answer": "potential breeding sites"}, {"question": "What else do young birds form attachments to?", "answer": "wintering sites"}, {"question": "What happens when the site attachment is made?", "answer": "they show high site-fidelity"}, {"question": "Where do migrating birds visit?", "answer": "the same wintering sites year after year"}, {"question": "What are older migrating birds better at?", "answer": "making corrections for wind drift"}, {"question": "How was the migrating of ospretys and honey buzzards tracked?", "answer": "Satellite"}, {"question": "What do the birds do to successfully perform long distance migration?", "answer": "recognize habitats and form mental maps"}, {"question": "What are examples of day migrating raptors?", "answer": "ospreys and honey buzzards"}, {"question": "What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?", "answer": "one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience"}, {"question": "Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?", "answer": "between the eye and \"Cluster N\""}, {"question": "What is Cluster N?", "answer": "the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation"}, {"question": "What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?", "answer": "a boy scout with a compass but no map"}, {"question": "How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?", "answer": "let it know when it has reached its destination"}, {"question": "How can migrating birds lose their way?", "answer": "flying past their destinations"}, {"question": "What is flying past their destinations called?", "answer": "spring overshoot"}, {"question": "What location has become famous for bird overshooters?", "answer": "Point Pelee National Park"}, {"question": "What other location is famous for spring overshoot?", "answer": "Spurn in England"}, {"question": "Where do bird overshooters end up?", "answer": "further north than intended"}, {"question": "What is it called when the genetic programing of young birds fail?", "answer": "Reverse migration"}, {"question": "What is reverse migration?", "answer": "where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly"}, {"question": "What does reverse migration lead to?", "answer": "rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range"}, {"question": "How far out of range can rarities get?", "answer": "thousands of kilometres"}, {"question": "What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?", "answer": "abmigration"}, {"question": "What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?", "answer": "waterfowl"}, {"question": "Who do abmigrating birds return with?", "answer": "the new population"}, {"question": "What is a re-introduction scheme?", "answer": "to teach a migration route to a flock of birds"}, {"question": "What did they use to teach birds a migration route?", "answer": "microlight aircraft"}, {"question": "Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?", "answer": "whooping cranes"}, {"question": "Which birds did they use as a trial run?", "answer": "Canada geese"}, {"question": "What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?", "answer": "their metabolism"}, {"question": "How often do birds molt?", "answer": "usually once a year"}, {"question": "How do birds store energy?", "answer": "through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep"}, {"question": "Why do birds need to molt?", "answer": "feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear"}, {"question": "When do birds molt?", "answer": "varies with some species"}, {"question": "How was migration developed?", "answer": "independently"}, {"question": "What is highly labile?", "answer": "Migration in birds"}, {"question": "What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?", "answer": "genetic control"}, {"question": "What exists in nearly all avian lineages?", "answer": "genetic framework for migratory behavior"}, {"question": "What percentage increase in flight distance will often be adaptive?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What kind of bird flies less efficiently?", "answer": "a bird that loads itself with food"}, {"question": "What type of bird show circuitous migratory routes?", "answer": "Swainson's thrush"}, {"question": "Where do Swainson's thrush fly from?", "answer": "far east across North America"}, {"question": "What is expected to have an effect on migration timing?", "answer": "climatic changes"}, {"question": "What have studies shown regarding climate change?", "answer": "timing changes in migration"}, {"question": "What else is climate change been shown to change?", "answer": "breeding as well as population variations"}, {"question": "What other species does migration help?", "answer": "ectoparasites such as ticks and lice"}, {"question": "What is a greater threat of disease transmission?", "answer": "import of pet and domestic birds"}, {"question": "What has been studied as a mechanism of disease transmission?", "answer": "bird migration"}, {"question": "What has a role in the dispersal of propagules of plants and plankton?", "answer": "Birds"}, {"question": "What virus is maintained in birds without lethal effects?", "answer": "West Nile Virus"}, {"question": "Who takes advantage of migrating birds?", "answer": "Greater noctule bats"}, {"question": "What do greater noctule bats feed on?", "answer": "nocturnal migrating passerines"}, {"question": "What do some birds of prey specialize on?", "answer": "migrating waders"}, {"question": "What is the oldest way to study migration?", "answer": "marking"}, {"question": "How have swans been marked?", "answer": "a nick on the beak"}, {"question": "Since when have swans been marked?", "answer": "1560"}, {"question": "Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?", "answer": "Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen"}, {"question": "What are other forms of studying migration?", "answer": "radar and satellite tracking"}, {"question": "How are orientation behavior studies traditionally carried out?", "answer": "the Emlen funnel"}, {"question": "What shape is the cage in the Emlen funnel?", "answer": "circular"}, {"question": "What is studied quantitatively inside the cage?", "answer": "The orientation behaviour"}, {"question": "What does the bird leave on the walls of the cage?", "answer": "marks"}, {"question": "Where does the homing pigeon vanish?", "answer": "on the horizon"}, {"question": "What threatens some bird species?", "answer": "Hunting along migration routes"}, {"question": "What species declined due to hunting in Afghanistand and Asia?", "answer": "Siberian cranes"}, {"question": "When were birds last seen in Keoladeo National Park?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What can power lines, wind farms and oil rigs affect?", "answer": "migratory birds"}, {"question": "What are other migration hazards?", "answer": "pollution, storms, wildfires, and habitat destruction"}, {"question": "What is the name of the island on which Atlantic City is located?", "answer": "Absecon Island"}, {"question": "In what year was Atlantic City incorporated?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two townships that became part of Atlantic City when it was incorporated?", "answer": "Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township"}, {"question": "How many other towns share a border with Atlantic City?", "answer": "Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City and West Atlantic City"}, {"question": "Which coast is Atlantic City located on?", "answer": "Atlantic"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?", "answer": "The Belloe House"}, {"question": "In what year was the first commercial hotel built in Atlantic City?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two avenues at which The Belloe House is located?", "answer": "Massachusetts and Atlantic Avenue"}, {"question": "What are the two geographical features that Atlantic City is located between?", "answer": "marshlands and islands"}, {"question": "What were the two potential aspects of Atlantic City that originally attracted developers? ", "answer": "prime real estate and a potential resort town"}, {"question": "What other US city was linked to Atlantic City by the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "By 1874, how many passengers were coming to Atlantic City by rail each year?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "What is the name of the lighthouse that is located on the Atlantic City coast?", "answer": "Absecon Lighthouse"}, {"question": "Who is considered to be \"Atlantic City's Godfather?\"", "answer": "Nelson Johnson"}, {"question": "In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?", "answer": "to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies"}, {"question": "What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?", "answer": "about 7 miles"}, {"question": "Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?", "answer": "Longport"}, {"question": "The first road connected Atlantic City to which mainland town?", "answer": "Pleasantville"}, {"question": "The first road that connected Atlantic City to the mainland was completed in what year?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "How much of a toll was charged on the first road to connect Atlantic City to the mainland?", "answer": "30-cent"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first road to the mainland that did not charge a toll?", "answer": "Albany Avenue"}, {"question": "By what year was demand so great that one railroad line could no longer keep up with the demand?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new railway that was constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City after 1878?", "answer": "Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hotel that took up a full city block?", "answer": "The United States Hotel"}, {"question": "Besides massive hotels, what else was appearing all over Atlantic City during this period?", "answer": "rooming houses"}, {"question": "What were the names of the four avenues that surrounded The United States Hotel?", "answer": "Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues"}, {"question": "When did Atlantic City go through a radical building boom?", "answer": "early part of the 20th century"}, {"question": "What replaced many of the modest boarding houses? ", "answer": "large hotels"}, {"question": "What were the names of two of the city's most distinctive hotels?", "answer": "Marlborough-Blenheim Hotel and the Traymore Hotel"}, {"question": "What happened to Atlantic City in the early part of the 20th century?", "answer": "a radical building boom"}, {"question": "Where were the modest boarding houses located before they were replaced by large hotels?", "answer": "the boardwalk"}, {"question": "In what year did Josiah White III by land to build a hotel?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hotel built by Josiah White III?", "answer": "Marlborough House"}, {"question": "In what style was the Malborough House buit?", "answer": "Queen Anne"}, {"question": "In what year was reinforced concrete invented?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "What was the name of the second hotel built by Josiah White III?", "answer": "Blenheim"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hotel located at the corner of Illinois Avenue and the boardwalk?", "answer": "The Traymore Hotel"}, {"question": "What year was The Traymore Hotel begun?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "Who was the owner of The Traymore Hotel?", "answer": "Daniel White"}, {"question": "How many stories was The Traymore Hotel after its renovation?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What was the name of the firm commissioned to build The Traymore Hotel?", "answer": "Price and McLanahan"}, {"question": "What year did the Quaker-owned Chalfonte House open?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What year did the Haddon House open?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "How many stories was the modern Chalfonte Hotel when it opened in 1904?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many rooms were in the merged Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel?", "answer": "nearly 1,000"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the 24 story tall, 400-room Claridge?", "answer": "Skyscraper By The Sea"}, {"question": "In what year was salt water taffy conceived?", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "Who was the creator of salt water taffy?", "answer": "David Bradley"}, {"question": "What happened to David Bradley's shop that led to the creation of salt water taffy?", "answer": "Bradley's shop was flooded after a major storm"}, {"question": "Who did Bradley sell salt water taffy to for the first time?", "answer": "a girl"}, {"question": "Where did the water come from for the creation of the first salt water taffy?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What years do many historians consider Atlantic City's golden age?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What year was Prohibition enacted nationally?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "During Prohibition what name was given to Atlantic City?", "answer": "The World's Playground"}, {"question": "During Prohibition how high was Nucky Johnson's income?", "answer": "as much as $500,000 annually"}, {"question": "How long did Prohibition last?", "answer": "until 1933"}, {"question": "During the 1920s, who was the mayor of Atlantic City?", "answer": "Edward L. Bader"}, {"question": "What three contributions to Atlantic City was Edward L. Bader known for?", "answer": "construction, athletics and aviation"}, {"question": "What year did Edward L. Bader lead the initiative to construct the Atlantic City High School?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "How much was the bond for that was to be used to purchase land for a Convention Center?", "answer": "$1.5 million"}, {"question": "What year was Boardwalk Hall finished?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?", "answer": "organized crime figures from all across America"}, {"question": "What family was Charles ", "answer": "Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio"}, {"question": "In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "For which family was Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano a lieutenant?", "answer": "Masseria family"}, {"question": "What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?", "answer": "the Fox"}, {"question": "What was Charles Luciano's nickname?", "answer": "Lucky"}, {"question": "Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?", "answer": "Johnny \"the Fox\" Torrio"}, {"question": "Which Atlantic City neighborhood became particularly impoverished in the mid-to-late 20th century?", "answer": "the \"Inlet\""}, {"question": "What was the biggest factor in the decline in Atlantic City's popularity?", "answer": "cheap, fast jet service"}, {"question": "What were two other locations people began to fly to instead of going to Atlantic City?", "answer": "Miami Beach and the Bahamas"}, {"question": "After the war, what form of transportation became more readily available to many Americans?", "answer": "automobile"}, {"question": "What two luxuries that people could have at their own homes led to a diminished interest in luxury beach resorts?", "answer": "home air conditioning and swimming pools"}, {"question": "What event was hosted by Atlantic City in 1964?", "answer": "Democratic National Convention"}, {"question": "Who was nominated for President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?", "answer": "Lyndon Johnson"}, {"question": "Who was nominated for Vice President during the 1964 Democratic National Convention?", "answer": "Hubert Humphrey"}, {"question": "Who was the Governor of New Jersey in 1964?", "answer": "Richard J. Hughes"}, {"question": "Despite being in the midst of a long period of economic decline many felt that the Convention was only held in Atlantic city because of a friendship between what two men?", "answer": "Johnson and Governor of New Jersey Richard J. Hughes"}, {"question": "By what years were many of the great hotels suffering from high vacancy rates?", "answer": "the late 1960s"}, {"question": "Prior to and during the advent of legalized gaming, what happened to many of the hotels in Atlantic City?", "answer": "demolished"}, {"question": "When were many of the large hotels demolished?", "answer": "1970s and 1980s"}, {"question": "After the Ambassador Hotel was gutted what did it become?", "answer": "Tropicana Casino and Resort Atlantic City"}, {"question": "Who purchased the old Ambassador Hotel in 1978?", "answer": "Ramada"}, {"question": "In what year did New Jersey voters pass a referendum approving casino gambling for Atlantic City?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "The owners of the Chalfonte-Haddon Hall Hotel converted it into what?", "answer": "Resorts International"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first legal casino in the eastern United States?", "answer": "Resorts International"}, {"question": "What year did Resorts International open?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How many casinos are there in Atlantic City today?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Atlantic City's tourism began to decline due to what failure?", "answer": "to diversify away from gaming"}, {"question": "Who did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with in 1999?", "answer": "Steve Wynn"}, {"question": "Why did the Atlantic City Redevelopment Authority partner with Steve Wynn?", "answer": "to develop a new roadway"}, {"question": "What was the project involving Steve Wynn nicknamed?", "answer": "The Tunnel Project"}, {"question": "\"The Tunnel Project\" was later officially named what?", "answer": "Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector"}, {"question": "In what year did the tunnel open?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What was the name of Atlantic City's newest casino?", "answer": "The Borgata"}, {"question": "When did The Borgata open?", "answer": "July 2003"}, {"question": "In what year was Wynn's plans for development scrapped?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "The new roadway prompted a partnership between which two companies?", "answer": "Boyd Gaming in partnership with MGM/Mirage"}, {"question": "When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?", "answer": "November 11, 2006"}, {"question": "What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?", "answer": "demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion"}, {"question": "What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?", "answer": "$1.5\u20132 billion casino resort"}, {"question": "Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?", "answer": "economic conditions and the late 2000s recession"}, {"question": "Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?", "answer": "Pinnacle Entertainment"}, {"question": "In what year did Morgan Stanley purchase land for a new casino resort?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How much land did Morgan Stanley purchase?", "answer": "20 acres"}, {"question": "Who was named as the developer for Morgan Stanley's casino resort?", "answer": "Revel Entertainment Group"}, {"question": "What percentage of ownership did Morgan Stanley hold in Revel Entertainment Group?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Who offered Revel $261 million in state tax credits?", "answer": "Governor Chris Christie"}, {"question": "How long had Atlantic City held a monopoly on casino gambling?", "answer": "40-year"}, {"question": "Who said that the state would consider a referendum to end the monopoly that Atlantic City holds on casino gambling?", "answer": "Governor Christie"}, {"question": "When did Governor Christie say that the state would consider a referendum?", "answer": "September 2014"}, {"question": "How much was casino revenue in 2006?", "answer": "$5.2 billion"}, {"question": "How much was casino revenue in 2013?", "answer": "$2.9 billion"}, {"question": "When did \"Superstorm Sandy\" strike Atlantic City?", "answer": "October 29, 2012"}, {"question": "\"Superstorm Sandy\" produced an all-time record low barometric pressure reading of what?", "answer": "943 mb"}, {"question": "Although \"Superstorm Sandy\" left minimal damage to any of the tourist areas it did cause what two other things to occur?", "answer": "flooding and power-outages"}, {"question": "What was the source of the misinformation concerning damage to the city's boardwalk?", "answer": "photograph"}, {"question": "Why was there a photo of the Boardwalk if it wasn't actually damaged in the storm?", "answer": "the Boardwalk that was slated for repairs, prior to the storm"}, {"question": "According to the United States Census Bureau, what is the total area in square miles?", "answer": "17.037 square miles"}, {"question": "What is the area of land?", "answer": "10.747 square miles"}, {"question": "What is the area of water?", "answer": "6.290 square miles"}, {"question": "What percentage of the city is made up of water?", "answer": "36.92%"}, {"question": "What organization provided data detailing the size of the city?", "answer": "United States Census Bureau"}, {"question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?", "answer": "Venice Park"}, {"question": "Besides Chelsea, City Island, and Venice Park, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?", "answer": "Great Island"}, {"question": "Besides Chelsea, Venice Park, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?", "answer": "City Island"}, {"question": "Besides Venice Park, City Island, and Great Island, what other community, locality, or place name is included in the city?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "Besides localities and place names, what else is located partically or completely within the city?", "answer": "Unincorporated communities"}, {"question": "What is the daily average temperature in July?", "answer": "75.6 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?", "answer": "35.5 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How many days long is the growing season?", "answer": "239 days"}, {"question": "What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?", "answer": "\u22129 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How many inches of precipitation does Atlantic City receive annually?", "answer": "40 inches"}, {"question": "What is the average number of inches of snow received at the airport annually?", "answer": "16.5 inches"}, {"question": "Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its location in South Jersey and its proximaty to which body of water?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "Atlantic City's lack of snowfall is due to its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean and its location where?", "answer": "South Jersey"}, {"question": "Atlantic City is different from the northern and western parts of the state in the winter due to its tendency to receive which type of precipitation?", "answer": "rain"}, {"question": "How many people were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?", "answer": "39,558"}, {"question": "How many housing units were in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?", "answer": "20,013"}, {"question": "During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was Hispanic or Latino?", "answer": "30.45%"}, {"question": "During the 2010 United States Census what percentage of Atlantic City's population was White?", "answer": "26.65%"}, {"question": "How many families were residing in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?", "answer": "8,558"}, {"question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?", "answer": "15,504"}, {"question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?", "answer": "27.3%"}, {"question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?", "answer": "44.8%"}, {"question": "What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?", "answer": "37.5%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was under the age of 18?", "answer": "24.6%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was 65 years of age or older?", "answer": "12.7%"}, {"question": "What was the median age?", "answer": "36.3 years"}, {"question": "How much was the median household income according to the American Community Survey?", "answer": "$30,237"}, {"question": "How much was the median family income according to the American Community Survey?", "answer": "$35,488"}, {"question": "How much was the median income for males according to the American Community Survey?", "answer": "$32,207"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population was below the poverty line?", "answer": "25.3%"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, how many people were living in Atlantic City?", "answer": "40,517"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what was the population density?", "answer": "3,569.8 people per square mile"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, how many housing units were there in Atlantic City?", "answer": "20,219"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were Hispanic or Latino?", "answer": "24.95%"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 United States Census, what percentage of the population of Atlantic City were white?", "answer": "26.68%"}, {"question": "How many households had children under the age of 18 living with them?", "answer": "27.7%"}, {"question": "How many households were there in Atlantic City?", "answer": "15,848"}, {"question": "How many households were made up of individuals?", "answer": "37.2%"}, {"question": "What was the average household size in Atlantic City?", "answer": "2.46"}, {"question": "What was the average family size in Atlantic City?", "answer": "3.26"}, {"question": "What was the median age of Atlantic City?", "answer": "35 years"}, {"question": "For every 100 females, how many males were there?", "answer": "96.1"}, {"question": "For every 100 females age 18 and over, how many males were there?", "answer": "93.2"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was under the age of 18?", "answer": "25.7%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population of Atlantic City was 65 years of age or older?", "answer": "14.2%"}, {"question": "What was the median income for a household in the city?", "answer": "$26,969"}, {"question": "What was the median income for a family in the city?", "answer": "$31,997"}, {"question": "What was the per capita income for the city?", "answer": "$15,402"}, {"question": "What percentage of families in the city were living below the poverty line?", "answer": "19.1%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in the city were living below the poverty line?", "answer": "23.6%"}, {"question": "As of September 2014, the greater Atlantic City area had one of the highest rates in the country of what?", "answer": "unemployment"}, {"question": "What was the unemployment rate for the greater Atlantic City area, as of September 2014?", "answer": "13.8%"}, {"question": "As of September 2014, what was the overall size of the labor force of the greater Atlantic City area?", "answer": "141,000"}, {"question": "Out of a labor force of about 141,000 what was the unemployment rate?", "answer": "13.8%"}, {"question": "In 2010, who stated that a state takeover of the city and local government of Atlantic City was imminent?", "answer": "Governor Chris Christie"}, {"question": "What item were the regulations in Atlantic City compared to?", "answer": "antique car"}, {"question": "What was the name of the district that would encompass the boardwalk casinos, the marina casinos, the Atlantic City Outlets, and Bader Field?", "answer": "Atlantic City Tourism District"}, {"question": "According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters opposed the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?", "answer": "43%"}, {"question": "According to a poll, what percentage of New Jersey voters favored the takeover of Atlantic City by the state?", "answer": "29%"}, {"question": "What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What were the three major things that the district would include?", "answer": "The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements"}, {"question": "Who would oversee all functions of the new district?", "answer": "The CRDA"}, {"question": "Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?", "answer": "The CRDA"}, {"question": "What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?", "answer": "would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain"}, {"question": "How many roadways will be included in the district?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What place is home to the Atlantic City Aquarium?", "answer": "Gardner's Basin"}, {"question": "What place was originally left off of the tourism district?", "answer": "Gardner's Basin"}, {"question": "Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "Who cast the lone \"no\" vote on the creation of the district citing Bader Field's inclusion?", "answer": "mayor Lorenzo Langford"}, {"question": "What is Atlantic City known for?", "answer": "Gambling Capital of the East Coast"}, {"question": "How many large casinos are located in Atlantic City?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people did New Jersey casinos employ in 2011?", "answer": "33,000"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people visited New Jersey's casinos in 2011?", "answer": "28.5 million"}, {"question": "What two entities regulate New Jersey's casino?", "answer": "New Jersey Casino Control Commission and the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement"}, {"question": "How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?", "answer": "Trump Plaza"}, {"question": "What year did Trump Plaza originally open?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?", "answer": "Revel"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?", "answer": "Atlantic Club"}, {"question": "What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?", "answer": "Trump Taj Mahal"}, {"question": "What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?", "answer": "selling"}, {"question": "In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?", "answer": "winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business"}, {"question": "Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?", "answer": "Executives"}, {"question": "How many remaining properties belong to Caesars Entertainment?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the names of the three remaining Caesars Entertainment properties?", "answer": "Bally's, Caesars and Harrah's"}, {"question": "What type of bankruptcy did Caesars Entertainment file for?", "answer": "Chapter 11"}, {"question": "What year did Caesars Entertainment file for bankruptcy?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Which unit of Caesars Entertainment filed for bankruptcy in 2015?", "answer": "casino operating unit"}, {"question": "What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?", "answer": "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall"}, {"question": "What is the Boardwalk Hall?", "answer": "an arena"}, {"question": "In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?", "answer": "500,000 sq ft"}, {"question": "What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?", "answer": "Sheraton hotel"}, {"question": "What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to?", "answer": "Monopoly City"}, {"question": "The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game?", "answer": "Monopoly"}, {"question": "Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City?", "answer": "Ruth Hoskins"}, {"question": "What location was originally featured in the  Monopoly game? ", "answer": "Indianapolis"}, {"question": "Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to?", "answer": "a group of local Quakers"}, {"question": "What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling?", "answer": "Marvin Gardens"}, {"question": "What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from?", "answer": "Marven Gardens"}, {"question": "Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after?", "answer": "Charles Darrow"}, {"question": "In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board?", "answer": "Charles Darrow"}, {"question": "In general, what does immunology study?", "answer": "immune systems in all organisms"}, {"question": "Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?", "answer": "both health and diseases"}, {"question": "Name three types of immunological disorders?", "answer": "autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection"}, {"question": "Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?", "answer": "in vitro, in situ, and in vivo"}, {"question": "What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?", "answer": "organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology"}, {"question": "The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what?", "answer": "exempt"}, {"question": "What are the major organs of the immune system?", "answer": "thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver"}, {"question": "Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system?", "answer": "early physicians"}, {"question": "How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?", "answer": "surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive"}, {"question": "Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?", "answer": "thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues"}, {"question": "The structure of immune system components can be described as what?", "answer": "typically cellular in nature"}, {"question": "Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?", "answer": "not associated with any specific organ"}, {"question": "What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?", "answer": "embedded"}, {"question": "What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?", "answer": "circulating"}, {"question": "Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?", "answer": "epidemiology and medicine"}, {"question": "Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?", "answer": "the body systems, pathogens, and immunity"}, {"question": "When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?", "answer": "430 BCE"}, {"question": "Which Greek historian made that notation?", "answer": "Thucydides"}, {"question": "When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?", "answer": "19th and 20th centuries"}, {"question": "What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?", "answer": "innate immune system"}, {"question": "Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?", "answer": "acquired or adaptive immune system"}, {"question": "What is one type of adaptive immune system component?", "answer": "humoral (or antibody)"}, {"question": "Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?", "answer": "cell-mediated"}, {"question": "The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?", "answer": "molecular and cellular components"}, {"question": "Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?", "answer": "antibodies and antigens"}, {"question": "What are antibodies comprised of?", "answer": "specific proteins"}, {"question": "What cells produce antibodies?", "answer": "B lymphocytes"}, {"question": "The term \"antigen\" is rooted in what two words?", "answer": "\"anti\"body \"gen\"erators"}, {"question": "Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?", "answer": "cellular response"}, {"question": "In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?", "answer": "non-classical models of immunity"}, {"question": "The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?", "answer": "cells, organs and systems"}, {"question": "These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?", "answer": "not previously associated with the immune system"}, {"question": "The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?", "answer": "Clinical immunology"}, {"question": "What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?", "answer": "failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth"}, {"question": "Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?", "answer": "cellular elements"}, {"question": "What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?", "answer": "diseases of other systems"}, {"question": "Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?", "answer": "immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features"}, {"question": "What is a type of immune system disorder?", "answer": "hypersensitivities"}, {"question": "What are some examples of hypersensitivities?", "answer": "asthma and other allergies"}, {"question": "What characterizes a hypersensitivity?", "answer": "respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."}, {"question": "What is the most famous immune system disease?", "answer": "AIDS"}, {"question": "What kind of disease is AIDS?", "answer": "an immunodeficiency"}, {"question": "Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?", "answer": "CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages"}, {"question": "What virus specifically suppresses those cells?", "answer": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"}, {"question": "What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?", "answer": "person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area"}, {"question": "Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?", "answer": "both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed"}, {"question": "Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?", "answer": "low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas"}, {"question": "What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?", "answer": "phagocytic"}, {"question": "Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?", "answer": "activate T cells"}, {"question": "In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?", "answer": "Maternal factors"}, {"question": "Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?", "answer": "breast milk"}, {"question": "For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?", "answer": "up to 18 months"}, {"question": "At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?", "answer": "glycoproteins"}, {"question": "The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?", "answer": "distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules"}, {"question": "What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?", "answer": "hormones"}, {"question": "What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?", "answer": "17-\u03b2-oestradiol (an oestrogen)"}, {"question": "Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?", "answer": "testosterone"}, {"question": "Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?", "answer": "increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"}, {"question": "Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?", "answer": "detect sex hormones in the system"}, {"question": "The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?", "answer": "strongly experimental"}, {"question": "What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?", "answer": "\"cellular\" and \"humoral\""}, {"question": "Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?", "answer": "phagocytes"}, {"question": "Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?", "answer": "soluble components (molecules)"}, {"question": "Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?", "answer": "the organism\u2019s \u201chumors\u201d"}, {"question": "What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?", "answer": "Frank Burnet"}, {"question": "What triggers an immune response according to CST?", "answer": "self/nonself distinction"}, {"question": "In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?", "answer": "\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)"}, {"question": "What property of T cells caused modification of CST?", "answer": "the complex \"two-signal\" activation"}, {"question": "When was clonal selection theory first proposed?", "answer": "In the mid-1950s"}, {"question": "What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?", "answer": "Bioscience"}, {"question": "Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?", "answer": "bioscience"}, {"question": "The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?", "answer": "humans and animals"}, {"question": "The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "What two conditions apply to good immunological study?", "answer": "effective yet consistent research"}, {"question": "Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?", "answer": "AAI courses"}, {"question": "What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?", "answer": "Icahn School of Medicine"}, {"question": "AAI immunology courses include what two components?", "answer": "Introductory Course and an Advance Course"}, {"question": "What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?", "answer": "gives students an overview of the basics of immunology"}, {"question": "The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?", "answer": "New York University"}, {"question": "Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?", "answer": "an introduction to the basic principles of immunology"}, {"question": "Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?", "answer": "clinically-oriented lecture series"}, {"question": "What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?", "answer": "a background of the principles of immunology"}, {"question": "How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?", "answer": "two years of study"}, {"question": "What program requires an additional two years of study?", "answer": "a doctoral programme"}, {"question": "What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?", "answer": "MP3"}, {"question": "What kind of audio is the coding format for?", "answer": "digital"}, {"question": "Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?", "answer": "consumer audio streaming"}, {"question": "What does MP3 use to format it's data?", "answer": "lossy data compression"}, {"question": "Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?", "answer": "digital audio players"}, {"question": "What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?", "answer": "sound like a faithful reproduction"}, {"question": "What kind of compression is used?", "answer": "created"}, {"question": "If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?", "answer": "1/11"}, {"question": "How many total bit/s would a CD have?", "answer": "1,411,200"}, {"question": "How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?", "answer": "128,000"}, {"question": "What does the compression target in the song?", "answer": "accuracy"}, {"question": "The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?", "answer": "auditory resolution"}, {"question": "What is this method commonly referred to as?", "answer": "perceptual coding"}, {"question": "What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?", "answer": "psychoacoustic"}, {"question": "These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?", "answer": "less audible"}, {"question": "Who designed MP3?", "answer": "Moving Picture Experts Group"}, {"question": "What was the first standard that this group had?", "answer": "MPEG-1"}, {"question": "The first standard later developed into which standard?", "answer": "MPEG-2"}, {"question": "When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?", "answer": "perceptual limitation"}, {"question": "What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?", "answer": "auditory masking"}, {"question": "Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.", "answer": "Alfred M. Mayer"}, {"question": "When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?", "answer": "critical bandwidths"}, {"question": "What was first proposed in 1979?", "answer": "The psychoacoustic masking codec"}, {"question": "Which country were the researchers located in?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?", "answer": "Krasner"}, {"question": "What does LPC stand for?", "answer": "linear predictive coding"}, {"question": "What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?", "answer": "audio compression algorithms"}, {"question": "What does OCF stand for?", "answer": "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain"}, {"question": "What does PXFM stand for?", "answer": "Perceptual Transform Coding"}, {"question": "What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?", "answer": "ASPEC"}, {"question": "Which competition did ASPEC win?", "answer": "quality"}, {"question": "What was the first practical implementation based on?", "answer": "Motorola 56000 DSP chips"}, {"question": "What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?", "answer": "doctoral"}, {"question": "When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?", "answer": "early 1980s"}, {"question": "Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?", "answer": "Erlangen-Nuremberg"}, {"question": "Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?", "answer": "Fraunhofer Society"}, {"question": "When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?", "answer": "Tom's Diner"}, {"question": "Who was the artist of the first song used?", "answer": "Suzanne Vega"}, {"question": "Who adjusted the song?", "answer": "Karlheinz Brandenburg"}, {"question": "The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?", "answer": "scheme"}, {"question": "What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?", "answer": "subtlety"}, {"question": "How many proposals were available in 1991?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?", "answer": "Musicam"}, {"question": "The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?", "answer": "error robustness"}, {"question": "What was the Musican format based on?", "answer": "sub-band coding"}, {"question": "What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?", "answer": "filter bank"}, {"question": "Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?", "answer": "Professor Musmann"}, {"question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?", "answer": "Leon van de Kerkhof"}, {"question": "Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?", "answer": "Gerhard Stoll"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the proposal?", "answer": "ASPEC"}, {"question": "What did the joint proposal provide?", "answer": "the highest coding efficiency"}, {"question": "Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?", "answer": "AT&T Bell Laboratories"}, {"question": "What did the working group take ideas from?", "answer": "ASPEC"}, {"question": "What did the working group integrate their ideas with?", "answer": "filter bank"}, {"question": "Where was the filter bank taken from?", "answer": "Layer 2"}, {"question": "What did the working group eventually create?", "answer": "MP3"}, {"question": "What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?", "answer": "MP2 at 192 kbit/s"}, {"question": "When were the algorithms approved?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When were the approved algorithms finalized?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What was the first started suite by MPEG?", "answer": "MPEG-1"}, {"question": "What was the official name of the internation standard?", "answer": "ISO/IEC 11172-3"}, {"question": "When was the international standard published?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?", "answer": "second suite"}, {"question": "What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?", "answer": "MPEG-2"}, {"question": "At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?", "answer": "bitrate"}, {"question": "Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?", "answer": "MPEG-2 Part 3"}, {"question": "As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?", "answer": "MPEG-2.5 audio"}, {"question": "Where was this extension developed?", "answer": "Fraunhofer IIS"}, {"question": "The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?", "answer": "human speech"}, {"question": "What is not an ISO recognized standard?", "answer": "MPEG-2.5"}, {"question": "As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?", "answer": "proprietary"}, {"question": "What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?", "answer": "bit rate"}, {"question": "Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?", "answer": "input"}, {"question": "What does CD stand for?", "answer": "Compact Disc"}, {"question": "What can CD parameters be used as references for?", "answer": "compression ratios"}, {"question": "Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?", "answer": "Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP"}, {"question": "What type of recording did Brandenburg use?", "answer": "CD"}, {"question": "What did Brandenburg use the recording to refine?", "answer": "the MP3 compression algorithm"}, {"question": "What word describes the nature of the song used?", "answer": "monophonic"}, {"question": "As a result of her song being used, Suzanne Vega is sometimes referred to as what?", "answer": "The mother of MP3"}, {"question": "Excerpts were taken from which reference compact disc to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG audio formats?", "answer": "EBU V3/SQAM"}, {"question": "Which language was the reference simulation software written in?", "answer": "C"}, {"question": "Who developed the reference simulation software?", "answer": "the ISO MPEG Audio committee"}, {"question": "When was the reference software approved?", "answer": "March 1994"}, {"question": "When did the reference software become an international standard?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What could the reference software demonstrate?", "answer": "real time hardware decoding"}, {"question": "When was the first software MP3 encoder released?", "answer": "7 July 1994"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first software MP3 encoder?", "answer": "l3enc"}, {"question": "What was the filename extension?", "answer": ".mp3"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first real-time software MP3 player?", "answer": "WinPlay3"}, {"question": "What was the average high end hard drive size?", "answer": "1000 MB"}, {"question": "What was Jonathan Sterne's profession?", "answer": "sound scholar"}, {"question": "Which nationality was the hacker who acquired I3enc?", "answer": "Australian"}, {"question": "What did the hacker use to acquire the software?", "answer": "stolen credit card"}, {"question": "The hacker re-wrote which element of the program?", "answer": "user interface"}, {"question": "How much did the new released program by the hacker cost?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "Where did MP3s begin to spread?", "answer": "the Internet"}, {"question": "Which audio player was released in 1997?", "answer": "Winamp"}, {"question": "Who released the audio player?", "answer": "Nullsoft"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player?", "answer": "MPMan"}, {"question": "In which country was the first portable audio player developed?", "answer": "South Korea"}, {"question": "Which website offered MP3s for free?", "answer": "mp3.com"}, {"question": "How many MP3s were offered for free by the website?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s?", "answer": "peer-to-peer"}, {"question": "How did people come into possession of MP3s?", "answer": "ripped from CDs"}, {"question": "Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network?", "answer": "Napster"}, {"question": "What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s?", "answer": "copyright"}, {"question": "What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing?", "answer": "music piracy"}, {"question": "Who was the target of the record companies?", "answer": "Napster"}, {"question": "What happened to Napster?", "answer": "shut down and later sold"}, {"question": "What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on?", "answer": "Unauthorized"}, {"question": "Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service?", "answer": "authorized"}, {"question": "What kind of music is sold by these companies?", "answer": "unrestricted"}, {"question": "Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally?", "answer": "MP3"}, {"question": "A header and data block together make up what?", "answer": "MP3 frames"}, {"question": "What is a sequence of MP3 frames called?", "answer": "elementary stream"}, {"question": "What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header?", "answer": "dard"}, {"question": "How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta?", "answer": "ID3"}, {"question": "Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder?", "answer": "MPEG-1"}, {"question": "Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard?", "answer": "non-normative"}, {"question": "What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise?", "answer": "their own algorithms"}, {"question": "It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor?", "answer": "Comparisons are widely available"}, {"question": "An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what?", "answer": "lower bit rates"}, {"question": "How many domain samples are taken during encoding?", "answer": "576"}, {"question": "Domain samples are transformed into what?", "answer": "frequency-domain samples"}, {"question": "When are 192 samples taken instead of 576?", "answer": "there is a transient"}, {"question": "When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what?", "answer": "temporal spread"}, {"question": "What accompanies a transient?", "answer": "quantization noise"}, {"question": "What kind of structure does a filter bank have?", "answer": "tree"}, {"question": "Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse?", "answer": "pre-echo problems"}, {"question": "What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for?", "answer": "time/frequency"}, {"question": "Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem?", "answer": "aliasing"}, {"question": "The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency?", "answer": "coding"}, {"question": "What is carefully defined in the standard?", "answer": "Decoding"}, {"question": "What are most decoders?", "answer": "bitstream compliant"}, {"question": "The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards?", "answer": "specified degree of rounding tolerance"}, {"question": "Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor?", "answer": "computationally efficient"}, {"question": "The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process?", "answer": "CPU time"}, {"question": "What is there no official provision for?", "answer": "gapless playback"}, {"question": "What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta?", "answer": "LAME"}, {"question": "Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what?", "answer": "seamless playback"}, {"question": "For encoders and decoders, what is not defined?", "answer": "overall delay"}, {"question": "A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor?", "answer": "sound quality of the result"}, {"question": "What would an example of lossy audio encoding be?", "answer": "creating an MP3 file"}, {"question": "Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file?", "answer": "the creator"}, {"question": "What does the bit rate of the file actually mean?", "answer": "how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio"}, {"question": "If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction?", "answer": "compression artifacts"}, {"question": "Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what?", "answer": "compression artifacts"}, {"question": "Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file?", "answer": "compress"}, {"question": "Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed?", "answer": "ringing"}, {"question": "What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts?", "answer": "A sample of applause"}, {"question": "Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file?", "answer": "quality of the encoder"}, {"question": "The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding?", "answer": "encoding algorithms"}, {"question": "As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same?", "answer": "bit rates"}, {"question": "An example shown has a low range quality score of what value?", "answer": "2.22"}, {"question": "To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What does CBR stand for?", "answer": "Constant Bit Rate"}, {"question": "What does VBR stand for?", "answer": "Variable Bit Rate"}, {"question": "Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress?", "answer": "music containing only a few instruments"}, {"question": "What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music?", "answer": "quality setting"}, {"question": "A listening environment is also know by which term?", "answer": "ambient noise"}, {"question": "Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality?", "answer": "sound cards"}, {"question": "Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality?", "answer": "Perceived quality"}, {"question": "Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?", "answer": "Music Professor Jonathan Berger"}, {"question": "Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?", "answer": "Stanford University"}, {"question": "Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?", "answer": "risen each year"}, {"question": "What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?", "answer": "sizzle"}, {"question": "What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire?", "answer": "The Ghost in the MP3"}, {"question": "What did the study aim to isolate?", "answer": "sounds lost during MP3 compression"}, {"question": "What is the track \"moDernisT\" an anagram of?", "answer": "Tom's Diner"}, {"question": "Where was an account of the study published?", "answer": "International Computer Music Conference"}, {"question": "Which year was the study published?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What is the name of the sampling theorem?", "answer": "Nyquist\u2013Shannon"}, {"question": "In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?", "answer": "less than half"}, {"question": "What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?", "answer": "imperfect filters"}, {"question": "Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?", "answer": "4 kHz"}, {"question": "A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "What sampling rate is used for CD audio?", "answer": "44.1 kHz"}, {"question": "What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?", "answer": "CD audio"}, {"question": "Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?", "answer": "the Internet"}, {"question": "The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?", "answer": "11:1"}, {"question": "As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?", "answer": "320 kbit/s"}, {"question": "What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s?", "answer": "Uncompressed audio"}, {"question": "What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio?", "answer": "11:1"}, {"question": "What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio?", "answer": "9:1"}, {"question": "What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio?", "answer": "7:1"}, {"question": "What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?", "answer": "640 kbit/s"}, {"question": "The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?", "answer": "Non-standard"}, {"question": "Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?", "answer": "freeformat"}, {"question": "The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?", "answer": "320"}, {"question": "What does the term CBR mean?", "answer": "Constant Bit Rate"}, {"question": "Which early MPEG layer used CBR?", "answer": "Layer III"}, {"question": "The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?", "answer": "uniform"}, {"question": "What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?", "answer": "bit reservoir"}, {"question": "What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?", "answer": "the complexity of the sound"}, {"question": "What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce?", "answer": "variable bitrate audio"}, {"question": "Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis?", "answer": "layer III"}, {"question": "What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality?", "answer": "VBR"}, {"question": "Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable?", "answer": "final file size"}, {"question": "An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use?", "answer": "the user"}, {"question": "A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?", "answer": "bit reservoir"}, {"question": "What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?", "answer": "Layer III"}, {"question": "A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?", "answer": "temporary"}, {"question": "What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?", "answer": "encoding delay"}, {"question": "A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?", "answer": "constant bitrate"}, {"question": "What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to?", "answer": "sfb21"}, {"question": "What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to?", "answer": "16 kHz"}, {"question": "The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21?", "answer": "less efficient storage"}, {"question": "What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding?", "answer": "wasted bitrate"}, {"question": "What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as?", "answer": "tag"}, {"question": "What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track  number?", "answer": "album"}, {"question": "What do MP3 standards not define?", "answer": "tag formats for MP3 files"}, {"question": "What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags?", "answer": "a standard container format"}, {"question": "Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?", "answer": "ID3v2"}, {"question": "What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?", "answer": "APEv2"}, {"question": "What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?", "answer": "end"}, {"question": "What is important to note about where the tags are stored?", "answer": "separate from the actual MP3 frame data"}, {"question": "If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?", "answer": "treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file?", "answer": "ReplayGain"}, {"question": "What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as?", "answer": "audio normalization"}, {"question": "What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust?", "answer": "the overall playback volume"}, {"question": "What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements?", "answer": "MP3Gain"}, {"question": "MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback?", "answer": "ReplayGain capability"}, {"question": "Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free?", "answer": "expired"}, {"question": "When will the technology be patent - free in the United States?", "answer": "31 December 2017"}, {"question": "Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire?", "answer": "2007 and 2015"}, {"question": "What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to?", "answer": "legal threats"}, {"question": "Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products?", "answer": "which patents must be licensed"}, {"question": "What was the danger of not correctly patenting products?", "answer": "patent infringement"}, {"question": "At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent?", "answer": "early stages"}, {"question": "What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?", "answer": "MPEG-1 standard"}, {"question": "When can patents not be filed in most countries?", "answer": "after prior art has been made public"}, {"question": "How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?", "answer": "20 years"}, {"question": "How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?", "answer": "12 months"}, {"question": "When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?", "answer": "December 2012"}, {"question": "How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?", "answer": "17 years after the publication date"}, {"question": "A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?", "answer": "submarine patents"}, {"question": "What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?", "answer": "2017"}, {"question": "Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?", "answer": "Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft"}, {"question": "Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?", "answer": "Technicolor"}, {"question": "What was Technicolor's previous name?", "answer": "Thomson Consumer Electronics"}, {"question": "What patent does Technicolor claim to control?", "answer": "Layer 3"}, {"question": "What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing?", "answer": "actively enforcing these patents"}, {"question": "When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter?", "answer": "September 1998"}, {"question": "What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders?", "answer": "a license"}, {"question": "What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing?", "answer": "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson"}, {"question": "What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights?", "answer": "the [MPEG Layer-3] standard"}, {"question": "Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology?", "answer": "Thomson"}, {"question": "Who initially sued to protect their patent rights?", "answer": "Sisvel S.p.A."}, {"question": "What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit?", "answer": "a license to their patents"}, {"question": "When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire?", "answer": "9. April 2017"}, {"question": "What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?", "answer": "MP3 players"}, {"question": "At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?", "answer": "IFA"}, {"question": "Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?", "answer": "Sisvel"}, {"question": "What happened after the injunction was successful?", "answer": "The injunction was later reversed"}, {"question": "The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?", "answer": "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany"}, {"question": "Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?", "answer": "Texas MP3 Technologies"}, {"question": "Which court did the lawsuit take place in?", "answer": "eastern Texas federal court"}, {"question": "What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?", "answer": "infringement of a portable MP3 player patent"}, {"question": "What action did the three companies being sued take?", "answer": "all settled the claims against them"}, {"question": "What year did the lawsuits end?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs?", "answer": "Alcatel-Lucent"}, {"question": "What kind of patents were allegedly inherited?", "answer": "MP3 coding and compression"}, {"question": "How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury?", "answer": "US $1.52 billion"}, {"question": "What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages?", "answer": "The court subsequently tossed the award"}, {"question": "AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?", "answer": "MP3"}, {"question": "What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?", "answer": "psychoacoustic"}, {"question": "Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?", "answer": "Fraunhofer Gesellschaft"}, {"question": "Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?", "answer": "open"}, {"question": "Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?", "answer": "any known patent restrictions"}, {"question": "What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?", "answer": "free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format"}, {"question": "How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?", "answer": "available free of charge"}, {"question": "What is a significant alternative to MP3?", "answer": "lossless formats"}, {"question": "What can lossless formats provide?", "answer": "unaltered audio content"}, {"question": "What is the downside of using a lossless format?", "answer": "increased file size"}, {"question": "What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless?", "answer": "FLAC"}, {"question": "What does FLAC stand for?", "answer": "Free Lossless Audio Codec"}, {"question": "What city did House music originate from?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "What decade did House music first develop?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What year was House music first popularized?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What genre does House music fall into?", "answer": "electronic dance music"}, {"question": "What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987?", "answer": "\"Pump Up The Volume\""}, {"question": "House music is characterized by what type of beats?", "answer": "4/4 beats"}, {"question": "What are some subgenres of House music?", "answer": "euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house"}, {"question": "What are rhythms provided by in House music?", "answer": "drum machines"}, {"question": "What are some differences between House and Disco music?", "answer": "it was more electronic and minimalistic"}, {"question": "What type of music is House based on?", "answer": "dance-based music"}, {"question": "When was the second wave of progressive house?", "answer": "1999\u20132001"}, {"question": "What are some popular subgenres of House?", "answer": "G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House"}, {"question": "where is house music extremely popular?", "answer": "both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene"}, {"question": "What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?", "answer": "a more mainstream pop-based variation"}, {"question": "What instruments did disco songs incorporate from house music?", "answer": "synthesizers and drum machines"}, {"question": "who produced Donna Summer's hit single \"I Feel Love\"?", "answer": "Giorgio Moroder"}, {"question": "what sort of music did Hi-NRG group Lime produce?", "answer": "1980s disco-pop"}, {"question": "What year did Cerrone's \"Supernature\" get released?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What year was solid state survivor released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What influenced House music?", "answer": "Soul and disco"}, {"question": "What type of producer was Frankie Knuckles?", "answer": "Early house producers"}, {"question": "what did Frankie Knuckles use to create his compositions?", "answer": "samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines"}, {"question": "What was the name of Charanjit Singh's 1982 album?", "answer": "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat"}, {"question": "What did Singh's album contain?", "answer": "Indian ragas performed in a disco style"}, {"question": "What year was synthesizing: ten ragas to a disco beat released?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What sort of arrangement did Charanjit Singh use on his 1982 album?", "answer": "minimal arrangement"}, {"question": "Who is Rachel Cain?", "answer": "co-founder of an influential Trax Records"}, {"question": "Who were Frankie Knuckles and ron hardy?", "answer": "two influential pioneers of house music"}, {"question": "what was the nickname of frankie knuckles?", "answer": "\"the Godfather of House,\""}, {"question": "marshall jefferson got involved in house music after hearing whose music?", "answer": "Ron Hardy's"}, {"question": "what was ron hardy's music released in?", "answer": "Muzic Box"}, {"question": "who were the chicago radio jocks that played dance music in the early 1980s?", "answer": "The Hot Mix 5"}, {"question": "what style of music did man parrish play?", "answer": "B-Boy hip hop music"}, {"question": "what style of music did afrika bambaataa play?", "answer": "electro funk"}, {"question": "what style of music did kraftwerk play?", "answer": "electronic pop music"}, {"question": "how did producers sometimes make edits of house music?", "answer": "reel-to-reel tape"}, {"question": "who produced the song \"on and on\" in 1984?", "answer": "Jesse Saunders"}, {"question": "where was jesse saunders from?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "who co-wrote the hit song \"on and on\" in 1984?", "answer": "Vince Lawrence"}, {"question": "what type of bass synthesizer was a staple of the early house sound?", "answer": "Roland TB-303"}, {"question": "when was player one's \"space invaders\" released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "when was jesse saunders' \"on and on\" a hit?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "what type of audience was early disco and dance catered to?", "answer": "African-American and gay audiences"}, {"question": "what year was house music first used as a genre?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "what were two big subgenres of house music?", "answer": "deep house and acid house"}, {"question": "what area radio was house music generally played on?", "answer": "Chicago-area radio"}, {"question": "what producer was the first to produce deep house? ", "answer": "Mr Fingers"}, {"question": "where was producer mr. fingers' from?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "when was mr. fingers' \"mystery of love\" released? ", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "when was mr. fingers' \"can you feel it?\" released?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "When was Phuture's \"Acid Tracks\" released?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who founded the group Phuture?", "answer": "Nathan \"DJ Pierre\" Jones, Earl \"Spanky\" Smith Jr., and Herbert \"Herb J\" Jackson"}, {"question": "what instrument was Phuture the first to use in house music?", "answer": "TB-303"}, {"question": "how long was phuture's \"acid tracks\"?", "answer": "12-minute"}, {"question": "what type of drum machine did \"acid tracks\" use?", "answer": "Roland TR-707"}, {"question": "what radio station aired the Hot Mix 5 show?", "answer": "WBMX-FM"}, {"question": "what record labels helped popularize house music?", "answer": "Trax Records and DJ International Records"}, {"question": "what song by marshall jefferson became a big house hit?", "answer": "\"Move Your Body\""}, {"question": "what european country were big house music hits being released in, in 1987?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "where was house music from chicago-based labels considered a must-play?", "answer": "clubs"}, {"question": "what club did the term 'house music' originate from?", "answer": "The Warehouse"}, {"question": "what city was the club The Warehouse located in?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "what years was the club The warehouse open?", "answer": "1977 to 1983"}, {"question": "what types of people did the club The Warehouse attract?", "answer": "primarily black and gay"}, {"question": "who was the resident DJ at The Warehouse in Chicago?", "answer": "Frankie Knuckles"}, {"question": "what is the name of Chip E's 1985 house hit?", "answer": "\"It's House\""}, {"question": "when was Chip E's hit \"It's House\" released?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "the term 'house music' came from the labeling of records at what store?", "answer": "Importes Etc"}, {"question": "who ran the D.J. International record label?", "answer": "Rocky Jones"}, {"question": "House is a regional catch-all term for what kind of music?", "answer": "dance music,"}, {"question": "what was 'house music' once synonymous with?", "answer": "older disco music"}, {"question": "What was the stage name of Larry Heard?", "answer": "Mr. Fingers"}, {"question": "Why did the term house become popular? ", "answer": "early DJs creating music in their own homes"}, {"question": "what are the Roland TR-808, TR-909, and TB 303 examples of?", "answer": "synthesizers and drum machines"}, {"question": "synthesizers were used to create what house subgenre?", "answer": "acid house"}, {"question": "what was the real name of Mr. Fingers?", "answer": "Larry Heard"}, {"question": "What is Juan Atkins an originator of?", "answer": "Detroit techno music"}, {"question": "What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?", "answer": "the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs"}, {"question": "Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?", "answer": "differentiate the clubs and DJs"}, {"question": "Who did House relay political messages to? ", "answer": "outcasts of society"}, {"question": "Who did Frankie Knuckles once say the Warehouse club was for? ", "answer": "church for people who have fallen from grace"}, {"question": "Who was a famous house producer?", "answer": "Marshall Jefferson"}, {"question": "where was the warehouse club located?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "what community was deep house popular with?", "answer": "the black community"}, {"question": "what was one of the earliest Detroit techno hits?", "answer": "\"Big Fun\" by Inner City"}, {"question": "who started the Detroit techno development?", "answer": "The Electrifying Mojo"}, {"question": "what was the nickname of juan atkins, derrick may, and devin saunderson?", "answer": "the \"godfathers\" of Detroit Techno"}, {"question": "who were the early b-boy hip-hop artists that inspired detroit techno?", "answer": "Man Parrish, Soul Sonic Force"}, {"question": "who were the european electronica artists that inspired detroit techno?", "answer": "Kraftwerk, Art of Noise"}, {"question": "What was the real name of the artist Mayday?", "answer": "Derrick May"}, {"question": "Mayday and Thomas Barnett released what hit in 1987?", "answer": "\"Nude Photo\""}, {"question": "what was the name of Mayday's record label?", "answer": "Transmat Records"}, {"question": "what year was the hit song \"wiggin\" released?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "what label did Derrick May have successful releases on after his own?", "answer": "Kool Kat Records"}, {"question": "who founded KMS Records?", "answer": "Kevin Saunderson"}, {"question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1986 hit recording?", "answer": "\"When we Used to Play / Work your Body\""}, {"question": "what was the name of Blake Baxter's 1987 hit recording?", "answer": "\"Bounce Your Body to the Box\""}, {"question": "what group released \"Big Fun\" and \"Good Life\" in 1988?", "answer": "Inner City"}, {"question": "what was the 1989 hit theme released by KMS?", "answer": "\"Rock to the Beat\""}, {"question": "what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?", "answer": "Farley \"Jackmaster\" Funk's \"Love Can't Turn Around\""}, {"question": "what did \"Love Can't Turn Around\" peak at in the UK charts?", "answer": "#10"}, {"question": "what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?", "answer": "Steve \"Silk\" Hurley's \"Jack Your Body\""}, {"question": "What year did \"Jack Your Body\" hit #1 in the UK?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who had a hit single with \"jack the groove\"?", "answer": "Raze"}, {"question": "what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?", "answer": "Stock Aitken Waterman"}, {"question": "what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?", "answer": "Respectable"}, {"question": "what tour boosted house in the UK in the late 80s?", "answer": "Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour"}, {"question": "when did the DJ International Tour take place?", "answer": "March 1987"}, {"question": "what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987?", "answer": "\"Pump Up The Volume\""}, {"question": "what was frequently an important element of UK house music?", "answer": "humor"}, {"question": "Sample montages were a key difference between british house music and what?", "answer": "the original Chicago house sound"}, {"question": "who released the hit single \"promised land\"?", "answer": "Joe Smooth"}, {"question": "who covered and charted the single \"promised land\"?", "answer": "Style Council"}, {"question": "who was the resident of the Ministry of Sound?", "answer": "Justin Berkmann"}, {"question": "who did Justin Berkmann bring into the club to play?", "answer": "Larry Levan"}, {"question": "what cities in the UK had major house scenes?", "answer": "Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and London"}, {"question": "what helped to bolster house music in the uk?", "answer": "underground Pirate Radio stations and DJs"}, {"question": "what were the earliest and most influential record labels in UK house music?", "answer": "Warp Records and Network Records"}, {"question": "what was network records also known as?", "answer": "Kool Kat records"}, {"question": "what type of dance music was later introduced alongside American house music?", "answer": "Italian dance music"}, {"question": "what tiny island was house music also being devloped on?", "answer": "Ibiza"}, {"question": "what was a popular club in ibiza that started playing dance and house music?", "answer": "Amnesia"}, {"question": "who was the DJ at Amnesia in the mid 80s?", "answer": "DJ Alfredo"}, {"question": "who were some of the DJs that brought the ibiza sound to uk clubs in late 1987?", "answer": "Trevor Fung, Paul Oakenfold and Danny Rampling"}, {"question": "what was the name of the big dance club in Manchester UK in the late 80s?", "answer": "Ha\u00e7ienda"}, {"question": "what group did Marshall Jefferson form?", "answer": "Ten City Byron Burke, Byron Stingily & Herb Lawson(from \"intensity\")"}, {"question": "what sound emerged in Detroit with the recordings of juan atkins and derrick may?", "answer": "proto-techno music sound"}, {"question": "where were mateo & matos based?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "where was marshall jefferson based?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "what sound did US house music move beyond in the late 80s?", "answer": "drum loops and short samples"}, {"question": "atkins was a former member of what music group?", "answer": "Cybotron"}, {"question": "what hit single did atkins release in 1985?", "answer": "\"No UFOs\""}, {"question": "what unusual single did derrick may release, featuring a darker strain of house?", "answer": "\"Strings of Life\""}, {"question": "what did knights of the turntable release in 1984?", "answer": "Techno-Scratch"}, {"question": "who was the manager of the factory nightclub and co-owner of the hacienda?", "answer": "Tony Wilson"}, {"question": "what was a top club for house music in new york city?", "answer": "Paradise Garage"}, {"question": "who was a pioneer of the genre in america?", "answer": "Todd Terry"}, {"question": "what hit house song did todd terry cover? ", "answer": "Weekend"}, {"question": "what new influences led to a new house sound?", "answer": "hip-hop influences"}, {"question": "what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?", "answer": "more rugged"}, {"question": "what label launched the careers of burrell?", "answer": "Nu Groove Records"}, {"question": "what sound are the burrell's responsible for? ", "answer": "\"New York Underground\""}, {"question": "how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?", "answer": "$100"}, {"question": "what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?", "answer": "Virgin America"}, {"question": "where did DJs marques wyatt and billy long become successful?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "what is the oldest dance club in america?", "answer": "Jewel's Catch One"}, {"question": "what label did robert ozn start in 1989?", "answer": "One Voice Records"}, {"question": "one voice records released a remix of what dada nada song in 1989?", "answer": "Haunted House"}, {"question": "dada nada was the moniker for what artist's solo act?", "answer": "Ozn"}, {"question": "what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?", "answer": "Vogue"}, {"question": "when was madonna's hit single \"vogue\" released?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "who sang the hit single \"vogue\"?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "how well did madonna's single \"vogue\" do in the us? ", "answer": "topped the US charts"}, {"question": "What gospel/R&B-influenced group released \"Time Passes On\" in 1993?", "answer": "Aly-us"}, {"question": "who released the hit single \"time for the perculator\" in the us?", "answer": "Cajmere"}, {"question": "what was cajmere's alternate name?", "answer": "Green Velvet"}, {"question": "what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?", "answer": "Dance Mania"}, {"question": "what was the prototype of ghetto house?", "answer": "\"Time for the Perculator\" by Cajmere"}, {"question": "where did the \"chilling out\" concept develop?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "who released the album analogue bubblebath?", "answer": "Aphex Twin"}, {"question": "where was the band deee-lite based?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "who released the track \"little fluffy clouds\"?", "answer": "Orb"}, {"question": "who transformed happy mondays' \"wrote for luck\" into a dance hit?", "answer": "Vince Clarke"}, {"question": "what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?", "answer": "Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994"}, {"question": "what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?", "answer": "The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten"}, {"question": "when did the bill become a law? ", "answer": "November 1994"}, {"question": "what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?", "answer": "\"Release the Pressure\""}, {"question": "who recorded the hit single \"release the pressure\"?", "answer": "Leftfield"}, {"question": "where was a new type of club called Cream located?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?", "answer": "Chicago hard house"}, {"question": "george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?", "answer": "gabber"}, {"question": "who began opening \"superclubs\"?", "answer": "Major record companies"}, {"question": "Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?", "answer": "Paris's house scene"}, {"question": "When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?", "answer": "end of the 1990s and into the 2000s"}, {"question": "When was House Unity Day in Chicago?", "answer": "August 10, 2005"}, {"question": "Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?", "answer": "Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley"}, {"question": "In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?", "answer": "\"21st anniversary of house music\""}, {"question": "what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?", "answer": "Summer Dance Series"}, {"question": "Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?", "answer": "vocal house"}, {"question": "Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?", "answer": "vocal house"}, {"question": "Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?", "answer": "electro house and fidget house"}, {"question": "in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?", "answer": "mid-2000s"}, {"question": "Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? ", "answer": "Miami"}, {"question": "The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? ", "answer": "house music"}, {"question": "where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?", "answer": "Dubai & Abu Dhabi"}, {"question": "what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?", "answer": "Creamfields"}, {"question": "what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?", "answer": "Shambhala Music Festival"}, {"question": "What was different about swedish progressive house music?", "answer": "snare-less"}, {"question": "Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?", "answer": "Swedish House Mafia"}, {"question": "What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?", "answer": "Dirty Dutch"}, {"question": "Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song \"Marry the Night\" by what popular artist?", "answer": "Lady Gaga"}, {"question": "Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?", "answer": "its roots"}, {"question": "What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?", "answer": "hip hop and R&B"}, {"question": "Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?", "answer": "to add a mass appeal to the music they produce"}, {"question": "The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?", "answer": "shallow"}, {"question": "Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?", "answer": "hyphen"}, {"question": "In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?", "answer": "located above"}, {"question": "Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.", "answer": "taller"}, {"question": "What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?", "answer": "sentences"}, {"question": "What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?", "answer": "sentence-style"}, {"question": "What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?", "answer": "sentence case"}, {"question": "Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?", "answer": "International Organization for Standardization"}, {"question": "Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?", "answer": "publication titles"}, {"question": "Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?", "answer": "uncial"}, {"question": "Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?", "answer": "835"}, {"question": "In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?", "answer": "Uspenski Gospels"}, {"question": "In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case", "answer": "letter case"}, {"question": "Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?", "answer": "smaller lower"}, {"question": "Capital letters refer to which case of letter?", "answer": "larger upper"}, {"question": "Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?", "answer": "written"}, {"question": "Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?", "answer": "formal"}, {"question": "In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?", "answer": "capital"}, {"question": "What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?", "answer": "beginning of a line of verse"}, {"question": "How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?", "answer": "capitalised"}, {"question": "The interjection \"O\" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?", "answer": "oh"}, {"question": "Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?", "answer": "majuscule"}, {"question": "Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?", "answer": "pen"}, {"question": "Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?", "answer": "Alcuin"}, {"question": "Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?", "answer": "faster readability"}, {"question": "What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?", "answer": "Letter case"}, {"question": "Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?", "answer": "special"}, {"question": "Which is the most common variant of case in text?", "answer": "lowercase"}, {"question": "Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?", "answer": "upper-case"}, {"question": "Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?", "answer": "easier to distinguish than lowercase"}, {"question": "Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?", "answer": "generally have the same height"}, {"question": "In Time New Roman the letter \"b\" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?", "answer": "ascenders"}, {"question": "Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?", "answer": "lower than the average"}, {"question": "Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?", "answer": "letter cases"}, {"question": "What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?", "answer": "unicameral script"}, {"question": "Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?", "answer": "Georgian"}, {"question": "What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?", "answer": "bicameral"}, {"question": "Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?", "answer": "old Roman cursive"}, {"question": "Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?", "answer": "Knut Kleve"}, {"question": "Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? ", "answer": "stylistic"}, {"question": "Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?", "answer": "handwritten"}, {"question": "What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?", "answer": "headings"}, {"question": "Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?", "answer": "title case"}, {"question": "Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?", "answer": "R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style"}, {"question": "The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?", "answer": "not universally standardized"}, {"question": "Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?", "answer": "make casing operations an unholy mess"}, {"question": "What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?", "answer": "shapes"}, {"question": "What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?", "answer": "single codepoint"}, {"question": "What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?", "answer": "sets of symbols"}, {"question": "Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?", "answer": "letter case"}, {"question": "What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?", "answer": "Jornado"}, {"question": "Along which river did they hunt bison?", "answer": "Rio Grande"}, {"question": "How did the Chichimeca survive?", "answer": "hunting, gathering, and farming"}, {"question": "The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?", "answer": "Tepehuan"}, {"question": "The Jornado painted onto what surface?", "answer": "rock"}, {"question": "What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?", "answer": "Dolores"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Proclamation?", "answer": "Grito de Dolores"}, {"question": "What was Hidalgo's occupation?", "answer": "priest"}, {"question": "What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?", "answer": "Ignacio Elizondo"}, {"question": "Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?", "answer": "Mendarozqueta"}, {"question": "What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea"}, {"question": "Who had actually won the original vote?", "answer": "Gutierrez"}, {"question": "Who was his deputy?", "answer": "P. J. Escalante"}, {"question": "Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?", "answer": "Escalante"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?", "answer": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"}, {"question": "In which year was the treaty signed?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?", "answer": "General Price"}, {"question": "Which countries owned Mexican debt?", "answer": "Spain, England, and France"}, {"question": "Who was the President of Mexico at the time?", "answer": "President Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?", "answer": "Manuel Doblado"}, {"question": "Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?", "answer": "General Juan Prim of Spain"}, {"question": "Which country refused to accept?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?", "answer": "Maximilian"}, {"question": "How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which four states opposed the French?", "answer": "Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California"}, {"question": "In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "In which year did Benito Juarez die?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "The two candidates were heroes of what battle?", "answer": "Battle of Puebla"}, {"question": "Which plan defended the \"No Re-election\" principle?", "answer": "The Plan of Tuxtepec"}, {"question": "Which party rebelled against the administration?", "answer": "Lerdista party"}, {"question": "Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?", "answer": "El Paso del Norte"}, {"question": "Which year did Orozco revolt?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?", "answer": "Villa"}, {"question": "Who saved Villa's life?", "answer": "Ra\u00fal Madero"}, {"question": "With whom did Orozco side?", "answer": "Huerta"}, {"question": "Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?", "answer": "Durango"}, {"question": "The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?", "answer": "Desert"}, {"question": "The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?", "answer": "Grand Canyon"}, {"question": "Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?", "answer": "Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley"}, {"question": "The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?", "answer": "Rocky Mountains"}, {"question": "Which city did Villa raid?", "answer": "Columbus, New Mexico"}, {"question": "Which American president pursued Villa?", "answer": "President Wilson"}, {"question": "How long did the American troops pursue Villa?", "answer": "nearly a year"}, {"question": "In which year was Villa assassinated?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "In which city was Villa killed?", "answer": "Parral"}, {"question": "Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?", "answer": "Sierra Madre"}, {"question": "Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?", "answer": "Paquime"}, {"question": "Where did the Paquime seek refuge?", "answer": "Sierra Madre Occidental"}, {"question": "Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?", "answer": "Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara"}, {"question": "Which precious metal did Biezma discover?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?", "answer": "300 years"}, {"question": "In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?", "answer": "1692"}, {"question": "Which new state capital was founded in 1709?", "answer": "Chihuahua City"}, {"question": "In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?", "answer": "El Paso Del Norte"}, {"question": "In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?", "answer": "Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado"}, {"question": "What range of years are the oldest ruins from?", "answer": "12,000 BC to 7000 BC"}, {"question": "Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?", "answer": "corn"}, {"question": "Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?", "answer": "2000 BC"}, {"question": "How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?", "answer": "49,722"}, {"question": "In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?", "answer": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?", "answer": "lowest"}, {"question": "Which are the largest two cities in the state?", "answer": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez and Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?", "answer": "Chirrines and Cuchas"}, {"question": "Which was the third party?", "answer": "The military"}, {"question": "In which year was the body installed?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "Which party had gained control?", "answer": "liberals"}, {"question": "Who was the Durango governor?", "answer": "Santiago Baca Ortiz"}, {"question": "Which cities was Ibarra looking for?", "answer": "Cibola and Quivira"}, {"question": "Through which present-day state did he travel?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?", "answer": "Paquime"}, {"question": "Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?", "answer": "Santa Barbara"}, {"question": "What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?", "answer": "epidemic"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?", "answer": "95.6%"}, {"question": "What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?", "answer": "97.3%"}, {"question": "What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?", "answer": "93.5%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?", "answer": "12.8%"}, {"question": "The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico", "answer": "12th-largest"}, {"question": "What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?", "answer": "396 billion pesos"}, {"question": "Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?", "answer": "service sector"}, {"question": "Which sector was the second largest?", "answer": "the manufacturing and industrial sector"}, {"question": "The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?", "answer": "884 million dollars"}, {"question": "Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?", "answer": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonzalez"}, {"question": "Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?", "answer": "Sonora"}, {"question": "In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "For whom was the revolution named?", "answer": "Bustamante"}, {"question": "Stringed laws were issued against what group?", "answer": "secret societies"}, {"question": "In which region of the state did culture develop?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?", "answer": "Big Houses"}, {"question": "Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?", "answer": "Mogollon"}, {"question": "What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?", "answer": "Paquime"}, {"question": "To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?", "answer": "Forty Houses"}, {"question": "Until what year did the state remain calm?", "answer": "1841"}, {"question": "In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "What was the price of the small force along the border?", "answer": "160,603 pesos per year"}, {"question": "The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?", "answer": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas"}, {"question": "Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?", "answer": "Santa B\u00e1rbara"}, {"question": "In which year was El Paso del Norte found?", "answer": "1598"}, {"question": "The path was important for the expansion of which road?", "answer": "El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro"}, {"question": "Which U.S. state benefited from this road?", "answer": "New Mexico"}, {"question": "Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?", "answer": "Hidalgo"}, {"question": "Who actually achieved independence for the nation?", "answer": "Agustin de Iturbide"}, {"question": "Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?", "answer": "September 16, 1810"}, {"question": "Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?", "answer": "Diego Rivera"}, {"question": "In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?", "answer": "Mexico City."}, {"question": "In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "How many men did he have?", "answer": "924"}, {"question": "What was the pass into the capital known as?", "answer": "Sacramento Pass"}, {"question": "Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?", "answer": "The Battle of Sacramento"}, {"question": "How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?", "answer": "Almost 300"}, {"question": "Who supported the reaction against the government?", "answer": "Durango"}, {"question": "Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Urrea"}, {"question": "Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Who threatened to retaliate?", "answer": "J.J.Calvo"}, {"question": "Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?", "answer": "Governor Terrazas"}, {"question": "Who was established as the new governor?", "answer": "Jes\u00fas Jos\u00e9 Casavantes"}, {"question": "Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni"}, {"question": "Which president was forced to flee?", "answer": "President Benito Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Until which year did his extended term last?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "In which year was the new constitution ratified?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "The state was able to survive through which war?", "answer": "Reform War"}, {"question": "The conservative movement occurred during which year?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "1000 men occupied which cities?", "answer": "Chihuahua and Parral"}, {"question": "Who established himself as governor?", "answer": "Cajen"}, {"question": "Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?", "answer": "Coahuila and Durango"}, {"question": "Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?", "answer": "President Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?", "answer": "General Villagran"}, {"question": "The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?", "answer": "General Villagran"}, {"question": "Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?", "answer": "Parral"}, {"question": "Who had been leading the French forces?", "answer": "Colonel Cottret"}, {"question": "During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?", "answer": "President Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?", "answer": "Maximilian"}, {"question": "Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?", "answer": "The United States"}, {"question": "How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?", "answer": "battle of El Bracito"}, {"question": "Who won the battle?", "answer": "The United States"}, {"question": "Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?", "answer": "General Doniphan"}, {"question": "The elections of which year caused new hostilities?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?", "answer": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas"}, {"question": "Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?", "answer": "Donato Guerra"}, {"question": "Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?", "answer": "Chihuahua City"}, {"question": "With whom was he said to have conspired?", "answer": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas"}, {"question": "Under which governor was the education system unified?", "answer": "Miguel Ahumada"}, {"question": "Which system of measurement was standardized?", "answer": "metric system"}, {"question": "What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?", "answer": "Civilian Hospital"}, {"question": "The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?", "answer": "Chuviscar River"}, {"question": "The internal stability was known as what?", "answer": "paz porfiriana"}, {"question": "During what years did the economic growth occur?", "answer": "1876 to 1910"}, {"question": "Who committed to a strict \"No Re-election\" policy when running for office?", "answer": "D\u00edaz"}, {"question": "Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?", "answer": "working class"}, {"question": "Orozco responded to whose letter to action?", "answer": "Madero"}, {"question": "Which governor teamed up with Orozco?", "answer": "Governor Abraham Gonz\u00e1lez"}, {"question": "Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?", "answer": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Madero received support from which country?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Orozco's army was called by what name?", "answer": "Orozquistas"}, {"question": "War with what country seemed imminent?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?", "answer": "President Wilson"}, {"question": "Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?", "answer": "Carranza\u2019s"}, {"question": "To which Secretary did Carothers write?", "answer": "Secretary William Jennings Bryan"}, {"question": "Which state is the largest in the country by land?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "What percentage of the country does it make up?", "answer": "12.6%"}, {"question": "Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?", "answer": "Sonora"}, {"question": "Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "Climate in the state depends mainly on what?", "answer": "elevation of the terrain"}, {"question": "Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?", "answer": "The Sierra Madre Occidental"}, {"question": "Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Which side of the state has more precipitation?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?", "answer": "mammals"}, {"question": "Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?", "answer": "rattlesnake"}, {"question": "Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?", "answer": "skunk"}, {"question": "Villa became an enemy of whom?", "answer": "Carranza"}, {"question": "Who took control in 1914?", "answer": "Carranza"}, {"question": "Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?", "answer": "Convention of Aguascalientes"}, {"question": "The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?", "answer": "Eulalio Guti\u00e9rrez"}, {"question": "At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?", "answer": "Battle of Celaya"}, {"question": "Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?", "answer": "July, August, and September"}, {"question": "The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?", "answer": "100 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?", "answer": "canals"}, {"question": "The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?", "answer": "microclimates"}, {"question": "What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?", "answer": "flora"}, {"question": "The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?", "answer": "Pinus"}, {"question": "Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?", "answer": "Juniperus"}, {"question": "Which city in the state exceeds one million?", "answer": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?", "answer": "2.4 million"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?", "answer": "76.5%"}, {"question": "French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?", "answer": "Saltillo"}, {"question": "Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Patoni and Jes\u00fas Gonz\u00e1lez"}, {"question": "The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?", "answer": "President Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?", "answer": "Chihuahua, Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?", "answer": "\u00c1ngel Tr\u00edas"}, {"question": "Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?", "answer": "Luis Terrazas"}, {"question": "Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?", "answer": "General Canto"}, {"question": "Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?", "answer": "monopolies"}, {"question": "Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "What were installed throughout the state in 1883?", "answer": "telephone lines"}, {"question": "Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?", "answer": "restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels."}, {"question": "The Porfiriato ended in which year?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "The beginning of what ended the Porfiriato?", "answer": "Mexican Revolution"}, {"question": "Who stated that Mexico was ready for a Democracy and that he would step down?", "answer": "D\u00edaz"}, {"question": "Who was incarcerated while running against Diaz?", "answer": "Madero"}, {"question": "Who took up arms in support of Madero?", "answer": "Toribio Ortega"}, {"question": "The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?", "answer": "Carranza, Obreg\u00f3n, Villa, and Zapata"}, {"question": "The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?", "answer": "August 15, 1914"}, {"question": "In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?", "answer": "Teoloyucan"}, {"question": "Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?", "answer": "Carranza"}, {"question": "Which is the main mountain range in the state?", "answer": "Sierra Madre Occidental"}, {"question": "What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?", "answer": "10,826 ft (3,300 m)"}, {"question": "Which state has more forests than any other?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?", "answer": "elevation"}, {"question": "What type of plants can be found in some canyons?", "answer": "tropical"}, {"question": "What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?", "answer": "Desert"}, {"question": "Which city is known for its sand dunes?", "answer": "Samalayuca"}, {"question": "Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?", "answer": "Desert"}, {"question": "The transition zone between east and west is called what?", "answer": "the Steppe"}, {"question": "The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?", "answer": "migratory species"}, {"question": "Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?", "answer": "hummingbird"}, {"question": "Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?", "answer": "golden eagle"}, {"question": "Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?", "answer": "Trogon mexicanus"}, {"question": "Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?", "answer": "\u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?", "answer": "42%"}, {"question": "Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? ", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?", "answer": "cheese"}, {"question": "Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?", "answer": "climate"}, {"question": "Which fruit does the state rank first in production?", "answer": "apples"}, {"question": "The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?", "answer": "milk"}, {"question": "The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?", "answer": "oak"}, {"question": "The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?", "answer": "zinc"}, {"question": "What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?", "answer": "Nueva Vizcaya"}, {"question": "Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?", "answer": "one century"}, {"question": "Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?", "answer": "Conchos tribe"}, {"question": "The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?", "answer": "mining center"}, {"question": "Hidalgo was turned over by whom?", "answer": "Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares"}, {"question": "In which year was Hidalgo turned over?", "answer": "1811"}, {"question": "How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?", "answer": "firing squad"}, {"question": "Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?", "answer": "blindfold"}, {"question": "In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "During which year was the federal government unstable?", "answer": "1828"}, {"question": "Who dissolved the government eventually?", "answer": "Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz"}, {"question": "With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?", "answer": "Yorkino"}, {"question": "Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?", "answer": "F. Elorriaga"}, {"question": "Who now headed the civil and military authorities?", "answer": "J. A. Pescador and Sim\u00f3n Ochoa"}, {"question": "Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?", "answer": "Colonel J.J. Calvo"}, {"question": "The state was in a war with what group?", "answer": "Apaches"}, {"question": "Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?", "answer": "Sim\u00f3n El\u00edas Gonz\u00e1lez"}, {"question": "In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?", "answer": "indigenous tribes"}, {"question": "How many military colonies were established by the state?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "The military colonies replaced what as population centers?", "answer": "presidios"}, {"question": "How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?", "answer": "six men"}, {"question": "Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?", "answer": "liberal"}, {"question": "The intervention had serious consequences for which state?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?", "answer": "President Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?", "answer": "Governor Luis Terrazas"}, {"question": "To where was the battalion first deployed?", "answer": "Puebla"}, {"question": "Juarez again based his government in which state?", "answer": "Chihuahua"}, {"question": "The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?", "answer": "the French invasion"}, {"question": "On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?", "answer": "Plaza de Armas"}, {"question": "Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?", "answer": "General Terrazas"}, {"question": "Which structure in the church became a historical monument?", "answer": "The bell"}, {"question": "The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?", "answer": "corn"}, {"question": "Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?", "answer": "G. Casavantes"}, {"question": "Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?", "answer": "Governor Tr\u00edas"}, {"question": "Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?", "answer": "D\u00edaz"}, {"question": "The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.", "answer": "ranching and mining"}, {"question": "Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?", "answer": "working class"}, {"question": "What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?", "answer": "haciendas"}, {"question": "This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.", "answer": "proletariat"}, {"question": "Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?", "answer": "Venustiano Carranza"}, {"question": "The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?", "answer": "Huerta"}, {"question": "Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?", "answer": "Carranza"}, {"question": "Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?", "answer": "Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?", "answer": "about a third"}, {"question": "The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?", "answer": "Coahuila"}, {"question": "The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?", "answer": "flat"}, {"question": "Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?", "answer": "Rio Grande"}, {"question": "Canis latrans is what animal?", "answer": "coyote"}, {"question": "Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?", "answer": "American black bear"}, {"question": "The main cause of degradation has been what?", "answer": "grazing"}, {"question": "What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?", "answer": "rattlesnake"}, {"question": "The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?", "answer": "50.09%"}, {"question": "The second largest group of people were whom?", "answer": "whites"}, {"question": "What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?", "answer": "NAFTA"}, {"question": "Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?", "answer": "maquiladoras"}, {"question": "How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?", "answer": "294,026"}, {"question": "What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?", "answer": "Small business"}, {"question": "Most maquiladoras today produce what?", "answer": "electronics, automobile, and aerospace components"}, {"question": "Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?", "answer": "Shias"}, {"question": "On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?", "answer": "Ghadir Khumm"}, {"question": "What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?", "answer": "4:165"}, {"question": "Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?", "answer": "Allah"}, {"question": "What must a prophet do?", "answer": "guide the people"}, {"question": "What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?", "answer": "Imamah"}, {"question": "Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?", "answer": "Imams"}, {"question": "What is the role of Imams?", "answer": "providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran"}, {"question": "Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?", "answer": "Imams"}, {"question": "Why did different sects come about within Shiism?", "answer": "they differed over their Imams' successions"}, {"question": "What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?", "answer": "Shia - Sunni"}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of tariqah?", "answer": "path"}, {"question": "What does each Shia tariqah follow?", "answer": "its own particular Imam's dynasty"}, {"question": "What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?", "answer": "The Occultation"}, {"question": "What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?", "answer": "their nobility"}, {"question": "What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?", "answer": "Muslims"}, {"question": "Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?", "answer": "Jesus"}, {"question": "What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?", "answer": "not to be from the family of Muhammad"}, {"question": "What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?", "answer": "his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad"}, {"question": "What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?", "answer": "Im\u0101m"}, {"question": "For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?", "answer": "a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque"}, {"question": "What does the word madhhab mean?", "answer": "school of thought"}, {"question": "What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?", "answer": "members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible"}, {"question": "What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?", "answer": "Shia"}, {"question": "What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?", "answer": "Occultation"}, {"question": "Who deny the concept of Occulation?", "answer": "Shia Nizari Ismailis"}, {"question": "What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?", "answer": "present and living"}, {"question": "What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?", "answer": "come to an end"}, {"question": "How many great prophets has Allah sent?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What are the seven great prophets known as?", "answer": "N\u0101t\u0131q"}, {"question": "What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?", "answer": "disseminate and improve his D\u012bn of Islam"}, {"question": "What is the great prophets assistant called?", "answer": "S\u0101mad (Silent) Im\u0101m"}, {"question": "In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?", "answer": "the \"Shia\""}, {"question": "What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?", "answer": "Ismailis"}, {"question": "What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?", "answer": "Bohras"}, {"question": "Which tariqah no longer exists?", "answer": "The Shia Sevener"}, {"question": "Which tariah is known as the Fivers?", "answer": "Zaidi Shias"}, {"question": "How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?", "answer": "via deputies"}, {"question": "How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?", "answer": "acted as agents between him and his followers"}, {"question": "What would believers do when they had a problem?", "answer": "write their concerns and send them to his deputy"}, {"question": "What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?", "answer": "seal and signature"}, {"question": "What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?", "answer": "zakat and khums"}, {"question": "How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?", "answer": "living imams"}, {"question": "Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?", "answer": "Isma'il ibn Jafar"}, {"question": "Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?", "answer": "Ja'far al-Sadiq"}, {"question": "What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?", "answer": "mantle of the imamate"}, {"question": "What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?", "answer": "Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra"}, {"question": "What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?", "answer": "went into a Dawr-e-Satr"}, {"question": "Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?", "answer": "Dai-al-Mutlaq"}, {"question": "What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?", "answer": "manages the affairs of the Imam"}, {"question": "Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?", "answer": "Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin"}, {"question": "Who do Muslims believe said \"To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?", "answer": "Muhammad"}, {"question": "How many books can this quote be found?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?", "answer": "the word 'Mawla'"}, {"question": "What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?", "answer": "beloved"}, {"question": "What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?", "answer": "Lord and Master"}, {"question": "By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?", "answer": "2:124"}, {"question": "What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?", "answer": "no age can be without an Imam"}, {"question": "Imamah is a position appointed by who?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What is an Imam protected by?", "answer": "divine protection"}, {"question": "Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?", "answer": "Imam"}, {"question": "Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?", "answer": "Hussayn ibn 'Al\u012b"}, {"question": "Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?", "answer": "son"}, {"question": "What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?", "answer": "Genesis 17:19\u201320"}, {"question": "What type of sensation is pitch?", "answer": "auditory"}, {"question": "What is pitch closely related to?", "answer": "frequency"}, {"question": "Each persons perception of sound is called?", "answer": "Pitch"}, {"question": "Octaves in linear pitch are what size?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Semitones in linear pitch are what size?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "A440 in linear pitch are what size?", "answer": "69"}, {"question": "An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "The pitch halfway between C (60) and C\u266f (61) is labeled what?", "answer": "60.5"}, {"question": "What is the most common method of organization?", "answer": "twelve-note chromatic scale"}, {"question": "The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?", "answer": "the twelfth root of two"}, {"question": "All these different methods have what in common?", "answer": "the octave"}, {"question": "Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?", "answer": "sound"}, {"question": "Pitch is a close proxy for what?", "answer": "frequency"}, {"question": "High pitch is what type of oscillation?", "answer": "rapid"}, {"question": "Low pitch is what type of oscillation?", "answer": "slower"}, {"question": "This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?", "answer": "sound generated"}, {"question": "A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?", "answer": "numerous"}, {"question": "Harmonics are an important class of what?", "answer": "overtones"}, {"question": "Integer multiples are collectively called? ", "answer": "the partials"}, {"question": "The pitch of complex tones can be?", "answer": "ambiguous"}, {"question": "A complex tone is composed of how many waves?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": " The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?", "answer": "the missing fundamental"}, {"question": "the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?", "answer": "divisor of the frequencies present"}, {"question": "The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?", "answer": "the tone's frequency content"}, {"question": "The jnd is typically tested by?", "answer": "playing two tones in quick succession"}, {"question": "What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?", "answer": "1,400"}, {"question": "Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?", "answer": "snare drum"}, {"question": "Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?", "answer": "the addition of a true repetition of the original sound"}, {"question": "It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?", "answer": "indefinite pitch"}, {"question": "The notion of pitch is insensitive to what?", "answer": "spelling"}, {"question": "The description \"G4 double sharp\" refers to the same pitch as what?", "answer": "A4"}, {"question": "Human perception of musical intervals is approximately what?", "answer": "logarithmic"}, {"question": "Music theorist represent pitches using what kind of scale?", "answer": "numerical"}, {"question": "The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?", "answer": "autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve"}, {"question": "Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?", "answer": "unnecessary"}, {"question": "Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?", "answer": "ambiguities"}, {"question": "When did King Richard I begin his reign?", "answer": "1189"}, {"question": "Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?", "answer": "lions"}, {"question": "What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?", "answer": "a crown"}, {"question": "In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What color were England's first away kits?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?", "answer": "grey"}, {"question": "In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?", "answer": "navy blue"}, {"question": "When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?", "answer": "home matches"}, {"question": "In what year was England most recently eliminated from FIFA World Cup contention?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "In which three years did England fail to qualify for the World Cup?", "answer": "1974, 1978 and 1994"}, {"question": "In 2014, England was eliminated from the World Cup after being defeated by Italy and which other team?", "answer": "Uruguay"}, {"question": "After the first round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, how many teams remained in contention?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "What was the final score when, in 2010, England lost to Germany in the Round of 16 of the FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "4\u20131"}, {"question": "In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?", "answer": "7\u20131"}, {"question": "In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "To whom is the quote \"it was like playing men from outer space\" attributed?", "answer": "Syd Owen"}, {"question": "After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?", "answer": "Uruguay"}, {"question": "In what year did Capello resign as England's football manager?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Capello resigned as England's football manager after a dispute over removing which player from team captaincy?", "answer": "John Terry"}, {"question": "Who became the new manager of England's football team in May of 2012?", "answer": "Roy Hodgson"}, {"question": "In which round of UEFA Euro 2012 was England eliminated?", "answer": "the quarter-finals"}, {"question": "A defeat by which team ultimately eliminated England from UEFA Euro 2012?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Which governing body controls the England national football team?", "answer": "The Football Association"}, {"question": "Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "What is the name of England's home field in London?", "answer": "Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "Who is the current team manager of England's football team?", "answer": "Roy Hodgson"}, {"question": "In which year did England join FIFA?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "England played against countries besides the Home Nations for the first time in what year?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "In what year did Wembley Stadium open?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "England left FIFA in 1928 and ultimately rejoined in what year?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "What was the first year after England left and rejoined FIFA in which they played in a World Cup?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "In which place did England finish in the UEFA European Football Championship in 1968?", "answer": "third place"}, {"question": "In how many UEFA European Championship Finals has England competed?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Where does England rank in terms of the number of UEFA European Football Championship appearances?", "answer": "tied for ninth-best"}, {"question": "In what four years was England eliminated from the UEFA European Championship in the first round?", "answer": "1980, 1988, 1992 and 2000"}, {"question": "In which five years did England fail to qualify for the UEFA European Championship?", "answer": "1964, 1972, 1976, 1984, and 2008"}, {"question": "A defeat by which team eliminated England from the 1970 FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "What was the final score of England's last match of the 1970 FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "3\u20132"}, {"question": "In which year did England fail to qualify for the FIFA World Cup resulting in Ramsey's dismissal?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Where did the 1970 FIFA World Cup take place?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "Where did the 1982 FIFA World Cup take place?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?", "answer": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson"}, {"question": "How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson?", "answer": "No.4"}, {"question": "In what year was the contract of Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson terminated?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what year did Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Commentated broadcasts of all England matches air on what network?", "answer": "BBC Radio 5 Live"}, {"question": "What was the first season in which England's qualifiers and friendlies were broadcast on ITV?", "answer": "2008\u201309"}, {"question": "What network is ITV's affiliate in northern and central Scotland?", "answer": "STV"}, {"question": "In what year was an England football match aired only via the internet for the first time?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Approximately how many total viewers watched the England World Cup qualifier on the internet on 10 October 2009?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "In how many FIFA world cups has England appeared?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Besides France, which other team is tied with England for number of appearances in the FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "In which year did England win the FIFA World Cup for the first and only time?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In what place did England finish in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Which country hosted the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Where were Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen from?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "How many acres of land did Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen purchase in 1836?", "answer": "6,642"}, {"question": "What was the reason the Allen brothers purchased land in 1836?", "answer": "founding a city"}, {"question": "Who did the Allen brothers name the city they founded after?", "answer": "Sam Houston"}, {"question": "In what year was Sam Houston elected President of Texas?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "Who bought land along Buffalo Bayou to build a city?", "answer": "Allen brothers"}, {"question": "How much land did the Allen brothers buy?", "answer": "6,642 acres"}, {"question": "After which famous general was the city named?", "answer": "Sam Houston"}, {"question": "In 1860 what percentage of the city's population was slaves?", "answer": "forty-nine percent"}, {"question": "How much did the slave population of Houston increase from 1850 to 1860?", "answer": "tripled"}, {"question": "What event cause shipping activities to be suspended?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were built due to the demand for what items during the war?", "answer": "petroleum and synthetic rubber products"}, {"question": "When was Ellington Field built?", "answer": "during World War I"}, {"question": "When was the Brown Shipbuilding Company founded?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "What was the policy created by President Roosevelt due to the boom in defense jobs?", "answer": "non-discrimination for defense contractors"}, {"question": "What kind of refineries were built along the Houston ship channel?", "answer": "Petrochemical"}, {"question": "To fill what type of demand were refineries built?", "answer": "petroleum and synthetic rubber"}, {"question": "What world event caused this increased need for petrochemicals?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Why did thousands of new workers flock to Houston?", "answer": "defense jobs"}, {"question": "Which president created a policy of non-discrimination for defense contractors?", "answer": "President Roosevelt"}, {"question": "In what year did the space shuttle Challenger explode after launch?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Why did Houston's economy have problems in the late 1980's?", "answer": "the nationwide recession"}, {"question": "In the 1990's, what is something Houston did to try to diversify it's economy?", "answer": "reduced its dependence on the petroleum industry"}, {"question": "The petroleum industry has become a larger part of Houston's economy again for what reason?", "answer": "the increase of oil prices in the 2000s"}, {"question": "What caused population growth to decline  in the 1980s?", "answer": "oil prices fell"}, {"question": "Which shuttle disintegrated in 1986 to cause a decline in the space industry?", "answer": "Space Shuttle Challenger"}, {"question": "When did Houston suffer an economic decline?", "answer": "late 1980s"}, {"question": "What did Houston focus on after the 1990s recession to improve its economy?", "answer": "aerospace and health care"}, {"question": "When did Houston begin to regain its dependence on the oil industry?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?", "answer": "unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands"}, {"question": "Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?", "answer": "Rocky Mountains"}, {"question": "The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?", "answer": "oil and natural gas"}, {"question": "What is halite?", "answer": "a rock salt"}, {"question": "What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?", "answer": "rice farming"}, {"question": "What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?", "answer": "erosion of the Rocky Mountains"}, {"question": "Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?", "answer": "clays"}, {"question": "How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?", "answer": "several miles"}, {"question": "What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?", "answer": "oil and natural gas"}, {"question": "What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "Downtown Houston consisted of what type of building in the 1960's?", "answer": "mid-rise office structures"}, {"question": "When were skyscrapers first built in Houston?", "answer": "throughout the 1970s"}, {"question": "What is the tallest building in Texas?", "answer": "JPMorgan Chase Tower"}, {"question": "How tall is the JP Morgan Chase Tower?", "answer": "1,002-foot"}, {"question": "What is the second tallest building in Houston?", "answer": "Wells Fargo Plaza"}, {"question": "In the 1970 s what developer built high rises in downtown Houston?", "answer": "Gerald D. Hines"}, {"question": "What was the highest building in Houston completed in 1982?", "answer": "JPMorgan Chase Tower"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the JP Morgan Chase Tower?", "answer": "Texas Commerce Tower"}, {"question": "What is the Chase Tower rated as in height in Texas?", "answer": "tallest structure in Texas"}, {"question": "By 2007 how many square feet of office space did Houston have?", "answer": "43 million square feet"}, {"question": "Houston ranked 3rd in which category by Forbes magazine in 2006?", "answer": "Best Places for Business and Careers"}, {"question": "How many offices have been established in Houston by foreign governments?", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "How many foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices in Houston?", "answer": "Forty"}, {"question": "How many foreign banks operate in Houston?", "answer": "Twenty-five"}, {"question": "How many nations do the 25 foreign banks operating in Houston represent?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "When did the Houston area rank first in Texas for business?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How did Houston rank in the U.S. for business?", "answer": "third in the U.S"}, {"question": "How many consular offices does Houston have?", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "How many foreign countries have trade offices in Houston?", "answer": "Forty"}, {"question": "How many nations do the twenty-five foreign banks represent?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What is the largest annual event held in Houston?", "answer": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo"}, {"question": "How long does the Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo last?", "answer": "20 days"}, {"question": "When is the annual Houston Pride Parade held?", "answer": "the end of June"}, {"question": "What is some other annual events held in Houston?", "answer": "Houston Greek Festival, Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival, and the Bayou City Art Festival"}, {"question": "What art festival held in Houston is one of the top 5 in the US?", "answer": "the Bayou City Art Festival"}, {"question": "What event is the longest running in Houston?", "answer": "Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo"}, {"question": "When is the Houston Livestock show and Rodeo held?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "When is the Houston Pride Parade held?", "answer": "end of June"}, {"question": "What form of car parade is held in Houston?", "answer": "Art Car Parade"}, {"question": "Where does the Bayou City Art Festival rank in U.S. art festivals?", "answer": "one of the top five"}, {"question": "What does Houston have the most of compared to other large US cities?", "answer": "parks and green space"}, {"question": "How many acres of land does Houston's green spaces cover?", "answer": "19,600"}, {"question": "Who manages Houston's green spaces?", "answer": "the city"}, {"question": "What is one of the largest skate parks in Texas?", "answer": "The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark"}, {"question": "Who ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the US?", "answer": "Walk Score"}, {"question": "How many acres of parks does Houston have?", "answer": "56,405 acres"}, {"question": "After whom is the Houston skate park named?", "answer": "Joe Jamail"}, {"question": "Who owns and runs the skate park in Houston?", "answer": "city of Houston"}, {"question": "For whom was the Uptown District water park in Houston named?", "answer": "Gerald D. Hines"}, {"question": "How does Houston rank as a walkable city?", "answer": "23rd"}, {"question": "Who is the current mayor of Houston?", "answer": "Sylvester Turner"}, {"question": "What form of government does Houston have?", "answer": "strong mayoral form of municipal government"}, {"question": "Who are Houston's elected officials?", "answer": "the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council"}, {"question": "What does Houston's mayor also serve as?", "answer": "the city's chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative"}, {"question": "Besides the general management of the city, Houston's mayor is also responsible for what?", "answer": "seeing that all laws and ordinances are enforced"}, {"question": "What is the form of city  government in Houston?", "answer": "strong mayoral"}, {"question": "What type of municipal elections are held in Texas?", "answer": "nonpartisan"}, {"question": "Besides the mayor and controller, how many members are there on the city council?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Who is the mayor of Houston since the last election?", "answer": "Sylvester Turner"}, {"question": "To what political party is Mayor Turner aligned? ", "answer": "Democrat"}, {"question": "What was the first public television station in the US?", "answer": "KUHT (HoustonPBS)"}, {"question": "How is Houston Public Radio funded?", "answer": "listener-funded"}, {"question": "Houston Public Radio us comprised of how many stations?", "answer": "two NPR member stations"}, {"question": "What stations comprise Houston Public Radio?", "answer": "KUHF (KUHF News) and KUHA (Classical 91.7)"}, {"question": "Who owns the KUHT, KUHF, and KUHA stations?", "answer": "The University of Houston"}, {"question": "Which of Houston's television stations was the first public television station in the U.S.?", "answer": "KUHT"}, {"question": "What kind of radio station is KUHF?", "answer": "news/talk radio"}, {"question": "What type of radio station is KUHA?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "From what building do the two public radio stations broadcast?", "answer": "Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting"}, {"question": "Where is the Melcher Center located?", "answer": "University of Houston"}, {"question": "Where is Houston located?", "answer": "in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico"}, {"question": "Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What was the population of Houston in 2014?", "answer": "2.239 million people"}, {"question": "What is Houston the principle city of?", "answer": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land"}, {"question": "What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?", "answer": "Houston\u2013The Woodlands\u2013Sugar Land"}, {"question": "What is the most populous city in Texas?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?", "answer": "2.239 million"}, {"question": "What is the land are of the City of Houston?", "answer": "599.6 square miles"}, {"question": "Houston is located in which Texas county?", "answer": "Harris County"}, {"question": "What commodity was Houston known for in 1860? ", "answer": "cotton"}, {"question": "What type of roads converged in Houston?", "answer": "rail lines"}, {"question": "Which Civil War general used Houston as a headquarters?", "answer": "General John Bankhead Magruder"}, {"question": "For what battle was Houston used as an organization point ?", "answer": "Battle of Galveston"}, {"question": "What was Houston known for by 1890?", "answer": "railroad center of Texas"}, {"question": "How many people evacuated to Houston after Hurricane Katrina?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "What event caused 2.5 million people to evacuate through Houston?", "answer": "Hurricane Rita"}, {"question": "The evacuation of the Gulf coast before Hurricane Rita was what type of evacuation?", "answer": "largest urban evacuation"}, {"question": "When did Hurricane Ike hit the Houston area?", "answer": "September 2008"}, {"question": "Fearing traffic problems, how many people refused to leave Galveston before Hurricane Ike?", "answer": "forty percent"}, {"question": "What is the largest city in the U.S. without formal zoning?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "Besides parking requirements, what land use regulations does Houston have?", "answer": "mandatory lot size"}, {"question": "What is Houston's land use policies credited with producing?", "answer": "affordable housing"}, {"question": "What serious situation of 2008 was Houston spared?", "answer": "real estate crisis"}, {"question": "How many building permits were issued in 2008 in Houston?", "answer": "42,697"}, {"question": "Of what is Houston a center?", "answer": "oilfield equipment"}, {"question": "What has the Houston ship channel served to promote into success?", "answer": "petrochemical complex"}, {"question": "Where does the Port of Houston rank in international commerce?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "Where does Houston rate in the size ranking of world ports?", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "What lines begin or end in Houston?", "answer": "pipelines"}, {"question": "What area of Houston hosts performing arts?", "answer": "Houston Theater District"}, {"question": "Of what is Houston second in performing arts?", "answer": "theater seats"}, {"question": "To what type of arts is Houston home?", "answer": "major performing arts"}, {"question": "To what group is Jones Hall home?", "answer": "Houston Symphony Orchestra"}, {"question": "Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Theater District?", "answer": "Hobby Center for the Performing Arts"}, {"question": "How much area of downtown Houston does the Theater District cover?", "answer": "17-block area"}, {"question": "What place produces live concerts, plays and comedy?", "answer": "Bayou Music Center"}, {"question": "Where is Space Center Houston?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"}, {"question": "What tourist offerings does the Space Center have?", "answer": "interactive exhibits"}, {"question": "What is the Galleria the largest of in Texas?", "answer": "shopping mall"}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?", "answer": "Minute Maid Park"}, {"question": "Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "What is the home of the Texans named?", "answer": "NRG Stadium"}, {"question": "Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?", "answer": "BBVA Compass Stadium"}, {"question": "What was the first indoor stadium in the world?", "answer": "NRG Astrodome"}, {"question": "What is Houston's one Catholic university?", "answer": "The University of St. Thomas"}, {"question": "What famous research university is located in Houston?", "answer": "Rice University"}, {"question": "What is the student enrollment of Rice University?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "When was Houston Baptist University founded?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University?", "answer": "Sharpstown"}, {"question": "Where in Houston is the world's largest grouping of healthcare institutions?", "answer": "Texas Medical Center"}, {"question": "How many non profit organizations are members of the Medical Center?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "How many people are employed in the Texas Medical Center?", "answer": "73,600"}, {"question": "How many hospitals belong to the Medical Center group of organizations?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first air emergency service?", "answer": "Life Flight"}, {"question": "Until 2010, which airline made Houston its headquarters?", "answer": "Continental Airlines"}, {"question": "Where is United Airlines' largest air hub?", "answer": "Bush Intercontinental"}, {"question": "With which airline did Continental Airlines merge?", "answer": "United Airlines"}, {"question": "How many daily flights did United Airlines offer from Houston?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "In what year was Bush Intercontinental named a model by U.S. Customs?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What city has more Fortune 500 headquarters than Houston?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What part of Houston ranks first in the U.S. in international tonnage?", "answer": "Port of Houston"}, {"question": "What is Houston's nickname? ", "answer": "Space City"}, {"question": "What is varied about Houston's population?", "answer": "ethnic and religious backgrounds"}, {"question": "What city is the most diverse in Texas?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "What kind of winter weather does Houston have?", "answer": "mild winters"}, {"question": "What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?", "answer": "53.1 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?", "answer": "Snowfall"}, {"question": "When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?", "answer": "January 18, 1940"}, {"question": "How much rain does Houston usually get per year?", "answer": "49.8 in"}, {"question": "How much money does the University of Houston attract to Houston a year?", "answer": "$1.1 billion"}, {"question": "How many local jobs are produced by the University of Houston?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "How many student graduate from the University of Houston per year?", "answer": "12,500"}, {"question": "Where do most university graduates stay after acquiring a degree?", "answer": "in Houston"}, {"question": "Even after five years, how many graduates remain in Houston?", "answer": "80.5%"}, {"question": "When was Houston founded?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "Where is Allen's Landing?", "answer": "Buffalo Bayou"}, {"question": "When was the City of Houston incorporated?", "answer": "June 5, 1837"}, {"question": "For whom was Houston named?", "answer": "Sam Houston"}, {"question": "For what battle was Sam Houston known as commander?", "answer": "Battle of San Jacinto"}, {"question": "In what part of the United States is Houston located?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "What part of the Houston population is growing?", "answer": "international community"}, {"question": "How many of the people who live in Houston were foreign born?", "answer": "1.1 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of Houston's foreign born population is from south of the U.S.-Mexican border?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "How many foreign born Houstonites are from Asia?", "answer": "one in five"}, {"question": "What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?", "answer": "hurricane"}, {"question": "Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?", "answer": "Spindletop"}, {"question": "Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?", "answer": "Beaumont"}, {"question": "Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?", "answer": "President Theodore Roosevelt"}, {"question": "In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What is the square mile area of Houston?", "answer": "656.3 square miles"}, {"question": "How much of Houston's total area is water?", "answer": "22.3 square miles"}, {"question": "In what topography is Houston located?", "answer": "gulf coastal plain"}, {"question": "How is the vegetation of the area classified?", "answer": "temperate grassland and forest"}, {"question": "What kind of weather event is a recurring problem for Houston?", "answer": "flooding"}, {"question": "How many days per year are Houston temperatures over 90 degrees?", "answer": "106.5"}, {"question": "How many days a year do Houston temperatures average above 100 degrees?", "answer": "4.6"}, {"question": "What weather factor produces a higher heat index?", "answer": "humidity"}, {"question": "What weather factor provides little in heat relief in Houston?", "answer": "Winds"}, {"question": "What was the highest temperature recorded in Houston?", "answer": "109 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What is the political climate of Houston?", "answer": "divided"}, {"question": "Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?", "answer": "wealthier areas"}, {"question": "How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat?", "answer": "62 percent"}, {"question": "What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican?", "answer": "68 percent"}, {"question": "How much of Houston's population is white?", "answer": "51%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Houston's population is African-American?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What group makes up 6 % of Houston's population?", "answer": "Asians"}, {"question": "According to the 2000 census, what is the population of Houston?", "answer": "1,953,631"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of whites in 1970?", "answer": "62.4%"}, {"question": "What was Houston's gross domestic product in 2012?", "answer": "$489 billion"}, {"question": "Where in the rankings does Houston's gross domestic product place it compared to other U.S. domestic areas?", "answer": "fourth-largest"}, {"question": "How many other countries have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston's?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "How much did oil and gas exploration and production make up Houston's gross product?", "answer": "26.3%"}, {"question": "Under what category does oil and gas exploration fall?", "answer": "mining"}, {"question": "What Houston medical school ranks in the top ten U.S. medical schools?", "answer": "Baylor College of Medicine"}, {"question": "How does MD Anderson Cancer Center rank in US hospitals dealing with cancer care?", "answer": "one of the top two"}, {"question": "What type of treatments does the Menninger Clinic offer?", "answer": "psychiatric"}, {"question": "What is the third largest acute care center in the U.S.?", "answer": "Triumph Healthcare"}, {"question": "Where is the Triumph Healthcare hospital headquartered?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "Where did Houston rank for job creation in 2013?", "answer": "#1"}, {"question": "What was Houston the first city to do regain after the recession caused job loss?", "answer": "jobs lost"}, {"question": "How many jobs did Houston add for every one lost?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many foreign companies relocated to Houston?", "answer": "more than 100"}, {"question": "On what Forbes list did Houston appear in 2013?", "answer": "Best Places for Business and Careers"}, {"question": "How many community colleges serve Houston?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?", "answer": "within the 10 largest"}, {"question": "What college system serves most of Houston?", "answer": "Houston Community College System"}, {"question": "Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas?", "answer": "Lone Star College System"}, {"question": "What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?", "answer": "southeastern"}, {"question": "When did Houston start using light rail lines?", "answer": "January 1, 2004"}, {"question": "How long was the first light rail line in Houston?", "answer": "about 8 miles"}, {"question": "Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?", "answer": "NRG Park"}, {"question": "How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?", "answer": "20,327"}, {"question": "What is the second airport that serves Houston?", "answer": "William P. Hobby Airport"}, {"question": "What was the earlier name of Hobby Airport?", "answer": "Houston International Airport"}, {"question": "When was Houston International Airport renamed to Hobby Airport?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "Which airline now offers international flights from Hobby Airport?", "answer": "Southwest Airlines"}, {"question": "For what is Hobby Airport ranked in the top five performing airports?", "answer": "customer service"}, {"question": "How many estimated active faults does Houston have?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "What is the total length of the Houston faults?", "answer": "310 miles"}, {"question": "Which of the geologic faults run through the center of Houston?", "answer": "Long Point\u2013Eureka Heights"}, {"question": "What geological feature has been removed underground to cause sinking in areas of southeast Houston?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What is a slow smooth rate of movement of faults called?", "answer": "fault creep"}, {"question": "What system of incorporation was used in 1837 by Houston?", "answer": "ward system"}, {"question": "What is the present day system being used by Houston for representation?", "answer": "Houston City Council districts"}, {"question": "What highway is used to designate locations in Houston?", "answer": "Interstate 610 Loop"}, {"question": "Beside older pre-World War II residences, what is found inside the Loop? ", "answer": "central business district"}, {"question": "What highway circles the outer areas of Houston?", "answer": "Beltway 8"}, {"question": "What area is located at Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road?", "answer": "Uptown District"}, {"question": "When did the Uptown district expand?", "answer": "1970s and early 1980s"}, {"question": "What is the tallest building in Uptown Houston?", "answer": "Williams Tower"}, {"question": "How many square feet of office space did Houston have in Uptown in 2002?", "answer": "23 million"}, {"question": "Until 1999 what was the Williams Tower known as?", "answer": "Transco Tower"}, {"question": "Besides oil and gas, what is Houston known for?", "answer": "biomedical research and aeronautics"}, {"question": "What other industry is a large part of Houston's economy?", "answer": "Houston Ship Channel"}, {"question": "What designation does the Globalization and World Cities Study Group give Houston?", "answer": "global city"}, {"question": "In what did Houston pass New York City in 2013?", "answer": "market for exports"}, {"question": "How much in dollars did the Houston area export in 2012?", "answer": "$110.3 billion"}, {"question": "How did Kiplinger's Personal Finance Best Cities rate Houston?", "answer": "top ranking"}, {"question": "When did Houston receive a ranking in the top of Kiplinger's Best cities list?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Where did Forbes magazine place Houston for technological innovation?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Where did Houston place for Fortune 500 companies?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "When was Houston ranked the best city for shopping?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?", "answer": "National Hockey League"}, {"question": "When were the Houston Astros formed?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?", "answer": "Colt .45s"}, {"question": "When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "How many members did the original Houston city council have?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many at-large positions were there originally?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What areas do at-large council members represent?", "answer": "entire city"}, {"question": "What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?", "answer": "2.1 million"}, {"question": "How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many separate universities does Houston have?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "How many students does the University of Houston have?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "Where in Houston is the University of Houston campus located?", "answer": "southeast"}, {"question": "What university is located in Houston'd third ward?", "answer": "Texas Southern University"}, {"question": "What kind of college is Texas Southern University?", "answer": "largest historically black"}, {"question": "What is Houston's major newspaper?", "answer": "Houston Chronicle"}, {"question": "Who owns the Houston Chronicle?", "answer": "Hearst Corporation"}, {"question": "When did Chronicle rival newspaper, the Houston Post, cease operations?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Whose family owned the Houston Post?", "answer": "Bill Hobby"}, {"question": "What is the other newspaper that serves Houston?", "answer": "Houston Press"}, {"question": "What is the type of freeway system that serves Houston?", "answer": "hub-and-spoke"}, {"question": "What encircles the downtown area of Houston?", "answer": "Interstate 610"}, {"question": "What is the diameter of the downtown area?", "answer": "8-mile"}, {"question": "What part of the freeway system is Beltway 8?", "answer": "middle loop"}, {"question": "What is the diameter of the center of Beltway 8?", "answer": "23 miles"}, {"question": "How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?", "answer": "tenth-busiest"}, {"question": "How many destinations does George Bush Intercontinental Airport serve?", "answer": "182"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Department of Transportation name IAH as fastest growing of U.S. airports?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Where is the Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center located?", "answer": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport"}, {"question": "What is Houston's primary airport?", "answer": "George Bush Intercontinental Airport"}, {"question": "Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "What term does the name copper originate from?", "answer": "\u0441uprum"}, {"question": "What componds are common in copper?", "answer": "copper(II) salts"}, {"question": "What is one color common in copper salts?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.", "answer": "green verdigris"}, {"question": "When was copper first known to have been used?", "answer": "9000 BC"}, {"question": "In what area is the first recorded use of copper?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?", "answer": "2800 BC"}, {"question": "Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?", "answer": "iron smelting"}, {"question": "When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?", "answer": "5500 BC"}, {"question": "What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?", "answer": "Corinthian bronze"}, {"question": "How is Corinthian bronze made?", "answer": "depletion gilding"}, {"question": "Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? ", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?", "answer": "Baghdad Battery"}, {"question": "What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What is the most important market for copper today?", "answer": "Electrical wiring"}, {"question": "How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?", "answer": "Roughly half"}, {"question": "What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?", "answer": "aluminium"}, {"question": "What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?", "answer": "high electrical conductivity"}, {"question": "What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?", "answer": "biostatic"}, {"question": "Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?", "answer": "ships"}, {"question": "What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?", "answer": "Muntz metal"}, {"question": "In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?", "answer": "netting materials"}, {"question": "Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?", "answer": "corrosion-resistant"}, {"question": "What group of the periodic table is copper in?", "answer": "group 11"}, {"question": "Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.", "answer": "one s-orbital electron"}, {"question": "What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?", "answer": "filled d-electron shell"}, {"question": "How is copper normally supplied?", "answer": "fine-grained polycrystalline form"}, {"question": "What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?", "answer": "monocrystalline forms"}, {"question": "What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.", "answer": "50 parts per million"}, {"question": "How large was the biggest find of copper?", "answer": "420 tonnes"}, {"question": "What year was the largest find of copper discovered?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "Where was the largest mass of copper found?", "answer": "Michigan, US"}, {"question": "How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?", "answer": "4.4\u00d73.2\u00d73.2 cm"}, {"question": "What was copper called in Greece?", "answer": "chalkos"}, {"question": "In what area was copper first mined?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?", "answer": "Aphrodite"}, {"question": "What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?", "answer": "Venus"}, {"question": "What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?", "answer": "lustrous beauty"}, {"question": "What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?", "answer": "organocopper compounds"}, {"question": "What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?", "answer": "copper(I) oxide"}, {"question": "What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?", "answer": "Gilman reagent"}, {"question": "Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?", "answer": "alkyl halides"}, {"question": "Which form of copper is shock sensitive?", "answer": "Copper(I) acetylide"}, {"question": "Who used copper to produce art?", "answer": "Renaissance sculptors"}, {"question": "What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?", "answer": "daguerreotype"}, {"question": "What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?", "answer": "Statue of Liberty"}, {"question": "What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?", "answer": "Christopher Columbus"}, {"question": "When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?", "answer": "conductivity"}, {"question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?", "answer": "43%-46%"}, {"question": "What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "What does the acronym NEMA stand for?", "answer": "National Electrical Manufacturers Association"}, {"question": "By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?", "answer": "efficiency standards"}, {"question": "Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?", "answer": "Chromobacterium violaceum"}, {"question": "What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?", "answer": "ericoid mycorrhizal fungi"}, {"question": "What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? ", "answer": "Suillus luteus"}, {"question": "What fungus grows from gold mining solution?", "answer": "Aspergillus niger"}, {"question": "What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?", "answer": "fungus Aspergillus"}, {"question": "What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?", "answer": "antimicrobial"}, {"question": "355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?", "answer": "99.9%"}, {"question": "What does the acronym EPA stand for?", "answer": "Environmental Protection Agency"}, {"question": "How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?", "answer": "355"}, {"question": "What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?", "answer": "Legionnaires' disease"}, {"question": "What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?", "answer": "wood preservative"}, {"question": "What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?", "answer": "moss"}, {"question": "What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?", "answer": "antimicrobial protective fabrics"}, {"question": "How is copper used with nickel?", "answer": "as a base"}, {"question": "What is used to treat structures for dry rot?", "answer": "Copper compounds"}, {"question": "How long has copper been in use?", "answer": "at least 10,000 years"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?", "answer": "1014 tons"}, {"question": "What is a major source of cooper in modern times?", "answer": "Recycling"}, {"question": "What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?", "answer": "copper lumps"}, {"question": "Who had his own coins produced out of brass?", "answer": "Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?", "answer": "15,000 t"}, {"question": "Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?", "answer": "Cu-Pb-Sn alloys"}, {"question": "What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?", "answer": "the shape and look"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?", "answer": "hardness"}, {"question": "What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?", "answer": "brass"}, {"question": "What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?", "answer": "The softness"}, {"question": "What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?", "answer": "3.1\u00d7106 A/m2"}, {"question": "What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?", "answer": "corrosion"}, {"question": "What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?", "answer": "it begins to heat excessively"}, {"question": "In what form is copper extracted?", "answer": "copper sulfides"}, {"question": "From what types of mines is copper extracted?", "answer": "open pit mines"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?", "answer": "0.4 to 1.0% copper"}, {"question": "What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?", "answer": "Chile"}, {"question": "What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?", "answer": "in-situ leach process"}, {"question": "What percent of copper is recyclable?", "answer": "100%"}, {"question": "What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?", "answer": "aluminium"}, {"question": "Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?", "answer": "aluminium"}, {"question": "What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?", "answer": "35\u201355 kg"}, {"question": "What pigment color is natural to copper?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What property does the final patina on cooper have?", "answer": "highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion"}, {"question": "What mixture of compounds is the final patina?", "answer": "carbonate and sulfate"}, {"question": "What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?", "answer": "finished"}, {"question": "What are copper salts sometimes used for?", "answer": "suicide attempts"}, {"question": "When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?", "answer": "copper toxicity"}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?", "answer": "3 ppm"}, {"question": "What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?", "answer": "growth rates"}, {"question": "What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?", "answer": "30 mg/kg"}, {"question": "When did Britain first use brass?", "answer": "3rd\u20132nd century BC"}, {"question": "Who were the first copper miners in North America?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?", "answer": "Isle Royale"}, {"question": "What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD", "answer": "Peru"}, {"question": "When did commercial production of copper begin?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "How many isotopes are there of copper?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?", "answer": "63Cu and 65Cu"}, {"question": "Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?", "answer": "63Cu"}, {"question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?", "answer": "3.8 minutes"}, {"question": "What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?", "answer": "61.83 hours"}, {"question": "What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?", "answer": "cupronickel"}, {"question": "what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?", "answer": "low-denomination coins"}, {"question": "What is the metal composition of a US nickel?", "answer": "75% copper and 25% nickel"}, {"question": "What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?", "answer": "resistance to corrosion"}, {"question": "What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?", "answer": "golden"}, {"question": "What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?", "answer": "Polyols"}, {"question": "What are copper salts used to test?", "answer": "reducing sugars"}, {"question": "How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?", "answer": "color change"}, {"question": "What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?", "answer": "reddish"}, {"question": "What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?", "answer": "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze"}, {"question": "What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?", "answer": "4500 BC"}, {"question": "When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?", "answer": "3700\u20133300 BC"}, {"question": "What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?", "answer": "Chalcolithic"}, {"question": "What is an alloy of copper and zinc?", "answer": "Brass"}, {"question": "What is the level of copper in the human body?", "answer": "1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass"}, {"question": "How is copper absorbed in humans?", "answer": "in the gut"}, {"question": "What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?", "answer": "albumin"}, {"question": "What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?", "answer": "Ceruloplasmin"}, {"question": "How can the body get rid of excess copper?", "answer": "via bile"}, {"question": "What is the average concentration of copper in ores?", "answer": "0.6%"}, {"question": "What are most commercial ores?", "answer": "sulfides"}, {"question": "What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?", "answer": "iron"}, {"question": "What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?", "answer": "floats on top"}, {"question": "What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?", "answer": "oxides"}, {"question": "How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What color is pure copper?", "answer": "orange-red"}, {"question": "What does copper aquire when exposed to air?", "answer": "reddish tarnish"}, {"question": "The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?", "answer": "orange light"}, {"question": "What color is the metal caesium?", "answer": "yellow"}, {"question": "What has copper been used for since ancient times?", "answer": "architectural material"}, {"question": "In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?", "answer": "antimicrobial indoor products"}, {"question": "What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?", "answer": "low thermal movement"}, {"question": "How long has copper been used in building construction?", "answer": "hundreds or thousands of years"}, {"question": "What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?", "answer": "antimicrobial"}, {"question": "Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?", "answer": "A psychological identity"}, {"question": "What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?", "answer": "ethnic identity"}, {"question": "What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?", "answer": "one's self-construal"}, {"question": "The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?", "answer": "individual and group identity"}, {"question": "ISA stands for what?", "answer": "Identity Structure Analysis"}, {"question": "Who developed the ISA?", "answer": "Weinreich"}, {"question": "Identity diffusion, foreclosure, and crisis are categories of what?", "answer": "Weinreich's identity variant"}, {"question": "Those with high levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?", "answer": "diffused"}, {"question": "Those with low levels of identity diffusion are classified as what?", "answer": "foreclosed or defensive"}, {"question": "An adolescent going through a family break up turning into an adult in a stable marriage is given as an example of change in what?", "answer": "the identity variant"}, {"question": "What level of identity diffusion is interpreted as the norm?", "answer": "an optimal level"}, {"question": "What group has shifted the focus of research in identity?", "answer": "Anthropologists"}, {"question": "What does a researcher have to identify to carry out empirical research?", "answer": "an appropriate analytical tool"}, {"question": "What researcher advocated for focus on the boundaries of ethnic groups rather than the cultural aspects of ethnic groups?", "answer": "Barth"}, {"question": "If identity is a virtual site, what do boundaries supply to the virtual site?", "answer": "the framework"}, {"question": "Boundaries are frequently used by researchers to help define what?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?", "answer": "one's total identity"}, {"question": "How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?", "answer": "age and accumulated experiences"}, {"question": "The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?", "answer": "the life cycle"}, {"question": "The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?", "answer": "the height of one's powers"}, {"question": "What is distinct from the self?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "What can the literature of self-psychology offer insight into?", "answer": "how identity is maintained"}, {"question": "What have theorists shown interest in relating to the self-concept?", "answer": "self-esteem"}, {"question": "The I and the Me are two areas of interest in what?", "answer": "self-psychology"}, {"question": "Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?", "answer": "the social environment"}, {"question": "What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?", "answer": "mental events and states"}, {"question": "What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "What term have Anthropologists employed to refer to the Eriksonian idea of selfhood?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "Modern concerns with ethnicity and social movements in the 1970's led what group to be more interested in identity?", "answer": "anthropologists"}, {"question": "Until recently, what approach was used to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others?", "answer": "the Eriksonian approach"}, {"question": "What are the two types of group boundaries?", "answer": "inclusive or exclusive"}, {"question": "A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?", "answer": "exclusive"}, {"question": "A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?", "answer": "inclusive"}, {"question": "What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?", "answer": "language"}, {"question": "What identity status paradigm emerged due to the work of James Marcia?", "answer": "Neo-Eriksonian"}, {"question": "The Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm focuses on what twin concepts?", "answer": "exploration and commitment"}, {"question": "In the Neo-Eriksonian identity status paradigm, exploration and commitments determine what in large part?", "answer": "any individual's sense of identity"}, {"question": "What do many people gain from their identity groups?", "answer": "a sense of positive self-esteem"}, {"question": "People favoring those in their group over outsiders, is an example of what?", "answer": "discrimination"}, {"question": "Belonging and discrimination are both important to researchers working in what tradition?", "answer": "the social identity tradition"}, {"question": "Distinction between in and out groups has been shown to affect people's evaluations of others in work related to what?", "answer": "social identity theory"}, {"question": "What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?", "answer": "a primordialist approach"}, {"question": "The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?", "answer": "social constructionist theory"}, {"question": "Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?", "answer": "political and historical contexts"}, {"question": "Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?", "answer": "the lens of identity"}, {"question": "What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?", "answer": "glorified maids"}, {"question": "The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?", "answer": "occupational settings"}, {"question": "What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?", "answer": "an identity they can live with"}, {"question": "What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?", "answer": "workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life"}, {"question": "The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?", "answer": "significant others"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?", "answer": "benign"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?", "answer": "malign"}, {"question": "Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?", "answer": "defensive contra-identification"}, {"question": "What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?", "answer": "relative weakness or relative strength"}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?", "answer": "identity diffusion"}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?", "answer": "identity foreclosure"}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?", "answer": "identity moratorium"}, {"question": "What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?", "answer": "identity achievement"}, {"question": "What is it impossible to do with identity?", "answer": "define it empirically"}, {"question": "Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?", "answer": "category of analysis"}, {"question": "What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?", "answer": "their own preconceptions of identity"}, {"question": "Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?", "answer": "human social self-expression"}, {"question": "The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea? ", "answer": "the idea of identification"}, {"question": "What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?", "answer": "Gender identity"}, {"question": "What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?", "answer": "cognitive psychology"}, {"question": "Who was one of the earliest psychologists to take an explicit interest in identity?", "answer": "Erik Erikson"}, {"question": "What distinction is sometimes referred to as the self?", "answer": "ego identity"}, {"question": "The personal idiosyncrasies that separate individuals are called what?", "answer": "the personal identity"}, {"question": "What are the 3 names for the collection of a person's social roles?", "answer": "the social identity or the cultural identity"}, {"question": "In what tradition is Erikson's work to track identity formation throughout a lifetime?", "answer": "the psychodynamic tradition"}, {"question": "Whose definition of identity closely follows Erikson's?", "answer": "Laing's"}, {"question": "One person's perception of another's perception is an example of what concept?", "answer": "metaperspective of self"}, {"question": "The person, aspects of self, and personal characteristics displayed to others are components of what?", "answer": "self/identity"}, {"question": "Who formulated the classifications of strategic manipulator, pastiche personality and the relational self?", "answer": "Kenneth Gergen"}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who regards all experiences are role play and becomes alienated from his or her social self?", "answer": "The strategic manipulator"}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who gives up the chance for a true self and adopts social perceptions of him or herself?", "answer": "The pastiche personality"}, {"question": "In what classification is a person who gives up their exclusive sense of self and defines him or herself only in terms of social engagement?", "answer": "the relational self"}, {"question": "The strategic manipulator, pastiche personality, and relational self are linked to the rise of what culture?", "answer": "postmodern culture"}, {"question": "What concept helps map and define people's experiences of self in society?", "answer": "the concept of boundaries"}, {"question": "What is a volatile, flexible, and abstract thing?", "answer": "identity"}, {"question": "Language, dress, behavior, and choice of space are affected by recognition by what group?", "answer": "other social beings"}, {"question": "What do markers help create?", "answer": "boundaries"}, {"question": "Markers can be used to exert what on other people?", "answer": "influence"}, {"question": "What is the third fastest growing economy in India?", "answer": "Himachal Pradesh"}, {"question": "What is Himachal Pradesh ranked in the highest per capita of Indian States?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What enables Himachal to sell hydroelectricity to other states?", "answer": "Abundance of perennial rivers"}, {"question": "What three things is the economy of the state dependent on?", "answer": "hydroelectric power, tourism, and agriculture"}, {"question": "What other Indian states does it sell hydroelectricity to?", "answer": "Delhi, Punjab, and Rajasthan"}, {"question": "When did the Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?", "answer": "15 April 1948"}, {"question": "When was the State of Himchal Pradesh Act passed?", "answer": "18 December 1970"}, {"question": "When did Himachal emerge as the 18th state of the Indian Union?", "answer": "25 January 1971"}, {"question": "When did Himachal Pradesh become a union territory?", "answer": "1 November 1956"}, {"question": "Why did the  Chief Commissioners Province of HP come into being?", "answer": "as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states"}, {"question": "When did Congress secure an absolute majority?", "answer": "In the assembly elections held in November 2012"}, {"question": "How many seats did Congress win?", "answer": "36 of the 68 seats"}, {"question": "Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?", "answer": "Virbhadra Singh"}, {"question": "Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?", "answer": "Governor Urmila Singh"}, {"question": "Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?", "answer": "historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla"}, {"question": "Himachal is extremely rich in?", "answer": "hydro electric resources"}, {"question": "Who is the first state in India to have every family have a bank account?", "answer": "Himachal"}, {"question": "How much hydroelectric power can be generated?", "answer": "20,300MW"}, {"question": "What has rapidly spread due to economic increase?", "answer": "Luxury hotels, food and franchisees of recognised brands e.g. Mc Donalds, KFC and Pizza hut"}, {"question": "What is current GDP estimated at?", "answer": "\u20b9 254 billion"}, {"question": "What is the state well known for?", "answer": "handicrafts"}, {"question": "The majority of all households in Himachal own a what?", "answer": "pit-loom"}, {"question": "What is considered pure and used as a ritual cloth?", "answer": "Wool"}, {"question": "What is Kullu famous for?", "answer": "shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours"}, {"question": "What are Kangra and Dharamshala famous for?", "answer": "Kangra miniature paintings"}, {"question": "What tribes inhibited the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars, and Kirats"}, {"question": "What time periods did the Indus Valley civilization flourish?", "answer": "between 2250 and 1750 BCE"}, {"question": "Who conquered Kangara?", "answer": "Mahmud Ghaznavi"}, {"question": "When did Mahmud Ghanznavi conquer Kangara?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "Who marched through the lower states and captured and forts and fought many battles?", "answer": "Timur and Sikander Lodi"}, {"question": "What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?", "answer": "handicrafts"}, {"question": "What handcrafts do they include?", "answer": "woolen and pashmina shawls"}, {"question": "Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "What declined under competition?", "answer": "aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts"}, {"question": "Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?", "answer": "within and outside the country"}, {"question": "Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate"}, {"question": "Who maintains law and order?", "answer": "Superintendent of Police"}, {"question": "Who assists the Superintendent of Police?", "answer": "the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials."}, {"question": "When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "How much was allocated?", "answer": "\u20b9 52.7 million"}, {"question": "What kind of plan was it?", "answer": "five-year plan"}, {"question": "Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What was more than 50% used on?", "answer": "road construction"}, {"question": "Where did the state place on population chart?", "answer": "21st"}, {"question": "Who was 22nd of chart?", "answer": "Tripura"}, {"question": "Who was top ranked in population strength?", "answer": "Kangra district"}, {"question": "Who was last in population strength?", "answer": "Lahaul Spiti"}, {"question": "What other religions form a small percentage?", "answer": "Buddhism and Sikhism"}, {"question": "Who are mainly Buddhists?", "answer": "Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti"}, {"question": "What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "slightly 2.18%"}, {"question": "Where do Sikhs mostly live?", "answer": "towns and cities"}, {"question": "HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?", "answer": "1.16%"}, {"question": "When did the Gurkhas come into power?", "answer": "1768"}, {"question": "Where did the Gurkhas come into power?", "answer": "Nepal"}, {"question": "Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?", "answer": "Amar Singh Thapa"}, {"question": "In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?", "answer": "Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,"}, {"question": "Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?", "answer": "rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami"}, {"question": "What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?", "answer": "great variation"}, {"question": "What is the climate like?", "answer": "varies from hot and subhumid tropical"}, {"question": "What three seasons does Himachal experience?", "answer": "summer, winter, and rainy season"}, {"question": "How long does summer last?", "answer": "mid-April till the end of June"}, {"question": "How long does winter last?", "answer": "late November till mid March."}, {"question": "What does the Himachal legislature consist of?", "answer": "elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members"}, {"question": "Who presides over meetings?", "answer": "the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence"}, {"question": "Who is the Judiciary system made up of?", "answer": "Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts."}, {"question": "Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?", "answer": "The Governor"}, {"question": "How long are the terms of office?", "answer": "5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term"}, {"question": "What is Railway Himachal famous for?", "answer": "its narrow gauge tracks railways"}, {"question": "What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?", "answer": "UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot\u2013Jogindernagar"}, {"question": "What are the other railways being proposed in the state?", "answer": "Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh."}, {"question": "What is being conducted to extend the railway?", "answer": "survey"}, {"question": "What is the total length of the railways?", "answer": "259 kilometres (161 mi)"}, {"question": "Who is famous for natural beauty?", "answer": "Himachal Pradesh"}, {"question": "What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?", "answer": "1814\u20131816"}, {"question": "What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?", "answer": "snow"}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "In the lap of Himalayas"}, {"question": "Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma"}, {"question": "Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?", "answer": "Himachal Pradesh"}, {"question": "What are the newspapers famous for?", "answer": "published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states"}, {"question": "What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?", "answer": "All major English daily newspapers"}, {"question": "What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?", "answer": "Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal"}, {"question": "What has grown significantly?", "answer": "Radio and TV"}, {"question": "Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?", "answer": "Virbhadra Singh"}, {"question": "How many seats did the BJP win?", "answer": "41 of the 68 seats"}, {"question": "Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "Prem Kumar Dhumal"}, {"question": "When was he sworn in?", "answer": "30 December 2007"}, {"question": "When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?", "answer": "December 2007"}, {"question": "What type of agriculture is in the state?", "answer": "seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig"}, {"question": "Where is seed potato mostly grown?", "answer": "Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas"}, {"question": "Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?", "answer": "Solan"}, {"question": "What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?", "answer": "growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state"}, {"question": "What is the state deficient in?", "answer": "food grains"}, {"question": "Who was largely untouched by external customs?", "answer": "Himachal"}, {"question": "What has made the state change very rapidly?", "answer": "technological advancements"}, {"question": "Himachal is?", "answer": "multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states"}, {"question": "What are the common languages spoken?", "answer": "Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri"}, {"question": "Who makes up the tribal populations?", "answer": "Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis"}, {"question": "When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?", "answer": "2006 at Sundernagar"}, {"question": "What are a few pioneer universities in the state?", "answer": "The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)"}, {"question": "What is the most renowned argricultural institues?", "answer": "CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur"}, {"question": "What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?", "answer": "unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines"}, {"question": "What is Doordarshan?", "answer": "state-owned television broadcaster"}, {"question": "What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?", "answer": "Dial-up access"}, {"question": "What is available in few cities?", "answer": "Private FM stations"}, {"question": "Who are the cellular phone operators available?", "answer": "BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel"}, {"question": "What is All India Radio?", "answer": "public radio station"}, {"question": "Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?", "answer": "villages and towns"}, {"question": "No single house is without?", "answer": "a toilet"}, {"question": "What are the villages well connected to?", "answer": "roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband"}, {"question": "What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?", "answer": "second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala"}, {"question": "What are the most visited places in the country?", "answer": "The hill stations"}, {"question": "What is nonverbal communication?", "answer": "conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages"}, {"question": "What is one example of nonverbal communication?", "answer": "body language"}, {"question": "What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?", "answer": "shaking a hand"}, {"question": "What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?", "answer": "sweating"}, {"question": "What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "Why do fungi communicate?", "answer": "to coordinate and organize their growth and development"}, {"question": "How do fungi communicate with insects?", "answer": "through biochemicals of biotic origin"}, {"question": "How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?", "answer": "interpretation processes"}, {"question": "What is an example of \"noise\" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?", "answer": "similar molecules without biotic content"}, {"question": "What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?", "answer": "channel (through which medium)"}, {"question": "Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?", "answer": "Wilbur Schram"}, {"question": "What acts are included in communication between parties?", "answer": "confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions"}, {"question": "The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?", "answer": "abilities of the group communicating"}, {"question": "What is one target of communication?", "answer": "another person or being"}, {"question": "What is human communication defined as?", "answer": "a system of symbols"}, {"question": "When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?", "answer": "during human childhood"}, {"question": "How many human languages are there?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What do human languages use to communicate with others?", "answer": "patterns of sound or gesture for symbols"}, {"question": "What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?", "answer": "programming languages"}, {"question": "What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?", "answer": "family rules, family roles or family dialectics"}, {"question": "What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?", "answer": "marriage, parenthood or divorce"}, {"question": "What does trusted communication in a family lead to?", "answer": "a well constructed family"}, {"question": "How is animal communication defined?", "answer": "any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal"}, {"question": "What is the study of animal communication called?", "answer": "zoo semiotics"}, {"question": "What is the study of human communication called?", "answer": "anthroposemiotics"}, {"question": "What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?", "answer": "animal emotions, animal culture and learning"}, {"question": "What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?", "answer": "vibrational communication"}, {"question": "Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?", "answer": "Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver"}, {"question": "What did the first model for communication consist of?", "answer": "sender, channel, and receiver"}, {"question": "What was the sender in the initial model?", "answer": "the part of a telephone a person spoke into"}, {"question": "What was the channel in the initial model?", "answer": "the telephone itself"}, {"question": "What was the receiver in the initial model?", "answer": "the part of the phone where one could hear the other person"}, {"question": "A simple model is also referred to as what?", "answer": "transmission model"}, {"question": "What kind of message is sent in a simple model?", "answer": "a message in natural language"}, {"question": "In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?", "answer": "spoken language"}, {"question": "How is information sent through a simple model?", "answer": "from an emisor/ sender/ encoder"}, {"question": "What are the strengths of the simple model?", "answer": "simplicity, generality, and quantifiability"}, {"question": "How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?", "answer": "reciprocally"}, {"question": "What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?", "answer": "constitutive model or constructionist view"}, {"question": "What is communication viewed as?", "answer": "a conduit"}, {"question": "What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?", "answer": "different regional traditions"}, {"question": "What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?", "answer": "communication noise"}, {"question": "What is a form of communication observed within plants?", "answer": "between plant cells"}, {"question": "What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?", "answer": "roots"}, {"question": "How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?", "answer": "the decentralized \"nervous system\" of plants"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?", "answer": "vegetable fiber"}, {"question": "How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?", "answer": "via volatiles"}, {"question": "What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?", "answer": "Theories of coregulation"}, {"question": "Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?", "answer": "Harold Innis"}, {"question": "What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What did Harold Innis call papyrus?", "answer": "Space Binding"}, {"question": "What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?", "answer": "transmission of written orders across space, empires"}, {"question": "Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?", "answer": "it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills"}, {"question": "What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?", "answer": "excellent writing ability"}, {"question": "What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?", "answer": "Companies with limited resources"}, {"question": "Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?", "answer": "communications"}, {"question": "What color are white grapes?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What gene makes grapes purple?", "answer": "anthocyanins"}, {"question": "What shape do grapes usually resemble?", "answer": "prolate spheroid"}, {"question": "What type of food are grapes?", "answer": "fruit"}, {"question": "How many grapes are generally in a cluster?", "answer": "15 to 300"}, {"question": "How long ago were grapes first cultivated?", "answer": "6,000\u20138,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?", "answer": "Yeast"}, {"question": "Where is the oldest know winery located?", "answer": "Armenia"}, {"question": "What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?", "answer": "Shiraz"}, {"question": "How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?", "answer": "hieroglyphics"}, {"question": "What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?", "answer": "animal fat"}, {"question": "What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?", "answer": "red wine"}, {"question": "What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?", "answer": "the French paradox"}, {"question": "What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?", "answer": "vasodilation"}, {"question": "What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?", "answer": "Grape juice"}, {"question": "What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?", "answer": "fermented"}, {"question": "What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?", "answer": "Concord grapes"}, {"question": "What are Sultana grapes known as in California?", "answer": "Thompson Seedless"}, {"question": "What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?", "answer": "Niagara grapes"}, {"question": "What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?", "answer": "red wine"}, {"question": "What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?", "answer": "white wine"}, {"question": "What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?", "answer": "resveratrol"}, {"question": "What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?", "answer": "Red wine"}, {"question": "What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?", "answer": "table grapes"}, {"question": "What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?", "answer": "wine grapes"}, {"question": "What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?", "answer": "Vitis vinifera"}, {"question": "What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?", "answer": "Table grape"}, {"question": "What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?", "answer": "approximately 24%"}, {"question": "When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?", "answer": "Genesis 9:20\u201321"}, {"question": "Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?", "answer": "Dionysus"}, {"question": "Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?", "answer": "Deuteronomy"}, {"question": "Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?", "answer": "Noah"}, {"question": "How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? ", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? ", "answer": "more than a dozen"}, {"question": "What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? ", "answer": "Vitis vinifera"}, {"question": "What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? ", "answer": "cold"}, {"question": "What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?", "answer": "Vitis vinifera"}, {"question": "What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?", "answer": "Anthocyanins"}, {"question": "What is the main phenolic in white grapes?", "answer": "flavan-3-ols"}, {"question": "What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? ", "answer": "Total phenolic content"}, {"question": "What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? ", "answer": "Phenolic content"}, {"question": "Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?", "answer": "anthocyanins"}, {"question": "What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?", "answer": "The Catholic Church"}, {"question": "When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? ", "answer": "the Last Supper"}, {"question": "Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?", "answer": "Canon 924"}, {"question": "What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?", "answer": "grape juice"}, {"question": "What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?", "answer": "transubstantiation"}, {"question": "What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?", "answer": "secure procedures"}, {"question": "What is computer security also known as?", "answer": "cybersecurity or IT security"}, {"question": "What is the protection of information systems?", "answer": "Computer security"}, {"question": "What are the ways an operator can malpractice?", "answer": "intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked"}, {"question": "What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?", "answer": "Computer security"}, {"question": "What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?", "answer": "Denial of service attacks"}, {"question": "What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?", "answer": "the victim account to be locked"}, {"question": "What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?", "answer": "reflection and amplification attacks"}, {"question": "What does DDoS stand for?", "answer": "Distributed denial of service"}, {"question": "How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?", "answer": "by adding a new firewall rule"}, {"question": "What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?", "answer": "a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system"}, {"question": "In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?", "answer": "eavesdropping"}, {"question": "Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?", "answer": "a potential entry point for malware or an attacker"}, {"question": "Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?", "answer": "disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel"}, {"question": "What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?", "answer": "the cell phone network"}, {"question": "How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?", "answer": "relatively few"}, {"question": "What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?", "answer": "packet capture appliances"}, {"question": "The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?", "answer": "firewalls and other automated \"detection\" systems"}, {"question": "What is the source of the quote?", "answer": "Reuters"}, {"question": "Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? ", "answer": "physical stealing of assets"}, {"question": "Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?", "answer": "computer security"}, {"question": "What does EAL stand for?", "answer": "Evaluation Assurance Levels"}, {"question": "What is the standard of EAL4?", "answer": "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed"}, {"question": "What is the standard for EAL6?", "answer": "Semiformally Verified Design and Tested"}, {"question": "What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?", "answer": "Integrity-178B"}, {"question": "When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?", "answer": "February 27, 2014"}, {"question": "What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?", "answer": "enhanced national security capabilities."}, {"question": "What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?", "answer": "Eavesdropping"}, {"question": "Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?", "answer": "hosts on a network"}, {"question": "Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?", "answer": "the FBI and NSA"}, {"question": "Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?", "answer": "TEMPEST"}, {"question": "What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?", "answer": "a closed system"}, {"question": "What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?", "answer": "malware"}, {"question": "Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?", "answer": "malware"}, {"question": "Activity trackers are an example of what?", "answer": "Quantified Self devices"}, {"question": "What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?", "answer": "attack vectors"}, {"question": "What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?", "answer": "sensors"}, {"question": "What does ACL stand for?", "answer": "access control lists"}, {"question": "ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?", "answer": "enforcing privilege separation"}, {"question": "A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?", "answer": "the confused deputy problem"}, {"question": "The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?", "answer": "capabilities"}, {"question": "What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?", "answer": "take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws"}, {"question": "In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?", "answer": "Using trojan horses"}, {"question": "How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?", "answer": "by posing as a trusted Rome center user"}, {"question": "What is the Rome Laboratory?", "answer": "the US Air Force's main command and research facility"}, {"question": "Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?", "answer": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}, {"question": "When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?", "answer": "July of 2015"}, {"question": "What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?", "answer": "Avid Life Media"}, {"question": "When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?", "answer": "After the second data dump"}, {"question": "What was in the first data dump?", "answer": "emails from the company's CEO"}, {"question": "What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?", "answer": "Established Men"}, {"question": "According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?", "answer": "a crucial need for regulation"}, {"question": "Where was the RSA Security Conference held?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?", "answer": "executives from the private sector"}, {"question": "Who said \"industry only responds when you threaten regulation\"?", "answer": "R. Clarke"}, {"question": "What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?", "answer": "cyberspace"}, {"question": "When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?", "answer": "October 3, 2010"}, {"question": "What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?", "answer": "The Action Plan 2010\u20132015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"}, {"question": "What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?", "answer": "The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada"}, {"question": "What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?", "answer": "The Internet"}, {"question": "What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?", "answer": "the Stuxnet worm"}, {"question": "When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?", "answer": "the Department of Homeland Security"}, {"question": "How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?", "answer": "via removable media"}, {"question": "Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?", "answer": "\"preventive\" measures"}, {"question": "What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?", "answer": "A firewall"}, {"question": "What does a physical firewall consist of?", "answer": "a separate machine filtering network traffic"}, {"question": "What type of machines normall have a firewall?", "answer": "permanently connected to the Internet"}, {"question": "What compromises mainly preventative measures?", "answer": "computer security"}, {"question": "What has caused serious financial damage?", "answer": "security breaches"}, {"question": "Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?", "answer": "the organizations involved"}, {"question": "What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?", "answer": "$13 billion"}, {"question": "Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?", "answer": "Several computer security consulting firms"}, {"question": "What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?", "answer": "basically anecdotal"}, {"question": "Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?", "answer": "during the manufacturing process"}, {"question": "What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?", "answer": "hardware-based or assisted computer security"}, {"question": "What can hardware be a source of?", "answer": "insecurity"}, {"question": "What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?", "answer": "physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)"}, {"question": "What does CCIRC stand for?", "answer": "Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre"}, {"question": "Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?", "answer": "CCIRC"}, {"question": "Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?", "answer": "on the Public Safety Canada website"}, {"question": "What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?", "answer": "Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"}, {"question": "Who said \"Connectedness begets vulnerability?\"", "answer": "Jay Cross"}, {"question": "What organization does Jay Cross belong to?", "answer": "the Internet Time Group"}, {"question": "What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?", "answer": "increasing efficiency"}, {"question": "What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?", "answer": "exposes new vulnerabilities"}, {"question": "When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?", "answer": "September 27, 2010"}, {"question": "When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?", "answer": "February 4, 2014"}, {"question": "Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?", "answer": "Public Safety Canada"}, {"question": "What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?", "answer": "$1.5 million"}, {"question": "Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?", "answer": "compromise security"}, {"question": "Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?", "answer": "standard security measures"}, {"question": "Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?", "answer": "attacks"}, {"question": "An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?", "answer": "directly download data from it"}, {"question": "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?", "answer": "Clickjacking"}, {"question": "What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?", "answer": "Clickjacking"}, {"question": "Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?", "answer": "some other irrelevant page"}, {"question": "Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?", "answer": "into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker"}, {"question": "How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?", "answer": "using multiple transparent or opaque layers"}, {"question": "How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "When was the first computer worm released?", "answer": "November 2, 1988"}, {"question": "Who was the first computer worm traced back to?", "answer": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr."}, {"question": "What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?", "answer": "computer worm"}, {"question": "Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?", "answer": "he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet"}, {"question": "Who are Rescator?", "answer": "a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring"}, {"question": "What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?", "answer": "40 million credit cards"}, {"question": "How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?", "answer": "between 53 and 56 million"}, {"question": "What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?", "answer": "self checkout machines"}, {"question": "Who is Jim Walter?", "answer": "director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee"}, {"question": "What does NCAZ stand for?", "answer": "Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum"}, {"question": "What does NCAZ take care of?", "answer": "national security aspects"}, {"question": "When was NCAZ opened?", "answer": "June 16, 2011"}, {"question": "Whan was NCAZ founded?", "answer": "February 23, 2011"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of NCAZ?", "answer": "to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure"}, {"question": "What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?", "answer": "Orthodox"}, {"question": "What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?", "answer": "Torah"}, {"question": "what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?", "answer": "Talmudic"}, {"question": "What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?", "answer": "Haredi Judaism"}, {"question": "Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?", "answer": "pre-modern Judaism"}, {"question": "What is the global Jewish news service known as?", "answer": "JTA"}, {"question": "What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?", "answer": "the Star-Ledger"}, {"question": "What term do media entities refrain from using?", "answer": "\"ultra-Orthodox"}, {"question": "Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?", "answer": "Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer"}, {"question": "Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?", "answer": "Cliffside Park"}, {"question": "What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? ", "answer": "Modern Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?", "answer": "halakha"}, {"question": "Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?", "answer": "People of Israel"}, {"question": "What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?", "answer": "Divine work"}, {"question": "What is modern cutlture in conflict with?", "answer": "Torah"}, {"question": "How do orthodox women dress mosly?", "answer": "covered"}, {"question": "what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?", "answer": "hair"}, {"question": "What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?", "answer": "kipa"}, {"question": "What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?", "answer": "tzitzit"}, {"question": "What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?", "answer": "Haredi"}, {"question": "What is the written law of the Torah known as?", "answer": "Pentateuch"}, {"question": "Who dictated the oral law to Moses?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?", "answer": "Oral Law"}, {"question": "What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?", "answer": "Sinaitic law"}, {"question": "What is the origin of Jewish Law?", "answer": "Divine"}, {"question": "Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?", "answer": "Jacob Ettlinger"}, {"question": "What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?", "answer": "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael"}, {"question": "How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?", "answer": "177"}, {"question": "Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?", "answer": "third birthday"}, {"question": "What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?", "answer": "burned"}, {"question": "What are grains and legumes known as?", "answer": "kitniyot"}, {"question": "What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?", "answer": "Ashkenazi"}, {"question": "What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?", "answer": "Talmud"}, {"question": "What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?", "answer": "Haredi Judaism"}, {"question": "What should individuals participate as little as possible in?", "answer": "modern society"}, {"question": "Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?", "answer": "Haredi"}, {"question": "What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?", "answer": "yeshiva"}, {"question": "What is a Torah study institute for married men called?", "answer": "kollel"}, {"question": "Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?", "answer": "Mount Sinai"}, {"question": "Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?", "answer": "Mitzvot"}, {"question": "Where is Moses miraculously transported to?", "answer": "House of Study of Rabbi Akiva"}, {"question": "What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?", "answer": "Oral law"}, {"question": "What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?", "answer": "Orthodox Judaism"}, {"question": "What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?", "answer": "patrilineal descent"}, {"question": "What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?", "answer": "intermarriage"}, {"question": "What is intermarriage typically seen as?", "answer": "rejection of Judaism"}, {"question": "What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?", "answer": "cut off"}, {"question": "What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?", "answer": "Halakha"}, {"question": "what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?", "answer": "God's Law,"}, {"question": "Basic respect for human beings is known as what?", "answer": "\"Kavod Habriyot\""}, {"question": "The sanctiy of human life is known as what?", "answer": "\"Pikuach Nefesh\""}, {"question": "What does halakha guide?", "answer": "structure of daily life"}, {"question": "What is jewish law today based on?", "answer": "Torah"}, {"question": "what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?", "answer": "will of God"}, {"question": "Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?", "answer": "Mount Sinai"}, {"question": "How many rules are jewish law derived from?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What law is considered to be no less the word of god?", "answer": "Oral Law"}, {"question": "What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?", "answer": "Haredi Judaism"}, {"question": "What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?", "answer": "Chasidic Judaism"}, {"question": "Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?", "answer": "Israel ben Eliezer"}, {"question": "What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?", "answer": "Ba'al Shem Tov"}, {"question": "What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??", "answer": "1.9 children"}, {"question": "What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?", "answer": "4.1 children"}, {"question": "What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?", "answer": "2%"}, {"question": "What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?", "answer": "71%"}, {"question": "how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?", "answer": "right-wing"}, {"question": "half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?", "answer": "conservative"}, {"question": "What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?", "answer": "Zionism"}, {"question": "What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?", "answer": "Modern Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?", "answer": "\"outreach (Kiruv)\""}, {"question": "What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?", "answer": "secular studies"}, {"question": "what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?", "answer": "support oneself"}, {"question": "what is the name of the movement of liberalism?", "answer": "Haskalah"}, {"question": "what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?", "answer": "Talmud"}, {"question": "previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?", "answer": "dietary laws"}, {"question": "What are dietary laws known as?", "answer": "halachic practices"}, {"question": "When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?", "answer": "absolute divine authorship"}, {"question": "What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?", "answer": "Zionism"}, {"question": "What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?", "answer": "Zionist"}, {"question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?", "answer": "nationalism"}, {"question": "What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?", "answer": "militarism"}, {"question": "what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?", "answer": "destructive"}, {"question": "Tamudic schools are known as what?", "answer": "yeshivot"}, {"question": "what are the colleges married men study in called?", "answer": "Talmudical colleges"}, {"question": "Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?", "answer": "interact"}, {"question": "Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?", "answer": "doctrines"}, {"question": "What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?", "answer": "Orthodox Judaism"}, {"question": "What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?", "answer": "unacceptable"}, {"question": "What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?", "answer": "heretical"}, {"question": "Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?", "answer": "Halakhic"}, {"question": "Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?", "answer": "New York State"}, {"question": "Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?", "answer": "American Orthodox Jews"}, {"question": "Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?", "answer": "Rockland County"}, {"question": "Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?", "answer": "Western European Jewry"}, {"question": "What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?", "answer": "traditional"}, {"question": "the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?", "answer": "Hirsch's"}, {"question": "What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?", "answer": "Shulchan Aruch"}, {"question": "there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?", "answer": "uniformity"}, {"question": "What is the differences among regions in practices known as?", "answer": "minhag"}, {"question": "Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?", "answer": "philosophical differences"}, {"question": "Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?", "answer": "Hirsch"}, {"question": "What was Hirsch's approach called?", "answer": "Torah im Derech Eretz"}, {"question": "What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?", "answer": "neo-Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?", "answer": "modern world"}, {"question": "Where does the word animal come from?", "answer": "Latin animalis"}, {"question": "What does the Latin word animalis mean?", "answer": "having breath, having soul or living being"}, {"question": "The word animal is usually only used to refer to what?", "answer": "non-human members of the kingdom Animalia"}, {"question": "The biological definition of the word animal refers to all member of what kingdom?", "answer": "Animalia"}, {"question": "What are some of the creatures included in the kingdom of Animalia?", "answer": "sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans"}, {"question": "What type of cells do all animals have?", "answer": "eukaryotic"}, {"question": "What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?", "answer": "collagen and elastic glycoproteins"}, {"question": "What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? ", "answer": "shells, bones, and spicules"}, {"question": "How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?", "answer": "cell walls"}, {"question": "What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?", "answer": "tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes"}, {"question": "What is the biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey called?", "answer": "Predation"}, {"question": "The act of predation typically results in what for the prey?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "What is the consumption of dead organic matter called?", "answer": "detritivory"}, {"question": "Why do parasitic species lay their eggs on their prey?", "answer": "their offspring to feed on its decaying corpse"}, {"question": "The evolutionary arms race between prey and predator has resulted in what?", "answer": "various antipredator adaptations"}, {"question": "Ctenophora and the Cnidaria include what sea creatures?", "answer": "anemones, corals, and jellyfish"}, {"question": "The digestive chambers of the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria serve as what?", "answer": "both the mouth and the anus"}, {"question": "What are the 2 main germ systems in the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria called?", "answer": "ectoderm and endoderm"}, {"question": "What are the Ctenophora and the Cnidaria animals sometimes called?", "answer": "diploblastic"}, {"question": "What differentiates placozoans from the ctenophora and the cnidaria?", "answer": "they do not have a permanent digestive chamber"}, {"question": "What sets animals apart from bacteria  and most protists?", "answer": "Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular"}, {"question": "What are organisms called that digest food in an internal chamber?", "answer": "heterotrophic"}, {"question": "What is another way in which animals are distinguished from plants and algae?", "answer": "lacking rigid cell walls"}, {"question": "The blastula stage is a characteristic exclusive to what organism?", "answer": "animals"}, {"question": "What is the hollow sphere that a zygote initially develops into called?", "answer": "blastula"}, {"question": "In sponges, how do blastula develop into a new sponge?", "answer": "swim to a new location"}, {"question": "What are the 2 germ layers formed by most blastula?", "answer": "an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm"}, {"question": "What may be formed between the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers?", "answer": "mesoderm"}, {"question": "What do the external ectoderm and an internal endoderm layers develop into?", "answer": "tissues and organs"}, {"question": "How long ago do some paleontologists believe that animals first appeared?", "answer": "1 billion years"}, {"question": "Fossils found in the Tonian period indicate the presence of what creatures?", "answer": "triploblastic worms"}, {"question": "Triploblastic worms were comparable in size to what other creatures?", "answer": "earthworms"}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the Tonian period?", "answer": "around 1 billion years ago"}, {"question": "What produces tracks similar to the fossilized tracks discovered by paleontologists?", "answer": "Gromia sphaerica"}, {"question": "It is believed that animals evolved from what?", "answer": "a flagellated eukaryote"}, {"question": "What are the closest known living relatives of animals?", "answer": "choanoflagellates"}, {"question": "What is the name of the supergroup that animals have been placed in by molecular studies?", "answer": "opisthokonts"}, {"question": "The opisthokonts also include what other organisms?", "answer": "choanoflagellates, fungi and a few small parasitic protists"}, {"question": "Where does the name opisthokonts come from?", "answer": "the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells"}, {"question": "What is the group of animals that often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs called?", "answer": "Bilateria"}, {"question": "How many openings in the digestive chamber do animals in the Bilateria group have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the openings in the digestive chambers for animals in the Bilateria group called?", "answer": "mouth and an anus"}, {"question": "What is the internal body cavity of animals in the Bilateria group called?", "answer": "coelom or pseudocoelom"}, {"question": "What are some examples of non-bilaterian animals?", "answer": "Porifera, Ctenophora, Cnidaria and Placozoa"}, {"question": "What are animals whose body plans display bilateral symmetry called?", "answer": "bilaterian"}, {"question": "Animals in what group are thought to form a monophyletic group?", "answer": "bilaterian"}, {"question": "What groups is named after the trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis?", "answer": "Ecdysozoa"}, {"question": "What are some animals in the Arthropoda group?", "answer": "insects, spiders, crabs"}, {"question": "Organisms in the Arthropoda group have bodies that are divided into what?", "answer": "repeating segments"}, {"question": "What groups are relatives of the arthropods?", "answer": "Onychophora and Tardigrada"}, {"question": "What is another name for roundworms?", "answer": "Nematoda"}, {"question": "Why is it more economical for scientists to study a small number of species?", "answer": "the great diversity found in animals"}, {"question": "Which organisms were among the first life-forms to be genetically sequenced?", "answer": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans"}, {"question": "Why are  the fruit fly and the nematode the most intensively studied metazoan model organisms?", "answer": "they are easy to keep and breed"}, {"question": "Analysis of what genome has emphasised the importance of sponges, placozoans, and choanoflagellates  in explaining the arrival of 1500 ancestral genes unique to the Eumetazoa?", "answer": "starlet sea anemone"}, {"question": "What are two of the most successful animal phyla?", "answer": "Mollusca and Annelida"}, {"question": "What are some of the animals in Mollusca?", "answer": "snails, clams, and squids"}, {"question": "What are some of the animals in Annelida?", "answer": "earthworms and leeches"}, {"question": "Why are the Mollusca and Annelida considered to be close relatives?", "answer": "common presence of trochophore larvae"}, {"question": "What are the phyla that have a ring of ciliated tentacles around the mouth called?", "answer": "lophophore"}, {"question": "Animal phyla that are recognized for their lack of bilateral symmetry are thought to have come from where?", "answer": "other animals early in evolution"}, {"question": "Which animal represents the oldest animal phyla?", "answer": "sponges"}, {"question": "How do sponges typically feed?", "answer": "drawing in water through pores"}, {"question": "During what time were a series of phylogenomic studies conducted that found support for comb jellies as the basal lineage of animals?", "answer": "2008-2015"}, {"question": "What do deuterostomes and protostomes have in common?", "answer": "both groups possess a complete digestive tract"}, {"question": "In which group does the anus form first, with the mouth developing secondarily?", "answer": "deuterostomes"}, {"question": "What is the process in which cells fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm called?", "answer": "schizocoelous development"}, {"question": "What is the process in which the mesoderm is formed through invagination of the endoderm called?", "answer": "enterocoelic pouching"}, {"question": "What do deuterostome embryos undergo during cell division?", "answer": "radial cleavage"}, {"question": "What is another name for flatworm?", "answer": "Platyhelminthes"}, {"question": "What are some parasites included in the Platyhelminthes group?", "answer": "flukes and tapeworms"}, {"question": "What does acoelomates mean?", "answer": "lacking a body cavity"}, {"question": "What are the flatworms closest relative?", "answer": "Gastrotricha"}, {"question": "Where are the rotifera most prominent?", "answer": "in aqueous environments"}, {"question": "How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?", "answer": "eating plants or plant-eating animals"}, {"question": "What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?", "answer": "chemical energy"}, {"question": "When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?", "answer": "become a source of energy and building materials for the animal"}, {"question": "What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?", "answer": "giving the animal the energy required for motion"}, {"question": "What is the process of making beer called?", "answer": "brewing"}, {"question": "What is a building called that is used for making beer?", "answer": "a brewery"}, {"question": "What is company that makes beer typically known as? ", "answer": "a brewing company"}, {"question": "What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? ", "answer": "homebrewing"}, {"question": "In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?", "answer": "a hopback"}, {"question": "In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? ", "answer": "fermentation"}, {"question": "What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? ", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? ", "answer": "a week to months"}, {"question": "What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? ", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "What is the main source of starch and most beer?", "answer": "barley malt"}, {"question": "At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?", "answer": "After malting"}, {"question": "What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?", "answer": "sorghum"}, {"question": "When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?", "answer": "during lautering"}, {"question": "Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?", "answer": "wheat"}, {"question": "What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?", "answer": "microbrewery"}, {"question": "In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?", "answer": "around 15,000 barrels"}, {"question": "What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?", "answer": "brewpub"}, {"question": "What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?", "answer": "Freising"}, {"question": "What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?", "answer": "1040"}, {"question": "What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?", "answer": "sugars"}, {"question": "What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?", "answer": "fermentation"}, {"question": "At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?", "answer": "above 12%"}, {"question": "What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?", "answer": "Low temperatures"}, {"question": "Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?", "answer": "to increase alcohol content"}, {"question": "What would you call a beer that has not been filtered or pasteurized?", "answer": "Cask-conditioned ales"}, {"question": "What would you call a frame that holds the cask of beer horizontally when it arrives at the pub?", "answer": "stillage"}, {"question": "What temperature are cask ales stored at before being tapped?", "answer": "52\u201355 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How long does it take for sediment to settle and clear after a cask ale has been tapped?", "answer": "from several hours to several days"}, {"question": "What tool is used to pull beer from a cask to serve?", "answer": "a hand pump"}, {"question": "What type of alcohol is found in beer?", "answer": "ethyl alcohol"}, {"question": "How is alcohol measured in the human body?", "answer": "blood alcohol concentration"}, {"question": "What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?", "answer": "ethyl alcohol"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?", "answer": "pulmonary aspiration"}, {"question": "What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?", "answer": "fatal alcohol poisoning"}, {"question": "What types of containers is beer generally sold in?", "answer": "bottles and cans"}, {"question": "In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?", "answer": "draught"}, {"question": "In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?", "answer": "around 4% to 6%"}, {"question": "What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?", "answer": "beer festivals,"}, {"question": "What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?", "answer": "bar billiards"}, {"question": "What is the main ingredient in beer?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?", "answer": "hard water"}, {"question": "What type of water is best for making pale lager?", "answer": "soft water"}, {"question": "What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?", "answer": "Burtonisation"}, {"question": "What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?", "answer": "pale ale"}, {"question": "In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?", "answer": "1516"}, {"question": "What was the title of William IV in 1516?", "answer": "Duke of Bavaria"}, {"question": "What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?", "answer": "Reinheitsgebot"}, {"question": "Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?", "answer": "barley-malt"}, {"question": "Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "What is the main cause for the bitterness in beer?", "answer": "Hops"}, {"question": "What is the main goals for the sweetness of beer?", "answer": "malt"}, {"question": "How is the bitterness in most beers generally measured?", "answer": "the International Bitterness Units scale"}, {"question": "The acidity of what ingredient acts as a preservative in beer?", "answer": "hops"}, {"question": "What do you call the length of time that foam is on top of beer because of carbonation?", "answer": "head retention"}, {"question": "What is the first step of brewing when malted barley is mixed with hot water?", "answer": "mashing"}, {"question": "How is hot water referred to by brewers?", "answer": "liquor"}, {"question": "How long does the mashing step in the brewing process last?", "answer": "1 to 2 hours"}, {"question": "In brewing, what do starches become during the mashing process?", "answer": "sugars"}, {"question": "What is it called when used grain is separated in the brewing process?", "answer": "wort separation"}, {"question": "What causes fermentation during the brewing process when making a beer?", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "Which ingredient gives beer its flavor?", "answer": "hops"}, {"question": "What vegetable is sometimes used as a grain source for beer in Brazil?", "answer": "potato"}, {"question": "What is a popular grain source for brewing beer in Mexico?", "answer": "agave"}, {"question": "In a recipe, what would you call the list of each source of starch in beer?", "answer": "the grain bill"}, {"question": "In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?", "answer": "822 AD"}, {"question": "What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?", "answer": "Adalard of Corbie"}, {"question": "In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?", "answer": "the thirteenth century"}, {"question": "In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?", "answer": "the sixteenth century"}, {"question": "What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?", "answer": "gruit"}, {"question": "In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?", "answer": "1721"}, {"question": "In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?", "answer": "1677"}, {"question": "What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?", "answer": "Stout and porter"}, {"question": "What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?", "answer": "slow fermenting yeast"}, {"question": "In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?", "answer": "63.9%"}, {"question": "What company first created the full aperture can for beer?", "answer": "Crown Holdings"}, {"question": "In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?", "answer": "\"skunked\" beer"}, {"question": "What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?", "answer": "quality"}, {"question": "How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?", "answer": "57,5%"}, {"question": "How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "What company made The End of History beer in 2010?", "answer": "BrewDog"}, {"question": "What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?", "answer": "fractional freezing"}, {"question": "How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?", "answer": "41%"}, {"question": "What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?", "answer": "Glass bottles"}, {"question": "What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?", "answer": "slowly"}, {"question": "What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?", "answer": "wheat beers"}, {"question": "In addition to a lack of muscle tone, what is believed to be the main cause of the beer belly?", "answer": "overeating"}, {"question": "What condition was attributed to binge drinking in a 2004 study?", "answer": "beer belly"}, {"question": "What is believed to be the glycemic index in beer?", "answer": "110"}, {"question": "What is the glycemic index in maltose?", "answer": "110"}, {"question": "What type of starch is used to make the beer Oshikundu?", "answer": "sorghum or millet"}, {"question": "In what country is the beer Oshikundu produced?", "answer": "Namibia"}, {"question": "In what country is the beer Tella produced? ", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the millet based porridge like beer made in Kyrgystan?", "answer": "Bozo"}, {"question": "What is a beer-like beverage in China that is made with rice?", "answer": "Choujiu"}, {"question": "When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?", "answer": "circa 3500\u20133100 BC"}, {"question": "In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?", "answer": "mould"}, {"question": "What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?", "answer": "about one hour"}, {"question": "What does boiling sweet wort destroy?", "answer": "enzymes"}, {"question": "What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?", "answer": "bitterness"}, {"question": "What is generally used as starch in most beer?", "answer": "malted grain"}, {"question": "How does grain become malted?", "answer": "by soaking it in water"}, {"question": "What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?", "answer": "a kiln"}, {"question": "What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?", "answer": "germination"}, {"question": "What does a grains starch become after an is malted?", "answer": "fermentable sugars"}, {"question": "How many liters of beer are bought and sold every year?", "answer": "More than 133 billion"}, {"question": "How much revenue did beer bring in in 2006?", "answer": "$294.5 billion"}, {"question": "What year was the brewing Company SABMiller founded?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What company acquired the Anheuser-Busch brewing Company in 2008?", "answer": "InBev"}, {"question": "What was the largest brewing company in the world in 2015?", "answer": "AB InBev"}, {"question": "What does abv stand for?", "answer": "alcohol by volume"}, {"question": "What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?", "answer": "freeze-distilling"}, {"question": "What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?", "answer": "table beer"}, {"question": "What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?", "answer": "around 20%"}, {"question": "What is the term used for the study of beer?", "answer": "zythology"}, {"question": "What is a professional called at a restaurant who advises customers about beer and food pairs?", "answer": "beer sommelier"}, {"question": "What is a popular drinking game where beer is often considered?", "answer": "beer pong"}, {"question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in most societies?", "answer": "beer"}, {"question": "What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?", "answer": "Beer"}, {"question": "What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?", "answer": "Beer"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the making beer?", "answer": "brewing"}, {"question": "What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?", "answer": "fermentation"}, {"question": "What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?", "answer": "The Hymn to Ninkasi"}, {"question": "What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?", "answer": "822"}, {"question": "On what continent were hops first added to beer?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?", "answer": "hops"}, {"question": "Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?", "answer": "Abbess Hildegard"}, {"question": "Where did Abbess Hildegard live?", "answer": "Bingen"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word ale?", "answer": "Old English ealu"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word beer?", "answer": "Old English b\u0113or"}, {"question": "What word means to drink in Latin?", "answer": "bibere"}, {"question": "What 12th century poet once wrote \"Ale it is called among men, but among the gods, beer.\"?", "answer": "Alv\u00edssm\u00e1l"}, {"question": "How much alcohol is contained in the beer Vetter 33?", "answer": "10.5%"}, {"question": "What was the strongest beer in 1994 according to the Guinness Book of World Records?", "answer": "Vetter 33"}, {"question": "What brewing company produced the beer Millennium?", "answer": "Samuel Adams"}, {"question": "What year did the brewing company BrewDog start producing a beer called Ghost Deer?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What do brewing companies sometimes use to give more alcohol content to their beer?", "answer": "champagne yeasts"}, {"question": "What beer is better for the environment than bottled beer?", "answer": "Draught beer's"}, {"question": "How many pounds of CO2 emissions are attributed to just one sixpack of microbrew?", "answer": "6.6"}, {"question": "What type of container can be used to transport draft beer, and is better for the environment that a bottle?", "answer": "a refillable jug"}, {"question": "How much habitat is damaged from just one sixpack of microbrew?", "answer": "2.5 square meters"}, {"question": "How many square feet is 2.5 square meters?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "What technology support the drinking of chilled beer?", "answer": "artificial refrigeration"}, {"question": "At what cool temperature is a beers flavor reduced?", "answer": "below 15.5 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "When is a beer at its most flavorful?", "answer": "unchilled"}, {"question": "What country is the organisation Cask Marque located?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "In what decade did drinking chilled pale lager become popular?", "answer": "the 1870s"}, {"question": "What is beers primary active ingredient?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "What disease can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption?", "answer": "alcoholic liver disease"}, {"question": "How many deaths are believed to have been caused by alcohol?", "answer": "3.3 million"}, {"question": "What is the third leading cause of premature dying in the US?", "answer": "Alcohol"}, {"question": "How many years are removed from an alcoholic's life expectancy?", "answer": "around ten"}, {"question": "What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?", "answer": "dopamine"}, {"question": "What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?", "answer": "beer"}, {"question": "How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "What word was dropped as a racial classification in this year's census?", "answer": "Mulatto"}, {"question": "What were people that had black and white ancestor classified as in this census? ", "answer": "Negro"}, {"question": "How were people with both black and American Indian ancestry recorded in this census? ", "answer": "Neg"}, {"question": "What is it called when a mixed race person in recorded as negro in this census, even if only a fraction of their ancestry is black?", "answer": "one-drop rule"}, {"question": "Which parent was the deciding factor for how interracial persons were recorded in this census? ", "answer": "their father"}, {"question": "In what year were census respondents first able to select more than one race? ", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How many American reported being of more than one race in the Census 2000?", "answer": "nearly seven million"}, {"question": "What year was the last census before the Census 2000?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "How many race categories were respondents able to select in the Census 2000?", "answer": "one or more"}, {"question": "What organization recommended that race and ethnicity categories be combined into one question for the 2000 US census?", "answer": "the American Anthropological Association"}, {"question": "In what year are or racial categories first revised for the 2000 U.S. Census?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Prior to 1997, where were racial categories declared for the U.S. Census?", "answer": "OMB directive no. 15"}, {"question": "How did racial categories appear in the US 2000 census?", "answer": "race/ethnicity"}, {"question": "Who defines the concept of race in the United States Census?", "answer": "OMB"}, {"question": "What do the race categories in the US Census include in addition to race?", "answer": "national-origin"}, {"question": "In addition to social and cultural characteristics, what else is taken into account for race classification in the US census?", "answer": "ancestry"}, {"question": "How many ethnic categories are there in the US census?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In addition to Hispanic and Latino, what other ethnic category is included in the United States Census?", "answer": "Not Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "What association criticized the separation of race and ethnicity in the UScensus?", "answer": "the American Anthropological Association"}, {"question": "Members of what commission criticized the separation of race and ethnic city on the US Census?", "answer": "U.S. Commission on Civil Rights"}, {"question": "In ethnic classification for the U.S. Census, What option do respondents have other than not Hispanic or Latino?", "answer": "Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "What country did President Frankiln Roosevelt have a good neighbor policy for in hopes of a better relationship?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "In what year did a federal judge say that three immigrants from Mexico were not eligible to be citizens because of their race?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "What US President wanted to treat Hispanic people as white by the federal government?", "answer": "Roosevelt"}, {"question": "People of what descent were classified as white by the federal government at the suggestion of President Roosevelt?", "answer": "Mexican"}, {"question": "In 1935, what race was a person required to be to become a United States citizen?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?", "answer": "OMB"}, {"question": "In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?", "answer": "consistent data"}, {"question": "How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?", "answer": "one or more"}, {"question": "How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In what year were free persons first listed individually in the US census?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "How were free persons listed in the US census prior to 1850?", "answer": "by head of household"}, {"question": "In the 1850 US census, what was put into the color column for black persons?", "answer": "B"}, {"question": "If M was marked in the color column for a person in the 1850 census, How were they classified?", "answer": "mulatto"}, {"question": "How were slaves listed in the 1850 US census?", "answer": "by owner"}, {"question": "What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?", "answer": "Some other race"}, {"question": "In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?", "answer": "Some other race"}, {"question": "In addition to the Census, where else is the \"some other race\" selection an option?", "answer": "the American Community Survey"}, {"question": "What act has rules and regulations for bilingual election? ", "answer": "the Voting Rights Act"}, {"question": "What act has rules and regulations for meeting the credit needs of minority populations?", "answer": "the Community Reinvestment Act"}, {"question": "What act has laws about equal employment opportunities for ethnic groups?", "answer": "the Civil Rights Act"}, {"question": "In what year was the term race first used in the U.S. Census?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "How often was a new questionnaire sheet used in the 1890 census?", "answer": "for each family"}, {"question": "How were residents listed in the census in 1890?", "answer": "individually"}, {"question": "Why were different East Asian races divided in 1890 Census?", "answer": "increased immigration"}, {"question": "How many ethnicities or federal agencies required to use in data collection?", "answer": "a minimum of two"}, {"question": "How would a person of Cuban origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?", "answer": "Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "Aside from Hispanic or Latino, what other ethnicity are federal agencies required to use?", "answer": "Not Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "In which ethnic category would a person of Mexican origin be listed by the US Census Bureau?", "answer": "Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "In what ethnic category would a person from Puerto Rico to be listed in the United States Census?", "answer": "Hispanic or Latino"}, {"question": "What is the US dollar based upon?", "answer": "a decimal system of values"}, {"question": "How much monetary value does a dime hold?", "answer": "one-tenth of a dollar"}, {"question": "How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?", "answer": "one hundred dollars"}, {"question": "What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?", "answer": "$20"}, {"question": "In what legislation was the term \"eagle\" used?", "answer": "Coinage Act of 1792"}, {"question": "Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?", "answer": "$"}, {"question": "What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?", "answer": "ps"}, {"question": "What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?", "answer": "peso"}, {"question": "Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?", "answer": "Spanish America"}, {"question": "What color was predominantly used?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?", "answer": "American Council of the Blind"}, {"question": "Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?", "answer": "$1"}, {"question": "Who are currency readers meant to assist?", "answer": "visually impaired"}, {"question": "The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?", "answer": "Bureau of Engraving and Printing"}, {"question": "Who has the power \"to coin money\"?", "answer": "United States Congress"}, {"question": "Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?", "answer": "5112"}, {"question": "Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?", "answer": "payment of debts"}, {"question": "What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?", "answer": "Sacagawea dollar"}, {"question": "What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?", "answer": "American Silver Eagle"}, {"question": "Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?", "answer": "Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia"}, {"question": "What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?", "answer": "J\u00e1chymov"}, {"question": "What were the Joachimstalers composed of?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "How did the word \"taler\" translate into Italian?", "answer": "tallero"}, {"question": "Other than \"taler\", what is the other name of the German coin?", "answer": "Guldengroschen"}, {"question": "What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?", "answer": "deceased"}, {"question": "Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?", "answer": "European monarchs"}, {"question": "When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the \"heads\" side of past coins?", "answer": "composite Native Americans"}, {"question": "What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?", "answer": "Dollar"}, {"question": "Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?", "answer": "1777"}, {"question": "What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?", "answer": "Civil War"}, {"question": "Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?", "answer": "War of 1812"}, {"question": "The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?", "answer": "\"not worth a continental\""}, {"question": "The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?", "answer": "article 1"}, {"question": "In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?", "answer": "Statue of Liberty"}, {"question": "What is the official version of \"In God We Trust\" printed on the coins? ", "answer": "E Pluribus Unum"}, {"question": "Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?", "answer": "\"Liberty\""}, {"question": "Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?", "answer": "Grover Cleveland"}, {"question": "Who can create \"new high-powered money\"?", "answer": "Federal Reserve"}, {"question": "Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?", "answer": "U.S. Treasury Department"}, {"question": "Which organization stamps coins?", "answer": "Bureau of the Mint"}, {"question": "Which Bureau prints new dollars?", "answer": "Engraving and Printing"}, {"question": "Who can freely withdraw from  their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?", "answer": "Commercial banks"}, {"question": "During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?", "answer": "wartime"}, {"question": "When was the Federal Reserve established?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?", "answer": "an \"elastic\" currency"}, {"question": "What had previously kept prices stable?", "answer": "gold standard"}, {"question": "How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?", "answer": "constant value"}, {"question": "What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?", "answer": "low, stable inflation"}, {"question": "Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?", "answer": "some economists"}, {"question": "A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?", "answer": "central bank"}, {"question": "With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?", "answer": "stimulate the economy"}, {"question": "What is \"dollars\" a reference to?", "answer": "the Spanish milled dollar"}, {"question": "How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?", "answer": "8 Spanish units"}, {"question": "How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?", "answer": "a Spanish milled dollar"}, {"question": "How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?", "answer": "four hundred and sixteen"}, {"question": "How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?", "answer": "three hundred and seventy-one"}, {"question": "What is a \"grand\" sometimes shortened to?", "answer": "\"G\""}, {"question": "What is another term other than \"large\" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?", "answer": "\"stack\""}, {"question": "What is a \"C-note\" a reference to?", "answer": "the Roman numeral for 100"}, {"question": "Which note is occasionally called a \"yardstick\"?", "answer": "$50"}, {"question": "What is another term for \"bigface\" notes?", "answer": "Monopoly money"}, {"question": "What defined the US dollar?", "answer": "Coinage Act of 1792"}, {"question": "What was the dollar based on?", "answer": "the Spanish milled dollar"}, {"question": "How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton"}, {"question": "What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?", "answer": "377"}, {"question": "What is specifically produced for collectors?", "answer": "Proof Sets"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "When did the Mint being producing proof sets?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?", "answer": "Presidential Dollar Proof Set"}, {"question": "When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?", "answer": "December 13, 2011"}, {"question": "What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?", "answer": "The Constitution"}, {"question": "Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?", "answer": "Section 331"}, {"question": "Which currency are the sums of money in the \"Statements\" displayed in?", "answer": "U.S. dollars"}, {"question": "What is the unit of account of the United States?", "answer": "U.S. dollar"}, {"question": "What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?", "answer": "$100"}, {"question": "In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?", "answer": "organized crime"}, {"question": "What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?", "answer": "an executive order"}, {"question": "What is the British equivalent of a \"buck\"?", "answer": "quid"}, {"question": "In which century can the term \"buck\" be traced back to?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"buck\"?", "answer": "colonial leather trade"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?", "answer": "Greenback"}, {"question": "What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?", "answer": "Federal Reserve"}, {"question": "What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?", "answer": "increase the money supply"}, {"question": "What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?", "answer": "the Phillips curve"}, {"question": "How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?", "answer": "two thirds"}, {"question": "What was the look of the dollar based on?", "answer": "Spanish dollar"}, {"question": "In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "When was the United States Mint founded?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?", "answer": "Peru"}, {"question": "When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?", "answer": "Gold Standard Act"}, {"question": "How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?", "answer": "1.505"}, {"question": "How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?", "answer": "$20.67"}, {"question": "Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Which President confiscated gold coins?", "answer": "Franklin Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Where did error coins originate?", "answer": "Philadelphia mint"}, {"question": "Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?", "answer": "profit"}, {"question": "What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?", "answer": "\"upside down lettering error\" coins"}, {"question": "What do vending machines commonly only accept?", "answer": "$1 bills"}, {"question": "What power was Congress given by the Constitution?", "answer": "borrow money on the credit of the United States"}, {"question": "What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?", "answer": "issue Federal Reserve Notes"}, {"question": "What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?", "answer": "obligations of the United States"}, {"question": "Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?", "answer": "Washington, District of Columbia"}, {"question": "Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?", "answer": "Federal Reserve Note"}, {"question": "What is the short term goal of open market operations?", "answer": "achieve a specific short-term interest rate target"}, {"question": "What does the Federal Reserve target?", "answer": "federal funds rate"}, {"question": "What is the federal funds rate?", "answer": "the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight"}, {"question": "What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?", "answer": "Moral suasion"}, {"question": "What does \"open mouth operations\" mean?", "answer": "talking monetary policy with the market"}, {"question": "When was the Bretton Woods system established?", "answer": "after World War II"}, {"question": "What was the fixed value of gold?", "answer": "$35 per ounce"}, {"question": "What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?", "answer": "the value of gold"}, {"question": "What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?", "answer": "convert dollars to gold"}, {"question": "In which year was gold convertability terminated?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?", "answer": "fiat money"}, {"question": "Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?", "answer": "de facto currency"}, {"question": "Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?", "answer": "Turks and Caicos islands"}, {"question": "For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?", "answer": "mints its own coins"}, {"question": "What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?", "answer": "Susan B. Anthony dollar"}, {"question": "What are dollar notes made from now adays?", "answer": "cotton fiber paper"}, {"question": "What is most common paper made of?", "answer": "wood fiber"}, {"question": "Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?", "answer": "Federal Reserve"}, {"question": "How long do the current notes measure?", "answer": "6.14 inches"}, {"question": "What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?", "answer": "Philippine"}, {"question": "When was the Mint Act passed?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?", "answer": "371.25"}, {"question": "Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton"}, {"question": "What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?", "answer": "Congressional standard of the silver dollar"}, {"question": "In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?", "answer": "their precious metal value"}, {"question": "What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?", "answer": "their numismatic value"}, {"question": "What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?", "answer": "Kennedy half dollar"}, {"question": "What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?", "answer": "cupronickel"}, {"question": "How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?", "answer": "$4.00"}, {"question": "When were silver dollars first minted?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?", "answer": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower"}, {"question": "Which coin was introduced in 1979?", "answer": "Susan B. Anthony dollar"}, {"question": "What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?", "answer": "Sacagawea"}, {"question": "In which century were gold dollars minted?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?", "answer": "The monetary base"}, {"question": "What was the monetary base value in 1994?", "answer": "400 billion dollars"}, {"question": "How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?", "answer": "over 3000 billion"}, {"question": "How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?", "answer": "securities"}, {"question": "What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?", "answer": "price inflation"}, {"question": "The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?", "answer": "price inflation"}, {"question": "What does CPI stand for?", "answer": "consumer price index"}, {"question": "Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?", "answer": "Bureau of Labor Statistics"}, {"question": "What does the CPI estimate?", "answer": "average price of consumer goods and services in the United States"}, {"question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "Which politicians donated funds to establish the Royal College of Chemistry?", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone and Robert Peel"}, {"question": "Who was the first professor of the Royal College of Chemistry?", "answer": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann"}, {"question": "Why was the Royal College of Chemistry founded?", "answer": "in the United Kingdom the teaching of chemistry in particular had fallen behind that in Germany"}, {"question": "Who supported the Royal College of Chemistry?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "When was the Royal College of Chemistry established?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "What was not well taught that led to the founding of the Royal College of Chemistry?", "answer": "practical aspects of the experimental sciences"}, {"question": "Which country was ahead of the United Kingdom in the teaching of chemistry?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Which Prince supported the establishment of the college?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "Who was the first professor of the college?", "answer": "August Wilhelm von Hofmann"}, {"question": "When was the City and Guilds College founded?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?", "answer": "improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers"}, {"question": "What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?", "answer": "to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects"}, {"question": "How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?", "answer": "GBP 342,500"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?", "answer": "CGLI Central Technical College"}, {"question": "Which college was founded in 1876?", "answer": "City and Guilds College"}, {"question": "How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What does CGLI stand for?", "answer": "Advancement of Technical Education"}, {"question": "Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?", "answer": "to create a Central Institution in London"}, {"question": "How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?", "answer": "eighty-seven"}, {"question": "When did Imperial announce their science park program at the Wye Campus?", "answer": "December 2005"}, {"question": "When did Imperial abandon their science park program?", "answer": "September 2006"}, {"question": "When was the Wye College campus closed?", "answer": "September 2009"}, {"question": "Where was Imperial planning on launching their science park program?", "answer": "the Wye campus"}, {"question": "Where was Imperial's science park programme located?", "answer": "Wye campus"}, {"question": "When was the science park programme abandoned?", "answer": "September 2006"}, {"question": "How much money could the science park programme have raised for the college?", "answer": "\u00a3110m"}, {"question": "Who did not know about the potential revenue that the programme could have raised initially?", "answer": "the public"}, {"question": "What was closed on September 2009?", "answer": "Wye College campus"}, {"question": "What was the market value of the endowment the college received on July 31, 2015?", "answer": "\u00a3512.4 million"}, {"question": "What is a \"Unitised Scheme\"?", "answer": "a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term"}, {"question": "How much did the market value of the college's endowment increase between 2014 and 2015?", "answer": "\u00a378 million"}, {"question": "How many percent did the college's endowment market value increase from 2014 to 2015?", "answer": "18%"}, {"question": "How many distinct portfolios is the College's endownment divided into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the term that represents a unit trust vehicle that allows endowments to be invested to produce returns for the lon term?", "answer": "Unitised Scheme"}, {"question": "The 120 operational and developmental properties within the college that are not core to the academic mission belong to which portfolio?", "answer": "Non-Core Property"}, {"question": "The College's restricted equity holdings would be considered a part of which portion of the portfolio?", "answer": "Strategic Asset Investments"}, {"question": "How much did the market value of the endowment increase by during the year 2014/2015?", "answer": "\u00a378 million"}, {"question": "How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?", "answer": "1,257"}, {"question": "In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How highly was Imperial ranked in \"research power\" in 2014?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?", "answer": "1,257"}, {"question": "What does REF stand for?", "answer": "Research Excellence Framework"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?", "answer": "3.36"}, {"question": "What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "When was Professor Stefan Grimm found dead?", "answer": "September 2014"}, {"question": "When did Imperial College make its first public announcement of Stefan Grimm's death?", "answer": "4 December 2014"}, {"question": "How many times was Professor Stefan Grimm's email viewed in the first four days after it was posted online?", "answer": "more than 100,000"}, {"question": "What did Professor Grimm's last email accuse Imperial College of before his death?", "answer": "bullying"}, {"question": "What did Imperial College announce it would do after Professor Grimm's death?", "answer": "internal inquiry"}, {"question": "Which Professor was found dead in September 2014?", "answer": "Professor Stefan Grimm"}, {"question": "To which department did the professor who passed in September 2014 belong?", "answer": "Department of Medicine"}, {"question": "What was the dead professor threatened with before his death?", "answer": "dismissal"}, {"question": "How much did the Grimm claim his employers said he should raise in grant money per year?", "answer": "\u00a3200,000"}, {"question": "How many views did Grimm's last email get in the first four days after it was posted?", "answer": "more than 100,000"}, {"question": "Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?", "answer": "12 December 1919"}, {"question": "How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?", "answer": "Martin McElroy"}, {"question": "Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?", "answer": "Henley Royal Regatta"}, {"question": "Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?", "answer": "The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event"}, {"question": "What school was established in 1851?", "answer": "The Royal School of Mines"}, {"question": "Who established the Royal School of Mines?", "answer": "Sir Henry de la Beche"}, {"question": "A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?", "answer": "the Museum of Economic Geology"}, {"question": "Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?", "answer": "South Kensington"}, {"question": "Who granted Imperial degree-awarding powers?", "answer": "Privy Council"}, {"question": "In which year was the London Centre for Nanotechnology established?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "The Londre Centre for Nanotechnology was a joint effort between UCL and which college?", "answer": "Imperial College London"}, {"question": "What is the old name of the Imperial College Business School?", "answer": "Tanaka Business School"}, {"question": "The Faculties of Life Sciences and Physical Sciences merged in 2005 to become which faculty?", "answer": "Faculty of Natural Sciences"}, {"question": "In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?", "answer": "South Kensington"}, {"question": "What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?", "answer": "Albertopolis"}, {"question": "In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?", "answer": "Thomas Collcutt"}, {"question": "Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?", "answer": "Queen's Tower"}, {"question": "Which centre provides electives outside of science for students?", "answer": "Centre For Co-Curricular Studies"}, {"question": "Outside of doing it on their own time, what other motivation could students have to take non mandatory electives?", "answer": "credit"}, {"question": "Which unit is a part of the Co-Curricular Studies that offers master's degrees?", "answer": "Science Communication Unit"}, {"question": "Scientists seeking a master's degree might be interested in which other degree besides Science Communication from the Science Communication Unit?", "answer": "Science Media Production"}, {"question": "What statistic did the average Imperial graduate rank the highest in for 2014?", "answer": "average starting salary"}, {"question": "Which type of graduate from Imperial earned the second highest average starting salary after graduation?", "answer": "Computing graduates"}, {"question": "Who ranked different graduates according to their average starting salary after graduation in the UK?", "answer": "Sunday Times"}, {"question": "Which prestigious newspaper ranked Imperial College as one of the top 10 most welcomed universities by job markets?", "answer": "New York Times"}, {"question": "In which year did Imperial University claim the award for being voted the highest in the UK for Job Prospects?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?", "answer": "Student Television of Imperial College"}, {"question": "What is STOIC's modern name?", "answer": "Imperial College TV"}, {"question": "When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?", "answer": "Exhibition Road"}, {"question": "When was the station renamed to it's modern name?", "answer": "start of the 2014/15 academic year"}, {"question": "Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?", "answer": "Nicholas Tombazis"}, {"question": "Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?", "answer": "H. G. Wells"}, {"question": "Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?", "answer": "Singapore Airlines"}, {"question": "Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?", "answer": "Head Physician to the Queen"}, {"question": "Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?", "answer": "Alan Howard"}, {"question": "Which society organized The Great Exhibition?", "answer": "Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce"}, {"question": "How much of a surplus did The Great Ehibition raise?", "answer": "\u00a3186,000"}, {"question": "Who insisted that the surplus from The Great Exhibition be used as a home for culture and education for all?", "answer": "Albert"}, {"question": "What was Prince Albert's commitment?", "answer": "to find practical solutions to today's social challenges"}, {"question": "What did the Royal colleges and Imperial Institute form when they merged?", "answer": "Imperial College London"}, {"question": "Who proposed a merger of many colleges in 1907?", "answer": "Board of Education"}, {"question": "What was the reasoning behind the proposal to merge many colleges?", "answer": "greater capacity for higher technical education was needed"}, {"question": "When the merger was passed, what constituent college was created?", "answer": "The Imperial College of Science and Technology"}, {"question": "Who did the constituent college belong to?", "answer": "University of London"}, {"question": "Which document, granted by Edward VII, was officially signed on the 8th of July 1907?", "answer": "Imperial's Royal Charter"}, {"question": "What was Imperial's net income for the financial year that ended on 31 July 2013?", "answer": "\u00a3822.0 million"}, {"question": "What was Imperial's total expenditure for the financial year that ended on the 31 July 2013?", "answer": "\u00a3754.9 million"}, {"question": "How much income was generated from research grants and contracts for 2013?", "answer": "\u00a3329.5 million"}, {"question": "Who granted Imperial close to 170 million pounds in grants?", "answer": "Funding Council"}, {"question": "What was Imperial's capital expenditure for the 2012/2013 financial year?", "answer": "\u00a3124 million"}, {"question": "In which year did Imperial merge with St Mary's Hospital Medical School?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Which school resulted from Imperial's merger with St Mary's?", "answer": "The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine"}, {"question": "Who did Imperial partner with to launch the Imperial College Press?", "answer": "World Scientific"}, {"question": "What year was the Imperial College School of Medicine formally established?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What is the name of the building that was opened by Queen Elizabeth II?", "answer": "Sir Alexander Fleming Building"}, {"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was classified as world leading in 2008?", "answer": "26%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Imperial's staff was deemed to be internationally excellent in 2008?", "answer": "47%"}, {"question": "Which group assessed Imperial's staff members to determine their standing in relation to the rest of the world?", "answer": "Research Assessment Exercise"}, {"question": "How many subjects were judged to be the best in terms of internationally recognised research quality?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was formed on the 1st October 2007?", "answer": "Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust"}, {"question": "How many hospitals does it manage?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is it considered to be?", "answer": "an academic health science centre"}, {"question": "What is the annual turnover for the trust?", "answer": "\u00a3800 million"}, {"question": "How many patients a year does the trust treat?", "answer": "more than a million"}, {"question": "What portion of females reported that they were held back by managers?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "In which year were these allegations raised?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "After the 2003 incident, what was the next major year in which conerns were raised?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "In which faculty were the methods used to fire people being questioned?", "answer": "Faculty of Medicine"}, {"question": "Who is the new President for Imperial College?", "answer": "Alice Gast"}, {"question": "What is the official name of the student's union?", "answer": "Imperial College Union"}, {"question": "How many full time officers run the union?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?", "answer": "around 300"}, {"question": "What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?", "answer": "educational development"}, {"question": "What kind of University is Imperial College London?", "answer": "public research university"}, {"question": "Who founded the Imperial College London?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?", "answer": "Royal Charter"}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Imperial College London?", "answer": "science and technology"}, {"question": "Who discovered the first synthetic dye?", "answer": "William Henry Perkin"}, {"question": "What did the scientist who discovered the dye do after discovering it?", "answer": "resigned his position"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first synthetic dye discovered?", "answer": "mauveine"}, {"question": "The discovery of the synthetic dye is claimed by some histories to have sparked what event?", "answer": "second chemical revolution"}, {"question": "Which award is named after the discoverer of the dye?", "answer": "Perkin Medal"}, {"question": "What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?", "answer": "Silwood Park"}, {"question": "What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?", "answer": "Felix"}, {"question": "How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?", "answer": "\u00a3350,000"}, {"question": "Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?", "answer": "Wolfson Foundation"}, {"question": "Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?", "answer": "Indian Institute of Technology Delhi"}, {"question": "Where did the Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg move his residence to?", "answer": "Hanover"}, {"question": "Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg?", "answer": "Holy Roman Emperor"}, {"question": "Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg in 1708?", "answer": "Imperial Diet"}, {"question": "Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?", "answer": "George I Louis"}, {"question": "Other than for railroads and road junction, what did Hanover have that made it a major target?", "answer": "production center"}, {"question": "Which campaign specifically was Hanover a target for in World War II?", "answer": "Oil Campaign"}, {"question": "What does VLW stand for?", "answer": "United light metal works"}, {"question": "How many civilians were killed in the Allied bombing raids in World War II?", "answer": "more than 6,000"}, {"question": "How many bombing raids were there during World War II?", "answer": "88"}, {"question": "Which zoo is one of the best in Europe?", "answer": "Hanover Zoo"}, {"question": "What award did the Hanover Zoo receive four years in a row?", "answer": "Park Scout Award"}, {"question": "Which animal does the so-called swimming area have?", "answer": "seabirds"}, {"question": "When did the Canadian-theme area in the Hanover Zoo open?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How many people visited the Hanover Zoo in 2010?", "answer": "1.6 million"}, {"question": "What famous theatre is located in Georgs Palace?", "answer": "GOP Variety theatre"}, {"question": "What is the most important Cabaret-Event?", "answer": "Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten"}, {"question": "What is a notable achievement about the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten?", "answer": "most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany"}, {"question": "Where do artists who feature in the Kleines Fest im Gro\u00dfen Garten come from?", "answer": "around the world"}, {"question": "What is another important event other than the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks or the Hanover Cabaret Festival?", "answer": "Wintervariety"}, {"question": "What does the German spelling of Hanover have that English does not?", "answer": "a double n"}, {"question": "Which version of the spelling of Hanover does the local Government use on English websites?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Which syllable does the English spoken version of Hanover stress?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "Which syllable does the German pronunciation of Hanover stress?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "Which spelling of Hanover is used in historical contexts?", "answer": "traditional English spelling"}, {"question": "What does the NSDAP stand for?", "answer": "Nazi party"}, {"question": "After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?", "answer": "484"}, {"question": "Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?", "answer": "Herschel Grynszpan"}, {"question": "Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What kind of garden is The Great Garden?", "answer": "European baroque garden"}, {"question": "What destroyed the palace?", "answer": "Allied bombing"}, {"question": "Who constructed the two pavilions in the palace?", "answer": "Remy de la Fosse"}, {"question": "Other than the Nouveau Jardin, what is the other popular part of The Great Garden?", "answer": "Great Ground"}, {"question": "What is at the centre of the Nouveau Jardin?", "answer": "Europe's highest garden fountain"}, {"question": "Who designed the Gehry Tower?", "answer": "Frank O. Gehry"}, {"question": "What nationality was the architect of the Gehry Tower?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What is notable about the city forest Eilenriede?", "answer": "one of the largest of its kind in Europe"}, {"question": "How many parks are there approximately in Hanover?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "How many rivers run through Hanover?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is Hanover a German capital for?", "answer": "marksmen"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world?", "answer": "Sch\u00fctzenfest Hannover"}, {"question": "How many rides and inns does the fair have?", "answer": "more than 260"}, {"question": "How many participants are int he Parade of the Marksmen?", "answer": "12.000"}, {"question": "What year can the festival be traced back to?", "answer": "1529"}, {"question": "What is a Schnellweg?", "answer": "expressway"}, {"question": "What structure does the Schnellweg and a number of roads roughly form?", "answer": "a large ring road"}, {"question": "When does the Messeschnellweg change to the B6?", "answer": "Seelhorster Kreuz"}, {"question": "What road does the Messeschnellweg pass the Hanover fairground as?", "answer": "B6"}, {"question": "What road does the S\u00fcdschnellweg start out as?", "answer": "B65"}, {"question": "What ended in the year 1837?", "answer": "the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover"}, {"question": "What was the name of William IV's heir?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "Who did the throne of Hanover pass to instead of Queen Victoria?", "answer": "Ernest Augustus"}, {"question": "What happened to the kingdom of Hanover in 1866?", "answer": "annexed by Prussia"}, {"question": "In which battle was the Hanover army destroyed?", "answer": "Battle of Langensalza"}, {"question": "What plan was implemented in September 1941?", "answer": "Action Lauterbacher"}, {"question": "Which portion of the population underwent ghettoisation?", "answer": "Hanoverian Jewish families"}, {"question": "What occured on the 15th of December 1941?", "answer": "Wannsee Conference"}, {"question": "How many Jews approximately lived in Hanover in 1938?", "answer": "4,800"}, {"question": "How many concentration camps were constructed in Hanover?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Where was Hanover originally founded?", "answer": "east bank of the River Leine"}, {"question": "What did Hanover possibly originally mean?", "answer": "\"high (river)bank\""}, {"question": "When did Hanover become a comparitvely large town?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "Which city was Hanover connected to by the Leine?", "answer": "Hanseatic League city of Bremen"}, {"question": "What is one example of traffic that passed through Hanover?", "answer": "mule trains"}, {"question": "Who imposed the Convention of Artlenburg?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "How many French soldiers occupied Hanover?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "Where did many soldiers from Hanover emigrate to?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "What did the soldiers who emigrated form?", "answer": "King's German Legion"}, {"question": "Who elevated Hanover to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815?", "answer": "The Congress of Vienna"}, {"question": "What is the Berggarten?", "answer": "European botanical garden"}, {"question": "What is the name of the area inside the Berggarten that hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids?", "answer": "Orchid House"}, {"question": "What historic landmark is near the entrance to the Berggarten?", "answer": "Library Pavillon"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first tropical aquarium in Germany?", "answer": "Sea Life Centre Hanover"}, {"question": "Other than orchids and birds, what else is housed in the Orchid House?", "answer": "butterflies"}, {"question": "What does VWN stand for?", "answer": "Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter"}, {"question": "What part of town is the plant owned by VWN located in?", "answer": "northern edge of town"}, {"question": "Which company was founded in Hanover in 1871?", "answer": "Continental AG"}, {"question": "Where does TUI AG host their headquarters?", "answer": "Hanover"}, {"question": "Which major global reinsurance company has their headquarters east of the city center?", "answer": "Hannover Re"}, {"question": "How many theaters approximately are located in Hanover?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What is the Schauspielhaus in English?", "answer": "Play House"}, {"question": "Who does the Cumberlandsche Galerie belong to?", "answer": "Lower Saxony State Theatre"}, {"question": "Which theatre is Hanover's big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances?", "answer": "Theater am Aegi"}, {"question": "Which theater has it's own musical company?", "answer": "Theater f\u00fcr Niedersachsen"}, {"question": "Who does the nicname \"Die Roten\" belong to?", "answer": "Hannover 96"}, {"question": "What is another name for the top football division?", "answer": "Bundesliga"}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?", "answer": "HDI-Arena"}, {"question": "Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?", "answer": "Eilenriedestadium"}, {"question": "Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?", "answer": "fourth league"}, {"question": "What is Hanover's population?", "answer": "518,000"}, {"question": "What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?", "answer": "thirteenth largest"}, {"question": "What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?", "answer": "Oktoberfest of Blumenau"}, {"question": "In which year did Hanover host the Expo?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What is \"highways\" in German?", "answer": "Autobahnen"}, {"question": "Where are the large Martkirche located?", "answer": "Old Town"}, {"question": "What is the old royal sports hall now called?", "answer": "Ballhof theatre"}, {"question": "What is the name of the momument to the victims of war and violence?", "answer": "Aegidien Church"}, {"question": "What world famous landmark is located on the bank of the Leine?", "answer": "Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle"}, {"question": "Where does the Mile of Sculptures start?", "answer": "Trammplatz"}, {"question": "What is the M\u00fcnzkabinett der TUI-AG?", "answer": "A cabinet of coins"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest police museum in Germany?", "answer": "Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen"}, {"question": "Where can you find carpets and objects from the orient?", "answer": "Oriental Carpet Museum"}, {"question": "Other than in Hanover, where else can you find a Blind Man Museum?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "What is the main topic of the Kunsthalle Faust?", "answer": "Modern art"}, {"question": "What system of the body is related to emotion's physiology?", "answer": "nervous"}, {"question": "What sorts of people are more likely to be emotionally expressive?", "answer": "Extroverted"}, {"question": "What type of people hide their emotions?", "answer": "introverted"}, {"question": "What is emotion frequently responsible for driving?", "answer": "motivation"}, {"question": "Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions sometimes cause?", "answer": "psychological"}, {"question": "What is the name of the theory Plutchik created?", "answer": "wheel of emotions"}, {"question": "How many main emotions exist in Plutchik's theory?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "In Plutchik's theory, what emotion is the opposite of anticipation?", "answer": "surprise"}, {"question": "What emotion can be perceived as a combination of disgust and anger?", "answer": "contempt"}, {"question": "What does Plutchik see as the positive equivalent of disgust?", "answer": "trust"}, {"question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote on emotions?", "answer": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals"}, {"question": "Along with survival, what did Darwin see as the role of emotions in humans?", "answer": "communication"}, {"question": "Through what process did Darwin believe emotions developed?", "answer": "natural selection"}, {"question": "In what century did Darwin write?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In this theory, what action evokes an emotion?", "answer": "stimulus"}, {"question": "What sort of response does the stimulus cause?", "answer": "physiological"}, {"question": "How is the stimulus interpreted by the mind?", "answer": "as a particular emotion"}, {"question": "In the James-Lange theory, what causes emotions?", "answer": "bodily states"}, {"question": "Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?", "answer": "Richard Lazarus"}, {"question": "Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?", "answer": "judgments"}, {"question": "In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?", "answer": "unconscious"}, {"question": "What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?", "answer": "the perceptual theory"}, {"question": "What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?", "answer": "Gut Reactions"}, {"question": "What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?", "answer": "Feelings"}, {"question": "What is Laird's job title?", "answer": "psychologist"}, {"question": "What is Jesse Prinz's profession?", "answer": "philosopher"}, {"question": "What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?", "answer": "sociology"}, {"question": "What discipline makes use of ethnography?", "answer": "anthropology"}, {"question": "What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?", "answer": "communication sciences"}, {"question": "Who developed the concept of emotional labor?", "answer": "Arlie Russell Hochschild"}, {"question": "Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "Along with anger, pride and happiness, what is an example of an emotional label?", "answer": "fear"}, {"question": "Aside from increased perspiration, what is a physiological change related to emotions?", "answer": "changes in pulse rate"}, {"question": "Along with smiling and frowning, what is an example of a facial or body movement caused by emotion?", "answer": "baring teeth"}, {"question": "Who developed a comprehensive theory related to human emotional arousal?", "answer": "Jonathan Turner"}, {"question": "How many emotional categories did Turner recognize as being founded on human neurology?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?", "answer": "Carl Lange"}, {"question": "What was William James' nationality?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Carl Lange?", "answer": "Danish"}, {"question": "What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?", "answer": "the James\u2013Lange theory"}, {"question": "In what year did Lange die?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Along with psychology, neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, history and sociology, what field has engaged in research on emotion?", "answer": "computer science"}, {"question": "Along with dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, cortisol and oxytocin, what neurotransmitter or hormone influences emotion?", "answer": "GABA"}, {"question": "Along with the experience, function and origin of emotion, what aspect of emotion does current research attempt to explain?", "answer": "neurobiology"}, {"question": "What are emotional episodes defined in contrast to?", "answer": "emotional dispositions"}, {"question": "What other traits are emotional dispositions similar to?", "answer": "character traits"}, {"question": "What category is defined to contain pleasure, pain, motivation, moods and dispositions?", "answer": "affective states"}, {"question": "What theory sees an emotional episode as consisting of components?", "answer": "psychological construction"}, {"question": "At what point does psychological construction theory believe the components of an emotion are put together?", "answer": "at the moment of its occurrence"}, {"question": "What is an example of an emotion that, under psychological construction theory, is not the same from one case to another?", "answer": "fear"}, {"question": "Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?", "answer": "Walter Bradford Cannon"}, {"question": "Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?", "answer": "a conscious experience of an emotion"}, {"question": "Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?", "answer": "too slow and often imperceptible"}, {"question": "Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?", "answer": "Paul E. Griffiths"}, {"question": "What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?", "answer": "external"}, {"question": "The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?", "answer": "situationism"}, {"question": "Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?", "answer": "phobias"}, {"question": "When did Broca publish his pioneering work?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between emotion and the limbic system?", "answer": "Papez"}, {"question": "Along with the cingulate cortex and hippocampi, what structure is a notable part of the limbic system?", "answer": "hypothalamus"}, {"question": "Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?", "answer": "ethics"}, {"question": "Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?", "answer": "romance"}, {"question": "Of what discipline is ethology a branch?", "answer": "zoology"}, {"question": "Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?", "answer": "field science"}, {"question": "Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?", "answer": "ecology"}, {"question": "Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?", "answer": "Emil\u00e9 Durkheim"}, {"question": "What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?", "answer": "Australian aborigine society"}, {"question": "Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?", "answer": "totemic rituals"}, {"question": "What is another term for collective effervescence?", "answer": "emotional energy"}, {"question": "What theory was developed by Arnold?", "answer": "the appraisal theory of emotions"}, {"question": "When did Richard Lazarus die?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'What Is An Emotion?'?", "answer": "Robert C. Solomon"}, {"question": "Who published What Is An Emotion?: Classic and Contemporary Readings?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "What is Nico Frijda's nationality?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "When did the word emotion enter the English language?", "answer": "1579"}, {"question": "From what French word is emotion derived?", "answer": "\u00e9mouvoir"}, {"question": "What does \u00e9mouvoir mean in English?", "answer": "to stir up"}, {"question": "Prior to the introduction of the word emotion, what word was used in its place?", "answer": "passion"}, {"question": "Along with anxiety, what is an example of directionless emotion?", "answer": "depression"}, {"question": "What is the thalamus a part of?", "answer": "the diencephalon"}, {"question": "Who argued that an emotional stimulus triggered experiential and physiological responses to emotions at the same time?", "answer": "Cannon"}, {"question": "What creatures did Bard experiment on?", "answer": "animals"}, {"question": "Along with sensory and motor information, what information had to pass through the diencephalon before being processed?", "answer": "physiological"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?", "answer": "Robert C. Solomon"}, {"question": "In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What does Solomon believe emotions to be?", "answer": "judgments"}, {"question": "Whose theory discussed action tendencies?", "answer": "Nico Frijda"}, {"question": "The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?", "answer": "cognitivism"}, {"question": "Who researched the role of emotional phenotype temperaments on social connectedness?", "answer": "Kurt Kortschal"}, {"question": "From where do zygotes derive their genetic information?", "answer": "their parental germ cells"}, {"question": "What percentage of difference is there between the genetic material of humans and the genetic material of chimpanzees?", "answer": "1.2%"}, {"question": "How many million years ago did the evolution of chimpanzees and humans diverge?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "About how long ago did modern human beings first come into existence?", "answer": "200,000 years"}, {"question": "Along with mood, temperament, disposition and motivation, what is emotion often tied to?", "answer": "personality"}, {"question": "What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?", "answer": "cognition"}, {"question": "Along with sweating and muscle tension, what might be a physiological response to danger?", "answer": "rapid heartbeat and breathing"}, {"question": "Sweating is a product of the arousal of what system?", "answer": "nervous"}, {"question": "Who described the concept of a continuum of intensity?", "answer": "Michael C. Graham"}, {"question": "What is Michael Graham's profession?", "answer": "Psychotherapist"}, {"question": "What is an example of an extreme form of fear?", "answer": "terror"}, {"question": "What would be an example of mild shame?", "answer": "embarrassment"}, {"question": "What are non-intense feelings that lack a contextual stimulus called?", "answer": "Moods"}, {"question": "Who has argued that emotions are discrete?", "answer": "Paul Ekman"}, {"question": "How many basic emotions did Ekman recognize?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Along with anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and fear, what is one of Ekman's basic emotions?", "answer": "surprise"}, {"question": "What school of thought saw emotion as an impediment to virtue?", "answer": "stoic"}, {"question": "What thinker believed that emotions were necessary for virtue?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What did the Aristotelians call emotions?", "answer": "passions"}, {"question": "Who was a notable scholastic thinker?", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "Along with Descartes, Machiavelli and Hume, what notable philosopher developed a theory of emotions?", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza"}, {"question": "Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?", "answer": "William James"}, {"question": "What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?", "answer": "the autonomic nervous system"}, {"question": "What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?", "answer": "the perception of bodily changes"}, {"question": "Who developed a theory similar to that of James?", "answer": "Carl Lange"}, {"question": "What was the profession of Lange?", "answer": "psychologist"}, {"question": "What historical school claims that sentiments and meta-emotions can be learned?", "answer": "constructivist"}, {"question": "According to the constructivists, what is an example of a learned meta-emotion?", "answer": "Schadenfreude"}, {"question": "Along with Germany, England, Spain and Australia, where has a research center on the history of emotions recently opened?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "Along with class and race, what is regarded as an essential category of historical analysis?", "answer": "gender"}, {"question": "Whose work did the theory of Stanley Schachter build on?", "answer": "Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n"}, {"question": "What did Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n inject his patients with?", "answer": "epinephrine"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Who was a notable student of  Stanley Schachter?", "answer": "Jerome Singer"}, {"question": "In what year was the book Gut Reactions by Jesse Prinz published?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "In what decade did sociologists focus on the social relevance of emotion?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What emotions did Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?", "answer": "pride and shame"}, {"question": "Who studied rage and shame cycles in married couples?", "answer": "Retzinger"}, {"question": "Who developed the social bond theory?", "answer": "Scheff"}, {"question": "Along with Cooley, from whose work did Scheff derive social bond theory?", "answer": "Goffman"}, {"question": "What is the term for the strategies used by people to influence their emotional experiences?", "answer": "Emotion regulation"}, {"question": "What type of strategy involves avoiding a situation where unwanted emotions might be experienced?", "answer": "behavioral"}, {"question": "Rational emotive behavior therapy is an approach used by what psychotherapy schools?", "answer": "Cognitively oriented schools"}, {"question": "What sort of therapy might examine emotions based on components of facial expressions?", "answer": "Gestalt therapy"}, {"question": "What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?", "answer": "limbic"}, {"question": "What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?", "answer": "neurochemicals"}, {"question": "What chemicals may mediate emotions?", "answer": "pheromones"}, {"question": "Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?", "answer": "reptiles"}, {"question": "The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?", "answer": "mammalian"}, {"question": "What discipline studies the role of emotions in neural mechanisms?", "answer": "Human sciences"}, {"question": "What fields studies the role of emotions in the treatment of human mental disorders?", "answer": "psychiatry"}, {"question": "What profession studies the role of emotions in providing holistic health care?", "answer": "Nursing"}, {"question": "What is affective neuroscience a sub-field of?", "answer": "neuroscience"}, {"question": "What field studies the relationship between emotion and learning?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?", "answer": "Randall Collins"}, {"question": "From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?", "answer": "totemic rituals"}, {"question": "In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?", "answer": "Goffman"}, {"question": "What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?", "answer": "Emotional energy"}, {"question": "What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?", "answer": "collective effervescence"}, {"question": "Of what discipline is affective computing a branch?", "answer": "computer science"}, {"question": "What is the foundational document of affective computing?", "answer": "Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper"}, {"question": "In affective computing, what devices are used to collect data about the physical state of a user?", "answer": "passive sensors"}, {"question": "How does emotional speech processing determine a user's emotional state?", "answer": "analyzing speech patterns"}, {"question": "Along with subjective experience, cognitive processes, expressive behavior and psychophysiological changes, what is another notable emotional component?", "answer": "instrumental behavior"}, {"question": "With what emotional component did William James identify emotion?", "answer": "subjective experience"}, {"question": "What emotional component did behaviorists identify emotion with?", "answer": "instrumental behavior"}, {"question": "What academics identified emotions with physiological changes?", "answer": "psychophysiologists"}, {"question": "Who discussed emotions in the context of expressive body actions and cultural labels?", "answer": "Peggy Thoits"}, {"question": "What model of emotion was developed by Scherer?", "answer": "components processing model"}, {"question": "How many important emotional elements are present in the components processing model?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What processes drive the other components processing model processes?", "answer": "appraisal"}, {"question": "What do psychologists use to visually map emotional experiences?", "answer": "multidimensional scaling"}, {"question": "Along with valence, what is the other of the two dimensions used to map emotional experiences?", "answer": "arousal"}, {"question": "What is the term for the feeling of energy or enervation created by an emotional experience?", "answer": "arousal"}, {"question": "What is the term for the degree to which an emotional experience feels positive or negative?", "answer": "valence"}, {"question": "What component of emotion provides its perceived energy?", "answer": "core affect"}, {"question": "Who argued that emotional responses compete with instinct and reason?", "answer": "Paul D. MacLean"}, {"question": "What technology has allowed for research into the earlier-evolved parts of the brain?", "answer": "neuroimaging"}, {"question": "Along with LeDoux, who was a notable neurological brain researcher?", "answer": "Ant\u00f3nio Dam\u00e1sio"}, {"question": "In what decade did Dam\u00e1sio and LeDoux do notable work?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?", "answer": "Howard M. Weiss"}, {"question": "When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?", "answer": "work"}, {"question": "Who did Beal write \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" with?", "answer": "Howard M. Weiss"}, {"question": "Where was \"Reflections on Affective Events Theory\" published?", "answer": "Research on Emotion in Organizations"}, {"question": "What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?", "answer": "motor centers"}, {"question": "What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?", "answer": "smell"}, {"question": "Why were early mammals active at night?", "answer": "reptiles slept"}, {"question": "What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?", "answer": "limbic brain"}, {"question": "How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "What model described the opposite of approach as moving away?", "answer": "Direction Model"}, {"question": "What model described the opposite of approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?", "answer": "Movement Model"}, {"question": "According to the Action Tendency Model, the opposite of approach is described as unmoving with what?", "answer": "passive yielding"}, {"question": "Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait resulted in support for the Action Tendency Model?", "answer": "shyness"}, {"question": "In what economics sub-field are emotions discussed?", "answer": "microeconomics"}, {"question": "What is a notable political science subfield where emotions are analyzed?", "answer": "the analysis of voter decision-making"}, {"question": "Along with criminal law, what facet of law considers evidence related to emotion?", "answer": "tort law"}, {"question": "Along with sociology and behavioral sciences, what discipline informs the field of criminology?", "answer": "psychology"}, {"question": "Along with risk perception, what do economists study emotion in relate to?", "answer": "purchase decision-making"}, {"question": "What emotion do many cultures discourage in women?", "answer": "anger"}, {"question": "Some cultures attempt to regulate what emotion in boys?", "answer": "fear"}, {"question": "The open expression of what emotion is generally frowned upon in most cultures?", "answer": "disgust"}, {"question": "What social institution is associated with the emotion of love?", "answer": "marriage"}, {"question": "What emotion do political campaigns appeal to in regard to terrorism?", "answer": "fear"}, {"question": "When was Everton admitted as a member of the Premier League?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What year did Howard Kendall return to manage Everton?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Who replaced Howard Kendall as Everton's manager?", "answer": "Mike Walker"}, {"question": "What year did former Everton player Joe Royle take over managing the club?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What was the score in the first Everton game managed by Joe Royle?", "answer": "2\u20130"}, {"question": "When was the Tower constructed?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "For what purpose was the Tower first used?", "answer": "bridewell"}, {"question": "On what road is the Tower located on?", "answer": "Netherfield"}, {"question": "What is the Everton club motto?", "answer": "Nil Satis Nisi Optimum"}, {"question": "What does the Everton club motto, \"Nil Satis Nisi Optimum,\" mean in English?", "answer": "Nothing but the best is good enough"}, {"question": "What is the name of the theme song that players walk out to on Everton matchdays?", "answer": "Johnny Todd"}, {"question": "Where did \"Johnny Todd\"--the theme song for Everton matchdays--originate?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "What year did the Everton players walk out to a song other than \"Johnny Todd\"?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What was the reaction of the crowd to the Everton replacement theme songs in 1994?", "answer": "disapproval"}, {"question": "What song did the Everton club replace its player walkout theme with in August 1994?", "answer": "Get Ready For This"}, {"question": "How many seasons out of the last 114 has Everton been in England's top tier?", "answer": "111"}, {"question": "How many other teams have played all 22 seasons in the Premier League since its inception?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "When was the Premier League established?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What match has been played the most since the inception of the Premier League?", "answer": "Everton against Aston Villa"}, {"question": "How many games has Everton played against Aston Villa?", "answer": "196"}, {"question": "When was the Everton club founded?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "In what decade did Everton experience a revival?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "How many league championships did Everton win in the 1960s?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When was Everton's most recent trophy awarded?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What nickname is used for Everton's club supporters?", "answer": "Evertonians"}, {"question": "In what season did Everton win their fourth League title?", "answer": "1931\u201332"}, {"question": "In what year did Everton win their second FA Cup?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "What was the score in the final game that Everton won its second FA Cup in 1993 against Manchester City?", "answer": "3\u20130"}, {"question": "In what season did Everton win its fifth League title?", "answer": "1938\u201339"}, {"question": "When did the Everton club board fire Smith?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who replaced Smith as manager of the Everton FC in 2002?", "answer": "David Moyes"}, {"question": "In what place did the Everton FC place in the 2004-05 season?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC place in the 2009 FA Cup Final?", "answer": "runners-up"}, {"question": "When did Everton FC launch their new crest?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?", "answer": "Nike"}, {"question": "How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?", "answer": "poorly"}, {"question": "What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?", "answer": "91"}, {"question": "How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?", "answer": "over 22,000"}, {"question": "In which park did Everton FC originally play?", "answer": "Stanley"}, {"question": "Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?", "answer": "Stanley Park"}, {"question": "Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?", "answer": "J. Cruitt"}, {"question": "Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?", "answer": "John Houlding"}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?", "answer": "Anfield"}, {"question": "How many seats did the proposal for the new Everton stadium feature in 2000?", "answer": "55,000"}, {"question": "How much money did Everton FC need to generate for a half-stake in the new stadium project in 2000?", "answer": "\u00a330 million"}, {"question": "In what year did the Liverpool city council reject Everton FC's new stadium proposal?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "In what year did Liverpool announce that they would build their own Stanley Park Stadium?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What team did Everton FC consider sharing grounds with around the year 2000?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "What place did Everton FC rank in highest average attendance in the Premier League in the 2008-09 season?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "Where does the majority of Everton's matchday support hail from?", "answer": "North West of England"}, {"question": "What is the name of Everton's official supporters club?", "answer": "FOREVERTON"}, {"question": "Where can you find fanzines sold on Everton match days?", "answer": "Goodison Park"}, {"question": "Who is the current manager of the Everton Football Club?", "answer": "Roberto Mart\u00ednez"}, {"question": "How many caretaker managers have their been in the Everton FC's history?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?", "answer": "Harry Catterick"}, {"question": "When did Harry Catterick manage the Everton Football Club?", "answer": "1961\u201373"}, {"question": "Which Everton manager won the most domestic and international trophies during his time?", "answer": "Howard Kendall"}, {"question": "In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?", "answer": "Harry Catterick"}, {"question": "In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?", "answer": "Wembley"}, {"question": "Where did a group of fans demand that Everton remain within the city boundaries of?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "In what year was it revealed that Everton had entered talks to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who did Everton enter talks with to build a new 55,000 seat stadium in Kirkby?", "answer": "Knowsley Council and Tesco"}, {"question": "What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "How many travelling fans did Everton bring with them to Benefica in 2009?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "How does the Everton FC promote fans to purchase away tickets?", "answer": "loyalty points"}, {"question": "In what year did Everton take 7,000 travelling fans with them to an away game?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Aside from 2009, in what year did Everton FC bring the most fans with them to an away game?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "Who holds a majority of the shares in the Everton FC?", "answer": "the board of directors"}, {"question": "What is the Everton FC's overdraft with Barclays Bank secured against?", "answer": "Basic Award Fund"}, {"question": "What is the Premier League's \"Basic Award Fund\" for?", "answer": "competing in the Premier League"}, {"question": "How much money did Everton FC borrow from Bear Stearns and Prudential in 2002?", "answer": "\u00a330 million"}, {"question": "How long does Everton FC have to pay back \u00a330 million they borrowed from Bear Stearns and Prudential? ", "answer": "25 years"}, {"question": "Who is the Everton Football Club's biggest rivals?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "What derby does Everton FC contest against Liverpool?", "answer": "Merseyside"}, {"question": "In what year was the Liverpool Football Club established?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "Where did Everton FC move to that began their rivalry with Liverpool?", "answer": "Goodison Park"}, {"question": "The Merseyside derby is also known as?", "answer": "the \"friendly derby\""}, {"question": "What player holds the Everton Football Club record for most appearances?", "answer": "Neville Southall"}, {"question": "Who currently holds the record for the most league clean sheets during a season?", "answer": "Tim Howard"}, {"question": "Which former captain made 534 appearances with the Everton Football Club?", "answer": "Brian Labone"}, {"question": "Who was the longest serving goalkeeper for the Everton FC?", "answer": "Ted Sagar"}, {"question": "How many years did Ted Sagar play for the Everton Football Club?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "How many fans were in attendance during Everton's match against Liverpool on September 18, 1948?", "answer": "78,299"}, {"question": "How many fans were injured in Everton's 1948 match against Liverpool that drew the largest crowd they've had?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "Who was injured during Everton's record attendance match against Liverpool in 1948?", "answer": "Tom Fleetwood"}, {"question": "How many people does Goodison Park stadium hold?", "answer": "under 40,000"}, {"question": "How much did Everton FC pay to transfer Belgian forward Romelu Lukaku?", "answer": "\u00a328m"}, {"question": "What was the name of Everton's professional basketball team?", "answer": "Tigers"}, {"question": "In which league do the Everton Tigers compete?", "answer": "British Basketball League"}, {"question": "When was the Everton Tigers team launched?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Where do the Everton Tigers play their home games?", "answer": "Greenbank Sports Academy"}, {"question": "When did the Everton Tigers win the BBL Cup?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Chilean team that has ties to the Everton FC?", "answer": "Everton de Vi\u00f1a del Mar"}, {"question": "When did the two Everton Football Clubs (English and Chilean) face off against one another?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who organized the friendly match between the English and Chilean Everton football clubs in 2010?", "answer": "The Ruleteros Society"}, {"question": "What US city also has an Everton football team?", "answer": "Elk Grove"}, {"question": "What year did the Everton FC release their UK pop song \"The Boys in Blue\"?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What position did the song \"Here We Go\" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What was the name of the song that the Everton Football Club released in 1986?", "answer": "Everybody's Cheering The Blues"}, {"question": "Who originally sang the song \"All Together Now\" that was reworked and released by Everton Football Club in 1995?", "answer": "The Farm"}, {"question": "How many times has the Everton FC entered the UK pop charts?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who temporarily replaced Joe Royle as club captain after he resigned?", "answer": "Dave Watson"}, {"question": "In what year was Howard Kendall appointed manager of the Everton FC for the third time?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who took over for Howard Kendall after his third attempt at managing the Everton FC was unsuccessful?", "answer": "Walter Smith"}, {"question": "How many successive finishes did Walter Smith manage for the Everton FC?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What rank did Everton place in the 1997 Premiership league?", "answer": "seventeenth"}, {"question": "What year did the Everton Football Club \"go blue\"?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?", "answer": "The People's Club"}, {"question": "What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?", "answer": "The Black Watch"}, {"question": "What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?", "answer": "The Dogs of War"}, {"question": "What is the name of the English language's earliest form?", "answer": "Old English"}, {"question": "In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?", "answer": "southern and eastern"}, {"question": "in what historical period was Old English spoken?", "answer": "the early Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What people brought Old English to Britain?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxon settlers"}, {"question": "What language developed from Old English?", "answer": "Middle English"}, {"question": "Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?", "answer": "Kentish"}, {"question": "What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?", "answer": "Anglian"}, {"question": "Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?", "answer": "Humber"}, {"question": "What river was the Mercian region south of?", "answer": "Humber"}, {"question": "Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?", "answer": "Kentish"}, {"question": "From what language did Old English borrow some words?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?", "answer": "Irish Christian missionaries"}, {"question": "Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?", "answer": "runic system"}, {"question": "After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?", "answer": "Old French"}, {"question": "In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?", "answer": "1066"}, {"question": "What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?", "answer": "grammatical"}, {"question": "What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?", "answer": "natural"}, {"question": "What was a masculine word in Old English?", "answer": "m\u014dna"}, {"question": "What was a feminine word in Old English?", "answer": "sunne"}, {"question": "What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?", "answer": "neuter"}, {"question": "When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?", "answer": "u"}, {"question": "Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?", "answer": "q"}, {"question": "What is the term for the letter \u00fe?", "answer": "thorn"}, {"question": "What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?", "answer": "\u01bf"}, {"question": "What was the term for the letter \u01bf?", "answer": "wynn"}, {"question": "What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?", "answer": "Beowulf"}, {"question": "About how many lines was Beowulf?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?", "answer": "Scyld"}, {"question": "Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?", "answer": "a noble family"}, {"question": "To what language group does Old English belong?", "answer": "West Germanic"}, {"question": "Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?", "answer": "Old Frisian"}, {"question": "To what modern language is Old English similar?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "Who was known by the nickname \"the Grammarian\"?", "answer": "\u00c6lfric of Eynsham"}, {"question": "What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?", "answer": "Bishop \u00c6thelwold of Winchester"}, {"question": "In what century did the Winchester standard arise?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Winchester standard?", "answer": "Late West Saxon"}, {"question": "What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?", "answer": "the Norman Conquest"}, {"question": "For about how many years was Old English used?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "In what century was Old English first used?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "In what century did Old English cease to be used?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?", "answer": "450 to 1150"}, {"question": "About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?", "answer": "85"}, {"question": "From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?", "answer": "Mercian"}, {"question": "From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?", "answer": "Northumbrian"}, {"question": "What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?", "answer": "Somerset"}, {"question": "Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?", "answer": "the Viking invasions"}, {"question": "What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?", "answer": "Danish"}, {"question": "What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?", "answer": "Old Norse"}, {"question": "Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?", "answer": "inflectional"}, {"question": "What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?", "answer": "morphological diversity"}, {"question": "Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?", "answer": "accusative"}, {"question": "The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?", "answer": "-es"}, {"question": "In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?", "answer": "their case"}, {"question": "What language had the greatest influence on English?", "answer": "Old Norse"}, {"question": "What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?", "answer": "the Danelaw"}, {"question": "Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?", "answer": "Simeon Potter"}, {"question": "What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?", "answer": "word-endings"}, {"question": "Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?", "answer": "past"}, {"question": "What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?", "answer": "indicative, subjunctive and imperative"}, {"question": "Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?", "answer": "-de"}, {"question": "How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?", "answer": "altering the root vowel"}, {"question": "What language family does Old English belong to?", "answer": "West Germanic"}, {"question": "What is another name for Ingvaeonic?", "answer": "North Sea Germanic"}, {"question": "In what century did Old English first develop?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?", "answer": "Northumbria"}, {"question": "What language was spoken in Cornwall?", "answer": "Medieval Cornish"}, {"question": "What is an important Old English historical record?", "answer": "the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle"}, {"question": "What is an important Old English religious poem?", "answer": "C\u00e6dmon's Hymn"}, {"question": "What type of literary work is Beowulf?", "answer": "an epic poem"}, {"question": "Who is the earliest English poet known by name?", "answer": "C\u00e6dmon"}, {"question": "Where did C\u00e6dmon live?", "answer": "Whitby"}, {"question": "What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?", "answer": "North Sea Germanic"}, {"question": "Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?", "answer": "Jutes"}, {"question": "What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?", "answer": "Celtic"}, {"question": "How was the Latin language brought to Britain?", "answer": "Roman invasion"}, {"question": "In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?", "answer": "Alfred the Great"}, {"question": "What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?", "answer": "Pastoral Care"}, {"question": "When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?", "answer": "871"}, {"question": "In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "What dialect did Alfred's government use?", "answer": "West Saxon"}, {"question": "Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?", "answer": "Mercia"}, {"question": "Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?", "answer": "Kent"}, {"question": "What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?", "answer": "Early West Saxon"}, {"question": "From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?", "answer": "Tyne"}, {"question": "During what century did Cnut rule?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "What was Cnut's nationality?", "answer": "Danish"}, {"question": "During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?", "answer": "Old Norse"}, {"question": "Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?", "answer": "palatal"}, {"question": "What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?", "answer": "w"}, {"question": "What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?", "answer": "g"}, {"question": "What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?", "answer": "s"}, {"question": "When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?", "answer": "thorn"}, {"question": "What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?", "answer": "Neo-Paganism"}, {"question": "What hobby champions the use of Old English?", "answer": "Historical re-enactment"}, {"question": "Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?", "answer": "Alistair Campbell"}, {"question": "What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?", "answer": "the Old English Wikipedia"}, {"question": "What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?", "answer": "Neo-Old English"}, {"question": "What type of carrier is the largest?", "answer": "fleet carrier"}, {"question": "What capability does a fleet carrier offer?", "answer": "offensive"}, {"question": "What purpose were excort carriers developed for?", "answer": "to provide defense for convoys of ships"}, {"question": "What were most escort carriers built from?", "answer": "mercantile hulls"}, {"question": "What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?", "answer": "heavy aviation cruisers"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?", "answer": "Escort"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?", "answer": "speed"}, {"question": "What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?", "answer": "3 years"}, {"question": "Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?", "answer": "Royal Navy"}, {"question": "When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?", "answer": "2023"}, {"question": "What was Izvestiya?", "answer": "Russian newspaper"}, {"question": "Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "answer": "Murmansk"}, {"question": "Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?", "answer": "Vladivostok"}, {"question": "What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?", "answer": "aircraft carriers"}, {"question": "What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?", "answer": "flat-top flight deck"}, {"question": "Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?", "answer": "The flight deck"}, {"question": "What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?", "answer": "a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain"}, {"question": "What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?", "answer": "accelerate more quickly to gain lift"}, {"question": "When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?", "answer": "early 1950s"}, {"question": "What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?", "answer": "hitting aircraft parked forward"}, {"question": "How many \"waist\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?", "answer": "one or two"}, {"question": "How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?", "answer": "An angled deck"}, {"question": "Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?", "answer": "the forward end of the flight deck"}, {"question": "What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??", "answer": "take off at far higher weights"}, {"question": "Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?", "answer": "the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?", "answer": "some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity"}, {"question": "What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?", "answer": "either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea"}, {"question": "What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?", "answer": "full-length"}, {"question": "What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?", "answer": "carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering"}, {"question": "Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?", "answer": "An aircraft carrier"}, {"question": "What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?", "answer": "project air power worldwide without depending on local bases"}, {"question": "What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?", "answer": "nuclear-powered warships"}, {"question": "In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?", "answer": "the world's first successful ship-launched air raid"}, {"question": "What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?", "answer": "the Tondern Raid in July 1918"}, {"question": "Which ship was originally known as being the capital ship of the fleet?", "answer": "the battleship"}, {"question": "When did aircraft carriers begin being know as the capital ship of the fleet?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What type of carrier is capable of displacing 75,000 tonnes or greater?", "answer": "Supercarriers"}, {"question": "Which ships are used for carrying and landing Marines?", "answer": "Amphibious assault ships"}, {"question": "What do Amphibious assalut ships need a large contingent of for carrying Marines?", "answer": "helicopters"}, {"question": "Who is in the process of procuring two Canbera-class LHD's?", "answer": "The Royal Australian Navy"}, {"question": "How large will the two Canbera-class LDH's be?", "answer": "the largest in Australian naval history"}, {"question": "What is one primary role of the Canbera-class LDH?", "answer": "to embark, transport and deploy an embarked force"}, {"question": "How many troops can be maintained on a Canbera-class LHD?", "answer": "1,000 troops and their supporting vehicles"}, {"question": "How many helicopters is the LHD capable of launching?", "answer": "multiple helicopters at one time"}, {"question": "What is the British Navy constructing to replace their three Invincible-class carriers?", "answer": "two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class"}, {"question": "What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?", "answer": "HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "When are the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships due to become operational?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "How many tonnes can the Queen Elizabeth class ships displace?", "answer": "70,600"}, {"question": "How large will the two Queen Elizabeth ships be?", "answer": "the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "Why do the constraints of constructing a flight deck affect the role of a carrier?", "answer": "they influence the weight, type, and configuration of the aircraft that may be launched"}, {"question": "What are assisted launch mechanisms primarily used for?", "answer": "heavy aircraft"}, {"question": "What does CATOBAR allow for?", "answer": "deployment of heavy jets with full loadouts"}, {"question": "Why is STOVL used by other navies?", "answer": "it is cheaper to operate"}, {"question": "Why do almost all carriers using conventional aircraft have arrested-recovery systems?", "answer": "conventional aircraft cannot decelerate on their own"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of an arrested-recovery system?", "answer": "to recover their aircraft"}, {"question": "What do aircraft do when landing in order to stop on a short distance?", "answer": "extend a tailhook that catches on arrestor wires stretched across the deck"}, {"question": "What does a landing area angles off access allow an aircraft to do if if misses the arresting wires?", "answer": "bolt"}, {"question": "What can a \"bolt\" prevent an aircraft from doing?", "answer": "crashing into aircraft on the forward deck"}, {"question": "What are 3 key personnel involved in the flight deck?", "answer": "the shooters, the handler, and the air boss"}, {"question": "What are shooters responsible for?", "answer": "launching aircraft"}, {"question": "What is the handler responsible for?", "answer": "the movement of aircraft before launching and after recovery"}, {"question": "Where does the captain of the ship spend most of his time?", "answer": "on the Navigation Bridge"}, {"question": "Who is the Flag Bridge area of the ship designated for?", "answer": "the embarked admiral and his staff"}, {"question": "What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?", "answer": "the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load"}, {"question": "What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?", "answer": "heavily laden aircraft"}, {"question": "What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?", "answer": "a catapult or JATO rocket"}, {"question": "Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?", "answer": "would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas"}, {"question": "How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?", "answer": "with a minimal armament and fuel load"}, {"question": "Why did China purchase the STOBAR carrier Liaoning in 1998?", "answer": "on the pretext of use as a floating casino"}, {"question": "What is Liaoning classifed as?", "answer": "a training ship"}, {"question": "What is the Liaoning intended to help the navy practice with?", "answer": "carrier usage"}, {"question": "Why is Liaoning not assigned to any of China's operation fleets?", "answer": "it is a training ship"}, {"question": "Why did the Chinese PLA Navy need 4-5 years for Liaoning to reach full capacity?", "answer": "this is the first aircraft carrier in their possession"}, {"question": "Who started construction of a 40,000-tonne Vikrant-class carrier in 2009?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What will power the Indian-made ship?", "answer": "four gas-turbine engines"}, {"question": "What will the range of the Indian-made ship be, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailers, and 30 aircraft?", "answer": "8,000 nautical miles"}, {"question": "Who is constructing the Indian-made ship?", "answer": "Cochin Shipyard"}, {"question": "When was the Indian-made ship launched?", "answer": "August 2013"}, {"question": "What were carriers used for in the early 20th century?", "answer": "to deploy balloons"}, {"question": "As of 3/3/2016, how many active aircraft carriers are there worldwide?", "answer": "thirty-seven"}, {"question": "What is another name for the 10 large nuclear-powered carriers operated by the U.S. Navy?", "answer": "supercarriers"}, {"question": "How many aircraft can supercarriers carry?", "answer": "up to 90"}, {"question": "Who owns the largest carriers in the world?", "answer": "The United States Navy"}, {"question": "What is the definition of an \"aircraft carrier\"?", "answer": "There is no single definition"}, {"question": "How may aircraft carriers be classified?", "answer": "according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments"}, {"question": "Who is Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope?", "answer": "former head of the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "Who said, \"countries that aspire to strategic international influence have aircraft carriers\"?", "answer": "Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope"}, {"question": "What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?", "answer": "The aircraft carrier"}, {"question": "What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?", "answer": "the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness"}, {"question": "Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?", "answer": "They had higher range and precision"}, {"question": "What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?", "answer": "the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes"}, {"question": "What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?", "answer": "the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships"}, {"question": "What develpment produced the first large fleet ships?", "answer": "flattop vessels"}, {"question": "What was the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft?", "answer": "HMS Argus"}, {"question": "What did the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 limit?", "answer": "the construction of new heavy surface combat ships"}, {"question": "What caused early aircraft carriers to be made up of conversions of ships that were previously cargo ships, cruisers or battlecruisers?", "answer": "Washington Naval Treaty of 1922"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft carriers did these ship conversions give rise to in 1927?", "answer": "Lexington-class"}, {"question": "What does EMALS stand for?", "answer": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System"}, {"question": "Who developed EMALS?", "answer": "General Atomics"}, {"question": "What do EMALS enable the launching of?", "answer": "varied aircraft including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV)"}, {"question": "Who was impressed by the demonstration of EMALS by General Atomics?", "answer": "Indian Navy officers"}, {"question": "How many in-service aircraft carriers are aimed for with EMALS?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the August 2013 launching ceremony in Yokohama held for?", "answer": "Japan's largest military ship since World War II"}, {"question": "How many helicopters can simultaneously land on Japan's largest military ship?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How long is Japan's largest military ship?", "answer": "820-foot-long (250 m)"}, {"question": "How many troops can Japan's largest military ship carry?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "How much does Japan's largest military ship weigh?", "answer": "19,500-ton"}, {"question": "What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?", "answer": "the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class"}, {"question": "Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?", "answer": "Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)"}, {"question": "When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?", "answer": "100,000 ton"}, {"question": "How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?", "answer": "45,000 ton"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft have no need to decelerate?", "answer": "VTOL-capable or helicopters"}, {"question": "What does the angled deck separate the recovery operation area from?", "answer": "the launch area"}, {"question": "What does V/STOL refer to?", "answer": "aircraft capable of vertical or short take-off and landing"}, {"question": "What capability do helicopters use to move over the flight deck and land vertically?", "answer": "hover"}, {"question": "What don't helicopters need because of having hover capablility?", "answer": "arresting gear"}, {"question": "What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?", "answer": "an island"}, {"question": "What is concentrated in the small area called an island?", "answer": "The superstructure of a carrier"}, {"question": "Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?", "answer": "starboard"}, {"question": "What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?", "answer": "management of the exhaust from the power plant"}, {"question": "What was a major issue in the USS Langley?", "answer": "Fumes coming across the deck"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?", "answer": "Charles de Gaulle"}, {"question": "What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?", "answer": "the French Navy"}, {"question": "What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?", "answer": "Aster"}, {"question": "What is another name for the French Navy?", "answer": "Marine Nationale"}, {"question": "What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?", "answer": "CATOBAR"}, {"question": "How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?", "answer": "one every four years"}, {"question": "What class does the USS America belong to?", "answer": "America-class amphibious assault ships"}, {"question": "What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?", "answer": "F-35Bs"}, {"question": "Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?", "answer": "USS Tripoli"}, {"question": "Why have aircraft carriers increased in size since World War II?", "answer": "to accommodate a steady increase in aircraft size"}, {"question": "How much more displacement does the modern Nimitz class have compared to the older USS Enterprise?", "answer": "nearly four times"}, {"question": "Why do nations risk significant political impacts if a carrier is lost or even used in conflict?", "answer": "Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive"}, {"question": "Which era does the USS Enterprise belong to?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What does LSO stand for?", "answer": "landing signal officer"}, {"question": "Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?", "answer": "a landing signal officer"}, {"question": "What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?", "answer": "colored paddles"}, {"question": "Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?", "answer": "Optical Landing System"}, {"question": "What are LSO's still being used to do?", "answer": "transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio"}, {"question": "What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?", "answer": "using the ramp and a running start"}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?", "answer": "STOVL"}, {"question": "What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?", "answer": "vertical"}, {"question": "What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?", "answer": "a ski-jump ramp"}, {"question": "What do Russian carriers still use to recover?", "answer": "traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft"}, {"question": "What class carrier is the Sao Paulo?", "answer": "Clemenceau"}, {"question": "Who is the Sao Paulo currently in service for?", "answer": "the Brazilian Navy"}, {"question": "Who was the Sao Paulo first commissioned by in 1963?", "answer": "the French Navy"}, {"question": "What did Sao Paulo undergo during the period from 2005-2010?", "answer": "extensive modernization"}, {"question": "What setback happened to Sao Paula in 2012?", "answer": "another major fire"}, {"question": "What type of carrier is Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov?", "answer": "STOBAR"}, {"question": "When was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov first launched?", "answer": "in 1985"}, {"question": "What was Admiral Flota Sovetskovo Soyuza Kuznetsov renamed?", "answer": "Tbilisi"}, {"question": "What is unique about Tbilisi?", "answer": "carrying a heavy cruiser's complement of defensive weapons and large P-700 Granit offensive missiles"}, {"question": "What will be removed from Tbilisi in order to enlarge her below decks aviation facilities?", "answer": "The P-700 systems"}, {"question": "Which class of aircraft carriers is being constructed to replace the Invincible-class carriers?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth"}, {"question": "What will the displacement be for the HMS Queen Elizabeth?", "answer": "70,600 tonnes"}, {"question": "When is HMS Queen Elizabeth projected to commission?", "answer": "in 2017"}, {"question": "When is Prince of Wales projected to commission?", "answer": "in about 2020"}, {"question": "Who is building HMS Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales?", "answer": "Royal Navy"}, {"question": "When did two whisleblowers allege that Boutris  attempted to ground Southwest Airlines?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many planes did the FAA managers allow to fly in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections?", "answer": "46"}, {"question": "How much did the FAA propose to fine Southwest for failing to inspect older planes?", "answer": "$10.2 million"}, {"question": "What former chairman of the committee said it's investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse?", "answer": "Jim Oberstar"}, {"question": "How many planes were allowed to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety regulations?", "answer": "117"}, {"question": "When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?", "answer": "July 22, 2008"}, {"question": "who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?", "answer": "House"}, {"question": "What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?", "answer": "the flying public"}, {"question": "how long was the \"cooling off\" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?", "answer": "two-year"}, {"question": "What epidemic did the FAA have to handle in the 1960s?", "answer": "hijacking"}, {"question": "Who now takes responsibility for aviation security?", "answer": "Department of Homeland Security"}, {"question": "When did the FAA become more involved with the environmental aspects of aviation?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "When was legislation passed that gave the agency management of a new airport aide program?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What is the altitude which the FAA regulates over?", "answer": "500 feet"}, {"question": "When did the CAA begin to exptend it's ATC responsibilities?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What helped ATC controllers in their drive ot keep ahead of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation?", "answer": "radar"}, {"question": "When did Congress give the CAA the task of administering the federal-air airport program?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "What did the federal-aid airport program aim to help develop?", "answer": "civil airports"}, {"question": "When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?", "answer": "mid-1970s"}, {"question": "When was the Airline Deregulation act?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?", "answer": "computer technology"}, {"question": "When was the Air Commerce Act passed?", "answer": "May 20, 1926"}, {"question": "Who was charged with fostering air commerce?", "answer": "Secretary of Commerce"}, {"question": "What new branch was created and operates under the Department of Commerce?", "answer": "Aeronautics Branch"}, {"question": "Who assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight?", "answer": "Aeronautics Branch"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for operating and maintaining aids to air navigation?", "answer": "Secretary of Commerce"}, {"question": "When did the Grand-Canyon mid-air collision happen?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "when was the Federal Aviation Act passed?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What agency would now act like the CAA?", "answer": "Federal Aviation Agency"}, {"question": "Who did the Federal Aviation Act transfer air safety regulation from?", "answer": "CAB"}, {"question": "Who was the FAA's first administrator?", "answer": "Elwood R. Quesada"}, {"question": "When did the FAA decide to expand passengers use of portable elctronic devices during all phases of flight?", "answer": "October 31, 2013"}, {"question": "What mode must mobile phones be put into?", "answer": "airplane mode"}, {"question": "What phases of flight will passengers be able to use electronic devices?", "answer": "all phases"}, {"question": "Where must devices be put during actual takeoff and landing?", "answer": "seat-back pocket"}, {"question": "Are short-range bluetooth accessories able to be used?", "answer": "can also be used."}, {"question": "When did the US DOT combine major federal responsibilities for air and surface transport?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What did the Federal Aviation Agency change it's name to?", "answer": "Federal Aviation Administration"}, {"question": "Who would the FAA administrator report to?", "answer": "Secretary of Transportation"}, {"question": "Who approves new programs and budget requests?", "answer": "DOT"}, {"question": "Who is the final person to approve the budget that is submitted?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "What was the Areonautics Branch renamed to?", "answer": "Bureau of Air Commerce"}, {"question": "When was the Aeronautics Branch renamed?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "When did the Buerau take over and begin to expant the ATC system?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "What were the people who used maps, blackboards, and mental calculation to ensure the safe separation of aircraft traveling between cities called?", "answer": "air traffic controllers"}, {"question": "When did the FAA change it's long-standing approach to air traffic control candidates?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What was now favored instead of training and experince at flight schools?", "answer": "personality test"}, {"question": "Who could be an air traffic controller irrespective of experience now because of the rule change?", "answer": "anyone"}, {"question": "What did applicants now take that many of them found baffling?", "answer": "biographical questionnaire"}, {"question": "What retired NASA Office of inspector general is outspoken about the FAA?", "answer": "Joseph Gutheinz"}, {"question": "How much do penalties against airlines cost per violation?", "answer": "$25,000"}, {"question": "A heavy penalty for violating FAA reulations could said to be do what?", "answer": "impact their ability to continue operating"}, {"question": "What did the agency propose to find Southwest Airlines?", "answer": "$10.2 million"}, {"question": "In what year did Blackpool and Blackburn become independent unitary authorities?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "In what year was Simonswood transferred from Knowsley to West Lancashire", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Which places were added to the new county of Cheshire?", "answer": "Warrington and Widnes"}, {"question": "Where were the boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens and Sefton included?", "answer": "Merseyside"}, {"question": "Which parish was transferred from Knowsley to the district of West Lancashire?", "answer": "Simonswood"}, {"question": "When did the administrative boundaries for the Duchy of Lancaster change?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What is the Duchy of Lancaster?", "answer": "one of two royal duchies in England"}, {"question": "What does the Duchy of Lancaster operate as?", "answer": "a property company"}, {"question": "Who are appointed within the Duchy and County Palatine of Lancater?", "answer": "High Sheriffs"}, {"question": "Who exercises the right of the Crown in the County Palatine of Lancaster?", "answer": "The Duchy of Lancaster"}, {"question": "How many state grammar schools are in Lancashire?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many state schools are in Lancashire?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "How many independant schools are in Lancashire?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Who has the largest school population?", "answer": "South Ribble"}, {"question": "Who has the smallest school population?", "answer": "Fylde"}, {"question": "What years did the Lancashire League competition run from?", "answer": "1895 to 1970"}, {"question": "Which county was once the focal point for many professional competitions?", "answer": "Lancashire"}, {"question": "Which year was the Lancashire County Cup abandoned?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What year did Rugby League start?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Where was the first open competition for brass bands held?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "What year was the first open competition for brass bands held?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "Where was David Atherton born?", "answer": "Blackpool"}, {"question": "What did David Atherton co-found?", "answer": "the London Sinfonietta"}, {"question": "Who began their musical career as organist of Salford Cathedral?", "answer": "Leslie Stuart"}, {"question": "What are the biggest cities in Lancashire?", "answer": "Manchester and Liverpool"}, {"question": "By the 1830's, how much of all cotton was processed in Lancashire?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "Where was a center for tourist for the people of Lancashire's mill towns?", "answer": "Blackpool"}, {"question": "What week was most popular to visit Lancashire's mill towns?", "answer": "wakes week"}, {"question": "When did Lancashire emerge as a major commercialand industrial region?", "answer": "during the Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?", "answer": "709"}, {"question": "What is to the north of Lancashire today?", "answer": "Cumbria"}, {"question": "What is to the east of Lancashire today?", "answer": "West Yorkshire"}, {"question": "Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?", "answer": "Duke of Lancaster"}, {"question": "When was the administrative county of Lancashire created?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What is the area served by the Lord-Lieutenant called now?", "answer": "ceremonial county"}, {"question": "Where is the ancient border between Lancashire and Yorkshire located?", "answer": "the western part of Todmorden"}, {"question": "Why is Lancashire smaller than its historical extent?", "answer": "reform of local government"}, {"question": "What area is covered by the Lord-Lieutenant?", "answer": "the administrative county and the county boroughs"}, {"question": "When did the county become more urbanised?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?", "answer": "the southern part"}, {"question": "When was Warrington added to Lancashire?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "When was Southport added?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "When was Blackpool added to the county?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "What is most of the lowland in the county devoted to?", "answer": "dairy farming and cheesemaking"}, {"question": "What is the higer ground in the county devoted to?", "answer": "sheep"}, {"question": "What is in the highest ground?", "answer": "uncultivated moorland"}, {"question": "Where is the Lancashire Coalfield located?", "answer": "modern-day Greater Manchester"}, {"question": "where is Beacon Fell County Park located?", "answer": "North of the Ribble"}, {"question": "What does the Duchy administer within the County Palatine?", "answer": "bona vacantia"}, {"question": "What serves as the county town of the county palatine?", "answer": "Lancaster"}, {"question": "When did the title of Duke of Lancaster merge into the Crown?", "answer": "many centuries ago"}, {"question": "Who is the Duchy administered by?", "answer": "the Queen"}, {"question": "What does the Lancashire economy rely on?", "answer": "the M6 motorway"}, {"question": "Which direction does the M6 motorway run?", "answer": "north to south"}, {"question": "What road connects Preston to Blackpool?", "answer": "The M55"}, {"question": "Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?", "answer": "M58"}, {"question": "Where are the major settlements in the ceremonial county located?", "answer": "Fylde coast"}, {"question": "Where is the Fylde coast?", "answer": "Blackpool Urban Area"}, {"question": "Which part of the county is rural and sparsely populated?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "How many people live in Lancaster and Morecambe?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of Lancashire is Asian?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "Where was pop star Frankie Vaughan from?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "How many bands were active in the Liverpool area in the 1960s?", "answer": "350"}, {"question": "What was the first act to break through in the UK, not from Liverpool or managed by Brian Epstein?", "answer": "Freddie and the Dreamers"}, {"question": "Where were Freddie and the Dreamers based?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "Where were Herman's Hermints and the Hollies from?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "Who was \"The Ballad of Chevy Chase\" composed by?", "answer": "Richard Sheale"}, {"question": "Where was Richard Sheale from?", "answer": "Lancashire"}, {"question": "What is Lancashire's long and productive tradition?", "answer": "music making"}, {"question": "What did the county share with it's national traditions?", "answer": "balladry"}, {"question": "What is the finest border ballad?", "answer": "The Ballad of Chevy Chase"}, {"question": "When was Lancashire established?", "answer": "1182"}, {"question": "When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?", "answer": "Roman times"}, {"question": "In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?", "answer": "410AD"}, {"question": "What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?", "answer": "a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe"}, {"question": "When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?", "answer": "mid-8th century"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?", "answer": "5,129,416"}, {"question": "What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?", "answer": "Lancashire"}, {"question": "When was the administrative county abolished?", "answer": "1 April 1974"}, {"question": "What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?", "answer": "Merseyside and Greater Manchester"}, {"question": "What incorporated the Furness exclave?", "answer": "Cumbria"}, {"question": "Who was a local pioneer of folk song collection?", "answer": "James Orchard Halliwell"}, {"question": "Who did the most to popularize folk songs of the county?", "answer": "Harry Boardman"}, {"question": "Who were the most influential fold artists from the region in the 20th century?", "answer": "The Spinners"}, {"question": "Who do the many folk clubs today cater to?", "answer": "Irish and Scottish folk music"}, {"question": "What is one of the regular folk festivals called?", "answer": "Fylde Folk Festival"}, {"question": "What is the county flower of Lancaster?", "answer": "The Red Rose of Lancaster"}, {"question": "Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?", "answer": "on the county's heraldic badge and flag"}, {"question": "What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?", "answer": "a red rose on a white field"}, {"question": "What is on the official Lancashire flag?", "answer": "red rose on a gold field"}, {"question": "Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?", "answer": "Montrose in Scotland"}, {"question": "In what year was Hugh Wood born?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "Where was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies born?", "answer": "Salford"}, {"question": "When was the Royal Manchester College of Music founded?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "When was the Royal Northern College of Music formed?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What did the Royal Manchester College of Music merge with?", "answer": "the Northern College of Music"}, {"question": "What era was 250 million to 247 million years ago?", "answer": "Early Triassic"}, {"question": "What geologic climate was found in the Early Triassic?", "answer": "deserts"}, {"question": "What landmass was still unbroken in the Early Triassic?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "What percentage of extinction of species had recently happened??", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What species had evolved after  the extinction and would become the basic predator in the Triassic?", "answer": "Temnospondyli"}, {"question": "What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?", "answer": "climatic changes"}, {"question": "When was the top of archosaur diversity?", "answer": "Jurassic"}, {"question": "What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?", "answer": "Angiosperms"}, {"question": "What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?", "answer": "angiosperms"}, {"question": "What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?", "answer": "cycad and ferns"}, {"question": "What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?", "answer": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction"}, {"question": "What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?", "answer": "90% to 96%"}, {"question": "How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?", "answer": "Great Dying"}, {"question": "What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?", "answer": "K\u2013Pg) extinction"}, {"question": "What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?", "answer": "100 million to 65 million years"}, {"question": "What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?", "answer": "cooling"}, {"question": "What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?", "answer": "tropics"}, {"question": "What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?", "answer": "extreme seasonal changes"}, {"question": "What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?", "answer": "K-T Extinction"}, {"question": "What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?", "answer": "climate"}, {"question": "What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?", "answer": "carbon dioxide"}, {"question": "What was about equal across the planet?", "answer": "temperatures"}, {"question": "During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?", "answer": "deserts"}, {"question": "What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?", "answer": "black shale"}, {"question": "What was the span of the Late Triassic?", "answer": "237 million to 200 million years"}, {"question": "Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?", "answer": "heat spells"}, {"question": "When did the first dinosaurs evolve?", "answer": "Triassic"}, {"question": "According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?", "answer": "Triassic-Jurassic extinction"}, {"question": "What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?", "answer": "crocodiles"}, {"question": "What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?", "answer": "145 million to 100 million years"}, {"question": "What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?", "answer": "expansion of seaways"}, {"question": "What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?", "answer": "Ichthyosaurs"}, {"question": "What species dominated the seas?", "answer": "Mosasaurs"}, {"question": "What dinosaur spread to every continent?", "answer": "Iguanodon"}, {"question": "What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?", "answer": "increase in seafloor"}, {"question": "Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?", "answer": "flooded coastal areas"}, {"question": "Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?", "answer": "Tethys Sea"}, {"question": "What weather condition increased?", "answer": "Temperatures"}, {"question": "As humidity increased what land area decreased?", "answer": "deserts"}, {"question": "What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?", "answer": "200 million years to 175 million"}, {"question": "What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?", "answer": "more humid"}, {"question": "Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?", "answer": "Plesiosaurs"}, {"question": "What was the highest order of species n land?", "answer": "Dilophosaurus"}, {"question": "What other order evolved during the Jurassic?", "answer": "true mammals"}, {"question": "At what time was tectonic formation mild?", "answer": "Mesozoic"}, {"question": "Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?", "answer": "Arctic"}, {"question": "What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?", "answer": "Laurasia"}, {"question": "What was Pangaea's southern continent called?", "answer": "Gondwana"}, {"question": "What type of animals took longer to reestablish?", "answer": "specialized animals"}, {"question": "When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?", "answer": "mid-Triassic"}, {"question": "How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?", "answer": "30M years"}, {"question": "What dominated animal life in the Triassic?", "answer": "reptiles"}, {"question": "How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?", "answer": "4M to 6M"}, {"question": "At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?", "answer": "Permian\u2013Triassic extinction"}, {"question": "When did the Mesozoic end?", "answer": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction"}, {"question": "What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?", "answer": "tectonic"}, {"question": "Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?", "answer": "evolutionary"}, {"question": "When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?", "answer": "Cenozoic"}, {"question": "What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?", "answer": "247 million to 237 million"}, {"question": "What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?", "answer": "breakup of Pangaea"}, {"question": "During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?", "answer": "Tethys Sea"}, {"question": "From what had the ecosystem had to recover?", "answer": "the Great Dying"}, {"question": "What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?", "answer": "reptiles"}, {"question": "How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?", "answer": "163 million to 145 million"}, {"question": "What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?", "answer": "sauropods and Ichthyosaurs"}, {"question": "What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?", "answer": "Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction"}, {"question": "What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?", "answer": "Sea levels rose"}, {"question": "What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? ", "answer": "Atlantic sea"}, {"question": "What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?", "answer": "dry"}, {"question": "What could have made temperatures more extreme?", "answer": "Low sea levels"}, {"question": "Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?", "answer": "desert"}, {"question": "What were there periods of during the Triassic?", "answer": "increased rainfall"}, {"question": "What was the Carnian Pluvial event?", "answer": "increased rainfall"}, {"question": "What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?", "answer": "gymnosperms"}, {"question": "What is an example of a gymnosperm?", "answer": "conifers"}, {"question": "What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?", "answer": "angiosperms"}, {"question": "When did the Ginkgo evolve?", "answer": "Mesozoic"}, {"question": "What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?", "answer": "Sequoia"}, {"question": "In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?", "answer": "the 1980s"}, {"question": "What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?", "answer": "128 kilobits/s"}, {"question": "What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?", "answer": "the Media space"}, {"question": "In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?", "answer": "ISDN networks"}, {"question": "What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?", "answer": "PictureTel Corp."}, {"question": "What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?", "answer": "The MC"}, {"question": "Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?", "answer": "the signaling plane"}, {"question": "What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?", "answer": "endpoint signaling"}, {"question": "On what plane does the MC operate?", "answer": "the media plane"}, {"question": "What generates output streams from each endpoint?", "answer": "The MP"}, {"question": "What technology has become more widely available and affordable?", "answer": "High speed Internet connectivity"}, {"question": "What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?", "answer": "webcam"}, {"question": "What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?", "answer": "The availability of freeware"}, {"question": "Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?", "answer": "chat programs"}, {"question": "Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?", "answer": "serve individuals, not groups"}, {"question": "What is an example of a videophone call program?", "answer": "Skype"}, {"question": "What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?", "answer": "videoconferencing"}, {"question": "What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?", "answer": "a video link"}, {"question": "What is another name for videophone calls?", "answer": "video chat"}, {"question": "In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?", "answer": "the 2010s"}, {"question": "What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?", "answer": "Mobile collaboration systems"}, {"question": "What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?", "answer": "still image streaming"}, {"question": "What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?", "answer": "mobile"}, {"question": "What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?", "answer": "hand-held mobile devices"}, {"question": "What can videoconferencing offer students?", "answer": "participating in two-way communication forums"}, {"question": "Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?", "answer": "language"}, {"question": "What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?", "answer": "virtual field trips"}, {"question": "What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?", "answer": "visit museums"}, {"question": "What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?", "answer": "AT&T"}, {"question": "What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?", "answer": "Picturephone"}, {"question": "In what year was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device introduced?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Where was AT&T's \"Picturephone\" device unveiled?", "answer": "1964 New York World's Fair"}, {"question": "In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?", "answer": "film"}, {"question": "On what film was videoconferencing widely used?", "answer": "Frozen"}, {"question": "What year was the movie Frozen released?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is a video-conference also known as?", "answer": "videoteleconference"}, {"question": "What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?", "answer": "a multipoint control unit"}, {"question": "What is a multi-point control unit?", "answer": "call management system"}, {"question": "How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?", "answer": "web-based applications"}, {"question": "How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?", "answer": "two or more"}, {"question": "What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?", "answer": "telemedicine"}, {"question": "Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?", "answer": "AT&T Corporation"}, {"question": "When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?", "answer": "the 1950s"}, {"question": "What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?", "answer": "6 Mbit/s"}, {"question": "What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?", "answer": "1 MHz"}, {"question": "What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?", "answer": "IBM"}, {"question": "What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?", "answer": "PCS/1"}, {"question": "What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?", "answer": "Diversified Information and Assistance Network"}, {"question": "How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?", "answer": "Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)"}, {"question": "What is one type of MCU bridge?", "answer": "IP"}, {"question": "In what way can an MCU be characterized?", "answer": "the number of simultaneous calls it can handle"}, {"question": "What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?", "answer": "Continuous Presence"}, {"question": "Where can an MCU be embedded?", "answer": "dedicated videoconferencing units"}, {"question": "In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?", "answer": "money savings"}, {"question": "What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?", "answer": "VoIP"}, {"question": "What is another use of VoIP?", "answer": "telecommuting"}, {"question": "What is telecommuting?", "answer": "work from home"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?", "answer": "desktop"}, {"question": "In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "In what year did the first public video-conference take place?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?", "answer": "Cape Town"}, {"question": "What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?", "answer": "a codec (coder/decoder)"}, {"question": "How high can compression rates go?", "answer": "1:500"}, {"question": "What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?", "answer": "IP"}, {"question": "What does POTS stand for?", "answer": "Plain Old Telephone System"}, {"question": "What do POTS do?", "answer": "convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves"}, {"question": "What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?", "answer": "teachers"}, {"question": "What is one way that videocalling can be used?", "answer": "personal videocalls to inmates"}, {"question": "What is a common use of conferencing technology?", "answer": "tele-medical"}, {"question": "What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?", "answer": "real-time telemedicine"}, {"question": "What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? ", "answer": "Rural"}, {"question": "In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? ", "answer": "Ohio"}, {"question": "How far away was the hospital from this rural area?", "answer": "70 miles"}, {"question": "How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?", "answer": "$10,000 per transfer"}, {"question": "In what European country has VRS services become well developed?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?", "answer": "financing"}, {"question": "What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?", "answer": "LifeSize Communications"}, {"question": "Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?", "answer": "Las Vegas, Nevada"}, {"question": "What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?", "answer": "Polycom"}, {"question": "What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?", "answer": "1280 by 720"}, {"question": "What do systems with no MCU use in order to perform multipoint conferencing?", "answer": "a standards-based H.323 technique"}, {"question": "What is one advantage of using an H.323 technique?", "answer": "higher quality"}, {"question": "What is one disadvantage of using the H.323 technique?", "answer": "increased network bandwidth"}, {"question": "What is the H.323 technique also known as?", "answer": "decentralized multipoint"}, {"question": "Why is the video and audio of the H.323 technique higher quality?", "answer": "they don't have to be relayed through a central point"}, {"question": "Who has the world's largest administrative judicial system?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What US Department oversees the World's largest administrative judicial system?", "answer": "Social Security Administration (SSA)"}, {"question": "In what year did the SSA see a 55% increase in videoconferenced hearings?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "When did the SSA open its largest videoconferencing-only center?", "answer": "August 2010"}, {"question": "Where is the SSA's fifth videoconferencing only center located?", "answer": "St. Louis, Missouri"}, {"question": "What does duel dating use to show the date?", "answer": "two consecutive years"}, {"question": "What is the Old Style date mean?", "answer": "Julian calendar"}, {"question": "What is N.S. stand for?", "answer": "New Style"}, {"question": "What are New Style dates?", "answer": "Gregorian"}, {"question": "Why use two consecutive year dates?", "answer": "starting date of the year"}, {"question": "Who revised the Julian calendar?", "answer": "Pope Gregory XIII"}, {"question": "When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?", "answer": "1582"}, {"question": "What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "Julian calendar"}, {"question": "What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?", "answer": "Easter"}, {"question": "When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?", "answer": "on the same day"}, {"question": "What ruler decreed the change to the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "Philip II of Spain"}, {"question": "Besides part of Italy, over what areas did Phillip rule?", "answer": "Spain and Portugal"}, {"question": "What was the first day selected to be the first day using the new calendar?", "answer": "Friday, 15 October 1582"}, {"question": "What was the last day the Julian calendar was used?", "answer": "Thursday, 4 October 1582"}, {"question": "Why did the Spanish colonies lag behind in adopting the calendar?", "answer": "delay in communication"}, {"question": "When did the last country to adopt the Gregorian calendar start using it?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "At what date did the first country start using the new calendar?", "answer": "1582"}, {"question": "How which calendar did some countries notate the date?", "answer": "in both"}, {"question": "Who said that English writers usually used both dates on writings?", "answer": "Woolley"}, {"question": "What difference in dating caused the use of double-dating documents?", "answer": "different beginnings of the year"}, {"question": "What was the percentsge of correction from the Julian calendar to the new Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "0.002%"}, {"question": "What was the correction due to?", "answer": "length of the year"}, {"question": "What change in date motivated the change in calendars?", "answer": "celebration of Easter"}, {"question": "To what astrological date was Easter tied?", "answer": "spring equinox"}, {"question": "What was wrong in the Julian calendar?", "answer": "slightly too long"}, {"question": "What kind of calendar is the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "solar"}, {"question": "How many days are in the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "365"}, {"question": "How often is a leap day added to the Julian calendar year?", "answer": "every 4 years"}, {"question": "When does the Gregorian calendar omit 3 leap days?", "answer": "every 400 years"}, {"question": "On what day did both the Julian and Gregorian calendars add leap day?", "answer": "24 February"}, {"question": "When was Easter Sunday celebrated after the equinox?", "answer": "15th day"}, {"question": "What did churches do to settle the date if there was a difference? ", "answer": "compromise"}, {"question": "By what century had almost all churches begun celebrating Easter according to the Alexandrian Easter?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "On what border of the Byzantine Empire were the last holdouts for celebrating according the  Alexandrian Easter?", "answer": "eastern border"}, {"question": "What date placement drifted increasingly off the true date on the calendar?", "answer": "vernal equinox"}, {"question": "What did Lilius first propose to correct in the calendar?", "answer": "length of the year"}, {"question": "By how much is the Julian calendar too long?", "answer": "11 minutes"}, {"question": "How much difference does the extra 11 minutes make over 400 years time?", "answer": "three days"}, {"question": "On what date was the original vernal equinox set?", "answer": "21 March"}, {"question": "By the time of Lilius where was the equinox falling?", "answer": "10 or 11 March"}, {"question": "On what date did most European countries set the start of the new year?", "answer": "1 January"}, {"question": "When did Scotland begin to use January 1 as the start of the new year?", "answer": "1600"}, {"question": "When did the other British states and colonies set the year start date to January 1?", "answer": "1752"}, {"question": "What act did Britain use to implement the use of the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "Calendar (New Style) Act 1750"}, {"question": "When did England finally change the tax year to 6 April?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?", "answer": "caution"}, {"question": "When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?", "answer": "prior to 15 October 1582"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Agincourt?", "answer": "25 October 1415"}, {"question": "What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?", "answer": "Saint Crispin's Day"}, {"question": "In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?", "answer": "1 January"}, {"question": "Why would a knuckle -space count be used to determine months?", "answer": "language-independent"}, {"question": "A knuckle count is a month of how many days?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "The space between knuckles is what kind of month?", "answer": "short month"}, {"question": "What are held together for a knuckle-space month count?", "answer": "one's two fists"}, {"question": "How many parts did the Gregorian calendar reform have?", "answer": "two parts"}, {"question": "What was the first reform concerning the calendar?", "answer": "Julian calendar"}, {"question": "What was the second reform of the calendar?", "answer": "lunar cycle"}, {"question": "What was calculated using the lunar calendar?", "answer": "date of Easter"}, {"question": "What did Lilius's calendar plan to reduce in every 400 years?", "answer": "number of leap years"}, {"question": "What calendar did Turkey use before 1917 for general purposes?", "answer": "lunar Islamic"}, {"question": "What calendar did Turkey utilize for fiscal purposes?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "Where did Turkey start the fiscal year?", "answer": "1 March"}, {"question": "When did Turkey begin to use the Gregorian calendar for fiscal means?", "answer": "1 March 1917"}, {"question": "When did Turkey start using the Gregorian calendar for all purposes?", "answer": "1 January 1926"}, {"question": "How many days do you subtract to convert days from a calendar?", "answer": "subtract one day"}, {"question": "What does one need to remember about  the date of February 29 in the Julian calendar?", "answer": "February 29 is discounted"}, {"question": "If you need a date of four days less, what do you subtract from the Julian calendar?", "answer": "-4"}, {"question": "What is the difference in time between the calendars?", "answer": "10 minutes 48 seconds"}, {"question": "With what other difference did the Gregorian calendar concern itself?", "answer": "accumulated difference"}, {"question": "When was the vernal equinox at the end of the third century?", "answer": "20 March or 21 March"}, {"question": "In order to account for the full moon coming after the equinox, when was the equinox set?", "answer": "22 March"}, {"question": "How did the Gregorian calendar set these same of the full moon not preceding Easterconditions?", "answer": "removing ten days"}, {"question": "When did the Council of Trent agree to the corrected calendar?", "answer": "1563"}, {"question": "To what time did the Council require the date of the vernal equinox to be set?", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "What did mathematicians of the time want to use to set the date of Easter?", "answer": "motions of the sun and moon"}, {"question": "What method was used instead of computations of the sun and moon?", "answer": "tabular method"}, {"question": "Whose modified proposal was adopted?", "answer": "Aloysius Lilius"}, {"question": "When were the rights to publish the calendar granted?", "answer": "3 April 1582"}, {"question": "Who awarded the rights to publish the calendar?", "answer": "the pope"}, {"question": "What problem caused the papal brief granting the right to publish to be withdrawn?", "answer": "demand for copies"}, {"question": "When were the rights to print the calendar withdrawn?", "answer": "20 September 1582"}, {"question": "Where were the first calendars printed?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What year did the Roman Republic use for dates?", "answer": "consular year"}, {"question": "What event started the consular year?", "answer": "consuls first entered office"}, {"question": "What was the date of the consular year before 222 BC?", "answer": "1 May"}, {"question": "What was the date of the start of the consular year from 222 BC?", "answer": "15 March"}, {"question": "When did Rome begin to use the Julian calendar?", "answer": "45 BC"}, {"question": "What other system of calculations are inherent in the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "system of weeks"}, {"question": "Why is calculating the days of the Gregorian calendar not simple?", "answer": "irregularities"}, {"question": "After each country adopted the calendar how did the weekly cycle continue?", "answer": "uninterrupted"}, {"question": "What was the date of adoption for the calendar?", "answer": "Friday, 15 October 1582"}, {"question": "What was the previous day's date by the Julian calendar?", "answer": "Thursday, 4 October 1582"}, {"question": "Who thought that the seasonal drift in the date of Easter unacceptable?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What even is tired to the date for Easter?", "answer": "spring equinox"}, {"question": "What did the Church of Alexandria use to calculate the date of Easter?", "answer": "Metonic cycle"}, {"question": "Where did the Church of Alexandria place the vernal equinox?", "answer": "21 March"}, {"question": "Until 342 when did the Church of Rome think the vernal equinox fell?", "answer": "25 March"}, {"question": "Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "Christopher Clavius"}, {"question": "What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?", "answer": "discrepancies"}, {"question": "Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?", "answer": "Petrus Pitatus"}, {"question": "When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?", "answer": "1560"}, {"question": "What is the theory about leap year called?", "answer": "Gregorian leap year rule"}, {"question": "What designation was added to British dates to differentiate them from countries not using the new calendar? ", "answer": "\"Old Style\" (OS) and \"New Style\""}, {"question": "When was the Calendar act enacted?", "answer": "1750"}, {"question": "With what did the Calendar Act align the British calendar?", "answer": "Gregorian calendar"}, {"question": "What did the use of Old Style and New Style cause?", "answer": "confusion"}, {"question": "What law did the British make to cause the use of the Gregorian calendar?", "answer": "Calendar Act of 1750"}, {"question": "The Gregorian calendar is an improvement over what other calendar?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "How many days must be skipped to align the calendar with mean solar days in a year?", "answer": "three Julian leap days"}, {"question": "What is the approximate error for every 3,300 years?", "answer": "one day"}, {"question": "What is the error rate of the vernal equinox per every 7,700 years?", "answer": "1 day"}, {"question": "What was the error rate in the Julian calendar?", "answer": "1 day in 128 years"}, {"question": "What Microsoft executive was in charge of 360 development?", "answer": "J Allard"}, {"question": "What manufacturer was enlisted to design the 360's graphics processor?", "answer": "ATI"}, {"question": "Where did Peter Moor work before being recruited to help on the 360?", "answer": "Sega of America"}, {"question": "Original 360 Alpha dev kits used what existing system's hardware?", "answer": "Apple's Power Mac G5"}, {"question": "What CPU did the 360 use?", "answer": "IBM's Xenon processor"}, {"question": "The Xbox 360 Pro included what size hard drive storage?", "answer": "20 GB"}, {"question": "What was the official name of the lower-priced 360 SKU at launch?", "answer": "Xbox 360 Core"}, {"question": "The Xbox 360 Elite eventually launched at what price point?", "answer": "US$479"}, {"question": "The 360 Pro's original storage was replaced by a hard drive of what size in 2008?", "answer": "60 GB"}, {"question": "What did Microsoft name the SKU that replaced the 360 Core?", "answer": "Xbox 360 Arcade"}, {"question": "How many titles did the 360 have at launch in North America?", "answer": "14 games"}, {"question": "What title was the console's best seller in 2005?", "answer": "Call of Duty 2"}, {"question": "How many copies did Halo 3 sell?", "answer": "8 million copies"}, {"question": "Halo 3 was released in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Other than Call of Duty 2, how many games sold at least 1 million copies the first year of the 360?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What 3 video formats did the 360 support natively at launch?", "answer": "Windows Media Video (WMV) format (including high-definition and PlaysForSure videos), as well as H.264 and MPEG-4"}, {"question": "Support for what video format was added in 2007?", "answer": "MPEG-4 ASP"}, {"question": "How are music player controls accessed by 360 users?", "answer": "the Xbox 360 Guide button"}, {"question": "What is one feature of 360 photo slide shows?", "answer": "transition effects"}, {"question": "What was the name of the non-subscription Xbox online gaming service?", "answer": "Xbox Live Silver"}, {"question": "What was the \"color\" name given to the premium version of Xbox Live?", "answer": "Gold"}, {"question": "What key feature is not supported by the free version of Live?", "answer": "multiplayer gaming"}, {"question": "Which popular gaming titles have their own online service outside Xbox Live?", "answer": "EA Sports games"}, {"question": "Voice support came online with what feature addition?", "answer": "Xbox Live Vision"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 360's online service?", "answer": "Xbox Live"}, {"question": "What is the name of the feature that allows users to download games from Live?", "answer": "Xbox Live Arcade"}, {"question": "What can people owning both a PC and 360 do?", "answer": "stream media"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 360's motion sensing camera peripheral?", "answer": "the Kinect"}, {"question": "The 360's multimedia capabilities transformed it from a game console to what?", "answer": "a hub for living-room computing entertainment"}, {"question": "What was the software attach rate in the US for the 360 by March of 2008?", "answer": "7.5 games per console in the US"}, {"question": "What are two prominent 360 exclusive franchises?", "answer": "the Halo franchise and Gears of War"}, {"question": "Why were early multi-platform games considered superior on the 360?", "answer": "the difficulties of programming for the PS3"}, {"question": "The 360 earned 38 nominations and 12 wins from what organization in 2007?", "answer": "Game Critics Awards"}, {"question": "Microsoft hoped to have how many titles available for the 360 by the end of 2008?", "answer": "over 1,000"}, {"question": "What hardware defect code plagued the 360?", "answer": "\"General Hardware Failure\" error"}, {"question": "What is the flashing indicator of a general hardware error known as?", "answer": "Red Ring of Death"}, {"question": "How did Microsoft react to general hardware error problems?", "answer": "Microsoft extended the Xbox 360's manufacturer's warranty to three years"}, {"question": "What other error code was eventually covered by this warranty extension?", "answer": "E74 error code"}, {"question": "Where did users see the flashing light error codes display on their 360s?", "answer": "the ring around the power button"}, {"question": "What online source called the 360 the 6th greatest console of all time in 2009?", "answer": "IGN"}, {"question": "TechRadar honored the 360 by calling it what?", "answer": "most influential"}, {"question": "What 360 peripheral was the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history?", "answer": "Kinect"}, {"question": "According to PC Magazine, the 360 created the prototype for what?", "answer": "online gaming"}, {"question": "What magazine ranked the 360 as the second best console of the 1993-2013 period?", "answer": "Edge"}, {"question": "Why was the 360 considered a market success for Microsoft?", "answer": "it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market"}, {"question": "What problem hurt Nintendo's Wii console?", "answer": "collapse of third-party software support in its later years"}, {"question": "The Playstation 3 originally struggled for market share for what reasons?", "answer": "due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality titles"}, {"question": "What is the successor to the 360 called?", "answer": "Xbox One"}, {"question": "Which console sold the most units in the seventh generation era?", "answer": "Nintendo Wii"}, {"question": "What was the original user interface for the 360 called?", "answer": "Xbox 360 Dashboard"}, {"question": "Who designed this user interface?", "answer": "AKQA and Audiobrain"}, {"question": "The simple dashboard could be accessed by pressing what controller button?", "answer": "the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad"}, {"question": "How many tabs were on the 360 dashboard interface?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The tabs on the user interface were called what?", "answer": "Blades"}, {"question": "What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?", "answer": "Ms. Pac-Man"}, {"question": "What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?", "answer": "Assault Heroes"}, {"question": "What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?", "answer": "November 3, 2004"}, {"question": "When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?", "answer": "November 22, 2005"}, {"question": "What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?", "answer": "Game Room"}, {"question": "At what conventions did Microsoft announce IPTV support through the 360?", "answer": "Consumer Electronics Shows"}, {"question": "Which Microsoft executive announced IPTV as \"soon\" in 2007?", "answer": "Bill Gates"}, {"question": "Who was Microsoft's president of Entertainment & Devices in 2008?", "answer": "Robbie Bach"}, {"question": "What UK company did Microsoft partner with to bring IPTV to the 360?", "answer": "BT"}, {"question": "What Microsoft executive announced the launch of version 2.0 of Mediaroom?", "answer": "Steve Ballmer"}, {"question": "What XBox Live service allows users to buy games and downloadable content?", "answer": "Xbox Live Marketplace"}, {"question": "Which levels of Xbox Live membership may access the Marketplace?", "answer": "Free and Gold members"}, {"question": "What hardware is required to use the Marketplace?", "answer": "A hard drive or memory unit"}, {"question": "What virtual currency is used to make Marketplace purchases?", "answer": "Microsoft Points"}, {"question": "Prepaid cards for Microsoft Points are available in what denominations?", "answer": "1,600 and 4,000"}, {"question": "What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?", "answer": "2005\u20132006"}, {"question": "What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?", "answer": "high failure rate"}, {"question": "What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?", "answer": "Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013"}, {"question": "As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?", "answer": "84 million"}, {"question": "When did the Xbox One launch?", "answer": "November 22, 2013"}, {"question": "What sales figure was the 360 the first console of its generation to surpass?", "answer": "10 million"}, {"question": "When did the 360 surrender its lead in total sales?", "answer": "June 2008"}, {"question": "What console eventually passed the 360 in total sales?", "answer": "the Wii"}, {"question": "During what 32-month later period was the 360 the best selling console?", "answer": "January 2011 and October 2013"}, {"question": "When did the Xbox achieve 10 million units sold?", "answer": "May 2008"}, {"question": "Besides online gaming and media distribution, what other feature made the 360 influential, according to TechRadar?", "answer": "game achievement feature"}, {"question": "How many years after initial launch of the console was Kinect released?", "answer": "Five years"}, {"question": "Besides it's features, what did Kinect do for the 360 in terms of sales?", "answer": "extended the life of the console"}, {"question": "What is Kinect?", "answer": "motion capture camera"}, {"question": "How did Microsoft describe Kinect?", "answer": "a \"controller-free gaming and entertainment experience\""}, {"question": "When was Kinect first announced?", "answer": "June 1, 2009"}, {"question": "At what event was Kinect announced?", "answer": "Electronic Entertainment Expo"}, {"question": "What was the secret code name for Kinect while in development?", "answer": "Project Natal"}, {"question": "How can users utilize the Kinect to interact with their 360 consoles?", "answer": "by using gestures, spoken commands and presented objects and images"}, {"question": "How did Microsoft modify the architecture of the 360 to reduce failure rates?", "answer": "a reduction in the number, size, and placement of components"}, {"question": "What was the root cause of hardware failures with the 360?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "When the newer 360 S models have their power buttons flash red, it means?", "answer": "system overheating"}, {"question": "How does the 360 S then react to an overheating situation?", "answer": "imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled"}, {"question": "How did Microsoft attempt to deal with potential heat-related expansion with GPU and CPU components?", "answer": "dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 360's video store service?", "answer": "Xbox Video Marketplace"}, {"question": "When was this video service launched?", "answer": "November 22, 2006"}, {"question": "When do movies rented through this marketplace expire?", "answer": "14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing"}, {"question": "What resolution are videos sold through this service?", "answer": "720p"}, {"question": "What sound standard is supported for the marketplace videos?", "answer": "5.1 surround audio"}, {"question": "How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?", "answer": "sold poorly"}, {"question": "How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?", "answer": "2 million units"}, {"question": "Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?", "answer": "1.5 million units"}, {"question": "What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?", "answer": "Sony and Nintendo"}, {"question": "Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?", "answer": "scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales"}, {"question": "How many major hardware revisions has the 360 had?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "By what other name is the 360 S model known?", "answer": "\"Slim\""}, {"question": "Which SKUs did the 360 S replace?", "answer": "the original \"Elite\" and \"Arcade\" models"}, {"question": "What component of the 360 S prevents overheating issues prevalent in prior versions?", "answer": "a redesigned motherboard"}, {"question": "What video input format is not supported by the 360 E?", "answer": "S/PDIF"}, {"question": "How many launch titles did the 360 have in Japan?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Japanese developer that strongly supported the 360?", "answer": "Mistwalker"}, {"question": "What was Mistwalker's first title for the 360?", "answer": "Blue Dragon"}, {"question": "Blue Dragon surpassed this sales figure in Japan?", "answer": "200,000 units"}, {"question": "What was Mistwalker's second 360 title to be released?", "answer": "Lost Odyssey"}, {"question": "What PC operating system is required to stream content to a 360?", "answer": "Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher"}, {"question": "What modified AV protocol does the 360 utilize?", "answer": "UPnP"}, {"question": "What codecs are supported for 360 streaming from uShare?", "answer": "MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV"}, {"question": "What video formats are supported for UPnP streaming?", "answer": "WMV, MOV, TS"}, {"question": "What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?", "answer": "integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions"}, {"question": "What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?", "answer": "profile information, friends list, and games history"}, {"question": "What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?", "answer": "users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com"}, {"question": "What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?", "answer": "$59.99"}, {"question": "How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?", "answer": "30 million"}, {"question": "What hardware device was merged with the video marketplace?", "answer": "the Zune"}, {"question": "Where and when was the Zune HD marketplace announced?", "answer": "E3 2009"}, {"question": "The Zune video marketplace was merged with what Live feature?", "answer": "Xbox Live Video Store"}, {"question": "What was the new name of this Live video store?", "answer": "Zune Marketplace"}, {"question": "How many countries were slated for the Zune Marketplace launch?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?", "answer": "1689"}, {"question": "What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?", "answer": "Queen Anne's War"}, {"question": "What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?", "answer": "Acadia"}, {"question": "When was the final French and Indian War fought?", "answer": "1754\u201363"}, {"question": "What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?", "answer": "George Washington"}, {"question": "What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?", "answer": "the War of 1812"}, {"question": "What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?", "answer": "a major war with Napoleon's France"}, {"question": "What uprising did Britain support in North America?", "answer": "Indian insurrection"}, {"question": "What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?", "answer": "invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip"}, {"question": "Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century?", "answer": "Elihu Root"}, {"question": "Which military academy did Root help grow?", "answer": "West Point"}, {"question": "What military advisement committee was established by Root?", "answer": "General Staff"}, {"question": "What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root's guidance?", "answer": "the principle of rotating officers from staff to line"}, {"question": "What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for?", "answer": "the Philippines"}, {"question": "When World War I started, what was the official US position?", "answer": "neutral"}, {"question": "When did World War I commence?", "answer": "August 1914"}, {"question": "What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI?", "answer": "submarine attacks"}, {"question": "What year did the US enter World War I?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way?", "answer": "peacetime draft"}, {"question": "The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?", "answer": "Containment"}, {"question": "Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?", "answer": "a \"quagmire\""}, {"question": "When did the draft end?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "Which president ended the draft?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What precipitated the Persian Gulf War?", "answer": "the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait"}, {"question": "When did this precipitating event take place?", "answer": "August 1990"}, {"question": "When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin?", "answer": "January 1991"}, {"question": "How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": "In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?", "answer": "Somalia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?", "answer": "Mohamed Farrah Aidid"}, {"question": "In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?", "answer": "Mogadishu"}, {"question": "How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?", "answer": "Eighteen"}, {"question": "What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?", "answer": "Black Hawk Down"}, {"question": "When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?", "answer": "January 2002"}, {"question": "Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?", "answer": "al-Qaida"}, {"question": "Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?", "answer": "the Sulu Archipelago"}, {"question": "How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? ", "answer": "Abu Sayyaf"}, {"question": "What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War?", "answer": "Saratoga"}, {"question": "When was the battle of Saratoga fought?", "answer": "1777"}, {"question": "What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army?", "answer": "General von Steuben"}, {"question": "What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?", "answer": "France and Spain"}, {"question": "What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war?", "answer": "its naval advantage"}, {"question": "What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?", "answer": "to remain neutral"}, {"question": "What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?", "answer": "the Jay Treaty"}, {"question": "Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?", "answer": "the Caribbean"}, {"question": "What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?", "answer": "John Adams"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? ", "answer": "1778"}, {"question": "What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?", "answer": "Treaty of Paris"}, {"question": "What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?", "answer": "Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Wabash fought?", "answer": "1791"}, {"question": "What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?", "answer": "the Battle of Fallen Timbers"}, {"question": "When was this deciding battle fought?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "What dividing line separated slave states from free states?", "answer": "the Mason\u2013Dixon line"}, {"question": "When was Lincoln elected?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?", "answer": "states in the South seceded from the United States"}, {"question": "What was the first state to formally secede?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?", "answer": "April 12, 1861"}, {"question": "Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?", "answer": "Cuba"}, {"question": "The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?", "answer": "volunteers and state militia"}, {"question": "What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?", "answer": "Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines"}, {"question": "What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?", "answer": "Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base"}, {"question": "When was the Philippine-American War fought?", "answer": "1899\u20131902"}, {"question": "Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War?", "answer": "Manila"}, {"question": "Who led American forces in this war?", "answer": "General Elwell Otis"}, {"question": "How many troops did the US send to the Philippines?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?", "answer": "Emilio Aguinaldo"}, {"question": "How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?", "answer": "2,403"}, {"question": "What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?", "answer": "island hopping"}, {"question": "When did the Allies invade North Africa?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?", "answer": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki"}, {"question": "What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?", "answer": "the People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?", "answer": "North and South Korea"}, {"question": "When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?", "answer": "Pusan"}, {"question": "What type of attack was used on Inchon?", "answer": "amphibious invasion"}, {"question": "Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? ", "answer": "the Yalu River"}, {"question": "What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?", "answer": "Douglas MacArthur"}, {"question": "What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?", "answer": "RVN"}, {"question": "What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?", "answer": "NVA"}, {"question": "By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?", "answer": "Viet Cong"}, {"question": "The VC operated in what geographic area?", "answer": "South Vietnam"}, {"question": "The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?", "answer": "Soviet Union and China"}, {"question": "What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?", "answer": "Hanoi and Haiphong"}, {"question": "What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?", "answer": "the Ho Chi Minh Trail"}, {"question": "What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?", "answer": "William Westmoreland"}, {"question": "Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?", "answer": "the White House"}, {"question": "When did the US start bombing Hanoi?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "When did US marines land in Lebanon?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon?", "answer": "October 23, 1983"}, {"question": "How many marines were killed in the attack?", "answer": "241"}, {"question": "When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?", "answer": "February 1984"}, {"question": "What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?", "answer": "US technological superiority"}, {"question": "What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?", "answer": "poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale"}, {"question": "US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?", "answer": "on 17 January 1991"}, {"question": "When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?", "answer": "24 February"}, {"question": "Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?", "answer": "Iraqi President Saddam Hussein"}, {"question": "How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War?", "answer": "100 hours"}, {"question": "Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities?", "answer": "US President George H. W. Bush"}, {"question": "What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done?", "answer": "pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power"}, {"question": "Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?", "answer": "refused to participate"}, {"question": "Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power?", "answer": "it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region"}, {"question": "What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?", "answer": "The War on Terrorism"}, {"question": "What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?", "answer": "Islamic Extremist"}, {"question": "What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?", "answer": "al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?", "answer": "the September 11, 2001 attacks"}, {"question": "Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?", "answer": "Arkansas and Texas"}, {"question": "What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?", "answer": "that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq"}, {"question": "How many US troops participated in the invasion?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "How long did the first phase of fighting last?", "answer": "approximately three weeks"}, {"question": "How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?", "answer": "9 years"}, {"question": "What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?", "answer": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?", "answer": "Muammar Gaddafi"}, {"question": "What was the name of the military action against Libya?", "answer": "Operation Unified Protector"}, {"question": "What was the goal of this operation?", "answer": "to protect civilians"}, {"question": "The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?", "answer": "Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him"}, {"question": "What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?", "answer": "logistics"}, {"question": "Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?", "answer": "Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?", "answer": "he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia."}, {"question": "What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?", "answer": "he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did"}, {"question": "Where was the Barbary Coast?", "answer": "modern day Libya"}, {"question": "Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships?", "answer": "The Berbers"}, {"question": "How did the United States initially deal with this problem?", "answer": "The U.S. paid protection money until 1801"}, {"question": "What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship?", "answer": "Stephen Decatur"}, {"question": "What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?", "answer": "Derna"}, {"question": "What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War?", "answer": "getting Britain and France to intervene"}, {"question": "What was the Union's original war aim?", "answer": "capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia"}, {"question": "Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war?", "answer": "Robert E. Lee"}, {"question": "How did the war effect both sides?", "answer": "the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered"}, {"question": "When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?", "answer": "the 1880s"}, {"question": "What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?", "answer": "modern steel battleships"}, {"question": "By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?", "answer": "the Great White Fleet"}, {"question": "Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?", "answer": "President Theodore Roosevelt"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of this order?", "answer": "to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater"}, {"question": "What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?", "answer": "The Mexican Revolution"}, {"question": "US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?", "answer": "Veracruz"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?", "answer": "Pancho Villa"}, {"question": "What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?", "answer": "The German Secret Service"}, {"question": "What US General led troops against Villa?", "answer": "General John J. Pershing"}, {"question": "What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I?", "answer": "isolationism"}, {"question": "Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization?", "answer": "the League of Nations"}, {"question": "What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?", "answer": "Neutrality Acts"}, {"question": "Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain?", "answer": "the Lend-Lease Act"}, {"question": "How many Americans served in the military in World War II?", "answer": "Over 16 million"}, {"question": "How many American service personnel died in World War II?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?", "answer": "the Greatest Generation"}, {"question": "Both during and after the conclusion of  World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?", "answer": "Communism"}, {"question": "What was the psychological turning point of the war?", "answer": "The Tet Offensive"}, {"question": "When did this offensive take place? ", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?", "answer": "\"Vietnamization,\""}, {"question": "When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?", "answer": "1774"}, {"question": "What colony was placed under martial law?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?", "answer": "Lexington and Concord"}, {"question": "Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?", "answer": "The Continental Congress"}, {"question": "When did the colonies declare independence?", "answer": "July 4, 1776"}, {"question": "What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?", "answer": "having only a modest army"}, {"question": "Why was the US military so small initially?", "answer": "A traditional distrust of standing armies"}, {"question": "The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?", "answer": "local militia"}, {"question": "What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?", "answer": "foreign wars"}, {"question": "Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?", "answer": "a domestic tyrant to seize power"}, {"question": "What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?", "answer": "the Sioux and Comanche"}, {"question": "What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?", "answer": "population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds"}, {"question": "Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?", "answer": "William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?", "answer": "Col. George Armstrong Custer"}, {"question": "What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?", "answer": "Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske"}, {"question": "What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?", "answer": "torpedo plane"}, {"question": "What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?", "answer": "1913\u201315"}, {"question": "What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?", "answer": "doughboys"}, {"question": "What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?", "answer": "American Expeditionary Forces"}, {"question": "Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?", "answer": "John J. Pershing"}, {"question": "When did fighting on the western front end?", "answer": "November 11, 1918"}, {"question": "What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?", "answer": "the Armistice"}, {"question": "What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?", "answer": "air power"}, {"question": "When did the US officially enter World War II?", "answer": "8 December 1941"}, {"question": "What event led to America entering the war?", "answer": "the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii"}, {"question": "At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?", "answer": "seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "When was the Vietnam War fought?", "answer": "between 1959 and 1975"}, {"question": "Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?", "answer": "Cambodia and Laos"}, {"question": "What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?", "answer": "Operation Rolling Thunder"}, {"question": "When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?", "answer": "the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution"}, {"question": "Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?", "answer": "North Africa during World War II"}, {"question": "What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?", "answer": "8 years of war with Iran"}, {"question": "What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?", "answer": "late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters"}, {"question": "Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?", "answer": "Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier"}, {"question": "What problem did the Iraqi forces have?", "answer": "the antiaircraft weapons were crippled"}, {"question": "What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?", "answer": "ISIL"}, {"question": "What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?", "answer": "Sharia law"}, {"question": "What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?", "answer": "kidnapping and decapitation"}, {"question": "How did the US intervene against ISIL?", "answer": "airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories"}, {"question": "What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?", "answer": "degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory"}, {"question": "Where was the band Blue Cheer from?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What classic song did Blue Cheer cover?", "answer": "\"Summertime Blues\""}, {"question": "What was the hit off Steppenwolf's self-titled debut lp?", "answer": "\"Born to Be Wild\""}, {"question": "What movie featured that Steppenwolf single?", "answer": "Easy Rider"}, {"question": "The lyrics to \"Born To Be Wild\" contain the first reference to what hard rock style?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "The band Rush is what nationality?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "What are the first three Rush albums?", "answer": "Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel"}, {"question": "What nationality was Thin Lizzy?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?", "answer": "\"The Boys Are Back in Town\""}, {"question": "The Scorpions hailed from what country?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?", "answer": "Slippery When Wet"}, {"question": "How many copies did this record sell?", "answer": "12 million"}, {"question": "What was the band Europe's international hit?", "answer": "The Final Countdown"}, {"question": "What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?", "answer": "5150"}, {"question": "Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?", "answer": "Sammy Hagar"}, {"question": "What Aerosmith ballad debuted at number one on the charts?", "answer": "\"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\""}, {"question": "What was the title of AC/DC's 1995 double lp?", "answer": "Ballbreaker"}, {"question": "Bon Jovi's 1995 album was called what?", "answer": "These Days"}, {"question": "What commercially successful sub-genre emerged from the grunge movement?", "answer": "post-grunge"}, {"question": "When did Aerosmith's album Get A Grip come out?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What are two examples of glam metal bands?", "answer": "Bon Jovi and Def Leppard"}, {"question": "What two genres cut into hard rock's popularity at the end of the 1980s and early 1990s?", "answer": "grunge and later Britpop"}, {"question": "What were some hard rock bands of the 1970s?", "answer": "Led Zeppelin, The Who, Deep Purple, Aerosmith, AC/DC and Van Halen"}, {"question": "What style did some hard rock bands embrace in the 1980s?", "answer": "pop rock"}, {"question": "What genre laid the roots for hard rock?", "answer": "electric blues"}, {"question": "Who recorded \"Rumble\"?", "answer": "Link Wray"}, {"question": "When was \"Rumble\" released?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What were two of Dick Dale's better known songs?", "answer": "\"Let's Go Trippin'\" (1961) and \"Misirlou\" (1962)"}, {"question": "What city's blues style produced hard rock precursors in electric blues?", "answer": "Memphis"}, {"question": "What was the landmark hard rock album recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1972?", "answer": "Exile on Main St."}, {"question": "Which Led Zeppelin album featured the hit \"Stairway to Heaven\"?", "answer": "Led Zeppelin IV"}, {"question": "What two hard rock songs are featured on Deep Purple's Machine Head album?", "answer": "\"Highway Star\" and \"Smoke on the Water\""}, {"question": "Who was Deep Purple's guitarist?", "answer": "Ritchie Blackmore"}, {"question": "Who was the drummer for The Who?", "answer": "Keith Moon"}, {"question": "Who was the original lead singer of AC/DC who died?", "answer": "Bon Scott"}, {"question": "Who was the Led Zeppelin drummer who passed away?", "answer": "John Bonham"}, {"question": "What singer replaced Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath?", "answer": "Ronnie James Dio"}, {"question": "What was Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album?", "answer": "Blizzard of Ozz"}, {"question": "What are some thrash metal bands?", "answer": "Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer"}, {"question": "Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What band's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker?", "answer": "The Black Crowes"}, {"question": "What was the title of Def Leppard's 1992 album?", "answer": "Adrenalize"}, {"question": "Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record?", "answer": "Hysteria"}, {"question": "Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long?", "answer": "five weeks"}, {"question": "When did the band The Darkness break up?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?", "answer": "retro-metal"}, {"question": "What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?", "answer": "Runnin' Wild"}, {"question": "Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?", "answer": "Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashd\u00efet"}, {"question": "Who were three Chicago blues players who influenced hard rock?", "answer": "Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf"}, {"question": "Who recorded \"You Really Got Me\"?", "answer": "The Kinks"}, {"question": "\"Shapes of Things\" was a 1966 single by what band?", "answer": "The Yardbirds"}, {"question": "What garage rock classic was recorded by The Kingsmen?", "answer": "\"Louie Louie\""}, {"question": "When did the Rolling Stones release \"(I Can't Get No\" Satisfaction\"?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "When did Free break up?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What band did Free lead singer Paul Rodgers help form?", "answer": "Bad Company"}, {"question": "Bad Company's self titled debut album was released in what year?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What nationality was the band Nazareth?", "answer": "Scottish"}, {"question": "What was Queen's massive 1975 hit single called?", "answer": "\"Bohemian Rhapsody\""}, {"question": "What sub-genre of hard rock does Def Leppard belong to?", "answer": "the New Wave of British Heavy Metal"}, {"question": "What was Def Leppard's second album called?", "answer": "High 'n' Dry"}, {"question": "What were the three Top 40 singles from Def Leppard's Pyromania album?", "answer": "\"Photograph\", \"Rock of Ages\" and \"Foolin'\""}, {"question": "What band had the first glam metal album to hit number one on the Billboard charts?", "answer": "Quiet Riot"}, {"question": "When did Motley Crue's album Shout At The Devil come out?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?", "answer": "Nevermind"}, {"question": "What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?", "answer": "grunge"}, {"question": "What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?", "answer": "Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden"}, {"question": "What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?", "answer": "Stone Temple Pilots"}, {"question": "What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?", "answer": "a hard rock sound"}, {"question": "When did the Foo Fighters album In Your Honor come out?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Three Days Grace is from what country?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "The band Jet is from what country?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What supergroup featured members of Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age and Led Zeppelin?", "answer": "Them Crooked Vultures"}, {"question": "What was the title of Buckcherry's 2007 hit single?", "answer": "\"Sorry\""}, {"question": "What instrument is usually at the center of a hard rock sound?", "answer": "The electric guitar"}, {"question": "Rhythm guitar in hard rock usually plays what?", "answer": "repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity"}, {"question": "In hard rock, an electric guitar can also be used for what?", "answer": "a solo lead instrument"}, {"question": "What carries the backbeat in hard rock drumming?", "answer": "snare"}, {"question": "What instrument works in tandem with the drums to provide hard rock rhythms?", "answer": "The bass guitar"}, {"question": "Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?", "answer": "Eric Clapton"}, {"question": "Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?", "answer": "Dave Davies"}, {"question": "Who played guitar in The Who?", "answer": "Pete Townshend"}, {"question": "When did The White Album come out?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?", "answer": "The Rolling Stones"}, {"question": "Who recorded the album School's Out?", "answer": "Alice Cooper"}, {"question": "Tres Hombres is the name of an album by what band?", "answer": "ZZ Top"}, {"question": "Who was the lead singer of Montrose?", "answer": "Sammy Hagar"}, {"question": "Kiss' double live album Alive! came out in what year?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Who had a hit single with \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\"?", "answer": "Blue \u00d6yster Cult"}, {"question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?", "answer": "Perfect Strangers"}, {"question": "What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What band recorded \"Keep On Loving You\"?", "answer": "REO Speedwagon"}, {"question": "The hit single \"Amanda\" was recorded by what band?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What was Van Halen's last album with Sammy Hagar?", "answer": "Balance"}, {"question": "Who was the Guns N Roses drummer who was fired by the band?", "answer": "Steven Adler"}, {"question": "What former member of Extreme briefly served as the lead singer for Van Halen?", "answer": "Gary Cherone"}, {"question": "Who was the only original member left in Guns N Roses?", "answer": "Axl Rose"}, {"question": "Slash left Guns N Roses in what year?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?", "answer": "Black Sabbath"}, {"question": "What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?", "answer": "hardcore punk"}, {"question": "Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?", "answer": "bluesy"}, {"question": "In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?", "answer": "stand-alone melodies"}, {"question": "Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?", "answer": "In Rock"}, {"question": "Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?", "answer": "occult and elements of Gothic horror"}, {"question": "What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?", "answer": "Paranoid"}, {"question": "What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?", "answer": "Judas Priest"}, {"question": "What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?", "answer": "disco in the US and punk rock in the UK"}, {"question": "What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?", "answer": "The Ramones"}, {"question": "What were three midwestern hard rock bands?", "answer": "Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx"}, {"question": "What city was Van Halen originally from?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?", "answer": "\"Eruption\""}, {"question": "How many copies did Whitesnake's 1987 self title album sell?", "answer": "17 million"}, {"question": "What was the title of Aerosmith's 1987 comeback album?", "answer": "Permanent Vacation"}, {"question": "Def Leppard's album Hysteria churned out how many hit singles?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What Guns N Roses album was the second best selling debut of all time?", "answer": "Appetite for Destruction"}, {"question": "What Guns N Roses song became a number one single?", "answer": "\"Sweet Child O' Mine\""}, {"question": "What hard rock supergroup contained members of Soundgarden and Rage Against the Machine?", "answer": "Audioslave"}, {"question": "What was the title of Bon Jovi's 2000 hit single?", "answer": "\"It's My Life\""}, {"question": "What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000?", "answer": "AC/DC"}, {"question": "Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots?", "answer": "Scott Weiland"}, {"question": "What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called?", "answer": "Chinese Democracy"}, {"question": "what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "\"Great Plains"}, {"question": "who brought the term great plains into widespread usage?", "answer": "Nevin Fenneman's"}, {"question": "what year was Nevin Fenneman's study?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "what was theregion called before \"the great plans\"? ", "answer": "the High Plains"}, {"question": "what type of land is much of the great plans?", "answer": "open range"}, {"question": "when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up?", "answer": "spring and fall"}, {"question": "in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves?", "answer": "branded"}, {"question": "from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd?", "answer": "10 million"}, {"question": "who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?", "answer": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado"}, {"question": "who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?", "answer": "Hernando de Soto"}, {"question": "what is the section of oklahoma and texas that  Hernando de Soto traveled?", "answer": "the De Soto Trail"}, {"question": "who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and C\u00edbola?", "answer": "The Spanish"}, {"question": "what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and C\u00edbola were rich in?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "what is the name of the line that divides the great plains?", "answer": "The 100th meridian"}, {"question": "about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year?", "answer": "20 inches"}, {"question": "what do high winds in the area sometimes cause?", "answer": "dust storms"}, {"question": "what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "what animal did hunters kill off for their hides?", "answer": "bison"}, {"question": "what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads?", "answer": "European farmers"}, {"question": "what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area?", "answer": "packages of land and transportation"}, {"question": "how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? ", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "who declated the American frontier \"closed\" in 1893?", "answer": "Frederick Jackson Turner"}, {"question": "how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas?", "answer": "more than 6,000"}, {"question": "how much prarie land does the \"Buffalo Commons\" want to return?", "answer": "139,000 square miles"}, {"question": "who usually organized shared meals and potluck events?", "answer": "Women"}, {"question": "around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called?", "answer": "Ogallala Aquifer"}, {"question": "what type of irrigation is used in the great plains?", "answer": "Center pivot irrigation"}, {"question": "what is the great plains?", "answer": "broad expanse of flat land"}, {"question": "where does the great plains lie?", "answer": "west of the Mississippi River"}, {"question": "what is the region known for?", "answer": "extensive cattle ranching"}, {"question": "who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?", "answer": "Commission for Environmental Cooperation"}, {"question": "what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of?", "answer": "Mexican, American, and Canadian governments"}, {"question": "what mainly opened the great plains for settlement?", "answer": "railroads"}, {"question": "what did the railroads make it easy to do?", "answer": "ship wheat and other crops"}, {"question": "who did the railroads sell cheap lands to?", "answer": "immigrants"}, {"question": "who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s?", "answer": "sewing and washing machines"}, {"question": "about how long ago did the climate become favorable?", "answer": "about 25 million years ago"}, {"question": "what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?", "answer": "mammals"}, {"question": "what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?", "answer": "grazing diets"}, {"question": "the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?", "answer": "development of grazers"}, {"question": "when did the US pass the Homestead ACt?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim?", "answer": "up to 160 acres"}, {"question": "how long did the person have to live on the land?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? ", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "the dominion act was passed in what year", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "What technology is used by night-vision devices?", "answer": "active near-infrared illumination"}, {"question": "What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?", "answer": "Infrared astronomy"}, {"question": "What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?", "answer": "Infrared thermal-imaging cameras"}, {"question": "At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light?", "answer": "700 nm"}, {"question": "What sort of light is generated by IR lasers?", "answer": "near-IR"}, {"question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red?", "answer": "780 nm"}, {"question": "Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color?", "answer": "1050 nm"}, {"question": "What objects are notably bright in near IR?", "answer": "Leaves"}, {"question": "What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?", "answer": "emissivity"}, {"question": "How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?", "answer": "hotter"}, {"question": "Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?", "answer": "infrared cameras"}, {"question": "What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?", "answer": "Infrared vibrational spectroscopy"}, {"question": "What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?", "answer": "it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency"}, {"question": "What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?", "answer": "the frequencies of infrared light"}, {"question": "What is the term for light radiation in the 4000\u2013400 cm\u22121 spectrum?", "answer": "the mid-infrared"}, {"question": "What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?", "answer": "infrared filters"}, {"question": "What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?", "answer": "Digital cameras"}, {"question": "What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?", "answer": "'T-ray' imaging"}, {"question": "What is another name for terahertz radiation?", "answer": "far-infrared"}, {"question": "What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?", "answer": "terahertz time-domain spectroscopy"}, {"question": "What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?", "answer": "Infrared reflectography"}, {"question": "What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?", "answer": "carbon black"}, {"question": "What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?", "answer": "pentimenti"}, {"question": "Who discovered infrared radiation?", "answer": "William Herschel"}, {"question": "In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?", "answer": "the Royal Society of London"}, {"question": "What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?", "answer": "a prism"}, {"question": "What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?", "answer": "Calorific Rays"}, {"question": "What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?", "answer": "heat radiation"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?", "answer": "49%"}, {"question": "What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? ", "answer": "8 to 25"}, {"question": "Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?", "answer": "visible"}, {"question": "What is another term for infrared homing?", "answer": "Infrared tracking"}, {"question": "What devices make use of infrared homing?", "answer": "Missiles"}, {"question": "What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?", "answer": "heat-seekers"}, {"question": "Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?", "answer": "vehicle engines"}, {"question": "What does IR stand for?", "answer": "infrared"}, {"question": "Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high?", "answer": "Cumulonimbus"}, {"question": "What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer?", "answer": "Stratocumulus"}, {"question": "What color are Strarus clouds in infrared?", "answer": "grey"}, {"question": "What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers?", "answer": "1.58\u20131.64"}, {"question": "What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth?", "answer": "water vapor in the atmosphere"}, {"question": "To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited?", "answer": "at a high altitude"}, {"question": "Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft?", "answer": "balloon"}, {"question": "What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere?", "answer": "Space telescopes"}, {"question": "What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see?", "answer": "Near-infrared"}, {"question": "Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared?", "answer": "water absorption"}, {"question": "In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?", "answer": "1,050"}, {"question": "What is the lowest level of sensitivity, in micrometers, for InGaAs?", "answer": "950"}, {"question": "What is the term for transit energy flowing as a result of differences in temperature?", "answer": "Heat"}, {"question": "What type of heat transmission can propagate through a vacuum?", "answer": "thermal radiation"}, {"question": "What object emits thermal radiation in the X-ray spectrum?", "answer": "the solar corona"}, {"question": "The visible, ultraviolet and X-ray spectra are all above what spectrum?", "answer": "infrared"}, {"question": "What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?", "answer": "0.9\u201314"}, {"question": "In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?", "answer": "900\u201314,000"}, {"question": "What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?", "answer": "the black body radiation law"}, {"question": "What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "What type of cameras see infrared radiation?", "answer": "Thermographic"}, {"question": "What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?", "answer": "imbedded stars"}, {"question": "What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?", "answer": "protostars"}, {"question": "What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?", "answer": "Stars"}, {"question": "What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?", "answer": "night vision"}, {"question": "What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?", "answer": "electrons"}, {"question": "Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?", "answer": "electrical"}, {"question": "What is the IrDA?", "answer": "the Infrared Data Association"}, {"question": "What does the acronym LEDs stand for?", "answer": "light-emitting diodes"}, {"question": "What is a term for when something is switched on and off?", "answer": "modulated"}, {"question": "What device is used to transform infrared radiation into an electric current?", "answer": "silicon photodiode"}, {"question": "Why does infrared not cause trouble for devices in adjacent rooms?", "answer": "IR does not penetrate walls"}, {"question": "What letter represents the index of refraction?", "answer": "n"}, {"question": "What letter represents the extinction Coefficient?", "answer": "k"}, {"question": "What equations are used to figure out the index of refraction and extinction Coefficient?", "answer": "Forouhi-Bloomer dispersion"}, {"question": "Along with critical dimension and depth, what can the infrared light reflectance be used to determine in regard to high aspect ratio trench structures?", "answer": "sidewall angle"}, {"question": "What reflectance is measured from a semiconductor wafer's surface to determine the index of refraction?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?", "answer": "Infrared cleaning"}, {"question": "Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?", "answer": "scaling"}, {"question": "Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?", "answer": "infrared"}, {"question": "Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?", "answer": "clouds"}, {"question": "After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?", "answer": "infrared"}, {"question": "Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?", "answer": "cloud droplets"}, {"question": "What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?", "answer": "greenhouse"}, {"question": "What term refers to  the variety and variability of life on Earth?", "answer": "Biodiversity"}, {"question": "What types of variations does Biodiversity refer to?", "answer": "genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation"}, {"question": "What type of biodiversity happens near the equator?", "answer": "Terrestrial biodiversity"}, {"question": "Where on Earth is biodiversity the most abundnant?", "answer": "It is richest in the tropics."}, {"question": "Where is sea surface temperature the highest?", "answer": "along coasts in the Western Pacific"}, {"question": "Who is the author of the biodiversity research paper?", "answer": "Bruce A. Wilcox"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the biodiversity research paper?", "answer": "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)"}, {"question": "At what event was the biodiversity research paper presented?", "answer": "1982 World National Parks Conference"}, {"question": "What year did the United Nations Earth Summit define \"biological diversity\"?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What model correlates much better than the hyperbolic model?", "answer": "the Phanerozoic"}, {"question": "What model is widely used in macrosociology?", "answer": "hyperbolic model"}, {"question": "What models imply that changes in diversity are guided by a first-order positive feedback?", "answer": "exponential and logistic models"}, {"question": "What model implies a second-order positive feedback?", "answer": "Hyperbolic model"}, {"question": "What can be accounted for by a feedback between diversity and community structure complexity?", "answer": "The hyperbolic character of biodiversity growth"}, {"question": "What has some responsibility for offering variety in what we eat?", "answer": "Interspecific crop diversity"}, {"question": "What is the variety of alleles within a single species?", "answer": "Interspecific crop diversity"}, {"question": "When do we rely on agricultural diversity to replant the land with something new?", "answer": "If a crop fails in a monoculture"}, {"question": "What can destroy a wheat crop?", "answer": "a pest"}, {"question": "What type of a society primarily grows monocultures?", "answer": "agricultural society"}, {"question": "What percentage of biodiversity has the planet lost since 1970", "answer": "52%"}, {"question": "What year was they study done by the World Wildlife Fund?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the terrestrial wildlife gone?", "answer": "39%"}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the marine wildlife gone?", "answer": "39%"}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the freshwater wildlife gone?", "answer": "76%"}, {"question": "In which year was the study published that found biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who conducted the 2007 study?", "answer": "National Science Foundation"}, {"question": "What can cause a break down of a biodiversity system?", "answer": "If any one type is removed from the system"}, {"question": "Where are the most threatened ecosystems found?", "answer": "in fresh water"}, {"question": "What may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces?", "answer": "an introduced species"}, {"question": "Where does the Prunus spinosa leaf much sooner?", "answer": "In Belgium"}, {"question": "What animal can its feeding habits disturbed by the Prunus spinosa?", "answer": "leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive"}, {"question": "What species struggle to with the introduction of new species?", "answer": "endemic and other local species"}, {"question": "What types of new species can be introduced?", "answer": "The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites"}, {"question": "What plays a vital role in harbouring floral and faunal species?", "answer": "The forests"}, {"question": "How many endemic floral species do forests harbor?", "answer": "5150"}, {"question": "How many endemic faunal species do forests harbor?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What types of animals and plans are confined to a specific geographical area?", "answer": "endemic species"}, {"question": "What types of activities are granted rights in reserved forests?", "answer": "hunting and grazing"}, {"question": "What global agreement gives sovereign national rights over biological resources?", "answer": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"}, {"question": "What agreement commits countries to conserve biodiversity?", "answer": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"}, {"question": "What agreement commits countries to develop resources for sustainability?", "answer": "the Convention on Biological Diversity"}, {"question": "What is the process of collecting natural products?", "answer": "bioprospecting"}, {"question": "What can typically cause mass extinctions?", "answer": "Rapid environmental changes"}, {"question": "What percentage of species is estimated to be extinct?", "answer": "More than 99 percent"}, {"question": "How many species have ever lived on earth?", "answer": "over five billion species"}, {"question": "How many species currently live on earth?", "answer": "Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million,"}, {"question": "What is the estimated weight of the total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth?", "answer": "50 billion tonnes"}, {"question": "Which era included a rapid growth period?", "answer": "the Cambrian explosion"}, {"question": "The Phanerozoic era covers what time period?", "answer": "the last 540 million years"}, {"question": "In which era, did the first phylum of multicellular organisms appear?", "answer": "the Cambrian explosion"}, {"question": "What type of diversity showed an overall exponential trend?", "answer": "vertebrate diversity"}, {"question": "In which event did the rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous?", "answer": "the Permian-Triassic extinction event"}, {"question": "Who describes the \"Evil Quartet\"?", "answer": "Jared Diamond"}, {"question": "What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?", "answer": "Evil Quartet"}, {"question": "What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?", "answer": "HIPPO"}, {"question": "What is the most authoritative classification in use today?", "answer": "IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats"}, {"question": "What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?", "answer": "the World Wildlife Fund"}, {"question": "What can threaten endemic species with extinction?", "answer": "genetic pollution"}, {"question": "What are another names for genetic pollution?", "answer": "uncontrolled hybridization, introgression and genetic swamping"}, {"question": "What causes genetic pollution?", "answer": "either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species"}, {"question": "What are are side-effects of introduction and invasion?", "answer": "Hybridization and introgression"}, {"question": "What behavior causes swamping of a gene pool?", "answer": "The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species"}, {"question": "What is the estimate age of the Earth?", "answer": "about 4.54 billion years old"}, {"question": "What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?", "answer": "the Eoarchean Era"}, {"question": "What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?", "answer": "Hadean Eon"}, {"question": "Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?", "answer": "Western Australia"}, {"question": "Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?", "answer": "Western Greenland"}, {"question": "What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history?", "answer": "The fossil record"}, {"question": "Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record?", "answer": "how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections."}, {"question": "What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity?", "answer": "from 2 million to 100 million"}, {"question": "What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection?", "answer": "Diversity"}, {"question": "What are two types of Agricultural diversity?", "answer": "\u2018planned\u2019 diversity or \u2018associated\u2019 diversity"}, {"question": "What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?", "answer": "Planned diversity"}, {"question": "What type of diversity arrives uninvited?", "answer": "associated diversity"}, {"question": "What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?", "answer": "associated diversity"}, {"question": "What is becoming an international political issue?", "answer": "Biodiversity's relevance to human health"}, {"question": "What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate?", "answer": "changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources"}, {"question": "What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced?", "answer": "those that buffer against infectious disease transmission"}, {"question": "How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth?", "answer": "five major mass extinctions"}, {"question": "When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared?", "answer": "the Cambrian explosion"}, {"question": "What happened in the Carboniferous?", "answer": "rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life."}, {"question": "When was the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event?", "answer": "251 million years ago"}, {"question": "How long did vertebrate recovery take?", "answer": "30 million years"}, {"question": "What century started the increase of species invasions?", "answer": "1900s"}, {"question": "Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region?", "answer": "zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer"}, {"question": "What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast?", "answer": "lion fish"}, {"question": "How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?", "answer": "20,000 plant species"}, {"question": "How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain?", "answer": "1,350 vertebrates"}, {"question": "Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide?", "answer": "Colombia"}, {"question": "Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth?", "answer": "Colombia"}, {"question": "What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago?", "answer": "Madagascar"}, {"question": "What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?", "answer": "global carrying capacity"}, {"question": "What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?", "answer": "life in the sea"}, {"question": "What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?", "answer": "life on land"}, {"question": "What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?", "answer": "64 per cent"}, {"question": "What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011?", "answer": "world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion"}, {"question": "What year started the increase of population to 7 billion?", "answer": "From 1950"}, {"question": "What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century?", "answer": "more than 9 billion"}, {"question": "Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government?", "answer": "Sir David King"}, {"question": "What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?", "answer": "The control of associated biodiversity"}, {"question": "What farms use biologically destructive pesticides", "answer": "monoculture farms"}, {"question": "What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?", "answer": "polyculture farmers"}, {"question": "What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?", "answer": "polyculture farmers"}, {"question": "What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?", "answer": "National park and nature reserve"}, {"question": "Who selects National parks?", "answer": "governments or private organizations"}, {"question": "What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?", "answer": "with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation"}, {"question": "Who usually owns and manages National parks?", "answer": "national or state governments"}, {"question": "What activities are prohibited in national parks?", "answer": "Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals"}, {"question": "Who is the German Federal Environment Minister?", "answer": "Sigmar Gabriel"}, {"question": "What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by?", "answer": "2050"}, {"question": "How many plant species are close to extinction?", "answer": "about one eighth"}, {"question": "2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What is systematically related to the numbers of species?", "answer": "Habitat size"}, {"question": "What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?", "answer": "Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans"}, {"question": "How is a standardized ecosystem formed?", "answer": "monoculture following deforestation"}, {"question": "What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?", "answer": "lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement"}, {"question": "What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways?", "answer": "the zebra mussel"}, {"question": "What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii?", "answer": "mongooses"}, {"question": "What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose?", "answer": "nocturnal rats"}, {"question": "What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion?", "answer": "Indonesia and Malaysia,"}, {"question": "What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?", "answer": "Contemporary biodiversity physics"}, {"question": "What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?", "answer": "microbial life"}, {"question": "What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?", "answer": "microbial life"}, {"question": "What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?", "answer": "Insect extinction rates"}, {"question": "What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?", "answer": "biodiversity"}, {"question": "What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?", "answer": "biodiversity"}, {"question": "What influences richness of biodiversity?", "answer": "the climatic conditions and area of the region"}, {"question": "What term describes all the species of plants in existence?", "answer": "flora"}, {"question": "Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?", "answer": "Raymond F. Dasmann"}, {"question": "What book first contained the term biological diversity?", "answer": "A Different Kind of Country"}, {"question": "What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?", "answer": "the 1980s"}, {"question": "Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?", "answer": "Thomas Lovejoy"}, {"question": "What term was common before biological diversity?", "answer": "\"natural diversity\""}, {"question": "What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?", "answer": "Biodiversity"}, {"question": "What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?", "answer": "at least 50%"}, {"question": "What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?", "answer": "about 80%"}, {"question": "What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?", "answer": "bionics"}, {"question": "What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?", "answer": "the Green Revolution"}, {"question": "What did the high yield strains become resistant to?", "answer": "local climate and diseases"}, {"question": "Who has been pushing for hybridization?", "answer": "Local governments and industry"}, {"question": "What caused the loss of biodiversity?", "answer": "Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion"}, {"question": "What is the ASCII based on?", "answer": "English alphabet"}, {"question": "How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?", "answer": "128 specified characters"}, {"question": "How many are non-printing control characters?", "answer": "33 are non-printing control characters"}, {"question": "How many characters are printable characters? ", "answer": "95 printable characters"}, {"question": "What is the space also known as what?", "answer": "invisible graphic:223"}, {"question": "Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?", "answer": "for ease of identification"}, {"question": "How many positions are in the first two columns?", "answer": "32 positions"}, {"question": "What did the committee decide was important?", "answer": "to support uppercase 64-character alphabets"}, {"question": "Where was the letter A places in position?", "answer": "41hex"}, {"question": "ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?", "answer": "Unicode"}, {"question": "How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?", "answer": "128 symbols"}, {"question": "What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?", "answer": "UTF-8"}, {"question": "What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?", "answer": "a Control-S"}, {"question": "What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?", "answer": "Control-Q"}, {"question": "What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?", "answer": "handshaking"}, {"question": "What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?", "answer": "Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)"}, {"question": "What are glass TTYs also known as?", "answer": "CRTs or terminals"}, {"question": "What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?", "answer": "RT-11"}, {"question": "When was the introduction of PC DOS?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?", "answer": "EBCDIC"}, {"question": "What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?", "answer": "MS-DOS"}, {"question": "What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?", "answer": "C trigraphs"}, {"question": "Why was their use limited?", "answer": "their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers"}, {"question": "What did many programmers keep their computers on?", "answer": "US-ASCII"}, {"question": "What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?", "answer": "contained \"{, }\" and similar variants in the middle of words"}, {"question": "What was ASCII based on?", "answer": "teleprinter encoding systems"}, {"question": "ASCII specifies correspondence between what? ", "answer": "digital bit patterns and character symbols"}, {"question": "What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?", "answer": "communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information"}, {"question": "How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?", "answer": "11 to 25 special graphic symbols"}, {"question": "How many codes were required for ASCII?", "answer": "more than 64 codes"}, {"question": "When was ASCII first commercially used?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What was it used for?", "answer": "a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network"}, {"question": "What did TWX use before ASCII?", "answer": "five-bit ITA2"}, {"question": "Who is the father of ASCII?", "answer": "Bob Bemer"}, {"question": "What was the code first called in Europe?", "answer": "Bemer-Ross Code"}, {"question": "What does the \"line feed\" function do?", "answer": "causes a printer to advance its paper"}, {"question": "What character represents the \"line feed\" function?", "answer": "character 10"}, {"question": "What does character 8 represent? ", "answer": "backspace"}, {"question": "What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?", "answer": "control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters"}, {"question": "What did some software do to the ASCII characters?", "answer": "assigned special meanings"}, {"question": "What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?", "answer": "interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning \"remove previously-typed input character\""}, {"question": "What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?", "answer": "remove the character at the cursor"}, {"question": "What did other systmes us for \"remove previously-typed input character\"?", "answer": "BS"}, {"question": "What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?", "answer": "CR-LF"}, {"question": "What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?", "answer": "LF"}, {"question": "Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?", "answer": "so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported"}, {"question": "How were the connections supported? ", "answer": "by transmitting a standard text format over the network"}, {"question": "Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?", "answer": "The File Transfer Protocol"}, {"question": "When was ISO/IEC 646 published?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What was ASCII inteded to be?", "answer": "one of several national variants of an international character code standard"}, {"question": "When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?", "answer": "ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world"}, {"question": "What did most early home computers develop?", "answer": "their own 8-bit character sets"}, {"question": "What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?", "answer": "the \"upper\" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet"}, {"question": "What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?", "answer": "graphic symbols such as smiley faces"}, {"question": "What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?", "answer": "Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)"}, {"question": "What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? ", "answer": "typographic punctuation marks"}, {"question": "What does ASCII stand for?", "answer": "American Standard Code for Information Interchange"}, {"question": "What is the definition of ASCII?", "answer": "is a character-encoding scheme"}, {"question": "What does ASCII code represent?", "answer": "text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text"}, {"question": "ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?", "answer": "December 2007"}, {"question": "Who surpassed ASCII?", "answer": "UTF-8"}, {"question": "Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?", "answer": "would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code"}, {"question": "What is different in a shifted code?", "answer": "some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes"}, {"question": "Why did they decide against shifting code?", "answer": "less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable"}, {"question": "What happened after they decided agasint shifting?", "answer": "ASCII required at least a seven-bit code"}, {"question": "What was the \"escape\" character originally intended for?", "answer": "to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning"}, {"question": "What does modern ESC code do?", "answer": "most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation"}, {"question": "What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?", "answer": "an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether"}, {"question": "What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?", "answer": "Control-Z (SUB)"}, {"question": "What does EOF stand for?", "answer": "end-of-file"}, {"question": "What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?", "answer": "to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard"}, {"question": "What else is the end-of-text code known as?", "answer": "Control-C"}, {"question": "What was ASCII developed from? ", "answer": "telegraphic codes"}, {"question": "What was the first commercial use of ASCII?", "answer": "a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services"}, {"question": "When did work on the ASCII standard begin? ", "answer": "October 6, 1960"}, {"question": "When was the first edition of the standard published?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "When was the first major revision of the code done?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?", "answer": "eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal"}, {"question": "Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?", "answer": "minimize costs associated with data transmission"}, {"question": "What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?", "answer": "perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position"}, {"question": "What was ASCII published as and when?", "answer": "ASA X3.4-1963"}, {"question": "How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?", "answer": "28 code positions"}, {"question": "When was the change to ASCII made official?", "answer": "May 1963"}, {"question": "The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?", "answer": "simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers"}, {"question": "What is a retified versionof ASCII?", "answer": "ISO/IEC 646"}, {"question": "What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?", "answer": "extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States"}, {"question": "Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?", "answer": "ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries"}, {"question": "Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?", "answer": "true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard"}, {"question": "What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?", "answer": "Teletype Model 33 ASR"}, {"question": "What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?", "answer": "a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option"}, {"question": "When was paper tape popular?", "answer": "until the 1980s"}, {"question": "Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?", "answer": "less costly and in some ways less fragile"}, {"question": "What code eventually became neglected?", "answer": "code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)"}, {"question": "Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?", "answer": "The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage"}, {"question": "Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?", "answer": "\"Carriage Return\" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and \"Line Feed\" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)"}, {"question": "Where does the name \"Carriage Return\" come from?", "answer": "on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary"}, {"question": "What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?", "answer": "right"}, {"question": "When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "What were used instead of 0 and 1? ", "answer": "using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead"}, {"question": "What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?", "answer": "which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII"}, {"question": "Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?", "answer": "do not correspond as closely"}, {"question": "What is the official name of code 127?", "answer": "delete"}, {"question": "What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?", "answer": "rubout"}, {"question": "Why did Teletype have the code for \"rubout\"?", "answer": "to make it an ignored character"}, {"question": "Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? ", "answer": "introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone"}, {"question": "What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?", "answer": "line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator"}, {"question": "Who adopted this practice from Multics?", "answer": "Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems"}, {"question": "What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?", "answer": "Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS"}, {"question": "When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?", "answer": "since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system"}, {"question": "What is the first step in the human digestive system?", "answer": "the action of mastication (chewing)"}, {"question": "What is saliva?", "answer": "a liquid secreted by the salivary glands"}, {"question": "What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?", "answer": "salivary amylase"}, {"question": "What is the definition of bolus?", "answer": "a small, round slurry mass"}, {"question": "What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?", "answer": "peristalsis"}, {"question": "What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?", "answer": "eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food"}, {"question": "Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?", "answer": "extract more nutrition"}, {"question": "What happens with these soft feacal pellets?", "answer": "excreted and generally consumed immediately"}, {"question": "Are normal droppings also eaten? ", "answer": "not eaten"}, {"question": "What are the two types of digestion?", "answer": "internal and external digestion"}, {"question": "When did external digestion develop?", "answer": "earlier in evolutionary history"}, {"question": "What still uses the external digestion system?", "answer": "most fungi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?", "answer": "gastrointestinal tract"}, {"question": "Why is internal digection better than external?", "answer": "more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled"}, {"question": "What elements can transfer to plant cells?", "answer": "Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids"}, {"question": "Where do transferred genes enter?", "answer": "the plant cell nucleus"}, {"question": "What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?", "answer": "opines"}, {"question": "What happens to infected plant cells?", "answer": "end"}, {"question": "What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?", "answer": "The Ti and Ri plasmids"}, {"question": "Where are teeth found?", "answer": "in the jaws (or mouths)"}, {"question": "What are teeth used for?", "answer": "to tear, scrape, milk and chew food"}, {"question": "What are teeth made out of?", "answer": "enamel, dentine and cementum"}, {"question": "What in human teeth enables proprioception?", "answer": "a blood and nerve supply"}, {"question": "What happens when you bite something you cant chew?", "answer": "our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying."}, {"question": "What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?", "answer": "The abomasum"}, {"question": "What is the abomasums close equivalent?", "answer": "a monogastric stomach"}, {"question": "What does this site serve primarily as?", "answer": "a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine."}, {"question": "What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?", "answer": "the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs"}, {"question": "What is also digested in the small intestine?", "answer": "Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine"}, {"question": "What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?", "answer": "a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine."}, {"question": "What does an earthworm eat?", "answer": "dead grass, leaves, and weeds"}, {"question": "What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?", "answer": "The mouth is surrounded by strong lips"}, {"question": "What is the food coated with for easier passage?", "answer": "mucus"}, {"question": "What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?", "answer": "The powerful muscles of the gizzard"}, {"question": "Where does the digestions of some fats start?", "answer": "in the mouth"}, {"question": "Where are fats mainly digested?", "answer": "the small intestine"}, {"question": "What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?", "answer": "produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver"}, {"question": "What does bile from the liver help do?", "answer": "helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids"}, {"question": "What is one molecule of fat?", "answer": "a triglyceride"}, {"question": "What is digestion?", "answer": "the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma"}, {"question": "In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?", "answer": "these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream"}, {"question": "What are the two ways that food is broken down?", "answer": "mechanical and chemical digestion"}, {"question": "What is mechanical digestion?", "answer": "the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes"}, {"question": "What is chemical digestion?", "answer": "enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use"}, {"question": "What are three digestions phases?", "answer": "the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase"}, {"question": "Where does the cephalic phase occur?", "answer": "at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex"}, {"question": "Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?", "answer": "the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata"}, {"question": "How long does the gastric phase take?", "answer": "3 to 4 hours"}, {"question": "How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?", "answer": "by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH"}, {"question": "What happens in a chennel transupport system? ", "answer": "several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria"}, {"question": "What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?", "answer": "the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]"}, {"question": "What does this secretion system transport?", "answer": "various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes"}, {"question": "What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?", "answer": "the formation of outer membrane vesicles"}, {"question": "What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?", "answer": ", forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials"}, {"question": "What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?", "answer": "response to stress conditions"}, {"question": "What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?", "answer": "some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells"}, {"question": "What muscle movements are used for digestion?", "answer": "swallowing and peristalsis"}, {"question": "What does every stpe of digestion require?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What does needing energy to digest impose?", "answer": "an \"overhead charge\""}, {"question": "Over head charges influence what?", "answer": "lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures"}, {"question": "Where does digestion begin?", "answer": "in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes"}, {"question": "What is food formed into before it is swallowed?", "answer": "a bolus"}, {"question": "Where does food go after the esophagus?", "answer": "the stomach"}, {"question": "What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?", "answer": "peristalsis"}, {"question": "What does gastric juice consist of?", "answer": "hydrochloric acid and pepsin"}, {"question": "What is lactase?", "answer": "an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts"}, {"question": "What are lactoses component parts?", "answer": "glucose and galactose"}, {"question": "Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?", "answer": "small intestine"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?", "answer": "Approximately 65 percent"}, {"question": "What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?", "answer": "lactose intolerance"}, {"question": "What is the resulting thick liquid called?", "answer": "chyme"}, {"question": "What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?", "answer": "digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver"}, {"question": "Where does hyme go after the duodenum?", "answer": "the small intestine"}, {"question": "Where is chyme absorbed into?", "answer": "blood"}, {"question": "Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?", "answer": "the small intestine"}, {"question": "What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?", "answer": "the cephalic phase"}, {"question": "What is the cephalic phase?", "answer": "saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach"}, {"question": "What digestions begin in the mouth?", "answer": "Mechanical and chemical digestion"}, {"question": "What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?", "answer": "The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes"}, {"question": "Where does absorption occur?", "answer": "in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract"}, {"question": "Where does protein digestion occur?", "answer": "in the stomach and duodenum"}, {"question": "What are the three main enzymes that break down food?", "answer": "pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin"}, {"question": "What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?", "answer": "inactive precursors, the zymogens"}, {"question": "What are dipeptidases broken down into?", "answer": "amino acids"}, {"question": "What organ secretes chymotrypsin?", "answer": "the pancreas"}, {"question": "What is the maximum length of a runway?", "answer": "25 meters"}, {"question": "Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?", "answer": "The gymnast"}, {"question": "What position is the gymnast when in the air?", "answer": "a standing position"}, {"question": "What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?", "answer": "multiple twists and somersaults"}, {"question": "What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?", "answer": "the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation"}, {"question": "What rules state that only women can compete in rhythmic gymastics?", "answer": "FIG"}, {"question": "What does rhythmic gymastics combine together?", "answer": "ballet, gymnastics, dance, and apparatus manipulation"}, {"question": "What five seperate apparatuses are used in the five separate routines?", "answer": "ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, rope"}, {"question": "Which is more focused on, aesthetics or acrobatics?", "answer": "aesthetic"}, {"question": "How many possible points are there for rhythmic routines?", "answer": "30 points"}, {"question": "What does AGG stand for?", "answer": "Aesthetic Group Gymnastics"}, {"question": "Why is AGG different than Rhythmic Gymnastics? ", "answer": "body movement is large and continuous and teams are larger'"}, {"question": "Do athletes use apparatuses in the international AGG competitions?", "answer": "do not use apparatus in international AGG competitions"}, {"question": "What physical qualities are needed for rhythmic gymastics? ", "answer": "flexibility, balance, speed, strength, coordination and sense of rhythm"}, {"question": "What year was the Federsation of Aesthetic Group Gymnastics established?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What is the rope made out of that the gymnists uses in their routine?", "answer": "hemp or a synthetic material"}, {"question": "How long is the rope?", "answer": "Its length is in proportion to the size of the gymnast"}, {"question": "What are at the ends of the ropes to help the gymnists hold it?", "answer": "One or two knots at each end are for keeping hold of the rope while doing the routine."}, {"question": "What other requirement is there for the rope?", "answer": "The rope must be coloured, either all or partially and may either be of a uniform diameter or be progressively thicker in the center"}, {"question": "When did FIG decide to nullify the use of ropes in competition?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Where was the FIG founded?", "answer": "Liege"}, {"question": "What year was FIG founded?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "When was gymnastics included in the Olympics?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "When were the first women's Olympic competitions held?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Where were the first women's Olympic competitions held?", "answer": "in Amsterdam"}, {"question": "How long is the run way in vaulting?", "answer": "25 metres (82 ft)"}, {"question": "How man feet do vaulters land on?", "answer": "a two footed landing"}, {"question": "What determines where a vaulter starts on the runway?", "answer": "their height and strength"}, {"question": "What is a round-off entry vault called?", "answer": "Yurchenko"}, {"question": "What is the most common vault in elite level gymnastics?", "answer": "yurchenko"}, {"question": "How are gymnasts scored?", "answer": "from deductions taken from their start value"}, {"question": "How is the start vaule determined?", "answer": "e start value of a routine is based on the difficulty of the elements the gymnast attempts and whether or not the gymnast meets composition requirements"}, {"question": "What is this score called?", "answer": "D score"}, {"question": "Deductions in execution and artistry are taken from what score?", "answer": "10.0"}, {"question": "What were added to scoring in 2007?", "answer": "adding bonus plus the execution and then adding those two together to get the final score"}, {"question": "When were the technical rules for the Japanses version of men's rhythmic gymnastics formed?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "How many apparatuses are used?", "answer": "only four types"}, {"question": "What are the types of apparatuses used?", "answer": "the double rings, the stick, the rope, and the clubs"}, {"question": "What apparatuses do groups use?", "answer": "Groups do not use any apparatus"}, {"question": "When did Japan hold the first of the Men's Rhythmic Gymnastics World Champtionship?", "answer": "November 27\u201329, 2003"}, {"question": "What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?", "answer": "\u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 (gymnos) meaning \"naked\""}, {"question": "What does the  verb gymnazo mean?", "answer": "to train naked\", \"train in gymnastic exercise\", generally \"to train, to exercise\""}, {"question": "Why was this verb used?", "answer": "because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing"}, {"question": "When did the word come into use?", "answer": "1570s"}, {"question": "What year was the Olympic Games apparatus and events standardized?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What is the grading structure?", "answer": "a point system from 1 to 15"}, {"question": "Who set the first precedent that continues this day?", "answer": "Soviet gymnasts"}, {"question": "Who recieved the first perfect score?", "answer": "Nadia Com\u0103neci"}, {"question": "What year and where was the first perfect score given?", "answer": "1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Canada"}, {"question": "What does a typical pommel horse exercise consist of?", "answer": "both single leg and double leg work"}, {"question": "Single leg skills are found in the form of what normally?", "answer": "form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels"}, {"question": "What is the main staple of this event?", "answer": "Double leg work"}, {"question": "When does the routine end?", "answer": "when the gymnast performs a dismount"}, {"question": "What are two ways that a gymnist dismounts?", "answer": "by swinging his body over the horse, or landing after a handstand"}, {"question": "What is a critical skill in terms of execution in scores?", "answer": "landing"}, {"question": "Where do most injuries happen?", "answer": "the lower extremities such as: cartilage lesions, ligament tears, and bone bruises/fractures"}, {"question": "How do you avoid injuries?", "answer": "proper technique must be used by the gymnast"}, {"question": "What is a successful landing?", "answer": "soft, meaning the knee and hip joints are at greater than 63 degrees of flexion"}, {"question": "Individual routines start with what phases?", "answer": "build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height"}, {"question": "What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.", "answer": "a sequence of aerial skills"}, {"question": "What is the maximum scroe for routines?", "answer": "10 points"}, {"question": "How can additional points be earned?", "answer": "depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills"}, {"question": "In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?", "answer": "two preliminary routines"}, {"question": "What are the uneven bars?", "answer": "two horizontal bars set at different heights"}, {"question": "What are these bars made out of?", "answer": "fiberglass covered in wood laminate"}, {"question": "Why are the bars not made of wood anymore?", "answer": "the bars were prone to breaking,"}, {"question": "How have the bars changed over the years?", "answer": "They've been moved increasingly further apart"}, {"question": "How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?", "answer": "using a springboard, or a small mat"}, {"question": "What does a higher flight phase result in?", "answer": "a higher vertical ground reaction force"}, {"question": "What is vertical ground reaction force?", "answer": "s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum"}, {"question": "What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?", "answer": "time the landing takes Gymnasts"}, {"question": "What was aerobic gymnastics called orginally?", "answer": "Sport Aerobics"}, {"question": "What does aerobic gymnastiscs involve?", "answer": "the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness"}, {"question": "How many people can be in a routine?", "answer": "individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people"}, {"question": "What is the size of the mat?", "answer": "7x7m"}, {"question": "How long do the routines last?", "answer": "Routines generally last 60\u201390 seconds depending on age of participant and routine category"}, {"question": "What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?", "answer": "synchronized, choreographed routines"}, {"question": "What do the troupes consist of?", "answer": "of both genders and are not separated into age divisions"}, {"question": "When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?", "answer": "Gymnastics for All"}, {"question": "How many participants are there?", "answer": "30 million"}, {"question": "What is gymnastics?", "answer": "Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring strength, flexibility, balance and control"}, {"question": "Who governs all events in gymnastics?", "answer": "F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG)"}, {"question": "What does each country have?", "answer": "Each country has its own national governing body (BIW) affiliated to FIG"}, {"question": "What are the best known gymnastic events?", "answer": "Competitive artistic gymnastics"}, {"question": "What events does this normally consist of for women?", "answer": "vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise."}, {"question": "What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?", "answer": "Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759\u20131839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778\u20131852)"}, {"question": "What did the exercises lead to?", "answer": "to what is considered modern gymnastics"}, {"question": "Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?", "answer": "Don Francisco Amor\u00f3s y Ondeano"}, {"question": "What did Jahn promote the use of?", "answer": "parallel bars, rings and high bar"}, {"question": "When did FIG decide that scores are no longer limited to 10 points?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What are the two different scores?", "answer": "an execution score and a difficulty score"}, {"question": "What score was added?", "answer": "difficulty score"}, {"question": "How much is a fall deduction?", "answer": "1.00 deduction"}, {"question": "What is a gymnast's difficulty score based on?", "answer": "what elements they perform"}, {"question": "What is the floor exercise events performed on now?", "answer": "a carpeted 12m \u00d7 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood"}, {"question": "What was the floor exercise even on before?", "answer": "the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats"}, {"question": "Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?", "answer": "springs or foam blocks generally called a \"spring\" floor"}, {"question": "What is the maximum for floor events?", "answer": "up to 90 seconds"}, {"question": "What do athletes perform for tumbling?", "answer": "an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track"}, {"question": "When was tumbling orginally contested at the Olympics?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "Where are offical tumbling competitions allowed?", "answer": "only allowed as an event in Trampoline gymnastics meets"}, {"question": "What year did FIG reconginze Trampoline and Acrobatic Gymnastics?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?", "answer": "both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts"}, {"question": "Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?", "answer": "stick gymnastics"}, {"question": "What is the aim of stick gymnastics?", "answer": "improving physical strength and health"}, {"question": "What are the main focus?", "answer": "tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus"}, {"question": "How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "How many UEFA Championship League titles has Barcelona won?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many UEFA  Cup Winners' Cup wins does Barcelona have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many UEFA Super Cup wins does the Barcelona team have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many FIFA Club World Cup trophies does football club Barcelona have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What club is Barcelona's long time rival?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "In 1925 what incident by the crowd caused the closing of the stadium?", "answer": "jeered the Royal March"}, {"question": "How long was the stadium closed?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What year did Barcelona claim to be a professional football club?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?", "answer": "23 June 1929"}, {"question": "What past president of the Barcelona club committed suicide in 1930?", "answer": "Gamper"}, {"question": "How much did Barcelona pay to acquire Johan Cruyff?", "answer": "\u00a3920,000"}, {"question": " For what team did Cruyff refuse to play?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "What dictator's rule was Cruyff's reason for avoiding Real Madrid?", "answer": "Francisco Franco"}, {"question": "What award did Cruyff win during his first year with Barcelona?", "answer": "European Footballer of the Year"}, {"question": "When did Cruyff win his third Ballon d'Or?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "How long did Ronaldo remain with Barcelona?", "answer": "short time"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona win a Copa del Rey and La Liga double?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "When was the centenari of Barcelona celebrated?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What title did Barcelona win in 1999?", "answer": "Primera Divisi\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Which Barcelona player was the fourth to win European Footballer of the Year?", "answer": "Rivaldo"}, {"question": "How many players did Barcelona list on the day their transfer ban ended?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "What event in February did Barcelona qualify for for the sixth time?", "answer": "Copa del Rey final"}, {"question": "How many consecutive wins did Barcelona have in 2010-11?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "With which team did Barcelona have a 1-1 draw in the 2015-16 Copa del Rey?", "answer": "Valencia"}, {"question": "Besides Arda Turan, what other player became eligible to play in 2016?", "answer": "Aleix Vidal"}, {"question": "What team is dominate in won games in La Liga?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What team has beaten Barcelona three times in 80 seasons?", "answer": "Espanyol"}, {"question": "What team won the all-Catalan Copa del Rey in 1957?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "Which team has the largest margin win?", "answer": "Espanyol"}, {"question": "When was Espanyol's margin win of 6-0?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?", "answer": "Athletic Bilbao"}, {"question": "What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?", "answer": "continental treble"}, {"question": "How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?", "answer": "June 2015"}, {"question": "How many UEFA Champions League wins does Barcelona have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the  number of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup competitions Barcelona has won?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many UEFA Super Cup awards does Barcelona have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the number of FIFA Club World  Cup trophies Barcelona has?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What competition is the predecessor to the UEFA Cup-Europa League?", "answer": "Inter-Cities Fairs Cup"}, {"question": "Who was murdered on 6 August, 1936?", "answer": "Josep Sunyol"}, {"question": "Besides being club president, what was Sunyol involved in to have caused his murder?", "answer": "pro-independence political party"}, {"question": "What was Sunyol called after his death?", "answer": "martyr"}, {"question": "What was club Barcelona considered to represent when on tour in 1937?", "answer": "Second Spanish Republic"}, {"question": "Where did half of the Barcelona team seek asylum in 1937?", "answer": "Mexico and France"}, {"question": "How many consecutive La Liga titles did Barcelona win from 1991-94?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "By 1992 who was Barcelona's most successful manager?", "answer": "Cruyff"}, {"question": "For how many years was Cruyff manager for Barcelona?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What feature of play did Cruyff introduce to Barcelona?", "answer": "passing style"}, {"question": "What failure did Cruyff have in his last two seasons as manager with Barcelona?", "answer": "win any trophies"}, {"question": "Under whose direction was there disappointment?", "answer": "Gaspart"}, {"question": "After Gaspart, who was manager of team Barcelona?", "answer": "Frank Rijkaard"}, {"question": "At this time, what type of players were added to Barcelona?", "answer": "international"}, {"question": "What season did Barcelona win La Liga and Supercopa de Espana?", "answer": "2004\u201305"}, {"question": "Which player won FIFA World Player of the Year?", "answer": "Ronaldinho"}, {"question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?", "answer": "Athletic Bilbao"}, {"question": "When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?", "answer": "sextuple"}, {"question": "When did Tito Vilanova become manager of FC Barcelona?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Who did Vilanova replace as manager?", "answer": "Pep Guardiola"}, {"question": "How many total points did Barcelona collect during the 20012 season?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "Who was Barcelona's top scorer?", "answer": "Lionel Messi"}, {"question": "When was the Barcelona team become Spanish football champions for the 22nd time?", "answer": "11 May 2013"}, {"question": "To whom did Barcelona appeal to lift the transfer bad?", "answer": "Court of Arbitration for Sport"}, {"question": "During what year was Barcelona not allowed to use  their transfer windows?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "When was Zubizareta fired by the board?", "answer": "5 January 2015"}, {"question": "What position did Zubizareta have?", "answer": "director of football"}, {"question": "After firing the director, what did Barcelona form?", "answer": "Football Area Technical Commission"}, {"question": "How many registered fan clubs does Barcelona have worldwide?", "answer": "1,335"}, {"question": "What are the fan clubs called?", "answer": "penyes"}, {"question": "How many Facebook followers does team Barcelona have?", "answer": "over 90 million"}, {"question": "What famous cleric was a supporter of Barcelona?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "What is the only team that has a higher attendance rate than Club Barcelona? ", "answer": "Borussia Dortmund"}, {"question": "What team is Barcelona's local rival?", "answer": "Espanyol"}, {"question": "What club was granted royal patronage?", "answer": "Blanc-i-blaus"}, {"question": "What type of group founded Espanyol?", "answer": "Spanish football fans"}, {"question": "Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?", "answer": "multinational nature"}, {"question": "Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?", "answer": "foreigners"}, {"question": "What royal symbol appears on the club's crest?", "answer": "Crown of Aragon"}, {"question": "Beside a palm, what tree appears on the crest?", "answer": "laurel"}, {"question": "When was a competition held to produce a team crest?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of the crest competition? ", "answer": "Carles Comamala"}, {"question": "What flag is on the team crest?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What was the number of team Barcelona supporters by 1922?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What did Barcelona build in 1922?", "answer": "Camp de Les Corts"}, {"question": "How many people could Camp de Les Corts hold?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "After several expansions how many people could the stadium hold?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "When was the last expansion of Les Corts?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "When did the Italians bomb Barcelona?", "answer": "16 March 1938"}, {"question": "Why was club Barcelona placed under restrictions during the occupation?", "answer": "\"undisciplined\" Catalanism"}, {"question": "What kind of signs were removed form club Barcelona?", "answer": "regional nationalism"}, {"question": "What flag was removed from the club's crest?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What new named was the Barcelona club forced to adopt?", "answer": "Club de F\u00fatbol Barcelona"}, {"question": "How much was the signing payment for Diego Maradona?", "answer": "\u00a35 million"}, {"question": "When was Diego Maradona signed by Barcelona?", "answer": "June 1982"}, {"question": "Who did Barcelona defeat the season following the signing of Maradona?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "Who was hired as manager in 1984?", "answer": "Terry Venables"}, {"question": "What caused the loss to Steaua Bucuresti in Seville?", "answer": "penalties"}, {"question": "When was Barcelona founded?", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "Who led the founders of the Barcelona football club?", "answer": "Joan Gamper"}, {"question": "What is the Barcelona motto?", "answer": "M\u00e9s que un club"}, {"question": "How much is club Barcelona worth?", "answer": "$3.16 billion"}, {"question": "What is the title of the Barcelona club song?", "answer": "\"Cant del Bar\u00e7a\""}, {"question": "In what year did Barcelona win its first trophy? ", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "What was the first cup Barcelona won?", "answer": "Copa Macaya"}, {"question": "When did Joan Gamper become the president of the Barcelona club?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "How many times between 1908 and 1925 was Gamper president?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Why did Gamper want Barcelona to acquire a stadium of its own?", "answer": "stable income"}, {"question": "What team won the first match in the 1943 Copa del Generalissimo?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What was the score of the second match in 1943 played against Real Madrid?", "answer": "11\u20131"}, {"question": "Who is rumored to have threatened Barcelona players before the match against Real Madrid?", "answer": "police"}, {"question": "What journalist alleged that the Barcelona team was threatened to make certain of Real Madrid's win?", "answer": "Paco Aguilar"}, {"question": "What was proven about the alleged threats to Barcelona before the game?", "answer": "nothing"}, {"question": "What team was dominate in the 1960s in La Liga?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "Due to the emergence of Fuste and Rexach, what competition did Barcelona win in 1963?", "answer": "Copa del General\u00edsimo"}, {"question": "What competition did Barcelona win in 1966?", "answer": "Fairs Cup"}, {"question": "Who was present when Barcelona beat Real Madrid in 1968?", "answer": "Franco"}, {"question": "With Franco's dictatorship over, to what did Barcelona change their name ?", "answer": "Futbol Club Barcelona"}, {"question": "What political group wanted Nunez to resign the presidency?", "answer": "Boixos Nois"}, {"question": " To what did Boixos Nois idetify themselves as belonging?", "answer": "left-wing separatism"}, {"question": "What right-wing separatists tried to spread fascism to the Boixos Nois?", "answer": "skinheads"}, {"question": "What did the resulting split in the Boixos Nois group cause many to support?", "answer": "N\u00fa\u00f1ez's presidency"}, {"question": "What did the resulting violence perpetrated by the extremists produce?", "answer": "large-scale arrests"}, {"question": "How did Barcelona finish the 2006-07 season?", "answer": "without trophies"}, {"question": "What event was blamed for the injuries to Barcelona stars?", "answer": "US tour"}, {"question": "What team beat Barcelona in La Liga in the 2006-07 season?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "To whom was Messi's goal in the first leg of the Copa del Rey compared?", "answer": "Diego Maradona"}, {"question": "What team pushed Barcelona out of the Champions League play?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?", "answer": "UEFA Super Cup"}, {"question": "Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?", "answer": "Porto"}, {"question": " How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?", "answer": "Josep Guardiola"}, {"question": "When FIFA ban Barcelona from buying players?", "answer": "April 2014"}, {"question": "What was the FIFA  charge that Barcelona violated?", "answer": "footballers aged under 18"}, {"question": "What fine did FIFA impose on Barcelona for the rules violation?", "answer": "CHF 450,000"}, {"question": "When did FIFA reject an appeal of the rules violation ruling?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What did the pending appeal allow Barcelona to do anyway?", "answer": "sign players"}, {"question": "Who did Barcelona beat to win the 2015 UEFA Super Cup?", "answer": "Sevilla FC"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the 2015 FIFA World Cup Final?", "answer": "River Plate"}, {"question": "What was the only team to match Barcelona's record of trophy wins by 2015?", "answer": "Al Ahly SC"}, {"question": "How many goals did Barcelona score to break the record for most goals in a year?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "What teams previous record was 178 goals in a year?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "Where did Barcelona defeat Real Madrid for a trophy win in 2005-06?", "answer": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u Stadium"}, {"question": "What was the winning score for the game with Real Madrid at Bernabeu stadium?", "answer": "3\u20130"}, {"question": "How many wins did Frank Rijkaard have at Bernabeu Stadium?", "answer": "second victory"}, {"question": "What recognition did Ronaldinho's second goal receive at Bernabeu?", "answer": "standing ovation"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win the Champions League trophy?", "answer": "Arsenal"}, {"question": "What caused the suppression of regional cultures?", "answer": "dictatorships"}, {"question": "Of the languages of the are, what was the only approved language?", "answer": "Spanish (Castilian)"}, {"question": "How did the Catalans show their identity during the dictatorships?", "answer": "joining Bar\u00e7a"}, {"question": "What team was awarded by Franco for having a good relationship?", "answer": "blaugrana"}, {"question": "What motto of the team Barcelona appealed to the Catalans?", "answer": "'More than a club'"}, {"question": "Who was elected as president of the Barcelona club in 2010?", "answer": "Sandro Rosell"}, {"question": "What percentage of the votes for president did Rosell get?", "answer": "61.35%"}, {"question": "What was Rosell's record number of votes he received for president?", "answer": "57,088"}, {"question": "How much did Barcelona pay to sign  David Villa?", "answer": "\u20ac40 million"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona beat in El Clasico in 2010?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "When did Espanyol  offer a counter-petition against autonomy?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "Which civil war group did some Espanyol supporters join?", "answer": "Falangists"}, {"question": "What event is more relevant to Espanyol supporters than to Barcelona fans?", "answer": "derbi"}, {"question": "From what language did Espanyol translate their name?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "How has the rivalry between Espanyol and Barcelona  changed?", "answer": "less political"}, {"question": "What is Lionel Messi's goal total in all competitions?", "answer": "474"}, {"question": "How many players on the Barelona team have scored over 100 goals?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "What is Messi's total goal scores in official competitions?", "answer": "445"}, {"question": "How many goals has Messi scored in La Liga competitions?", "answer": "305"}, {"question": "Who is the next highest goal scorer after Mess?", "answer": "C\u00e9sar Rodr\u00edguez"}, {"question": "What team has won the treble competitions  twice?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?", "answer": "La Liga"}, {"question": "What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?", "answer": "Atl\u00e9tico Madrid"}, {"question": "What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?", "answer": "MSN"}, {"question": "How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?", "answer": "122"}, {"question": "What corporate sponsorship did Barcelona agree to in 2006? ", "answer": "UNICEF"}, {"question": "How much does Barcelona donate to UNICEF per year?", "answer": "\u20ac1.5 million"}, {"question": "What target does the Barcelona donation to UNICEF match?", "answer": "UN International Aid Target"}, {"question": "Who recommended setting up the FC Barcelona Foundation?", "answer": "Jaime Gil-Aluja"}, {"question": "What was the Barcelona foundation meant to attract? ", "answer": "financial sponsorships"}, {"question": "What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?", "answer": "El Cl\u00e1sico"}, {"question": "What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?", "answer": "rival regions"}, {"question": "What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?", "answer": "Catalonia and Castile"}, {"question": "What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?", "answer": "political and cultural"}, {"question": "Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?", "answer": "two cities"}, {"question": "Why did the stadium need to be redesigned in 1980?", "answer": "meet UEFA criteria"}, {"question": "What were people allowed to do to bricks for a fee to support the stadium redesign?", "answer": "inscribe their name"}, {"question": "How did supporters of the team view the inscriptions on bricks idea?", "answer": "popular"}, {"question": "What name inscription was a center of controversy?", "answer": "Santiago Bernab\u00e9u"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of the Barcelona stadium?", "answer": "99,354"}, {"question": "How was Espanyol viewed as being toward Spanish authority by the people of Barcelona?", "answer": "compliance"}, {"question": "What kind of spirit does Team Barcelona seem to encourage?", "answer": "revolutionary"}, {"question": "What type of supporters did Barcelona  attract?", "answer": "Catalonia's new arrivals"}, {"question": "From where did Espanyol draw their supporters?", "answer": "close to the regime"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona act as a draw to new arrivals from Catalan?", "answer": "1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "When were the blue and red colors worn for a game by Barcelona?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "When the colors were first worn, what team did Barcelona play?", "answer": "Hispania"}, {"question": "From what source do Catalons think the red/blue colors originated?", "answer": "Joan Gamper"}, {"question": "What do the red and yellow stripes of the away kit symbolize?", "answer": "flag of Catalonia"}, {"question": "What are Barcelona's most often used change colors?", "answer": "yellow and orange"}, {"question": "How many goals did Laszlo Kubala score in 256 matches?", "answer": "196"}, {"question": "What titles did Barcelona win in 1948 and 1949?", "answer": "La Liga"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona sign Kubala?", "answer": "June 1950"}, {"question": "In what year did Barcelona begin the construction of a new stadium?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who blessed the first stone of the new stadium?", "answer": "Archbishop of Barcelona Gregorio Modrego"}, {"question": "Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?", "answer": "youth academy"}, {"question": "How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?", "answer": "Marca Hispanica"}, {"question": "When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?", "answer": "Jack Greenwell"}, {"question": "When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Who was the first elected president of the Barcelona club?", "answer": "Josep Llu\u00eds N\u00fa\u00f1ez"}, {"question": "When was Nunez elected as president of FC Barcelona?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What group elects the club president?", "answer": "members of Barcelona"}, {"question": "How long was Nunez president of Barcelona?", "answer": "22 years"}, {"question": "What was Nunez known to be strict about?", "answer": "wages and discipline"}, {"question": "What team did favorite play Luis Figo leave Barcelona to join?", "answer": "Real Madrid"}, {"question": "What kind of treatment was Figo offered during visits to Barcelona?", "answer": "hostile"}, {"question": "After Figo's departure what happened the next three years?", "answer": "decline"}, {"question": "What rank was club Barcelona in 2003?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "After Barcelona's poor showing in the 2003 season , who resigned from the presidency?", "answer": "Joan Gaspart"}, {"question": "Who returned to Barcelona as head coach?", "answer": "Luis Enrique"}, {"question": "How long did Enrique 's deal as coach run?", "answer": "two-year"}, {"question": "How much did Barcelona pay for Luis Saurez?", "answer": "between \u20ac81 to \u20ac94 million"}, {"question": "Why was Saurez not playing for four months?", "answer": "ban from all football"}, {"question": "Who banned Saurez for four months after he bit another player?", "answer": "FIFA Disciplinary Committee"}, {"question": "What is the nickname for a Barcelona supporter?", "answer": "cul\u00e9"}, {"question": "How much of the Spanish population are Barcelona supporters?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "How much of the population of Spain are supporters of Real Madrid?", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What was the club membership in 2003-04?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What did the club membership grow to by 2009?", "answer": "170,000"}, {"question": "In 1950 what player was successful for Real Madrid?", "answer": "Alfredo di St\u00e9fano"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona meet Real Madrid twice in Europe?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What was a match between Real Madrid and Barcelona called in 2002?", "answer": "Match of The Century"}, {"question": "How many people watched the Match of the Century?", "answer": "500 million"}, {"question": "Which team won the 2002 match between Real Madrid and Barcelona?", "answer": "Madrid"}, {"question": "What did Forbes say Barcelona was worth in 2010?", "answer": "\u20ac752 million"}, {"question": "In what place does the Forbes ranking put Barcelona?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Besides Real Madrid and Arsenal,what other team is ahead of Barcelona in worth ranking?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "What was Barcelona's revenue in 2010?", "answer": "\u20ac366 million"}, {"question": "Where  in 2014 did Forbes rank Barcelona as to how valuable a sports team they are?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?", "answer": "single year"}, {"question": "What European football team has won the treble twice?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?", "answer": "2014\u201315"}, {"question": "What team has played continental football every season since 1955?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?", "answer": "wiretapping"}, {"question": "In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?", "answer": "Olmstead v. United States"}, {"question": "What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?", "answer": "Communications Act of 1934"}, {"question": "In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?", "answer": "Nardone v. United States"}, {"question": "What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?", "answer": "a warrant"}, {"question": "Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?", "answer": "Hoover"}, {"question": "What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?", "answer": "Olmstead v. United States"}, {"question": "What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?", "answer": "Communications Act of 1934"}, {"question": "What is now required to wire tap a citizen?", "answer": "a warrant"}, {"question": "Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?", "answer": "beforehand"}, {"question": "Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?", "answer": "Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI"}, {"question": "Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?", "answer": "Numerous files were taken"}, {"question": "What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?", "answer": "COINTELPRO program"}, {"question": "What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?", "answer": "investigations into lives of ordinary citizens"}, {"question": "How did the US react to these discoveries?", "answer": "The country was \"jolted\""}, {"question": "Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?", "answer": "the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime"}, {"question": "What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?", "answer": "sixth national priority"}, {"question": "Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?", "answer": "With reduced cuts to other well-established departments"}, {"question": "Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?", "answer": "terrorism was no longer considered a threat"}, {"question": "What agency pioneered DNA testing?", "answer": "The FBI"}, {"question": "What agencies were to blame for 9/11?", "answer": "FBI and Central Intelligence Agency"}, {"question": "Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?", "answer": "acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight"}, {"question": "Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?", "answer": "resisting any meaningful changes"}, {"question": "Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?", "answer": "not been well served"}, {"question": "Where is the CJIS located?", "answer": "Clarksburg, West Virginia"}, {"question": "When was the CJIS created?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What purpose does the CJIS serve?", "answer": "main repository for information"}, {"question": "Where is the data for the NCIC located?", "answer": "Under the roof of the CJIS"}, {"question": "Do states have access to CJIS?", "answer": "Many state and local agencies use these data"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?", "answer": "The FBI director"}, {"question": "Who assists the FBI director?", "answer": "his deputies"}, {"question": "What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?", "answer": "Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act"}, {"question": "Who used to brief the President?", "answer": "FBI director"}, {"question": "Who now reports to the President?", "answer": "Director of National Intelligence"}, {"question": "What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?", "answer": "The Uniform Crime Reports"}, {"question": "What does UCR focus on?", "answer": "violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes"}, {"question": "Where was the UCR created?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "Did the FBI target MLK?", "answer": "including Martin Luther King, Jr."}, {"question": "What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were used to target white hate groups?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What were the key white hate groups targeted?", "answer": "Ku Klux Klan and the National States' Rights Party"}, {"question": "What was the term for the liberal groups appearing at this time?", "answer": "New Left"}, {"question": "What is the FBI comparable to?", "answer": "British MI5 and the Russian FSB"}, {"question": "What kind of agency is the FBI?", "answer": "FBI is primarily a domestic agency"}, {"question": "How many field offices does the FBI have in major cities?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "Around how many offices does the FBI have in minor cities?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "Who serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence?", "answer": "senior-level FBI officer"}, {"question": "What was the bureau's first task?", "answer": "visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution"}, {"question": "What act was the bureau initially tasked with enforcing?", "answer": "White Slave Traffic Act"}, {"question": "What was the other formal name of the Mann Act?", "answer": "White Slave Traffic Act"}, {"question": "When was the Mann Act passed?", "answer": "June 25, 1910"}, {"question": "When was the bureau renamed?", "answer": "In 1932,"}, {"question": "When did the FBI become concerned about Civil Rights?", "answer": "1950s and 1960s"}, {"question": "What ties did the FBI believe civil rights leaders had?", "answer": "communist ties"}, {"question": "Who did Hoover send an open letter denouncing?", "answer": "Dr. T.R.M. Howard"}, {"question": "What agency had Dr. T.R.M. Howard criticized?", "answer": "FBI"}, {"question": "What was the controversial domestic surveillance operation in this era?", "answer": "COINTELPRO"}, {"question": "When did the FBI begin investigating espionage?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "How many Nazis were arrested?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "What project broke Soviet codes?", "answer": "the Venona project"}, {"question": "What agency did Hoover not tell about the code break and the discoveries gained from it?", "answer": "CIA"}, {"question": "When did a committee oppose the FBI's organized crime informant program?", "answer": "In 2003"}, {"question": "How many innocent men did the FBI allow to be convicted?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What was the death sentence reduced to?", "answer": "life in prison"}, {"question": "How many of the men died in prison?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "How much was the US government ordered to pay in damages?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "When did the FBI increase it's counter-terrorism role?", "answer": "Between 1993 and 1996"}, {"question": "What prompted the FBI increase in counter-terrorism?", "answer": "World Trade Center bombing"}, {"question": "Where was the World Trade Center?", "answer": "New York City, New York"}, {"question": "When was Oklahoma city bombed?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What did agents within the FBI do to investigations of the agency?", "answer": "obstructed"}, {"question": "What FBI agent was killed during attacks on the World Trade Center?", "answer": "Leonard W. Hatton Jr"}, {"question": "What tower was Leonard W. Hatton Jr attempting to evacuate?", "answer": "South Tower"}, {"question": "What did the FBI's new director want?", "answer": "re-engineering"}, {"question": "What was the new head of the FBI's top priority?", "answer": "countering every federal crime"}, {"question": "What part of the FBI did Mueller want to re-engineer?", "answer": "structure and operations"}, {"question": "When did the Washington Post publish excerpts from the book Spying Blind?", "answer": "July 8, 2007"}, {"question": "How many chances to disrupt the 9/11 attacks did the FBI dismiss?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "What two agencies had a lack of co-operation?", "answer": "FBI, CIA"}, {"question": "What was to blame for the FBI's failure?", "answer": "FBI's decentralized structure"}, {"question": "What did the FBI's decentralized structure prevent?", "answer": "effective communication"}, {"question": "What increased the powers of the FBI?", "answer": "USA PATRIOT Act"}, {"question": "What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?", "answer": "sneak and peek provision"}, {"question": "What new residential powers did the FBI now have?", "answer": "search a house while the residents are away"}, {"question": "Could the FBI inquire into library records?", "answer": "FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records"}, {"question": "Who's library records did the FBI look into?", "answer": "those who are suspected of terrorism"}, {"question": "When did the FBI lab first appear?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Where was the FBI lab?", "answer": "J. Edgar Hoover Building"}, {"question": "Who uses the FBI lab services?", "answer": "state, local, and international agencies"}, {"question": "How much does the FBI charges for lab services?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "Where is the second FBI lab?", "answer": "FBI Academy"}, {"question": "When did the FBI begin the Trilogy project?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What project centered on upgrading FBI Information Technology Infrastructure?", "answer": "Trilogy project"}, {"question": "Did the Trilogy project go over budget?", "answer": "far over budget"}, {"question": "When did the FBI abandon the VCF project?", "answer": "January 2005"}, {"question": "What gun are FBI special agents issued?", "answer": "Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber"}, {"question": "What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?", "answer": "Glock 17 or Glock 19"}, {"question": "What did the FBI adopt in May 1997", "answer": "Glock .40 S&W pistol"}, {"question": "What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?", "answer": "general agent use"}, {"question": "What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?", "answer": "New Agent Class 98-1"}, {"question": "What group of people may apply to join the FBI after age 37?", "answer": "preference-eligible veterans"}, {"question": "What is the minimum age to join the FBI?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "Is American citizenship required to be an FBI agent?", "answer": "must also hold American citizenship"}, {"question": "What is a SSBI?", "answer": "Single Scope Background Investigations"}, {"question": "Who conducts SSBIs?", "answer": "Office of Personnel Management"}, {"question": "Did the FBI keep files on Elvis Presley?", "answer": "including celebrities such as Elvis Presley"}, {"question": "What activities was the FBI concerned with during the Vietnam war?", "answer": "antiwar activities"}, {"question": "What kinds of treats were celebrities receiving?", "answer": "threats or extortion attempts"}, {"question": "What party was the FBI concerned with?", "answer": "Communist party"}, {"question": "Who tipped of Bulger?", "answer": "his former FBI handler"}, {"question": "What act was the indictment under?", "answer": "Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act"}, {"question": "How long did Bulger remain at large?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Was Bulger on the 10 Most Wanted Fugitives List?", "answer": "prominently listed"}, {"question": "What did the revelations about Bulger cause?", "answer": "great embarrassment"}, {"question": "What was Virgil Griffith focused on?", "answer": "computation and neural-systems"}, {"question": "What part of the government was editing its own wikipedia page?", "answer": "United States Congress"}, {"question": "What was Griffith's tool designed to detect?", "answer": "conflict of interest edits"}, {"question": "What did Griffith's tool help increase?", "answer": "transparency"}, {"question": "How as Griffith's wikipedia scanner viewed by wikipedia?", "answer": "positively"}, {"question": "When did the FBI announce Robert Hanssen's arrest?", "answer": "20 February 2001"}, {"question": "What was Hanssen arrested for?", "answer": "spying for the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When was Hanssen a spy for Russia/the SU?", "answer": "1979 to 2001"}, {"question": "How many life time sentences is Hanssen serving?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What much money did Hanssen receive in cash?", "answer": "$1.4 million"}, {"question": "What agency is the domestic intelligence and security service for the US?", "answer": "FBI"}, {"question": "What organization is the FBI a subset of?", "answer": "U.S. Department of Justice"}, {"question": "What Director does the FBI report to?", "answer": "Director of National Intelligence"}, {"question": "How many categories of federal crimes does the FBI have jurisdiction over?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?", "answer": "J. Edgar Hoover"}, {"question": "How many years was Hoover the FBI director?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?", "answer": "Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory"}, {"question": "What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?", "answer": "FBI Laboratory"}, {"question": "When did the FBI laboratory open?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "What kind of work was the FBI focused on?", "answer": "domestic"}, {"question": "How many LEGAT offices does the FBI operate?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "Why does the FBI operate LEGAT offices?", "answer": "coordination with foreign security services"}, {"question": "Do LEGAT offices conduct unilateral operations in host countries?", "answer": "not usually"}, {"question": "What do oversea operations require?", "answer": "coordination"}, {"question": "When did the Bureau begin compiling a custodial detention list?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "When would the people on the custodial detention list be arrested?", "answer": "in the event of war with Axis"}, {"question": "Who were the majority of names on the custodial detention list?", "answer": "Issei community leaders"}, {"question": "When was Pearl Harbor bombed?", "answer": "December 7, 1941"}, {"question": "What group did the FBI continue surveillance on?", "answer": "Japanese Americans"}, {"question": "What was the Top Hoodlum Program a response to?", "answer": "organized crime"}, {"question": "What did the Top Hoodlum Program gather information on?", "answer": "mobsters"}, {"question": "After the RICO Act took effect what did the FBI start investigating?", "answer": "former Prohibition-organized groups"}, {"question": "What groups did Hoover deny the existence of?", "answer": "National Crime Syndicate"}, {"question": "Is the RICO Act still used today?", "answer": "The RICO Act is still used"}, {"question": "What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?", "answer": "CALEA"}, {"question": "What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?", "answer": "CART"}, {"question": "What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?", "answer": "Internet-related problems"}, {"question": "What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?", "answer": "US operations"}, {"question": "Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?", "answer": "FBI increased its electronic surveillance"}, {"question": "What precision did the FBI believe they could reach with chemical signatures?", "answer": "single box of bullets"}, {"question": "How long was the National Academy of Sciences independent review?", "answer": "18-month"}, {"question": "What did the National Academy of Sciences independent review discover about the FBIs analytical model?", "answer": "deeply flawed"}, {"question": "Why did the FBI stop doing bullet lead analysis?", "answer": "National Research Council"}, {"question": "What is the FBI's main tool against organized crime?", "answer": "RICO"}, {"question": "What act is the FBI required to enforce?", "answer": "Civil Rights Act of 1964"}, {"question": "What organization does the FBI prosecute violations of the United States Civil Rights Act with?", "answer": "DOJ"}, {"question": "What organization does the FBI share jurisdiction with?", "answer": "DEA"}, {"question": "What Substance act does the FBI enforce?", "answer": "Controlled Substances Act of 1970"}, {"question": "When does the FBI work with the US Coast Guard and US Customs and Board Protection?", "answer": "seaport and airport security"}, {"question": "When does the FBI work with the National Transportation Safety Board?", "answer": "investigating airplane crashes"}, {"question": "What organization in the US government investigates the largest array of crimes?", "answer": "ICE-HSI"}, {"question": "What organization did General Ashcroft assign to lead organization in terrorism investigations?", "answer": "FBI"}, {"question": "What are the FBI and ICE-HSI both members of?", "answer": "Joint Terrorism Task Force"}, {"question": "Where are agents sent to become FBI Special Agents?", "answer": "The FBI Academy"}, {"question": "Where is the FBI Academy?", "answer": "Quantico, Virginia"}, {"question": "How long is the course required for all special agents?", "answer": "21-week"}, {"question": "What other groups does the FBI Academy train?", "answer": "state and local law enforcement agencies"}, {"question": "Did the FBI investigate Martin Luther King Jr.?", "answer": "frequently"}, {"question": "Who did MLK begin criticizing in the mid-1960s?", "answer": "the Bureau"}, {"question": "What group did MLK believe needed more attention from the FBI?", "answer": "white supremacists"}, {"question": "What did Hoover call MLK?", "answer": "notorious liar"}, {"question": "What kind of letter did the FBI send to MLK?", "answer": "anonymous"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the NIBRS?", "answer": "address limitations inherent in UCR data"}, {"question": "Who uses the NIBRS?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What is the NIBRS used for?", "answer": "collecting and reporting data"}, {"question": "What does the NIBRS collect information on?", "answer": "crimes"}, {"question": "Does the NIBRS system or UCR system have more detailed data?", "answer": "NIBRS"}, {"question": "What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?", "answer": "Pedro Albizu Campos"}, {"question": "What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?", "answer": "Nationalist"}, {"question": "How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who released the Campos operation to the public?", "answer": "Luis Gutierrez"}, {"question": "When was the Abizu Campos operation made public?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What office contains the FBI's administrative offices?", "answer": "Office of the Director"}, {"question": "Who manages each FBI branch?", "answer": "An executive assistant director"}, {"question": "What is a FBI branch divided into?", "answer": "offices and divisions"}, {"question": "Who heads an office or division?", "answer": "an assistant director"}, {"question": "Who leaders the sub-divisions of offices or divisions?", "answer": "deputy assistant directors"}, {"question": "Where is the FBI located?", "answer": "J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.,"}, {"question": "Where are specialized FBI functions located?", "answer": "Quantico, Virginia"}, {"question": "Where is the FBI's data campus?", "answer": "Clarksburg, West Virginia"}, {"question": "What act is the FBI required to process requests for?", "answer": "FOIA"}, {"question": "How many sets of fingerprints does the FBI have?", "answer": "96 million"}, {"question": "What was the electronic eavesdropping system used by the FBI during the Clinton presidency?", "answer": "Carnivore"}, {"question": "What did Carnivore monitor?", "answer": "email and electronic communications"}, {"question": "What was Carnivore renamed to?", "answer": "DCS1000"}, {"question": "When did the FBI abandon Carnivore?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What kind of software replaced Carnivore?", "answer": "commercially available"}, {"question": "Who appoints FBI directors?", "answer": "President of the United States"}, {"question": "What legislative body confirms FBI directors?", "answer": "United States Senate"}, {"question": "How long is the term of a FBI director?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?", "answer": "his death"}, {"question": "Who is the current FBI director?", "answer": "James B. Comey"}, {"question": "When did the FBI first appear in popular media?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What notable TV show was concerned with FBI investigations of the paranormal?", "answer": "X-Files"}, {"question": "What is the TV drama 24 designed on?", "answer": "FBI Counterterrorism Division"}, {"question": "Who is the movie Point Break Based on?", "answer": "undercover FBI agent"}, {"question": "Who is the movie Donnie Brasco based on?", "answer": "Joseph D. Pistone"}, {"question": "How many times did FBI agents first their weapons from 1993 to 2011?", "answer": "289"}, {"question": "How many times were FBI shots not justified?", "answer": "5 cases"}, {"question": "How many people were wounded in the cases where FBI shooting was not justified?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "How did Samuel Walker describe the number of unjustified shots fired?", "answer": "suspiciously low"}, {"question": "On what was the shooting of an innocent Maryland man deemed justified?", "answer": "the man's actions"}, {"question": "When did Puerto Rican Nationalist Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos die?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Who killed Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos?", "answer": "FBI agents"}, {"question": "How did some people describe Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's death?", "answer": "assassination"}, {"question": "How did the FBI respond to requests to release information beyond the initial press release?", "answer": "The FBI refused"}, {"question": "What US court dismissed the Puerto Rican case for information crucial to their own investigation of Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos's killing?", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Who were Mary's parents?", "answer": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne"}, {"question": "How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?", "answer": "three years old"}, {"question": "Who was Mary betrothed to?", "answer": "Joseph"}, {"question": "When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?", "answer": "12\u201314 years old"}, {"question": "Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?", "answer": "the Temple in Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Which angel appeared to Mary?", "answer": "Gabriel"}, {"question": "What happened to Mary's body at death?", "answer": "assumed directly into Heaven"}, {"question": "What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?", "answer": "her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus"}, {"question": "How was Mary related to Jesus?", "answer": "mother of Jesus"}, {"question": "Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?", "answer": "Gospel of Luke"}, {"question": "When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?", "answer": "Munificentissimus Deus"}, {"question": "Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?", "answer": "Pope Pius XII"}, {"question": "Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?", "answer": "Eastern Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?", "answer": "Dormition"}, {"question": "How long in total was the \"blood of her purifying\" for Mary?", "answer": "40 days"}, {"question": "Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?", "answer": "the Temple in Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?", "answer": "Jesus"}, {"question": "Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?", "answer": "Simeon and the prophetess Anna in"}, {"question": "To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?", "answer": "Nazareth"}, {"question": "What was Zechariah's occupation?", "answer": "priest"}, {"question": "Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?", "answer": "Levi"}, {"question": "Who was Aaron's wife?", "answer": "Elisheba"}, {"question": "Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?", "answer": "Judah"}, {"question": "Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?", "answer": "Nathan"}, {"question": "Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?", "answer": "Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene"}, {"question": "In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?", "answer": "piet\u00e0"}, {"question": "In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?", "answer": "Salome"}, {"question": "What does pieta mean?", "answer": "pity"}, {"question": "What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?", "answer": "a Stabat Mater"}, {"question": "Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?", "answer": "Isis"}, {"question": "What type of goddess is Isis?", "answer": "Egyptian"}, {"question": "What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?", "answer": "iconographic"}, {"question": "In which country is Ephesus?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?", "answer": "Anne Catherine Emmerich"}, {"question": "Which disciple is known as \"the Disciple whom Jesus loved?\"", "answer": "John the Evangelist"}, {"question": "With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?", "answer": "787"}, {"question": "In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?", "answer": "842"}, {"question": "Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?", "answer": "icon of the Virgin Theotokos"}, {"question": "What is the name given to artistic depictions of Mary?", "answer": "Marian art"}, {"question": "In the Orthodox church, what types of icons are allowed to be venerated and prayed before?", "answer": "flat, two-dimensional icons"}, {"question": "Where is the site of the first Church dedicated to Mary?", "answer": "Ephesus"}, {"question": "Which goddess was worshipped in Ephesus before Mary?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the book, \"Survivals of Roman Religion?\"", "answer": "William E. Phipps"}, {"question": "Which Queen furthered the cult of Mary in the 6th Century?", "answer": "Queen Theodora"}, {"question": "Where was Mary rumored to have died?", "answer": "Ephesus"}, {"question": "Jesus was known as the \"King of Kings\" because of his lieage from who?", "answer": "King David"}, {"question": "Which name is given to Mary because of her role as a protector of captives?", "answer": "Our Lady of Ransom"}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Jesus?", "answer": "Mary"}, {"question": "Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?", "answer": "Luke"}, {"question": "Who wrote polemics regarding Roman Catholic beliefs about Mary?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "In which year was the Immaculate Conception dogmatized?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Which pope was responsible for the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception?", "answer": "Pope Pius IX"}, {"question": "What does Theotokos mean?", "answer": "Mother of God"}, {"question": "Where did Martin Luther preach a sermon on Marian devotion a month before his death?", "answer": "Wittenberg"}, {"question": "On what date does the Catholic Church celebrate the Feast of the Assumption?", "answer": "August 15"}, {"question": "What do Eastern Catholics call the Feast of the Assumption?", "answer": "Dormition of the Theotokos"}, {"question": "On what date of the Julian calendar do Eastern Catholics celebrate the Domition of the Theotokos?", "answer": "August 28"}, {"question": "How many Great Feasts does the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrate?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Do Protestants celebrate Marian feasts or not?", "answer": "do not"}, {"question": "Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?", "answer": "lapis lazuli"}, {"question": "From which country was lapis lazuli imported?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?", "answer": "biological mother"}, {"question": "Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?", "answer": "Emanuel Swedenborg"}, {"question": "Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?", "answer": "Nontrinitarians"}, {"question": "\"Mother of God\" is an example of what kind of title?", "answer": "Marian"}, {"question": "By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?", "answer": "Maryam"}, {"question": "Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? ", "answer": "Luke"}, {"question": "Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?", "answer": "Zakariya"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?", "answer": "Ever-Virgin"}, {"question": "Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?", "answer": "Jerome"}, {"question": "Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?", "answer": "Orthodox Churches"}, {"question": "What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?", "answer": "Protoevangelium of James"}, {"question": "Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?", "answer": "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary"}, {"question": "In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?", "answer": "Angels"}, {"question": "What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?", "answer": "The Theotokia"}, {"question": "In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?", "answer": "the Theotokos"}, {"question": "What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?", "answer": "\"Lady of the Angels\""}, {"question": "What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?", "answer": "a virgin"}, {"question": "What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?", "answer": "the Episcopal Church"}, {"question": "What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?", "answer": "veneration of Mary"}, {"question": "What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?", "answer": "venerating Mary"}, {"question": "In which century did the Council of Trent occur?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?", "answer": "Anglicans and Lutherans"}, {"question": "During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?", "answer": "Age of the Enlightenment"}, {"question": "Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?", "answer": "the Immaculate Conception"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?", "answer": "John Wesley"}, {"question": "What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?", "answer": "Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds"}, {"question": "The Methodist movement began in which church?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?", "answer": "the perpetual virginity of Mary"}, {"question": "To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?", "answer": "Allah"}, {"question": "Which prophet cared for Mary?", "answer": "Zakariya"}, {"question": "What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?", "answer": "Al-Mihrab"}, {"question": "Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?", "answer": "the Temple"}, {"question": "What did God provide for Mary?", "answer": "heavenly \"provisions\""}, {"question": "Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?", "answer": "Celsus"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?", "answer": "Panthera"}, {"question": "Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?", "answer": "to challenge the divinity of Jesus"}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?", "answer": "Giver of birth to God"}, {"question": "Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "What is Mary called in Islam?", "answer": "Maryam"}, {"question": "What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?", "answer": "brevity of biblical references"}, {"question": "Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?", "answer": "Anglican, and Lutheran"}, {"question": "What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?", "answer": "betrothal"}, {"question": "Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?", "answer": "Gabriel"}, {"question": "What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?", "answer": "divorce her"}, {"question": "Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?", "answer": "in Nazareth in Galilee"}, {"question": "In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?", "answer": "an angel of the Lord"}, {"question": "Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?", "answer": "Matthew"}, {"question": "Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?", "answer": "alma"}, {"question": "Which verse in Luke states that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth?", "answer": "1:34"}, {"question": "Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?", "answer": "the Apostles' Creed"}, {"question": "What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Blessed"}, {"question": "What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?", "answer": "beatus"}, {"question": "How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?", "answer": "Perpetual virginity of Mary"}, {"question": "What are Akathists?", "answer": "standing hymns"}, {"question": "How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?", "answer": "the Akathist Hymn"}, {"question": "Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?", "answer": "Sunday of Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?", "answer": "Annunciation of our Lady"}, {"question": "On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?", "answer": "31 May"}, {"question": "What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?", "answer": "the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?", "answer": "February 2"}, {"question": "On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?", "answer": "New Year's Day"}, {"question": "Which theologian described Mariology as \"the heresy of the Catholic Church?\"", "answer": "Karl Barth"}, {"question": "Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?", "answer": "mother"}, {"question": "Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?", "answer": "veneration and invocation"}, {"question": "Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?", "answer": "Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Greek word \"heos?\"", "answer": "until"}, {"question": "Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?", "answer": "1:23"}, {"question": "Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?", "answer": "Luke"}, {"question": "What is the English tranlation of the Greek word \"parthenos?\"", "answer": "virgin"}, {"question": "Who did Jesus say were his \"brother, and sister, and mother?\"", "answer": "Whoever does the will of God"}, {"question": "According to Jesus, who is \"without honor except in his own town?\"", "answer": "A prophet"}, {"question": "What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?", "answer": "rejected"}, {"question": "What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?", "answer": "hyperdulia"}, {"question": "In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?", "answer": "787"}, {"question": "Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?", "answer": "other saints and angels"}, {"question": "Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be \"superior to all created beings,\" but is not to be the object of worhip?", "answer": "Sergei Bulgakov"}, {"question": "What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?", "answer": "latria"}, {"question": "In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?", "answer": "431"}, {"question": "Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?", "answer": "Nestorius"}, {"question": "What does the phrase \"Mater Dei\" mean?", "answer": "Mother of God"}, {"question": "What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term \"Theokotos?\"", "answer": "\"Deipara\" and \"Dei genetrix\""}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of Theokotos?", "answer": "Godbearer"}, {"question": "On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "December 8"}, {"question": "Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?", "answer": "Pope Pius IX"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?", "answer": "in her mother's womb"}, {"question": "What is the Greek term that means the same thing as \"original sin?\"", "answer": "ancestral sin"}, {"question": "What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?", "answer": "The Protoevangelium of James"}, {"question": "At what age was Mary consecrated?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?", "answer": "Zachariah"}, {"question": "While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?", "answer": "an angel"}, {"question": "Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?", "answer": "a Messenger of God"}, {"question": "Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?", "answer": "Allah"}, {"question": "What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?", "answer": "People of the Book"}, {"question": "Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?", "answer": "the Toledot Yeshu"}, {"question": "According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?", "answer": "warding off conversions to Christianity"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the term \"parthenos?\"", "answer": "virgin"}, {"question": "During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?", "answer": "the birth of Jesus"}, {"question": "What airport serves Melbourne?", "answer": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"}, {"question": "What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?", "answer": "Southern Cross Station"}, {"question": "What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "What country has the world's largest urban tram network?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What passenger airport serves Melbourne?", "answer": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"}, {"question": "What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?", "answer": "Port of Melbourne"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?", "answer": "Southern Cross Station"}, {"question": "Who has the most extensive freeway network?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What is another name for Melborne Airport?", "answer": "Tullamarine Airport"}, {"question": "Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?", "answer": "Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)"}, {"question": "Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?", "answer": "Port of Melbourne"}, {"question": "What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Between what year's did Victorian aboriginal groups dispossessed?", "answer": "Between 1836 and 1842"}, {"question": "In 1844 how many Aborigines resident in squalid camps in Melbourne?", "answer": "675"}, {"question": "Who appointed five Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria in 1839?", "answer": "The British Colonial Office"}, {"question": "Who were the people that were power political and economic force in Victoria in 1845?", "answer": "240 wealthy Europeans"}, {"question": "How many Aborigines were said to be resident in squalid camps in Melbourne in January 1844?", "answer": "675"}, {"question": "How many Aboriginal Protectors for the Aborigines of Victoria were appointed in 1839?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "By what year did fewer than 240 wealthy Europeans hold all the pastoral licenses?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "During what years were Victorian Aboriginal groups largely displaced from their land?", "answer": "Between 1836 and 1842"}, {"question": "When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?", "answer": "gold mining"}, {"question": "What was protected by high tarriffs?", "answer": "wool"}, {"question": "In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?", "answer": "diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands."}, {"question": "By what year was the gold rush largely over?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?", "answer": "wool"}, {"question": "What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?", "answer": "introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands"}, {"question": "Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?", "answer": "smallpox"}, {"question": "The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "What is the second most populas city in Australia?", "answer": "Oceania"}, {"question": "Where is the Metropolis?", "answer": "large natural bay of Port Phillip"}, {"question": "What is the population of Melbourne?", "answer": "4,347,955 as of 2013"}, {"question": "What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?", "answer": "Melburnians"}, {"question": "Which city is the capital of Victoria?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What was Melbourne's population in 2013?", "answer": "4,347,955"}, {"question": "What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?", "answer": "Melburnians"}, {"question": "When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?", "answer": "16 small \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies"}, {"question": "When did new construction start in Melbourne?", "answer": "late 1890s"}, {"question": "When did Australia have a banking crisis?", "answer": "1893."}, {"question": "During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?", "answer": "early 1890s"}, {"question": "How many \"land banks\" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "answer": "133"}, {"question": "The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?", "answer": "Australian"}, {"question": "When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?", "answer": "late 1890s"}, {"question": "What term is given to the slums established on the souther banks of the Yarra?", "answer": "tent city"}, {"question": "In what year was Melbourne Chinatown founded?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "Which ethninticities contributed an influx of interstate and overseas migrants to Melbourne?", "answer": "Irish, German and Chinese"}, {"question": "Which community is the longest continuous Chinese settlement in the Western World?", "answer": "Melbourne Chinatown"}, {"question": "During the second half of what century did the Burke and Wills expedition give an indication of immigration flows?", "answer": "second half of the nineteenth century"}, {"question": "In what year was a telephone exchange established in Melbourne?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "When was the first electric light installed in the Eastern Market?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "In what year was the first line of the Melbourne cable tramway system built?", "answer": "1885"}, {"question": "In what building was the Melbourne Internation Exhibition of 1880 held?", "answer": "Exhibition Building"}, {"question": "What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?", "answer": "four seasons in one day"}, {"question": "What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?", "answer": "\u22122.8 \u00b0C (27.0 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?", "answer": "21 July 1869"}, {"question": "What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?", "answer": "46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?", "answer": "7 February 2009"}, {"question": "What is the tallest tower in Australia?", "answer": "Eureka Tower"}, {"question": "Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?", "answer": "The Rialto"}, {"question": "Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?", "answer": "closed"}, {"question": "On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?", "answer": "Southbank"}, {"question": "What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?", "answer": "The Rialto tower"}, {"question": "To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?", "answer": "industries and property market"}, {"question": "In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?", "answer": "Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf"}, {"question": "Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?", "answer": "Australian Bureau of Statistics"}, {"question": "How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?", "answer": "high population growth"}, {"question": "What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?", "answer": "middle and outer-ring"}, {"question": "What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?", "answer": "medium-density and high-density"}, {"question": "Who was Melbourne named by?", "answer": "the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke"}, {"question": "Who was Melbourne named in honor of?", "answer": "the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne"}, {"question": "What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?", "answer": "Victoria"}, {"question": "In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?", "answer": "City of Glen Eira"}, {"question": "Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?", "answer": "largest"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?", "answer": "EPA Victoria and several local councils"}, {"question": "Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? ", "answer": "William Pitt"}, {"question": "Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?", "answer": "Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight"}, {"question": "Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?", "answer": "Eureka Tower"}, {"question": "In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "Tasmania was formerly known as what?", "answer": "Van Diemen's Land"}, {"question": "Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?", "answer": "John Batman"}, {"question": "How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?", "answer": "2 September 1835"}, {"question": "What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?", "answer": "quarter acre home and garden"}, {"question": "Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?", "answer": "high-density"}, {"question": "Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?", "answer": "low density"}, {"question": "When Victoria was established as a seperate colony, the need for what followed?", "answer": "public buildings"}, {"question": "During what two decades were the Parliament House, Treasury Building, Victoria Barracks, State Library, and General Post Office commenced?", "answer": "1850s and 1860s"}, {"question": "Melbourne's weath was due in part to what event?", "answer": "gold rush"}, {"question": "Which writer's festival is home to Melbourne?", "answer": "Melbourne Writers Festival"}, {"question": "What type of work are The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap?", "answer": "novels"}, {"question": "What do the novels The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, Monkey Grip, and The Slap have in common?", "answer": "set in Melbourne"}, {"question": "Where are Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne from?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "What occupation to Peter Carey, Germaine Greer, and Thomas Browne hold?", "answer": "writers and poets"}, {"question": "Which phrase was coined by George Augustus Henry Sala during a visit to Melbourne in 1885?", "answer": "Marvellous Melbourne"}, {"question": "In what year did the land boom reach its peak of development?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "In what year was a hydraulic facility established?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "In what year was the APA Building completed?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What did Melbourne's hydraulic facilities help create that spurred high-rise developments?", "answer": "elevators"}, {"question": "Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?", "answer": "Economist Intelligence Unit"}, {"question": "For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?", "answer": "fifth year in a row"}, {"question": "Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?", "answer": "Melbourne Shuffle"}, {"question": "How many of the top twenty high school sin Australia are located in Mebourne according to the Better Education ranking?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "According to the Toyal Melbourne Institute of Technology, how did Melborne rank as a top university city in 2008?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "How many public universities are located in Melbourne?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Is the University of Melbourne a public or private institution?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Has there been a recent increase or decrease in international students studying in Melbourne?", "answer": "rapid increase"}, {"question": "In what year were height limits lifted in the Melbourne CBD?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?", "answer": "Chadstone Shopping Centre"}, {"question": "What happened to many of the larger suburban mansions from the boom era?", "answer": "demolished or subdivided"}, {"question": "Which two areas saw a significant renewal after the post-war period and significantly modernised the city?", "answer": "CBD and St Kilda Road"}, {"question": "In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?", "answer": "Europe and the United States"}, {"question": "In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the \"World's Ultimate Sports City\"?", "answer": "2006, 2008 and 2010"}, {"question": "Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?", "answer": "Olympic Stand"}, {"question": "Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?", "answer": "the Hoddle Grid"}, {"question": "On what date did the official general post office open?", "answer": "13 April 1837"}, {"question": "What was the settlement originally named?", "answer": "Batmania"}, {"question": "Was Melbourne more or less affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis in comparison to other Australian cities?", "answer": "less affected"}, {"question": "Which market in Melbourne remained strong during the Late-2000s financial crisis and resulted in historically high property prices and rent increases?", "answer": "property market"}, {"question": "After Melbourne, which were the next two fastest growing Australian cities in 2009?", "answer": "Brisbane and Perth"}, {"question": "What is the name given to Melbourne's population strategy that was revised in 2008? ", "answer": "Melbourne @ Five Million strategy"}, {"question": "How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?", "answer": "NAB and ANZ"}, {"question": "Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?", "answer": "Scoresby"}, {"question": "Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?", "answer": "Ford Australia"}, {"question": "In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?", "answer": "1850s and 1860s"}, {"question": "In what year did the Melbourne Cricket Club secure possession of its now famous ground, the MCG?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Around what year did Yarra rowing clubs and \"regattas\" become popular?", "answer": "1859"}, {"question": "In what year was the Melbourne Cup first run?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What was the first public monumnet acquired in Melbourne in 1864?", "answer": "the Burke and Wills statue"}, {"question": "What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?", "answer": "68.1%"}, {"question": "What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?", "answer": "more affordable housing and cost of living"}, {"question": "During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?", "answer": "spring and summer"}, {"question": "Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?", "answer": "cold fronts"}, {"question": "What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?", "answer": "Cfb"}, {"question": "Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?", "answer": "changeable"}, {"question": "What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?", "answer": "Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean"}, {"question": "Which government project aimed to deepen Melbourne ports by dredging?", "answer": "the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project"}, {"question": "Why was the Port Phillip Channel Deppening Project subject to controversy and strict regulations?", "answer": "fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected"}, {"question": "Up to how many cigarette butts enter the storm water runoff every day in Melbourne?", "answer": "350,000"}, {"question": "What initiative was launched in Melbourne in February 2010 as an effort to transition human society towards sustainability?", "answer": "The Transition Decade"}, {"question": "What causes increased pollution and levels of bacteria such as E. coli to rise in the Yarra River and its tributaries?", "answer": "septic systems, as well as litter"}, {"question": "Investment in what greatly accelerated the outward suburban sprawn and declining inner city population?", "answer": "freeway and highway developments"}, {"question": "Which government sought to rapidly accelerate the modernisation of Melbourne?", "answer": "Bolte"}, {"question": "The widening of what street helped to change the face of Melbourne into a car-dominated environment?", "answer": "Hoddle Street"}, {"question": "Did the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan change Melbourne into a more car-dominated or tram-dominated environment?", "answer": "car-dominated"}, {"question": "Did the rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and highway developments lead to an increasing or declining inner city population?", "answer": "declining"}, {"question": "How many lines does the Melbourne rail network have?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Which rail station is Melbourne's busiest?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "Which Melbourne rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "During which financial year did the Melbourne rail network record its highest volume of passenger trips?", "answer": "2013\u20132014"}, {"question": "How often does the XPT to Sydney depart?", "answer": "twice a day"}, {"question": "Which university maintains two major campuses in Melbourne and Geelong and is the third largest university in Victoria?", "answer": "Deakin University"}, {"question": "What is the role of the DEECD?", "answer": "'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education"}, {"question": "Who oversees education in Melbourne?", "answer": "Victorian Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD)"}, {"question": "Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?", "answer": "Victoria"}, {"question": "Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?", "answer": "addressing and postal purposes"}, {"question": "Approximately how many sunny days does Melbourne receive annually?", "answer": "48.6"}, {"question": "What is the range of Melbourne's dewpoint temperatures in the summer?", "answer": "9.5 \u00b0C (49.1 \u00b0F) to 11.7 \u00b0C (53.1 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "Which suburbs usually are affected by relatively narrow streams of heavy showers?", "answer": "eastern suburbs"}, {"question": "Is Port Phillip generally warmer or colder than the surrounding oceans and/or the land mass?", "answer": "warmer"}, {"question": "Which act sets functions for Melbourne such as urban planning and waste management?", "answer": "Local Government Act 1989"}, {"question": "From where does the Victorian state government operate?", "answer": "Parliament House in Spring Street"}, {"question": "Contrary to other countires, are public transport, traffic control, policing, and education the responsibility of local or state government?", "answer": "state government"}, {"question": "What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?", "answer": "1 by 1\u20442 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)"}, {"question": "Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?", "answer": "Royal Arcade"}, {"question": "Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?", "answer": "Collins Street"}, {"question": "Who designed the A.C. Goode House?", "answer": "Wright, Reed & Beaver"}, {"question": "What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?", "answer": "Neo Gothic"}, {"question": "What are the two most popular sports in Melbourne?", "answer": "Australian rules football and cricket"}, {"question": "When was the first official Test cricket match played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground?", "answer": "March 1877"}, {"question": "Where is the Australian Football League headquartered?", "answer": "Docklands Stadium"}, {"question": "How many of the Australian Football League's teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area?", "answer": "Nine"}, {"question": "Up to how many AFL matches are played each week in Melbourne?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which port is Australia's largest container and general cargo port?", "answer": "The Port of Melbourne"}, {"question": "How far upstream to water taxis run along the Yarra River?", "answer": "South Yarra"}, {"question": "How many shipping containers did the Port of Melbourne handle during a 12-month period in 2007, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere?", "answer": "two million"}, {"question": "Which is Australia's busiest port?", "answer": "The Port of Melbourne"}, {"question": "Where is Station Pier located?", "answer": "Port Phillip Bay"}, {"question": "How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?", "answer": "Sydney"}, {"question": "How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?", "answer": "1.88 million"}, {"question": "Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?", "answer": "$15.8 billion"}, {"question": "Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?", "answer": "larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney"}, {"question": "According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?", "answer": "2037 or 2039"}, {"question": "In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?", "answer": "Pavilion"}, {"question": "In what year did the Pavilion open?", "answer": "1841"}, {"question": "The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?", "answer": "East End Theatre District"}, {"question": "Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?", "answer": "Southbank"}, {"question": "From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "How many daily newspapers serve Melbourne?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "How many free-to-air television stations service Greater Melbourne and Geelong?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "From where is C31 broadcast?", "answer": "transmitters at Mount Dandenong and South Yarra"}, {"question": "What type of companies are Broadsheet and ThreeThousand?", "answer": "Hybrid digital/print media"}, {"question": "When did Melbourne Heart become known as Melbourne City FC?", "answer": "June 2014"}, {"question": "What are Melbourne's two ice hockey teams named?", "answer": "Melbourne Ice and Melbourne Mustangs"}, {"question": "In which river was the annual Race to Prince's Bridge held?", "answer": "Yarra"}, {"question": "Where does the soccer club Melbourne Victory play home games?", "answer": "Etihad Stadium"}, {"question": "Which basketball club in Melbourne plays in the NBL?", "answer": "Melbourne United"}, {"question": "Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?", "answer": "3.6 million"}, {"question": "Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?", "answer": "CityLink"}, {"question": "Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?", "answer": "Hume Freeway"}, {"question": "What have Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 aimed to do?", "answer": "curtail urban sprawl"}, {"question": "How many people did Carlton have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "How many people did Fitzroy have per km2 between 2012 and 2013?", "answer": "7,900"}, {"question": "According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics as of June 2013, inner city Melbourne had a population density of how many people per km2?", "answer": "12,400"}, {"question": "Where are Million Dollar Minute and Family Feud based?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Where are Dancing with the Stars, MasterChef, and The Block filmed?", "answer": "in and around Melbourne"}, {"question": "Neighbours, Kath & Kim, Winners and Losers, Offspring, and Underbelly are examples of what kind of media produced in Melbourne?", "answer": "Television shows"}, {"question": "Which national news-based programs are based in Melbourne?", "answer": "The Project, Insiders and ABC News Breakfast"}, {"question": "Which city is known as the game show capital of Australia?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "How many airports does Melbourne have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?", "answer": "Melbourne Airport"}, {"question": "Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?", "answer": "Melbourne Airport"}, {"question": "What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?", "answer": "Buses and taxis"}, {"question": "Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?", "answer": "Flinders Street Station"}, {"question": "In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?", "answer": "7.6%"}, {"question": "In what year was the public transport system privatised?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "Who manages the water storage and supply for Melbourne?", "answer": "Melbourne Water"}, {"question": "Who owns Melbourne Water?", "answer": "the Victorian Government"}, {"question": "Which is Melbourne's largest dam?", "answer": "Thomson River Dam"}, {"question": "Where is the Thomson River Dam located?", "answer": "Victorian Alps"}, {"question": "How much of Melbourne's water capacity is the Thomson River Dam capable of holding?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?", "answer": "Ballarat and Geelong"}, {"question": "How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?", "answer": "three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants"}, {"question": "By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "On what date was the first federal parliament convened?", "answer": "9 May 1901"}, {"question": "Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?", "answer": "Royal Exhibition Building"}, {"question": "The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?", "answer": "Canberra"}, {"question": "During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?", "answer": "1989 to 1992"}, {"question": "Which city is the center of Australia's \"rust belt\"?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?", "answer": "Adelaide"}, {"question": "Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?", "answer": "Kennett"}, {"question": "Which body of water and township of the same name marks the border between Melbourne and Geelong?", "answer": "Little River"}, {"question": "Little River marks the boundary between Melbourne and which city?", "answer": "Geelong"}, {"question": "Little River marks the boundary between Geelong and which other city?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Has Melbourne's air quality improved or declined since the 1980s?", "answer": "improved significantly"}, {"question": "What factors deplete Melbourne water supplies?", "answer": "Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures"}, {"question": "Which government announced a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant in June 2007?", "answer": "Bracks Government"}, {"question": "How many litres of water will the Wonthaggi desalination plant be capbale of treating per year?", "answer": "150 billion litres"}, {"question": "Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?", "answer": "The climate, waterfront location and nightlife"}, {"question": "For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is Australia's largest free community festival?", "answer": "Moomba"}, {"question": "How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?", "answer": "just under two million"}, {"question": "How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?", "answer": "57.7 million"}, {"question": "What was the world's first feature film?", "answer": "The Story of the Kelly Gang"}, {"question": "In what city was the world's first feature film shot in 1906?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Why were films banned by Victorian politicans in 1912?", "answer": "perceived promotion of crime"}, {"question": "What year were bushranger films banned by Victorian politicians?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "In what \"lull\" year was On the Beach filmed?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What are the most common type of housing outside inner city Melbourne?", "answer": "Free standing dwellings with relatively large gardens"}, {"question": "Is residential architecture in Melbourne defined by a single architectural style or an eclectic mix of buildings?", "answer": "single architectural style"}, {"question": "Are townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings found more prevalent in the metropolitan area or outside the city?", "answer": "metropolitan area (particularly in areas of urban sprawl)"}, {"question": "In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?", "answer": "finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism"}, {"question": "Which company is the world's largest mining company?", "answer": "BHP Billiton"}, {"question": "Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?", "answer": "$75 billion"}, {"question": "Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?", "answer": "Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?", "answer": "Smith"}, {"question": "What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?", "answer": "Nguyen"}, {"question": "Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?", "answer": "Swinburne University"}, {"question": "Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?", "answer": "Monash"}, {"question": "Which university is the second oldest in Australia?", "answer": "The University of Melbourne"}, {"question": "What is the Group of Eight?", "answer": "a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education"}, {"question": "What are examples of Youth radio stations?", "answer": "ABC Triple J and youth run SYN"}, {"question": "Which music stations strive to play under represented music?", "answer": "Triple J, and similarly PBS and Triple R"}, {"question": "Which radio station caters for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender audiences?", "answer": "JOY 94.9"}, {"question": "Which station caters to sports fans and enthusiasts?", "answer": "SEN 1116"}, {"question": "3MBS and ABC Classic FM play what type of music?", "answer": "classical"}, {"question": "What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?", "answer": "the city's 1880s land boom"}, {"question": "How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?", "answer": "176.9 million"}, {"question": "How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?", "answer": "1,763"}, {"question": "How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?", "answer": "almost 300"}, {"question": "How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014", "answer": "127.6 million"}, {"question": "When was John born?", "answer": "24 December 1166"}, {"question": "Who did Henry marry?", "answer": "Eleanor of Aquitaine"}, {"question": "Who was Henry's ally?", "answer": "Holy Roman Emperor"}, {"question": "Who backed John's elder brothers?", "answer": "Eleanor"}, {"question": "Where did Henry travel to?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who returned to Brittany?", "answer": "Geoffrey"}, {"question": "Who was imprisoned?", "answer": "Eleanor"}, {"question": "When did Richard die?", "answer": "6 April 1199"}, {"question": "Who was the sole surviving son?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "Where was John crowned?", "answer": "Westminster"}, {"question": "Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?", "answer": "Arthur"}, {"question": "When did Philip summon John to attend court?", "answer": "1202"}, {"question": "What was John summoned as?", "answer": "Count of Poitou"}, {"question": "What principle did John's predecessors use?", "answer": "vis et voluntas"}, {"question": "What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?", "answer": "divine majesty"}, {"question": "What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "What did John suffer from?", "answer": "royal schizophrenia"}, {"question": "What happened at the start of John's reign?", "answer": "sudden change in prices"}, {"question": "How long did the inflationary pressure continue?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "When did John address problems with the English currency?", "answer": "1204 and 1205"}, {"question": "How did he address the problems with the English currency?", "answer": "carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage"}, {"question": "Who was Henry's favorite child?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?", "answer": "1177"}, {"question": "When did Richard I become king?", "answer": "1189"}, {"question": "Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "Who was John's second wife?", "answer": "Isabella of Angoul\u00eame"}, {"question": " Nicholas Vincent was described as what?", "answer": "downright mean"}, {"question": "When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella?", "answer": "1207 and 1215"}, {"question": "How many children did John and Isabella have?", "answer": "five children"}, {"question": "When did war with France break out?", "answer": "1202"}, {"question": "When was John excommunicated?", "answer": "1209"}, {"question": "When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?", "answer": "1215"}, {"question": "Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?", "answer": "Henry III"}, {"question": "What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?", "answer": "Baronial unrest in England"}, {"question": "When did Poitou depart?", "answer": "1206"}, {"question": "Why did John divert south?", "answer": "to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile"}, {"question": "Why did Philip move south?", "answer": "to meet John"}, {"question": "When was Henry crowned King of England?", "answer": "1170"}, {"question": "What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?", "answer": "Normandy and Anjou"}, {"question": "Who became the Duke of Brittany?", "answer": "Geoffrey"}, {"question": "What was John's nickname?", "answer": "Lackland"}, {"question": "How tall was John?", "answer": "5 ft 5 in"}, {"question": "What did John build up?", "answer": "travelling library of books"}, {"question": "Who became a connoisseur of jewels?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "What did John do in fits of rage?", "answer": "biting and gnawing his fingers"}, {"question": "When did Hubert Walter die?", "answer": "13 July 1205"}, {"question": "What lead to the king's excommunication?", "answer": "a dispute with Pope Innocent III"}, {"question": "Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader?", "answer": "historian Ralph Turner"}, {"question": "When did John make his first visit to Ireland?", "answer": "1185"}, {"question": "How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How did John offend the local Irish rulers?", "answer": "making fun of their unfashionable long beards"}, {"question": "Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?", "answer": "Richard"}, {"question": "How did Henry the Young King die?", "answer": "dysentery"}, {"question": "Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "When did the war end?", "answer": "1184"}, {"question": "When were the papal terms for submission accepted?", "answer": "May 1213"}, {"question": "How many marks did John surrender?", "answer": "1,000"}, {"question": "Where was the agreement formalised?", "answer": "Bulla Aurea"}, {"question": "Who did John explore an alliance with?", "answer": "French king Philip II"}, {"question": "What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?", "answer": "assert that his brother was dead"}, {"question": "Who captured Richard?", "answer": "Duke of Austria"}, {"question": "When did the king return to England?", "answer": "1194"}, {"question": "Who refused to work with Puiset?", "answer": "Longchamp"}, {"question": "When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?", "answer": "October 1191"}, {"question": "Where did Walter of Coutances return to?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Where did the rebel barons congregate?", "answer": "Northampton"}, {"question": "Who was the rebel baron leader?", "answer": "Robert fitz Walter"}, {"question": "What did John instruct Langton to do?", "answer": "organise peace talks with the rebel barons"}, {"question": "How long did the new peace last?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "When was John's decision to marry Isabella?", "answer": "August 1200"}, {"question": "John acquired key land between Poitou and where?", "answer": "Gascony"}, {"question": "John moved south into where?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who renewed the anti-French alliances?", "answer": "Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?", "answer": "May 1200"}, {"question": "What nickname did John's policy earn him?", "answer": "John Softsword"}, {"question": "The rebel barons invited who to lead them?", "answer": "French prince Louis"}, {"question": "Who was Henry II's granddaughter?", "answer": "Blanche of Castile"}, {"question": "What did John do once he contained Alexander in Scotland?", "answer": "he marched south to deal with the challenge of the coming invasion"}, {"question": "Who did John attempt to convince?", "answer": "Pope Innocent III"}, {"question": "Where was Arthur imprisoned?", "answer": "Falaise"}, {"question": "Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?", "answer": "Eleanor"}, {"question": "What victory strengthened John's position?", "answer": "Mirebeau"}, {"question": "Who deserted John in favor of Philip?", "answer": "William de Roches"}, {"question": "How was John's financial situation?", "answer": "tenuous"}, {"question": "Who was declared the protector of Henry III after John's death?", "answer": "William Marshal"}, {"question": "Who gave up their claim to the English throne?", "answer": "Louis"}, {"question": "What agreement failed?", "answer": "Magna Carta"}, {"question": "Until when did Henry III continue his attempts to reclaim Normandy?", "answer": "1259"}, {"question": "What was one of John's principal challenges?", "answer": "acquiring the large sums of money needed"}, {"question": "When did Richard sell many royal properties?", "answer": "1189"}, {"question": "Where did John derive income from?", "answer": "fines, court fees and the sale of charters and other privileges"}, {"question": "What was of particular importance to John?", "answer": "administration of justice"}, {"question": "When was the system of coroners first introduced?", "answer": "1194"}, {"question": "Why was John motivated?", "answer": "potential of the royal legal process to raise fees"}, {"question": "When did new interpretations of John's reign begin to emerge?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "Who wrote an essay in 1945 that proposed a \"new approach?\"", "answer": "Vivian Galbraith"}, {"question": "Who suggested that Ireland was less stable by 1216 than previously supposed?", "answer": "Lewis Warren"}, {"question": "John was deeply suspicious of who?", "answer": "the barons"}, {"question": "What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?", "answer": "William Marshal"}, {"question": "How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "When did De Braose die?", "answer": "1211"}, {"question": "Who did Henry II express his fury and ill-will towards?", "answer": "Thomas Becket"}, {"question": "What was exacerbated by the tradition of Angevin royal ira et malevolentia?", "answer": "the king to rely on his own men at the expense of the barons"}, {"question": "John had to additional ability to do what?", "answer": "cripple his vassals"}, {"question": "John spent much of 1205 doing what?", "answer": "securing England"}, {"question": "When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?", "answer": "1181"}, {"question": "How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "John focused on trying to retake what?", "answer": "Normandy"}, {"question": "John did not regard the loss of Duchy as a permanent shift in what?", "answer": "Capetian power"}, {"question": "What was John's preferred plan?", "answer": "use Poitou as a base of operations"}, {"question": "John remained what throughout his reign?", "answer": "Lord of Ireland"}, {"question": "When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?", "answer": "1210"}, {"question": "During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?", "answer": "increased the size of his lands in Ireland"}, {"question": "When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?", "answer": "late 12th and early 13th centuries"}, {"question": "Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?", "answer": "Henry II"}, {"question": "What did John force William to sign?", "answer": "Treaty of Norham"}, {"question": "John treated the interdict as what?", "answer": "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war"}, {"question": "John seized the lands of who?", "answer": "those clergy unwilling to conduct services"}, {"question": "When did Innocent excommunicate the king?", "answer": "November 1209"}, {"question": "How many marks did the church lose?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?", "answer": "the Capetian court in Paris"}, {"question": "Who was barred Langton from entering England?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "when did Innocent place an interdict on England?", "answer": "March 1208"}, {"question": "John besieged what castle?", "answer": "Roche-au-Moine"}, {"question": "Who refused to advance with the king?", "answer": "The local Angevin nobles"}, {"question": "Who won the battle of Bouvines?", "answer": "Philip"}, {"question": "How long was the truce intended to last for?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?", "answer": "1214"}, {"question": "Who did John build alliances with?", "answer": "Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders"}, {"question": "When did John leave for Poitou?", "answer": "February 1214"}, {"question": "Who made the first move in the war?", "answer": "rebels"}, {"question": "What did the rebels seize?", "answer": "Rochester Castle"}, {"question": "Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?", "answer": "Llywelyn the Great"}, {"question": "What was John's strategy?", "answer": "isolate the rebel barons in London"}, {"question": "Who suspected that the proposed baronial council would be unacceptable?", "answer": "rebel barons"}, {"question": "John appealed to who for help?", "answer": "Innocent"}, {"question": "The failure of the agreement lead to what?", "answer": "First Barons' War"}, {"question": "What did the king lose on his way to the west?", "answer": "significant part of his baggage"}, {"question": "When did John face a stalemate?", "answer": "October 1216"}, {"question": "When were the Crown Jewels lost?", "answer": "as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries"}, {"question": "When did John begin a fresh, vigorous attack?", "answer": "September 1216"}, {"question": "Where did John march from?", "answer": "Cotswolds"}, {"question": "Where did John contract dysentery?", "answer": "King's Lynn"}, {"question": "Who invaded northern England?", "answer": "Alexander II"}, {"question": "When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?", "answer": "Tudor historians"}, {"question": "What praised John's \"great renown\" as a king?", "answer": "John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine"}, {"question": "What heavily influenced nineteenth-century fictional depictions of John?", "answer": "Ivanhoe"}, {"question": "Who played John in 1938?", "answer": "Claude Rains"}, {"question": "Who was John depicted alongside?", "answer": "Robin Hood"}, {"question": "Which historians wrote early in John's life?", "answer": "Richard of Devizes, William of Newburgh, Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto"}, {"question": "How did historians feel about John's behavior under Richard's rule?", "answer": "unsympathetic"}, {"question": "John attempted conversion of what in exchange for military aid?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "When did popular representations of John begin to emerge?", "answer": "Tudor period"}, {"question": "What was Anthony Munday's play?", "answer": "The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington"}, {"question": "In The Troublesome Reign of King John, John portrayed the king as what?", "answer": "proto-Protestant martyr"}, {"question": "Who was critical of John's performance as king?", "answer": "Contemporary chroniclers"}, {"question": "What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?", "answer": "Jim Bradbury"}, {"question": "John remains a recurring character within what culture?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "Henry II wanted to secure the southern borders of what?", "answer": "Aquitaine"}, {"question": "Who was Alais?", "answer": "the daughter and heiress of Humbert III of Savoy"}, {"question": "What castles did Henry II transfer into John's name?", "answer": "Chinon, Loudun and Mirebeau"}, {"question": "When did John successfully conduct a sudden attack and siege of Evreux castle?", "answer": "1195"}, {"question": "Richard withdrew what towards John?", "answer": "malevolentia"}, {"question": "Who was the Count of Mortain?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "Who was Isabella engaged to?", "answer": "Hugh of Lusignan"}, {"question": "Hugh of Lusignan was an important member of what?", "answer": "a key Poitou noble family"}, {"question": "John treated Hugh with what?", "answer": "contempt"}, {"question": "What did John attempt to relieve in late 1203?", "answer": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard"}, {"question": "Who blocked John's relief operation?", "answer": "Philip's forces"}, {"question": "When did Gaillard fall?", "answer": "March 1204"}, {"question": "What was John's only remaining possession on the Continent?", "answer": "Duchy of Aquitaine"}, {"question": "How many times did John levi scutage payments?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "When did John initiate a new round of appointments?", "answer": "1194"}, {"question": "Who were subject to huge taxes?", "answer": "The Jews"}, {"question": "When did John create a new tax on income and movable goods?", "answer": "1207"}, {"question": "Many of John's mistresses were what?", "answer": "married noblewomen"}, {"question": "How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?", "answer": "None"}, {"question": "How many galleys were available by the end of 1204?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "54 vessels were built between what years?", "answer": "1209 and 1212"}, {"question": "Who was appointed \"keeper of the galleys?\"", "answer": "William of Wrotham"}, {"question": "Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?", "answer": "Wales"}, {"question": "Who did John marry Joan to?", "answer": "Llywelyn the Great"}, {"question": "What did John use to increase his own territory and power?", "answer": "marcher lords and the native Welsh"}, {"question": "When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?", "answer": "1211"}, {"question": "Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?", "answer": "1209"}, {"question": "When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?", "answer": "1212"}, {"question": "What threat was John worried about?", "answer": "French invasion"}, {"question": "Where did John hold a council in January 1215?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Where did John recruit mercenary forces from?", "answer": "Poitou"}, {"question": "John announced his intent to become what?", "answer": "a crusader"}, {"question": "When did John retake Rochester Castle?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "John marched against who in January 1216?", "answer": "Alexander II of Scotland"}, {"question": "John sent William Longespee to retake what?", "answer": "north side of London and East Anglia"}, {"question": "When did John die?", "answer": "18 October"}, {"question": "When was a new sarcophagus made for him?", "answer": "1232"}, {"question": "Where was John buried?", "answer": "Worcester Cathedral"}, {"question": "Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?", "answer": "James Ramsay"}, {"question": "What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?", "answer": "Domesday Book and Magna Carta"}, {"question": "What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?", "answer": "Victorian"}, {"question": "John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?", "answer": "King Philip II of France"}, {"question": "What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?", "answer": "baronial revolt"}, {"question": "The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?", "answer": "Capetian"}, {"question": "Where did Eleanor leave to?", "answer": "Poitiers"}, {"question": "John was taught by who?", "answer": "Ranulph Glanville"}, {"question": "John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?", "answer": "magister"}, {"question": "John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?", "answer": "1175"}, {"question": "Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?", "answer": "Henry"}, {"question": "When did Richard become king?", "answer": "September 1189"}, {"question": "Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?", "answer": "Longchamp"}, {"question": "Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?", "answer": "Eleanor"}, {"question": "Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?", "answer": "defensive potential of castles"}, {"question": "What were mercenary forces called?", "answer": "Braban\u00e7ons"}, {"question": "What castle was built at a strategic point?", "answer": "Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard"}, {"question": "Who accompanied John?", "answer": "William de Roches"}, {"question": "Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?", "answer": "southern flank weakening"}, {"question": "Who was caught by surprised?", "answer": "Arthur"}, {"question": "What did John inherit in England?", "answer": "sophisticated system of administration"}, {"question": "Who dealt with income and expenditure?", "answer": "the Treasury and the Exchequer"}, {"question": "John followed in the tradition of who?", "answer": "Henry I and Henry II"}, {"question": "John's royal household was based around what?", "answer": "several groups of followers"}, {"question": "Who were the curia regis?", "answer": "senior officials and agents of the king"}, {"question": "The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?", "answer": "their uncivilised behaviour"}, {"question": "Historians suspected that John was at best what?", "answer": "impious"}, {"question": "Who was later declared a saint?", "answer": "Hugh of Lincoln"}, {"question": "Many records showed what?", "answer": "John's offerings to the poor"}, {"question": "What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?", "answer": "focused on building up his financial and military resources"}, {"question": "By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?", "answer": "Otto IV"}, {"question": "John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?", "answer": "the harbour of Damme"}, {"question": "Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?", "answer": "John de Gray"}, {"question": "Who did Innocent disavow?", "answer": "Reginald and John de Gray"}, {"question": "Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?", "answer": "Canterbury chapter"}, {"question": "Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?", "answer": "north of England"}, {"question": "Who was appointed justiciar?", "answer": "Peter des Roches"}, {"question": "What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?", "answer": "The failure of John's French military campaign"}, {"question": "When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?", "answer": "15 June 1215"}, {"question": "A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?", "answer": "twenty-five"}, {"question": "The peace agreement was renamed what?", "answer": "Magna Carta"}, {"question": "When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?", "answer": "May 1216"}, {"question": "Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?", "answer": "due to the risks of open battle"}, {"question": "When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?", "answer": "end of the summer"}, {"question": "When was Isabel released from imprisonment?", "answer": "1214"}, {"question": "Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?", "answer": "Alexander II of Scotland"}, {"question": "How many legitimate children did John have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who was John's eldest son?", "answer": "Henry III"}, {"question": "What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?", "answer": "Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren"}, {"question": "Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?", "answer": "John's numerous faults"}, {"question": "John Gillingham considers John what?", "answer": "a less effective general"}, {"question": "What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?", "answer": "expensive"}, {"question": "Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?", "answer": "education and desktop publishing"}, {"question": "Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?", "answer": "Wintel"}, {"question": "What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?", "answer": "performance"}, {"question": "Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?", "answer": "Compaq"}, {"question": "How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?", "answer": "64 kilobytes (kB)"}, {"question": "Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?", "answer": "Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team"}, {"question": "What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?", "answer": "Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor"}, {"question": "Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?", "answer": "fewer RAM chips than the Lisa"}, {"question": "What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?", "answer": "memory slots"}, {"question": "How much did Apple spend to advertise in a special post-election issue of Newsweek?", "answer": "$2.5 million"}, {"question": "What was the name of the big promotion Apple ran in the special edition of Newsweek?", "answer": "\"Test Drive a Macintosh\""}, {"question": "What did Apple allow potential buyers to take home and try for 24 hours?", "answer": "a Macintosh"}, {"question": "How were many computers returned during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion that made them unsellable?", "answer": "a bad condition"}, {"question": "Who was the CEO of Apple during the Test Drive a Macintosh promotion?", "answer": "John Sculley"}, {"question": "What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?", "answer": "The Mac Plus"}, {"question": "How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?", "answer": "just over four years and ten months"}, {"question": "In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?", "answer": "Macintosh Programmer's Workshop"}, {"question": "What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?", "answer": "cooperative multitasking"}, {"question": "After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?", "answer": "HyperCard and MultiFinder"}, {"question": "What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?", "answer": "the Macintosh IIx"}, {"question": "What was the first Mac to be \"32-bit clean\"?", "answer": "the Macintosh IIci"}, {"question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?", "answer": "US$9,900"}, {"question": "How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?", "answer": "40 MHz"}, {"question": "Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?", "answer": "Mac OS, System 7"}, {"question": "Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?", "answer": "Frogdesign"}, {"question": "What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?", "answer": "the Apple Industrial Design Group"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?", "answer": "Apple Industrial Design Group"}, {"question": "How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?", "answer": "co-operative multitasking"}, {"question": "Who returned to Apple in 1997?", "answer": "Steve Jobs"}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?", "answer": "Mac OS 8"}, {"question": "What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?", "answer": "the clone line"}, {"question": "What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?", "answer": "significant financial losses"}, {"question": "How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?", "answer": "USD$36 million"}, {"question": "What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?", "answer": "replacement"}, {"question": "What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?", "answer": "Pascal"}, {"question": "What language replaced Pascal for System 7?", "answer": "C++"}, {"question": "What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?", "answer": "Mac OS X"}, {"question": "Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?", "answer": "Aqua"}, {"question": "What is the only mainstream computer platform to successfully transition to a new CPU architecture?", "answer": "Macintosh"}, {"question": "What is the standard amount of RAM included with almost all current Mac models?", "answer": "8 GB"}, {"question": "Which MacBook Pro port can transfer data at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second?", "answer": "Thunderbolt"}, {"question": "When was the iMac G5 released?", "answer": "October 2005"}, {"question": "Which interface did Apple introduce that was capable of being operated by an Apple Remote or keyboard for accessing media stored on the computer?", "answer": "Front Row"}, {"question": "What is the standard amount of RAM shipped with most Mac models?", "answer": "8 GB"}, {"question": "What processors are used by the current Mac product family?", "answer": "Intel x86-64"}, {"question": "How many data transfer ports are included in most current Macs?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "According to Apple, how fast can the Thunderbolt port transfer data?", "answer": "up to 10 gigabits per second."}, {"question": "Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?", "answer": "boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application"}, {"question": "What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?", "answer": "Open Firmware-based PCI Macs"}, {"question": "What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?", "answer": "bugs in the firmware implementation"}, {"question": "Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?", "answer": "EFI"}, {"question": "Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?", "answer": "Open Firmware"}, {"question": "Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?", "answer": "Regis McKenna"}, {"question": "What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?", "answer": "primary authors"}, {"question": "Who introduced the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept to Apple?", "answer": "John Sculley"}, {"question": "Which company first used the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept?", "answer": "Pepsi"}, {"question": "What did the \"multiple exclusive\" event marketing concept create around a product?", "answer": "a mystique"}, {"question": "Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?", "answer": "Compaq"}, {"question": "Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?", "answer": "IBM"}, {"question": "What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?", "answer": "struggled"}, {"question": "What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?", "answer": "Windows 95"}, {"question": "What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?", "answer": "Windows 95"}, {"question": "What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?", "answer": "2.06"}, {"question": "Who are IDC and Gartner?", "answer": "research firms"}, {"question": "What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?", "answer": "6.1 percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?", "answer": "16%"}, {"question": "When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?", "answer": "the Macintosh II"}, {"question": "What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?", "answer": "The Macintosh SE"}, {"question": "What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?", "answer": "$2900"}, {"question": "What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?", "answer": "high voltage"}, {"question": "Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?", "answer": "an authorized Apple dealer"}, {"question": "What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?", "answer": "the success of the iPod and the iPhone"}, {"question": "What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?", "answer": "iCloud cloud service"}, {"question": "What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?", "answer": "smartphones and tablet computers"}, {"question": "Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?", "answer": "Apple's own iPhone"}, {"question": "What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?", "answer": "iPhone and iPad"}, {"question": "What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?", "answer": "relatively inexpensive Macs"}, {"question": "What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?", "answer": "The Macintosh Classic"}, {"question": "Which Macintosh had a distinctive \"pizza box\" case?", "answer": "LC"}, {"question": "How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?", "answer": "only one"}, {"question": "How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?", "answer": "considerably lower"}, {"question": "When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?", "answer": "MacBook Pro"}, {"question": "Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?", "answer": "Glass"}, {"question": "Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?", "answer": "environmentally friendly"}, {"question": "What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?", "answer": "replaceable batteries"}, {"question": "Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?", "answer": "Jef Raskin"}, {"question": "What was Jef Raskin's profession?", "answer": "an Apple employee"}, {"question": "What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?", "answer": "easy-to-use, low-cost"}, {"question": "Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?", "answer": "for legal reasons"}, {"question": "What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?", "answer": "audio equipment"}, {"question": "Who discussed rumors of a mysterious \"MacIntosh\" project in 1983?", "answer": "John Dvorak"}, {"question": "Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?", "answer": "Apple factory in Fremont, California"}, {"question": "How much did the television commercial \"1984\" cost?", "answer": "US$1.5 million"}, {"question": "What did the television commercial \"1984\" introduce?", "answer": "Macintosh 128K"}, {"question": "What did Regis McKenna call the \"1984\" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?", "answer": "\"more successful than the Mac itself.\""}, {"question": "When was the Macintosh branded as Mac?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who designed, develped, and marketed the Mac computers?", "answer": "Apple Inc."}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs introduce on January 24, 1984?", "answer": "original Macintosh computer"}, {"question": "What interface type did the original Macintosh include?", "answer": "integral graphical user"}, {"question": "When did Apple begin phasing out Macintosh in favor of \"Mac\"?", "answer": "Since 1998"}, {"question": "When was the activity of desktop publishing first used?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What company was desktop publishing unique to at it's beginning?", "answer": "Macintosh"}, {"question": "What three things were combined to develop desktop publishing?", "answer": "Mac, Apple's LaserWriter printer, and Mac-specific software like Boston Software's MacPublisher"}, {"question": "What did desktop publishing enable users to do?", "answer": "design, preview, and print page layouts complete with text and graphics"}, {"question": "What applications strengthened Mac's position as a graphics computer?", "answer": "Macromedia FreeHand, QuarkXPress, and Adobe's Photoshop and Illustrator"}, {"question": "What year was Raskin hired by Apple?", "answer": "September 1979"}, {"question": "Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?", "answer": "his long-time colleague, Brian Howard"}, {"question": "Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?", "answer": "Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble"}, {"question": "Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?", "answer": "Steve Jobs"}, {"question": "How many Macs did Apple sell worldwide during the 2009 holiday season?", "answer": "3.36 million"}, {"question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2010?", "answer": "7.3%"}, {"question": "What was Apples market share of all computer shipments in 2011?", "answer": "9.3%"}, {"question": "What ranking was Apple in the PC global market share during 2014?", "answer": "about 6%"}, {"question": "Who outperformed Apple in the 2014 PC global market share?", "answer": "Lenovo, HP, Dell and Acer"}, {"question": "In 1987, what did Apple spin off its software business as?", "answer": "Claris"}, {"question": "Which series of applications was Claris responsible for inventing?", "answer": "\"Pro\" series"}, {"question": "What did Claris rename the Informix Wingz spreadsheet program?", "answer": "Claris Resolve"}, {"question": "What was ClarisWorks renamed beginning with version 5.0?", "answer": "AppleWorks"}, {"question": "When was ClarisWorks reincorporated back into Apple?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What two applications came bundled with Macs 2 days after \"1984\" was aired?", "answer": "MacWrite and MacPaint"}, {"question": "Why did many software developers choose not to redesign the Mac operating system and rewrite the programming code?", "answer": "This was a time-consuming task"}, {"question": "What year did Microsoft's MultiPlan migrate over from MS-DOS?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What year was Apple's Macintosh Office suite introduced?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What did Apple's \"Lemmings\" ad, which introduced Macintosh Office, do that made the ad unsuccessful?", "answer": "insulting its own potential customers"}, {"question": "According to NPD, who has generally dominated the premium PC market?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What was Macintosh ranked on the \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\" for the 2011 holiday season?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 2nd place on the 2012 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "answer": "Hewlett Packard"}, {"question": "Who did Macintosh displace from 1st place on the 2013 holiday season \"list of intended brands for desktop purchases\"?", "answer": "Dell"}, {"question": "Which of Apple's products is focused on the ultraportable niche of PC's?", "answer": "MacBooks"}, {"question": "What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?", "answer": "memory"}, {"question": "What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?", "answer": "a hard disk drive"}, {"question": "What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?", "answer": "larger-capacity chips"}, {"question": "How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?", "answer": "quadruple"}, {"question": "What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?", "answer": "the logic board"}, {"question": "On what grounds did Apple sue Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988?", "answer": "they infringed Apple's copyrighted GUI"}, {"question": "How was the lawsuit decided for Apple vs. Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard?", "answer": "against Apple"}, {"question": "What did the FSF feel that Apple was trying to monopolize on?", "answer": "GUIs in general"}, {"question": "How long did the FSF boycott GNU software for the Macintosh platform?", "answer": "seven years"}, {"question": "What are some of the issues Apple cited in the lawsuit against Microsoft and HP?", "answer": "the use of rectangular, overlapping, and resizable windows"}, {"question": "What did Apple's creation of too many similar models do to potential buyers?", "answer": "confused potential buyers"}, {"question": "What was the hardware manufactured by third parties for Apple's System 7 known as?", "answer": "Macintosh clones"}, {"question": "What did the Macintosh clones provide for consumers?", "answer": "cheaper hardware"}, {"question": "What did Macintosh clones succeed in increasing for Macintosh?", "answer": "market share"}, {"question": "Who did the Macintosh clones hurt financially?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "When did Apple begin shipping computers with CD-RW drives?", "answer": "early 2001"}, {"question": "What did Apple begin offering as standard features meant for playing DVD's?", "answer": "DVD-ROM and DVD-RAM drives"}, {"question": "Who admitted that Apple was late to the party with writable CD technology?", "answer": "Steve Jobs"}, {"question": "Which Apple campaign did some people feel encouraged media piracy?", "answer": "\"Rip, Mix, Burn\""}, {"question": "What is the name of one of Apple's unsuccessful products?", "answer": "Power Mac G4 Cube"}, {"question": "What was the name of Apple's first portable computer?", "answer": "Macintosh Portable"}, {"question": "When was the Macintosh Portable first released?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What replaced the Macintosh Portable in 1991?", "answer": "the PowerBook line"}, {"question": "What was the 1993 PowerBook 165c Apple's first portable computer to feature?", "answer": "a color screen"}, {"question": "Which generation of PowerBooks introduced trackpads?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What was Apple's Mac OS X based on?", "answer": "Darwin and NEXTSTEP"}, {"question": "Who did Apple make Maverick free to?", "answer": "everyone running Snow Leopard or later"}, {"question": "What computers is Maverick compatible with?", "answer": "most Macs from 2007 and later"}, {"question": "What brought better multi display support to Mac?", "answer": "Mavericks"}, {"question": "When was Mavericks introduced?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What desktop did Apple release after the discontinued Power Macintosh G3?", "answer": "Power Mac G4 Cube"}, {"question": "Why were sales of the Power Mac G4 Cube slow?", "answer": "too expensive"}, {"question": "What did the Power Mac G4 have trouble overcoming after they dropped their price and upgraded their hardware?", "answer": "earlier perception"}, {"question": "When was the Power Mac G4 discontinued?", "answer": "July 2001"}, {"question": "How did the actual sales of the G4's compare to the sales expectations?", "answer": "one third of expectations"}, {"question": "Historically, what is near-absent in Mac OS X compared to Microsoft Windows?", "answer": "malware and spyware"}, {"question": "When did Mac OS X experience a large increase in malware attacks?", "answer": "early 2011"}, {"question": "How was Mac's malware seen by many Mac users in 2011?", "answer": "an increasing problem"}, {"question": "What were Apple support staff initially instructed not to assist with concerning malware?", "answer": "the removal"}, {"question": "How many users were affected by the increase in malware?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What was the market share of OS X in North America by March 2011?", "answer": "slightly over 14%"}, {"question": "Being positioned as a higher end PC, what is it misleading to compare the Mac to?", "answer": "a budget PC"}, {"question": "Apple has remained profitable since what time?", "answer": "Steve Jobs' return"}, {"question": "According to market research, who does Apple draw it's customer base from?", "answer": "a higher-income demographic"}, {"question": "Whose return to Apple resulted in the company's reorganization?", "answer": "Steve Jobs"}, {"question": "Who refused to lower the profit margins on Mac computers in 1989?", "answer": "Jean-Louis Gass\u00e9e"}, {"question": "What problem rocked the PC industry in 1989?", "answer": "a component shortage"}, {"question": "What did the component shortage of 1989 force Allan Loren to do with Macs?", "answer": "cut prices"}, {"question": "Who was Allan Loren?", "answer": "Apple USA head"}, {"question": "When was Microsoft Windows 3.0 released?", "answer": "May 1990"}, {"question": "What did Apple begin to eliminate in 2002?", "answer": "CRT displays"}, {"question": "Why was the new iMac G4 considerably more expensive than the G3?", "answer": "higher cost of the LCD technology"}, {"question": "Who did Apple create the more affordable eMac in April 2002 for?", "answer": "the education market"}, {"question": "What was the main problem with the eMac's CRT?", "answer": "relatively bulky and somewhat outdated"}, {"question": "After Apple's failed desktop sales, what products drove their sales growth?", "answer": "the iPod portable music player and iTunes music download service"}, {"question": "In 2009, how many Macs sold were laptops?", "answer": "seven out of ten"}, {"question": "What has helped Macs more directly compete with Windows on price and performance?", "answer": "The use of Intel microprocessors"}, {"question": "In 2010, what did Apple receive before other PC manufacturers?", "answer": "Intel's latest CPUs"}, {"question": "What are the top-selling form factors of the Mac platform today?", "answer": "MacBooks"}, {"question": "What is the name of the most inexpensive Mac offered?", "answer": "Mac Mini"}, {"question": "What did Apple consolidate in 1998?", "answer": "its multiple consumer-level desktop models"}, {"question": "What all-in-one product was created in 1998 through Apple's consolidations?", "answer": "iMac G3"}, {"question": "What did the iMac G3 do to the Mac reputation?", "answer": "revitalized the brand"}, {"question": "When was Mac's Xserve server discontinued?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What took the place of Mac's Xserve server?", "answer": "Mac Mini and Mac Pro"}, {"question": "Why did Raskin leave the Apple team in 1981?", "answer": "over a personality conflict with Jobs"}, {"question": "According to Andy Hertzfeld, whose idea is the final Mac design closer to?", "answer": "Jobs"}, {"question": "What did Steve Jobs offer Xerox to visit and see their latest technology?", "answer": "Apple stock options"}, {"question": "Whose technology influenced the user interfaces of the Lisa and Macintosh?", "answer": "Xerox PARC"}, {"question": "What caused Steve Jobs to resign from Apple in 1985?", "answer": "an internal power struggle"}, {"question": "What did Jobs state that he expected Macintosh to become?", "answer": "the third industry standard"}, {"question": "How many applications were widely available during Macintosh's introduction?", "answer": "Only about ten"}, {"question": "How many companies did Apple promise were develping products for the new computer?", "answer": "79"}, {"question": "How many Macintoshes had Apple sold after one year?", "answer": "280,000"}, {"question": "How many databases did Apple have available the first year?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?", "answer": "Motorola"}, {"question": "What powered the Macintosh II?", "answer": "a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor"}, {"question": "How much did the Macintosh II sell for?", "answer": "$5500"}, {"question": "What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?", "answer": "The Macintosh II"}, {"question": "What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?", "answer": "the IBM PC"}, {"question": "When Microsfot Windows 3.0 was released, what was it commonly said to not be as good as?", "answer": "Macintosh"}, {"question": "Who was Microsoft Windows 3.0 commonly said to be good enough for?", "answer": "the average user"}, {"question": "What was responsible for the drop in Apple's margins in 1989?", "answer": "a component shortage"}, {"question": "Who made the decision in 1989 to cut prices on Mac computers?", "answer": "Apple USA head Allan Loren"}, {"question": "What was Microsoft Windows 3.0's performance comparable to?", "answer": "Macintosh platform"}, {"question": "What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?", "answer": "Intel chips"}, {"question": "Which platform did Apple choose to use?", "answer": "Motorola 68040"}, {"question": "Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?", "answer": "Intel"}, {"question": "How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?", "answer": "a generation"}, {"question": "When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What color was Apples new iMac, which was introduced in 1998?", "answer": "Bondi blue"}, {"question": "What did the iMac replace most of Apple's standard connections with?", "answer": "two USB ports"}, {"question": "What did the iMac replace the floppy disk drive with?", "answer": "a CD-ROM drive"}, {"question": "What did the iMac need to use in order to write CDs or other media?", "answer": "external third-party hardware"}, {"question": "How many iMac units sold in the first 139 days?", "answer": "800,000"}, {"question": "When did Apple discontinue the use of PowerPC microprocessors?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who announced the capability to run Windows XP on an Intel-based Mac in 2006?", "answer": "a group of hackers"}, {"question": "How did hackers release their software for running Windows on Macs?", "answer": "for download on their website"}, {"question": "When did Apple announce software that would allow Windows XP to be run on Intel-based Macs?", "answer": "April 5, 2006"}, {"question": "What is the name of the software that Apple introduced for running Windows XP?", "answer": "Boot Camp"}, {"question": "Who was initially reluctant to embrace mice with multiple buttons and scroll wheels?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1st multiple button mouse introduced by Apple?", "answer": "Mighty Mouse"}, {"question": "How many buttons did the Mighty Mouse have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What did Apple introduce to take the place of a physical scroll wheel in 2009?", "answer": "multi-touch gesture recognition"}, {"question": "What Apple mouse 1st used multi-touch gesture recognition?", "answer": "Magic Mouse"}, {"question": "What type of software began to emerge following the release of Intel-based Macs?", "answer": "third-party platform virtualization"}, {"question": "At what speed do programs such as VirtualBox allow Microsoft Windows to run on Macs?", "answer": "at near native speed"}, {"question": "What is possible to run by using Boot camp, even though it is not condoned by Apple?", "answer": "the Linux operating system"}, {"question": "What do Macs lack that makes them unable to run many legacy PC operating systems?", "answer": "the A20 gate"}, {"question": "What has been the best-selling ultra-portable over Windows Ultrabooks in the U.S.?", "answer": "MacBook Air"}, {"question": "What earned the title as best all-around subnotebook/ultraportable?", "answer": "MacBook Air"}, {"question": "What did the Air receive before other PC manufacturers?", "answer": "Intel's latest CPUs"}, {"question": "Through 7/1/13, what percentage of all Ultrabook sales in the U.S. were MacBook Airs?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "When was the competetive pricing of MacBooks especially effective?", "answer": "when rivals charged more for seemingly equivalent Ultrabooks"}, {"question": "What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?", "answer": "counter-air defence"}, {"question": "NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?", "answer": "the effectiveness of hostile air action"}, {"question": "Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?", "answer": "passive measures"}, {"question": "What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?", "answer": "homeland defence"}, {"question": "What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?", "answer": "anti-aircraft warfare"}, {"question": "What is the Russian term for air defence?", "answer": "Protivovozdushnaya oborona"}, {"question": "How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?", "answer": "PVO"}, {"question": "What are the AA systems called in Russian?", "answer": "zenitnye"}, {"question": "What is air defence called in French?", "answer": "DCA"}, {"question": "What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?", "answer": "a\u00e9ronef"}, {"question": "When were sensors initially developed?", "answer": "during the First World War"}, {"question": "Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?", "answer": "optronics"}, {"question": "What country created an integrated system for ADGB?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What did the integrated system for ADGB link?", "answer": "the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command"}, {"question": "What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "Which country had the most severe case?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "This separate service  was known as what in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Voyska PVO"}, {"question": "What two systems did Voyska PVO have?", "answer": "fighter aircraft and ground-based systems"}, {"question": "What year did the PVO Strany become independent?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What was the arm that was the Air Defence of the Ground Forces?", "answer": "PVO SV"}, {"question": "When did Serbian troops notice enemy aircraft approaching Kragujevac? ", "answer": "30 September 1915"}, {"question": "How many bombs did the three aircraft drop on the city?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "Which private shot down one aircraft with a cannon?", "answer": "Radoje Ljutovac"}, {"question": "What happened to the pilots that were in the aircraft shot down?", "answer": "both pilots died"}, {"question": "Which war was the cannon used in prior to this event?", "answer": "First Balkan War in 1912"}, {"question": "What was the problem with AA gunnery?", "answer": "successfully aiming a shell to burst close to its target's future position"}, {"question": "Different things could affect what with the shell?", "answer": "predicted trajectory"}, {"question": "What was updated on the gunsight as a target moved?", "answer": "'off-set' angles for range and elevation"}, {"question": "Where was the barrel pointed when the sights were on a target?", "answer": "the target's future position"}, {"question": "What two things figured the fuse length?", "answer": "Range and height of the target"}, {"question": "What showed that aircraft could be a significant contribution to the battlefield?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "In addition to Zeppelins, what attacked London for four years with air attacks?", "answer": "Gotha G.V bombers"}, {"question": "The four year air attack was instrumental in Britain forming what?", "answer": "an independent air force"}, {"question": "The future of aircraft in war situations was important because of the growth in what two areas?", "answer": "their range and weapon load"}, {"question": "Where were most of the nations who had the strongest military after World War I?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "How many different countries developed radar starting in the 1930s?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Where was the Observer Corps based?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When was the Observer Corps formed?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What did the Observer Corps observe and report on?", "answer": "hostile aircraft flying over Britain"}, {"question": "What was originally used to see hostile aircraft approaching?", "answer": "radar"}, {"question": "Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?", "answer": "RAF"}, {"question": "The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?", "answer": ".50-inch"}, {"question": "What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?", "answer": "an impact fused 2 lb HE shell"}, {"question": "What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?", "answer": "The air-cooled Bofors"}, {"question": "What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?", "answer": "The Predictor AA No 3"}, {"question": "What was under development in both the Soviet Union and Britain in the 1930s?", "answer": "solid fuel rockets"}, {"question": "Why was Britain mainly interested in solid fuel rockets?", "answer": "for anti-aircraft fire"}, {"question": "What were rockets called at this time?", "answer": "unrotated projectiles"}, {"question": "How big was the rocket that was introduced to handle dive bombing attacks?", "answer": "2-inch"}, {"question": "What size rocket was being developed at the end of the war?", "answer": "3-inch"}, {"question": "What did the British get a license to build?", "answer": "the Bofors 40 mm"}, {"question": "While light, the Bofors 40mm were powerful enough to take down what size aircraft?", "answer": "aircraft of any size"}, {"question": "What was produced to inspire people on the assembly line to work harder?", "answer": "a movie"}, {"question": "What was the movie made to inspire assembly line workers called?", "answer": "The Gun"}, {"question": "Who started making an unlicensed version of the 40mm at the beginning of the war?", "answer": "Americans"}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft is used to intercept and destroy other aircraft?", "answer": "The interceptor aircraft"}, {"question": "What particular aircraft did the interceptor target most?", "answer": "bombers"}, {"question": "When were interceptors like the F-102 Delta Dagger first built?", "answer": "after the end of World War II"}, {"question": "When were interceptors like the F-106 Delta Dart not being built anymore?", "answer": "the late 1960s"}, {"question": "The interceptors were no longer built because of the shift of the bombing role to what?", "answer": "ICBMs"}, {"question": "What is another possible weapon for anti-aircraft use?", "answer": "the laser"}, {"question": "When did personnel first start thinking about using lasers in combat?", "answer": "the late 1960s"}, {"question": "What laser can currently be used in the type of role that was first thought of in the late 1960s?", "answer": "Tactical High Energy Laser"}, {"question": "The use of lasers in anti-aircraft warfare is currently considered what?", "answer": "experimental usefulness"}, {"question": "When do some people believe that lasers can play a more prominent role in air defence?", "answer": "in the next ten years"}, {"question": "What is the air defence of a certain area called?", "answer": "Area air defence"}, {"question": "Armies as well as what group have operated area air defences?", "answer": "Air Forces"}, {"question": "What U.S. Air Forces operated area air defence?", "answer": "CIM-10 Bomarc"}, {"question": "What range do area defence systems have?", "answer": "medium to long range"}, {"question": "What was the objective of the MIM-104 Patriot Missile batteries during the first Gulf War?", "answer": "to cover populated areas"}, {"question": "Which country probably coined the term air defence?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What does ADGB stand for?", "answer": "Air Defence of Great Britain"}, {"question": "What year was the ADGB created?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "Who is probably the one who coined the term archie for anti-aircraft guns?", "answer": "Amyas Borton"}, {"question": "What George Robey line is believed to have started the archie nickname?", "answer": "\"Archibald, certainly not!\""}, {"question": "What is the first purpose of air defence?", "answer": "detect hostile aircraft"}, {"question": "What is the second purpose of air defence?", "answer": "destroy them"}, {"question": "What is the critical issue in air defence?", "answer": "to hit a target moving in three-dimensional space"}, {"question": "Projectiles must either be guided to the target or aimed where?", "answer": "at the predicted position of the target at the time the projectile reaches it"}, {"question": "What two things must be considered in regards to the projectile and target?", "answer": "speed and direction"}, {"question": "What does NATO define as passive measures to protect people, buildings and equipment from air or missile attacks?", "answer": "Passive air defence"}, {"question": "Which group is heavily responsible for passive air defence?", "answer": "ground forces"}, {"question": "Passive air defence includes camouflage and what?", "answer": "concealment"}, {"question": "What was camouflaged during World War II?", "answer": "important buildings"}, {"question": "Some airfield runways were painted green during what war?", "answer": "the Cold War"}, {"question": "How many guns or missile launchers are typically in a battery?", "answer": "2 to 12"}, {"question": "In addition to guns or missile launchers, what else comprises the battery?", "answer": "fire control elements"}, {"question": "Where do batteries typically get deployed?", "answer": "in a small area"}, {"question": "Which missile batteries often have individual launchers several kilometres from one another?", "answer": "SHORAD"}, {"question": "Several dozen teams can deploy individually in small sections when what is handled by a specialist?", "answer": "MANPADS"}, {"question": "It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?", "answer": "in the air"}, {"question": "In addition to high explosive, what else was used?", "answer": "shrapnel"}, {"question": "Airburst fuses could be which two things?", "answer": "igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)"}, {"question": "What were hydrogen filled balloons called?", "answer": "Zeppelins"}, {"question": "What was used as targets in training practices?", "answer": "Smoke shells"}, {"question": "What was the primary method for HAA fire?", "answer": "aimed fire"}, {"question": "Along with predicting the gun data from tracking the target, what else needed to be known about the target to enable the aimed fire?", "answer": "its height"}, {"question": "Another assumption was that the target would maintain a steady course along with what other two factors?", "answer": "speed and height"}, {"question": "Targets could be how many feet for the HAA to engage them?", "answer": "24,000 feet"}, {"question": "What kind of fuses were needed?", "answer": "Mechanical"}, {"question": "What kind of guns did the United States end WW I with?", "answer": "two 3-inch AA guns"}, {"question": "When were improvements developed for these guns?", "answer": "throughout the inter-war period"}, {"question": "When did work begin on the 105 mm static mounting AA gun?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "Only a few of the 105 mm static mounting AA guns were produced because work had started on which other gun?", "answer": "90 mm AA gun"}, {"question": "What year was the M1 version approved?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?", "answer": "NATO's Allied Command Europe"}, {"question": "Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?", "answer": "forces in the field"}, {"question": "What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?", "answer": "A surface-based air defence capability"}, {"question": "What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?", "answer": "a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon"}, {"question": "Who designed this cannon?", "answer": "John M. Browning"}, {"question": "How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?", "answer": "125"}, {"question": "What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?", "answer": "Bofors 40 mm"}, {"question": "What other US group was interested in the Bofors?", "answer": "US Navy"}, {"question": "High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?", "answer": "a 75 mm gun from Krupp"}, {"question": "Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?", "answer": "Bofors"}, {"question": "Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?", "answer": "a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36"}, {"question": "Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What war was the FlaK first used in?", "answer": "Spanish Civil War"}, {"question": "What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?", "answer": "1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system"}, {"question": "What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?", "answer": "Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems"}, {"question": "How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "This system was a direct answer to what?", "answer": "the Flakvierling"}, {"question": "The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?", "answer": "many kilometers"}, {"question": "What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?", "answer": "barrage balloons"}, {"question": "What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?", "answer": "bomber aircraft over cities"}, {"question": "How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?", "answer": "steel cable"}, {"question": "What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?", "answer": "fly at a higher altitude"}, {"question": "What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?", "answer": "minimal"}, {"question": "What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?", "answer": "The maximum distance"}, {"question": "What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?", "answer": "only the ascending part of the trajectory"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?", "answer": "maximum ceiling"}, {"question": "Few AA guns are able to fire which way?", "answer": "vertically"}, {"question": "The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?", "answer": "guns"}, {"question": "Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?", "answer": "armored cars and tank chassis"}, {"question": "When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?", "answer": "in the 1960s"}, {"question": "What are man-portable missiles better known as?", "answer": "MANPADs"}, {"question": "When were MANPADs introduced?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?", "answer": "ability to quickly follow the target"}, {"question": "Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?", "answer": "Bofors of Sweden"}, {"question": "When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?", "answer": "in Nazi Germany"}, {"question": "How can land-based SAMs be deployed?", "answer": "from fixed installations or mobile launchers"}, {"question": "What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?", "answer": "machine-guns or fast cannons"}, {"question": "These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?", "answer": "a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence"}, {"question": "What type of ships are particularly well defended?", "answer": "Carrier battle groups"}, {"question": "Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?", "answer": "fighter jets"}, {"question": "What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?", "answer": "Rocket-propelled grenades"}, {"question": "When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?", "answer": "the user"}, {"question": "An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?", "answer": "the backblast"}, {"question": "What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?", "answer": "a steel plate"}, {"question": "What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?", "answer": "US helicopters"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?", "answer": "\"effective ceiling\""}, {"question": "Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?", "answer": "The British"}, {"question": "Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?", "answer": "for 20 seconds"}, {"question": "What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?", "answer": "non-ballistic factors"}, {"question": "What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?", "answer": "guns firing ballistic munitions"}, {"question": "After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?", "answer": "guided missiles"}, {"question": "Which range did not use guided missiles?", "answer": "the very shortest ranges"}, {"question": "Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?", "answer": "permanently"}, {"question": "What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?", "answer": "at least 150 mm"}, {"question": "When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?", "answer": "8 July 1914"}, {"question": "Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?", "answer": "the coasts of the British Isles"}, {"question": "What was built around naval installations?", "answer": "complete circle of towers"}, {"question": "Who manned AA guns and searchlights?", "answer": "Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)"}, {"question": "Who used motorised two-gun sections?", "answer": "Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)"}, {"question": "Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI", "answer": "Royal Navy"}, {"question": "Who protected airfields in WWII?", "answer": "RAF Regiment"}, {"question": "The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was disbanded in 1955?", "answer": "British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command"}, {"question": "What helped with better fuse setting?", "answer": "range measurement"}, {"question": "What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?", "answer": "Barr & Stroud UB2"}, {"question": "The HRF measured target distance and what else?", "answer": "elevation angle"}, {"question": "What was the HRF used with to set fuses?", "answer": "Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)"}, {"question": "The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?", "answer": "HRF operator"}, {"question": "What kind of guns started attracting attention?", "answer": "balloon, or airship, guns"}, {"question": "In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?", "answer": "The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail"}, {"question": "The impact and time types of what were analyzed?", "answer": "Fuzing options"}, {"question": "As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?", "answer": "Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider"}, {"question": "What gun made the scene in 1910?", "answer": "French balloon gun"}, {"question": "What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?", "answer": "French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm"}, {"question": "What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?", "answer": "13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III"}, {"question": "What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?", "answer": "18-pdr guns"}, {"question": "What was difficult to get set right on the new guns?", "answer": "get their fuse setting correct"}, {"question": "Where did most rounds shot at aircraft usually explode?", "answer": "well below their targets"}, {"question": "What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?", "answer": "Treaty of Versailles"}, {"question": "When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?", "answer": "in the late 1920s"}, {"question": "When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?", "answer": "In the late 1930s"}, {"question": "When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What did the FlaK 39 have?", "answer": "220v 24 kW generators"}, {"question": "What did the tachymetric devices do?", "answer": "track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles"}, {"question": "Which system had electrical tracking?", "answer": "French Brocq"}, {"question": "What gun was the French Brocq system used with?", "answer": "75 mm"}, {"question": "Which system used a pair of trackers?", "answer": "British Wilson-Dalby gun director"}, {"question": "Deflection settings were also called what?", "answer": "aim-off"}, {"question": "Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?", "answer": "German attack"}, {"question": "What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?", "answer": "Battle of Britain"}, {"question": "What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?", "answer": "Army's Anti-aircraft command"}, {"question": "The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?", "answer": "RAF regiment"}, {"question": "When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What gun did the Royal Navy start using?", "answer": "4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret"}, {"question": "How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?", "answer": "30-second running time"}, {"question": "What was introduced in 1939?", "answer": "Machine Fuse Setter"}, {"question": "What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?", "answer": "ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets"}, {"question": "Target area is relatively large at what range?", "answer": "short range"}, {"question": "How was target lead watched at short range?", "answer": "by watching the tracers"}, {"question": "At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?", "answer": "slide rules"}, {"question": "What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?", "answer": "small errors in distance"}, {"question": "In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?", "answer": "Rheinmetall"}, {"question": "Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?", "answer": "Oerlikon"}, {"question": "Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?", "answer": "Mauser-Werke"}, {"question": "What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?", "answer": "a 3.7 cm"}, {"question": "When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?", "answer": "Hochbunker \"High Bunkers\""}, {"question": "Another name for the High Bunkers was what?", "answer": "\"Flakt\u00fcrme\" flak towers"}, {"question": "What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?", "answer": "anti-aircraft artillery"}, {"question": "What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "What structure did the British build in the North Sea?", "answer": "Maunsell Forts"}, {"question": "Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?", "answer": "the U.S. Army"}, {"question": "What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?", "answer": "the 75 mm Skysweeper system"}, {"question": "The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?", "answer": "the 40 mm Bofors"}, {"question": "What does NADGE stand for?", "answer": "NATO Air Defence Ground Environment"}, {"question": "What did NADGE become?", "answer": "the NATO Integrated Air Defence System"}, {"question": "What was the name of the mechanical computer that used automation?", "answer": "the Kerrison Predictor"}, {"question": "What did the Predictor calculate after it was pointed at a target?", "answer": "the proper aim point automatically"}, {"question": "How did the Predictor display the information needed?", "answer": "as a pointer mounted on the gun"}, {"question": "What two things did the operators of the gun have to do?", "answer": "followed the pointer and loaded the shells"}, {"question": "What other country designed similar systems to the Predictor?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?", "answer": "infantry positions"}, {"question": "Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?", "answer": "altitude"}, {"question": "Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?", "answer": "most anti-aircraft gunnery"}, {"question": "Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?", "answer": "the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch"}, {"question": "When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?", "answer": "American Lark"}, {"question": "Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?", "answer": "Germans missile research"}, {"question": "Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?", "answer": "guided missile"}, {"question": "Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?", "answer": "the Nike Ajax missile"}, {"question": "The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?", "answer": "the larger anti-aircraft guns"}, {"question": "The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?", "answer": "SA-2 Guideline systems"}, {"question": "Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?", "answer": "the railgun"}, {"question": "Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?", "answer": "a Tomahawk"}, {"question": "When did the United States Navy test a railgun?", "answer": "February 2008"}, {"question": "How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?", "answer": "5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour"}, {"question": "When is the railgun expected to be ready?", "answer": "2020 to 2025"}, {"question": "What are two types of fuses used for shells?", "answer": "barometric, time-delay, or proximity"}, {"question": "At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?", "answer": "a higher rate of fire"}, {"question": "What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?", "answer": "between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber"}, {"question": "Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?", "answer": "smallest mounts"}, {"question": "Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?", "answer": "a system of concentric layers"}, {"question": "What protects the outer layer?", "answer": "AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP"}, {"question": "The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?", "answer": "the carrier's escorts"}, {"question": "What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?", "answer": "several thousand rounds per minute"}, {"question": "What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?", "answer": "missiles"}, {"question": "What is being lead to specialty roles?", "answer": "Guns"}, {"question": "What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?", "answer": "GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun"}, {"question": "What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?", "answer": "RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile"}, {"question": "What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?", "answer": "Kashtan CIWS"}, {"question": "Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?", "answer": "mobile"}, {"question": "What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?", "answer": "trailers"}, {"question": "Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?", "answer": "a fleet of vehicles"}, {"question": "A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?", "answer": "places where it is not expected"}, {"question": "What systems are really geared toward mobility?", "answer": "Soviet"}, {"question": "What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?", "answer": "Western and Commonwealth militaries"}, {"question": "Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?", "answer": "artillery arm"}, {"question": "Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?", "answer": "largely communist or ex-communist"}, {"question": "Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?", "answer": "USSR"}, {"question": "What do armies tend to have in depth?", "answer": "air defence"}, {"question": "Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?", "answer": "army-level missile defence systems"}, {"question": "Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?", "answer": "smaller force levels"}, {"question": "What does SPAAG stand for?", "answer": "self-propelled anti-aircraft guns"}, {"question": "What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?", "answer": "all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms"}, {"question": "In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?", "answer": "Dedicated weapons"}, {"question": "As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?", "answer": "SAM systems with ECCM capabilities"}, {"question": "What does AAAD stand for?", "answer": "All-Arms Air Defence"}, {"question": "What does GBAD stand for?", "answer": "Ground Based AD"}, {"question": "What does SHORAD stand for?", "answer": "Short Range AD"}, {"question": "What does MANPADS stand for?", "answer": "Man Portable AD Systems"}, {"question": "What does SAGW stand for?", "answer": "Surface to Air Guided Weapon"}, {"question": "What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?", "answer": "air defence"}, {"question": "The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?", "answer": "aircraft"}, {"question": "In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?", "answer": "guided missiles"}, {"question": "In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?", "answer": "command and control"}, {"question": "How are batteries typically grouped?", "answer": "into battalions"}, {"question": "What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?", "answer": "light gun or SHORAD"}, {"question": "Which military section could have a full military structure?", "answer": "Homeland air defence"}, {"question": "Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?", "answer": "a full British Army general"}, {"question": "How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?", "answer": "three AA corps"}, {"question": "Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?", "answer": "the British Isles"}, {"question": "Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?", "answer": "Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott"}, {"question": "What was used because of night attacks?", "answer": "searchlights"}, {"question": "How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?", "answer": "183"}, {"question": "How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "What was many times unpopular with other troops?", "answer": "AA guns"}, {"question": "What was mounted on poles by forces?", "answer": "machine-gun based weapons"}, {"question": "What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?", "answer": "anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun"}, {"question": "What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?", "answer": "increasing capabilities of aircraft"}, {"question": "Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?", "answer": "lighter weapons"}, {"question": "What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?", "answer": "Predictor AA No 1"}, {"question": "What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?", "answer": "M3A3"}, {"question": "What did the British designate the Sperry device as?", "answer": "Predictor AA No 2"}, {"question": "What replaced the UB 2?", "answer": "UB 7"}, {"question": "When year did the Dambusters raid happen?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?", "answer": "knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit"}, {"question": "What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?", "answer": "a new 55 mm gun"}, {"question": "What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?", "answer": "a centralised control system"}, {"question": "What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?", "answer": "hydraulics"}, {"question": "What was also utilized to control ground targets?", "answer": "AAA battalions"}, {"question": "Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?", "answer": "90 mm M3 gun"}, {"question": "What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?", "answer": "120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun"}, {"question": "What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?", "answer": "60,000 ft"}, {"question": "What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?", "answer": "German V-1 cruise missiles"}, {"question": "Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?", "answer": "Folkestone-Dover coast"}, {"question": "Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?", "answer": "Antwerp"}, {"question": "What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?", "answer": "SCR-584 radar"}, {"question": "In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?", "answer": "1982 Falklands War"}, {"question": "What two units used the Rapier missile system?", "answer": "British artillery and RAF regiment"}, {"question": "What older system did the British naval use?", "answer": "Sea Slug longer range systems"}, {"question": "What new short range systems did the British naval use?", "answer": "Sea Wolf"}, {"question": "What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?", "answer": "Machine guns"}, {"question": "What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?", "answer": "Larger SAMs"}, {"question": "What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?", "answer": "MANPADS"}, {"question": "What does MANPADS mean?", "answer": "Man-Portable Air Defence Systems"}, {"question": "How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?", "answer": "air-search radar"}, {"question": "Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?", "answer": "autocannons"}, {"question": "What continues to grow along with stealth technology?", "answer": "anti-stealth technology"}, {"question": "What can detect stealth aircraft?", "answer": "Multiple transmitter radars"}, {"question": "What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?", "answer": "Advanced forms of thermographic cameras"}, {"question": "What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?", "answer": "the S-400"}, {"question": "How far away can the S-400 detect a target?", "answer": "90 km away"}, {"question": "Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?", "answer": "Uttarakhand"}, {"question": "Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?", "answer": "Sikhism"}, {"question": "Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?", "answer": "Old Indo-Aryan"}, {"question": "What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?", "answer": "lingua franca"}, {"question": "Where is Sanskrit usually found?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "From what is Sanskrit an adaption?", "answer": "Old Indo-Aryan"}, {"question": "From what language did Sanskrit originate?", "answer": "Vedic Sanskrit"}, {"question": "In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?", "answer": "Gujarat"}, {"question": "In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?", "answer": "Over 90"}, {"question": "What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?", "answer": "6:55 AM IST"}, {"question": "What is the publication, Sudharma?", "answer": "daily newspaper"}, {"question": "What language are many periodicals published in in India?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?", "answer": "Mysore, India"}, {"question": "Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?", "answer": "AIR's website"}, {"question": "In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?", "answer": "Prakrits"}, {"question": "The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?", "answer": "P\u0101\u1e47ini and Patanjali"}, {"question": "The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?", "answer": "social class and educational attainment"}, {"question": "What type of language were Prakrits?", "answer": "Middle Indo-Aryan"}, {"question": "Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a \"particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?\"", "answer": "Madhav Deshpande"}, {"question": "What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?", "answer": "perfected manner"}, {"question": "Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?", "answer": "social class"}, {"question": "How was Sanskrit originally used?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?", "answer": "Ancient India"}, {"question": "With what did Sanskrit exist beside?", "answer": "vernacular Prakrits"}, {"question": "What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?", "answer": "Kharosthi"}, {"question": "Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?", "answer": "between the fourth and eighth centuries"}, {"question": "Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?", "answer": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101"}, {"question": "Which script replaced the Gupta script?", "answer": "Devanagari"}, {"question": "In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?", "answer": "11th or 12th century"}, {"question": "What were used to write Sanskrit?", "answer": "Brahmic scripts"}, {"question": "What script was used in the northwest of India?", "answer": "Kharosthi"}, {"question": "Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?", "answer": "Gupta"}, {"question": "From what was Gupta derived?", "answer": "Brahmi"}, {"question": "What script evolved from the Gupta script?", "answer": "\u015a\u0101rad\u0101"}, {"question": "Tagalog is what kind of language?", "answer": "Philippine"}, {"question": "From what language is a large proportion of Tagalog derived?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is an example of a Sanskrit loanword used in Southeast Asian languages?", "answer": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Sanskrit loanword \"bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101?\"", "answer": "spoken language"}, {"question": "What is an example of a traditional language that derives much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit?", "answer": "Malay"}, {"question": "Where were many Sanskrit words found?", "answer": "Austronesian languages"}, {"question": "In what older from of which language were more than half the words borrowed from Sanskrit?", "answer": "Javanese"}, {"question": "What Sanskrit borrowed word is found in many Asian languages?", "answer": "bh\u0101\u1e63\u0101"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of bhasa?", "answer": "spoken language"}, {"question": "Where does traditional Malay get many of its loanwords?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What are two examples of epic poetry written in Sanskrit?", "answer": "the Ramayana and Mahabharata"}, {"question": "What are prakritisms?", "answer": "borrowings from common speech"}, {"question": "Which Sanskrit literary language has been influenced by the Middle Indo-Aryan languages?", "answer": "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, {"question": "How long was Sanskrit a language of culture?", "answer": "2000 years"}, {"question": "Where is a post-Vedic form of Sanskrit found?", "answer": "Indian epic poetry"}, {"question": "What epic poems are written in post-Vedic Sanskrit?", "answer": "Ramayana and Mahabharata"}, {"question": "Of what are deviations in the epics thought to be the influence?", "answer": "Prakrits"}, {"question": "What is found to a lesser extent in Classical Sanskrit?", "answer": "prakritisms"}, {"question": "When was the time of Panini?", "answer": "fourth century BCE"}, {"question": "What type of text is the Samaveda?", "answer": "Vedic texts"}, {"question": "What was Sanskrit used for?", "answer": "sacred purposes"}, {"question": "How was Sanskrit viewed to be in relation to maintaining class?", "answer": "conservative"}, {"question": "To what did the use of Sanskrit as a upper class language produce a resistance ?", "answer": "change"}, {"question": "Who has said the Sanskrit is dead?", "answer": "Sheldon Pollock"}, {"question": "According to Pollock, how is Sanskrit solely used?", "answer": "literary cultures"}, {"question": "What is Sanskrit not  able to express?", "answer": "the modern age"}, {"question": "How is Sanskrit limited in it function towards ideas?", "answer": "restatements"}, {"question": "To what is Sanskrit restricted?", "answer": "hymns"}, {"question": "To what has the Central Board of Education of India relegated Sanskrit? ", "answer": "alternative option"}, {"question": "Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?", "answer": "second or third"}, {"question": "What grades in Indian schools have an option for Sanskrit study?", "answer": "5 to 8"}, {"question": "In what language states is Sanskrit considered an option?", "answer": "Hindi"}, {"question": "In what other type of schools is Sanskrit also taught?", "answer": "gurukulas"}, {"question": "What English school offers Sanskrit as a language study?", "answer": "St James Junior School"}, {"question": "Since what date has Sanskrit been offered as a language option in the U.S.?", "answer": "September 2009"}, {"question": "What is the credit towards in study in the U.S.?", "answer": "Foreign Language"}, {"question": "Who coordinates the study program of Samskritam as a Foreign Language?", "answer": "Samskrita Bharati."}, {"question": "What school in Australia offers Sanskrit as a study?", "answer": "Sydney Grammar School"}, {"question": "Under what type of tradition did Sanskrit begin?", "answer": "oral tradition"}, {"question": "After what language evolved was writing introduced?", "answer": "Prakrits"}, {"question": "What feature of written text influenced the use of scripts?", "answer": "regional scripts"}, {"question": "What does Sanskrit not have of its own?", "answer": "native script"}, {"question": "Which writing systems have been used to write Sanskrit?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "From what time has the Latin alphabet been used to transcribe Sanskrit?", "answer": "late 18th century"}, {"question": "What transliteration system is most common today?", "answer": "IAST"}, {"question": "How long has IAST been the standard system used for transliteration of Sanskrit?", "answer": "since 1888"}, {"question": "What is used in transliteration for computer systems? ", "answer": "ASCII"}, {"question": "What transliteration scheme is often used on the internet?", "answer": "ITRANS"}, {"question": "What in the use of Sanskrit has influenced Sino-Tibetan languages?", "answer": "Buddhist texts"}, {"question": "Who sent missionaries to China?", "answer": "Ashoka"}, {"question": "What religion was spread to China through Sanskrit translations?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What were transliterated and added to the Chinese language?", "answer": "Many terms"}, {"question": "Where do many Sanskrit texts survive?", "answer": "Tibetan collections"}, {"question": "What language has influenced the languages of India?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "Of what is Hindi considered to be in relation to Sanskrit?", "answer": "Sanskritised register"}, {"question": "From what dialect is Hindi descended?", "answer": "Khariboli"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Sanskrit words thought to be in modern Indo-Aryan languages?", "answer": "fifty percent"}, {"question": "What language texts  are as much as 70% Sanskrit?", "answer": "Telugu"}, {"question": "From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?", "answer": "first century BCE"}, {"question": "In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?", "answer": "Brahmi"}, {"question": "In what language was Brahmi first used?", "answer": "Prakrit"}, {"question": "What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?", "answer": "Prakrit"}, {"question": "How were early sacred texts offered?", "answer": "orally"}, {"question": "What is the Sanskrit grammatical tradition?", "answer": "Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a"}, {"question": "In what period did Vyakarana begin?", "answer": "late Vedic"}, {"question": "How many sutras are in the Astadhyayi?", "answer": "3990 sutras"}, {"question": "Who composed Vartikas on the Panini sutras?", "answer": "K\u0101ty\u0101yana"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviated alphabet called? ", "answer": "Praty\u0101hara"}, {"question": "According to Panini, from where did Sanskrit evolve?", "answer": "earlier Vedic"}, {"question": "To what time can the present form of Sanskrit be traced?", "answer": "second millennium BCE"}, {"question": "As what are Classical and Vedic Sanskrit often viewed?", "answer": "separate dialects"}, {"question": "What is Vedic Sanskrit meant to be used as?", "answer": "the Vedas"}, {"question": "What hymns are thought to be the earliest?", "answer": "Rigveda Samhita"}, {"question": "When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?", "answer": "early second millennium BCE"}, {"question": "What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?", "answer": "close"}, {"question": "From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?", "answer": "north-west"}, {"question": "Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?", "answer": "India and Pakistan"}, {"question": "What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?", "answer": "Indo-Aryan migration theory"}, {"question": "What form of speech shows that Sanskrit and Prakrits existed together?", "answer": "Sanskrit dramas"}, {"question": "What type of speakers spoke Sanskrit?", "answer": "multilingual"}, {"question": "For what did Brahmins use Sanskrit?", "answer": "scholarly communication"}, {"question": "Until what period was high Sanskrit used?", "answer": "British times"}, {"question": "How large of a group in society use Sanskrit?", "answer": "thin layer"}, {"question": "What organization is trying to revive Sanskrit?", "answer": "Samskrita Bharati"}, {"question": "What kind of competitions does the All-India Sanskrit Festival have?", "answer": "composition contests"}, {"question": "How many speakers of Sanskrit were there by the 1991 census?", "answer": "49,736"}, {"question": "Where in India is Sanskrit still spoken by the population?", "answer": "Mattur village"}, {"question": "Who originally gave Mattur village to Sanskrit scholars?", "answer": "king Krishnadevaraya"}, {"question": "When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?", "answer": "neglect"}, {"question": "What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?", "answer": "assimilated to Britain"}, {"question": "Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?", "answer": "inferior"}, {"question": "Who wrote an opera in Sanskrit?", "answer": "Philip Glass"}, {"question": "On what was the Philip Glass opera based?", "answer": "Bhagavad Gita"}, {"question": "Which well known performer has used Sanskrit chants in her music?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Which composer featured Sanskrit music in his movies?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "What is the source of the theme song of Battlestar Galactica?", "answer": "Rigveda"}, {"question": "What country is Valencia in?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What is the population of Valencia's urban area?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What body of water is Valencia located on?", "answer": "the Mediterranean Sea"}, {"question": "What is the city of Valencia the capital of?", "answer": "the autonomous community of Valencia"}, {"question": "What is the main type of employment in Valencia?", "answer": "service sector occupations"}, {"question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?", "answer": "5.5"}, {"question": "What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?", "answer": "1.9"}, {"question": "How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?", "answer": "3973 hectares"}, {"question": "What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?", "answer": "orchards and citrus groves"}, {"question": "What airport is closest to Valencia?", "answer": "Valencia Airport"}, {"question": "What airport is south of Valencia?", "answer": "Alicante Airport"}, {"question": "What is the main train station in Valencia?", "answer": "Estaci\u00f3 del Nord"}, {"question": "What group runs Valencia's public transit?", "answer": "Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana"}, {"question": "What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?", "answer": "Estaci\u00f3n de Val\u00e8ncia-Joaqu\u00edn Sorolla"}, {"question": "What promenade was built north of Valencia's port?", "answer": "The Paseo Mar\u00edtimo"}, {"question": "How long is the Paseo Maritimo?", "answer": "4 km (2 mi)"}, {"question": "What Valencian landmark contains a conservation library?", "answer": "San Miguel de los Reyes monastery"}, {"question": "When did Valencia's rapid development begin?", "answer": "the mid-1990s"}, {"question": "What is an example of a section of Valencia that was majorly renovated?", "answer": "the Carmen Quarter"}, {"question": "How long did the English occupy Valencia?", "answer": "16 months"}, {"question": "At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?", "answer": "Battle of Almansa"}, {"question": "Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?", "answer": "Nueva Planta decrees"}, {"question": "Who resigned in protest against Philip?", "answer": "Cardinal Luis de Belluga"}, {"question": "In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?", "answer": "1102"}, {"question": "Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?", "answer": "Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile"}, {"question": "Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?", "answer": "Ibn Khafaja"}, {"question": "When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?", "answer": "1145"}, {"question": "Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?", "answer": "Ibn Mardanis"}, {"question": "When was the Valencian Golden Age?", "answer": "15th century"}, {"question": "Of what area was Valencia the largest city?", "answer": "Crown of Aragon"}, {"question": "What building attracted merchants from other countries to Valencia?", "answer": "Silk Exchange"}, {"question": "Who borrowed money from Valencian bankers in 1492?", "answer": "Queen Isabella I of Castile"}, {"question": "What was Valencia's leading industry?", "answer": "textile production"}, {"question": "Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?", "answer": "Germaine of Foix"}, {"question": "When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?", "answer": "1520\u20131522"}, {"question": "What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?", "answer": "comuneros"}, {"question": "Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "Whom did the comuneros rebel against?", "answer": "Charles"}, {"question": "What were Valencia's main food exports in the early 20th century?", "answer": "wine and citrus"}, {"question": "When was an exhibition held that showed agricultural and industrial progress?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What architectural style was particularly successful?", "answer": "Art Nouveau"}, {"question": "What station was built in the Art Nouveau style?", "answer": "North Station (Gare du Nord)"}, {"question": "What markets were built in the Art Nouveau style?", "answer": "Central and Columbus"}, {"question": "What is Valencia's average yearly temperature?", "answer": "18.4 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Which month is the hottest in Valencia?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "Which month is the chilliest in Valencia?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "In northern Europe, which months have temperatures similar to Valencia's in January?", "answer": "May and September"}, {"question": "What is the average maximum daytime temperature in August in Valencia?", "answer": "28\u201334 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "When was the age of Enlightenment?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who in Valencia was influenced by the age of Enlightenment's ideas?", "answer": "Gregory Maians and Perez Bayer"}, {"question": "When was the Economic Society of Friends created?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "What was manufactured that helped the Valencian economy improve?", "answer": "woven silk and ceramic tiles"}, {"question": "Who reigned during the most affluent period of Bourbon rule?", "answer": "Charles III"}, {"question": "Whose regime prohibited political parties?", "answer": "Franco"}, {"question": "According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?", "answer": "eighty-one"}, {"question": "What river flooded in 1957?", "answer": "Turia"}, {"question": "What park is located in the previous river bed?", "answer": "Garden of the Turia"}, {"question": "What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?", "answer": "motorway"}, {"question": "What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Valencia has the largest port on which coast?", "answer": "Mediterranean western coast"}, {"question": "Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?", "answer": "oranges"}, {"question": "Who helped repress the supporters of the Constitution and was later executed for it?", "answer": "El\u00edo"}, {"question": "When was Elio killed?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "How was Elio executed?", "answer": "by garroting"}, {"question": "What are the years from 1823-1833 called?", "answer": "Ominous Decade"}, {"question": "Who was the last person killed by the Inquisition?", "answer": "Gaiet\u00e0 Ripoli"}, {"question": "What is the name of the cup that some Catholics think is the Grail?", "answer": "Santo Caliz"}, {"question": "Which pope used the Santo Caliz for mass in Valencia?", "answer": "Benedict XVI"}, {"question": "What century is the Santo Caliz from?", "answer": "1st"}, {"question": "When was the Santo Caliz used for mass in Valencia?", "answer": "9 July 2006"}, {"question": "According to legend, who took the Santo Caliz to Rome?", "answer": "St. Peter"}, {"question": "In what year did the cantonalist uprising occur?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "Who was sent to stop Valencia's uprising?", "answer": "General Martinez-Campos"}, {"question": "Who became king in 1874?", "answer": "Alfonso XII"}, {"question": "When did Alfonso XXII reach Valencia?", "answer": "11 January 1875"}, {"question": "Who was the Republican leader after the granting of male suffrage?", "answer": "Vicente Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez"}, {"question": "Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?", "answer": "Santiago Calatrava"}, {"question": "Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?", "answer": "centre of the city"}, {"question": "What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?", "answer": "modern"}, {"question": "Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?", "answer": "City of Arts and Sciences"}, {"question": "How many official languages does Valencia have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?", "answer": "more than 70"}, {"question": "When did Valencian regain its offical status?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?", "answer": "the last thirty years"}, {"question": "Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?", "answer": "Santiago Calatrava"}, {"question": "Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?", "answer": "F\u00e9lix Candela"}, {"question": "What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?", "answer": "Old City"}, {"question": "What church holds some of Spain's greatest frescoes?", "answer": "Saints John"}, {"question": "Who decorated the Saints John's dome?", "answer": "Palonino"}, {"question": "Who destroyed the Jesuit college?", "answer": "the revolutionary Committee of the Popular Front"}, {"question": "What was once headquartered in the former Dominican convent?", "answer": "Capital General"}, {"question": "What was once a college for nobles and is now a place of secondary education?", "answer": "Colegio de San Juan"}, {"question": "When did the Byzantines invade the Iberian peninsula?", "answer": "554"}, {"question": "When were the Byzantines expelled?", "answer": "625"}, {"question": "What archdiocese was Valencia under during the time of the Visigoths?", "answer": "Toledo"}, {"question": "Who took power in Valencia after the Roman administration was gone?", "answer": "the church"}, {"question": "After the Byzantines left, who was stationed in Valencia?", "answer": "Visigothic military contingents"}, {"question": "When was the dome built?", "answer": "15th century"}, {"question": "Who started the construction of the main chapel?", "answer": "Archbishop Luis Alfonso de los Cameros"}, {"question": "When was the main entrance constructed?", "answer": "beginning of the 18th century"}, {"question": "In what style is the door of the Apostles?", "answer": "Gothic"}, {"question": "Who painted the pictures that are in the San Francesco chapel?", "answer": "Francisco Goya"}, {"question": "What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?", "answer": "King James I of Aragon"}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender?", "answer": "28 September"}, {"question": "Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?", "answer": "the Muslim population"}, {"question": "What were Valencia's new charters called?", "answer": "Furs of Valencia"}, {"question": "What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?", "answer": "Order of Calatrava"}, {"question": "Which America's Cup competitions did Valencia host?", "answer": "the 32nd and the 33rd"}, {"question": "What equestrian event has Valencia hosted?", "answer": "Global Champions Tour"}, {"question": "What tennis event has Valencia hosted?", "answer": "Valencia Open 500 tennis tournament"}, {"question": "When was the Water Tribunal declared a cultural heritage of humanity?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What Valencian festivals were declared Celebrations of International Touristic Interest?", "answer": "Falles"}, {"question": "Who commanded that Valencia be destroyed?", "answer": "Abd al-Rahman I"}, {"question": "What did Abdullah have built outside Valencia?", "answer": "the Russafa"}, {"question": "What was Valencia named during the time of Abdullah?", "answer": "Medina al-Turab"}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender to the Moors?", "answer": "by 714 AD"}, {"question": "What feature of Valencia used to be a minaret?", "answer": "El Micalet"}, {"question": "When were the Serranos Towers constructed?", "answer": "1392"}, {"question": "What influential novel did Joanot Martorell write?", "answer": "Tirant lo Blanch"}, {"question": "Who was an early poet to use Valencian?", "answer": "Ausi\u00e0s March"}, {"question": "When was the University of Valencia founded?", "answer": "between 1499 and 1502"}, {"question": "What was the University of Valencia's original name?", "answer": "Estudio General"}, {"question": "What war took place from 1702-1709?", "answer": "War of Spanish Succession"}, {"question": "With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?", "answer": "Charles of Austria"}, {"question": "When did English cavalry enter Valencia?", "answer": "24 January 1706"}, {"question": "Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?", "answer": "Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth"}, {"question": "What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?", "answer": "fortress at Sagunt"}, {"question": "Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?", "answer": "Moncey"}, {"question": "When did Valencia surrender to the French?", "answer": "8 January 1812"}, {"question": "Who led the successful attack against Valencia?", "answer": "Suchet"}, {"question": "What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?", "answer": "Battle of Vitoria"}, {"question": "What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?", "answer": "Valencia"}, {"question": "What people group was descended from Muslim converts to Christianity?", "answer": "Moriscos"}, {"question": "When were the Jews expelled?", "answer": "1609"}, {"question": "Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "What proportion of the Valencia area's population were the Moriscos?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "When was the Taula de Canvi bankrupted?", "answer": "1613"}, {"question": "Who had suppressed the Valencian language?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "What group still exists and promotes Valencian culture?", "answer": "Lo Rat Penat"}, {"question": "Who founded Lo Rat Penat?", "answer": "Constantine Llombart"}, {"question": "What poet was an early influence on the Valencian Renaissance?", "answer": "Teodor Llorente"}, {"question": "Who got rich from the Valencian orange crop and vineyards?", "answer": "land-owners"}, {"question": "Who was Spain's 18th Prime Minister?", "answer": "Espartero"}, {"question": "When did Espartero rule?", "answer": "16 September 1840 to 21 May 1841"}, {"question": "What type of government did Espartero have?", "answer": "progressive"}, {"question": "Who ended up getting most of Valencia's church property?", "answer": "local bourgeoisie"}, {"question": "Whose troops threatened reprisals in Valencia?", "answer": "General Cabrera"}, {"question": "How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "When did the Valencia metro derail?", "answer": "3 July 2006"}, {"question": "Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?", "answer": "Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barber\u00e1"}, {"question": "On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?", "answer": "more than ten"}, {"question": "What was Valencia's population in 2000?", "answer": "739,014"}, {"question": "Where did Valencia rank in economic development among Spanish cities in the 1900s?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Where did Valencia rank in size among Spanish cities in the 1900s?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "When was the Gare du Nord station finished?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "When was the Valencian regional exhibition held?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "Who was prime minister in 1936?", "answer": "Manuel Azana"}, {"question": "What building did the government move to in 1936?", "answer": "Palau de Benicarl\u00f3"}, {"question": "How many bomb shelters were built?", "answer": "over two hundred"}, {"question": "When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?", "answer": "13 January 1937"}, {"question": "Where did the government relocate to in 1937?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What TV program questioned the official account of the crash?", "answer": "Salvados"}, {"question": "What happened at the same time as the crash, which may have contributed to the government downplaying it?", "answer": "visit of the pope to Valencia"}, {"question": "What evidence related to the crash remains missing?", "answer": "book of train breakdowns"}, {"question": "Which paper published an article that raised questions about the handling of the investigation?", "answer": "El Mundo"}, {"question": "When did El Mundo's article with information about the crash investigation come out?", "answer": "March 2012"}, {"question": "Who was the hospital's patroness?", "answer": "Santa Mar\u00eda de los Inocentes"}, {"question": "What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?", "answer": "Cofradia para el \u00e1mparo de los desamparados"}, {"question": "Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?", "answer": "Archbishop Pedro de Urbina"}, {"question": "What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?", "answer": "a grain market"}, {"question": "Who insisted on building the new chapel?", "answer": "Conde de Oropesa"}, {"question": "When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is Levante UD's stadium?", "answer": "Estadi Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia"}, {"question": "In which division does Huracan Valencia play?", "answer": "Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B"}, {"question": "Where does Huracan Valencia play?", "answer": "Municipal de Manises"}, {"question": "When was Valencia's founding?", "answer": "138 BC"}, {"question": "On what river is Valencia located?", "answer": "Turia"}, {"question": "How big is Valencia's historic centre?", "answer": "169 hectares"}, {"question": "What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?", "answer": "Museu de Belles Arts de Val\u00e8ncia"}, {"question": "What Valencian museum has a photography collection?", "answer": "Institut Valenci\u00e0 d'Art Modern"}, {"question": "How far from Valencia is the Albufera?", "answer": "11 km"}, {"question": "In what park is the Albufera located?", "answer": "Parc Natural de l'Albufera"}, {"question": "How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?", "answer": "6.4 km"}, {"question": "Who founded Valencia?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "From what entity was the Albufera bought?", "answer": "Crown of Spain"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants live within Valencia's limits?", "answer": "809,267"}, {"question": "How much did Valencia's foreign population rise from 2007 to 2008?", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "Where does Valencia's population rank among EU municipalities?", "answer": "24th"}, {"question": "How much land is within Valencia's limits?", "answer": "134.6 km2"}, {"question": "From which countries does the biggest rise in Valencia's foreign population come?", "answer": "Bolivia, Romania and Italy"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of Valencia in 138 BC?", "answer": "Decimus Junius Brutus Galaico"}, {"question": "How many Romans lived in Valencia in 138 BC?", "answer": "two thousand"}, {"question": "What road crossed Valencia's island in Roman times?", "answer": "Via Augusta"}, {"question": "What is now located at the former centre of Valencia?", "answer": "Plaza de la Virgen"}, {"question": "In Roman times, what two roads met at Valencia's centre?", "answer": "Cardo Maximus and the Decumanus Maximus"}, {"question": "What was El Cid's real name?", "answer": "Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar"}, {"question": "When did El Cid die?", "answer": "July 1099"}, {"question": "Who took El Cid's position after his death?", "answer": "Ximena D\u00edaz"}, {"question": "When did El Cid rule?", "answer": "15 June 1094 to July 1099"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?", "answer": "Abd al-Aziz"}, {"question": "When did Valencia suffer from the Black Death?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "Which three religious groups lived in Valencia?", "answer": "Christian, Jewish and Muslim"}, {"question": "The Muslims lived near what current market?", "answer": "Mosen Sorel"}, {"question": "When was the Jewish section attacked?", "answer": "1391"}, {"question": "When was the Muslim section attacked?", "answer": "1456"}, {"question": "Whose government did the guilds rebel against?", "answer": "Charles I"}, {"question": "When did the guilds' rebellion take place?", "answer": "1519\u20131523"}, {"question": "What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?", "answer": "plague"}, {"question": "From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?", "answer": "Italian republics"}, {"question": "What were the artisan guilds called?", "answer": "the Germanies"}, {"question": "What type of people often held Valencia's offices?", "answer": "foreign aristocrats"}, {"question": "From where were Valencia's officials chosen?", "answer": "Madrid"}, {"question": "What convent was close to the area where troops lived?", "answer": "Santo Domingo"}, {"question": "Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?", "answer": "1762"}, {"question": "Where did Ferdinand go rather than Madrid?", "answer": "Valencia"}, {"question": "How long did absolutist rule last?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "When was the Trieno Liberal?", "answer": "1820\u20131823"}, {"question": "When was the Constitution abolished?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": "Who offered troops to the King?", "answer": "General Elio"}, {"question": "When were plans for city expansion drawn?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "What was finished in 1850?", "answer": "public water supply network"}, {"question": "When did Valencia get electricity?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "What was knocked down in 1866?", "answer": "city walls"}, {"question": "What was Valencia's population in 1860?", "answer": "140,416"}, {"question": "When democracy began in Spain, what did the kingdom of Valencia become?", "answer": "the Valencian Community"}, {"question": "Who led a coup in Valencia?", "answer": "Jaime Milans del Bosch"}, {"question": "Whose message convinced much of the military to stay loyal?", "answer": "King Juan Carlos I"}, {"question": "When did Milans del Bosch surrender?", "answer": "24 February"}, {"question": "What law made Valencia the capital of its region?", "answer": "Statute of Autonomy"}, {"question": "Where is Valencia's City Hall located?", "answer": "Plaza del Ayuntamiento"}, {"question": "What is on the eastern side of Valencia's largest plaza?", "answer": "the central post office"}, {"question": "What shape is the Plaza del Ayuntamiento?", "answer": "triangular"}, {"question": "What is in the north part of the plaza?", "answer": "a large fountain"}, {"question": "When are firewords heard every day?", "answer": "during the Les Falles"}, {"question": "What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?", "answer": "Basilica Metropolitana"}, {"question": "What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?", "answer": "Diana"}, {"question": "How tall is the cathedral's tower?", "answer": "58 m"}, {"question": "What is the tower called?", "answer": "El Miguelete"}, {"question": "What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista? ", "answer": "Iglesia Mayor"}, {"question": "Who won the last race of the European Grand Prix in 2012?", "answer": "Fernando Alonso"}, {"question": "What motorcycle event is held in Valencia?", "answer": "Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix"}, {"question": "In which years was the European Formula One Grand Prix in Valencia?", "answer": "2008\u20132012"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Circuit Recardo Tormo?", "answer": "Circuit de Valencia"}, {"question": "During which decade did GE start manufacuring computers?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "What was the name of GE's major appliance manufacturing plant?", "answer": "Appliance Park"}, {"question": "In what year did GE sell its computer division to Honeywell?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What division of GE provides computer timesharing services?", "answer": "GXS"}, {"question": "What was the name of first business in the world to own a computer?", "answer": "GE"}, {"question": "What was the name of the lamp manufacturer in East Newark which Thomas Edison an interest in?", "answer": "Edison Lamp Company"}, {"question": "Where was Edison Machine Works located?", "answer": "Schenectady, New York"}, {"question": "Who provided financial backing for the Edison Lighting Company?", "answer": "J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family"}, {"question": "In what year did Drexel, Morgan & Co. begin to finance Edison's research and form Edison General Electric Company?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What was the name of the company that held the patents from Edison's research?", "answer": "Edison Electric Light Company"}, {"question": "What is the business source of the majority of GE's revenues?", "answer": "financial services"}, {"question": "In what other country besides the US does GE provide lending services?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How much of GE's revenues is derived from the financial services it provides?", "answer": "over half"}, {"question": "Besides ITT Corporation, which two companies tried to emulate GE, but failed by the mid-1980's?", "answer": "Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco"}, {"question": "Who composed GE's slogan \"Imagination at work?\"?", "answer": "David Lucas"}, {"question": "What was GE's slogan prior to \"Imagination at work?\"", "answer": "We Bring Good Things to Life"}, {"question": "In what year was the slogan \"We Bring Good Things to Life\" first used?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Which company designed the standard format for GE's marketing literature and website?", "answer": "Wolff Olins"}, {"question": "What is the name of the typeface family created for GE in 2014?", "answer": "GE Sans and Serif by Bold Monday"}, {"question": "Based on year 2000 data, where is GE ranked among the largest corporate producers of air pollution in the US?", "answer": "fourth-largest"}, {"question": "How many tons of toxic chemicals does GE release into the atmosphere each year?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "According to which government agency is GE a leading producer of Superfund toxic waste sites?", "answer": "EPA"}, {"question": "Which two commercial businesses produce more Superfund toxic waste sites than GE?", "answer": "Honeywell, and Chevron Corporation"}, {"question": "Which organization identified GE as the fourth largest corporate producer of air pollution in the US?", "answer": "Political Economy Research Institute"}, {"question": "In what year was General Electric formed?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "In which US state was GE incorporated?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Which city was the home of GE's first headquarters?", "answer": "Schenectady"}, {"question": "Who led the Thomson-Houston Electric Company when GE was formed?", "answer": "Charles Coffin"}, {"question": "Where was the Thomson-Houston Electric Company based?", "answer": "Lynn, Massachusetts"}, {"question": "Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?", "answer": "Housatonic River"}, {"question": "What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?", "answer": "Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260"}, {"question": "Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?", "answer": "Monsanto"}, {"question": "How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?", "answer": "11,000"}, {"question": "How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?", "answer": "110 mg/kg"}, {"question": "In what year did GE enter the renewable energy industry?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "How much money has GE invested in renewable energy commercialization?", "answer": "more than $850 million"}, {"question": "In what year did GE acquire Kelman Ltd.?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "As of 2009, how many people did GE employ in its renewable energy initiatives?", "answer": "more than 4,900"}, {"question": "When did GE announce an expansion of its business in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "May 2010"}, {"question": "When did GE announce its Ecoimagination program?", "answer": "May 2005"}, {"question": "Who was the CEO of GE when it announced its Ecoimagination program?", "answer": "Jeff Immelt"}, {"question": "What type of technology related to water was to be developed under the Ecoimagination program?", "answer": "water purification technology"}, {"question": "Which newspaper printed an op-ed piece that questioned Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on environmental policy?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "What type of locomotive technology was to be developed by GE under its Ecoimagination program?", "answer": "hybrid"}, {"question": "Who led GE's effort to build the first turbosupercharges during World War I?", "answer": "Sanford Alexander Moss"}, {"question": "Which jet engine did GE introduce in 1941?", "answer": "Whittle W.1"}, {"question": "What was GE's rank among US corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during World War II?", "answer": "ninth"}, {"question": "To which company did GE hand off their work on Whittle's jet engines?", "answer": "Allison Engine Company"}, {"question": "Which company is ranked as the largest engine manufacturer in the world?", "answer": "Rolls-Royce plc"}, {"question": "In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?", "answer": "1947-77"}, {"question": "Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?", "answer": "Pete Seeger"}, {"question": "What does PCB stand for?", "answer": "polychlorinated biphenyls"}, {"question": "What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution", "answer": "superfund"}, {"question": "What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?", "answer": "mercury contamination and sewage dumping"}, {"question": "How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?", "answer": "$1.4 billion"}, {"question": "How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?", "answer": "$25 billion"}, {"question": "What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?", "answer": "halogen"}, {"question": "What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?", "answer": "biogas"}, {"question": "What was the name of the project introduced by GE at the 2011 Toronto International Fils Festival?", "answer": "Short Films, Big Ideas"}, {"question": "Which company was GE's partner in the Short Fils, Big Ideas project?", "answer": "cinelan"}, {"question": "What type of system is Sligshot?", "answer": "water vapor distillation"}, {"question": "What prize was awarded to the winning amateur dirctor film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival?", "answer": "US$100,000"}, {"question": "How many online views did the Short Films, Big Ideas campaign generate?", "answer": "14 million"}, {"question": "When did GE announce it was in talks to acquire the French engineering group Alstom?", "answer": "April 2014"}, {"question": "What was the final acquisition price paid by GE for Alstom?", "answer": "$17 billion"}, {"question": "How big was the stake in Alstom taken by the French government as part of the acquisition deal?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "When was GE's acquisition of Alstom agreed to by Alstom's board?", "answer": "June 2014"}, {"question": "From which company did the Alstom board reject a rival acquisition proposal?", "answer": "Siemens-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries"}, {"question": "Where is GE's headquarters located?", "answer": "Fairfield, Connecticut"}, {"question": "On what street in New York was GE headquartered before moving to Fairfield?", "answer": "Lexington Avenue"}, {"question": "In what year did GE move its headquarters to Fairfield?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Which television broadcast company is located in the same building as GE's main offices in New York City?", "answer": "NBC"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Comcast Building, location of GE's main offices?", "answer": "30 Rockefeller Plaza at Rockefeller Center"}, {"question": "Which New York State Attorney General filed suit in US District Court to force GE to pay for the cleanup of chemicals dumped by their plant in Waterford, NY?", "answer": "Robert Abrams"}, {"question": "How much did GE agree to pay in claims for the pollution it caused in the Housatonic River and other sites?", "answer": "$250 million"}, {"question": "How many tons of PCBs were claimed to have been dumped by GE's Waterford Plant in the 1983 lawsuit?", "answer": "more than 100,000"}, {"question": "In which year was a settlement reached regarding GE's pollution of the Housatonic River?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was the location of the pollution caused by GE in the Housatonic River?", "answer": "Pittsfield, Massachusetts"}, {"question": "When was the Continental Army created?", "answer": "14 June 1775"}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the Continental Army?", "answer": "George Washington"}, {"question": "From what country did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben come from?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What did Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben teach the Continental Army?", "answer": "Prussian tactics and organizational skills"}, {"question": "What year did American forces start being stationed in Vietnam?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What caused American forces to deploy in large number in 1965?", "answer": "Gulf of Tonkin Incident"}, {"question": "What political structure did Vietnam have?", "answer": "communist"}, {"question": "What was organized to replace the concept of U.S. Volunteers?", "answer": "the \"National Army\""}, {"question": "When was the National Army demobilized?", "answer": "end of World War I"}, {"question": "Who filled vacancies in the Regular Army?", "answer": "\"Enlisted Reserve Corps\" and \"Officer Reserve Corps\""}, {"question": "Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?", "answer": "The Chief of Staff"}, {"question": "Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?", "answer": "Secretary of the Army"}, {"question": "How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What branch of the USA Armed Forces is the largest?", "answer": "The United States Army"}, {"question": "How many uniformed services are there in the US?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What years did the American Revolutionary War span?", "answer": "1775\u201383"}, {"question": "What date was the U.S. Army created?", "answer": "3 June 1784"}, {"question": "What did the U.S Army replace?", "answer": "Continental Army"}, {"question": "The War of 1812 consisted of the U.S against whom?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "In what year did the U.S. take control of Lake Eerie?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "Who did the U.S. defeat to collapse the Indian Confederacy?", "answer": "Tecumseh"}, {"question": "In the Battle of New Orleans, who defeated the British?", "answer": "Andrew Jackson"}, {"question": "What political party did not have trust in standing armies?", "answer": "republican"}, {"question": "Who did the state militias have ongoing conflict with?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of the Wabash?", "answer": "General St. Clair"}, {"question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States established?", "answer": "1791"}, {"question": "In what year was the Legion of the United States renamed to the United States Army?", "answer": "1796"}, {"question": "Where is the National Training Center located?", "answer": "Fort Irwin, California"}, {"question": "Where is the Joint Readiness Training Center located?", "answer": "Fort Polk, Louisiana"}, {"question": "Where is the Joint Multinational Training Center located?", "answer": "Hohenfels, Germany"}, {"question": "In what year was ARFORGEN approved?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what states is Fort Bliss located?", "answer": "New Mexico and Texas"}, {"question": "In what year did the Union Forces capture New Orleans?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "Who took control of the Mississippi River in 1862-63?", "answer": "Ulysses Grant"}, {"question": "Who captured Atlanta?", "answer": "William T. Sherman"}, {"question": "Where did Lee surrender his army?", "answer": "Appomattox Court House"}, {"question": "What war occurred after the end of World War II?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "In what year were corps V and corps VII reactivated?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "How many divisions of the U.S. Army were in Europe?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What month and year did the U.S. join World War II?", "answer": "December 1941"}, {"question": "Which military force attacked Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "What is the month, day and year of \"D-Day\"?", "answer": "June 6, 1944"}, {"question": "What war lead to the capture of the Pacific Islands by the U.S.?", "answer": "Pacific War"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the desegregation of the army?", "answer": "Harry S. Truman"}, {"question": "Who adopted the Total Force Policy?", "answer": "General Creighton Abrams"}, {"question": "What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?", "answer": "Vietnam War"}, {"question": "How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?", "answer": "more than 4,000"}, {"question": "How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?", "answer": "23,813"}, {"question": "What were National Guard members considered before 1903?", "answer": "state soldiers"}, {"question": "In what year did the Milita Act take place?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?", "answer": "the Army"}, {"question": "National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?", "answer": "the governor"}, {"question": "How many divisions are there in the U.S. Army?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How many brigade teams did the Army downsize to by 2015?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "Who is the Army Chief of Staff?", "answer": "Raymond Odierno"}, {"question": "By 2018, how many active Army members will there be?", "answer": "450,000"}, {"question": "How many Army Reserve members will there be by 2018?", "answer": "195,000"}, {"question": "What categories are U.S. Army training divided into?", "answer": "individual and collective"}, {"question": "How long does basic training last?", "answer": "10 weeks"}, {"question": "How long does military occupation specialties training last?", "answer": "14\u201320 weeks"}, {"question": "What does OSUT stand for?", "answer": "One Station Unit Training"}, {"question": "Where are the Armor School and the Infantry School both located?", "answer": "Fort Benning, Georgia"}, {"question": "What does the SAW in M249 SAW stand for?", "answer": "Squad Automatic Weapon"}, {"question": "What kind of gunfire is the M249 SAW generally used for?", "answer": "suppressive fire"}, {"question": "What is the Mossberg 590 used for?", "answer": "door breaching and close-quarters combat"}, {"question": "What gun do designated marksmen use?", "answer": "M14EBR"}, {"question": "What semi-automatic sniper do Snipers use?", "answer": "M110"}, {"question": "How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?", "answer": "7,456"}, {"question": "How many of the vehicles will be used for training?", "answer": "1,073"}, {"question": "The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?", "answer": "Oshkosh M-ATV"}, {"question": "What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?", "answer": "Maxxpro"}, {"question": "What piece of the uniform has been replaced by the patrol cap?", "answer": "black beret"}, {"question": "Who was the Army Chief of Staff at this time?", "answer": "General Martin Dempsey"}, {"question": "What month and year was the black beret replaced?", "answer": "June 2011"}, {"question": "If a soldier is in a unit in jump status, what color beret do they wear?", "answer": "maroon"}, {"question": "The rifle green beret is worn by whom?", "answer": "Special Forces"}, {"question": "How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What does SECARMY stand for?", "answer": "Secretary of the Army"}, {"question": "What does CSA stand for?", "answer": "Chief of Staff of the Army"}, {"question": "At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?", "answer": "475,000"}, {"question": "How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?", "answer": "1,015,000"}, {"question": "What Indian tribe was the Army's major campaign against?", "answer": "Seminoles"}, {"question": "During what years did the wars between the Army and the Seminoles take place?", "answer": "1818\u201358"}, {"question": "What state were the Seminoles moved to?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "What did the Army traditionally take control of to defeat the Indians?", "answer": "winter food supply"}, {"question": "During what century did the Seminoles enter Florida?", "answer": "eighteenth"}, {"question": "What year did the Korean War start?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?", "answer": "the Soviets"}, {"question": "In what two countries did the American troops fight Communist forces?", "answer": "Korea and Vietnam"}, {"question": "In what year did the Korean war end?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "In 1989, what did the Pentagon plan to reduce the army end strength to?", "answer": "580,000"}, {"question": "Which country did Iraq invade in 1990?", "answer": "Kuwait"}, {"question": "What operation began in January 1991?", "answer": "Desert Storm"}, {"question": "How many troops were involved in Operation Desert Storm?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "How long did Operation Desert Storm last?", "answer": "one hundred hours"}, {"question": "What year was the U.S. army organized?", "answer": "1775"}, {"question": "What group combined with the U.S. Army?", "answer": "United States Volunteers"}, {"question": "Who raised the United States Volunteers?", "answer": "various state governments"}, {"question": "What is the active component of the U.S. Army?", "answer": "Regular Army"}, {"question": "What are the two reserve components of the U.S. Army?", "answer": "Army National Guard and the Army Reserve"}, {"question": "What are UTAs?", "answer": "unit training assemblies"}, {"question": "The U.S. Army is organized under what title of the United States Code?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Who does the D.C. National Guard report to?", "answer": "the U.S. President"}, {"question": "What does ASI stand for?", "answer": "additional skill identifier"}, {"question": "What is are combat medics duties?", "answer": "provide pre-hospital emergency treatment"}, {"question": "Where do the officers go to complete their branch specific training?", "answer": "Basic Officer Leaders Course"}, {"question": "If the officers want to advance their careers even further, where is that available?", "answer": "Army Correspondence Course Program"}, {"question": "What does the army use for facilities while they are deployed?", "answer": "tents"}, {"question": "What are the barracks used for?", "answer": "sleeping quarters"}, {"question": "Where are the dining facilities called?", "answer": "DFAC buildings"}, {"question": "What does FOB stand for?", "answer": "forward operating bases"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation for a tactical operations center?", "answer": "TOC"}, {"question": "Which war had the most U.S. casualties associated with it?", "answer": "The American Civil War"}, {"question": "What were the U.S. forces referred to as?", "answer": "the \"Union\" or \"the North\""}, {"question": "What state did not contribute any troops to the Union Army?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "In what year did the army start using fixed-wing aircraft?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Who attacked New Mexico in 1916?", "answer": "Pancho Villa"}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. join World War I?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What date did the U.S. intervention in New Mexico end?", "answer": "7 February 1917"}, {"question": "Who was the Secretary of Defense in 1967?", "answer": "Robert McNamara"}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Secretary of Defense cut the original 15 down to?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "How many brigades did the Secretary of Defense increase the number to?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many victims were killed in the attack on the Pentagon?", "answer": "125"}, {"question": "What aircraft was hijacked?", "answer": "American Airlines Flight 77"}, {"question": "Did they crash into the eastern or wester part of the Pentagon.", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Who was the highest ranking official killed in the attack?", "answer": "Lieutenant General Timothy Maude"}, {"question": "What is the army replacing divisions with?", "answer": "brigades"}, {"question": "How will the brigades be structured?", "answer": "modular"}, {"question": "Who can command any brigade?", "answer": "divisional headquarters"}, {"question": "What is the primary sidearm used by the U.S. Army?", "answer": "9 mm M9 pistol"}, {"question": "What type of frag grenade is used by the U.S. Army?", "answer": "M67"}, {"question": "The M18 is a type of what kind of grenade?", "answer": "smoke"}, {"question": "Through what system are handguns being replacedby the U.S. Army?", "answer": "Modular Handgun System"}, {"question": "What does HMMWV stand for?", "answer": "High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle"}, {"question": "What is the HMMWV also known as?", "answer": "Humvee"}, {"question": "The M1A2 Abrams is an example of what?", "answer": "battle tank"}, {"question": "What does MRAP stand for?", "answer": "Mine Resistant Ambush Protected"}, {"question": "Under what Prussian king did the German empire unite as a nation-state?", "answer": "Wilhelm I"}, {"question": "What was the date of the Treaty of Frankfurt?", "answer": "10 May 1871"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Frankfurt gave Germany which Imperial territory?", "answer": "Alsace-Lorraine"}, {"question": "Following the unification of Germany, who maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades?", "answer": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "Which specific fear was a factor in causing World War I?", "answer": "another Franco-German war"}, {"question": "What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?", "answer": "Ems telegram"}, {"question": "Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?", "answer": "he felt \"he had just received a slap\""}, {"question": "In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?", "answer": "Adolphe Thiers"}, {"question": "Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?", "answer": "Emile Ollivier"}, {"question": "On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?", "answer": "19 July 1870"}, {"question": "In which battle did the Dreyse needle gun gain its fame?", "answer": "Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz"}, {"question": "At the start of the Franco-Prussian War, what was the age of the Dreyse gun's design?", "answer": "25-year-old design"}, {"question": "What was the Dreyse rifle's tactical range?", "answer": "600 m (2,000 ft)"}, {"question": "What was the name of the famous cannon issued to Prussian soldiers at the time?", "answer": "Krupp"}, {"question": "What type of shell did the Krupp weapon fire?", "answer": "a contact-detonated shell"}, {"question": "What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?", "answer": "4 August 1870"}, {"question": "On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?", "answer": "Bavarian and two Prussian corps"}, {"question": "Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? ", "answer": "General Douay of I Corps"}, {"question": "Douay's initial success was credited by what?", "answer": "long-range fire of the Chassepots"}, {"question": "What threatened the French avenue of retreat?", "answer": "the encirclement of the town by the Prussians"}, {"question": "What factor were the French unaware of at the start of the battle?", "answer": "German numerical superiority"}, {"question": "Which French commander miscalculated the severity of the battle?", "answer": "Frossard"}, {"question": "What was a key factor in Frossard's disasterous retreat to the south?", "answer": "Seriously flawed communications"}, {"question": "What factor was credited to the large number of German casualties?", "answer": "effectiveness of the chassepot rifle"}, {"question": "What outcome surprised the Germans the following day?", "answer": "Frossard had abandoned his position"}, {"question": "On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?", "answer": "18 August"}, {"question": "Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?", "answer": "The Battle of Gravelotte"}, {"question": "Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte? ", "answer": "6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz"}, {"question": "Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?", "answer": "Count Helmuth von Moltke"}, {"question": "Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?", "answer": "Marshal Fran\u00e7ois-Achille Bazaine"}, {"question": "What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?", "answer": "the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army"}, {"question": "At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?", "answer": "over 150,000"}, {"question": "Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?", "answer": "Napoleon III and MacMahon"}, {"question": "Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?", "answer": "the Prussian Third Army"}, {"question": "How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?", "answer": "5,000 men"}, {"question": "At the start of the war, which country did European public opinion champion?", "answer": "the Germans"}, {"question": "In which city did many Italians attempt to proffer their services to the Prussian embassy?", "answer": "Florence"}, {"question": "What caused a dramatic shift in Italian sentiment toward the war?", "answer": "Bismarck's demand for the return of Alsace"}, {"question": "To whom is the quote, \"Rescue the French Republic by every means\" attributed?", "answer": "Garibaldi"}, {"question": "What army did Garibaldi gain command of in France?", "answer": "the Army of the Vosges"}, {"question": "On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?", "answer": "10 October"}, {"question": "Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?", "answer": "the Germans"}, {"question": "On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?", "answer": "9 November"}, {"question": "On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?", "answer": "4 December"}, {"question": "Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?", "answer": "Battle of Amiens"}, {"question": "What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?", "answer": "any form of surrender"}, {"question": "On what date did president Trochu resign?", "answer": "25 January"}, {"question": "Who replaced President Trochu?", "answer": "Favre"}, {"question": "In which French city was the surrender made official?", "answer": "Versailles"}, {"question": "Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?", "answer": "Gambetta"}, {"question": "What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?", "answer": "The quick German victory"}, {"question": "What outcome had most people expected from the war?", "answer": "French victory"}, {"question": "Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?", "answer": "the Germans"}, {"question": "What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? ", "answer": "their military system"}, {"question": "What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?", "answer": "highly detailed mobilization systems"}, {"question": "The effect of German victory and ensuing influence stems back to what factor?", "answer": "pre-war preparations"}, {"question": "What was the Prussian General staff quick to utilize at the onset of the war?", "answer": "detailed mobilization plans using the railway system"}, {"question": "What was one factor behind the inefficiency of the French railway system?", "answer": "multiple competing companies"}, {"question": "What factor especially affected travel to the front in Alsace and Lorraine?", "answer": "frequent changes between trains"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for dealing with chaotic train yards and unloaded wagons?", "answer": "nobody"}, {"question": "Who commanded the Prussian 12 Cavalry Brigade?", "answer": "General Adalbert von Bredow"}, {"question": "What did General von Bredow lead a charge against at the Battle of Mars-la-Tour?", "answer": "a French artillery battery"}, {"question": "What did von Bredow's Pyrrhic victory become known as?", "answer": "von Bredow's Death Ride"}, {"question": "What military tactic proved to be unsuccessful on the 1914 battlefields?", "answer": "Use of traditional cavalry"}, {"question": "What was one of two factors that led von Bredow's narrow success on the battlefield?", "answer": "favorable terrain that masked his approach"}, {"question": "In which Prussian province did a large Polish population reside?", "answer": "Posen"}, {"question": "What was there strong support of in Posen?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "What calls were made for the Polish recruits?", "answer": "to desert from the Prussian Army"}, {"question": "On what date did Bismarkck receive the disturbing report on the Posen situation?", "answer": "16 August 1870"}, {"question": "What significant consequence was a result of German-Polish relations?", "answer": "prolonged period of repressive measures"}, {"question": "What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?", "answer": "the unification of Germany"}, {"question": "In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?", "answer": "North German Confederation"}, {"question": "What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?", "answer": "new power destabilized"}, {"question": "What established the European balance of power in 1815?", "answer": "the Congress of Vienna"}, {"question": "As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?", "answer": "strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states"}, {"question": "In peacetime, what the approximate number of French soldiers?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "Veterans of the French Army had prviously fought in which war in Italy?", "answer": "the Franco-Austrian War"}, {"question": "The \"Seven Weeks War\" was between which two countries?", "answer": "Prussia and Austria"}, {"question": "Who reformed the low numbers of troops by implementing universal conscription?", "answer": "Marshal Adolphe Niel"}, {"question": "If a citizen was for some reason not conscripted, in what militia were they were registered?", "answer": "the Garde Mobile"}, {"question": "What entity controlled the Prussian army?", "answer": "the General Staff"}, {"question": "Who commanded the General Staff?", "answer": "Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke"}, {"question": "What was the unique purpose of the Prussian Army during peacetime?", "answer": "to prepare the overall war strategy"}, {"question": "The officers of the General Staff were hand-selected from which place?", "answer": "Prussian Kriegsakademie (War Academy)"}, {"question": "What new technologies in particular were courted by Moltke?", "answer": "the railroad and telegraph"}, {"question": "On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?", "answer": "2 August"}, {"question": "Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?", "answer": "the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division"}, {"question": "What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?", "answer": "The Chassepot rifle"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?", "answer": "86 casualties"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?", "answer": "83 casualties"}, {"question": "What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating? ", "answer": "succession to the Spanish throne"}, {"question": "A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?", "answer": "King William"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?", "answer": "to make it appear that the French had been insulted"}, {"question": "On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?", "answer": "16 July 1870"}, {"question": "Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?", "answer": "northeastern France"}, {"question": "Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?", "answer": "Wissembourg"}, {"question": "In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?", "answer": "westward"}, {"question": "How many dead troops leave behind?", "answer": "1,000 dead"}, {"question": "How many prisoners did the French leave behind?", "answer": "1,000 prisoners"}, {"question": "What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?", "answer": "French Chassepot"}, {"question": "What is the Franco-Prussian War also known as?", "answer": "Franco-German War"}, {"question": "What was the war often referred to in France as?", "answer": "the War of 1870"}, {"question": "In the conflict, who lead the German states of the North German Confederation?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Prussia"}, {"question": "Whose ambitions are credited with causing the conflict?", "answer": "Prussian ambitions"}, {"question": "Which Prussian chancellor's motives in the conflict are still disputed?", "answer": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?", "answer": "Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen"}, {"question": "What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?", "answer": "encirclement"}, {"question": "Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?", "answer": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "What was the name of the famous telelgram?", "answer": "Ems Dispatch"}, {"question": "What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?", "answer": "inflamed public opinion"}, {"question": "What battle began when two armies collided in the town of Froschwiller?", "answer": "The Battle of W\u00f6rth"}, {"question": "On what date did the Battle of Worth begin?", "answer": "6 August"}, {"question": "What was the estimated number of troops in Prussia's 3rd Army?", "answer": "140,000 troops"}, {"question": "What number of troops did France have to contend with?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "Instead of pursuing the French as they retreated, the Germans decided to remain where?", "answer": "Alsace"}, {"question": "In which country was a war against France condsidered desirable?", "answer": "Prussia"}, {"question": "What was the overarching Prussian motive in starting a war with France?", "answer": "unification of a great German empire"}, {"question": "Who had no doubts that a Franco-German war was totally necessary?", "answer": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "Who did Bismarck feel needed to be viewed as the aggressor in the conflict?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In bringing the southern German states to align with Prussia, what tactical outcome was achieved?", "answer": "Germans numerical superiority"}, {"question": "On what date did the battle begin?", "answer": "18 August"}, {"question": "Who order the First and Second armies to advance against the French?", "answer": "Moltke"}, {"question": "Which general opened the battle with artillery from the 25th Infantry Division?", "answer": "General Manstein"}, {"question": "Who did the battle first appear to favor?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the First Army?", "answer": "General Steinmetz"}, {"question": "What modern, mass-produced weapon were the French infantry provided?", "answer": "Chassepot rifle"}, {"question": "What was the maximum effective range of the Chassepot rifle?", "answer": "1,500 metres (4,900 ft)"}, {"question": "In which type of warfare did the French best utilize the Chassepot?", "answer": "trench-warfare"}, {"question": "What precedent of the machine gun did the French troops also possess?", "answer": "the mitrailleuse"}, {"question": "On what was the mitrailleuse mounted?", "answer": "on an artillery gun carriage"}, {"question": "On which date did the battle begin with the Army of Chalons attacking various Prussian divisions?", "answer": "1 September 1870"}, {"question": "Who commanded the French V Corps in reserve?", "answer": "General De Wimpffen"}, {"question": "As the French were hard-hit by the Prussian artillery, what continued to show up to the battlefield?", "answer": "more Prussian troops"}, {"question": "Which commander of the French calvary led three desperate attacks on Floing?", "answer": "General Marguerite"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer?", "answer": "over 17,000 men"}, {"question": "Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?", "answer": "Marshal Niel"}, {"question": "From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?", "answer": "the Prussian Rhineland"}, {"question": "Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??", "answer": "Bart\u00e9lemy Lebrun"}, {"question": "The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?", "answer": "Army of the Rhine"}, {"question": "Which disaster made French planning supremely essential?", "answer": "the disaster at Wissembourg"}, {"question": "Which general was determined to go on the attack over Saar?", "answer": "General Le B\u0153uf"}, {"question": "Planning for the next battle was less based on emotion and more focused on what?", "answer": "the reality of unfolding events"}, {"question": "Who told LeBoeuf that supply beyond the Saar would be impossible?", "answer": "General Wolff"}, {"question": "What did the French armies decide on to protect against every possible attack point?", "answer": "a defensive position"}, {"question": "What army's defeats turned Gambetta to the Army of the North?", "answer": "Army of the Loire's"}, {"question": "Who led the Army of the North?", "answer": "General Faidherbe"}, {"question": "Several smaller victories were acheived by the protection of what?", "answer": "belt of fortresses"}, {"question": "The belt of fortresses were in what area of France?", "answer": "northern France"}, {"question": "This position in the north allowed whose men to launch fast attacks against Prussian units?", "answer": "Faidherbe's"}, {"question": "What odds were at stake for the attack launched by the III Corps?", "answer": "four to one"}, {"question": "What town were the III Corps able to capture?", "answer": "Vionville"}, {"question": "In capturing Vionville, what was further blocked in the west?", "answer": "escape attempts"}, {"question": "With battle at Metz, what factor shattered the efforts of III Corps?", "answer": "incessant cavalry charges"}, {"question": "The Germans recorded how many causualties in the battle?", "answer": "15,780"}, {"question": "Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?", "answer": "Prince Frederick Charles"}, {"question": "Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?", "answer": "defeat of the First Army,"}, {"question": "As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?", "answer": "Roncourt"}, {"question": "The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?", "answer": "ruins of St. Privat"}, {"question": "Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?", "answer": "French Army of the Rhine"}, {"question": "A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?", "answer": "North German coasts"}, {"question": "The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?", "answer": "only five"}, {"question": "What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?", "answer": "SMS Arminius"}, {"question": "How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?", "answer": "470"}, {"question": "In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?", "answer": "coal reserves"}, {"question": "Which battle was the second of three key French losses?", "answer": "Battle of Spicheren"}, {"question": "On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?", "answer": "5 August"}, {"question": "Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?", "answer": "the Saar River"}, {"question": "Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?", "answer": "General von Steinmetz"}, {"question": "Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?", "answer": "Spicheren"}, {"question": "The General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be what?", "answer": "extremely effective"}, {"question": "What was key factor did the Prussian General Staff study?", "answer": "previous Prussian operations"}, {"question": "What was the goal in the General Staff studying past operations?", "answer": "learn to avoid mistakes"}, {"question": "The structure also reinforced Moltke's ability control large formations spread out over what?", "answer": "significant distances"}, {"question": "Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?", "answer": "The Chief of the General Staff"}, {"question": "What did the Germans expect to negotiate?", "answer": "an end to the war"}, {"question": "On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?", "answer": "20 September"}, {"question": "Bismarck and Favre met on what date?", "answer": "18 September"}, {"question": "What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?", "answer": "the Ch\u00e2teau de Ferri\u00e8res"}, {"question": "Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?", "answer": "Toul"}, {"question": "By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?", "answer": "breaking up"}, {"question": "Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?", "answer": "General Canrobert"}, {"question": "What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?", "answer": "lethal French gunfire"}, {"question": "By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?", "answer": "Rezonville"}, {"question": "What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?", "answer": "a brief victory parade"}, {"question": "Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?", "answer": "the terms of the armistice"}, {"question": "To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?", "answer": "five billion franc"}, {"question": "An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?", "answer": "the Second Empire"}, {"question": "The uprising forced a proclamation of what?", "answer": "Provisional Government and a Third Republic"}, {"question": "How did the new government refer to itself?", "answer": "Government of National Defence"}, {"question": "Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?", "answer": "a legitimate French authority"}, {"question": "A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?", "answer": "eastern France"}, {"question": "What seige did these victories lead to?", "answer": "Siege of Metz"}, {"question": "What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?", "answer": "Battle of Sedan"}, {"question": "Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?", "answer": "the army of the Second Empire"}, {"question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?", "answer": "4 September"}, {"question": "Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?", "answer": "war"}, {"question": "Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?", "answer": "Prussia"}, {"question": "It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?", "answer": "domestic political problems"}, {"question": "Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?", "answer": "a national plebiscite"}, {"question": "Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?", "answer": "Milza"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?", "answer": "invasion of northern Germany"}, {"question": "What country were the French hoping to be allied with?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?", "answer": "the Royal Danish Navy"}, {"question": "What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?", "answer": "defences"}, {"question": "What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?", "answer": "heavy guns"}, {"question": "What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?", "answer": "conscripts"}, {"question": "Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?", "answer": "of military age"}, {"question": "Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?", "answer": "1,000,000"}, {"question": "German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?", "answer": "encirclement battles"}, {"question": "What is an example of a German encirclement battle?", "answer": "Cannae"}, {"question": "What Prussian system was superior to the French example?", "answer": "military education"}, {"question": "Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?", "answer": "independent thinking"}, {"question": "What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?", "answer": "Moltke"}, {"question": "What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?", "answer": "intellectual development"}, {"question": "Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?", "answer": "Dallas Irvine"}, {"question": "What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?", "answer": "longer range"}, {"question": "What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? ", "answer": "the mitrailleuse"}, {"question": "How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?", "answer": "thirty-seven barrels"}, {"question": "What was the range of the mitrailleuse?", "answer": "1,200 yd (1,100 m)"}, {"question": "Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective", "answer": "artillery"}, {"question": "The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?", "answer": "French Army of Ch\u00e2lons"}, {"question": "The French navy fell captive where?", "answer": "at Sedan"}, {"question": "Who also was captured at Sedan?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?", "answer": "the North Sea"}, {"question": "On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?", "answer": "September 1870"}, {"question": "Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?", "answer": "Marshal MacMahon"}, {"question": "How many divisions did MacMahon command?", "answer": "four divisions"}, {"question": "Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?", "answer": "20 miles"}, {"question": "Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?", "answer": "General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot"}, {"question": "What group did General Ducrot command?", "answer": "the 1st Division"}, {"question": "What became highly politicised during the war?", "answer": "Paris National Guard"}, {"question": "In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?", "answer": "working-class neighbourhoods"}, {"question": "What did the National Guard refuse to wear?", "answer": "uniforms"}, {"question": "What did the National Guard refuse to obey?", "answer": "commands from the national government"}, {"question": "On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?", "answer": "21\u201328 May"}, {"question": "Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?", "answer": "General MacMahon"}, {"question": "Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?", "answer": "German 3rd Army"}, {"question": "Who commanded the German 1st Army?", "answer": "Steinmetz"}, {"question": "What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?", "answer": "decoy fires"}, {"question": "Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?", "answer": "Moltke's"}, {"question": "Who were the casualties especially terrible for?", "answer": "the attacking Prussian forces"}, {"question": "What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?", "answer": "20,163"}, {"question": "What were the number of French killed and wounded?", "answer": "7,855"}, {"question": "What was the number of French prisoners?", "answer": "4,420"}, {"question": "What did most Prussians fall under?", "answer": "French Chassepot rifles"}, {"question": "What was the republican government amenable to?", "answer": "war reparations"}, {"question": "Who declared that France would not yield \"an inch of its territory?\"", "answer": "Favre"}, {"question": "Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?", "answer": "Government of National Defense"}, {"question": "When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?", "answer": "6 September"}, {"question": "What did this cause the Republic to renew?", "answer": "declaration of war"}, {"question": "Who was the Prussian Minister of War?", "answer": "Albrecht von Roon"}, {"question": "What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?", "answer": "1859 to 1873"}, {"question": "He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?", "answer": "reforms"}, {"question": "What was the first step in the reforms?", "answer": "a reorganization of the army"}, {"question": "What was the second reform?", "answer": "the conscription of every male"}, {"question": "What type of artillery were the French equipped with?", "answer": "bronze, rifled muzzle-loading"}, {"question": "What newer artillery were Prussians using?", "answer": "steel breech-loading guns"}, {"question": "What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?", "answer": "ammunition"}, {"question": "The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?", "answer": "30% more"}, {"question": "What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?", "answer": "2\u20133 kilometres"}, {"question": "On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?", "answer": "28 January 1871"}, {"question": "With whom did the French government negotiate?", "answer": "the Prussians"}, {"question": "What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?", "answer": "starving"}, {"question": "Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?", "answer": "Favre"}, {"question": "What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?", "answer": "24 January"}, {"question": "How many were killed by the Communards?", "answer": "500 people"}, {"question": "Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?", "answer": "Archbishop of Paris"}, {"question": "What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?", "answer": "government buildings"}, {"question": "What famous palace was also burned down?", "answer": "Tuileries Palace"}, {"question": "What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?", "answer": "between 6,000 and 10,000"}, {"question": "At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?", "answer": "462,000"}, {"question": "How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?", "answer": "270,000"}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word \"Kreis?\"", "answer": "literally \"circle\""}, {"question": "What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?", "answer": "having lost 100,000 stragglers"}, {"question": "The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?", "answer": "military thinking"}, {"question": "Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?", "answer": "general staff system"}, {"question": "Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?", "answer": "European armies"}, {"question": "What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?", "answer": "advancing infantry"}, {"question": "Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?", "answer": "Russo-Japanese War"}, {"question": "A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?", "answer": "Congress of Vienna"}, {"question": "At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?", "answer": "the main power"}, {"question": "Who remained the dominant world power at this time?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?", "answer": "very limited"}, {"question": "The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?", "answer": "the daughter of Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?", "answer": "Puberty"}, {"question": "Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?", "answer": "pituitary"}, {"question": "Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?", "answer": "testes"}, {"question": "Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?", "answer": "ovaries"}, {"question": "An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?", "answer": "gynecomastia"}, {"question": "What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?", "answer": "preparation of children for adult roles"}, {"question": "What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?", "answer": "adolescence"}, {"question": "Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?", "answer": "multiple transitions"}, {"question": "What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?", "answer": "education, training, employment and unemployment"}, {"question": "How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?", "answer": "increase in both size and capacity"}, {"question": "Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?", "answer": "increased strength and tolerance for exercise"}, {"question": "Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?", "answer": "males"}, {"question": "Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?", "answer": "males"}, {"question": "Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?", "answer": "respiratory"}, {"question": "Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?", "answer": "cognitive and emotional"}, {"question": "What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?", "answer": "creases"}, {"question": "The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior?", "answer": "Serotonin"}, {"question": "Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what?", "answer": "mood and behavior"}, {"question": "Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information?", "answer": "limbic"}, {"question": "Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses?", "answer": "dopamine and serotonin"}, {"question": "Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?", "answer": "children"}, {"question": "Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?", "answer": "hypothetical"}, {"question": "What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?", "answer": "hypothetical"}, {"question": "Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?", "answer": "probability"}, {"question": "Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?", "answer": "early"}, {"question": "Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?", "answer": "hormones"}, {"question": "Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?", "answer": "Early"}, {"question": "What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?", "answer": "poor body image"}, {"question": "How is wisdom defined?", "answer": "capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience"}, {"question": "Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?", "answer": "twenty-five"}, {"question": "Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?", "answer": "Wisdom"}, {"question": "How is adolescence defined biologically?", "answer": "the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth"}, {"question": "How is adolescence defined cognitively?", "answer": "changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally"}, {"question": "Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?", "answer": "biological"}, {"question": "Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?", "answer": "Cognitive"}, {"question": "Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?", "answer": "Jean Macfarlane"}, {"question": "What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?", "answer": "Institute of Child Welfare"}, {"question": "What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What is a male's major landmark of puberty?", "answer": "first ejaculation"}, {"question": "At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What is a female's major landmark of puberty?", "answer": "menstruation"}, {"question": "Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins?", "answer": "diet and lifestyle"}, {"question": "Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets?", "answer": "later"}, {"question": "How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent?", "answer": "who the adolescent wishes to be"}, {"question": "How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent?", "answer": "who the adolescent does not want to be"}, {"question": "Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self?", "answer": "ideal"}, {"question": "What term is the beginning of menstruation given?", "answer": "Menarche"}, {"question": "How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?", "answer": "females"}, {"question": "What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?", "answer": "uterus, vagina"}, {"question": "What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation?", "answer": "masturbation"}, {"question": "What are primary sex characteristics?", "answer": "those directly related to the sex organs"}, {"question": "What does the first stage of puberty involve for males?", "answer": "growth of the testes and scrotum"}, {"question": "After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next?", "answer": "penis"}, {"question": "Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis?", "answer": "seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland"}, {"question": "At what stage do parents see their children as equals?", "answer": "early adolescence"}, {"question": "During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond?", "answer": "puberty"}, {"question": "During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents?", "answer": "same"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?", "answer": "prefrontal cortex"}, {"question": "Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?", "answer": "dorsolateral prefrontal cortex"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?", "answer": "orbitofrontal cortex"}, {"question": "Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?", "answer": "those involving primary functions"}, {"question": "Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?", "answer": "primary"}, {"question": "What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual?", "answer": "academic motivation and performance"}, {"question": "What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence?", "answer": "experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing"}, {"question": "At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What are some social skills that peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop?", "answer": "empathy, sharing, and leadership"}, {"question": "What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?", "answer": "constructivist"}, {"question": "Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?", "answer": "sudden and drastic"}, {"question": "Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?", "answer": "quantitative, state-theory"}, {"question": "The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "Casual sexual encounters are often referred to as what?", "answer": "hookups"}, {"question": "Do most sexual experiences during adolescence take place within or seperate from romantic relationships?", "answer": "within"}, {"question": "Where do some adolescents feel is a safe place to seek out romantic relationships, try out dating and indentity exploration?", "answer": "social media"}, {"question": "What seperates \"heavy\" sexual activity from other forms of affection?", "answer": "genital stimulation"}, {"question": "For older adolescents, is sexual activity in a romantic relationship associated with lower or higher levels of deviant behavior?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe thinking about thinking itself?", "answer": "metacognition"}, {"question": "Are adolescents or children better able to understand that people do not have complete control over their thoughts?", "answer": "Adolescents"}, {"question": "The imaginary audience and personal fable peak at what age?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "At what age does self-consciousness in general peak?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?", "answer": "teen timetable"}, {"question": "Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?", "answer": "White"}, {"question": "What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?", "answer": "differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy"}, {"question": "What is an example of a poor birth control method?", "answer": "withdrawal"}, {"question": "Are higher or lower levels of parental support associated with risky sexual behavior?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "Is exploratory sexual behavior seen as similar or seperate to other aspects of identity?", "answer": "similar"}, {"question": "Does having unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, and poor communication increase or decrease individual and social risk?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?", "answer": "favor"}, {"question": "A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?", "answer": "impress potential mates"}, {"question": "What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?", "answer": "baseline sensation seeking"}, {"question": "When does the search for identity begin for most individuals?", "answer": "adolescent years"}, {"question": "What are some factors that make developing and maintaining an identity during the adolescent years a difficult task?", "answer": "family life, environment, and social status"}, {"question": "What are two main aspects of identity development?", "answer": "self-clarity and self-esteem"}, {"question": "What are the three general approaches to understanding identity development?", "answer": "self-concept, sense of identity, and self-esteem"}, {"question": "Do adolescents with a less privileged upbringing have a more or less difficult time developing their identity?", "answer": "more difficult"}, {"question": "Identity achievement rarely occurs before what age?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Is there a final endpoint in identity development?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Evidence has supported which theorist's idea concerning stages of development?", "answer": "Erikson"}, {"question": "Does self-examination begin early or late in adolescence?", "answer": "early"}, {"question": "Which theorist argued that not everyone fully achieves identity?", "answer": "Erik Erikson"}, {"question": "How do adolescents initially define themselves?", "answer": "crowd membership"}, {"question": "How is Moratorium defined?", "answer": "process of exploration"}, {"question": "Which researcher developed the current method for testing an individual's process along the stages of identity?", "answer": "James Marcia"}, {"question": "James Marcia divides questions into how many categories?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which term is defined as one's thoughts and feelings about one's self-concept and identity?", "answer": "Self-esteem"}, {"question": "Is there evidence to support a drop in self-esteem during adolescence?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Which type of self-esteem fluctuates rapidly and can cause severe distress and anxiety?", "answer": "Barometric self-esteem"}, {"question": "Which type of self-esteem remains stable throughout adolescence?", "answer": "baseline self-esteem"}, {"question": "What is the most important function of friendship?", "answer": "having someone who can provide social and moral support"}, {"question": "At what age does awareness of one's sexual orientation occur on average?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "At what age does coming out to one's peers occur on average?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "At what age does coming out to adults occur on average?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "How many times higher is the suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents than their heterosexual peers?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What are factors causing a hightened suicide rate amongst LGBT adolescents?", "answer": "bullying and rejection from peers or family members"}, {"question": "Are adolescents with authoritative parents more or less likely to complete secondary education by age 22?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "Are adolescents that have a good relationship with their parents more or less likely to smoke, drink, fight, or engage in unprotected sex?", "answer": "less likely"}, {"question": "Which researchers conducted a 2009 study that concerned adolescents, their parents, and secondary education completion?", "answer": "Adalbjarnardottir and Blondal"}, {"question": "Are modern day teenagers exposed to more or less media than other generations?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "How many hours of television does the average teenager watch per year?", "answer": "1500"}, {"question": "Teenagers' views on body mass, loe self-esteem, and atypical eating patterns results in what?", "answer": "body dissatisfaction"}, {"question": "How is \"body dissatisfaction\" defined?", "answer": "The concept of a person being unhappy with their own image or appearance"}, {"question": "What is the current divorce rate?", "answer": "about 50%"}, {"question": "Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?", "answer": "less"}, {"question": "What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?", "answer": "epistemological trauma theory"}, {"question": "Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "What are a few examples of social and religious transition ceremonies?", "answer": "Confirmation, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, Quincea\u00f1eras, sweet sixteens, cotillions, and d\u00e9butante balls"}, {"question": "What are some physical ways that some cultures mark the transition into adulthood?", "answer": "tattoos and scarification"}, {"question": "Do cultural transitions into adulthood vary, or are they the same?", "answer": "vary"}, {"question": "Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?", "answer": "53%"}, {"question": "At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?", "answer": "17.0"}, {"question": "At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?", "answer": "17.3"}, {"question": "Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "How is culture defined?", "answer": "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued"}, {"question": "Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?", "answer": "not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs"}, {"question": "Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "How do adolescents use online technology?", "answer": "experiment with emerging identities and to broaden their peer groups"}, {"question": "To what does \"channel\" refer in terms if adolescent communication?", "answer": "form of communication"}, {"question": "What is a potential negative effect of using newer online channels of communication?", "answer": "cyberbullying"}, {"question": "What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?", "answer": "One in four"}, {"question": "What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?", "answer": "gonorrhea"}, {"question": "What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?", "answer": "One-quarter"}, {"question": "According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?", "answer": "eighty-one percent"}, {"question": "In what year was the Convention on the Rights of the Child created?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What two countries have not legally committed to advancing an anti-discriminaory stance towards young people?", "answer": "U.S. and South Sudan"}, {"question": "A person below the age of majority may gain adult rights through what process?", "answer": "legal emancipation"}, {"question": "What is legally different for an individual who has reached the age of majority?", "answer": "regarded as adults who are responsible for their actions"}, {"question": "In developing countries, is it common for children to attend fewer or greater years of formal schooling?", "answer": "fewer"}, {"question": "Why, in developting countries, do children often attend fewer years of formal schooling?", "answer": "so that, when they reach adolescence, they can begin working"}, {"question": "According to family economic and financial education specialists, how do adolescents develop sound money management skills?", "answer": "saving and spending money"}, {"question": "What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?", "answer": "semenarche"}, {"question": "What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?", "answer": "menarche"}, {"question": "What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?", "answer": "Restrictive"}, {"question": "What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?", "answer": "permissive"}, {"question": "Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?", "answer": "discrepancies"}, {"question": "Which of the Five-Factor Model dimensions does not demonstrate an association with drinking motives?", "answer": "Openness"}, {"question": "Is alcohol use a positive or negative emotion control mechanism?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "Which motivation for drinking alcohol results in low conscientiousness, lowered inhibition, and greater tendency towards aggression?", "answer": "enjoyment"}, {"question": "Drinking to cope with negative emotional states correlates strongly with what behavioral qualities?", "answer": "high neuroticism and low agreeableness"}, {"question": "According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?", "answer": "time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities"}, {"question": "How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?", "answer": "easier to interact socially online"}, {"question": "Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?", "answer": "cyberbullying"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?", "answer": "marijuana"}, {"question": "The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?", "answer": "ecstasy"}, {"question": "From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?", "answer": "decline"}, {"question": "During what ages do reasons for alcohol consumption between males and females begin to diverge?", "answer": "14\u201315"}, {"question": "Do boys or girls view drinking in a more social light?", "answer": "boys"}, {"question": "Which gender reports most frequently using alcohol as a coping mechanism?", "answer": "girls"}, {"question": "Does age bring a greater or smaller desire to drink for pleasure rather than coping?", "answer": "greater"}, {"question": "From which language does the word \"adolescence\" originate?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What is the Latin meaning of the word \"adolescere\"?", "answer": "to grow up"}, {"question": "What is another term for legal adulthood?", "answer": "age of majority"}, {"question": "Physical growth and cognitive development generally observed in adolescents can extend to what age?", "answer": "early twenties"}, {"question": "In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?", "answer": "greatly increased"}, {"question": "What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?", "answer": "73%"}, {"question": "What percentage of teens say they text every day?", "answer": "68%"}, {"question": "What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?", "answer": "51%"}, {"question": "What ratio of teens are \"heavy\" social media users, using two types of media daily?", "answer": "One in four (23%)"}, {"question": "Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?", "answer": "more likely"}, {"question": "Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?", "answer": "lose weight"}, {"question": "Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?", "answer": "early maturing"}, {"question": "Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?", "answer": "early maturing"}, {"question": "Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?", "answer": "inexperienced"}, {"question": "Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?", "answer": "different"}, {"question": "Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?", "answer": "boys"}, {"question": "Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?", "answer": "girls"}, {"question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?", "answer": "three to one"}, {"question": "What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?", "answer": "five to four"}, {"question": "What is a secondary sex characteristic change?", "answer": "every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction"}, {"question": "How many Tanner stages are there?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?", "answer": "pediatrician"}, {"question": "Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?", "answer": "Changes in secondary sex characteristics"}, {"question": "Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?", "answer": "secondary"}, {"question": "Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?", "answer": "adolescents"}, {"question": "Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?", "answer": "culturally-relative"}, {"question": "Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?", "answer": "common sense"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?", "answer": "G. Stanley Hall"}, {"question": "What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?", "answer": "Adolescence in 1904"}, {"question": "From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?", "answer": "describing"}, {"question": "Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?", "answer": "Darwin"}, {"question": "How do children tend to define themselves?", "answer": "by physical traits"}, {"question": "Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?", "answer": "adolescents"}, {"question": "Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?", "answer": "self-concept"}, {"question": "Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?", "answer": "cognitive"}, {"question": "Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What social class of adolescents is most often studied?", "answer": "middle class"}, {"question": "The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?", "answer": "youth"}, {"question": "Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?", "answer": "more likely"}, {"question": "Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?", "answer": "exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general"}, {"question": "What has the largest affect over one's social development?", "answer": "relationships"}, {"question": "Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?", "answer": "large"}, {"question": "Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?", "answer": "heavily emotionally invested in friends"}, {"question": "Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?", "answer": "Adolescents"}, {"question": "How is adolescence defined socially?", "answer": "a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision"}, {"question": "Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?", "answer": "social events"}, {"question": "Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?", "answer": "focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents"}, {"question": "Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?", "answer": "romantic"}, {"question": "What are the three main types of autonomy?", "answer": "emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy"}, {"question": "How is behavioral autonomy defined?", "answer": "encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern"}, {"question": "Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?", "answer": "Behavioral"}, {"question": "How is cognitive autonomy defined?", "answer": "the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation"}, {"question": "Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?", "answer": "match closely"}, {"question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?", "answer": "less"}, {"question": "Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?", "answer": "varies greatly"}, {"question": "What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?", "answer": "cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors"}, {"question": "Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?", "answer": "marijuana"}, {"question": "Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?", "answer": "recent changing social and political views towards marijuana"}, {"question": "Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?", "answer": "uniform"}, {"question": "What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?", "answer": "Social engagement and personal enjoyment"}, {"question": "What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?", "answer": "pleasure and recreation"}, {"question": "What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?", "answer": "7%"}, {"question": "In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?", "answer": "males"}, {"question": "The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?", "answer": "adolescence"}, {"question": "How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?", "answer": "nearly a decade"}, {"question": "Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?", "answer": "varies drastically by culture"}, {"question": "Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?", "answer": "adolescence"}, {"question": "Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?", "answer": "varies by country"}, {"question": "Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?", "answer": "different ages"}, {"question": "When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?", "answer": "between 14 to 17 years of age"}, {"question": "For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?", "answer": "2\u20134 years after puberty"}, {"question": "Where does facial hair first present during puberty?", "answer": "corners of the upper lip"}, {"question": "Do males or females experience growth spurts first?", "answer": "females"}, {"question": "How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?", "answer": "two years later"}, {"question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?", "answer": "4 inches (10.3 cm) a year"}, {"question": "What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?", "answer": "3.5 inches (9 cm)"}, {"question": "Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?", "answer": "toddler"}, {"question": "Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?", "answer": "inverted-U pattern"}, {"question": "During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?", "answer": "synaptic pruning"}, {"question": "Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?", "answer": "more efficient"}, {"question": "Who describes adolescence as the stage of life in which the individual's thoughts start taking more of an abstract form?", "answer": "Piaget"}, {"question": "What is another term for congitive skills that enable the control and coordination of thoughts and behavior?", "answer": "executive functions"}, {"question": "Which cortex is commonly associated with the coordination of thoughts and behavior?", "answer": "prefrontal cortex"}, {"question": "Does Piaget believe that egocentric thoughts decrease or increase during adolescence?", "answer": "decrease"}, {"question": "Do adolescents or children understand puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies most effectively?", "answer": "adolescents"}, {"question": "Children under what age often cannot comprehend sarcasm?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Are puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies lower-order or higher-order logic?", "answer": "higher-order"}, {"question": "The appearance of more systematic, abstract thinking is a notable aspect of what type of development during adolescence?", "answer": "cognitive"}, {"question": "Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?", "answer": "risky behavior"}, {"question": "Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?", "answer": "adolescents"}, {"question": "Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?", "answer": "both"}, {"question": "Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?", "answer": "behavioral decision-making theory"}, {"question": "When does differentiation appear fully developed?", "answer": "by mid-adolescence"}, {"question": "When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?", "answer": "differentiation"}, {"question": "Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?", "answer": "distress"}, {"question": "In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?", "answer": "sensitization"}, {"question": "When does sensitization usually start?", "answer": "childhood"}, {"question": "Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?", "answer": "identity confusion"}, {"question": "In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?", "answer": "identity confusion"}, {"question": "Does intimacy between same-sex siblings increase or decrease during adolescence?", "answer": "increases"}, {"question": "When siblings act as peers, what positive effects are possible?", "answer": "increase one another's sociability and feelings of self-worth"}, {"question": "At what stage to mixed-sex siblings generally experience an increase in intimacy?", "answer": "middle adolescence"}, {"question": "Do adolescents associate with \"cliques\" on a large or small scale?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "How are cliques defined?", "answer": "exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close"}, {"question": "What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?", "answer": "help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity"}, {"question": "Do adolescents associate with \"crowds\" on a large or small scale?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?", "answer": "10-45%"}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?", "answer": "a quarter to a third"}, {"question": "Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?", "answer": "Physical"}, {"question": "In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?", "answer": "decline"}, {"question": "Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?", "answer": "positive"}, {"question": "What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?", "answer": "The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities"}, {"question": "How are household chores frequently divided?", "answer": "self-care tasks and family-care tasks"}, {"question": "Through what means does an adolescent develop a unique belief system?", "answer": "interaction with social, familial, and cultural environments"}, {"question": "The active seeking of new ideas rather than the unquestioning acceptance of adult authority is known as what stage of development?", "answer": "Adolescence"}, {"question": "What things are youth responsible for forming a set of beliefs about during adolescence?", "answer": "themselves, the world around them, and whatever higher powers they may or may not believe in"}, {"question": "Ceremonies, rituals, and confirmations are examples of what?", "answer": "cultural traditions that intend to provide a meaningful transition to adulthood"}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?", "answer": "more than three-quarters"}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?", "answer": "greatly increased"}, {"question": "What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?", "answer": "(65%)"}, {"question": "What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?", "answer": "video games"}, {"question": "What is DIS?", "answer": "a fusion of the literature of both developmental and intervention sciences"}, {"question": "What are some of the negative things adolescents are susceptible to?", "answer": "drug addiction, sexual abuse, peer pressure, violent crimes and other illegal activities"}, {"question": "What does the DIS focus on in adolescents?", "answer": "risky and inappropriate behaviors"}, {"question": "What does the alcohol and illegal drug habits of teens tend to be shaped by?", "answer": "the substance use of friends and other classmates"}, {"question": "What is one possible reasoning behind many students choosing to continue their smoking habits from middle school into late adolescence?", "answer": "addictive nature of cigarettes"}, {"question": "Do peer acceptance and social norms have a greater or lesser effect on behavior at the onset of adolescence?", "answer": "significantly greater"}, {"question": "What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?", "answer": "12 to 20 years"}, {"question": "Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?", "answer": "No"}, {"question": "What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?", "answer": "enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels"}, {"question": "Which continent is the highest in elevation?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?", "answer": "200 mm"}, {"question": "What is the average coldest temperature?", "answer": "\u221263 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is the coldest recorded temperature?", "answer": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? ", "answer": "tundra"}, {"question": "To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?", "answer": "Andes"}, {"question": "An uplift of what formed Antarctica?", "answer": "sea bed sediments"}, {"question": "Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?", "answer": "early Mesozoic"}, {"question": "What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?", "answer": "andesite and rhyolite"}, {"question": "What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?", "answer": "volcanic"}, {"question": "What did people once believe could not be found further south than Australia?", "answer": "significant landmass"}, {"question": "What explorer gave the name of Terra Australis to Australia?", "answer": "Matthew Flinders"}, {"question": "What was the name of Flinders book about his trip to Australia?", "answer": "A Voyage to Terra Australis"}, {"question": "When did Flinders write his book of discovery?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "What event caused people to misname Antarctica?", "answer": "mistake"}, {"question": "Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?", "answer": "Census of Marine Life"}, {"question": "When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?", "answer": "International Polar Year"}, {"question": "How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?", "answer": "235"}, {"question": "Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?", "answer": "cetaceans"}, {"question": "What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?", "answer": "5 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?", "answer": "Ernest Shackleton"}, {"question": "Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?", "answer": "Edgeworth David"}, {"question": "Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?", "answer": "Douglas Mawson"}, {"question": "When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?", "answer": "14 December 1911"}, {"question": "When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?", "answer": "criminal"}, {"question": "Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?", "answer": "krill"}, {"question": "How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?", "answer": "32,000"}, {"question": "When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?", "answer": "Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol"}, {"question": "How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?", "answer": "small or medium ship"}, {"question": "How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?", "answer": "37,506"}, {"question": "What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?", "answer": "coal"}, {"question": "Where was coal first found on Antarctica?", "answer": "Beardmore Glacier"}, {"question": "What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?", "answer": "Nimrod Expedition"}, {"question": "Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?", "answer": "Prince Charles Mountains"}, {"question": "Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?", "answer": "Ross Sea"}, {"question": "What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?", "answer": "$16.3 million"}, {"question": "What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?", "answer": "zero-emissions"}, {"question": "From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the station design team?", "answer": "Johan Berte"}, {"question": "What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?", "answer": "floating ice shelves"}, {"question": "What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?", "answer": "collapses"}, {"question": "Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?", "answer": "Antarctic Peninsula"}, {"question": "What could the displacement of ice cause?", "answer": "glacial outflow"}, {"question": "What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?", "answer": "snow falling"}, {"question": "What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?", "answer": "vegetation"}, {"question": "What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?", "answer": "plant growth"}, {"question": "hat is low and limited in Antarctica?", "answer": "diversity of plant life"}, {"question": "How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What document regulates Antarctica's status?", "answer": "Antarctic Treaty System"}, {"question": "What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?", "answer": "south of 60\u00b0 S"}, {"question": "How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?", "answer": "scientific preserve"}, {"question": "When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?", "answer": "17 January 1773"}, {"question": "What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?", "answer": "field ice"}, {"question": "How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?", "answer": "32 km"}, {"question": "When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?", "answer": "ozone layer"}, {"question": "Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?", "answer": "Brunt Ice Shelf"}, {"question": "When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?", "answer": "chlorofluorocarbons"}, {"question": "What agreement banned the use of CFC s?", "answer": "Montreal Protocol"}, {"question": "What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?", "answer": "mild"}, {"question": "In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?", "answer": "Northern"}, {"question": "Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?", "answer": "equator"}, {"question": "What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?", "answer": "cooler"}, {"question": "Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?", "answer": "South Pole"}, {"question": "What is the Earth's most southern continent?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "Which pole is located in Antarctica?", "answer": "South Pole"}, {"question": "What ocean surrounds Antarctica?", "answer": "Southern Ocean"}, {"question": "What is the size of Antarctica?", "answer": "14,000,000 square kilometres"}, {"question": "How much of Antarctica is ice covered?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "Where was the coldest temperature recorded on Earth?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "What was the coldest temperature ever recorded?", "answer": "\u221289.2 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "On what date was the Earth's coldest temperature recorded?", "answer": "21 July 1983"}, {"question": "What is Antarctica topographically ?", "answer": "frozen desert"}, {"question": "What light caused condition is a serious problem for humans in Antarctica?", "answer": "Sunburn"}, {"question": "Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?", "answer": "Marinus of Tyre"}, {"question": "What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?", "answer": "polus antarcticus"}, {"question": "What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?", "answer": "pol antartik"}, {"question": "What was the old French words for the Antarctic?", "answer": "pole antartike"}, {"question": "In what do some scientists believe ozone depletion may have a role ?", "answer": "climatic change"}, {"question": "What light does ozone absorb?", "answer": "ultraviolet radiation"}, {"question": "How much cooling can ozone depletion cause over Antarctica?", "answer": "6 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What can the wind changes due to cooling cause in the Antarctic ice?", "answer": "accelerated melting"}, {"question": "What does ozone depletion cause in the southern atmosphere?", "answer": "enhanced polar vortex"}, {"question": "Who has research stations in Antarctica?", "answer": "Several governments"}, {"question": "What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?", "answer": "between 70 and 350"}, {"question": "About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?", "answer": "one-year"}, {"question": "What station has an Orthodox church representative?", "answer": "Bellingshausen Station"}, {"question": "When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What is the southern most continent?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?", "answer": "5,400,000"}, {"question": "What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?", "answer": "fifth-largest"}, {"question": "How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?", "answer": "11,165"}, {"question": "What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?", "answer": "phytoplankton"}, {"question": "What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?", "answer": "emperor penguin"}, {"question": "During what season does the emperor penguin breed?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?", "answer": "feathers"}, {"question": "Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?", "answer": "Ad\u00e9lie"}, {"question": "What is the highest peak in Antarctica?", "answer": "Vinson Massif"}, {"question": "How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?", "answer": "4,892 m"}, {"question": "In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?", "answer": "Ellsworth Mountains"}, {"question": "What is the Earth's most southern volcano?", "answer": "Mount Erebus"}, {"question": "What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?", "answer": "underwater"}, {"question": "When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?", "answer": "Greenpeace International,"}, {"question": "When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?", "answer": "Australia and France"}, {"question": "What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?", "answer": "Madrid Protocol"}, {"question": "What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?", "answer": "desert"}, {"question": "What plants were abundant during this time?", "answer": "pteridosperms"}, {"question": "What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?", "answer": "Synapsids"}, {"question": "When did the Antarctic peninsula form?", "answer": "Jurassic period"}, {"question": "During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?", "answer": "Cretaceous"}, {"question": "What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?", "answer": "Meteorites"}, {"question": "What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?", "answer": "asteroids"}, {"question": "When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?", "answer": "well-preserved."}, {"question": "What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?", "answer": "South Pole"}, {"question": "In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?", "answer": "ice"}, {"question": "What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?", "answer": "snow"}, {"question": "What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?", "answer": "giant ice sheet"}, {"question": "What are ice streams otherwise called?", "answer": "glaciers"}, {"question": "Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?", "answer": "South Georgia"}, {"question": "What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?", "answer": "sealers"}, {"question": "In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of most whalers?", "answer": "Norwegian"}, {"question": "When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?", "answer": "Antarctic Peninsula"}, {"question": "How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?", "answer": "0.1 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?", "answer": "carbon dioxide emissions"}, {"question": "What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?", "answer": "inflow of warm water"}, {"question": "What is the thinking of the cause  of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level.", "answer": "atmospheric warming"}, {"question": "What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?", "answer": "Antarctic fur seal"}, {"question": "For whom is the Weddell seal named ?", "answer": "Sir James Weddell"}, {"question": "What did  Sir James Weddell command?", "answer": "British sealing expeditions"}, {"question": "What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?", "answer": "Antarctic krill"}, {"question": "Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?", "answer": "important food"}, {"question": "When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What is the main concern of the Protocol?", "answer": "conservation"}, {"question": "What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?", "answer": "non-native species"}, {"question": "What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?", "answer": "Committee for Environmental Protection"}, {"question": "Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?", "answer": "biodiversity"}, {"question": "What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?", "answer": "resources"}, {"question": "In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "When will the mining ban be reviewed?", "answer": "2048"}, {"question": "What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?", "answer": "trading of fish"}, {"question": "How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?", "answer": "112,934 tonnes"}, {"question": "How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?", "answer": "better understanding"}, {"question": "Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?", "answer": "New types"}, {"question": "From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?", "answer": "Moon"}, {"question": "About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?", "answer": "Mars"}, {"question": "What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?", "answer": "cosmic radiation"}, {"question": "When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?", "answer": "Wilkins Ice Shelf"}, {"question": "When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?", "answer": "California"}, {"question": "How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?", "answer": "5 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?", "answer": "balance"}, {"question": "What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? ", "answer": "symmetry"}, {"question": "Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?", "answer": "1.6 km"}, {"question": "How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?", "answer": "20 mm"}, {"question": "What lake is thought to contain microbial life?", "answer": "Lake Vostok"}, {"question": "To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?", "answer": "Europa"}, {"question": "With what is Europa associated??", "answer": "Jupiter's moon"}, {"question": "When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?", "answer": "7 February 2008"}, {"question": "For what was NASA searching?", "answer": "extremophiles"}, {"question": "In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?", "answer": "Jurassic"}, {"question": "When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?", "answer": "end of the Cretaceous"}, {"question": "What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "When did Australia separate from Antarctica?", "answer": "Eocene epoch"}, {"question": "After the division from Australia, what began to appear?", "answer": "ice"}, {"question": "Which of the the poles is colder?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?", "answer": "3,000 m"}, {"question": "How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?", "answer": "warmth is transferred"}, {"question": "What contributes to the Antarctic cold?", "answer": "orbital distance"}, {"question": "What does temperature do with elevation?", "answer": "decreases"}, {"question": "Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?", "answer": "Emilio Marcos Palma"}, {"question": "Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?", "answer": "60th parallel south"}, {"question": "When was Palma born?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?", "answer": "suitable for family life"}, {"question": "How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?", "answer": "1150"}, {"question": "How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?", "answer": "cryptoendoliths"}, {"question": "What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?", "answer": "adaptations"}, {"question": "How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?", "answer": "similar to Antarctic"}, {"question": "What did the British claim in 2012?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth Land"}, {"question": "To what was the claim of land in tribute?", "answer": "Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee"}, {"question": "What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?", "answer": "protest"}, {"question": "Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?", "answer": "Falklands War"}, {"question": "When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?", "answer": "18 December 2012"}, {"question": "The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?", "answer": "visitors"}, {"question": "What do environmentalists want enacted?", "answer": "stricter regulations"}, {"question": "What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?", "answer": "tourism quota"}, {"question": "What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?", "answer": "site use guidelines"}, {"question": "When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What group of scientists study tectonics?", "answer": "Geologists"}, {"question": "Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?", "answer": "Glaciologists"}, {"question": "Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?", "answer": "Biologists"}, {"question": "What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?", "answer": "astronomical"}, {"question": "Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?", "answer": "Amundsen\u2013Scott station."}, {"question": "Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?", "answer": "Buya"}, {"question": "How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?", "answer": "over 1 million years"}, {"question": "What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?", "answer": "section of the Danakil Depression"}, {"question": "What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?", "answer": "hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans"}, {"question": "What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?", "answer": "it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind"}, {"question": "Who was James Bruce?", "answer": "Scottish traveler"}, {"question": "In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?", "answer": "James Bruce"}, {"question": "How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?", "answer": "\"Kings of the Sea\""}, {"question": "What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?", "answer": "geopolitical circumstances"}, {"question": "Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?", "answer": "modern-day Eritrea"}, {"question": "When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What was the result of the War of Independence?", "answer": "Eritrean independence"}, {"question": "What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?", "answer": "Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia"}, {"question": "What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?", "answer": "annexation"}, {"question": "What is the Gash Group?", "answer": "an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization"}, {"question": "What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?", "answer": "the Gash Group"}, {"question": "Where is Agordat located?", "answer": "central Eritrea"}, {"question": "When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?", "answer": "between 2500\u20131500 BC"}, {"question": "What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?", "answer": "linguistic"}, {"question": "What purpose did stelae serve?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?", "answer": "The Aksumites"}, {"question": "Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?", "answer": "the obelisk of Aksum"}, {"question": "Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?", "answer": "Aksum"}, {"question": "Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?", "answer": "Aksum"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?", "answer": "ACABQ"}, {"question": "What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?", "answer": "International Criminal Police Organization"}, {"question": "Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?", "answer": "Arab League"}, {"question": "Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?", "answer": "Zoskales"}, {"question": "How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?", "answer": "by minting their own Aksumite currency"}, {"question": "Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?", "answer": "on the Arabian peninsula"}, {"question": "Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?", "answer": "Himyarite Kingdom"}, {"question": "Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?", "answer": "throughout the ancient world"}, {"question": "When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the longest line in the world during its time?", "answer": "The Asmara\u2013Massawa Cableway"}, {"question": "Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?", "answer": "police and public works departments"}, {"question": "Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?", "answer": "390A(V)"}, {"question": "What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??", "answer": "foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation"}, {"question": "Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?", "answer": "democratic rights and a measure of autonomy"}, {"question": "What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?", "answer": "a number of new factories"}, {"question": "How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?", "answer": "around 2,198"}, {"question": "Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?", "answer": "Eritrean citizens"}, {"question": "Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?", "answer": "Italians"}, {"question": "How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?", "answer": "from 4,600 to 75,000"}, {"question": "What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?", "answer": "Lions"}, {"question": "Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?", "answer": "elephant"}, {"question": "In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?", "answer": "about 30"}, {"question": "What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?", "answer": "olive baboons"}, {"question": "How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the highest point in Eritrea?", "answer": "Emba Soira"}, {"question": "Where is Emba Soira located?", "answer": "in the center of Eritrea"}, {"question": "How high is Emba Soira?", "answer": "3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level"}, {"question": "What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?", "answer": "The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression"}, {"question": "How many elephants are believed to be left in Eritrea?", "answer": "around 100"}, {"question": "What type of snakes are common in Gash Barka?", "answer": "deadly"}, {"question": "Where in Eritrea can puff adder and red spitting cobra be found?", "answer": "widespread"}, {"question": "Where in Eritrea are marine species such as dolphin, turtles and manta ray found?", "answer": "coastal areas"}, {"question": "Which dog, previously found in Eritrea, is now considered extirpated from the entire country?", "answer": "African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)"}, {"question": "According to Human Rights Watch, how do the human rights in Eritrea compare to the rest of the world?", "answer": "among the worst"}, {"question": "According to a 500-page UN Human Rights Council report, what was widespread behavior by state officials in Eritrea?", "answer": "sexual harassment, rape and sexual servitude"}, {"question": "What type of state government exists in Eritrea?", "answer": "a one-party state"}, {"question": "According to many western countries, why have Eritrean authorities detained an unknown number of people?", "answer": "for their political activism"}, {"question": "In what year was the United Nations Human Rights Council report written?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Why have Eritrean government officials participated in numerous meetings with NGO representatives?", "answer": "In an attempt at reform"}, {"question": "What did the Eritrean government ban in 2007?", "answer": "female genital mutilation"}, {"question": "What new movement is aimed at opening dialogue between the government and opposition?", "answer": "Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea"}, {"question": "Who, along with ordinary citizens, makes up the Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea?", "answer": "some people close to the government"}, {"question": "What are the main concerns Eritreans speak about in terms of female circumcision?", "answer": "health concerns and individual freedom"}, {"question": "In the 2014 Press Freedom Index, what organization ranked the media environment in Eritrea as the worse of 178 countries?", "answer": "Reporters Without Borders"}, {"question": "How did Reporters Without Borders rank the media environment of Eritrea compared to totalitarian North Korea?", "answer": "just below"}, {"question": "What type of media has been banned from Eritrea since 2001?", "answer": "Independent"}, {"question": "According to the BBC, which African country is the only one that has no privately owned news media?", "answer": "Eritrea"}, {"question": "According to Reporters Without Borders, where doesn't a single foreign news correspondent live?", "answer": "Asmara"}, {"question": "Under which program did Eritrea develp and repair its transportation infrastructure during the war?", "answer": "Warsay Yika'alo"}, {"question": "How long was the coastal highway between Massawa and Asseb?", "answer": "more than 500 km"}, {"question": "What type of locomotives are sometimes used on the Eritrean Railway to cater to groups of enthusiasts?", "answer": "Steam"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Eritrea?", "answer": "Asmara"}, {"question": "Which railway was rehabilitated under the Warsay Yika'alo Program?", "answer": "Eritrean"}, {"question": "What is the official language of Eritrea?", "answer": "The nation has no official language"}, {"question": "What does the Constitution establish of all Eritrean languages?", "answer": "equality"}, {"question": "What was the most widely spoken language in Eritrea in 2006?", "answer": "Tigrinya"}, {"question": "What languages serve as de facto working languages in Eritrea?", "answer": "Modern Standard Arabic and English"}, {"question": "What language is used in Eritrean university education and many technical fields?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Which part of Eritrea's health care goals have they been most successful in?", "answer": "child health"}, {"question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy at birth in 1960?", "answer": "39.1"}, {"question": "What was the Eritrean life expectancy st birth in 2008?", "answer": "59.5"}, {"question": "Which practice was banned by the Eritrean government with claimes it is painful and has life-threatening health problems for women?", "answer": "female genital mutilation"}, {"question": "How much did the National Malaria Protection Unit reduce malarial mortality by from 1998 - 2006?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "Where does the Italian influences on Eritrean cuisine come from?", "answer": "its colonial history"}, {"question": "What food item did Italians bring to Eritrea during colonial times?", "answer": "pasta"}, {"question": "What is Eritrea's popular alcoholic beverage Mies made out of?", "answer": "honey"}, {"question": "How does 'Pasta al Sugo e Berbere' translate in English?", "answer": "\"Pasta with tomato sauce and berbere\" (spice)"}, {"question": "What is the main food, influenced by Italy, eaten in Eritrea's capital today?", "answer": "pasta"}, {"question": "What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?", "answer": "Red Sea coast"}, {"question": "What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?", "answer": "the coffee ceremony"}, {"question": "How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?", "answer": "most likely tea"}, {"question": "What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?", "answer": "awel"}, {"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the west?", "answer": "Sudan"}, {"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the south?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "What country borders Eritrea in the southeast?", "answer": "Djibouti"}, {"question": "What extensive coastline makes up a portion of Eritrea's East border?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "What is the total area of the nation of Eritrea?", "answer": "117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What is the best know musical genre amongst the Tigrinya?", "answer": "guaila"}, {"question": "What is the Eritrean traditional instrument, the wata?", "answer": "a distant/rudimentary cousin of the violin"}, {"question": "Who is the most popular Eritrean singing artist?", "answer": "Helen Meles"}, {"question": "What is Helen Meles noted for?", "answer": "her powerful voice and wide singing range"}, {"question": "Who, in Eritrea, have their own styles of music and  accompanying dance?", "answer": "ethnic groups"}, {"question": "What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Medri Bahri"}, {"question": "When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "When did Eritrea gain independence?", "answer": "following the 1993 referendum"}, {"question": "In 2010, what was conducted on mummified remains of baboons?", "answer": "genetic"}, {"question": "What type of analysis did the scientists use to examine hairs from the 2 baboon mummies formerly preserved in the British Museum?", "answer": "oxygen isotope analysis"}, {"question": "Who was determined to be the closest match for the baboon mummies?", "answer": "modern baboon specimens in Eritrea and Ethiopia"}, {"question": "Where did the 2 baboons' mummified remains originate?", "answer": "Punt"}, {"question": "Where did researchers suggest that Punt was located?", "answer": "region that included eastern Ethiopia and all of Eritrea"}, {"question": "What  domain were the Eritrean highlands under after the decline of Aksum?", "answer": "Bahr Negash ruled by the Bahr Negus"}, {"question": "What was the area in the Eritrean highlands named under Emperor Zaro Yaqob?", "answer": "Medri Bahri"}, {"question": "What was the capitol of Medri Bahri?", "answer": "Debarwa"}, {"question": "What were the main provinces of Medri Bahri?", "answer": "Hamasien, Serae and Akele Guzai"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Medri Bahri?", "answer": "Sea land"}, {"question": "Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?", "answer": "Benito Mussolini's"}, {"question": "When was Italian Eritrea significantly enlarged?", "answer": "After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire"}, {"question": "When was the birth of the Italian Empire declared?", "answer": "May 1936"}, {"question": "What was Eritrea chosen to be by the Italian government during the Italian Empire?", "answer": "industrial center of Italian East Africa"}, {"question": "What does Africa Orientale Italiana mean?", "answer": "Italian East Africa"}, {"question": "Who dissolved the Eritrean parliament in 1962?", "answer": "Emperor Haile Selassie"}, {"question": "What does the acroynm ELF stand for?", "answer": "Eritrean Liberation Front"}, {"question": "Who waged an armed struggle for independence in 1962 after Eritrea was annexed?", "answer": "ELF"}, {"question": "How long did the Eritrean War for Independence last?", "answer": "30 years"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for Eritrean People's Liberation Front?", "answer": "EPLF"}, {"question": "What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?", "answer": "stalemate"}, {"question": "What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?", "answer": "take action on Ethiopia"}, {"question": "Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?", "answer": "a UN report"}, {"question": "What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?", "answer": "denied the claims"}, {"question": "In 2004, how many physicians did Eritrea have per 1000 people?", "answer": "0.5"}, {"question": "How prevalent is HIV among the 15-49 age group in Eritrea?", "answer": "exceeds 2%"}, {"question": "What is the fertility rate in Eriterea?", "answer": "5 births per woman"}, {"question": "As of 2002, how many births were attended by skilled health personnel in Eriterea?", "answer": "28.3%"}, {"question": "What is a major cause of death in neonates in Eriterea?", "answer": "severe infection"}, {"question": "How do most people dress in the larger cities of Eritrea?", "answer": "Western casual"}, {"question": "How do both men and women often dress in offices in Eritrea?", "answer": "suits"}, {"question": "What are zurias, the traditional clothes still worn by Christian highlander women in Eritrea?", "answer": "bright white gowns"}, {"question": "How do women in the Muslim communities of the Eritrean lowland dress?", "answer": "in brightly colored clothes"}, {"question": "Who are the only women who follow the tradition of covering half of their faces, though not their hair?", "answer": "Rashaida women"}, {"question": "What are the most popular sports in Eritrea?", "answer": "Football and cycling"}, {"question": "What world record is held by Eritrean athlete Zersenay Tadese?", "answer": "half marathon distance running"}, {"question": "What is the name of the multi-stage international cycling event held throughout Eritrea?", "answer": "Tour of Eritrea"}, {"question": "Who became the first black African riders to compete in the Tour de France?", "answer": "Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus"}, {"question": "Who became the first Eritrean to ride the Vuelta a Espana in 2012?", "answer": "Daniel Teklehaimanot"}, {"question": "Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?", "answer": "early anatomically modern humans"}, {"question": "How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?", "answer": "over 125,000 years old"}, {"question": "Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?", "answer": "near the Bay of Zula"}, {"question": "What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?", "answer": "to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters"}, {"question": "What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?", "answer": "Eritrean Research Project Team"}, {"question": "When was the Aussa Sultanate established?", "answer": "end of the 16th century"}, {"question": "Where was the Aussa Sultanate established?", "answer": "Denkel lowlands of Eritrea"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Afar in 1734?", "answer": "Kedafu, head of the Mudaito clan"}, {"question": "What did Kedafu establish in 1734?", "answer": "Mudaito Dynasty"}, {"question": "What marked the start of a new and sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period?", "answer": "Mudaito Dynasty"}, {"question": "When did Emperor Yohannes II die?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?", "answer": "the new colony of Italian Eritrea"}, {"question": "What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Italy"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?", "answer": "1889\u20131913"}, {"question": "What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?", "answer": "Eritrea and Italian Somaliland"}, {"question": "Who laid claim to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt?", "answer": "Emperor Haile Selassie"}, {"question": "Why did the British and Americans want to cede most of Eritrea to the Ethiopians?", "answer": "as a reward for their support during World War II"}, {"question": "Who consistently requested that a referendum be held immediately to settle the question of Eritrean sovereignty?", "answer": "The Independence Bloc of Eritrean parties"}, {"question": "Who did Ethiopians support in World War II?", "answer": "The British and Americans"}, {"question": "How is the Eritrean highway system named?", "answer": "according to the road classification"}, {"question": "What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?", "answer": "primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)"}, {"question": "What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?", "answer": "improved earth roads which are occasionally paved"}, {"question": "What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?", "answer": "single-layered asphalt road"}, {"question": "What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?", "answer": "fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)"}, {"question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Christianity?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Eritrea is estimated to adhere to Islam?", "answer": "48%"}, {"question": "What do unrecognized faiths and denominations in Eritrea have to undergo?", "answer": "a registration process"}, {"question": "What does the government's registration system require religious groups to submit about their membership?", "answer": "personal information"}, {"question": "When did the Eritrean government begin to officially recognize certain churches?", "answer": "May 2002"}, {"question": "What ages are officially compulsary for education in Eritrea?", "answer": "between seven and 13 years of age"}, {"question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend primary school?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What percentage of school-aged children are estimated to attend secondary school?", "answer": "61%"}, {"question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in elementary schools?", "answer": "45 to 1"}, {"question": "What is the student-teacher ratio in secondary schools?", "answer": "54 to 1"}, {"question": "What meat does a traditional Eritrean stew consist of?", "answer": "beef, kid, lamb or fish"}, {"question": "Which neighbor does Eritrean cuisine strongly resemble?", "answer": "Ethiopia"}, {"question": "Why does Eritrean cooking tend to feature more seafood than Ethiopian cuisine?", "answer": "their coastal location"}, {"question": "How does the texture of Eritrean dishes compare to Ethiopian meals?", "answer": "lighter"}, {"question": "What ingredients fo Eritreans tend to use less of than Ethiopians?", "answer": "seasoned butter and spices"}, {"question": "What kind of uranium is sometimes used to shield radioactive materials in containers?", "answer": "Depleted"}, {"question": "What is a strong source of radiation that is blocked by depleted uranium?", "answer": "radium"}, {"question": "How is depleted uranium used in missile re-entry vehicles?", "answer": "ballast"}, {"question": "What trait causes depleted uranium to be used in gyroscopic compasses?", "answer": "high density"}, {"question": "What type of alpha emitter is uranium?", "answer": "weak"}, {"question": "What is another term for uranium ore?", "answer": "pitchblende"}, {"question": "Who isolated radium in uranium ore?", "answer": "Marie Curie"}, {"question": "In what types of paints was radium first used?", "answer": "glow-in-the-dark"}, {"question": "What devices were painted with radium paint?", "answer": "clock and aircraft dials"}, {"question": "Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?", "answer": "mauve"}, {"question": "What was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor?", "answer": "Enrico Fermi's Chicago Pile"}, {"question": "In what state is the X-10 Graphite Reactor located?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "Along with the X-10 Pile, what was the X-10 Graphite Reactor previously known as?", "answer": "the Clinton Pile"}, {"question": "In what state is Argonne National Laboratory's Experimental Breeder Reactor I located?", "answer": "Idaho"}, {"question": "On what date did Breeder Reactor I first make electricity?", "answer": "20 December 1951"}, {"question": "Where does uranium rank among elements in terms of its abundance in the Earth's crust?", "answer": "51st"}, {"question": "Where is uranium naturally formed?", "answer": "in supernovae"}, {"question": "Along with potassium-40 and uranium, the decay of what element is a primary heat source driving plate tectonics?", "answer": "thorium"}, {"question": "In what state is the Earth's outer core?", "answer": "liquid"}, {"question": "What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?", "answer": "235"}, {"question": "How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?", "answer": "an explosion"}, {"question": "What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?", "answer": "neutron poison"}, {"question": "What does a neutron poison absorb?", "answer": "free neutrons"}, {"question": "What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?", "answer": "carbonate"}, {"question": "The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?", "answer": "carbonate"}, {"question": "What is BSAR-1 a strain of?", "answer": "Sphingomonas sp."}, {"question": "How much economically viable uranium is there in ore reserves, in millions of tonnes?", "answer": "5.5"}, {"question": "How many millions of tonnes are uranium are regarded as mineral resources?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "What was the price of uranium per pound as of May 2003?", "answer": "$10"}, {"question": "In 2005, how much money was spent on uranium exploration?", "answer": "US$200 million"}, {"question": "How much money was spent to explore for uranium in 2006?", "answer": "$774 million"}, {"question": "When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?", "answer": "Enrico Fermi"}, {"question": "What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?", "answer": "hesperium"}, {"question": "What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?", "answer": "Dean of the Faculty of Rome"}, {"question": "Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?", "answer": "Lise Meitner"}, {"question": "In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonate anions interact with uranium(VI)?", "answer": "carbonate containing solution"}, {"question": "What notable carbonates are often water soluble?", "answer": "uranium"}, {"question": "What does a uranium(VI) cation form when it binds to two terminal oxides and three or more carbonates?", "answer": "anionic complexes"}, {"question": "Along with arsenic, what metal is roughly as abundant as uranium?", "answer": "molybdenum"}, {"question": "Along with silver, mercury, tin and cadmium, what metal is uranium more plentiful than?", "answer": "antimony"}, {"question": "What is the most prevalent uranium ore?", "answer": "uraninite"}, {"question": "What mineral sometimes contains uranium?", "answer": "lignite"}, {"question": "What types of rocks sometimes contain uranium?", "answer": "phosphate"}, {"question": "What is the least prevalent major isotope of natural uranium?", "answer": "uranium-234"}, {"question": "What is the natural abundance of uranium-235?", "answer": "0.71%"}, {"question": "What isotope of uranium is formed when 238U experiences spontaneous fission?", "answer": "uranium-239"}, {"question": "When uranium isotope is formed from the decay of neptunium-237?", "answer": "uranium-233"}, {"question": "What isotope is it theorized will form uranium-2343 after double beta decay?", "answer": "thorium-232"}, {"question": "About how many tonnes of uranium is theorized to be present in the sea?", "answer": "4.6 billion"}, {"question": "The presence of what substance in sea water has resulted in low yields when attempting to extract uranium?", "answer": "carbonate"}, {"question": "What did ORNL call their material that performs surface retention on solid molecules?", "answer": "HiCap"}, {"question": "Where were ORNL's results verified?", "answer": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"}, {"question": "When was HiCap announced?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?", "answer": "Uranium-235"}, {"question": "What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?", "answer": "Uranium-238"}, {"question": "What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?", "answer": "uranium-233"}, {"question": "Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?", "answer": "uranium-233"}, {"question": "What is 238U?", "answer": "Depleted uranium"}, {"question": "What is OSHA?", "answer": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration"}, {"question": "What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?", "answer": "0.25 mg/m3"}, {"question": "What does REL stand for?", "answer": "recommended exposure limit"}, {"question": "What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?", "answer": "0.2 mg/m3"}, {"question": "At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?", "answer": "10 mg/m3"}, {"question": "Along with UO2, what is the commonest form of uranium oxide?", "answer": "triuranium octoxide"}, {"question": "What is the stablest uranium compound?", "answer": "Triuranium octoxide"}, {"question": "In what form is uranium most often used as fuel for nuclear reactors?", "answer": "Uranium dioxide"}, {"question": "What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?", "answer": "79 CE"}, {"question": "What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?", "answer": "yellow"}, {"question": "In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?", "answer": "the University of Oxford"}, {"question": "What was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created by human beings called?", "answer": "Chicago Pile-1"}, {"question": "On what date was the first self-sustained nuclear chain reaction created artificially?", "answer": "2 December 1942"}, {"question": "What project was Fermi working for?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "On the campus of what educational institution was Chicago Pile-1 created?", "answer": "University of Chicago"}, {"question": "How many metric tons of uranium oxide was used in Chicago Pile-1?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "Along with lemon yellow, what color is produced in uranium glass?", "answer": "orange-red"}, {"question": "Who discovered uranium in pitchblende?", "answer": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for first isolating uranium?", "answer": "Eug\u00e8ne-Melchior P\u00e9ligot"}, {"question": "Who discovered that uranium was radioactive?", "answer": "Henri Becquerel"}, {"question": "What was the first nuclear weapon used in a war called?", "answer": "Little Boy"}, {"question": "What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?", "answer": "0.7204%"}, {"question": "What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?", "answer": "uranium-238"}, {"question": "What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?", "answer": "critical mass"}, {"question": "What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?", "answer": "99.2742%"}, {"question": "Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?", "answer": "pressurised heavy water"}, {"question": "What is uranium used for most often in the military?", "answer": "high-density penetrators"}, {"question": "What percentage of high-density penetrators is not made up of depleted uranium?", "answer": "1\u20132%"}, {"question": "Along with titanium, what element often makes up the portion of high-density penetrators not made of depleted uranium?", "answer": "molybdenum"}, {"question": "Along with the Balkans, in what geographical location did a war take place where the UK used depleted uranium munitions?", "answer": "Persian Gulf"}, {"question": "What illness is possibly tied to the use of depleted uranium munitions?", "answer": "Gulf War Syndrome"}, {"question": "Who discovered uranium?", "answer": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth"}, {"question": "In what city was uranium discovered?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?", "answer": "sodium diuranate"}, {"question": "Who discovered the planet Uranus?", "answer": "William Herschel"}, {"question": "What percentage range of uranium oxide is usually contained in low-grade uranium ore?", "answer": "0.01 to 0.25%"}, {"question": "Along with underground, open pit and in-situ leaching, what sort of mining is used to mine uranium?", "answer": "borehole"}, {"question": "In what country are high-grade uranium ores notably found?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "In what province of Canada is the Athabasca Basin?", "answer": "Saskatchewan"}, {"question": "What is the average percentage of uranium oxide contained in the ores mined in the Athabasca Basin?", "answer": "23%"}, {"question": "What was the uranium-based bomb made by the US in World War II called?", "answer": "Little Boy"}, {"question": "What was the codename of the plutonium-based bomb created in the Second World War?", "answer": "Fat Man"}, {"question": "On what date was Little Boy detonated?", "answer": "6 August 1945"}, {"question": "What was the equivalent yield in TNT of the Little Boy bomb, in tonnes?", "answer": "12,500"}, {"question": "Over what city was Little Boy detonated?", "answer": "Hiroshima"}, {"question": "As of 2005, what country was the largest producer of uranium oxides?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What percentage of world uranium oxide production is produced by Argentina?", "answer": "2.1%"}, {"question": "What country produced 5.5% of the world's concentrated uranium oxide in 2005?", "answer": "Uzbekistan"}, {"question": "How many tonnes of uranium was Australia expected to produce in 2009?", "answer": "9,430"}, {"question": "How many countries produced concentrated uranium oxides in 2005?", "answer": "seventeen"}, {"question": "Who was the Soviet Union's opponent in the Cold War?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "How many nuclear warheads can be made with 540 metric tons of highly enriched weapons grade uranium?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "What was the expenditure of the Material Protection, Control, and Accounting Program between 1993 and 2005?", "answer": "US $550 million"}, {"question": "What is another term for uranium that is enriched?", "answer": "weapons grade"}, {"question": "Approximately how many times did police capture shipments of bomb-grade plutonium or uranium between 1993 and 2005?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What is the color of U4+?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What state is represented by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "answer": "uranium(VI)"}, {"question": "Along with uranyl sulfate and uranyl chloride, what compound is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion?", "answer": "uranyl carbonate"}, {"question": "What common complex is formed by the UO2+ 2 ion with organic chelating agents?", "answer": "uranyl acetate"}, {"question": "What microorganism can notably absorb a very high concentrate of uranium?", "answer": "Citrobacter"}, {"question": "What lichen is known to absorb a uranium concentration nearly 300 times higher than the amount in the environment?", "answer": "Trapelia involuta"}, {"question": "What is given to Citrobacter to cause it to absorb uranyl ions?", "answer": "glycerol phosphate"}, {"question": "What protobacterium notably bioremediates ground water uranium?", "answer": "Geobacter"}, {"question": "What fungus is known to cause uranium content in its symbiotic plant roots to increase?", "answer": "Glomus intraradices"}, {"question": "At what temperature range in degrees Fahrenheit will uranium metal form uranium hydride?", "answer": "482 to 572"}, {"question": "What does uranium metal react with to create uranium hydride?", "answer": "hydrogen"}, {"question": "Above what temperature is the \u03b2 form of uranium hydride created?", "answer": "250 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Along with uranium carbide and halide, what type of compound is often created with uranium hydride?", "answer": "nitride"}, {"question": "How many crystal modifications of uranium hydride are extant?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Along with uranium monocarbide and uranium dicarbide, what is a notable carbide of uranium?", "answer": "diuranium tricarbide"}, {"question": "Below what temperature is U2C3 stable?", "answer": "1800 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Between what percent fraction range of uranium-235 is uranium regarded as enriched?", "answer": "3% and 5%"}, {"question": "What is the maximum uranium-235 isotope concentration for uranium to be considered depleted?", "answer": "0.3%"}, {"question": "In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?", "answer": "$5"}, {"question": "How much did a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride cost as of July 2007?", "answer": "$130"}, {"question": "Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?", "answer": "kidney"}, {"question": "What is the main form of 238U decay?", "answer": "alpha radiation"}, {"question": "What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?", "answer": "hexavalent"}, {"question": "At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?", "answer": "room"}, {"question": "What is the name of the most widely used enrichment process?", "answer": "gas centrifuge"}, {"question": "What compound is UF6?", "answer": "uranium hexafluoride"}, {"question": "What enrichment process was used by the Manhattan Project?", "answer": "gaseous diffusion"}, {"question": "In the gaseous diffusion process, what is diffused through a silver-zinc membrane?", "answer": "uranium hexafluoride"}, {"question": "How does the weight of uranium-238 compare to that of uranium-235?", "answer": "heavier"}, {"question": "What is uranium's symbol on the Periodic Table of Elements?", "answer": "U"}, {"question": "What is the atomic number of uranium?", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "What color is uranium?", "answer": "silvery-white"}, {"question": "Of what series in the Periodic Table of Elements is uranium a part?", "answer": "actinide"}, {"question": "How many valence electrons are contained in an atom of uranium?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What non-metal elements does uranium notably not react to?", "answer": "noble gases"}, {"question": "Along with nitric acids, what acids dissolve uranium?", "answer": "Hydrochloric"}, {"question": "What coats uranium metal in air?", "answer": "uranium oxide"}, {"question": "What is a notable form uranium ore is converted into after extraction?", "answer": "uranium dioxide"}, {"question": "What reacts with finely divided uranium?", "answer": "cold water"}, {"question": "During what war was uranium-235 first used to create nuclear weapons?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "From what isotope of uranium is plutonium-239 derived?", "answer": "238"}, {"question": "What is mixed with tritium and experiences nuclear fusion in a fission/fusion bomb?", "answer": "deuterium"}, {"question": "What is another name for a fission/fusion bomb?", "answer": "thermonuclear weapon"}, {"question": "What does non-fissile mean?", "answer": "unenriched"}, {"question": "What product of uranium was used as toner?", "answer": "nitrate"}, {"question": "Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?", "answer": "Uranyl acetate"}, {"question": "What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?", "answer": "stage"}, {"question": "Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "Of what nationality was Perrin?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "In what county was the Oklo mine located?", "answer": "Gabon"}, {"question": "How old are the ore deposits in the Oklo mine?", "answer": "1.7 billion years"}, {"question": "When the Oklo mine ore deposits came into being, what percentage of uranium on Earth consisted of uranium-235?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "Where in the United States is there a nuclear waste repository?", "answer": "Yucca Mountain"}, {"question": "How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?", "answer": "1013"}, {"question": "Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?", "answer": "phosphate fertilizers"}, {"question": "What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?", "answer": "3 parts per billion"}, {"question": "What isotope of uranium has the most stability?", "answer": "Uranium-238"}, {"question": "About how old is the Earth?", "answer": "4.468\u00d7109 years"}, {"question": "What is the half-life of uranium-234?", "answer": "2.48\u00d7105 years"}, {"question": "What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?", "answer": "one-fifth"}, {"question": "What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?", "answer": "49%"}, {"question": "What happens to a majority of ingested uranium?", "answer": "excreted"}, {"question": "Up to what percentage of uranyl ion can be absorbed when ingested?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "About what percentage of uranium oxide is absorbed when ingested?", "answer": "0.5%"}, {"question": "What does uranium have an affinity for?", "answer": "phosphates"}, {"question": "Where does uranium accumulate in the body?", "answer": "bone tissue"}, {"question": "How were the appointments to the Order of the British Empire made?", "answer": "nomination of the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, the Viceroy of India, and the colonial governors"}, {"question": "What evolved as the Commonwealth nominations continued?", "answer": "Empire"}, {"question": "What remained the head of state of the British Empire?", "answer": "the monarch"}, {"question": "Why did the oversea nominations discontinue?", "answer": "established their own Orders"}, {"question": "What countries established new orders?", "answer": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"}, {"question": "Who could wear a emblem of two crossed silver oak leaves?", "answer": "Any individual made a member of the Order for gallantry"}, {"question": "What was the emblem?", "answer": "two crossed silver oak leaves on the same riband, ribbon or bow as the badge"}, {"question": "What year was it replaced?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What kind of medal was replaced in 1974?", "answer": "Queen's Gallantry Medal"}, {"question": "They continued to wear what the insignia of what?", "answer": "lower grade with the oak leaves"}, {"question": "Who are appointed to citizens of nations?", "answer": "Honorary knighthoods"}, {"question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth ll not Head of State?", "answer": "citizens of nations"}, {"question": "What is honorary appointees are incorrectly referred to?", "answer": "Sir or Dame"}, {"question": "Who are examples of Sir of Dame?", "answer": "Bill Gates or Bob Geldof"}, {"question": "What is an example of irish broadcaster?", "answer": "Terry Wogan"}, {"question": "Who are the six officials of The Order?", "answer": "Prelate; the Dean; the Secretary; the Registrar; the King of Arms; and the Usher"}, {"question": "Who serves as the Order's Prelate?", "answer": "The Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England"}, {"question": "Who was The Dean of St. Paul?", "answer": "ex officio the Dean of the Order"}, {"question": "Who is not a member of the College of Arms?", "answer": "The Order's King of Arms"}, {"question": "What is the Usher of the Order?", "answer": "Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod"}, {"question": "Who was discontinued in the Commonwealth realms?", "answer": "Appointments to the Order of the British Empire"}, {"question": "Who established a national system of honours and awards?", "answer": "Order of Australia, the Order of Canada, and the New Zealand Order of Merit"}, {"question": "How were the different levels of award and honour reflected the imperial system?", "answer": "Canada, Australia, and New Zealand"}, {"question": "What were the highest class?", "answer": "Knights and Dames"}, {"question": "Who were MBE'S?", "answer": "The members of The Beatles"}, {"question": "In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Who compared military membership in the Order?", "answer": "John Lennon"}, {"question": "Who said \"lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.", "answer": "John Lennon"}, {"question": "When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?", "answer": "25 November 1969"}, {"question": "Who was the most excellent Order of the British Empire?", "answer": "order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "Who rewarded contributions to the arts and sciences?", "answer": "\"order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "When was the order of chivalry of British constitutional monarchy established?", "answer": "4 June 1917"}, {"question": "Who established the chivalry of british constiutional monarchy?", "answer": "King George V"}, {"question": "Who is the recipient?", "answer": "knight if male, or dame if female"}, {"question": "What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?", "answer": "Medal of the Order of the British Empire"}, {"question": "In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What was the medal renamed as?", "answer": "British Empire Medal"}, {"question": "When was it stopped being rewarded?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?", "answer": "293"}, {"question": "From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?", "answer": "below the level required for the George Medal"}, {"question": "What grade was determined?", "answer": "same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry"}, {"question": "When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?", "answer": "14 January 1958"}, {"question": "Who would prefix Sir, and Dames Grand Cross?", "answer": "Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander"}, {"question": "Who would prefix Dame, to their forenames?", "answer": "Dames Grand Cross"}, {"question": "Who would prefix Lady to their surnames?", "answer": "Wives of Knights"}, {"question": "Such forms are not used by whom?", "answer": "peers and princes"}, {"question": "Who wouldn't use the title Sir of Dame?", "answer": "Clergy of the Church of England or the Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "Who has set honours awarded by the President of India?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Who holds a republican position some consider to monarch of Britain?", "answer": "President of India"}, {"question": "What is referred to as the Padma Awards?", "answer": "President of India who holds a republican position some consider similar to that of the monarch in Britain"}, {"question": "What does the Padma Awards consist of?", "answer": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri"}, {"question": "What does not carry any decoration or insignia that can be worn on the person?", "answer": "Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri"}, {"question": "How many Knights are in The Order?", "answer": "300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross"}, {"question": "How many Knights and Dames Commander?", "answer": "845"}, {"question": "How many commanders are in The Order?", "answer": "8,960"}, {"question": "How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?", "answer": "858 Officers and 1,464 Members"}, {"question": "Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?", "answer": "Order of the British Empire"}, {"question": "What are the Members of classes of the Order assigned to?", "answer": "positions in the order of precedence"}, {"question": "Who of the male members feature on the order?", "answer": "Wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law"}, {"question": "Who are not assigned any special precedence?", "answer": "relatives of Ladies of the Order"}, {"question": "Who can individuals derive precedence from?", "answer": "fathers or husbands"}, {"question": "Who can individuals can not derive precedence from?", "answer": "mothers or wives"}, {"question": "For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?", "answer": "environmental changes"}, {"question": "What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?", "answer": "resources"}, {"question": "By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?", "answer": "selective advantage"}, {"question": "By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?", "answer": "internal metabolic"}, {"question": "What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?", "answer": "fruit flies"}, {"question": "What type of animals have been shown to have circadian rhythms only at certain times?", "answer": "Arctic animals"}, {"question": "What daily feature do animals that show limited circadian rhythms need?", "answer": "sunrises and sunsets"}, {"question": "In a study, when did reindeer at 70 degrees north only show circadian rhythms?", "answer": "autumn, winter and spring"}, {"question": "At what degree north did reindeer show rhythms only in autumn and summer?", "answer": "78 degrees"}, {"question": "What aninmals  do researchers think might also show a variance in circadian rhythms in different seasons?", "answer": "other Arctic animals"}, {"question": "What produces a self-sustaining rhythm?", "answer": "central oscillator"}, {"question": "When do the CCA1  and LHY function?", "answer": "morning"}, {"question": "Which loop that consists of GI and ELF4 functions?", "answer": "evening"}, {"question": "What was the previous belief of feedback in the gene loop?", "answer": "negative feedback loop"}, {"question": "What researcher showed that the gene  feedback loop serves as a repressor?", "answer": "Andrew Millar"}, {"question": "What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?", "answer": "sleep disorder FASPS"}, {"question": "What is the Drosophila gene also known as?", "answer": "period"}, {"question": "What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?", "answer": "FASPS"}, {"question": "What kind of clock have genetic functions?", "answer": "biological clock"}, {"question": "What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?", "answer": "time of the day"}, {"question": "Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?", "answer": "airline pilots"}, {"question": "What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?", "answer": "fatigue"}, {"question": "What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?", "answer": "NTSB"}, {"question": "What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?", "answer": "research studies"}, {"question": "Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?", "answer": "combating fatigue"}, {"question": "What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?", "answer": "4th century B.C.E"}, {"question": "What ship captain described daily leaf movements?", "answer": "Androsthenes"}, {"question": "What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?", "answer": "tamarind"}, {"question": "What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?", "answer": "medical"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?", "answer": "when to flower"}, {"question": "What do plants need to attract to their flowering?", "answer": "pollinators"}, {"question": " With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?", "answer": "light cycle"}, {"question": "What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?", "answer": "Anticipation of changes"}, {"question": "Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What has the simplest known circadian clock?", "answer": "prokaryotic cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?", "answer": "three proteins"}, {"question": "What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?", "answer": "DNA"}, {"question": "How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?", "answer": "22-hour"}, {"question": "What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?", "answer": "KaiA, KaiB, KaiC"}, {"question": "To what is the circadian rhythm tied?", "answer": "light\u2013dark cycle"}, {"question": "What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?", "answer": "total darkness"}, {"question": "What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?", "answer": "zeitgebers"}, {"question": "What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?", "answer": "photoreceptors"}, {"question": "What chemical is absent or low during daylight?", "answer": "Melatonin"}, {"question": "When is the melatonin onset?", "answer": "9 p.m"}, {"question": "At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?", "answer": "Melatonin"}, {"question": "The presence of what is a circadian marker?", "answer": "hormone"}, {"question": "What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?", "answer": "melatonin phase"}, {"question": "What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> ", "answer": "temperatures"}, {"question": "At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?", "answer": "05:00"}, {"question": "How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?", "answer": "two hours"}, {"question": "When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?", "answer": "04:00"}, {"question": "What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?", "answer": "06:00"}, {"question": "Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?", "answer": "Patrick and Gilbert"}, {"question": "Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?", "answer": "J.S. Szymanski"}, {"question": "What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?", "answer": "bees"}, {"question": "What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?", "answer": "\"period\""}, {"question": "What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?", "answer": "circadian clock"}, {"question": "Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?", "answer": "single cell"}, {"question": "By functioning within a single, what is the system?", "answer": "cell-autonomous"}, {"question": "What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?", "answer": "endocrine glands"}, {"question": "How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?", "answer": "biological clock"}, {"question": "What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?", "answer": "synchronise"}, {"question": "What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?", "answer": "Light"}, {"question": "What do plants use to sense light?", "answer": "photoreceptors"}, {"question": "What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?", "answer": "phytochromes and cryptochromes"}, {"question": "Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?", "answer": "phyA"}, {"question": "What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?", "answer": "phyB"}, {"question": "What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?", "answer": "28-hour"}, {"question": "What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?", "answer": "time cues"}, {"question": "How long did the suppression of time clues study last?", "answer": "month"}, {"question": "What is this forced type of study called?", "answer": "forced desynchrony"}, {"question": "When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?", "answer": "24.18 hours"}, {"question": "What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?", "answer": "profound consequences"}, {"question": "Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?", "answer": "body mass"}, {"question": "How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?", "answer": "insulin sensitivity"}, {"question": "Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?", "answer": "higher body mass"}, {"question": "What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?", "answer": "Shift-work"}, {"question": "What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?", "answer": "abusive drugs"}, {"question": "What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?", "answer": "circadian pacemaker"}, {"question": "What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?", "answer": "disrupted rhythms"}, {"question": "What can the disrupted circadian system cause?", "answer": "abuse and relapse"}, {"question": "What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?", "answer": "susceptibility to addiction"}, {"question": "What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?", "answer": "photosensitive proteins"}, {"question": "What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?", "answer": "replicating DNA"}, {"question": "From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? ", "answer": "ultraviolet radiation"}, {"question": "One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?", "answer": "redox reactions"}, {"question": "What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?", "answer": "Great Oxidation Event"}, {"question": "What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?", "answer": "cellular/metabolic events"}, {"question": "What do mice without the clock gene become?", "answer": "hyperphagic and obese"}, {"question": "Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?", "answer": "glucose metabolism"}, {"question": "How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?", "answer": "not clear"}, {"question": "What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?", "answer": "Rev-ErbA alpha clock"}, {"question": "Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?", "answer": "suprachiasmatic nucleus"}, {"question": "Where are these cell groups found in humans?", "answer": "hypothalamus"}, {"question": "What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?", "answer": "complete absence"}, {"question": "What provides information to the SCN?", "answer": "eyes"}, {"question": "What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?", "answer": "ganglion"}, {"question": "What did early research show people preferred as a day length?", "answer": "25 hours"}, {"question": "What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?", "answer": "artificial light"}, {"question": "What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?", "answer": "delayed"}, {"question": "When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? ", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?", "answer": "solar day"}, {"question": "Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?", "answer": "organs and cells"}, {"question": "What is the term for the independent clocks?", "answer": "peripheral oscillators"}, {"question": "What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?", "answer": "master clock"}, {"question": "In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?", "answer": "adrenal gland"}, {"question": "To what do oscillators in the skin respond?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?", "answer": "Elizabeth"}, {"question": "Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?", "answer": "great-great-grandmother"}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?", "answer": "world history"}, {"question": "Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?", "answer": "Elizabeth"}, {"question": "Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?", "answer": "Britain was at war"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth join in 1946?", "answer": "Welsh Gorsedd of Bards"}, {"question": "Who was the always the Prince of Wales?", "answer": "heir apparent"}, {"question": "Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?", "answer": "Herbert Morrison"}, {"question": "When were Elizabeth and Philip married?", "answer": "20 November 1947"}, {"question": "At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?", "answer": "Westminster Abbey"}, {"question": "How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?", "answer": "2500"}, {"question": "Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?", "answer": "Norman Hartnell"}, {"question": "What former King was not invited to the wedding?", "answer": "Duke of Windsor"}, {"question": "Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?", "answer": "Peter Townsend"}, {"question": "What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?", "answer": "wait for a year"}, {"question": "What act would the Church of England not permit?", "answer": "remarriage after divorce"}, {"question": "Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?", "answer": "Antony Armstrong-Jones"}, {"question": "What title was Armstrong-Jones given?", "answer": "Earl of Snowdon"}, {"question": "Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?", "answer": "Suez crisis"}, {"question": "What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?", "answer": "out of touch"}, {"question": "When did Macmillan resign?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?", "answer": "Earl of Home"}, {"question": "When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?", "answer": "Gough Whitlam"}, {"question": "Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?", "answer": "Governor-General Sir John Kerr"}, {"question": "What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?", "answer": "a majority"}, {"question": "Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?", "answer": "Speaker Gordon Scholes"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?", "answer": "interfere"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What politician criticized the proposed changes?", "answer": "Pierre Trudeau"}, {"question": "In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?", "answer": "Fijian government"}, {"question": "What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?", "answer": "republic"}, {"question": "In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?", "answer": "private wealth"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?", "answer": "Golden Jubilee"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?", "answer": "Her sister"}, {"question": "How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? ", "answer": "million"}, {"question": "What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?", "answer": "journalists"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?", "answer": "London Olympics"}, {"question": "What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?", "answer": "Daniel Craig"}, {"question": "For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?", "answer": "patronage"}, {"question": "What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?", "answer": "personal fortune"}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?", "answer": "\u00a32 million"}, {"question": "What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?", "answer": "\"grossly overstated\""}, {"question": "What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?", "answer": "\u00a3340 million"}, {"question": "Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?", "answer": "302nd"}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's coronation?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?", "answer": "assassination"}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?", "answer": "2 June 1953"}, {"question": "How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?", "answer": "televised"}, {"question": "What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?", "answer": "floral emblems"}, {"question": "What is the emblem of England?", "answer": "Tudor rose"}, {"question": "What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?", "answer": "Scots"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? ", "answer": "23rd Canadian Parliament"}, {"question": "On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?", "answer": "her safety"}, {"question": "In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?", "answer": "Elizabeth's assassination"}, {"question": "What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?", "answer": "Silver"}, {"question": "When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?", "answer": "Anthony Blunt"}, {"question": "What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?", "answer": "Provisional Irish Republican Army"}, {"question": "As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?", "answer": "\"fairytale Queen\""}, {"question": "What was the time after WWII heralded as?", "answer": "\"new Elizabethan age\""}, {"question": "Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?", "answer": "\"priggish schoolgirl\""}, {"question": "What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?", "answer": "Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?", "answer": "solid-colour overcoats"}, {"question": "What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?", "answer": "Crown Jewels"}, {"question": "What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?", "answer": "official residences"}, {"question": "What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?", "answer": "Balmoral Castle"}, {"question": "How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?", "answer": "\u00a39.4 billion"}, {"question": "How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?", "answer": "in trust"}, {"question": "Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P", "answer": "Princess Margaret"}, {"question": "When was Princess Margaret born?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Where were the royal princesses educated?", "answer": "at home"}, {"question": "Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?", "answer": "governess"}, {"question": "What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?", "answer": "The Little Princesses"}, {"question": "At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?", "answer": "Grenadier Guards"}, {"question": "In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? ", "answer": "Counsellors of State"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?", "answer": "February 1945"}, {"question": "In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?", "answer": "driver and mechanic"}, {"question": "Where did Philip serve during WWII?", "answer": "Royal Navy"}, {"question": "To whom did Philip's sisters marry?", "answer": "German noblemen"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?", "answer": "\"The Hun\""}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?", "answer": "\"an English gentleman\""}, {"question": "What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?", "answer": "good enough"}, {"question": "What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?", "answer": "health declined"}, {"question": "On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?", "answer": "6 February 1952"}, {"question": "In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?", "answer": "Kenya"}, {"question": "When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?", "answer": "Treaty of Rome"}, {"question": "What did the Treaty of Rome establish?", "answer": "European Economic Community"}, {"question": "To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "When did Britain and France invade Egypt?", "answer": "November 1956"}, {"question": "When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?", "answer": "1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?", "answer": "Over 20 countries"}, {"question": "When did Britain join the European Community?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?", "answer": "independence from Britain"}, {"question": "In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?", "answer": "over a decade"}, {"question": "During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?", "answer": "Trooping the Colour"}, {"question": "Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? ", "answer": "Marcus Sarjeant"}, {"question": "Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?", "answer": "Prince Andrew"}, {"question": "Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?", "answer": "Michael Fagan"}, {"question": "What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?", "answer": "Grenada"}, {"question": "What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?", "answer": "republicanism"}, {"question": "What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?", "answer": "Charles and Diana's marriage"}, {"question": "In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?", "answer": "monarchy"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?", "answer": "December 1995"}, {"question": "When was the second address to the UN by Elizabeth?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who was UN Secretary General when Elizabeth addressed the UN?", "answer": "Ban Ki-moon"}, {"question": "As what did Ban Ki-Moon introduce Elizabeth to the UN?", "answer": "\"an anchor for our age\""}, {"question": "For whom was the garden Elizabeth opened a memorial?", "answer": "British victims"}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's farewell visit to Australia?", "answer": "October 2011"}, {"question": "Until she became queen, what flower was on Elizabeth's coat of arms?", "answer": "Tudor rose"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth acquire her father's arms?", "answer": "Upon her accession"}, {"question": "Besides personal flags,what other types of flags does Elizabeth have?", "answer": "royal standards"}, {"question": "What type of flags are used in foreign countries?", "answer": "personal"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth start to bear a coat of royal arms?", "answer": "21 April 1944"}, {"question": "In what city was Elizabeth born?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "At the time of her birth, what was the rank of Elizabeth's parents?", "answer": "Duke and Duchess of York"}, {"question": "What were Elizabeth's parents' titles after ascending to the throne?", "answer": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"}, {"question": "How many children did Elizabeth's parents have?", "answer": "two daughters"}, {"question": "What event caused Elizabeth's father to become King?", "answer": "abdication of his brother"}, {"question": "When she was born, where in the order of succession was Elizabeth?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Before Elizabeth's father who was next in line for the throne?", "answer": "Edward, Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth's grandfather die?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "What event caused Edward to abdicate the throne?", "answer": "proposed marriage"}, {"question": "What did Edward's proposed marriage to Simpson cause?", "answer": "constitutional crisis"}, {"question": "What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?", "answer": "Mountbatten,"}, {"question": "What Prime Minister objected to the name change?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?", "answer": "House of Windsor"}, {"question": "What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles? ", "answer": "Mountbatten-Windsor"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname? ", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Who did Eden recommend that Elizabeth consult about appointing a new  Prime Minister?", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "What position did Lord Salisbury have in the government?", "answer": "Lord President of the Council"}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister?", "answer": "Harold Macmillan"}, {"question": "What position did Lord Kilmuir have ?", "answer": "Lord Chancellor"}, {"question": "Who in turn did Salisbury and Kilmuir consult?", "answer": "British Cabinet"}, {"question": "When did Edward Heath ask Elizabeth to call a general election?", "answer": "February 1974"}, {"question": "Where was Elizabeth when Heath advised that sh call for an election?", "answer": "Austronesian Pacific Rim"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth do after Heath adviser her?", "answer": "fly back to Britain"}, {"question": "What did Heath do after his party could not form a coalition with the Labor party?", "answer": "resigned"}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth ask to form a government?", "answer": "Harold Wilson"}, {"question": "What did high public interest in the  private lives of the royal family cause in the press?", "answer": "sensational stories"}, {"question": "Who was editor of The Sun in the 1980s?", "answer": "Kelvin MacKenzie"}, {"question": "What did the editor of The Observer call the sensational stories about the royals?", "answer": "royal soap opera"}, {"question": "Who, it was rumored,  did Margaret Thatcher say the Queen would vote for?", "answer": "Thatcher's political opponents"}, {"question": "Who said the Elizabeth was a behind the scenes force in ending apartheid?", "answer": "Brian Mulroney"}, {"question": "What incident killed Diana in Paris?", "answer": "car crash"}, {"question": "When did Diana die?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "How long did Elizabeth and the royal family remain in seclusion at Balmoral?", "answer": "five days"}, {"question": "What failure did the public find dismaying?", "answer": "fly a flag at half-mast"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth do to diffuse hostile public sentiment?", "answer": "live television broadcast"}, {"question": "How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?", "answer": "60 years"}, {"question": "What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?", "answer": "Diamond Jubilee"}, {"question": "What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting? ", "answer": "1781"}, {"question": "What governmental style of monarch is Elizabeth?", "answer": "constitutional monarch"}, {"question": "How often does Elizabeth give interviews?", "answer": "rarely"}, {"question": "What type of political religious beliefs does Elizabeth seemed to support?", "answer": "inter-faith relations"}, {"question": "What is Elizabeth's ranking in the Church of England?", "answer": "Supreme Governor"}, {"question": "Apart from her membership in the Church of England, to what other church does she belong?", "answer": "Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "During whose reign was Elizabeth born?", "answer": "King George V"}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's fathers title at the time of her birth?", "answer": "Prince Albert, Duke of York"}, {"question": "What title and name did Elizabeth's father take upon becoming king?", "answer": "King George VI"}, {"question": "Which Bishop of York baptized Elizabeth? ", "answer": "Cosmo Gordon Lang"}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname when she was young?", "answer": "Lilibet"}, {"question": "When did Britain enter WWII?", "answer": "September 1939"}, {"question": "Who recommended that the two princesses be evacuated to Canada?", "answer": "Lord Hailsham"}, {"question": "Who rejected the idea of sending the princesses away?", "answer": "Elizabeth's mother"}, {"question": "Where did the two princesses live for most of the war?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth make her first radio broadcast?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?", "answer": "Windlesham Moor"}, {"question": "After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?", "answer": "Clarence House"}, {"question": "In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?", "answer": "Royal Navy"}, {"question": "Where was Philip stationed during WWII?", "answer": "British Crown Colony of Malta"}, {"question": "In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?", "answer": "Lord Mountbatten"}, {"question": "What entity did the British Empire slowly become during Elizabeth's reign?", "answer": "Commonwealth of Nations"}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth become Queen?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What tour did Elizabeth take in 1953?", "answer": "round-the-world tour"}, {"question": "How many nations did Elizabeth visit on tour in 1953?", "answer": "13 countries"}, {"question": "How many miles did Elizabeth cover on her world tour?", "answer": "40,000 miles"}, {"question": "About whom was Elizabeth worried in the 1970s?", "answer": "Pierre Trudeau"}, {"question": "What was the subject under consideration in discussions in 1980?", "answer": "Canadian constitution"}, {"question": "What did patriation of the Canadian Constitution remove from the constitution?", "answer": "British parliament"}, {"question": "What was retained in the constitution?", "answer": "monarchy"}, {"question": "What did Trudeau say Elizabeth favored?", "answer": "reform"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth's speech on 24 November, 1992 mark?", "answer": "her accession"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth call her past year?", "answer": "annus horribilis"}, {"question": "When did Price Andrew separate from his wife?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "Who did Princess Anne divorce in April?", "answer": "Captain Mark Phillips"}, {"question": "What great house caught fire in November?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "Who, in 2007, frustrated Elizabeth?", "answer": "Prime Minister, Tony Blair"}, {"question": "What issue of Blair's did Elizabeth admire?", "answer": "peace in Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth attend a service at Armagm, in Ireland?", "answer": "20 March 2008"}, {"question": "What service did Elizabeth attend in Armagm?", "answer": "Maundy"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth make the first visit to Ireland by a British monarch?", "answer": "May 2011."}, {"question": "Who did Elizabeth surpass in longest lived British monarch?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "What relation was Victoria to Elizabeth?", "answer": "great-great-grandmother"}, {"question": "When did Elizabeth become the longest reigning monarch?", "answer": "9 September 2015"}, {"question": "In age of monarchs, what is the rank of Elizabeth's reign?", "answer": "world's oldest"}, {"question": "What head of stat has served longer than Elizabeth?", "answer": "King Bhumibol Adulyadej"}, {"question": "When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What increased in the 1980s?", "answer": "public criticism"}, {"question": "What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?", "answer": "royal family"}, {"question": "What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?", "answer": "popularity"}, {"question": "What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?", "answer": "income tax"}, {"question": "What feature do Elizabeth's titles usually follow in each country?", "answer": "similar formula"}, {"question": "What are the Channel Islands and the Isle of Mann?", "answer": "Crown dependencies"}, {"question": "What si Elizabeth's title in the Channel Islands?", "answer": "Duke of Normandy"}, {"question": "What is Elizabeth's title on the Isle of Mann?", "answer": "Lord of Mann"}, {"question": "Once in conversation with the Queen, how is Elizabeth addressed?", "answer": "Ma'am"}, {"question": "What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?", "answer": "biologically-based"}, {"question": "IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?", "answer": "no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role"}, {"question": "What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?", "answer": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."}, {"question": "Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?", "answer": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?", "answer": "genetic, hormonal, and environmental"}, {"question": "Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?", "answer": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?", "answer": "exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."}, {"question": "Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?", "answer": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?", "answer": "biologically-based theories"}, {"question": "Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?", "answer": "Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?", "answer": "they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences."}, {"question": "What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?", "answer": "There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation."}, {"question": "What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?", "answer": "has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex."}, {"question": "Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?", "answer": "They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors"}, {"question": "What is sexual identity defined as?", "answer": "individual's conception of themselves"}, {"question": "What is sexual behavior defined as?", "answer": "actual sexual acts performed by the individual"}, {"question": "What is sexual orientation defined as?", "answer": "fantasies, attachments and longings"}, {"question": "What does the term closeted mean?", "answer": "People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity"}, {"question": "What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?", "answer": "concordance or discordance"}, {"question": "What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? ", "answer": "sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual"}, {"question": "Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?", "answer": "Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors."}, {"question": "What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? ", "answer": "closeted"}, {"question": "What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?", "answer": "discordance"}, {"question": "Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?", "answer": "concordance"}, {"question": "What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?", "answer": "religious ostracism"}, {"question": "What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?", "answer": "hide their respective orientations from their spouses"}, {"question": "What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?", "answer": "desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism"}, {"question": "Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? ", "answer": "others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages"}, {"question": "What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?", "answer": "Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children"}, {"question": "Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?", "answer": "some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses"}, {"question": "How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?", "answer": "have adopted policy statements"}, {"question": "What do these policy statements suggest? ", "answer": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?", "answer": "National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society."}, {"question": "Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?", "answer": "No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?", "answer": "cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation."}, {"question": "What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?", "answer": "the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,"}, {"question": "Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?", "answer": "Magnus Hirschfeld"}, {"question": "What did the published scheme attempt to do?", "answer": "measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire"}, {"question": "How did the scheme measure desire?", "answer": "on two independent 10-point scales"}, {"question": "What were the two scales defined as?", "answer": "A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)"}, {"question": "How many points were on each scale?", "answer": "10-point"}, {"question": "When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?", "answer": "From at least the late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?", "answer": "Magnus Hirschfeld"}, {"question": "What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. ", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?", "answer": "a homosexual individual may be A5, B0"}, {"question": "On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?", "answer": "an asexual would be A0, B0"}, {"question": "What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?", "answer": "it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality"}, {"question": "How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?", "answer": "as independent concepts on a separate scale"}, {"question": "What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?", "answer": "they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa"}, {"question": "What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?", "answer": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual"}, {"question": "What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?", "answer": "inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale"}, {"question": "What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?", "answer": "more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum"}, {"question": "What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?", "answer": "would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either."}, {"question": "What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?", "answer": "the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,"}, {"question": "How does research identify sexual population groups?", "answer": "scales of assessment"}, {"question": "What is the understanding of the scales used?", "answer": "to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation"}, {"question": "Why might the scales fail?", "answer": "due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "How many components are used in assessment?", "answer": "three components"}, {"question": "What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?", "answer": "scales of assessment"}, {"question": "What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?", "answer": "assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation."}, {"question": "What can cause problems with these scales that are used?", "answer": "ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "How many components are used in an assessment?", "answer": "there are three components of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?", "answer": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population"}, {"question": "What were the calculations of this myth?", "answer": "averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women"}, {"question": "What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?", "answer": "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere"}, {"question": "What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?", "answer": "influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies"}, {"question": "What does knowing the sexual population influence?", "answer": "how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies"}, {"question": "Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?", "answer": "Bruce Voeller"}, {"question": "What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?", "answer": "that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women"}, {"question": "What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?", "answer": "used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that \"we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere\"."}, {"question": "Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?", "answer": "men and women have different patterns of arousal"}, {"question": "Are the patterns related to orientation?", "answer": "independent of their sexual orientations"}, {"question": "What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?", "answer": "both human and nonhuman stimuli"}, {"question": "What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?", "answer": "to non-human visual stimuli"}, {"question": "Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?", "answer": "their specific sexual interest"}, {"question": "What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?", "answer": "confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations"}, {"question": "Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?", "answer": "become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual"}, {"question": "Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?", "answer": "x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,"}, {"question": "Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?", "answer": ", their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men)."}, {"question": "What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?", "answer": "Androphilia and gynephilia"}, {"question": "These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?", "answer": "to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization"}, {"question": "What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?", "answer": "a sex assignment or gender identity"}, {"question": "What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?", "answer": "pansexual and polysexual"}, {"question": "What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?", "answer": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual"}, {"question": "Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?", "answer": "Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia"}, {"question": "What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?", "answer": "homosexual and heterosexual"}, {"question": "What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?", "answer": "identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject"}, {"question": "What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?", "answer": "queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic."}, {"question": "What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?", "answer": "Translation"}, {"question": "What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?", "answer": "Language"}, {"question": "Where are the meanings of words negotiated?", "answer": "mass media"}, {"question": "What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?", "answer": "New words"}, {"question": "What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?", "answer": "Translation"}, {"question": "Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?", "answer": "English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language."}, {"question": "What problems can arise due to translation issues?", "answer": "can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?", "answer": "Language"}, {"question": "Early writers linked orientation to what concept?", "answer": "the subject's own sex"}, {"question": "What theorists agreed with this concept?", "answer": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,"}, {"question": "What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?", "answer": "gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?", "answer": "gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual"}, {"question": "What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?", "answer": "gender-nonconformity"}, {"question": "What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?", "answer": "it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa."}, {"question": "What did gender idenity become to be seen as?", "answer": "phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?", "answer": "\"gender-conforming heterosexual\" and the \"gender-nonconforming homosexual\""}, {"question": "Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?", "answer": "Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker"}, {"question": "In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?", "answer": "during their childhood years."}, {"question": "Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?", "answer": "non-Caucasian LGBT"}, {"question": "What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?", "answer": "Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine"}, {"question": "What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?", "answer": "neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group"}, {"question": "What is an example of a culturally specific support network?", "answer": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i\" for Vietnamese American queer females."}, {"question": "Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?", "answer": "in a double minority,"}, {"question": "What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?", "answer": "they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group"}, {"question": "What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?", "answer": "racism"}, {"question": "Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?", "answer": "racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?", "answer": "\u00d4-M\u00f4i"}, {"question": "Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?", "answer": "Some research suggests that \"[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span"}, {"question": "Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?", "answer": "longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span."}, {"question": "What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?", "answer": ". [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']"}, {"question": "What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?", "answer": "choice"}, {"question": "When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?", "answer": "2012,"}, {"question": "Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?", "answer": "they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,"}, {"question": "What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?", "answer": "pathological condition"}, {"question": "What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?", "answer": "that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,"}, {"question": "What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?", "answer": "violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements."}, {"question": "What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?", "answer": "sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time."}, {"question": "How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?", "answer": "such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories"}, {"question": "What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?", "answer": "relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history"}, {"question": "What positions does the KInsey scale not use?", "answer": "the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response"}, {"question": "What does SASO stand for?", "answer": "Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation"}, {"question": "Why was SASO created?", "answer": "to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid"}, {"question": "What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?", "answer": "measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately"}, {"question": "What is one of SASO's main goals?", "answer": "providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?", "answer": "measurements of sexual orientation."}, {"question": "How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?", "answer": "all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation"}, {"question": "When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?", "answer": "(2006)"}, {"question": "What issues to Savin address during this talk?", "answer": "basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population"}, {"question": "Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?", "answer": "Because of the limited populations that each component captures"}, {"question": "How should consumers of the research approach these findings?", "answer": "should be cautious in generalizing these findings."}, {"question": "What have scientists started spending the most time on?", "answer": "measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal"}, {"question": "How do scientiest measure brain activity?", "answer": "by using brain-scanning techniques"}, {"question": "How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?", "answer": "positively"}, {"question": "What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?", "answer": "The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,"}, {"question": "What does the amygdala region of the brain do?", "answer": "known to be involved in regulating fear."}, {"question": "What can affect how a person is treated?", "answer": "Perceived sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?", "answer": "15.6%"}, {"question": "When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?", "answer": "2003,"}, {"question": "Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?", "answer": "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?", "answer": "psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component"}, {"question": "What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?", "answer": "focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s."}, {"question": "What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?", "answer": "an individual's self-definition"}, {"question": "When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?", "answer": "typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence"}, {"question": "What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?", "answer": "sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self."}, {"question": "Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?", "answer": "In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953"}, {"question": "What where people asked to do in these research studies?", "answer": "people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual."}, {"question": "What did KInsey find during these studies ?", "answer": "that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual"}, {"question": "In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?", "answer": "(5\u201310%"}, {"question": "Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?", "answer": "the randomness of his sample population,"}, {"question": "What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?", "answer": "Innate bisexuality"}, {"question": "What does Sigmunds idea theorize?", "answer": "all humans are born bisexual"}, {"question": "Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?", "answer": "this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality"}, {"question": "What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?", "answer": "both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures"}, {"question": "Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?", "answer": "that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders"}, {"question": "Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?", "answer": "pansexual or polysexual,"}, {"question": "What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?", "answer": "a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions"}, {"question": "What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?", "answer": "Androphilia and gynephilia"}, {"question": "What is androphilia used to describe?", "answer": "sexual attraction to masculinity"}, {"question": "What is gynephilia used to describe?", "answer": "the sexual attraction to femininity"}, {"question": "What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?", "answer": "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes"}, {"question": "What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?", "answer": "identity labels"}, {"question": "What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?", "answer": "lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes)."}, {"question": "What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?", "answer": "a person\u2019s choice of sexual partners"}, {"question": "What does NARTH stand for?", "answer": "The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality"}, {"question": "What does NARTH consider itself to be?", "answer": "a \"professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,"}, {"question": "What does NARTH disagree with?", "answer": "the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy"}, {"question": "What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?", "answer": "its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality"}, {"question": "What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?", "answer": "that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish"}, {"question": "What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?", "answer": "confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people"}, {"question": "Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?", "answer": "the affected s"}, {"question": "What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?", "answer": "confusion"}, {"question": "What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?", "answer": "are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people."}, {"question": "What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?", "answer": "when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals"}, {"question": "What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?", "answer": "dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality."}, {"question": "What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?", "answer": "because it is still not a true continuum"}, {"question": "How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?", "answer": "to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale"}, {"question": "What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?", "answer": "a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences"}, {"question": "How many questions does the SASO contain?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What do six of the questions asses?", "answer": "sexual attraction"}, {"question": "What do the other six questions asses?", "answer": "four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity"}, {"question": "What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?", "answer": "heterosexuality"}, {"question": "How are the results simplified when using the SASO?", "answer": "into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality."}, {"question": "Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?", "answer": "The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established"}, {"question": "What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?", "answer": "that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it"}, {"question": "What was once thought to cause homosexuality?", "answer": "the result of faulty psychological development"}, {"question": "What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?", "answer": "this was based on prejudice and misinformation."}, {"question": "What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?", "answer": "determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population"}, {"question": "What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?", "answer": "which component of sexual orientation is being assessed"}, {"question": "Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?", "answer": "Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population"}, {"question": "Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?", "answer": "chromosome Y"}, {"question": "What is the differentiation process driven by?", "answer": "androgen hormones,"}, {"question": "What results in sexual differences in males and females?", "answer": "secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain"}, {"question": "What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?", "answer": "the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life"}, {"question": "Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?", "answer": "Karl Heinrich Ulrichs"}, {"question": "When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?", "answer": "in the 1860s"}, {"question": "Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?", "answer": "meant only to describe males"}, {"question": "What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?", "answer": "dionings, urnings and uranodionings"}, {"question": "What did these three categories correspond with?", "answer": "the categories of sexual orientation used today:"}, {"question": "What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?", "answer": "lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories."}, {"question": "What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?", "answer": "collapsing the two values into one final score"}, {"question": "Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?", "answer": "A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience"}, {"question": "How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?", "answer": "to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information"}, {"question": "Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?", "answer": "one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle"}, {"question": "What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?", "answer": "those assessing sexual attraction"}, {"question": "Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?", "answer": "sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?", "answer": "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither"}, {"question": "What is a huge concern for SASO?", "answer": "the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined."}, {"question": "What reflects the prevalence rates varying?", "answer": "people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time"}, {"question": "What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?", "answer": "such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life."}, {"question": "What did Diamond find about the women?", "answer": "over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,"}, {"question": "What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?", "answer": "the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour"}, {"question": "What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?", "answer": "individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed"}, {"question": "Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?", "answer": "Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional"}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?", "answer": "Michel Foucault"}, {"question": "In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What did he state was an invention of the modern state?", "answer": "'Sexuality"}, {"question": "What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?", "answer": "Sodomy"}, {"question": "What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?", "answer": "the concept may not apply similarly to men and women"}, {"question": "What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?", "answer": "female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match"}, {"question": "What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?", "answer": "men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,"}, {"question": "What does research show about sexual orientation?", "answer": "is independent of cultural and other social influences"}, {"question": "What can being openly gay be hindered by?", "answer": "homophobic/hetereosexist settings."}, {"question": "What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?", "answer": "religion, language and ethnic traditions"}, {"question": "What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?", "answer": "white, middle-class, well-educated"}, {"question": "What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?", "answer": "individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant."}, {"question": "What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?", "answer": "according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)"}, {"question": "When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?", "answer": "femininity and/or inferiority"}, {"question": "When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?", "answer": "masculinity and/or superiority"}, {"question": "How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?", "answer": "Little"}, {"question": "What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?", "answer": "a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences"}, {"question": "What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?", "answer": "a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause"}, {"question": "What do they believe about sexual orientation?", "answer": "not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception."}, {"question": "What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?", "answer": "statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals"}, {"question": "What can these results be caused from?", "answer": "the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself"}, {"question": "What concept is sexual orientation argued as?", "answer": "a concept that evolved in the industrialized West"}, {"question": "What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?", "answer": "the universality of its application in other societies or cultures"}, {"question": "What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?", "answer": "as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period"}, {"question": "What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?", "answer": "confusing and degrading"}, {"question": "What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?", "answer": ". These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around"}, {"question": "What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?", "answer": "it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma."}, {"question": "What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?", "answer": "sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished"}, {"question": "What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?", "answer": "sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,"}, {"question": "What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?", "answer": "sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life)."}, {"question": "What does the FBO effect stand for?", "answer": "fraternal birth order"}, {"question": "What does this theory entail?", "answer": "prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism"}, {"question": "What does research show about the FBO effect?", "answer": "this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,"}, {"question": "What does MIH stand for?", "answer": "maternal immunization hypothesis"}, {"question": "What does BBB stand for?", "answer": "blood/brain barrier"}, {"question": "What other name does the KInsey scale go by?", "answer": "Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale"}, {"question": "When was the KInsey scale first published?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Why was the KInsey scale developed?", "answer": "to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual"}, {"question": "What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?", "answer": "Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior"}, {"question": "Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?", "answer": "Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin"}, {"question": "What does KSOG stand for?", "answer": "Klein sexual orientation grid"}, {"question": "Who invented the KSOG?", "answer": "Fritz Klein"}, {"question": "Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?", "answer": "response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What kind of scale does the KSOG use?", "answer": "a 7-point scale"}, {"question": "What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?", "answer": "past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice)."}, {"question": "What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?", "answer": "sexual orientation"}, {"question": "What do individuals typically experience?", "answer": "diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure"}, {"question": "What is there little coherent relationships between?", "answer": "the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself"}, {"question": "Who wrote the paper \"Whos Gay? Does It Matter?", "answer": "Ritch Savin-Williams"}, {"question": "What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?", "answer": "suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction"}, {"question": "What did he propose to measure attraction?", "answer": "that biological measures should be developed and used."}, {"question": "What else does Savin-Williams suggest?", "answer": "researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether"}, {"question": "What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?", "answer": "assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated"}, {"question": "What do these studies suggest?", "answer": "that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns"}, {"question": "How is this reflected in the studies?", "answer": "in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli."}, {"question": "What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?", "answer": "attractions, behavior, identity"}, {"question": "What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?", "answer": "physical component of attractions"}, {"question": "What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?", "answer": "emotional attachment"}, {"question": "What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?", "answer": "perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people"}, {"question": "What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?", "answer": "gaydar"}, {"question": "What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses \"gaydar\"?", "answer": "that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance"}, {"question": "What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?", "answer": "using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation"}, {"question": "What did this research also show about face-shape?", "answer": "not an accurate indication of orientation."}, {"question": "What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?", "answer": "due to differing definitions of bisexuality."}, {"question": "What is one way a study can view bisexuality?", "answer": "if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,"}, {"question": "What is another way studies can view bisexuality?", "answer": "they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of asexuals?", "answer": "1%."}, {"question": "What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?", "answer": "activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as \"gay\" and \"heterosexual\" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries."}, {"question": "What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?", "answer": "is a sign of homosexuality"}, {"question": "What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?", "answer": "expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends"}, {"question": "What number was dell on the Fortune 500 list until 2014?", "answer": "51"}, {"question": "When did Dell go private?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Dell is currently the #1 shipper of what?", "answer": "PC monitors"}, {"question": "In which state is Dell the sixth largest company?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "What PC vendor rank did Dell hold?", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "What market did Dell ignore at first?", "answer": "consumer market"}, {"question": "When did Dell's internet site gain popularity?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What was happening to Dell's average sale to individuals?", "answer": "going up"}, {"question": "When did Dell create their internal marketing group?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What sales model did Dell use for a long time?", "answer": "direct"}, {"question": "Who were the main driving force behind PC sales?", "answer": "Consumers"}, {"question": "Where were consumers going to buy devices other than online?", "answer": "consumer electronics retail stores"}, {"question": "What market presence did Dell lack?", "answer": "retail"}, {"question": "What was one city that Dell tested retail stores in?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "What industry was getting smaller?", "answer": "PC"}, {"question": "When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What other American company fell behind Lenovo with Dell?", "answer": "Hewlett Packard"}, {"question": "What PC was taking corporate customers from Dell?", "answer": "ThinkPad"}, {"question": "What company was Dell behind in profits in 2012?", "answer": "Apple Inc."}, {"question": "Which of Dell's processes handles PC assembly, testing, and quality control?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "Where did Dell configure their notebooks?", "answer": "in-house"}, {"question": "When did Dell describe their changing approach to manufacturing?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who reported that Dell was offering to sell their manufacturing plants?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal"}, {"question": "What manufacturers was Dell losing to efficiency-wise?", "answer": "Asian"}, {"question": "What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?", "answer": "advertisements"}, {"question": "One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?", "answer": "Internet"}, {"question": "What year did Dell make an agreement with Officeworks?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What computer model did Dell ask Officeworks to carry?", "answer": "Inspiron"}, {"question": "In which country did Dell partner with Harris Technology?", "answer": "Australian"}, {"question": "What company did Dell team with in late 2008?", "answer": "Dick Smith Electronics"}, {"question": "What year did Dell's Australian program end up shutting down?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What department did Dell launch an internal investigation on?", "answer": "accounting"}, {"question": "What was the minimum amount of earnings that would be restated by Dell's investigation?", "answer": "$50 million"}, {"question": "What year did Dell's internal investigation begin?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who did Dell agree to not buy processors from?", "answer": "AMD"}, {"question": "How much did Dell pay in fines to settle fraud charges against it?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What decade did Dell begin to sell things other than PCs?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "IBM, Hewlett Packard, and Compaq were the major providers of what?", "answer": "servers"}, {"question": "What servers did Dell create that they tried to break into the market with?", "answer": "PowerEdge"}, {"question": "What year did Dell's enterprise revenue make up a large chunk of its profit?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Which company did Dell exceed as a server provider?", "answer": "Compaq"}, {"question": "What market made up the majority of Dell's sales?", "answer": "PC"}, {"question": "What advantage did Dell hold in the PC market?", "answer": "price"}, {"question": "What operation did Hewlett Packard and Acer make more efficient to compete with Dell?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "Where did Dell miss out on sales due to relying on the internet?", "answer": "big box stores"}, {"question": "What company stated that Dell was preventing itself from innovating?", "answer": "CNET"}, {"question": "What decade did Dell's manufacturing process become less efficient?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "What plant did Dell close in Texas?", "answer": "Mort Topfer Manufacturing Center"}, {"question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million but was later closed?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What company bought the North Carolina plant from Dell?", "answer": "Herbalife"}, {"question": "The plant in what US state still remains in operation?", "answer": "Florida"}, {"question": "How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?", "answer": "doubled"}, {"question": "What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?", "answer": "Elliott Management"}, {"question": "What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal"}, {"question": "What year did Dell go private?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "In what foreign country did Dell open plants in 1995?", "answer": "Malaysia"}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell notebooks are assembled in their asian plants?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "How much did Dell spend to construct a new plant in India?", "answer": "$60 million"}, {"question": "How many PCs was Dell's Indian plant slated to make in 2007?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Dell?", "answer": "Michael Dell"}, {"question": "How many board members does Dell have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many committees are appointed by the board of directors at Dell?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which Dell committee handles accounting issues?", "answer": "Audit Committee"}, {"question": "Which Dell committee keeps the company from violating antitrust laws?", "answer": "Antitrust Compliance Committee"}, {"question": "What decade did Dell sell electronics through big box stores?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "what year did Dell stop selling products through physical retailers?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What store did Dell sell electronics at in 2003?", "answer": "Sears"}, {"question": "What year did Dell begin selling products at retailers again?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who is the largest electronics retailer in the US? ", "answer": "Best Buy"}, {"question": "What was Dell the first IT company to establish?", "answer": "product-recycling goal"}, {"question": "What year did Dell enact its global consumer recycling program?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How much electronics did Dell recycle by 2009?", "answer": "275 million pounds"}, {"question": "What year was 78 million pounds of Dell equipment recycled?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell electronics from the previous seven years were recycled?", "answer": "12.4%"}, {"question": "What decade did Dell switch to PSUs and boards that had differently wired connectors?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "With what kind of parts were consumers able to upgrade their Dell systems with?", "answer": "Dell-compatible parts"}, {"question": "What year did Dell revert its power connectors to industry standard ones?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What part of their motherboards does Dell not reveal the specifications of?", "answer": "pin-outs"}, {"question": "When did Michael Dell found his company?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "How much did Dell receive as capital from his family?", "answer": "$1,000"}, {"question": "What school did Dell go to and later drop out of while he ran his business?", "answer": "University of Texas at Austin"}, {"question": "What year did Dell design its own computer?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How much did Dell profit in its first year?", "answer": "$73 million"}, {"question": "What did Dell enjoy from 1997 to 2004?", "answer": "steady growth"}, {"question": "What company did Dell overtake as the largest PC manufacturer?", "answer": "Compaq"}, {"question": "How much were Dell profiting in 2002?", "answer": "$35 billion"}, {"question": "What company did Compaq merge with in 2002?", "answer": "Hewlett Packard"}, {"question": "What company was the fastest growing in the early 2000s?", "answer": "Dell"}, {"question": "What did Dell rely on that gave it a reputation?", "answer": "supply chain efficiencies"}, {"question": "What did Dell maintain lower spending on than its competitors?", "answer": "R&D"}, {"question": "What was Dell's organizational structure considered?", "answer": "horizontal"}, {"question": "Dell lagged behind Hewlett Packard and Oracle in delivering what kind of solutions?", "answer": "IT solutions"}, {"question": "What was the name of Dell's change campaign?", "answer": "Dell 2.0"}, {"question": "Who relinquished his position as CEO to take a seat on the board?", "answer": "Michael Dell"}, {"question": "Michael Dell removed employee bonuses from what year with his new incentive?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who replaced Jim Schneider as Dell CFO?", "answer": "Donald Carty"}, {"question": "How much of Dell's revenue was its PC division?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Who was Dell's main business rival?", "answer": "Hewlett Packard"}, {"question": "How much did Dell spend on acquiring different divisions?", "answer": "$13 billion"}, {"question": "What happened to Dell's revenue and share price in the post-PC market?", "answer": "declines"}, {"question": "What city is Dell's New Hampshire facility in?", "answer": "Nashua"}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Tennessee facility in?", "answer": "Nashville"}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Minnesota facility in?", "answer": "Eden Prairie"}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Florida facility in?", "answer": "Miami"}, {"question": "What city is Dell's Texas facility in?", "answer": "Austin"}, {"question": "What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?", "answer": "Alienware"}, {"question": "What emissions did Dell strive to reduce?", "answer": "greenhouse gas"}, {"question": "By 2015, how much did Dell slate to reduce its emissions?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "What year did Dell rank 2nd for product greenness?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What organization scores electronics manufacturers based on how environmentally friendly their products are? ", "answer": "Greenpeace"}, {"question": "What year did Dell come under fire from the Taiwanese Consumer Protection Commission?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What percent lower was Dell selling its notebooks in Taiwan?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What did dell sell for $19 in Taiwan?", "answer": "19\" LCD"}, {"question": "How much did Taiwan fine Dell for its practices?", "answer": "NT$1 million"}, {"question": "Innovations in what kind of management is Dell known for?", "answer": "supply chain"}, {"question": "What sales model did Dell follow?", "answer": "direct-sales"}, {"question": "For the majority of Dell's existence, what were they a vendor of?", "answer": "hardware"}, {"question": "What company did Dell acquire in 2009?", "answer": "Perot Systems"}, {"question": "What market did Dell begin to compete in in 2009?", "answer": "IT services"}, {"question": "What year did Dell plan to sell PCs at retailers?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What was one retailer that were going to sell Dell PCs?", "answer": "Wal-Mart"}, {"question": "Who convinced Michael Dell to not use retailers to sell PCs?", "answer": "Kevin Rollins"}, {"question": "What position at Dell did Kevin Rollins eventually attain?", "answer": "CEO"}, {"question": "What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?", "answer": "board of directors"}, {"question": "What year did Walker retire?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?", "answer": "CEO"}, {"question": "What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?", "answer": "U.S"}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?", "answer": "32 percent"}, {"question": "What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?", "answer": "Microsoft's Windows Vista"}, {"question": "The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?", "answer": "iPad"}, {"question": "Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?", "answer": "mobility"}, {"question": "What Dell product was a commercial failure?", "answer": "Streak"}, {"question": "What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?", "answer": "XPS"}, {"question": "What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What did Dell have a poor reputation for?", "answer": "customer service"}, {"question": "Where did Dell move its call centers?", "answer": "offshore"}, {"question": "Which Dell employee was moved from head of manufacturing to head of customer service?", "answer": "Dick Hunter"}, {"question": "How much had Dell spent by 2006 on improving customer service?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What year did the Blackstone Group express interest in acquiring Dell?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the first private equity firm to decide not to submit a bid for Dell?", "answer": "KKR & Co"}, {"question": "What company did analysts feel would need to find an exit strategy to profit from acquiring Dell?", "answer": "Silver Lake"}, {"question": "How much was the potential enterprise value of Dell?", "answer": "$25bn"}, {"question": "What year did Dell close its largest Canadian call center?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "How many employees lost jobs when Dell closed their call center?", "answer": "1100"}, {"question": "How many workers did Dell plan to have at their Ottawa call center?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of its workforce did Dell terminate in from 2007 to 2008?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What type of computing is the combined effort of EMC and Dell slated to address?", "answer": "private cloud computing"}, {"question": "What organization commented on the deal between EMC and Dell?", "answer": "FBR Capital Markets"}, {"question": "How much did VMware stock fall after the merger announcement?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What was the original valuation of the merger?", "answer": "$67bn"}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce its buyout deal?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the value of Dell's buyout deal?", "answer": "$24.4 billion"}, {"question": "What was the value of the loan that Dell received from Microsoft?", "answer": "$2 billion"}, {"question": "What was the value of the second largest technology buyout?", "answer": "$17.5 billion"}, {"question": "How much space did Dell lease in Texas?", "answer": "80,000 square feet"}, {"question": "How many senior executives were slated to work in the building Dell leased?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce its plans to sublease its building?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Where did Dell move its headquarters back to in 2003?", "answer": "Round Rock"}, {"question": "What was the total amount of space that Dell leased in Las Cimas 1 and 2?", "answer": "312,000 square feet"}, {"question": "What Texas city was Dell's headquarters previously in?", "answer": "Austin"}, {"question": "How many employees worked at Dell's Texas headquarters?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce that it was moving most of its employees out of Texas?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Where was the board room located at Dells Arboretum building?", "answer": "top floor"}, {"question": "How many customer support employees did Dell move to Round Rock in 1994?", "answer": "1,100"}, {"question": "For what market did Dell make computers for in Ireland?", "answer": "EMEA"}, {"question": "How many Irish employees did Dell hire?", "answer": "4,500"}, {"question": "What year did Dell announce it was relocating its Irish facility?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was the value of the aid package given to Dell that the European Union investigated?", "answer": "\u20ac52.7million"}, {"question": "What year did Dell begin production in the Lodz, Poland facility?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What kind of hardware support does Dell provide?", "answer": "multivendor"}, {"question": "What kind of customers does Dell provide support to for major outages?", "answer": "ProSupport"}, {"question": "What kind of support does Dell provide using a computer's service-tag?", "answer": "on-line support"}, {"question": "What is the alternate name for the Dell Solution Station?", "answer": "Dell on Call"}, {"question": "What Dell service offers certified technicians to tackle commercial technical support?", "answer": "Dell Business Support"}, {"question": "What Dell service offers remote desktop management?", "answer": "Dell Everdream Desktop Management"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Dell service that gives home-users a support queue?", "answer": "Your Tech Team"}, {"question": "What year did Dell lose its tech lead to Hewlett-Packard?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What was HP's growth during the third quarter of 2006?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What was the rate of decline that Dell experienced in PC shipments?", "answer": "8.9%"}, {"question": "What was Dell's market share at the end of 2006?", "answer": "13.9%"}, {"question": "What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?", "answer": "polyvinyl chloride"}, {"question": "By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?", "answer": "Greenpeace"}, {"question": "What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?", "answer": "45%"}, {"question": "How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?", "answer": "$150 million"}, {"question": "What does Dell aim to reduce by creating energy efficient products?", "answer": "external environmental impact"}, {"question": "How much does energy efficiency save Dell per year?", "answer": "$3 million"}, {"question": "What is the largest contributor to Dell's energy efficiency savings?", "answer": "PC power management"}, {"question": "How many PCs does Dell employ energy management software on?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?", "answer": "direct review"}, {"question": "In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?", "answer": "appellate"}, {"question": "How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What percentage of convictions survive direct review?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?", "answer": "trial"}, {"question": "In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?", "answer": "42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1983"}, {"question": "Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?", "answer": "to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights"}, {"question": "Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?", "answer": "Gary Gilmore"}, {"question": "In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?", "answer": "Utah"}, {"question": "On what date was John Spenkelink executed?", "answer": "May 25, 1979"}, {"question": "In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?", "answer": "Nevada"}, {"question": "How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?", "answer": "lethal injection"}, {"question": "What was a common nickname for the electric chair?", "answer": "Old Sparky"}, {"question": "What color was Alabama's electric chair?", "answer": "Yellow"}, {"question": "What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?", "answer": "Florida"}, {"question": "Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?", "answer": "lethal injection"}, {"question": "Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?", "answer": "Electrocution"}, {"question": "What state has had only a single execution?", "answer": "Wisconsin"}, {"question": "When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?", "answer": "Rhode Island"}, {"question": "In the United States, how many murders are there for each execution?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "How many murder convictions occur in the US per execution?", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "How many states in the US have the death penalty?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What state has the highest rate of death sentences per person?", "answer": "Alabama"}, {"question": "What does Alabama law allow judges to do that isn't allowed in other states?", "answer": "overriding life imprisonment sentences and imposing the death penalty"}, {"question": "What territory's constitution says \"The death penalty shall not exist\"?", "answer": "Puerto Rico's"}, {"question": "What US state prohibits the death penalty in its constitution?", "answer": "Michigan"}, {"question": "How many US states have passed laws outlawing the death penalty?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Under what jurisdiction can capital offenses still be committed in Puerto Rico?", "answer": "federal"}, {"question": "In what year was the death penalty suspended in the US?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What Supreme Court case resulted in capital punishment being suspended?", "answer": "Furman v. Georgia"}, {"question": "Who was executed on June 2, 1967?", "answer": "Luis Monge"}, {"question": "What amendment to the United States Constitution forbids cruel and unusual punishment?", "answer": "Eighth"}, {"question": "In what year was the suspension of the death penalty in the United States ended?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What state's law says that death sentences must take place in an \"enclosure\"?", "answer": "Connecticut"}, {"question": "What law has similar language to Missouri Revised Statute \u00a7 546.730?", "answer": "Kentucky Revised Statute 431.220"}, {"question": "What state's law mandated that executions occur in \"\"room or place enclosed from public view\"?", "answer": "New Mexico's"}, {"question": "Along with United States Code Title 18 \u00a7 3596, what federal law limits the people who can witness a federal execution?", "answer": "Code of Federal Regulations 28 CFR 26.4"}, {"question": "What state's law requires that capital punishment occur \"within the walls\" of a penitentiary?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "In what year was Gregg v. Georgia decided?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Along with the guilt-innocence phase, what is the other phase of a death penalty trial under Gregg v. Georgia?", "answer": "sentencing"}, {"question": "What is the only conviction that can lead to the death penalty?", "answer": "first-degree murder"}, {"question": "Along with aggravating factors, what other factors are considered at the second hearing?", "answer": "mitigating"}, {"question": "What is decided at the first proceeding?", "answer": "the defendant's guilt"}, {"question": "How many executions occurred in 1999?", "answer": "98"}, {"question": "What was the number of people executed in 2015?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "In what year did the reauthorization of capital punishment occur?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "How many people have been executed in the United States since 1976?", "answer": "1,411"}, {"question": "Which state has the largest number of people awaiting execution?", "answer": "California"}, {"question": "In November 2008, who was on death penalty without a murder conviction?", "answer": "Demarcus Sears"}, {"question": "Who did Demarcus Sears kidnap?", "answer": "Gloria Ann Wilbur"}, {"question": "In what state was Gloria Ann Wilbur murdered?", "answer": "Kentucky"}, {"question": "In what year was Demarcus Sears convicted of kidnapping?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "A jury in what state sentenced Demarcus Sears to death?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "When a prisoner is given a death sentence in a state, what is the first step of collateral review?", "answer": "state collateral review"}, {"question": "About what percentage of capital convictions are overturned due to state collateral review?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "In 2010, how many death sentences were overturned due to reversals from courts or appeals?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "What is an example of an issue that is raised in collateral review?", "answer": "ineffective assistance of counsel"}, {"question": "In what case did the Supreme Court allow Section 1983 to be used to challenge a method of execution?", "answer": "Hill v. McDonough"}, {"question": "In what year was Hill v. McDonough decided?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What amendment of the Constitution does cruel and unusual punishment violate?", "answer": "Eighth"}, {"question": "What case notably upheld the use of a method of lethal injection?", "answer": "Baze v. Rees"}, {"question": "Along with Section 1983, through what means can a convict on death row challenge his execution?", "answer": "habeas corpus"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the largest mass execution in US history?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "On what date did the largest mass execution in American history take place?", "answer": "December 26, 1862"}, {"question": "In what state did the largest American mass execution occur?", "answer": "Minnesota"}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the people executed in the second-largest mass execution in US history?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "In what year did the Admiralty Court hang 26 pirates in Newport, Rhode Island?", "answer": "1723"}, {"question": "What act restricted the scope of federal habeas corpus?", "answer": "the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996"}, {"question": "How may state prisoners seek to have a death sentence overturned in federal court?", "answer": "Federal habeas corpus"}, {"question": "In what courts can federal habeas corpus suits be brought?", "answer": "federal"}, {"question": "If prisoners use federal habeas corpus to present evidence that they're innocent, what must the evidence be?", "answer": "truly compelling"}, {"question": "Along with New Jersey, what state commuted all life sentences when bills to repeal the death penalty were passed?", "answer": "Illinois"}, {"question": "The governor of what state commuted four death sentences in January 2015?", "answer": "Maryland"}, {"question": "Who was governor of Maryland in January 2015?", "answer": "Martin O'Malley"}, {"question": "In what state's supreme court was State v. Santiago decided?", "answer": "Connecticut"}, {"question": "How many people had their sentences commuted by State v. Santiago?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "In what court was Bigby v. Dretke decided?", "answer": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit"}, {"question": "What court heard the case Penry v. Lynaugh?", "answer": "United States Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh address?", "answer": "Eighth"}, {"question": "What sentencing factors did Bigby v. Dretke consider?", "answer": "mitigating"}, {"question": "In what year was Tony Chebatoris killed?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "When was Michigan's fourth Constitution ratified?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "In what city was Tony Chebatoris executed?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "In what year was there a failed Michigan constitutional amendment to allow the death penalty?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What article of the fourth Michigan Constitution forbids laws allowing capital punishment?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "Under what federal statute are offenses punished by lethal injection?", "answer": "Drug Kingpin Act of 1988"}, {"question": "According to what law are federal prisoners executed according to the procedures in place in the state in which they were convicted?", "answer": "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994"}, {"question": "In what state is the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute?", "answer": "Indiana"}, {"question": "In what month and year was Juan Garza executed?", "answer": "June 2001"}, {"question": "Who was executed by the federal government on March 18, 2003?", "answer": "Louis Jones, Jr."}, {"question": "In what year did the American Law Institute create a death penalty framework for the Model Penal Code?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "In what year did the American Law Institute change their mind about their contribution on the death penalty to the Model Penal Code?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What goal did the ALI's study say could not be reconciled with the goal of individualized execution decisions?", "answer": "systemic fairness for minorities"}, {"question": "In what year was Coker v. Georgia decided?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "For what offense did Coker v. Georgia forbid the death penalty?", "answer": "rape of an adult woman"}, {"question": "Along with Georgia, what American jurisdiction allowed people to be executed for the rape of an adult prior to Coker?", "answer": "U.S. Federal government"}, {"question": "What ruling forbid the government from executing child rapists?", "answer": "Kennedy v. Louisiana"}, {"question": "Prior to Kennedy v. Louisiana, how many states criminalized child rape?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?", "answer": "State v. Kleypas"}, {"question": "What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?", "answer": "electrocution"}, {"question": "After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?", "answer": "lethal injection"}, {"question": "What death penalty drug ceased to be manufactured in 2011?", "answer": "sodium thiopental"}, {"question": "Up until 2011, who manufactured sodium thiopental?", "answer": "Hospira"}, {"question": "What is the nationality of the company that makes pentobarbital?", "answer": "Danish"}, {"question": "Along with anti-death penalty advocacy, why has there been a shortage in drugs for lethal injections in the United States?", "answer": "low production volume"}, {"question": "The EU outlawed the export of products that could be used in what activity?", "answer": "execution"}, {"question": "In what year did the most polled American support capital punishment?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What percentage of polled Americans opposed the death penalty in 1966?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "In a 1977 poll, what percentage of respondents preferred life imprisonment to the death penalty?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "In a 2006 poll, what percentage of polled Americans preferred the death penalty to life without parole?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "What is a notable capital crime in Louisiana?", "answer": "aggravated rape"}, {"question": "In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "Along with Alabama, where is hijacking an aircraft a death penalty offense?", "answer": "Mississippi"}, {"question": "In what state is armed robbery a capital crime?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "In what states is perjury leading to death a capital offense?", "answer": "California, Colorado, Idaho and Nebraska"}, {"question": "Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?", "answer": "William J. Brennan, Jr."}, {"question": "Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?", "answer": "William O. Douglas"}, {"question": "Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?", "answer": "Byron White"}, {"question": "Between 1973 and 2015, how amny prisoners were acquitted or received pardons or commutations of their death sentences due to possible innocence?", "answer": "156"}, {"question": "What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?", "answer": "2.5"}, {"question": "How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?", "answer": "four times"}, {"question": "Under the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988 and Federal Death Penalty Act of 1994, about how many crimes were punishable by death?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "What body passed the Drug Kingpin Act of 1988?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What is another term for the act of spying for another country?", "answer": "espionage"}, {"question": "Along with treason and espionage, what non-death offense is still a federal capital crime?", "answer": "high-level drug trafficking"}, {"question": "Who was executed on January 17, 1977?", "answer": "Gary Gilmore"}, {"question": "By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?", "answer": "firing squad"}, {"question": "Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?", "answer": "filing repeated writs of habeas corpus"}, {"question": "In what month and year was Troy Davis executed?", "answer": "September 2011"}, {"question": "Who was the Death Penalty Information Center director?", "answer": "Richard Dieter"}, {"question": "What organization did Brian Evans work for?", "answer": "Amnesty International"}, {"question": "How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?", "answer": "hanging"}, {"question": "In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?", "answer": "John Marshall"}, {"question": "When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "What percentage of American death row prisoners are African American?", "answer": "41"}, {"question": "What percentage of people executed in the United States since 1976 have been African American?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What percentage of American prison inmates are African American?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "What percentage of homicides were committed by Asians between 1980 and 2008?", "answer": "2.2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the American population is Hispanic?", "answer": "17.4%"}, {"question": "In the United States, how many important steps are usually present in the administration of capital punishment?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Along with the President, what officeholder can issue pardons?", "answer": "Governor"}, {"question": "How many death sentences were issued in the period 1995-1996?", "answer": "309"}, {"question": "How many capital sentences were given in 1973?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "In what year were there 73 death penalty convictions?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Where was Bethea hanged?", "answer": "Owensboro"}, {"question": "On what date was Fred Adams hanged?", "answer": "April 2, 1937"}, {"question": "In what state did the hanging of Adams take place?", "answer": "Missouri"}, {"question": "What was Roscoe Jackson's nickname?", "answer": "Red"}, {"question": "How many people witnessed Timothy McVeigh's execution?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "What institution does James Liebman work for?", "answer": "Columbia Law School"}, {"question": "What does James Liebman teach?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "In what year did Liebman announce his findings?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Who was executed on March 30, 1960?", "answer": "James W. Rodgers"}, {"question": "What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?", "answer": "firing squad"}, {"question": "In what state was Rodgers executed?", "answer": "Utah"}, {"question": "On what date was George York executed?", "answer": "June 22, 1965"}, {"question": "Which state executed James French?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "About how many American juveniles have been executed since 1642?", "answer": "364"}, {"question": "In what year was Thomas Graunger executed?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "Since 1976, how many Americans have been executed for crimes committed as juveniles?", "answer": "Twenty-two"}, {"question": "How old was George Stinney when he was executed?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What method was used to execute Leonard Shockley?", "answer": "gas chamber"}, {"question": "As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?", "answer": "Director of Corrections"}, {"question": "What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "What race was Clayton Lockett?", "answer": "African-American"}, {"question": "What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?", "answer": "heart attack"}, {"question": "What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?", "answer": "nitrogen"}, {"question": "Along with gender, geography and race, what bias do some opponents of the death penalty see in its administration?", "answer": "socio-economic"}, {"question": "According to opponents of the death penalty, what does the death penalty cheapen?", "answer": "human life"}, {"question": "According to death penalty opponents, on whose moral level does execution place the government?", "answer": "criminals involved in murder"}, {"question": "What do death penalty opponents argue that capital punishment isn't effective at doing?", "answer": "deterring crime"}, {"question": "Who do death penalty opponents believe may sometimes be executed?", "answer": "the innocent"}, {"question": "According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the youngest age at which a person might be executed?", "answer": "Sixteen"}, {"question": "In what year was Thompson v. Oklahoma decided?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "In what month and year was Roper v. Simmons decided?", "answer": "March 2005"}, {"question": "In Roper v. Simmons, how many Supreme Court justices believed juvenile execution to be unconstitutional?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Based on Roper v. Simmons, what is now the minimum age to be executed in the United States?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?", "answer": "hanging"}, {"question": "In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?", "answer": "the local sheriff"}, {"question": "In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "Who commuted all state capital sentences in 1986?", "answer": "Toney Anaya"}, {"question": "Of what state was Toney Anaya governor?", "answer": "New Mexico"}, {"question": "Who was Governor of Ohio in 1991?", "answer": "Dick Celeste"}, {"question": "How many women were on Ohio's death row in 1991?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In what year did Bob Graham become Governor of Florida?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Along with South Dakota, what state rejected a death penalty abolition bill in 2010?", "answer": "Kansas"}, {"question": "Who did Idaho execute in 2011?", "answer": "Paul Ezra Rhoades"}, {"question": "Who was executed on October 30, 2012?", "answer": "Donald Moeller"}, {"question": "Since 1976, how many prisoners has Nevada executed?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Since 1976, in what year was a prisoner executed in Wyoming?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How many drugs are used to administer lethal injection?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What lethal injection drug is manufactured by Hospira?", "answer": "sodium thiopental"}, {"question": "When did Hospira cease to manufacture its lethal injection drug for the United States?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "In what country does Hospira manufacture sodium thiopental today?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What EU law forbids products used in torture to be manufactured in the European Union?", "answer": "Torture Regulation"}, {"question": "In what year did Louis XIV die?", "answer": "1715"}, {"question": "In what year did the French Revolution begin?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?", "answer": "1620s"}, {"question": "Which moral philosopher said \"the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers\"?", "answer": "Francis Hutcheson"}, {"question": "Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?", "answer": "David Hume and Adam Smith"}, {"question": "The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?", "answer": "the scientific method"}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?", "answer": "moral"}, {"question": "In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?", "answer": "skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Poem to the Memory of Newton?\"", "answer": "James Thomson"}, {"question": "In what year did Newton die?", "answer": "1727"}, {"question": "Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?", "answer": "Newton"}, {"question": "Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?", "answer": "Sir Richard Blackmore"}, {"question": "In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?", "answer": "1712"}, {"question": "What did John Locke base his governance philosphy in?", "answer": "social contract theory"}, {"question": "Which English philosopher wrote Leviathan in 1651?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes"}, {"question": "Who developed the view that all legitimate political power must be \"representative?\"", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes"}, {"question": "Which of Hobbes' ideas led to the distinction between civil society and the state?", "answer": "the artificial character of the political order"}, {"question": "How does John Locke define mutual security?", "answer": "the idea that one cannot infringe on another's natural rights"}, {"question": "What do Locke's idea of natural rights include?", "answer": "perfect equality and freedom, and the right to preserve life and property"}, {"question": "Why did John Locke believe that one person cannot enslave another?", "answer": "because it is morally reprehensible"}, {"question": "What was John Locke's one exception to denouncing slavery?", "answer": "enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one's natural rights"}, {"question": "In which of John Locke's works are natural rights most famously defined and discussed?", "answer": "Second Treatise"}, {"question": "Who dropped any passages dealing with miracles or visitations of angels from his work the Jefferson Bible?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "The Enlightenment era religious commentary was, in part, a response to which war?", "answer": "Thirty Years' War"}, {"question": "What did the Enlightenment mean for moderate Christians?", "answer": "a return to simple Scripture"}, {"question": "Did John Locke want to foster or avoid increased detailed debate on the essence of Christianity?", "answer": "avoid"}, {"question": "In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?", "answer": "Isaac Newton"}, {"question": "In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?", "answer": "varied"}, {"question": "In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?", "answer": "middle"}, {"question": "What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?", "answer": "materialism and skepticism"}, {"question": "By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?", "answer": "Terror during the French Revolution"}, {"question": "Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Romantic"}, {"question": "Most scholars use the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars or which other battle as a convenient date to end the Enlightenment?", "answer": "French Revolution"}, {"question": "French historians generally use the beginning of which King's reign to date the start of the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Louis XV"}, {"question": "What do French historians commonly call the Age of Enlightenment?", "answer": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res (Century of Enlightenments)"}, {"question": "In what year was Descartes' Discourse on Method published?", "answer": "1637"}, {"question": "In what year was Issaac Newton's Principia Mathematica published?", "answer": "1687"}, {"question": "The creation of the public sphere is associated with the rise of capitalism and which other historical trend?", "answer": "rise of the modern nation state"}, {"question": "What increased society's autonomy, self-awareness, and need for exchange of information?", "answer": "Capitalism"}, {"question": "In what year did the aristocracy move from the King's palace at Versailles to Paris?", "answer": "1720"}, {"question": "The desire to explore, record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on what other form of publication?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "What publication of Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a leading text in the late 18th century and was published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris?", "answer": "Dictionnaire de musique"}, {"question": "In what year was Charles Burney's A General History of Music: From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period published?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "What Mozart piece did Rose Rosengard Subotnik conclude is \"an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment\"?", "answer": "Die Zauberfl\u00f6te (1791)"}, {"question": "Which two perspectives did Rose Rosengard Subotnik use to compare Mozart's Die Cauberflote?", "answer": "Enlightenment and Romantic"}, {"question": "What was the principal social institution of the republic during the French Enlightenment?", "answer": "salon"}, {"question": "Was French society open or fearful of female participation in the literary sphere during the Enlightenment?", "answer": "open"}, {"question": "What female occupation allowed women to play an essential part in the French Enlightenment?", "answer": "salonni\u00e8res"}, {"question": "Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?", "answer": "French Revolution"}, {"question": "Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?", "answer": "Troyes, France"}, {"question": "For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?", "answer": "largely rural and semi-literate"}, {"question": "Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? ", "answer": "The Tatler and The Spectator"}, {"question": "What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Biblioth\u00e8que Bleue"}, {"question": "Who was the target audience of natural history?", "answer": "French polite society"}, {"question": "Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?", "answer": "erudition"}, {"question": "The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?", "answer": "taste (le go\u00fbt)"}, {"question": "Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?", "answer": "specific discourse of the genre"}, {"question": "Who drafted the first technical dictionary?", "answer": "John Harris"}, {"question": "What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?", "answer": "Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences"}, {"question": "Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?", "answer": "science and technology"}, {"question": "What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?", "answer": "1704"}, {"question": "In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?", "answer": "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds"}, {"question": "Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?", "answer": "Bernard de Fontenelle"}, {"question": "Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?", "answer": "Sarah Trimmer"}, {"question": "How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?", "answer": "Principia"}, {"question": "The practice of contests dates back to what time period?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?", "answer": "generally religious and/or monarchical"}, {"question": "Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?", "answer": "theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice"}, {"question": "Were the concours academiques public or private matters?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?", "answer": "less"}, {"question": "What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?", "answer": "penny universities"}, {"question": "Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?", "answer": "Freemasonry"}, {"question": "To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?", "answer": "powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists"}, {"question": "Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?", "answer": "enlightened absolutism"}, {"question": "Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?", "answer": "Declaration of Independence and the Constitution"}, {"question": "Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?", "answer": "preceded"}, {"question": "Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "In what year was Immanuel Kant born?", "answer": "1724"}, {"question": "For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?", "answer": "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)"}, {"question": "In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?", "answer": "1791"}, {"question": "Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?", "answer": "Hume"}, {"question": "Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?", "answer": "Hume"}, {"question": "Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?", "answer": "Dugald Stewart"}, {"question": "What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?", "answer": "social contract"}, {"question": "Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?", "answer": "Locke"}, {"question": "Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?", "answer": "Rousseau"}, {"question": "From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?", "answer": "state of war"}, {"question": "For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?", "answer": "to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom"}, {"question": "Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?", "answer": "enlightened despots"}, {"question": "Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?", "answer": "Joseph II of Austria"}, {"question": "In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??", "answer": "moral fruits"}, {"question": "What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?", "answer": "organized religion"}, {"question": "Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?", "answer": "politics"}, {"question": "Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?", "answer": "what they found most convincing"}, {"question": "Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What was the profession of James Anderson?", "answer": "agronomist"}, {"question": "Who was the first modern geologist?", "answer": "James Hutton"}, {"question": "William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?", "answer": "physicist and chemist"}, {"question": "In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?", "answer": "1733"}, {"question": "What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?", "answer": "Aufkl\u00e4rung"}, {"question": "In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?", "answer": "illuminismo"}, {"question": "Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?", "answer": "overlapping"}, {"question": "Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?", "answer": "lowered"}, {"question": "Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?", "answer": "Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?", "answer": "musicians"}, {"question": "Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?", "answer": "middle"}, {"question": "Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?", "answer": "keyboard"}, {"question": "Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?", "answer": "keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble"}, {"question": "By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?", "answer": "mid-18th century"}, {"question": "What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a \"multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors\"?", "answer": "Grub Street"}, {"question": "Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?", "answer": "not"}, {"question": "Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?", "answer": "very poorly"}, {"question": "During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?", "answer": "the Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?", "answer": "the Parisian Journal des S\u00e7avans"}, {"question": "In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?", "answer": "1665"}, {"question": "Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?", "answer": "French and Latin"}, {"question": "Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?", "answer": "Holland"}, {"question": "Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?", "answer": "The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon"}, {"question": "In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?", "answer": "over five"}, {"question": "Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?", "answer": "technical subjects"}, {"question": "In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?", "answer": "1771"}, {"question": "The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?", "answer": "anonymity"}, {"question": "Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?", "answer": "wealthier strata of society"}, {"question": "How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "Women's education common stressed which literary genre?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?", "answer": "around 400"}, {"question": "In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?", "answer": "The Caf\u00e9 Procope"}, {"question": "Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?", "answer": "bruits"}, {"question": "Where did Freemasonry originate?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "Where did Freemasonry first spread?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?", "answer": "Freemasonry"}, {"question": "Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?", "answer": "Illuminati"}, {"question": "Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to \"Life, Liberty and Property\"?", "answer": "Locke"}, {"question": "Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?", "answer": "labor"}, {"question": "Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?", "answer": "French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"}, {"question": "Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Frederick the Great"}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?", "answer": "Voltaire"}, {"question": "Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?", "answer": "Frederick the Great,"}, {"question": "Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin"}, {"question": "Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?", "answer": "both directions"}, {"question": "As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?", "answer": "John Toland (1670\u20131722) and Matthew Tindal (1656\u20131733)"}, {"question": "Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?", "answer": "science and religion"}, {"question": "All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?", "answer": "The Age of Reason"}, {"question": "What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?", "answer": "the Grub Street Hacks"}, {"question": "Libelles were generally written in what form?", "answer": "pamphlets"}, {"question": "Which group inherited the \"revolutionary spirit\" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?", "answer": "the Grub Street hacks"}, {"question": "Which works by the Grub Street Hacks \"slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself.\"?", "answer": "the libelles"}, {"question": "Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?", "answer": "Coffeehouses"}, {"question": "Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?", "answer": "nobles"}, {"question": "What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?", "answer": "Monarchs"}, {"question": "Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?", "answer": "Monarchs"}, {"question": "Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?", "answer": "upper"}, {"question": "Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?", "answer": "natural history"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?", "answer": "Ren\u00e9-Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur"}, {"question": "In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?", "answer": "1730s"}, {"question": "The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?", "answer": "the Parisian lodge"}, {"question": "Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to \"initate the unenlightened\"?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?", "answer": "Grand Architect"}, {"question": "Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?", "answer": "Coffeehouses"}, {"question": "Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?", "answer": "the Enlightenment"}, {"question": "In what year was The Spectator published?", "answer": "1711"}, {"question": "Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?", "answer": "The Spectator"}, {"question": "Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?", "answer": "France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico"}, {"question": "Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?", "answer": "downplay"}, {"question": "Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?", "answer": "the Loyalists"}, {"question": "Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?", "answer": "non-political"}, {"question": "How was the Enlightenment known in French?", "answer": "Si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8res"}, {"question": "Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?", "answer": "The Enlightenment"}, {"question": "In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?", "answer": "individual liberty and religious tolerance"}, {"question": "The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?", "answer": "Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}, {"question": "Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?", "answer": "Montesquieu"}, {"question": "Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?", "answer": "the United States Constitution"}, {"question": "What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?", "answer": "the Encyclop\u00e9die"}, {"question": "The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?", "answer": "thirty-five"}, {"question": "Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?", "answer": "1733"}, {"question": "When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?", "answer": "1754"}, {"question": "What year did the French Revolution begin?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Counter-Enlightenment."}, {"question": "The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?", "answer": "Spinoza"}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?", "answer": "Spinoza"}, {"question": "Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?", "answer": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others"}, {"question": "Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?", "answer": "The \"Radical Enlightenment\""}, {"question": "In what year was John Locke born?", "answer": "1632"}, {"question": "In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?", "answer": "the realm of individual conscience"}, {"question": "According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?", "answer": "the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source"}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?", "answer": "Pierre Bayle"}, {"question": "Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?", "answer": "Voltaire"}, {"question": "Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?", "answer": "Voltaire"}, {"question": "Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?", "answer": "women and the lower classes"}, {"question": "Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?", "answer": "coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges"}, {"question": "Marmontel contrasted \"the opinion of men of letters\" with what?", "answer": "\"the opinion of the multitude,\""}, {"question": "d'Alembert contrasted the \"truly enlightened public\" with whom?", "answer": "\"the blind and noisy multitude\""}, {"question": "The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the \"social\" Enlightenment?", "answer": "reading materials"}, {"question": "Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?", "answer": "the Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?", "answer": "demand for information"}, {"question": "In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?", "answer": "just one-tenth of the total"}, {"question": "Whose incomes did public concerts help support?", "answer": "performers' and composers'"}, {"question": "Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?", "answer": "operas and oratorios"}, {"question": "Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?", "answer": "Haydn and Mozart"}, {"question": "What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?", "answer": "Viennese Classical"}, {"question": "What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?", "answer": "1635"}, {"question": "Members of what group were considered to be the \"most useful of all citizens?\"", "answer": "scientists"}, {"question": "What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?", "answer": "13 percent"}, {"question": "The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?", "answer": "elite Parisian scholars"}, {"question": "How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?", "answer": "interpreters of the sciences for the people"}, {"question": "Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?", "answer": "northern Europe"}, {"question": "Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?", "answer": "Leiden, G\u00f6ttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh"}, {"question": "Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?", "answer": "Edinburgh"}, {"question": "Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?", "answer": "the medical university at Montpellier"}, {"question": "How can associationism be defined?", "answer": "the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines"}, {"question": "What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?", "answer": "associationism,"}, {"question": "Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?", "answer": "universal encyclopedias"}, {"question": "What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?", "answer": "to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work"}, {"question": "Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?", "answer": "Encyclop\u00e9die, ou dictionnaire raisonn\u00e9 des sciences, des arts et des m\u00e9tiers"}, {"question": "In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?", "answer": "Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?", "answer": "d'Alembert's"}, {"question": "Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?", "answer": "natural history"}, {"question": "Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?", "answer": "Rousseau"}, {"question": "Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?", "answer": "scientific societies and academies"}, {"question": "Which century is considered by some as a \"drab\" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?", "answer": "Newtonianism"}, {"question": "Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?", "answer": "the development of free speech and thought"}, {"question": "Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?", "answer": "chemist Joseph Black"}, {"question": "Who created the argument for deep time?", "answer": "geologist James Hutton"}, {"question": "Who invented the steam engine?", "answer": "James Watt"}, {"question": "Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?", "answer": "the Montgolfier Brothers"}, {"question": "For which masterpiece did Cesare Beccaria become famous?", "answer": "Crimes and Punishments (1764)"}, {"question": "Into how many languages was Cesare Beccaria's Crimes and Punishments (1764) translated?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "Which work established Francesco Mario Pagano as an international authority on criminal law?", "answer": "Considerazioni sul processo criminale (Considerations on the criminal trial, 1787)"}, {"question": "In what year did Francesco Mario Pagano publish Saggi Politici?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?", "answer": "transmission of knowledge"}, {"question": "Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?", "answer": "to create knowledge"}, {"question": "By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"the Age of Academies\" to describe the 18th century?", "answer": "Bernard de Fontenelle"}, {"question": "The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Who delineated the \"consent of the governed\" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?", "answer": "Locke"}, {"question": "The \"divine right of kings\" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?", "answer": "\"consent of the governed\""}, {"question": "According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?", "answer": "governance paradigm shift"}, {"question": "In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without \"signing\" a social contract?", "answer": "An Essay on the History of Civil Society"}, {"question": "In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society?", "answer": "1767"}, {"question": "How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists?", "answer": "David Hume"}, {"question": "What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment?", "answer": "the individual"}, {"question": "From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence?", "answer": "Voltaire"}, {"question": "Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell"}, {"question": "Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?", "answer": "16th-century Protestants"}, {"question": "Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution?", "answer": "the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment"}, {"question": "Which group was considered \"a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power\" according to Tocqueville?", "answer": "men of letters"}, {"question": "From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from?", "answer": "the rise of \"public opinion\""}, {"question": "Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason?", "answer": "Moses Mendelssohn"}, {"question": "How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment?", "answer": "\"man's release from his self-incurred tutelage\""}, {"question": "For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?\"", "answer": "Immanuel Kant"}, {"question": "According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture?", "answer": "the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance"}, {"question": "John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?", "answer": "the United States Constitution"}, {"question": "Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?", "answer": "Isaac Newton"}, {"question": "From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society?", "answer": "openness to the public"}, {"question": "Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend?", "answer": "all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee"}, {"question": "What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion?", "answer": "politics and the role of women"}, {"question": "What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment?", "answer": "social conditions"}, {"question": "How did Habermas describe the public sphere?", "answer": "bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state"}, {"question": "The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe?", "answer": "the \"bourgeois public sphere\""}, {"question": "What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?", "answer": "the ideas themselves"}, {"question": "What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?", "answer": "largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority"}, {"question": "Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?", "answer": "social and economic"}, {"question": "What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?", "answer": "1650 to the end of the 18th century"}, {"question": "How was the public sphere defined?", "answer": "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture"}, {"question": "During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere?", "answer": "late 17th century and 18th century"}, {"question": "The argument of the public sphere was founded on what?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities?", "answer": "common concern"}, {"question": "The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what?", "answer": "secrecy of all sorts"}, {"question": "Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes?", "answer": "The Encyclop\u00e9die"}, {"question": "Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself?", "answer": "criminals and political corruption"}, {"question": "What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority?", "answer": "general works"}, {"question": "Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively?", "answer": "Malesherbes"}, {"question": "The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work?", "answer": "The Encyclop\u00e9die"}, {"question": "What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "What did the Republic of Letters support?", "answer": "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation"}, {"question": "Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?", "answer": "the \"reading public\""}, {"question": "Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?", "answer": "Diderot and Voltaire"}, {"question": "What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?", "answer": "written communication"}, {"question": "Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?", "answer": "Jonathan Israel"}, {"question": "To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?", "answer": "established authorities"}, {"question": "What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?", "answer": "toleration and intellectual objectivity"}, {"question": "The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?", "answer": "science and reason"}, {"question": "How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century?", "answer": "from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words"}, {"question": "What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote?", "answer": "to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite"}, {"question": "How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century?", "answer": "tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology"}, {"question": "Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology?", "answer": "secular affairs, particularly science and technology"}, {"question": "How was the Encyclopedie arranged?", "answer": "according to a \"tree of knowledge.\""}, {"question": "The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects?", "answer": "the arts and sciences"}, {"question": "What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge?", "answer": "philosophy"}, {"question": "Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite?", "answer": "quarto and octavo"}, {"question": "How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution?", "answer": "25 000"}, {"question": "Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?", "answer": "Royal Society of London"}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?", "answer": "1662"}, {"question": "Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?", "answer": "Robert Boyle"}, {"question": "Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?", "answer": "Oxford professors"}, {"question": "What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?", "answer": "a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's \"moral constitution\""}, {"question": "Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject?", "answer": "\"confessional\""}, {"question": "Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what?", "answer": "\"confessional\""}, {"question": "During what time period did a \"general process of rationalization and secularization set in\"?", "answer": "second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century"}, {"question": "The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what?", "answer": "the \"monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority\""}, {"question": "According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment?", "answer": "the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges"}, {"question": "Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right?", "answer": "Thomas Munck"}, {"question": "Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking?", "answer": "political thought"}, {"question": "Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background?", "answer": "egalitarianism"}, {"question": "The presence of whom in the French \"lodges of adoption\" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society?", "answer": "noble women"}, {"question": "What ordering scheme did readers prefer?", "answer": "alphabetical"}, {"question": "Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?", "answer": "Charles Porset"}, {"question": "Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?", "answer": "the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply"}, {"question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?", "answer": "148"}, {"question": "What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?", "answer": "a high rise in the availability of food"}, {"question": "Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?", "answer": "Popularization"}, {"question": "Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "Sir Isaac Newton"}, {"question": "Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?", "answer": "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype?", "answer": "Katsuyah Nakawaka"}, {"question": "What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used?", "answer": "15-pin expansion port"}, {"question": "Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors?", "answer": "cost reasons"}, {"question": "Where were the game pad controllers copied from?", "answer": "Game & Watch machines"}, {"question": "What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System?", "answer": "NES"}, {"question": "What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems?", "answer": "October 18, 1985"}, {"question": "Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom?", "answer": "Consumer Electronics Show"}, {"question": "In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing?", "answer": "Peter Main"}, {"question": "In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand?", "answer": "It can't be beaten"}, {"question": "What outsold the NES in Europe and South America?", "answer": "Sega's Master System"}, {"question": "Where was Nintendo not available?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?", "answer": "Japanese (Famicom)"}, {"question": "Which interface did the NES use?", "answer": "72-pin"}, {"question": "Which interface did Famicom use?", "answer": "60-pin"}, {"question": "Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?", "answer": "develop their own customized chips"}, {"question": "With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?", "answer": "Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation"}, {"question": "Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?", "answer": "Electronic Arts"}, {"question": "Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?", "answer": "first-party games"}, {"question": "Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?", "answer": "post-SNES era"}, {"question": "Who caused Nintendo to take formal action regarding rentals?", "answer": "Blockbuster Video"}, {"question": "According to Nintendo what was the danger in renting games?", "answer": "would significantly hurt sales and drive up the cost of games"}, {"question": "Blockbuster was banned from including what with their games?", "answer": "copyrighted instruction booklets"}, {"question": "What did Blockbuster do instead of use copyrighted instruction booklets?", "answer": "produced their own short instructions"}, {"question": "Which company distributed the NES to the UK, Italy, and Australia?", "answer": "Mattel"}, {"question": "When did Nintendo take over European distribution?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Which three countries share the PAL A region?", "answer": "UK, Italy and Australia"}, {"question": "What two versions of the NES were released in the UK, Italy, and Australia?", "answer": "\"Mattel Version\" and \"NES Version\""}, {"question": "What were the two turbo controllers Nintendo made for the NES?", "answer": "NES Advantage and the NES Max"}, {"question": "What did the Turbo feature allow players to do?", "answer": "shoot much faster during shooter games"}, {"question": "Which controller had a non-adjustable Turbo feature?", "answer": "The NES Max"}, {"question": "Which two accessories were featured in the movie The Wizard?", "answer": "Power Pad and the Power Glove"}, {"question": "The NES Max also did not feature what?", "answer": "\"Slow\" button"}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo release the Famicom Disk System?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Where could the disks for the game be obtained?", "answer": "kiosks in malls"}, {"question": "How were the disks purchased?", "answer": "buyers could select a title and have it written to the disk"}, {"question": "What were the storage disks used for?", "answer": "storing the game and saving progress"}, {"question": "What was the total capacity of a disk?", "answer": "128k"}, {"question": "When was the system originally supposed to be released?", "answer": "spring of 1985"}, {"question": "Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?", "answer": "February 1986"}, {"question": "When was the nationwide release of the NES?", "answer": "September 1986"}, {"question": "Where was the system released to two separate marketing areas?", "answer": "Europe and Australia"}, {"question": "One region comprised the entirety of mainland Europe save for which country?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who released cartridges in mainland Europe?", "answer": "Nintendo"}, {"question": "Who handled distribution in the other region?", "answer": "Mattel"}, {"question": "When did the European brance finally directly distribute throughout Europe?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Which example of a system started to mark the end of the NES dominance?", "answer": "16-bit Sega Mega Drive/Genesis"}, {"question": "When did the demand for new NES software dry up?", "answer": "late 1993"}, {"question": "What was the final Famicom game released in North America?", "answer": "Wario's Woods"}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo officially discontinue the NES?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "How late did Nintendo continue to repair Famicom units?", "answer": "October 31, 2007"}, {"question": "Who did Atari attempt to force ceasing production of games for its system?", "answer": "Activision"}, {"question": "Nintendo actively encouraged  the involvement of what?", "answer": "third-party software developers"}, {"question": "Nintendo's measures for third party game developers were also adopted by which later manufacturers?", "answer": "Sega, Sony, and Microsoft"}, {"question": "Companies did what in an effort to circumvent Nintendo's console authentication?", "answer": "voltage spike to temporarily disable the 10NES chip"}, {"question": "Why did the companies circumvent the authentication system?", "answer": "refusing to pay the licensing fee or having been rejected by Nintendo"}, {"question": "Where did unlicensed games feature a dongle?", "answer": "Europe and Australia"}, {"question": "What did Nintendo do to curb unlicensed game sales?", "answer": "threatened retailers"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation of Nintendo Entertainment System?", "answer": "NES"}, {"question": "what was it called in Japan?", "answer": "Family Computer"}, {"question": "When was the Family Computer (Famicom) released in Japan?", "answer": "July 15, 1983"}, {"question": "When was it released in Australia?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What succeeded the Famicom?", "answer": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System"}, {"question": "What was the console's most common problem?", "answer": "blinking red power light"}, {"question": "The 10NES would reset the system how often?", "answer": "once per second"}, {"question": "What disrupted the communication as well?", "answer": "Dirty, aging and bent connectors"}, {"question": "What was one example of what users did to combat the blinking problem?", "answer": "blowing air onto the cartridge connectors"}, {"question": "When did Nintendo release a cleaning kit?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?", "answer": "2.5 million units"}, {"question": "What was this system to be called in North America?", "answer": "Advanced Video Entertainment System"}, {"question": "What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?", "answer": "Electronic Games magazine"}, {"question": "Which console featured a top-loading design?", "answer": "NES 2"}, {"question": "The design of what was modified slightly?", "answer": "game controllers"}, {"question": "the original design of the controller was what shape?", "answer": "brick"}, {"question": "What was the new design shape of the controller?", "answer": "dog bone"}, {"question": "How long were standard NES controller cables?", "answer": "6 feet"}, {"question": "What year did Nintendo's market surpass all computer software?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who reported that Nintendo sold 7 million NES systems?", "answer": "Compute!"}, {"question": "When did Compute! report the number of systems sold at 7 million?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "The 7 million sold almost equated to which console's five year span?", "answer": "Commodore 64s"}, {"question": "Nintendo charged producers hefty sums to make what?", "answer": "FDS games"}, {"question": "What did companies do instead of making FDS games?", "answer": "make cartridge titles"}, {"question": "Many FDS disks lack what?", "answer": "dust covers"}, {"question": "What broke frequently and needed replacement in the machine?", "answer": "belt"}, {"question": "How long did Nintendo service drives and offer replacement disks?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Which company produced the Twin Famicom and the 19SC111 TV?", "answer": "Sharp Corporation"}, {"question": "What was compatible with Famicom cartridges and FDS systems?", "answer": "Twin Famicom"}, {"question": "Hyundai licensed the Sharp 19SC111 TV with what name in South Korea?", "answer": "Comboy"}, {"question": "Until how long did South Korea ban Japanese cultural products?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "How could Japanese products only enter South Korea?", "answer": "licensing to a third-party (non-Japanese) distributor"}, {"question": "The Zelda games were manufactured in what color cartridge?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "What is the standard color of all other cartridges?", "answer": "gray"}, {"question": "What color were cartridges produced by Nintendo for internal use?", "answer": "yellow"}, {"question": "What was distinctly made by Nintendo, Konami, and Acclaim?", "answer": "licensed US cartridges"}, {"question": "What was the opening lyric from the Duck Tales theme show?", "answer": "Life is like a hurricane"}, {"question": "What was Nintendo accused of?", "answer": "antitrust behavior"}, {"question": "Why was Nintendo accused of antitrust behavior?", "answer": "strict licensing requirements"}, {"question": "Who began probing Nintendo's business?", "answer": "United States Department of Justice"}, {"question": "Who interviewed retailers as part of their investigation?", "answer": "FTC"}, {"question": "How much were the vouchers worth that Nintendo sent out?", "answer": "$5"}, {"question": "What was the first NES emulator?", "answer": "Pasofami"}, {"question": "What was the first English available emulator?", "answer": "iNES"}, {"question": "When was NESticle released?", "answer": "April 3, 1997"}, {"question": "What platform was NESticle available for use?", "answer": "MS-DOS"}, {"question": "What did the Famicom sorely lack?", "answer": "lockout hardware"}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for the USA and Canada?", "answer": "3193"}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for most of Europe, save the UK and Italy?", "answer": "3195"}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for Asia?", "answer": "3196"}, {"question": "What was the lockout chip number for UK, Italy, and Australia?", "answer": "3197"}, {"question": "Who designed the Famicom system?", "answer": "Masayuki Uemura"}, {"question": "The plans called for how many bits as a feature?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "Who was the Nintendo president at the time?", "answer": "Hiroshi Yamauchi"}, {"question": "When was the test model constructed?", "answer": "October 1982"}, {"question": "Early Famicom games were written on what computer system?", "answer": "NEC PC-8001"}, {"question": "What was the light gun controller called?", "answer": "Zapper"}, {"question": "What was the name of the auxiliary port used to connect additional devices on the Famicom?", "answer": "DA-15"}, {"question": "How were the special controllers connected to the NES?", "answer": "control ports on the front"}, {"question": "What year did the video game market crash?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?", "answer": "marketing"}, {"question": "What specifically was misrepresented on game products?", "answer": "artwork"}, {"question": "Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?", "answer": "confidence"}, {"question": "How much did the Deluxe NES sell for?", "answer": "US$199.99"}, {"question": "How much was the selling price equivalent to in today's money?", "answer": "$475"}, {"question": "How much did the console sell for bundled with just the Super Mario Bros. game?", "answer": "US$99.99"}, {"question": "Super Mario Bros was paired with which game in the Action Set?", "answer": "Duck Hunt"}, {"question": "The Basic Set sold for how much at release?", "answer": "US$89.99"}, {"question": "What thrived after the NES was discontinued?", "answer": "unlicensed clone market"}, {"question": "What feature does the PocketFami have?", "answer": "color LCD"}, {"question": "The NES was duplicated on which medium in order to make clones easy to produce?", "answer": "chip"}, {"question": "Nintendo produced toys and what other item before its game system?", "answer": "playing card"}, {"question": "Nintendo's era was compared with who as another video game manufacturer?", "answer": "Atari"}, {"question": "Nintendo required what from its software developers?", "answer": "licensed approval"}, {"question": "What did licensing lead to regarding games?", "answer": "higher quality"}, {"question": "Atari created NES products under which name?", "answer": "Tengen"}, {"question": "What did Nintendo sue Tengen for?", "answer": "copyright infringement"}, {"question": "Tengen reverse engineered the lockout chip to develop what animal monikered prototype?", "answer": "\"Rabbit\" chip"}, {"question": "Tengen got a description of Nintendo's chip from whom?", "answer": "United States Patent and Trademark Office"}, {"question": "What month and year did the Famicom receive a redesign?", "answer": "December 1993"}, {"question": "What used composite video output?", "answer": "HVC-101"}, {"question": "What device was RF only?", "answer": "HVC-001"}, {"question": "What was the newer model called?", "answer": "AV Famicom"}, {"question": "What did Nintendo release in Japan only?", "answer": "3D graphic capable headset"}, {"question": "Who developed Nintendo's PPU?", "answer": "Ricoh"}, {"question": "How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "The system has how many colors available on it?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "How many grays could be used as well?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What is the standard display resolution of the NES?", "answer": "256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels"}, {"question": "Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?", "answer": "Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System"}, {"question": "When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?", "answer": "June 1983"}, {"question": "Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?", "answer": "Coleco"}, {"question": "What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?", "answer": "Ray Kassar"}, {"question": "What was Nintendo's euphemism for \"video game system?\"", "answer": "Entertainment System"}, {"question": "What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?", "answer": "Control Deck"}, {"question": "What was the term used by Nintendo instead of \"video games?\"", "answer": "Game Pak"}, {"question": "What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?", "answer": "seal of quality"}, {"question": "The seal of quality took on what eventual name?", "answer": "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality"}, {"question": "How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?", "answer": "hardwired"}, {"question": "The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?", "answer": "SELECT"}, {"question": "What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?", "answer": "microphone"}, {"question": "What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?", "answer": "square"}, {"question": "What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?", "answer": "circular"}, {"question": "When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?", "answer": "summer 1988"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?", "answer": "Mediagenic"}, {"question": "Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?", "answer": "cartridges"}, {"question": "As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?", "answer": "risk"}, {"question": "What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What does ZIF stand for?", "answer": "zero insertion force"}, {"question": "The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?", "answer": "VCR"}, {"question": "The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?", "answer": "bent the contact pins slightly"}, {"question": "What material were the connector springs made of?", "answer": "nickel"}, {"question": "What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?", "answer": "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers"}, {"question": "What did the repair centers promise?", "answer": "ensure that the machines were properly repaired"}, {"question": "What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?", "answer": "paying a fee"}, {"question": "The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?", "answer": "radio frequency (RF)"}, {"question": "The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?", "answer": "composite video"}, {"question": "The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?", "answer": "RF modulator"}, {"question": "How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?", "answer": "identical"}, {"question": "The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?", "answer": "primary controller"}, {"question": "What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?", "answer": "Famicom microphone"}, {"question": "What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?", "answer": "Dendy"}, {"question": "Where was the Dendy sold?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which country marketed a clone called \"Family Game?\"", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "What was the name of the clone in Poland?", "answer": "Pegasus"}, {"question": "India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?", "answer": "Samurai"}, {"question": "How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?", "answer": "11.7"}, {"question": "How large was the typical television recommended for the device?", "answer": "typically 11\" to 14\""}, {"question": "Where was the Television meant to be placed?", "answer": "atop"}, {"question": "What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?", "answer": "Game Pak slot"}, {"question": "Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?", "answer": "Saint Athanasius of Alexandria"}, {"question": "What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?", "answer": "Athanasius the Great"}, {"question": "For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?", "answer": "45 years"}, {"question": "How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "When did Saint Athanasius die?", "answer": "2 May 373"}, {"question": "What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?", "answer": "Athanasius the Great"}, {"question": "Of what city was he bishop?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "How long did his episcopate last?", "answer": "45 years"}, {"question": "What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?", "answer": "Athanasius the Confessor"}, {"question": "In what year was Athanasius consecrated?", "answer": "326"}, {"question": "How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?", "answer": "about thirty years of age"}, {"question": "Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?", "answer": "He was most unwilling to accept"}, {"question": "Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?", "answer": "people were determined to have him"}, {"question": "How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?", "answer": "five months"}, {"question": "Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?", "answer": "unwilling"}, {"question": "In what year was he consecrated?", "answer": "in 326"}, {"question": "How old was he when he was consecrated?", "answer": "thirty years of age."}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?", "answer": "Upper Egypt"}, {"question": "What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?", "answer": "Letter to the Monks"}, {"question": "Who took over after Athanasius?", "answer": "George of Cappadocia"}, {"question": "Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?", "answer": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople"}, {"question": "Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?", "answer": "George of Cappadocia"}, {"question": "To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?", "answer": "the desert of Upper Egypt"}, {"question": "How long did he spend in the desert?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "What is one thing he wrote during this time?", "answer": "Apology to Constantius"}, {"question": "Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?", "answer": "the Eusebian faction at Constantinople"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?", "answer": "Pistus"}, {"question": "In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?", "answer": "362"}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Constantius die?", "answer": "361"}, {"question": "How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?", "answer": "murdered"}, {"question": "Were the Arians united in their oppostion?", "answer": "The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front"}, {"question": "Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "What happened to the usurping bishop, George?", "answer": "flung into prison and murdered"}, {"question": "Who then succeeded George?", "answer": "An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus"}, {"question": "When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?", "answer": "22 February, 362"}, {"question": "What party benefited from the accession of Valens?", "answer": "Arian"}, {"question": "Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?", "answer": "Constantius"}, {"question": "What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?", "answer": "Athanasius"}, {"question": "Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What did the decree of Valens do?", "answer": "banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius"}, {"question": "When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? ", "answer": "case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor"}, {"question": "What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?", "answer": "withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October"}, {"question": "How did Valens get him to return?", "answer": "issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see"}, {"question": "Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?", "answer": "Athanasius"}, {"question": "Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?", "answer": "Eastern and Western Christianity"}, {"question": "The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?", "answer": "Athanasius"}, {"question": "The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?", "answer": "Augustine's De trinitate"}, {"question": "About whom did he write his most widely-read work?", "answer": "Anthony the Great"}, {"question": "Why was this work considered to be important?", "answer": "spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity"}, {"question": "How did he depict Anthony?", "answer": "illiterate and holy"}, {"question": "Whose life did Anthony's resemble?", "answer": "Athanasius"}, {"question": "What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?", "answer": "Augustine's De trinitate"}, {"question": "Athanasius began his leading role at what age?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "Athanasius was also known as what?", "answer": "Athanasius Contra Mundum"}, {"question": "How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?", "answer": "Three years"}, {"question": "Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?", "answer": "Constantine"}, {"question": "What conflict shaped his career?", "answer": "Conflict with Arius and Arianism"}, {"question": "Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?", "answer": "Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father"}, {"question": "Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?", "answer": "Athanasius Against the World"}, {"question": "Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?", "answer": "the Arian position"}, {"question": "As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?", "answer": "ritual of Christian baptism"}, {"question": "Were the pretend baptisms real?", "answer": "the baptisms were genuine"}, {"question": "Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?", "answer": "not been properly catechized"}, {"question": "What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?", "answer": "clerical careers"}, {"question": "Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?", "answer": "in the East"}, {"question": "In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?", "answer": "in 311"}, {"question": "Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?", "answer": "Peter of Alexandria"}, {"question": "What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?", "answer": "quoting Plato"}, {"question": "What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?", "answer": "Homer"}, {"question": "What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?", "answer": "Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten"}, {"question": "Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?", "answer": "common Christological view"}, {"question": "What other leaders believed this?", "answer": "powerful bishops"}, {"question": "What eventually happened to Arius?", "answer": "excommunicated by Alexander"}, {"question": "Who did Athanasius succeed?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "How many exiles did he endure?", "answer": "five exiles"}, {"question": "The churches of what countries were in his territory?", "answer": "Egypt and Libya"}, {"question": "Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?", "answer": "disputes against Arians"}, {"question": "Where is Gaul currently located?", "answer": "Belgium / Holland and surrounding areas"}, {"question": "With whom did Athanasius travel to Sardica?", "answer": "Hosius of Cordoba"}, {"question": "About what did the Council of the Church question Athanasius?", "answer": "misdemeanours and even murder"}, {"question": "Was Athanasius permitted admission to the Council?", "answer": "objections were overridden by the orthodox bishops"}, {"question": "What was the verdict at the Council of Sardica?", "answer": "his innocence reaffirmed"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Julius die?", "answer": "352"}, {"question": "Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?", "answer": "Liberius had been favourable"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?", "answer": "a fourth condemnation of Athanasius"}, {"question": "What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?", "answer": "engaged in services"}, {"question": "Where the men armed who arrested him?", "answer": "armed men"}, {"question": "Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?", "answer": "the Arians"}, {"question": "What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?", "answer": "a vigil service"}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?", "answer": "Upper Egypt"}, {"question": "What did he write during this time?", "answer": "Four Orations against the Arians"}, {"question": "In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?", "answer": "History of the Arians"}, {"question": "Where did bishops of the West meet?", "answer": "Rimini in Italy"}, {"question": "What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?", "answer": "a formula of faith"}, {"question": "What was the belief that was approved at this council?", "answer": "The Son to be \"like the Father\""}, {"question": "What did the orthodox leaders believe?", "answer": "the Nicene"}, {"question": "What belief was accepted by Constantius?", "answer": "Arian"}, {"question": "Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "What position did Ecdicius hold?", "answer": "Prefect of Egypt"}, {"question": "What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?", "answer": "expulsion"}, {"question": "Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?", "answer": "urged them to submit"}, {"question": "Did he think he would be gone a long time?", "answer": "short duration"}, {"question": "When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?", "answer": "before the Arian controversy"}, {"question": "Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?", "answer": "Against the Heathen"}, {"question": "How did he believe Jesus came into the world?", "answer": "in human form"}, {"question": "Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?", "answer": "Incarnation of the Word of God"}, {"question": "What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?", "answer": "fled"}, {"question": "Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?", "answer": "\"Give us Athanasius!\""}, {"question": "Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?", "answer": "The Bishops had nothing better"}, {"question": "When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? ", "answer": "on his death-bed"}, {"question": "Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?", "answer": "many detractors"}, {"question": "What was he accused of doing to a church?", "answer": "defiling an altar"}, {"question": "He was accused of selling grain for what reason?", "answer": "his own personal gain"}, {"question": "What did he call his detractors?", "answer": "Arian"}, {"question": "What did the term Arian mean to him?", "answer": "Christians who disagreed with his formulation"}, {"question": "What was he known as soon after he died?", "answer": "Pillar of the Church"}, {"question": "How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?", "answer": "Father of Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What do the Protestants call him?", "answer": "Father of the Canon"}, {"question": "What is his feast day in Western Christianity?", "answer": "2 May"}, {"question": "What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?", "answer": "18 January"}, {"question": "What was Alexandria known for?", "answer": "important trade center"}, {"question": "Was the famous school in Alexandria religious only?", "answer": "secular character"}, {"question": "Did only Christians attend the school?", "answer": "influential pagans"}, {"question": "Was Alexandria welcoming to other cultures?", "answer": "ethnically diverse"}, {"question": "What famous event happened in 303?", "answer": "Maximian persecution"}, {"question": "What writing mentions the Arian accusation that Athanasius was under aged?", "answer": "the Festal Epistles"}, {"question": "At what age was a man eligible to be ordained at Patriarch of Alexandria?", "answer": "canonical age (30)"}, {"question": "Did the followers of Meletius obey the guidelines of Nicaea?", "answer": "failed to abide"}, {"question": "What was Athanasius accused of planning against the Arians?", "answer": "cut off essential Egyptian grain"}, {"question": "What was the verdict of the accusation?", "answer": "was found guilty"}, {"question": "What was his punishment?", "answer": "anathematized"}, {"question": "Who was he accused of harming?", "answer": "Arians and Meletians"}, {"question": "Did Athanasius speak Greek?", "answer": "knew Greek"}, {"question": "Did he understand Hebrew?", "answer": "not knowing Hebrew"}, {"question": "Did he know all of the Old Testament?", "answer": "limited to the Septuagint"}, {"question": "What did students learn in the school in Alexandria?", "answer": "Scriptural study and of Greek"}, {"question": "What translation of the Old Testament did he study?", "answer": "Septuagint Greek"}, {"question": "Who did he have to thank for his ability to come back to Alexandria in 345?", "answer": "Constans"}, {"question": "Were the people glad to have him home?", "answer": "enthusiastic demonstrations"}, {"question": "In what writing did he recount his time in exiles?", "answer": "Apology Against the Arians"}, {"question": "What happened when Constans died?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "Did the new emperor agree or disagree with the Arians?", "answer": "pro-Arian"}, {"question": "What did Athanasius do to avoid speaking to Alexander on his deathbed?", "answer": "fled"}, {"question": "Who did the Alexandrian people want to be their Bishop?", "answer": "Give us Athanasius"}, {"question": "Did the Bishops have someone else in mind?", "answer": "Bishops had nothing better"}, {"question": "Who did Alexander ask for when he was dieing?", "answer": "called Athanasius"}, {"question": "How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?", "answer": "three days"}, {"question": "Where did Liberius go?", "answer": "Beroea"}, {"question": "Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?", "answer": "were refused"}, {"question": "Who tried to bribe Liberius?", "answer": "Constantius"}, {"question": "What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?", "answer": "comply with the bishops"}, {"question": "At what point could Athanasius return to Alexandria?", "answer": "When Emperor Constantine I died"}, {"question": "Who provided for his protection while he was in Rome?", "answer": "Constans"}, {"question": "Who became Patriarch in Alexandria while Athanasius was away?", "answer": "Gregory of Cappadocia"}, {"question": "How did the people of Alexandria know when to celebrate Easter?", "answer": "Festal Letters"}, {"question": "Who declared Athanasius to be exiled again?", "answer": "Constantius II"}, {"question": "Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?", "answer": "threats of the Emperor"}, {"question": "Did the Pope agree with this order?", "answer": "Pope refused to accept"}, {"question": "Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?", "answer": "Constantius consented"}, {"question": "What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?", "answer": "Arian formula of faith"}, {"question": "What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?", "answer": "sent into exile"}, {"question": "What happened to Bishop George?", "answer": "murder"}, {"question": "What happened to Bishop leaders who did not agree with the doctrine?", "answer": "severe penance"}, {"question": "When did Athanasius return to his position as Patriarch?", "answer": "after the death of Emperor Constantius"}, {"question": "Who joined him when he formed a council to encourage unity among Christians?", "answer": "Eusebius of Vercelli"}, {"question": "What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?", "answer": "Arian"}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?", "answer": "outskirts of Alexandria"}, {"question": "For how long was he exiled this time?", "answer": "few months"}, {"question": "Where did he hide during this time?", "answer": "his father's tomb"}, {"question": "Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?", "answer": "local authorities"}, {"question": "Who standardized the books of the New Testament?", "answer": "Athanasius"}, {"question": "What books were used before his decision to standardize?", "answer": "various"}, {"question": "How many books are listed that should be included but were not?", "answer": "7 books"}, {"question": "How many books are in the New Testament?", "answer": "27 books"}, {"question": "Have those books changed over time?", "answer": "in use today"}, {"question": "Did Athanasius feel that it was important to believe that Jesus was the Son of God?", "answer": "not optional but necessary"}, {"question": "Did his place more value on his Faith or where he was living?", "answer": "the true Faith"}, {"question": "Did he think that the people that had exiled him were true believers?", "answer": "outside of the true Faith"}, {"question": "Where did Athanasius think Faith resides?", "answer": "within you"}, {"question": "Who was the Festal Letter written for?", "answer": "his Church in Alexandria"}, {"question": "How did the people  know that Alexander had chosen Athanasius as his successor?", "answer": "thrice repeating his name"}, {"question": "How old was Athanasius when he was chosen as Patriarch?", "answer": "thirty years"}, {"question": "Who came to Alexandria to confirm the choice?", "answer": "bishops of all Egypt"}, {"question": "Did all the people want him as Patriarch?", "answer": "unanimous in their choice"}, {"question": "How long after the Council of Nicae did Alexander die?", "answer": "Five months"}, {"question": "Which of the Gospels most agrees with Athanasius?", "answer": "Gospel of John"}, {"question": "What does this Gospel show that Athanasius also believed?", "answer": "the Divinity of Jesus"}, {"question": "Why is the Gospel of John said at the end of Catholic Mass?", "answer": "a result of Athanasius"}, {"question": "Where was this Gospel said?", "answer": "at the altar"}, {"question": "When are different Gospels said?", "answer": "certain Feast days"}, {"question": "Did all Arians believe the same things?", "answer": "different theological views"}, {"question": "Were Arians also Origenists?", "answer": "supported the tenets"}, {"question": "Did the bishops consider themselves Arians?", "answer": "bishops disagreed"}, {"question": "What did the Council of Nicaea decide about Arianism?", "answer": "a real theological ideology"}, {"question": "Did Arians have one set of beliefs?", "answer": "not monolithic"}, {"question": "To what golden event was Seattle the portal?", "answer": "Klondike Gold Rush"}, {"question": "In what area was the Klondike Gold Rush located?", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "What was Seattle's first primary money maker?", "answer": "Logging"}, {"question": "What was the airplane company that helped Seattle return to economic stability? ", "answer": "Boeing"}, {"question": "Which large technology giant established its home base in Seattle?", "answer": "Microsoft"}, {"question": "Of which Washington county is Seattle the center?", "answer": "King County"}, {"question": "By 2015 what was Seattle's population?", "answer": "662,400"}, {"question": "By what time was Seattle the most rapidly growing city in the US?", "answer": "July 2013"}, {"question": "How far away is the Canadian border from Seattle?", "answer": "100 miles"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's ranking in North America in terms of container processing? ", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "What group of settlers established a site at Pioneer Square?", "answer": "Denny Party"}, {"question": "by what name did Charles Terry and John Low first name their settlement?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What was the Chinook enhanced name of Terry and Low's settlement?", "answer": "New York Alki"}, {"question": "What site was eventually abandoned when the settlers moved back in with Denny?", "answer": "New York Alki"}, {"question": "When was New York Alki established?", "answer": "April 1853"}, {"question": "At what date did the name Seattle first appear on official papers?", "answer": "May 23, 1853"}, {"question": "When were the first land allocations made in Seattle?", "answer": "May 23, 1853"}, {"question": "At what date was Seattle incorporated as a town?", "answer": "January 14, 1865"}, {"question": "What type of governing body did Seattle have in 1869?", "answer": "Mayor-council"}, {"question": "What famous Indian appears on the seal of Seattle?", "answer": "Chief Sealth"}, {"question": "What was the industry source that produced Seattle's first financial vigor?", "answer": "lumber"}, {"question": "What name was given to the street Yesler Way?", "answer": "Skid Road"}, {"question": "After Yesler Way fell into ill refute, what was the term generally used for this type of decline?", "answer": "Skid Row"}, {"question": "What events occurred in 1885-1886 due to racial disputes?", "answer": "anti-Chinese riots"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Seattle population was Asian in 1900?", "answer": "4.2%"}, {"question": "After lumbering, what was Seattle's second big economic boom?", "answer": "Klondike Gold Rush"}, {"question": "What event ended the Gold Rush?", "answer": "depression"}, {"question": "What was the start of the depression that stopped the Gold Rush?", "answer": "Panic of 1893"}, {"question": "For whom was Seattle the main port of supply ?", "answer": "miners"}, {"question": "What company did James E. Casey found in 1907 with a borrowed $100?", "answer": "American Messenger Company"}, {"question": "During WWII what company added substantially to Seattle's economy?", "answer": "Boeing aircraft"}, {"question": "What national event during WWII left Seattle without Japanese businessmen?", "answer": "Japanese American internment"}, {"question": "In what facet of the economy did Boeing excel?", "answer": "commercial airliner market"}, {"question": "How did Seattle celebrate its economic rise in 1962?", "answer": "1962 World's Fair"}, {"question": "What company's downturn drastically effected Seattle's economy?", "answer": "Boeing"}, {"question": "What type of theater did Alexander Pantages start in Seattle?", "answer": "vaudeville"}, {"question": "When did Pantages open his movie houses?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "Who was Pantages competitor in the theater business?", "answer": "John Considine"}, {"question": "Who was the architect who built a number of theaters in the Seattle area?", "answer": "B. Marcus Priteca"}, {"question": "Which of Seattle's famous, and still extant,  theaters did Priteca disign?", "answer": "Paramount Theatre"}, {"question": "When did Boeing move its headquarters to Chicago?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What did Boeing separate from its headquarters facilities?", "answer": "production facilities"}, {"question": "Besides the Renton plant, where else are airplanes made for Boeing?", "answer": "Everett"}, {"question": "To whom is the Boeing credit union open?", "answer": "all residents"}, {"question": "Before 2001, where was Boeing headquartered?", "answer": "Seattle"}, {"question": "When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?", "answer": "Seattle General Strike"}, {"question": "When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?", "answer": "Maritime Strike"}, {"question": "What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?", "answer": "Port of Los Angeles."}, {"question": "What violent act happened in Seattle's Chinatown in 1983?", "answer": "Wah Mee massacre"}, {"question": "What type of establishment was Wan Mee?", "answer": "gambling club"}, {"question": "Which huge tech corporation moved its headquarters the Seattle area?", "answer": "Microsoft"}, {"question": "What item for sale in 2000 Seattle was some of the most costly in the US?", "answer": "real estate"}, {"question": "About what time did the big tech boom in Seattle fizzle?", "answer": "early 2001"}, {"question": "What sporting event did Seattle sponsor in 1990?", "answer": "Goodwill Games"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's musical genre developed in the 1990s? ", "answer": "grunge"}, {"question": "When did Seattle offer the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What caused bad press during the conference protests in Seattle?", "answer": "police reactions"}, {"question": "What was the geologic event that followed the Mardi Gras Riots in2001?", "answer": "Nisqually earthquake"}, {"question": "What water mass is located west of Seattle?", "answer": "Puget Sound"}, {"question": "What lake is to the east of Seattle?", "answer": "Lake Washington"}, {"question": "Where is Seattle's prime harbor?", "answer": "Elliott Bay"}, {"question": "Because Elliott Bay is salt water, what kind of port is Seattle?", "answer": "oceanic port"}, {"question": "What land area is west of Puget Sound?", "answer": "Olympic Peninsula"}, {"question": "What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?", "answer": "Amazon.com"}, {"question": "When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How many new people move to Seattle each year?", "answer": "14,511"}, {"question": "How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?", "answer": "sixth-worst"}, {"question": "What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?", "answer": "Pacific Ring of Fire"}, {"question": "What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?", "answer": "6.8"}, {"question": "On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?", "answer": "February 28, 2001"}, {"question": "What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?", "answer": "9.0 or greater"}, {"question": "What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?", "answer": "reclaimed land"}, {"question": "What other famous city, besides Seattle, lies on seven hills?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What type of land area does Capital hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill constitute?", "answer": "ridge"}, {"question": "What artificial geological feature was added to Seattle in 1909?", "answer": "Harbor Island"}, {"question": "Where is the highest place in Seattle?", "answer": "High Point"}, {"question": "Where was Harbor Island built?", "answer": "Duwamish Waterway"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall in Seattle? ", "answer": "37.49 inches"}, {"question": "Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?", "answer": "Hoh Rain Forest"}, {"question": "What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?", "answer": "variations in microclimate"}, {"question": "What is the capital of the state of Washington?", "answer": "Olympia"}, {"question": "What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?", "answer": "Olympic Mountains"}, {"question": "During which month does Seattle get more precipitation than other US cities?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "When does Seattle get it lowest levels of precipitation?", "answer": "June to September"}, {"question": "In the lower 48 states, which city receives some of the least sunny days that any other?", "answer": "Seattle"}, {"question": "What weather feature is highly unusual in Seattle?", "answer": "Thunderstorms"}, {"question": "About how many days a year is thunder a reported weather event in Seattle?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What does the local water ways regulate in the Seattle area?", "answer": "Temperature extremes"}, {"question": "What land mass protects Seattle from Pacific caused weather?", "answer": "Olympic Mountains"}, {"question": "What geologic feature protects Seattle from the Arctic cold winds?", "answer": "Cascade Range"}, {"question": "What type of rain fall does Seattle most often experience?", "answer": "light precipitation"}, {"question": "At what location is most weather data collected for the Seattle area?", "answer": "Seattle\u2013Tacoma International Airport"}, {"question": "What is a very significant part of Seattle's weather system?", "answer": "Puget Sound Convergence Zone"}, {"question": "Of what is the Convergence Zone comprised?", "answer": "streams of air"}, {"question": "From where do the two streams of air come?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "What mountain Range splits the wind stream in the west of Seattle?", "answer": "Olympic Mountains"}, {"question": "What bad wind and rain event was not caused by the Convergence Zone?", "answer": "Hanukkah Eve Wind Storm"}, {"question": "What type of snowfall is not often seen in Seattle?", "answer": "heavy snow"}, {"question": "What is the usual average snowfall in Seattle?", "answer": "6.8 inches"}, {"question": "How many times has snowfall been reported at more than 6 inches since 1990?", "answer": "once"}, {"question": "When was there a moderate snowfall  of over one foot that lasted on the ground two weeks?", "answer": "December 12\u201325, 2008"}, {"question": "On what dates did Seattle experience a snow event of 6 feet?", "answer": "January 5\u20139, 1880"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's average December temperature? ", "answer": "40.6 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How many winter days reach freezing in Seattle?", "answer": "28 annual days"}, {"question": "What month is the warmest in Seattle?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What is August's usual temperature?", "answer": "66.1 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How long is the growing season in the Seattle area?", "answer": "250 days"}, {"question": "What type of weather does Seattle have in the winter months?", "answer": "heaviest rainfall"}, {"question": "What quantity of yearly rainfall does Seattle have during the winter?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What are atmospheric rivers called  in the Seattle area?", "answer": "Pineapple Express"}, {"question": "When did Seattle have hurricane type winds and heavy rains?", "answer": "December 2\u20134, 2007"}, {"question": "How many deaths occurred during the 2007  heavy rains?", "answer": "five deaths"}, {"question": "How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?", "answer": "Greg Nickels"}, {"question": "How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?", "answer": "77%"}, {"question": "What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?", "answer": "height limits"}, {"question": "How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?", "answer": "Guangdong province"}, {"question": "How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle? ", "answer": "55,000"}, {"question": "What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?", "answer": "19,000"}, {"question": "What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?", "answer": "self-identified mixed-race"}, {"question": "In 1960, what was the percentage of whites in the Seattle area?", "answer": "91.6%"}, {"question": "According to the 2010 census, what was the white population in Seattle?", "answer": "69.5%"}, {"question": "In 2006-2008, how many people in Seattle spoke English at home?", "answer": "78.9%"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Asian speakers in Seattle?", "answer": "10.2%"}, {"question": "What is the basic race of most people in Seattle?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?", "answer": "Starbucks"}, {"question": "Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?", "answer": "Amazon.com"}, {"question": "In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?", "answer": "Redmond"}, {"question": "What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?", "answer": "coffee"}, {"question": "Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?", "answer": "Boeing"}, {"question": "Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?", "answer": "Everett and Renton"}, {"question": "Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? ", "answer": "Mayor Greg Nickels"}, {"question": "What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?", "answer": "biotech companies"}, {"question": "For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?", "answer": "buying a house"}, {"question": "What was Seattle's gross product in 2010?", "answer": "$231 billion"}, {"question": "Where does Seattle rank in size of economy in 2010?", "answer": "11th largest"}, {"question": "How does the Port of Seattle container capability rank as compared to others in the US?", "answer": "8th largest port"}, {"question": "When does Seattle want to be rated as a climate neutral city?", "answer": "2030"}, {"question": "What type of industry thrives in Settle?", "answer": "start-up businesses"}, {"question": "By a UCLA study,how many Seattle residents identify as gay, lesbian or bisexual?", "answer": "12.9%"}, {"question": "How does the numbers in the gay community rank compared to other US cities?", "answer": "second-highest"}, {"question": "What city ranked higher in population in the gay community?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's percentage of same sex households?", "answer": "2.6"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's ranking for same sex households as compared with the rest of the US?", "answer": "highest percentage"}, {"question": "How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?", "answer": "around 100"}, {"question": "What Seattle theater was built in 1926?", "answer": "5th Avenue Theatre"}, {"question": "To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?", "answer": "fringe theatre"}, {"question": "To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?", "answer": "equity theaters"}, {"question": "How many equity theaters does Seattle have?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?", "answer": "century"}, {"question": "In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?", "answer": "Benaroya Hall"}, {"question": "Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?", "answer": "McCaw Hall"}, {"question": "What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?", "answer": "Seattle Opera House"}, {"question": "What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?", "answer": "PNB School"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's present nickname?", "answer": "Emerald City"}, {"question": "To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?", "answer": "evergreen forests"}, {"question": "Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?", "answer": "Gateway to Alaska"}, {"question": "From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?", "answer": "Boeing"}, {"question": "What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?", "answer": "The City of Goodwill"}, {"question": "What Seattle fair lasts 24 days?", "answer": "Seattle International Film Festival"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's gay pride parade called?", "answer": "Bite of Seattle"}, {"question": "How many Independence Day celebrations does Seattle have yearly?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When are Seafair events held in Seattle?", "answer": "July and August"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the Bumbershoot festival?", "answer": "art and music"}, {"question": "When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?", "answer": "biennial"}, {"question": "How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?", "answer": "annually"}, {"question": "To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?", "answer": "performance poets"}, {"question": "What poetry festival was first held in 1997?", "answer": "Poetry Circus"}, {"question": "What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?", "answer": "grunge"}, {"question": "What type of musician is Bill Frisell?", "answer": "avant-garde jazz"}, {"question": "What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?", "answer": "hip hop"}, {"question": "What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?", "answer": "alternative rock"}, {"question": "Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?", "answer": "Seattle"}, {"question": "When did the first art gallery open in Washington state?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first art museum in Washington?", "answer": "Henry Art Gallery"}, {"question": "When did The Seattle Art Museum open its doors?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "Besides the museums, what other art offering does SAM operate?", "answer": "Olympic Sculpture Park"}, {"question": "Aside from publically operated museums, what other type of person galleries does Seattle offer?", "answer": "artist-run"}, {"question": "What anime convention is held in Seattle?", "answer": "Sakura-Con"}, {"question": "What is focus of the Penny Arcade Expo?", "answer": "gaming"}, {"question": "How many bicyclists attend the Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "What festival does Seattle have for the transgender community?", "answer": "Seattle Transgender Film Festival"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?", "answer": "Seattle Polish Film Festival"}, {"question": "What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?", "answer": "PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans"}, {"question": "In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?", "answer": "Milwaukee, Wisconsin"}, {"question": "What was the new name of the Seattle team?", "answer": "Milwaukee Brewers"}, {"question": "When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?", "answer": "1978\u201379"}, {"question": "How many times have the Seattle Seahawks played in the World Series?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who did the Seahawks beat to win the Super Bowl?", "answer": "Denver Broncos"}, {"question": "What team defeated the Seattle Seahawks to win Super Bowl XLIX?", "answer": "New England Patriots"}, {"question": "What is the Seattle soccer club named?", "answer": "Seattle Sounders FC"}, {"question": "With what team do the Sounders share Century Link Field?", "answer": "Seahawks"}, {"question": "What is Seattle thought to be politically?", "answer": "liberal"}, {"question": "What did the people of Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?", "answer": "gay marriage"}, {"question": "What other political hot issue did voters in Seattle vote to legalize in 2012?", "answer": "use of cannabis"}, {"question": " What do residents of Seattle believe in matters of religion?", "answer": "atheism"}, {"question": "How does Seattle compare in church attendance to the rest oF the US? ", "answer": "much lower"}, {"question": "How many people in Seattle vote Democratic?", "answer": "over 80%"}, {"question": "For whom did the residents of Seattle vote in the 2012 presidential election?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "What party members win most state and national legislative elections?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "Who was Seattle's , and the nation's, first female mayor?", "answer": "Bertha Knight Landes"}, {"question": "What is the sex of the majority of Seattle's city council?", "answer": "female"}, {"question": "Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part?", "answer": "7th congressional district"}, {"question": "Who is the representative for Seattle's district?", "answer": "Jim McDermott"}, {"question": "When was McDermott elected to office?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who is the present mayor of Seattle?", "answer": "Ed Murray"}, {"question": "To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?", "answer": "Like most"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?", "answer": "53.8%"}, {"question": "What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?", "answer": "27.4%"}, {"question": "How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?", "answer": "91.9%"}, {"question": "What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?", "answer": "84.5%"}, {"question": "How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?", "answer": "most literate"}, {"question": "What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?", "answer": "Non-commercial"}, {"question": "What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?", "answer": "NPR affiliates"}, {"question": "With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?", "answer": "UW"}, {"question": "What radio station is operated by the public school system?", "answer": "KNHC-FM 89.5"}, {"question": "Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?", "answer": "Internet radio"}, {"question": "What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?", "answer": "The Seattle Times"}, {"question": "In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?", "answer": "on-line"}, {"question": "In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "What is the LGBT newspaper called?", "answer": "Seattle Gay News"}, {"question": "Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?", "answer": "homeless persons"}, {"question": "What is Seattle's bus line called?", "answer": "King County Metro"}, {"question": "What service runs between South Lake Union and Westlake Center?", "answer": "South Lake Union Streetcar"}, {"question": "What organization runs the largest line of ferries in the US?", "answer": "Washington State Ferries"}, {"question": "How does the Seattle ferry line compare to the rest of the world?", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "To what two islands does the ferry service connect?", "answer": "Bainbridge and Vashon"}, {"question": "What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?", "answer": "pediatric referral center"}, {"question": "Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?", "answer": "Eastlake"}, {"question": "Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?", "answer": "Beacon Hill"}, {"question": "What entity operates Harborview?", "answer": "University of Washington"}, {"question": "In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?", "answer": "automobile"}, {"question": "When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?", "answer": "trolleybus"}, {"question": "What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?", "answer": "streets"}, {"question": "What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?", "answer": "Alaskan Way Viaduct"}, {"question": "What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?", "answer": "tunnel"}, {"question": "What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?", "answer": "$4.25 billion"}, {"question": "When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?", "answer": "2017"}, {"question": "What educational institution is at home in Seattle?", "answer": "University of Washington"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?", "answer": "continuing education"}, {"question": "In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?", "answer": "private universities"}, {"question": "Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?", "answer": "arts colleges"}, {"question": "On what type of transportation system has Seattle begun to focus?", "answer": "mass transit"}, {"question": "From what kind of transportation has Seattle been moving away?", "answer": "automobile"}, {"question": "What measure was passed by Seattle voters in 2006?", "answer": "RapidRide"}, {"question": "By what year do plans call for the completion of a rail line to Bellevue?", "answer": "2023"}, {"question": "Which former mayor backed the expansion of rail lines from downtown to Ballard?", "answer": "Michael McGinn"}, {"question": "Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?", "answer": "process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved."}, {"question": "What happens to information during the encoding process?", "answer": "g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli."}, {"question": "What is the second memory stage?", "answer": "Storage"}, {"question": "What is the third process that happens during the memory process?", "answer": "retrieval of information that has been stored"}, {"question": "Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?", "answer": "the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons."}, {"question": "What does short-term memory depend on?", "answer": "an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code."}, {"question": "What did conrad find about test subjects?", "answer": "subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar"}, {"question": "What does Conrads finding seem to mean?", "answer": ". Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically."}, {"question": "What was Conrads deal with?", "answer": "encoding of written text;"}, {"question": "What is another name for short-term memory?", "answer": "working memory."}, {"question": "What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?", "answer": "recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal"}, {"question": "How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?", "answer": "capacity is also very limited"}, {"question": "How can one higher their memory capacity?", "answer": "chunking."}, {"question": "Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?", "answer": "because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers"}, {"question": "Why can't some memories be held onto forever?", "answer": "The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration"}, {"question": "If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?", "answer": "sometimes a whole life span)"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of long term memory?", "answer": "capacity is immeasurable"}, {"question": "If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?", "answer": "in our short-term memory"}, {"question": "What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?", "answer": "visual information and acoustic information"}, {"question": "Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?", "answer": "Zlonoga and Gerber"}, {"question": "What did KF disprove during this study?", "answer": "Atkinson\u2013Shiffrin model."}, {"question": "What did KF have trouble doing?", "answer": "difficulties regarding short-term memory."}, {"question": "What did this study seem to conclude?", "answer": "a dichotomy between visual and audial memory."}, {"question": "Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?", "answer": "frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?", "answer": "hippocampus"}, {"question": "How much information can the hippocampus store?", "answer": "does not"}, {"question": "If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?", "answer": "may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning."}, {"question": "How long does sensory  memory to to store information?", "answer": "less than one second"}, {"question": "Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?", "answer": "It is out of cognitive control"}, {"question": "Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?", "answer": "George Sperling"}, {"question": "What did Spellings' findings reveal?", "answer": "this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items"}, {"question": "How does short term memory encode information?", "answer": "acoustically"}, {"question": "How does long term memory encode information?", "answer": "semantically"}, {"question": "What is episodic memory?", "answer": "\"which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'"}, {"question": "If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?", "answer": "episodic memory,"}, {"question": "What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?", "answer": "recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings"}, {"question": "Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?", "answer": "do not have the language ability to report on their memories"}, {"question": "Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?", "answer": ", researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants\u2019 recognition memory and their recall memory."}, {"question": "How can a researcher study a childs memory?", "answer": "elicited imitation techniques"}, {"question": "What are some catgories of retrospective memory?", "answer": "semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory"}, {"question": "If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?", "answer": "Time-based prospective memories"}, {"question": "What is something somebody can use to remember something?", "answer": "Cues"}, {"question": "If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?", "answer": "Event-based prospective memories"}, {"question": "Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?", "answer": "research showed this to be false"}, {"question": "Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?", "answer": "cortisol or epinephrine"}, {"question": "What relationship does excitement and memory share?", "answer": "excitement enhances memory"}, {"question": "Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?", "answer": "hippocampus"}, {"question": "Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?", "answer": "that is crucial"}, {"question": "Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?", "answer": "have gained much knowledge"}, {"question": "What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?", "answer": "might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved."}, {"question": "What has most of the research on memories revolved around?", "answer": "simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;"}, {"question": "What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?", "answer": "the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation"}, {"question": "What suggests that memory has two different components?", "answer": "term of internal representation"}, {"question": "What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?", "answer": "Moscovitch 2007"}, {"question": "What is an engram trace?", "answer": "the underpinning physical neural changes"}, {"question": "What is another term for procedural memory?", "answer": "implicit memory"}, {"question": "If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?", "answer": "procedural memory"}, {"question": "What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?", "answer": "motor skills"}, {"question": "If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?", "answer": "no new explicit memories have been formed,"}, {"question": "Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?", "answer": "working memory model"}, {"question": "Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?", "answer": "concept of a central executive"}, {"question": "Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?", "answer": "Working memory"}, {"question": "What do most elderly people worry about?", "answer": "memory loss,"}, {"question": "Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?", "answer": "memory loss is qualitatively different"}, {"question": "Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?", "answer": "frontal regions"}, {"question": "Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?", "answer": "prospective memory"}, {"question": "Does a 6 month old have short term memory?", "answer": "can recall information over the short-term"}, {"question": "What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?", "answer": "9 months of age"}, {"question": "What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?", "answer": "one step of a two-step sequence"}, {"question": "What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?", "answer": "the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed"}, {"question": "When remembering your first day of school or first dance, which memory are you using?", "answer": "Episodic memories"}, {"question": "When fondly remembering your memory, which type of memory are you using?", "answer": "Autobiographical memory"}, {"question": "Which type of memory enables us to remember knowledge of the world?", "answer": "Semantic memory"}, {"question": "Which type of memory is used when remembering something that we've seen?", "answer": "Visual memory"}, {"question": "What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?", "answer": "Stress"}, {"question": "Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?", "answer": "adrenal hormones"}, {"question": "Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?", "answer": "L. Schwabe and O. Wolf"}, {"question": "What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?", "answer": "stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process."}, {"question": "What trouble can interference cause?", "answer": "can hamper memorization and retrieval"}, {"question": "What is retroactive interference?", "answer": "when learning new information makes it harder to recall old information"}, {"question": "What is proactive interference?", "answer": "where prior learning disrupts recall of new information"}, {"question": "What is a term used to describe being able to learn something quicker due to an older ability?", "answer": "positive transfer."}, {"question": "In 1960 did people believe an infant was able to remember things?", "answer": "Up until the middle of the 1980s it was assumed that infants could not encode, retain, and retrieve information."}, {"question": "What is the minimum age researchers think a child begins to have memory?", "answer": ". A growing body of research now indicates that infants as young as 6-months can recall information"}, {"question": "Does a persons memory capacity increase with age?", "answer": "Furthermore, research has revealed that as infants grow older they can store information for longer periods of time"}, {"question": "Who has a better memory retention a 6 month old or a 9 month old?", "answer": "9-month-olds"}, {"question": "What role does the amygdala play in memory?", "answer": "thought to be involved in emotional memory"}, {"question": "Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories. ", "answer": "it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions"}, {"question": "What changes can be linked to learning and memory?", "answer": "neuronal synapses,"}, {"question": "What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?", "answer": "believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning"}, {"question": "Does it matter how long someone is exposed to stress to have an impact on their memory?", "answer": "the more impact it may have. However, short term exposure to stress also causes impairment in memory by interfering with the function of the hippocampus"}, {"question": "Whar does research show happens to blood glucorticoid levels during stressful events?", "answer": "levels that have increased drastically"}, {"question": "Can a unborn child face issues with stress than can affect their future abilities?", "answer": "prenatally, the offspring show increased levels of glucocorticoids when they are subjected to stress later on in life."}, {"question": "Do the people studied in different research perform as well after stress as they did before becoming in contact with stressful situations?", "answer": "When subjects are asked to complete a learning task after short term exposure they have often difficulties"}, {"question": "What neurons are damaged during stressful events?", "answer": "The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus"}, {"question": "What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?", "answer": "the more stressful situations that someone encounters,"}, {"question": "What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?", "answer": "repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind"}, {"question": "What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?", "answer": "high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors"}, {"question": "Does sleep hurt a persons memory?", "answer": "There have been several studies which show that sleep improves the retention of memory,"}, {"question": "What does SWS stand for?", "answer": "slow-wave sleep"}, {"question": "What take place during SWS?", "answer": "System consolidation"}, {"question": "What is the role of the neocortex whe it relates to memory?", "answer": "reviews and processes memories, which moves them into long-term memory"}, {"question": "In studies what is a relationship between sleeping and learning?", "answer": "activation patterns in the sleeping brain that mirror those recorded during the learning of tasks from the previous day"}, {"question": "Can one increase their brain efficency?", "answer": "people can improve cognitive function and brain efficiency"}, {"question": "What can a person do to increase their brain efficiency?", "answer": "simple lifestyle changes such as incorporating memory exercises, healthy eating, physical fitness and stress reduction"}, {"question": "In a study performed with 17 subjects, what relationship did healthy changes and brain efficiency have?", "answer": "After 14 days, they showed greater word fluency (not memory) compared to their baseline performance."}, {"question": "Do lifestyle changes definitely have an affect on long term memory?", "answer": "it is therefore unclear if this intervention has lasting effects on memory."}, {"question": "What is a term to describe memory loss?", "answer": "amnesia."}, {"question": "What diseases can have a major imact on memory?", "answer": "Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease"}, {"question": "What is Korsakoff's syndrome?", "answer": "an organic brain disease that adversely affects memory by widespread loss or shrinkage of neurons within the prefrontal cortex."}, {"question": "Is amnesia only seen in one form?", "answer": "There are many sorts of amnesia,"}, {"question": "What happens to a person whose autobiographic memory is damaged?", "answer": "that they cannot forget small details that otherwise would not be stored"}, {"question": "Does excersice have any role on cognitive brain function?", "answer": "has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain."}, {"question": "What positive things can happen to your brain when you excersise?", "answer": "increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus"}, {"question": "Is a child who excercies likely to perform better in school?", "answer": "The effects of exercise on memory have important implications for improving children's academic performance"}, {"question": "What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?", "answer": "aerobic exercises"}, {"question": "What can impact memory performance in a positive way?", "answer": "when material is linked to the learning context,"}, {"question": "What can the scent of vanilla be used for?", "answer": "strong cue for memory."}, {"question": "What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?", "answer": "memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated."}, {"question": "In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?", "answer": "were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards \u2013"}, {"question": "In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?", "answer": "both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar."}, {"question": "What can cause a person to have fake memories?", "answer": "repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced"}, {"question": "Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?", "answer": "Goff and Roediger"}, {"question": "What did a similar study done by Garry find?", "answer": "researchers found that one-fourth of the students asked to imagine the four events reported that they had actually experienced such events as children"}, {"question": "What has research shown about our memories?", "answer": "our memories are constructed"}, {"question": "How does a person build their memories?", "answer": "when they encode them and/or when they recall them."}, {"question": "What did a study done by Elizabeth Loftus and John palmer show?", "answer": "that when people were provided with misleading information they tended to misremember, a phenomenon known as the misinformation effect."}, {"question": "In their study what did people say they say when they really hadn't due to having the word \"smashed\" inserted into the question?", "answer": "broken glass"}, {"question": "What is the most widely used way in learing?", "answer": "Rote learning"}, {"question": "What does memorization mean?", "answer": "a method of learning that allows an individual to recall information verbatim"}, {"question": "What learning tool did Cosmos rosselliius write about?", "answer": "using visual alphabets."}, {"question": "What is the spacing effect?", "answer": "shows that an individual is more likely to remember a list of items when rehearsal is spaced over an extended period of time"}, {"question": "What is the Zeigarnik effect?", "answer": "states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed ones."}, {"question": "When was the first federal population census taken in the US?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "What were the two categories for race in the census?", "answer": "white or \"other.\""}, {"question": "Who all was identified by name in the house holds?", "answer": "Only the heads of households"}, {"question": "What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?", "answer": "\"Free people of color\""}, {"question": "When was the first US federal population census taken?", "answer": "In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States"}, {"question": "How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?", "answer": ". Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or \"other.\""}, {"question": "Was every resident listed by name?", "answer": "Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850."}, {"question": "Were all residents counted together or separately?", "answer": "Slaves were counted separately from free persons"}, {"question": "when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?", "answer": "until the Civil War and end of slavery."}, {"question": "When did the US begin to take census?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "At what point were all members of the household named on a census?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "Who were considered \"free people of color\"?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "What does mulatto mean?", "answer": "visible European ancestry in addition to African"}, {"question": "Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?", "answer": "Indian reservations"}, {"question": "The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?", "answer": "more than a dozen"}, {"question": "Why were there more immigrants in the US?", "answer": "due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s"}, {"question": "How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?", "answer": "allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"}, {"question": "What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?", "answer": "federal assistance"}, {"question": "By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?", "answer": "over 75%"}, {"question": "How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?", "answer": "By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census,"}, {"question": "Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?", "answer": "The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity"}, {"question": "About how many African American have multiracial ancestries", "answer": "According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries."}, {"question": "Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?", "answer": "Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as"}, {"question": "How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?", "answer": "federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data"}, {"question": "Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "When did laws allow for more immigrants?", "answer": "in the 1960s"}, {"question": "How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?", "answer": "over 75%"}, {"question": "What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?", "answer": "assistance to historically underserved groups"}, {"question": "Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?", "answer": "black (historically) or African American"}, {"question": "What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?", "answer": "hypodescent"}, {"question": "Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?", "answer": "European and sub-Saharan African ancestry"}, {"question": "What did many with European ancetry \"marry white\" and want to be part of the white society?", "answer": "for its social and economic advantages"}, {"question": "Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?", "answer": "Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry"}, {"question": "What caused lower classification status for African Americans?", "answer": "slavery became a racial caste"}, {"question": "How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?", "answer": "Many of majority European ancestry and appearance \"married white\" and assimilated into white society"}, {"question": "What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?", "answer": "Melungeons,"}, {"question": "What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?", "answer": "slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation"}, {"question": "What is Melungeon?", "answer": "genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry."}, {"question": "What does it mean to have \"marred white\"?", "answer": "assimilated into white society"}, {"question": "What were slaves and Africans classified by?", "answer": "hypodescent"}, {"question": "What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?", "answer": "black (historically) or African American"}, {"question": "When was there a period of formal racial segregation?", "answer": "in the former Confederacy following the Reconstruction Era"}, {"question": "What is the effect of there no longer being a stigma on interracial marriage?", "answer": "more people are openly forming interracial unions"}, {"question": "What has caused more people of mixed races to the US?", "answer": "Diverse immigration"}, {"question": "Why were Americans allowed to start checking more than one box to identify their race in the Census in 200?", "answer": "Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins"}, {"question": "Who was elected and was the first multiracial president of the United States?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "Who was the first multiracial president elected in the US", "answer": "In 2008 Barack Obama was elected as the first multiracial President of the United States"}, {"question": "When did the US begin to experience a growing multiracial identity movement?", "answer": "Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement"}, {"question": "When did the US census start to allow residents to mark more than one ethno-racial identity on the census form?", "answer": "the 2000 census for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial"}, {"question": "What has brought more mixed race people to the US?", "answer": ". Diverse immigration has brought more mixed-race people into the United States"}, {"question": "Who are \"mestizos\"?", "answer": "large population of Hispanics identifying as mestizos"}, {"question": "What was it once considered socially advantageous to do?", "answer": "try to \"pass\" as white"}, {"question": "What is an example of the multiracial identity movement at work?", "answer": "Loving Day"}, {"question": "What does the first multiracial president identify as?", "answer": "African American"}, {"question": "When did the census begin allowing multiple boxes to be checked?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "When was an African American president elected?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What were put in place to prevent the mix of races?", "answer": "Anti-miscegenation laws"}, {"question": "Why did the anti-miscegenation not insure that there was no interracial mixing?", "answer": "white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them"}, {"question": "Where was there greater numbers of Latinos and Asian residents?", "answer": "In California and the western US"}, {"question": "What races were prohibited from official relationships with whites?", "answer": "Latino and Asian residents"}, {"question": "When were the laws against marriage between Asians and Europeans lifted?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "When were anti-miscegenation laws passed?", "answer": "Anti-miscegenation laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries"}, {"question": "Did these laws change behavior of white slaveholders and other powerful white men?", "answer": "this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines"}, {"question": "Which region has greater numbers of Latino and Asian residents?", "answer": "In California and the western US,"}, {"question": "Were there any laws against marriage between whites and Asians in the US?", "answer": "White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between European and Asian Americans until the 1950s."}, {"question": "Were Latino residents also prohibited from marrying whites? ", "answer": "were prohibited from official relationships with whites."}, {"question": "In the western US, who were not allowed to have relationships with whites?", "answer": "Latino and Asian residents"}, {"question": "When did laws stop banning marriage between whites and asians?", "answer": "the 1950s"}, {"question": "Who were taking slaves as concubines?", "answer": "white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men"}, {"question": "When did the numbers of free people of color increase dramatically?", "answer": "After the American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "How were the laws in New York abolished?", "answer": "in programs of gradual emancipation"}, {"question": "How long did it take for states like New York to abolish all slave laws?", "answer": "more than two decades to be completed"}, {"question": "Who in the south were urging their churches to free their slaves in the south?", "answer": "Quaker and Methodist preachers"}, {"question": "When were the last slaves freed in New York state?", "answer": "The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827."}, {"question": "Who implored slaveholders to free their slaves?", "answer": "Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves"}, {"question": "What caused many slaveholder to free their slaves?", "answer": "Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves"}, {"question": "How much did the percentage of free people in the South change from 1782 to 1810?", "answer": "the percentage of free people of color rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South."}, {"question": "When did the number of free people of color begin to increase in the North and South?", "answer": "After the American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "What is it called when it takes several years for slaves to be freed in a program?", "answer": "gradual emancipation"}, {"question": "The last slave in New York was freed when?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What caused Quaker and Methodist preachers to want to free slaves?", "answer": "Second Great Awakening"}, {"question": "In 1810, how many black people were considered free?", "answer": "nearly 10 percent"}, {"question": "What caused many men to free slaves from 1782 to 1810?", "answer": "Revolutionary ideals"}, {"question": "What is the one-drop rule?", "answer": "defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry"}, {"question": "What did some courts call the one-drop rule?", "answer": "\"the traceable amount rule.\""}, {"question": "What is a hypodesecnt rule?", "answer": "meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group"}, {"question": "When was the one-drop rule in effect?", "answer": "in the early 20th century"}, {"question": "What is the one-drop rule?", "answer": "black, persons with any known African ancestry."}, {"question": "What is the hypodescent rule?", "answer": "racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group."}, {"question": "Why were laws like the one drop rule enacted?", "answer": "In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation"}, {"question": "What made the one drop rule stricter than rules in the 19th century?", "answer": "it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association."}, {"question": "In the early 1900s, what was did black mean in southern states?", "answer": "persons with any known African ancestry"}, {"question": "Prior to the 1900s, what was the socially accepted rule for racial interpretation?", "answer": "judging a person by appearance and association."}, {"question": "What rule means multiracial people are given status of the socially subordinate group?", "answer": "a hypodescent rule"}, {"question": "What was the rule used in law in the 1900s called?", "answer": "the one-drop rule"}, {"question": "What was the rule in the 1800s called?", "answer": "the traceable amount rule"}, {"question": "Before the mid-20th century were people open about their muticultural heritage and why or why not?", "answer": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities."}, {"question": "Are all muticultural Americans aware of their cultural heritage?", "answer": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"}, {"question": "Approximentally how many Americans identified themselves as multiracial in the 2010 US census?", "answer": "In the 2010 US census, approximately 9 million individuals, or 2.9% of the population, self-identified as multiracial."}, {"question": "What is the accepted definition of \"multicultural\" ancestry?", "answer": "Multiracial Americans are Americans who have mixed ancestry of \"two or more races\"."}, {"question": "Why did muticultural Americans hid their heritage?", "answer": "Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of racial discrimination against minorities"}, {"question": "Are all multicultural Americans aware of their heritage?", "answer": "While many Americans may be biologically multiracial, they often do not know it"}, {"question": "Which cultural do multicultural people usually identify with?", "answer": ", generally that of the culture in which they were raised."}, {"question": "What are people most likely to identify themselves as?", "answer": "the culture in which they were raised"}, {"question": "Would DNA show a higher number or lower number of mutliracial people than those reported in the census?", "answer": "higher number"}, {"question": "What does it mean to be a mutliracial?", "answer": "two or more races"}, {"question": "How many multiracial people in the US were there in 2010?", "answer": "approximately 9 million individuals"}, {"question": "When did people stop hiding mutliracial heritage?", "answer": "the mid-20th century"}, {"question": "What occured from 1955 to 1968?", "answer": "The African-American Civil Rights Movement"}, {"question": "How much of the population identified as mixed race in the 2000s?", "answer": "less than 5%"}, {"question": "What is race sometimes seen as?", "answer": "a social construct"}, {"question": "Who are descendents of various culturally distinct groups?", "answer": "The American people"}, {"question": "What does affect recent identification in many cases?", "answer": "mixed racial ancestry"}, {"question": "Who were considered \"white Indians\"?", "answer": "Europeans living among Indigenous Americans"}, {"question": "Who had Indigenous \"Country wives\"?", "answer": "Some traders"}, {"question": "Who lived in native communities, speaking the language and participating in the affairs of tribes?", "answer": "\"white Indians\""}, {"question": "Why were some multiracial children sent to Europe?", "answer": "for their education"}, {"question": "Where were legal wives usually kept?", "answer": "in the city"}, {"question": "When could white women and black men be in a union?", "answer": "In the colonial years"}, {"question": "Where did 80% of free people of color in NC come from?", "answer": "Virginia in colonial years"}, {"question": "What is Paul Heinegg?", "answer": "scholar"}, {"question": "What censuses did he study?", "answer": "from 1790\u20131810"}, {"question": "Who were not identified by name on the census before the civil war?", "answer": "slaves"}, {"question": "Who was Thomas Jefferson in a relationship with?", "answer": "Sally Hemings"}, {"question": "Not recognizing white fatherhood for multiracial slave children cause what to be lost?", "answer": "paternity"}, {"question": "Who will not reveal full ancestral data to mixed race people?", "answer": "elder family members"}, {"question": "Who brought Christian missionaries to Hawaii?", "answer": "traders"}, {"question": "What cause royal Hawaiian females to find themselves ugly?", "answer": "the Anglo-Saxon presence"}, {"question": "What are some examples of how a noble person should look before Christians came?", "answer": "dark skin and ample bodies"}, {"question": "What did westerners call the women of Hawaii?", "answer": "Hawaiian squaws"}, {"question": "When would white men marry the paler and thinner Hawaiian ladies?", "answer": "By the last half of the 19th century"}, {"question": "Who are blamed in this paragraph for Jim Crow laws?", "answer": "white Democrats"}, {"question": "When did Virginia add the one drop rule to their laws?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What fact was ignored by enacting one-drop rule laws?", "answer": "that many whites had multiracial ancestry."}, {"question": "Why were laws limiting people of color passed?", "answer": "to restore white supremacy"}, {"question": "What had popularity in the early 20th century that caused rising racial discrimination?", "answer": "eugenics and ideas of racial purity"}, {"question": "A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?", "answer": "exceed one-fourth"}, {"question": "Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?", "answer": "African blacks and whites"}, {"question": "What are groups other than blacks considered to be?", "answer": "less threatening to whites"}, {"question": "Who says genetic tests can't tell the difference between different Native American nations?", "answer": "Geneticists"}, {"question": "What are geneticists looking for?", "answer": "the pattern of markers"}, {"question": "What is there genetic evidence of?", "answer": "three major migrations into North America"}, {"question": "How do some mixed raced people feel?", "answer": "marginalized by U.S. society"}, {"question": "How many racial choices are there on standardized tests?", "answer": "Typically, about five race choices"}, {"question": "How many race choices may someone check?", "answer": "only one"}, {"question": "What does the \"other\" box do?", "answer": "groups together individuals of many different multiracial types"}, {"question": "When do mixed race individuals feel marginalized?", "answer": "when applying to schools or for a job"}, {"question": "What usually played a larger role than laws regarding a person's race?", "answer": "social acceptance"}, {"question": "Where did people not ask about racial background?", "answer": "frontier areas"}, {"question": "What were the hallmarks of free citizens?", "answer": "they served in the militia and voted"}, {"question": "Whos acceptance decided inheritance issues?", "answer": "neighbors"}, {"question": "The President's father is from what country?", "answer": "Kenya"}, {"question": "What community still has some effects of slavery?", "answer": "American slave descendant community"}, {"question": "What must Africans who recently immigrated do?", "answer": "recognize their own unique ancestral backgrounds"}, {"question": "Who argue for a term other than African American to describe recent immigrants?", "answer": "some black writers"}, {"question": "When did multiracial people start to organize for more inclusive racial identifiers?", "answer": "In the 1980s"}, {"question": "What was the response to the idea of identifying people as biracial or multiracial?", "answer": "mostly negative"}, {"question": "What could have cause loss of power via the use of the term biracial and multiracial?", "answer": "if African Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification"}, {"question": "Who are some of the opponents of biracial and multiracial as identifiers?", "answer": "Congresswoman Diane Watson and Congressman Augustus Hawkins"}, {"question": "What determined a child's social identity?", "answer": "the tribe's kinship system"}, {"question": "What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?", "answer": "matrilineal"}, {"question": "What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Who was a doctor?", "answer": "Charles Eastman"}, {"question": "Who was the doctor related to?", "answer": "Seth Eastman"}, {"question": "Who did the relative of the doctor marry?", "answer": "Sioux woman"}, {"question": "Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?", "answer": "three European-American middle-class female teachers"}, {"question": "What tribe was Eastman related to?", "answer": "Sioux"}, {"question": "Who said many African Americans have NAtive American heritage?", "answer": "Sherrel W. Stewart"}, {"question": "Who disproved Sherrel's hypothesis?", "answer": "genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies"}, {"question": "Who hosts a TV series on the genetic history of African Americans?", "answer": "Henry Louis Gates"}, {"question": "What jobs did the earliest Europeans who mingled with natives hold?", "answer": "explorers and soldiers"}, {"question": "Who started marrying or having unions with native women after settlment increased?", "answer": "traders and fur trappers"}, {"question": "Why did Chesapeake Bay colonists begin to buy slaves?", "answer": "a continuing, critical labor shortage"}, {"question": "Who first imported slaves to New York?", "answer": "the Dutch"}, {"question": "Who freed some of the early slaves?", "answer": "their masters"}, {"question": "President Thomas Jefferson had a relationship with who?", "answer": "Sally Hemings"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Smithsonian-Monticello exhibit that discussed their relationship?", "answer": "Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty"}, {"question": "How long were Jefferson and Hemmings in a relationship?", "answer": "nearly 40 years"}, {"question": "Which child of Jefferson identified as black?", "answer": "Madison Hemings"}, {"question": "How much of the children of Jefferson and Hemmings were white?", "answer": "Seven-eighths"}, {"question": "As an example, whose status was downgraded after the civil war?", "answer": "traditionally free people of color in Louisiana"}, {"question": "Who were increasingly included as African Americans in the 20th century?", "answer": "people of any portion of African descent"}, {"question": "Where did most Chinese men enter the US?", "answer": "primarily on the West Coast and in western territories"}, {"question": "Who imported Chinese laborers?", "answer": "white planters"}, {"question": "What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?", "answer": "the Chinese Exclusion Act"}, {"question": "What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?", "answer": "they did not take white spouses"}, {"question": "What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?", "answer": "set up groceries in small towns throughout the South"}, {"question": "What office is responsible for the census form changes?", "answer": "the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)"}, {"question": "When did the OMB change racial guidelines for the census form?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "When were the OMB racial directive made mandatory for every government form?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What did the OMB vote to allow on the 2000 census?", "answer": "participants to select more than one of the six available categories"}, {"question": "What was the result of a child having an African mother?", "answer": "born into slavery"}, {"question": "What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?", "answer": "partus sequitur ventrem"}, {"question": "Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?", "answer": "Anita Florence Hemmings"}, {"question": "What makes a person mulatto?", "answer": "parents were black and white"}, {"question": "What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?", "answer": "one black great-grandparent and the remainder white"}, {"question": "Why did Steele think people were not attacking Barrack Obama?", "answer": "Because he has no slave blood in him"}, {"question": "What does Condoleeza Rice prefer to term people as?", "answer": "\"black\" or \"white\""}, {"question": "What did President Sarkozy think Secretary of State Rice was?", "answer": "recent American immigrant"}, {"question": "Who is Charles Kenzie Steele Jr?", "answer": "CEO of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference"}, {"question": "Why did Steele say what he did?", "answer": "to be \"provocative\""}, {"question": "When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?", "answer": "April 5, 1614"}, {"question": "What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?", "answer": "considered English or white"}, {"question": "Who married Indigenous women early on?", "answer": "male settlers"}, {"question": "Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?", "answer": "present-day Virginia"}, {"question": "Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?", "answer": "Thomas Rolfe"}, {"question": "What has helped geneologists researching slaves?", "answer": "Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies"}, {"question": "What were slaves usually not allowed to do?", "answer": "learn to read and write"}, {"question": "What replaced written records for black families?", "answer": "oral histories"}, {"question": "Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?", "answer": "Southern Congressional bloc"}, {"question": "When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Who did colonists ask for help in returning runaway slaves?", "answer": "Indigenous American tribes"}, {"question": "When was a treaty with the Iroquis made to return slaves?", "answer": "1726"}, {"question": "What asked for the return of slaves who married indigenous americans or spoke their language?", "answer": "Numerous advertisements"}, {"question": "How did natives and Africans come to know each other?", "answer": "through the institution of slavery"}, {"question": "Why did natives consider Africans to have a 'Great Medicine'?", "answer": "because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases"}, {"question": "What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?", "answer": "gave children the social status of their mother"}, {"question": "What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?", "answer": "partus sequitur ventrem"}, {"question": "What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?", "answer": "paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them"}, {"question": "English common law generally said what?", "answer": "a man gave his status to his children"}, {"question": "What are many Latin American migrants?", "answer": "mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race"}, {"question": "What do latinos consider a light skinned mulatto to be?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Who is overlooking darker skinned latino multiracial people?", "answer": "the U.S. Hispanic media"}, {"question": "What does the typical latino in media look like?", "answer": "blond and blue/green-eyed white"}, {"question": "Before 1920, how would a person be white by law?", "answer": "if having seven-eights or more white ancestry"}, {"question": "What year was mulatto left off the US Census?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the Census Bureau discarding the mulatto category?", "answer": "Southern-dominated Congress"}, {"question": "Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?", "answer": "Stanley Crouch"}, {"question": "What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?", "answer": "\"Magic Negro\","}, {"question": "What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?", "answer": "assuage white 'guilt'"}, {"question": "What was the title of Crouch's article?", "answer": "\"What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me.\""}, {"question": "What does the \"mixture\" heading mean?", "answer": "cannot be racially categorized"}, {"question": "What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "Bi-racial would be coded as what?", "answer": "Mixture"}, {"question": "How many race options were there?", "answer": "five enumerated races"}, {"question": "What is considered to be neglected in American history?", "answer": "Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans"}, {"question": "When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?", "answer": "April 1502"}, {"question": "Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?", "answer": "Santo Domingo"}, {"question": "Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?", "answer": "near the mouth of the Pee Dee River"}, {"question": "How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?", "answer": "100 enslaved Africans"}, {"question": "What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?", "answer": "Colored White Boy"}, {"question": "Who is related to Bliss Broyard?", "answer": "Anatole Broyard"}, {"question": "Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?", "answer": "autobiography"}, {"question": "When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?", "answer": "the 1980s"}, {"question": "How did the public react to the categories of \"bi-racial\" and \"multiracial\"?", "answer": "mostly negative"}, {"question": "Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?", "answer": "Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins"}, {"question": "What did they fear would happen?", "answer": "a loss in political and economic power"}, {"question": "Who married Sacagewea?", "answer": "French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau"}, {"question": "Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?", "answer": "European men and Indigenous American women"}, {"question": "What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?", "answer": "the kinship system of the woman's tribe"}, {"question": "What nations are considered matrilineal?", "answer": "Creek and Cherokee"}, {"question": "How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?", "answer": "adopted into the tribe by an adult male"}, {"question": "What brought African Americans together?", "answer": "the one-drop rule"}, {"question": "Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?", "answer": "family elders"}, {"question": "Slaves were not allowed to do what?", "answer": "to learn to read and write"}, {"question": "What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?", "answer": "spoke English, nor read or wrote it"}, {"question": "What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?", "answer": "their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification"}, {"question": "What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?", "answer": "\"tragic octoroon\""}, {"question": "Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?", "answer": "Lydia Maria Child"}, {"question": "What story was written by Child in 1842?", "answer": "\"The Quadroons\""}, {"question": "What does the tragic octoroon point out?", "answer": "sexual exploitation in slavery"}, {"question": "Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?", "answer": "abolitionists"}, {"question": "By 1931, what percentage of the world\u2019s Jews were Ashkenazi Jews?", "answer": "92 percent"}, {"question": "From the 11th century until 1931, the population of Ashkenazi Jews grew by what percent?", "answer": "three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent"}, {"question": "Who made rough calculations and implied that Ashkenazi Jews make up less than 74% of the Jewish population worldwide?", "answer": "Sergio DellaPergola"}, {"question": "The present-day population of Ashkenazi Jews is thought to be between which two numbers?", "answer": "10 million and 11.2 million"}, {"question": "How many Jews were there in the world just prior to the Holocaust?", "answer": "16.7 million"}, {"question": "In which tractate of the Babylonian Talmud is the name Gomer given as Germania?", "answer": "Yoma"}, {"question": "Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or what territories?", "answer": "Slavic"}, {"question": "Who identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories?", "answer": "Saadia Gaon"}, {"question": "Even though Gomer is rendered as Germania in the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud, in other rabbinical literature it was identified with what?", "answer": "Germanikia in northwestern Syria"}, {"question": "Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, which is viewed as what?", "answer": "cradle of Germanic tribes"}, {"question": "Who expelled the Jews from his Merovingian kingdom in 629?", "answer": "King Dagobert I of the Franks"}, {"question": "Does the archeological record suggest that there was a rather large or small population of Jews in Gaul and Germany?", "answer": "very few Jews"}, {"question": "In antiquity, most Jews in Gaul or Germany probably occupied what two roles?", "answer": "traders or artisans"}, {"question": "In what year did Jewish communities exist in Brittany?", "answer": "465 CE"}, {"question": "During the Middle Ages, some Jews assimilated into the dominant Greek and Latin cultures by doing what?", "answer": "conversion to Christianity"}, {"question": "What percentage of Israeli Jews are people of Ashkenazi descent?", "answer": "47.5%"}, {"question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, there were cultural conflicts between which two groups?", "answer": "Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "What was the conflict between Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews attributed to?", "answer": "the concept of the \"melting pot\""}, {"question": "What percentage of all Israelis are thought to be of Ashkenazi descent?", "answer": "35\u201336%"}, {"question": "When Israel was in its infancy as a state, the Ashkenazi Jews involved in conflicts with Sephardic Jews were mainly what type of Jews?", "answer": "east European Ashkenazim"}, {"question": "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by what concept?", "answer": "Yiddishkeit"}, {"question": "What does Yiddishkeit mean in the Yiddish language?", "answer": "\"Jewishness\""}, {"question": "In the past most Jews prayed in what language?", "answer": "liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew"}, {"question": "In the past, while most Jews prayed in one language, they used which other language in their secular lives?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "Is there a larger or smaller number of Jews that speak Yiddish today than in the past?", "answer": "a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish"}, {"question": "For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?", "answer": "For roughly a thousand years"}, {"question": "In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?", "answer": "Central Europe"}, {"question": "In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?", "answer": "many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths"}, {"question": "Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?", "answer": "high frequencies"}, {"question": "A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?", "answer": "University of Huddersfield in England"}, {"question": "In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?", "answer": "have not always been warm"}, {"question": "How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?", "answer": "as second-class citizens"}, {"question": "Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?", "answer": "Saadia Marciano"}, {"question": "Where was Saadia Marciano from?", "answer": "Moroccan Jew"}, {"question": "What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?", "answer": "led to protest movements"}, {"question": "What percentage of the modern Ashkenazi genome could possibly be of European origin?", "answer": "35 to 55 percent"}, {"question": "Is the percentage of admixture in the modern Ashkenazi genome higher or lower than previously thought?", "answer": "admixture is considerably higher"}, {"question": "Were Ashkenazi Jews found to be a more or less genetically divergent population than Russians, Orcadians, French, and Basques?", "answer": "a genetically more divergent population"}, {"question": "In one study it was found that the Ashkenazim were more or less diverse than their Middle Eastern relatives?", "answer": "more diverse"}, {"question": "Were the Ashkenazim thought to be a subset or superset of their assumed geographical source population?", "answer": "Ashkenazim are supposed to be a subset, not a superset"}, {"question": "Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?", "answer": "ancient Levantine origins"}, {"question": "Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?", "answer": "they have arrived at diverging conclusions"}, {"question": "Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?", "answer": "researching both their paternal and maternal lineages"}, {"question": "Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?", "answer": "the Levant"}, {"question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?", "answer": "Sefarad"}, {"question": "The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?", "answer": "Tsarefat"}, {"question": "The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?", "answer": "1 Kings 17:9"}, {"question": "How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?", "answer": "as Ashkenazim"}, {"question": "Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?", "answer": "medieval Germany and France"}, {"question": "Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?", "answer": "a brief period of stability"}, {"question": "Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?", "answer": "north of the Alps"}, {"question": "Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?", "answer": "Roman Empire"}, {"question": "When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?", "answer": "finance and commerce"}, {"question": "Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?", "answer": "shtetls"}, {"question": "A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?", "answer": "a strong system of education"}, {"question": "In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?", "answer": "increased with every outbreak of antisemitism"}, {"question": "Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?", "answer": "heeded rabbinic leadership"}, {"question": "Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?", "answer": "Rabbi Elijah of Chelm"}, {"question": "Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?", "answer": "halakhic questions"}, {"question": "Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?", "answer": "16th-century"}, {"question": "In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?", "answer": "Worms"}, {"question": "At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?", "answer": "8.8 million"}, {"question": "Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?", "answer": "about 6 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?", "answer": "91%"}, {"question": "The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?", "answer": "nearly 80%"}, {"question": "The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?", "answer": "customs"}, {"question": "For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?", "answer": "religious law"}, {"question": "For religious Jews, \"Ashkenazic\" refers to what two things?", "answer": "a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry"}, {"question": "Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?", "answer": "Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?", "answer": "Orthodox Jews"}, {"question": "Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?", "answer": "many Hasidic and Hareidi groups"}, {"question": "A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?", "answer": "a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup"}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?", "answer": "ethnic group"}, {"question": "Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?", "answer": "Hasidic or Hareidi sects"}, {"question": "Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?", "answer": "Haredi Jews often have extremely large families"}, {"question": "What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?", "answer": "2%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? ", "answer": "27%"}, {"question": "About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?", "answer": "a quarter"}, {"question": "About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?", "answer": "half the world's chess champions"}, {"question": "What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?", "answer": "the destruction of the First Temple"}, {"question": "The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?", "answer": "2,500 years ago"}, {"question": "It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?", "answer": "Central and eventually Eastern Europe"}, {"question": "A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?", "answer": "Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations"}, {"question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?", "answer": "54%\u201360%"}, {"question": "Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?", "answer": "12.7%"}, {"question": "The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?", "answer": "low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation"}, {"question": "In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?", "answer": "shifted steadily eastward"}, {"question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?", "answer": "German lands"}, {"question": "In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?", "answer": "Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)"}, {"question": "In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?", "answer": "a cultural reorientation"}, {"question": "The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?", "answer": "Ashkenaz"}, {"question": "Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?", "answer": "Gomer"}, {"question": "The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?", "answer": "Cimmerians"}, {"question": "Assyrian A\u0161k\u016bza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?", "answer": "Cimmerians"}, {"question": "Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?", "answer": "the Levant"}, {"question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?", "answer": "all major Jewish groups"}, {"question": "The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?", "answer": "non-Jewish ethnic populations"}, {"question": "The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?", "answer": "Archaic Era of Greece"}, {"question": "Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?", "answer": "Herodotus"}, {"question": "What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?", "answer": "\"Palestinian Syrians\""}, {"question": "The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?", "answer": "the invading Persians"}, {"question": "The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?", "answer": "267 and 396 CE"}, {"question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?", "answer": "97%"}, {"question": "According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?", "answer": "in a manner unrelated to its original meaning"}, {"question": "In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?", "answer": "all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic"}, {"question": "Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?", "answer": "Jews of mixed background are increasingly common"}, {"question": "By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?", "answer": "Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?", "answer": "children inherit a Sephardic identity"}, {"question": "A convert generally follows which practice?", "answer": "the practice of the beth din that converted him or her"}, {"question": "When did the Dreyfus affair occur?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?", "answer": "the 1920s and 1930s"}, {"question": "What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?", "answer": "antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression"}, {"question": "By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?", "answer": "a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements"}, {"question": "What is the Siddur?", "answer": "prayer book"}, {"question": "The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?", "answer": "the nusach Ashkenaz"}, {"question": "The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?", "answer": "\"liturgical tradition\", or rite"}, {"question": "Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?", "answer": "Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari"}, {"question": "Nusach Ari is used by whom?", "answer": "Lubavitch Hasidim"}, {"question": "When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?", "answer": "the 1990s"}, {"question": "How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?", "answer": "three types of genetic origin testing"}, {"question": "What are the three types of origin testing?", "answer": "autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)"}, {"question": "Autosomal DNA is what?", "answer": "a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry"}, {"question": "What does Y-DNA show?", "answer": "a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line"}, {"question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from \"founder lineages\"?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? ", "answer": "from just four women"}, {"question": "The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?", "answer": "founder lineages"}, {"question": "The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?", "answer": "Hebrew/Levantine"}, {"question": "When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?", "answer": "in the later 19th century"}, {"question": "Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?", "answer": "argued for Khazar descent"}, {"question": "What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?", "answer": "no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA"}, {"question": "Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?", "answer": "the 2nd and 3rd centuries"}, {"question": "The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?", "answer": "a synagogue"}, {"question": "In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?", "answer": "433"}, {"question": "What year marked the onset of the Crusades?", "answer": "1095"}, {"question": "What year were the expulsions from England?", "answer": "1290"}, {"question": "What year were the expulsions from France?", "answer": "1394"}, {"question": "After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?", "answer": "Jewish migration pushed eastward"}, {"question": "As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?", "answer": "Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Midrash compilation?", "answer": "Genesis Rabbah"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?", "answer": "Rabbi Berechiah"}, {"question": "What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?", "answer": "Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah"}, {"question": "Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?", "answer": "the Talmud"}, {"question": "After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?", "answer": "a comparatively stable socio-political environment"}, {"question": "What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?", "answer": "A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries"}, {"question": "Massive western emigration occurred around what time?", "answer": "in the 19th and 20th centuries"}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?", "answer": "1750"}, {"question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?", "answer": "the chief Ashkenazi rabbi"}, {"question": "What is the Knesset?", "answer": "a unicameral legislature with 120 seats"}, {"question": "Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?", "answer": "halakhic matters"}, {"question": "What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?", "answer": "social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\""}, {"question": "What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?", "answer": "Kabbalah"}, {"question": "Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?", "answer": "ecstatic worship"}, {"question": "Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?", "answer": "Syrian Jewish community"}, {"question": "Some people with the surname shorten it to what?", "answer": "Ash"}, {"question": "What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?", "answer": "Vladimir Ashkenazy"}, {"question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?", "answer": "Middle Eastern peoples"}, {"question": "It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?", "answer": "uncommon in the general European population"}, {"question": "The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?", "answer": "80 percent"}, {"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?", "answer": "8 percent"}, {"question": "A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?", "answer": "while the origin of the remainder is undetermined"}, {"question": "In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?", "answer": "Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews"}, {"question": "The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?", "answer": "modern-day Italians"}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?", "answer": "inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire"}, {"question": "How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?", "answer": "30 geneticists"}, {"question": "How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?", "answer": "13 universities and academies"}, {"question": "What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?", "answer": "found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?", "answer": "through what is now Italy"}, {"question": "The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?", "answer": "pre-Christian times"}, {"question": "Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?", "answer": "212 CE"}, {"question": "Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?", "answer": "Emperor Caracalla"}, {"question": "Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?", "answer": "8th and 9th century"}, {"question": "Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?", "answer": "11th century"}, {"question": "What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?", "answer": "often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers"}, {"question": "When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?", "answer": "the first half of the 11th century"}, {"question": "Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?", "answer": "both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz"}, {"question": "When did France expel its original Jewish population?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?", "answer": "two distinct Jewish populations"}, {"question": "All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?", "answer": "Fertile Crescent"}, {"question": "What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?", "answer": "five thousand"}, {"question": "Who identified the active substance?", "answer": "John Abel"}, {"question": "Who marketed epinephrine?", "answer": "Parke Davis"}, {"question": "As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?", "answer": "nasal congestion"}, {"question": "Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?", "answer": "Jokichi Takamine"}, {"question": "What could epinephrine treat?", "answer": "nasal congestion"}, {"question": "When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?", "answer": "Adrenalin"}, {"question": "Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?", "answer": "Jokichi Takamine"}, {"question": "In what year was epinephrine discovered?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "What was the trade name of epinephrine?", "answer": "Adrenalin"}, {"question": "Who first discovered epinephrine?", "answer": "John Abel"}, {"question": "What is epinephrine used to treat?", "answer": "asthma attacks"}, {"question": "In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who developed Amphetamine?", "answer": "Smith, Kline and French"}, {"question": "What are common side effects of Amphetamine?", "answer": "sensations of exhilaration and palpitations"}, {"question": "When were tricyclic antidepressants developed?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What were some uses for Amphetamine?", "answer": "narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, and mood elevation in depression and other psychiatric indications"}, {"question": "Who synthesized Amphetamine for asthma?", "answer": "Gordon Alles"}, {"question": "Ephedrine was used as an oral medicine for what illness?", "answer": "asthma"}, {"question": "In what year was amphetamine first tested on asthma patients?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What was the trade name of amphetamine as a nasal decongestant?", "answer": "Benzedrine Inhaler"}, {"question": "In what year did the American Medical Association approve amphetamine for medical use?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "In what decade were tricyclic antidepressants created?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What is diabetes caused from?", "answer": "absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas"}, {"question": "Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?", "answer": "only a few months"}, {"question": "How can diabetes be induced in dogs?", "answer": "surgical removal of the pancreas"}, {"question": "Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?", "answer": "Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best"}, {"question": "Why was insulin therapy delayed?", "answer": "difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity"}, {"question": "Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?", "answer": "pancreas"}, {"question": "Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?", "answer": "a few months"}, {"question": "What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?", "answer": "pH"}, {"question": "To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?", "answer": "Eli Lilly and Co."}, {"question": "Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?", "answer": "dogs"}, {"question": "What is phenobarbital used for?", "answer": "epilepsy"}, {"question": "What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?", "answer": "Veronal"}, {"question": "What is amphetamine used for today?", "answer": "attention deficit disorder"}, {"question": "Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?", "answer": "addictive properties and abuse potential"}, {"question": "Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?", "answer": "Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering"}, {"question": "What compound was discovered to induce sleep?", "answer": "diethylbarbituric acid"}, {"question": "What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?", "answer": "Veronal"}, {"question": "What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?", "answer": "epilepsy"}, {"question": "In what year was phenobarbital discovered?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?", "answer": "sleep aid"}, {"question": "Who developed Arsphenamine?", "answer": "Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim"}, {"question": "What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?", "answer": "Arsphenamine"}, {"question": "What complications are associated with Syphilis?", "answer": "severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death"}, {"question": "What is Amphetamine's market name?", "answer": "Institute of Experimental Therapy"}, {"question": "Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?", "answer": "arsphenamine"}, {"question": "Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?", "answer": "arsenic"}, {"question": "Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?", "answer": "syphilis"}, {"question": "In what year was arsphenamine discovered?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?", "answer": "Salvarsan"}, {"question": "When was Morphine and Quinine first available?", "answer": "mid 1800s"}, {"question": "Who was the compound named after?", "answer": "Morpheus"}, {"question": "Where were was Morphine extracted from?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for purification of compounds found in mineral sources?", "answer": "German dye manufacturers"}, {"question": "Who came up with the name Morphine?", "answer": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner"}, {"question": "Morphine was named after what Greek god?", "answer": "Morpheus"}, {"question": "Burroughs-Wellcome is now part of what medical company?", "answer": "Glaxo Smith Kline"}, {"question": "Who discovered morphine?", "answer": "Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner"}, {"question": "What is the name of the plant that produces morphine?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?", "answer": "Gerhard Domagk"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?", "answer": "Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk"}, {"question": "What causes Streptococci?", "answer": "pathogens"}, {"question": "Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?", "answer": "infectious diseases"}, {"question": "Prontosil is in what drug class?", "answer": "antibiotics"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?", "answer": "Prontosil"}, {"question": "What award did Domagk receive in 1939?", "answer": "Nobel Prize in Medicine"}, {"question": "Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?", "answer": "less"}, {"question": "Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?", "answer": "sulfonamides"}, {"question": "Who created the first rabies vaccine?", "answer": "Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul \u00c9mile Roux"}, {"question": "How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?", "answer": "206,000"}, {"question": "In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?", "answer": "formaldehyde"}, {"question": "Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?", "answer": "15,520"}, {"question": "The rabies vaccine was created in what year?", "answer": "1885"}, {"question": "In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?", "answer": "formaldehyde"}, {"question": "Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? ", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "What company did Hilleman later work for?", "answer": "Merck"}, {"question": "What drug killed 100 people in 1937?", "answer": "Elixir Sulfanilamide"}, {"question": "Who manufactured \"Elixir Sulfanilamide\"?", "answer": "S.E. Massengill Company"}, {"question": "What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?", "answer": "antifreeze"}, {"question": "What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?", "answer": "explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims"}, {"question": "What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?", "answer": "Elixir Sulfanilamide"}, {"question": "What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? ", "answer": "S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee"}, {"question": "Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?", "answer": "antifreeze"}, {"question": "What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?", "answer": "Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938"}, {"question": "The name \"elixir\" implied a solution in what liquid?", "answer": "ethanol"}, {"question": "When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?", "answer": "Streptomycin"}, {"question": "Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?", "answer": "Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham"}, {"question": "Where was Tetracyclines discovered?", "answer": "Lederle Laboratories"}, {"question": "50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?", "answer": "cities in developed countries"}, {"question": "What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?", "answer": "Streptomycin"}, {"question": "What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "In what year was streptomycin discovered?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?", "answer": "Merck"}, {"question": "When was the Polio vaccine created?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "What was a complication of the SV40 virus?", "answer": "cause tumors"}, {"question": "Who funded the Polio vaccine?", "answer": "National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis"}, {"question": "Who announced that SV40 was not associated with cancer?", "answer": "United States Cancer Institute"}, {"question": "In what year was the polio vaccine created?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who created the polio vaccine?", "answer": "Jonas Salk"}, {"question": "What virus caused tumors in most mammals?", "answer": "SV40"}, {"question": "Who identified the SV40 virus?", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "SV40 was present in what vaccine?", "answer": "polio"}, {"question": "How much was the settlement GlaxoSmithKline agree to?", "answer": "$3 billion"}, {"question": "What was one of the causes of the health-care fraud case?", "answer": "illegal promotion of prescription drugs"}, {"question": "When did GlaxoSmithKline plead guilty?", "answer": "2 July 2012"}, {"question": "What drugs were related to a kickback scheme?", "answer": "Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex"}, {"question": "What drugs were used for off-label uses?", "answer": "Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran"}, {"question": "In what year did GlaxoSmithKline pay a $3 billion dollar settlement?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How much was the largest healthcare fraud case in the US settled for?", "answer": "$3 billion"}, {"question": "What company was sued for promoting medicines for unlicensed uses and bribing doctors?", "answer": "GlaxoSmithKline"}, {"question": "What is the speculation of the relationship between doctors and the drug industry?", "answer": "become fully transparent."}, {"question": "What is the Physician Financial Transparency Report part of?", "answer": "Sunshine Act"}, {"question": "Where can you obtain information about the Sunshine Act?", "answer": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website"}, {"question": "What information is collected by Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services?", "answer": "financial relationships with physicians and hospitals."}, {"question": "When did Centers for Medicine & Medicaid Services have to start collecting information?", "answer": "starting in 2013"}, {"question": "The Physician Financial Transparency Reports was part of what other act?", "answer": "Sunshine Act"}, {"question": "In what year were Medicaid and Medicare required to disclose information about their relationships with doctors and hospitals?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Where can financial relationships between Medicaid, Medicare and pharmaceutical companies be found?", "answer": "Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website"}, {"question": "What is expected when the relationships are made public?", "answer": "relationship between doctors and Pharmaceutical industry will become fully transparent"}, {"question": "What disease had the biggest decline of deaths?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What period was the report issued in 1958 cover?", "answer": "1946-1955"}, {"question": "Who issued the report in 1958?", "answer": "Federal Trade Commission"}, {"question": "What were eight diseases examined for?", "answer": "mortality rates"}, {"question": "What was responsible for the decline in spreading diseases?", "answer": "use of antibiotics, early diagnosis, and other factors"}, {"question": "How much did the mortality rate of common bacterial infections decline between 1946-1955?", "answer": "56%"}, {"question": "How much did the mortality rate of tuberculosis drop between 1946-1955?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "Who issued a report describing the effects of antibiotic developments?", "answer": "Federal Trade Commission"}, {"question": "In what year was the FTC's report issued?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?", "answer": "10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year"}, {"question": "Who brought litigation to South Africa?", "answer": "40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies"}, {"question": "How many signatures were collected by MSF?", "answer": "250,000 signatures"}, {"question": "When was litigation brought to South Africa?", "answer": "March 2001"}, {"question": "Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?", "answer": "The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US"}, {"question": "How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?", "answer": "antiretroviral"}, {"question": "How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?", "answer": "between 10,000 and 15,000 USD"}, {"question": "How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "What Act forbade misbranded drugs?", "answer": "Pure Food and Drugs Act"}, {"question": "What caused a Tetanus outbreak?", "answer": "contaminated smallpox vaccine and diphtheria antitoxin"}, {"question": "What act allowed premarket approval for drugs?", "answer": "The Biologics Control Act of 1902"}, {"question": "When did the Pure Food and Drugs Act get implemented?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "Who restricted the federal government's enforcement powers?", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What was the name of the law that required premarket approval for producing drugs?", "answer": "Biologics Control Act of 1902"}, {"question": "What law banned the interstate distribution of mislabeled food and drugs? ", "answer": "Pure Food and Drugs Act"}, {"question": "In what year was the Pure Food and Drugs Act passed?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "Who adopted the Doha Declaration?", "answer": "World Trade Organization"}, {"question": "What did the TRIPS agreement accomplish?", "answer": "countries must allow pharmaceutical products to be patented"}, {"question": "Why are patents criticized?", "answer": "thought to reduce access to existing medicines"}, {"question": "What did the Doha Declaration do?", "answer": "indicates that the TRIPS agreement should be read with the goals of public health in mind, and allows some methods for circumventing pharmaceutical monopolies"}, {"question": "When was the Doha Declaration adopted?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What has been accused of reducing access to medicines in developing countries?", "answer": "Patents"}, {"question": "When did the World Trade Organization adopt the Doha Declaration?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "The Doha Declaration allows for what ways for monopolies to be bypassed?", "answer": "compulsory licensing or parallel imports"}, {"question": "How much money was recovered through the False Claims?", "answer": "$2.5 billion"}, {"question": "What are some of the schemes used to defraud the health care system?", "answer": "Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Violations, Off Label Marketing, Best Price Fraud, CME Fraud, Medicaid Price Reporting, and Manufactured Compound Drugs."}, {"question": "What is pharmaceutical fraud?", "answer": "deceptions which bring financial gain to a pharmaceutical company"}, {"question": "Who had the biggest fraud case settlement?", "answer": "GlaxoSmithKline"}, {"question": "What provision rewards \"whistle-blowers\"?", "answer": "qui tam"}, {"question": "What kind of fraud financially benefits a drug company?", "answer": "Pharmaceutical fraud"}, {"question": "Who is affected by pharmaceutical fraud?", "answer": "individuals and public and private insurers"}, {"question": "How much money lost to pharmaceutical fraud was recovered in 2010?", "answer": "$2.5 billion"}, {"question": "Which act allows whistleblowers to recover money lost from pharmaceutical fraud?", "answer": "False Claims Act"}, {"question": "What do ACE inhibitors do?", "answer": "reduce the risk of new onset kidney disease [RR 0.71] and death [RR 0.84] in diabetic patients"}, {"question": "What drugs reduce the risk of death and other events in people with high blood pressure?", "answer": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs"}, {"question": "Who conducted the review on Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs?", "answer": "Cochrane"}, {"question": "What were Thiazide Antihypertensive drugs used with?", "answer": "combination therapy"}, {"question": "In what year did Cochrane release the report?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What reduces the risk of new onset kidney diseases and death?", "answer": "ACE inhibitors"}, {"question": "What type of drugs reduced the risk of strokes and heart disease for people with high blood pressure?", "answer": "thiazide antihypertensive drugs"}, {"question": "In what year was thiazide antihypertensive drugs shown to help those with heart problems?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Who put out a report in 2012?", "answer": "President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology"}, {"question": "What has been argued restricted innovation?", "answer": "excessive regulation"}, {"question": "What was a recommendations brought about from the report?", "answer": "expanding the FDA's use of accelerated approval processes"}, {"question": "What is one thing excessive regulations causes?", "answer": "therapeutic innovation"}, {"question": "What can be used to evaluate new approval processes?", "answer": "pilot projects"}, {"question": "What is excessive drug regulation said to suppress?", "answer": "therapeutic innovation"}, {"question": "In what year was a report made to reduce the burdens of drug development?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What was argued to be holding back new knowledge for treating diseases?", "answer": "current cost of regulator-required clinical trials"}, {"question": "Who discovered Hydralazine?", "answer": "researchers at Ciba"}, {"question": "Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?", "answer": "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension"}, {"question": "Who developed Chlorothiazide?", "answer": "Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co"}, {"question": "What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?", "answer": "hypertension"}, {"question": "What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?", "answer": "lost its effectiveness over time"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?", "answer": "hydralazine"}, {"question": "What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?", "answer": "chlorothiazide"}, {"question": "Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?", "answer": "Public Health Lasker Award"}, {"question": "In what year was hydralazine discovered?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?", "answer": "hypertension"}, {"question": "Who led the congressional hearings?", "answer": "Senator Estes Kefauver"}, {"question": "What act needed provisions?", "answer": "FD&C"}, {"question": "What were the major issues that needed to be addressed?", "answer": "advertising abuses, questionable efficacy of drugs, and the need for greater regulation of the industry"}, {"question": "What caused a need for more regulation?", "answer": "a new tragedy emerged"}, {"question": "When did this push occur?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "Congressional hearings emerged addressing revisions to what act?", "answer": "FD&C"}, {"question": "Who led the Congressional hearings in 1959?", "answer": "Senator Estes Kefauver"}, {"question": "Did the US Congress call for more or less regulation of pharmaceuticals?", "answer": "greater"}, {"question": "What did the first measles prevent in it's first 20 years?", "answer": "an estimated 52 million cases of the disease, 17,400 cases of mental retardation, and 5,200 deaths"}, {"question": "Who originally created the measles vaccine?", "answer": "John Franklin Enders"}, {"question": "How much did the occurrence of serious diseases shortly after the release of the measles vaccine?", "answer": ">95%"}, {"question": "When did the Rubella vaccine come out?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "Who recreated the measles vaccine?", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "In what year was the measles vaccine made?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "Who helped refine the measles vaccine?", "answer": "Maurice Hilleman"}, {"question": "In what year was the mumps vaccine made?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "How much did rubella, measles, and mumps infections drop after vaccination?", "answer": ">95%"}, {"question": "Measles vaccinations helped prevent how many estimated cases of the illness?", "answer": "52 million"}, {"question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment become a law?", "answer": "10 October 1962"}, {"question": "What did this new law require?", "answer": "all drugs introduced between 1938 and 1962 had to be effective"}, {"question": "What did the National Academy of Science's study discover?", "answer": "nearly 40 percent of these products were not effective"}, {"question": "How long after the National Academy of Science's study did a study on over the counter drugs occur?", "answer": "ten years later"}, {"question": "What brought up enhancement of drug regulations?", "answer": "The thalidomide tragedy"}, {"question": "When did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment became law?", "answer": "10 October 1962"}, {"question": "What federal agency regulated the advertising of prescription drugs?", "answer": "FDA"}, {"question": "Drugs made between which years had to be tested before going to market?", "answer": "1938 and 1962"}, {"question": "What percentage of drugs were shown to be ineffective after an FDA study?", "answer": "40 percent"}, {"question": "How many Americans were given the drug Kevadon?", "answer": "Over 20,000"}, {"question": "When was the drug taken off shelves in Germany?", "answer": "November 1961"}, {"question": "How many newborns were born with issues due to Kevadon?", "answer": "about 17"}, {"question": "How was Kevadon distributed to doctors?", "answer": "under the guise of investigational use"}, {"question": "Why was this drug pulled off shelves?", "answer": "association with grave congenital abnormalities"}, {"question": "In what year was thalidomide banned in Germany?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What adverse effect was thalidomide associated with?", "answer": "congenital abnormalities"}, {"question": "Thalidomide was distributed in the USA by what name?", "answer": "Kevadon"}, {"question": "About how many Americans received thalidomide in a supposed study?", "answer": "Over 20,000"}, {"question": "How many newborn American babies were affected by thalidomide?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What law prohibited birth control?", "answer": "Comstock laws"}, {"question": "When was Enovid first approved?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What increased due to the availability of birth control?", "answer": "pre-marital co-habitation"}, {"question": "In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?", "answer": "6.5 million"}, {"question": "Who created the first oral birth control?", "answer": "E.D. Searle and Co"}, {"question": "Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?", "answer": "Comstock laws"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?", "answer": "Enovid"}, {"question": "When did the FDA approve Enovid?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?", "answer": "6.5 million"}, {"question": "Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?", "answer": "second world war"}, {"question": "Who received the Laser-Debakey Clinical Medical Research Aware?", "answer": "Endo"}, {"question": "How much money did Merk make in 1995?", "answer": "over US$1 billion"}, {"question": "How many patients received Zocor?", "answer": "4,444"}, {"question": "What study did Merk sponsor in 1994?", "answer": "Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study"}, {"question": "What did the study reveal after 5 years?", "answer": "a 35% reduction in their cholesterol, and their chances of dying of a heart attack were reduced by 42%"}, {"question": "What was the brand name of simvastatin?", "answer": "Zocor"}, {"question": "Patients treated with Zocor had their cholesterol reduced by how much?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "How much did Zocor reduce the chance of dying from a heart attack?", "answer": "42%"}, {"question": "How much money did Merck make from sales of Zocor and Mevacor?", "answer": "over US$1 billion"}, {"question": "Endo received what award in 2008?", "answer": "Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award"}, {"question": "What is a drug discovery?", "answer": "the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed"}, {"question": "Who is usually responsible for early stages of drug discovery?", "answer": "universities and research institutions"}, {"question": "What is used to manipulate pathways?", "answer": "molecular biology or biochemistry"}, {"question": "What is involved in drug discovery?", "answer": "isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery"}, {"question": "What focuses on metabolic pathways?", "answer": "biotechnology"}, {"question": "What is the name of the process in which possible drugs are discovered?", "answer": "Drug discovery"}, {"question": "What groups carry out most early drug discoveries?", "answer": "research institutions"}, {"question": "What kind of technology studies the understanding and manipulation of disease states and pathogens?", "answer": "biotechnology"}, {"question": "Most drugs have been found by isolating what from traditional remedies?", "answer": "active ingredient"}, {"question": "How much does it cost to develop a new drug?", "answer": "about 1.3 billion"}, {"question": "How many approvals of new drugs happen every year?", "answer": "averaged 22.9 approvals"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for approval or rejection of new drugs?", "answer": "Center for Drug Evaluation and Research"}, {"question": "How many drugs were approved in 2007?", "answer": "18 approvals"}, {"question": "Who reported the stable average rate in 2012?", "answer": "Professors Light and Lexchin"}, {"question": "What does NMEs stand for?", "answer": "New Molecular Entities"}, {"question": "How many pharmaceutical drugs were approved on average since 2001?", "answer": "22.9"}, {"question": "What is the approximate cost of developing a new drug, including the costs of failure?", "answer": "1.3 billion USD"}, {"question": "What has been the stable approval rate of new drugs?", "answer": "15 to 25"}, {"question": "What drugs are the least expensive to develop?", "answer": "those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient"}, {"question": "What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?", "answer": "opportunity cost of investing capital"}, {"question": "What is the consequence in the value chain?", "answer": "increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research"}, {"question": "What happens when companies outsource?", "answer": "somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies"}, {"question": "What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?", "answer": "Line-extensions"}, {"question": "Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?", "answer": "nearly half the total expense"}, {"question": "What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?", "answer": "biotechnology"}, {"question": "What firms tend to outsource drug development?", "answer": "major pharmaceutical multinationals"}, {"question": "Why was Mevastatin never marketed?", "answer": "adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death"}, {"question": "Who discovered Mevastatin?", "answer": "Akira Endo"}, {"question": "What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?", "answer": "cholesterol"}, {"question": "Where did Endo discover ML-236B?", "answer": "Penicillium citrinum"}, {"question": "What was discovered in long term studies?", "answer": "too toxic for human use"}, {"question": "In what year was mevastatin discovered?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who discovered mevastatin?", "answer": "Akira Endo"}, {"question": "What organism produces mevastatin?", "answer": "Penicillium citrinum"}, {"question": "What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?", "answer": "HMG-CoA reductase"}, {"question": "How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?", "answer": "$301 million"}, {"question": "What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?", "answer": "Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra"}, {"question": "What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?", "answer": "Geodon"}, {"question": "What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?", "answer": "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson"}, {"question": "What do illegal marketing cases fall under?", "answer": "False Claims Act"}, {"question": "Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?", "answer": "False Claims Act"}, {"question": "Zyprexa was owned by what company?", "answer": "Eli Lilly"}, {"question": "Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?", "answer": "Geodon"}, {"question": "Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?", "answer": "$301 million"}, {"question": "Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?", "answer": "World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration"}, {"question": "When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?", "answer": "May 2015"}, {"question": "What was the reason behind these interactions?", "answer": "bring greater benefits to patients"}, {"question": "What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?", "answer": "moral outrage over industry malfeasance"}, {"question": "Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?", "answer": "New England Journal of Medicine"}, {"question": "What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?", "answer": "New England Journal of Medicine"}, {"question": "When was the editorial published?", "answer": "May 2015"}, {"question": "Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?", "answer": "encouraged greater interactions"}, {"question": "Who conduced an investigation on doctors?", "answer": "ProPublica"}, {"question": "Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?", "answer": "AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly"}, {"question": "How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?", "answer": "more than $500,000"}, {"question": "What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?", "answer": "allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses"}, {"question": "How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?", "answer": "at least 21"}, {"question": "A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?", "answer": "more than $500,000"}, {"question": "Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?", "answer": "psychiatry"}, {"question": "Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?", "answer": "$2 billion"}, {"question": "Why are collaborative agreements important?", "answer": "to explore the potential of new drug substances"}, {"question": "How do large corporations show vertical integration?", "answer": "participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution"}, {"question": "What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?", "answer": "to manage drug development"}, {"question": "What are smaller organizations responsible for?", "answer": "focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations"}, {"question": "What type of integration do large corporations often do?", "answer": "vertical"}, {"question": "What type of integration do smaller organizations do?", "answer": "a specific aspect"}, {"question": "What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?", "answer": "collaborative agreements"}, {"question": "What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?", "answer": "contract research"}, {"question": "Who is the core guide?", "answer": "The British National Formulary"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"}, {"question": "After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?", "answer": "comes later"}, {"question": "Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?", "answer": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)"}, {"question": "Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "European Medicines Agency"}, {"question": "What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?", "answer": "Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency"}, {"question": "What UK organization evaluates drugs? ", "answer": "European Medicines Agency"}, {"question": "What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?", "answer": "National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"}, {"question": "What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?", "answer": "British National Formulary"}, {"question": "What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?", "answer": "diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances"}, {"question": "What is given to companies who develop drugs for \"orphan diseases\"?", "answer": "tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents"}, {"question": "Why are these companies rewarded?", "answer": "Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous"}, {"question": "What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?", "answer": "orphan diseases"}, {"question": "What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?", "answer": "fewer than 200,000 patients"}, {"question": "What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?", "answer": "tax reductions"}, {"question": "What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?", "answer": "seven years"}, {"question": "Who argued against regulators?", "answer": "Ben Goldacre"}, {"question": "Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?", "answer": "Ben Goldacre"}, {"question": "The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?", "answer": "regulator and company employees"}, {"question": "Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?", "answer": "regulators"}, {"question": "NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?", "answer": "England and Wales"}, {"question": "What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?", "answer": "Scottish Medicines Consortium"}, {"question": "What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?", "answer": "cost-effectiveness"}, {"question": "How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?", "answer": "$75.6 billion"}, {"question": "What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?", "answer": "Humira"}, {"question": "What was the bestselling drug in history?", "answer": "Lipitor"}, {"question": "How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?", "answer": "$141 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?", "answer": "20 years"}, {"question": "Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?", "answer": "10 to 15 years on average"}, {"question": "What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?", "answer": "Patent protection"}, {"question": "What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?", "answer": "generic"}, {"question": "What decade was the pharmaceutical industry's \"golden era\"?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?", "answer": "Food and Drug Administration"}, {"question": "What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?", "answer": "Investigational New Drug"}, {"question": "How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?", "answer": "New Drug Application"}, {"question": "What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?", "answer": "positive benefit-risk"}, {"question": "\"Drug reps\" are usually hired by what type of firms?", "answer": "Pharmaceutical companies"}, {"question": "What law regulates drug marketing in the US?", "answer": "Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987"}, {"question": "Who do drug reps market to?", "answer": "directly and personally to physicians"}, {"question": "Drug reps have been accused of giving what to health professionals?", "answer": "'gifts' and biased information"}, {"question": "Drug marketers have hired who as paid consultants?", "answer": "physicians"}, {"question": "What publications can drug ads be commonly found?", "answer": "journals and conferences"}, {"question": "In what year CE did the Second Muslim Civil War end?", "answer": "692"}, {"question": "During what period did the Berber Revolt occur?", "answer": "740\u2013743 CE"}, {"question": "What branch took over Umayyad leadership during the Second Civil War?", "answer": "Marwanid"}, {"question": "In what year was Ali killed?", "answer": "661"}, {"question": "Who killed Ali?", "answer": "Kharijite partisan"}, {"question": "Who made peace with Muawiyah I?", "answer": "Hasan ibn Ali"}, {"question": "Where was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty?", "answer": "Damascus"}, {"question": "What form of tax were Christians required to pay?", "answer": "jizya"}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Yazid?", "answer": "Maysum"}, {"question": "What was Maysum's religion?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "How many major Islamic caliphates existed after Muhammad's death?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who was the third caliph?", "answer": "Uthman ibn Affan"}, {"question": "Who founded the Umayyad regime?", "answer": "Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan"}, {"question": "How many million square miles was the Umayyad caliphate at its largest size?", "answer": "5.79"}, {"question": "When did Muawiyah become caliph?", "answer": "661"}, {"question": "When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?", "answer": "656"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?", "answer": "Marwan ibn al-Hakam"}, {"question": "What opposition movement was based in Arabia and Basra?", "answer": "Kharijites"}, {"question": "Who sent an army in 683 to stop the opposition movements?", "answer": "Yazid"}, {"question": "In what battle was the Medinese opposition movement defeated?", "answer": "Battle of al-Harrah"}, {"question": "Where is the Kaaba located?", "answer": "Mecca"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Umayyads?", "answer": "Banu Abd-Shams"}, {"question": "Traditionally, who did the Umayyads and Muhammad both descend from?", "answer": "Abd Manaf ibn Qusai"}, {"question": "From what city did the Umayyads originate?", "answer": "Mecca"}, {"question": "What son of Abd-Shams was the ancestor of the Umayyads?", "answer": "Umayya"}, {"question": "Where did Muawiyah fight Ali?", "answer": "Battle of Siffin"}, {"question": "Who was appointed arbitrator by Ali?", "answer": "Abu Musa Ashaari"}, {"question": "In what battle did Ali fight the Kharjites?", "answer": "Battle of Nahrawan"}, {"question": "What did the term Kharjites mean?", "answer": "those who leave"}, {"question": "Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?", "answer": "Persian Sassanid Empire"}, {"question": "Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Who was the second caliph?", "answer": "Umar"}, {"question": "How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?", "answer": "Hashimites"}, {"question": "What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?", "answer": "Battle of Uhud"}, {"question": "Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?", "answer": "Hind"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?", "answer": "Muawiyah I"}, {"question": "What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?", "answer": "jizyah"}, {"question": "What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?", "answer": "mawali"}, {"question": "Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?", "answer": "Zoroastrian"}, {"question": "When did Uthman die?", "answer": "656"}, {"question": "What tribe did Ali belong to?", "answer": "Quraysh"}, {"question": "Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?", "answer": "son-in-law"}, {"question": "Where was the capital before Ali changed it?", "answer": "Medina"}, {"question": "What does Fitna mean?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?", "answer": "Egyptians"}, {"question": "Who was Marwan I related to?", "answer": "Muawiyah I"}, {"question": "Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?", "answer": "Ali ibn Abi Talib"}, {"question": "Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?", "answer": "Ja'far al-Sadiq"}, {"question": "Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?", "answer": "Mecca"}, {"question": "Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?", "answer": "Muslim bin Agail"}, {"question": "What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?", "answer": "Basrah"}, {"question": "Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?", "answer": "Muslim bin Agail"}, {"question": "When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?", "answer": "712"}, {"question": "Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?", "answer": "Sindh"}, {"question": "At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?", "answer": "Rajasthan"}, {"question": "To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?", "answer": "Pratihara"}, {"question": "Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?", "answer": "Nagabhata"}, {"question": "Where was the Dome of the Rock built?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?", "answer": "692"}, {"question": "During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?", "answer": "Abd al-Malik"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Sarjun?", "answer": "John of Damascus"}, {"question": "Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?", "answer": "Crete"}, {"question": "Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?", "answer": "Mardaites"}, {"question": "What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?", "answer": "Kairouan"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Yazid?", "answer": "Muawiya II"}, {"question": "When did Muawiya II's reign begin?", "answer": "683"}, {"question": "Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?", "answer": "Ibn al-Zubayr"}, {"question": "From whom was Marwan descended?", "answer": "Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah"}, {"question": "In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?", "answer": "684"}, {"question": "Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?", "answer": "Marwan"}, {"question": "When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?", "answer": "685"}, {"question": "Where was Al-Mukhtar based? ", "answer": "Kufa"}, {"question": "Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?", "answer": "Ali"}, {"question": "In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?", "answer": "692"}, {"question": "Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?", "answer": "khalifah"}, {"question": "Where was the government of the Umayyads based?", "answer": "Damascus"}, {"question": "Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?", "answer": "religious officials"}, {"question": "What was the main city of Tokharistan?", "answer": "Balkh"}, {"question": "What was the central part of Transoxiana called?", "answer": "Samarkand"}, {"question": "In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?", "answer": "724"}, {"question": "What notable battle occurred in 731?", "answer": "Battle of the Defile"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?", "answer": "al-Harith ibn Surayj"}, {"question": "What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?", "answer": "Kaysanites Shia"}, {"question": "Who led the Hashimiyya movement?", "answer": "Abbasid family"}, {"question": "Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?", "answer": "Hashim"}, {"question": "What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?", "answer": "717"}, {"question": "Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?", "answer": "Muhammad ibn Ali"}, {"question": "When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?", "answer": "711"}, {"question": "What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?", "answer": "759"}, {"question": "Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?", "answer": "Franks"}, {"question": "In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?", "answer": "739"}, {"question": "What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?", "answer": "Marwan ibn Muhammad"}, {"question": "Who was the father of Hisham?", "answer": "Abd al-Malik"}, {"question": "When did Hisham's reign start?", "answer": "724"}, {"question": "Where did Hisham base his court?", "answer": "Resafa"}, {"question": "What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?", "answer": "Battle of Akroinon"}, {"question": "In what part of Syria was Resafa located?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?", "answer": "Maysum"}, {"question": "What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?", "answer": "Kalb"}, {"question": "What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?", "answer": "Arab"}, {"question": "Where was the Kalb tribe based?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?", "answer": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz"}, {"question": "For whom did Umar end the jizya?", "answer": "converts to Islam"}, {"question": "In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?", "answer": "720"}, {"question": "What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?", "answer": "poisoned"}, {"question": "What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?", "answer": "Mawali"}, {"question": "Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?", "answer": "Abu Muslim"}, {"question": "What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?", "answer": "black flag"}, {"question": "Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?", "answer": "Nasr ibn Sayyar"}, {"question": "When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?", "answer": "749"}, {"question": "Where did Marwan die?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?", "answer": "Al-Tabri"}, {"question": "What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?", "answer": "Arab"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?", "answer": "cohort"}, {"question": "What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?", "answer": "Marwan II"}, {"question": "What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?", "answer": "cavalry"}, {"question": "What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?", "answer": "manjaniq"}, {"question": "Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?", "answer": "Mu'awiyah"}, {"question": "Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?", "answer": "Khurasan"}, {"question": "Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?", "answer": "donkeys"}, {"question": "In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?", "answer": "4,000,000"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?", "answer": "Heraclius"}, {"question": "Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?", "answer": "Abu Sufyan ibn Harb"}, {"question": "Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?", "answer": "Hind bint Utbah"}, {"question": "What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?", "answer": "dhimmis"}, {"question": "Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?", "answer": "mawali"}, {"question": "Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?", "answer": "G.R. Hawting"}, {"question": "What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?", "answer": "old Arab"}, {"question": "What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?", "answer": "John of Damascus"}, {"question": "What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?", "answer": "not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam"}, {"question": "What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?", "answer": "khalifat Allah"}, {"question": "Where was the Abbasid court based?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for kingship?", "answer": "mulk"}, {"question": "What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?", "answer": "khalifat rasul Allah"}, {"question": "What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?", "answer": "deputy of God"}, {"question": "What is another term for asphalt?", "answer": "bitumen"}, {"question": "Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?", "answer": "Utah"}, {"question": "How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?", "answer": "most"}, {"question": "What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?", "answer": "142,000 square kilometres"}, {"question": "Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?", "answer": "oil refineries"}, {"question": "What group initially made use of asphalt?", "answer": "indigenous peoples"}, {"question": "For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? ", "answer": "adhesive"}, {"question": "What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?", "answer": "petroleum"}, {"question": "What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?", "answer": "watertight"}, {"question": "On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?", "answer": "canoes"}, {"question": "What is used asphalt turned back into?", "answer": "new pavement mixtures"}, {"question": "How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?", "answer": "99%"}, {"question": "What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?", "answer": "maintenance"}, {"question": "For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? ", "answer": "worn or damaged"}, {"question": "How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?", "answer": "crude oil"}, {"question": "Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?", "answer": "diesel fuel"}, {"question": "Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?", "answer": "Redwater, Alberta"}, {"question": "How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "About what temperature is asphalt shipped?", "answer": "150 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?", "answer": "liquidity"}, {"question": "What is the liquefied mixture called? ", "answer": "bitumen feedstock"}, {"question": "What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?", "answer": "engine exhaust"}, {"question": "Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What ancient group used bitumen extraction?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What is the last origination of the word asphalt?", "answer": "late Middle English"}, {"question": "From what language does asphalt initially come?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?", "answer": "asphalt/bitumen/pitch"}, {"question": "What is the French term for natural asphalt?", "answer": "asphalte"}, {"question": "To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?", "answer": "wall"}, {"question": "How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?", "answer": "interchangeably"}, {"question": "Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is asphalt called outside of the US?", "answer": "bitumen"}, {"question": "What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?", "answer": "Geologists"}, {"question": "What is a naming term for asphalt?", "answer": "tar"}, {"question": "From where does most asphalt come?", "answer": "petroleum"}, {"question": "What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?", "answer": "once-living things"}, {"question": "How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?", "answer": "above 50 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?", "answer": "pressure"}, {"question": "What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?", "answer": "kerogen"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?", "answer": "Athabasca oil sands"}, {"question": "Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?", "answer": "Northern Alberta"}, {"question": "What formative period  produced bitumen?", "answer": "early Cretaceous"}, {"question": "How old are the Athabasca deposits?", "answer": "110 million years"}, {"question": "What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "In what early technology was bitumen used?", "answer": "photographic"}, {"question": "What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?", "answer": "Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce"}, {"question": "What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?", "answer": "hours of exposure"}, {"question": "During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?", "answer": "1850s to the 1920s"}, {"question": "Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?", "answer": "25 November 1837"}, {"question": "Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?", "answer": "France and Belgium"}, {"question": "What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?", "answer": "mastic"}, {"question": "What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?", "answer": "Samuel Ryland Phipson"}, {"question": "Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?", "answer": "City Hall"}, {"question": "What natural substance was used in early road pavings?", "answer": "bituminous rock"}, {"question": "From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?", "answer": "Ritchie Mines"}, {"question": "For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?", "answer": "waterproofing"}, {"question": "In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?", "answer": "pools and baths"}, {"question": "For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?", "answer": "damp proofing"}, {"question": "When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? ", "answer": "1840s and 50s"}, {"question": "Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?", "answer": "patents"}, {"question": "Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?", "answer": "Sidney Ells"}, {"question": "When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?", "answer": "Dr. Karl A. Clark"}, {"question": "Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?", "answer": "Robert C. Fitzsimmons"}, {"question": "For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?", "answer": "roofs"}, {"question": "What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?", "answer": "extremely viscous"}, {"question": "What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?", "answer": "modern oil refineries"}, {"question": "Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?", "answer": "cost is lower"}, {"question": "How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What does mixing bitumen with water create?", "answer": "emulsion"}, {"question": "What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?", "answer": "cationic and anionic"}, {"question": "What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?", "answer": "recycled"}, {"question": "What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?", "answer": "hot-mixed"}, {"question": "Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?", "answer": "Alberta, Canada"}, {"question": "How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?", "answer": "140,000 square kilometres"}, {"question": "Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?", "answer": "second-largest"}, {"question": "What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?", "answer": "Athabasca oil sands"}, {"question": "What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?", "answer": "310 billion barrels"}, {"question": "Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?", "answer": "Roofing shingles"}, {"question": "What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?", "answer": "Japan black"}, {"question": "Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?", "answer": "weather resistance"}, {"question": "Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?", "answer": "permanence"}, {"question": "What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?", "answer": "alkaline batteries"}, {"question": "What language originated the word bitumen?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What does the Sanskrit word translate as?", "answer": "pitch creating"}, {"question": "To what English word does the Latin translate?", "answer": "pitch"}, {"question": " Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?", "answer": "mastix"}, {"question": "To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?", "answer": "coal tar"}, {"question": "For what was coal tar used in road paving?", "answer": "binder"}, {"question": "What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?", "answer": "tarmac"}, {"question": "What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?", "answer": "bitumen"}, {"question": "Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?", "answer": "Pierre Belon"}, {"question": "When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?", "answer": "1553"}, {"question": "In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?", "answer": "revolution of 1830"}, {"question": "Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? ", "answer": "Place de la Concorde"}, {"question": "In what year did Claridge acquire patents for the use of asphalt?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "From what French mine did Claridge offer asphalt?", "answer": "Pyrimont Seysell"}, {"question": "What did Claridge's formation of a company with distinguished backers help inspire? ", "answer": "British asphalt industry"}, {"question": "In what famous place did Claridge first begin to lay and test the use of asphalt pavement?", "answer": "Whitehall"}, {"question": "By 1838 how many companies beside Claridge's were offering asphalt?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?", "answer": "canoes"}, {"question": "Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?", "answer": "Henry Kelsey"}, {"question": " For what trading company did Kelsey work?", "answer": "Hudson\u2019s Bay Company"}, {"question": "Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?", "answer": "Alexander MacKenzie"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?", "answer": "7\u201310%"}, {"question": "How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "How is asphalt used in the construction industry?", "answer": "waterproofing"}, {"question": "Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?", "answer": "210 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?", "answer": "20 millimeters"}, {"question": "What is done to crude bitumen to promote its movement through pipelines?", "answer": "diluted"}, {"question": "What is the natural gas condensate used to dilute bitumen?", "answer": "dilbit"}, {"question": "What is the synthetic crude additive to bitumen called?", "answer": "synbit"}, {"question": "What is the usually sold standard blend of bitumen and oils named?", "answer": "Western Canadian Select"}, {"question": "In what uniform use was Western Canadian Select meant to excel?", "answer": "refining"}, {"question": "To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?", "answer": "meteorites"}, {"question": "What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?", "answer": "living material"}, {"question": "What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?", "answer": "plants and animals"}, {"question": "What feature originally covered Alberta?", "answer": "ocean"}, {"question": "What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?", "answer": "50 to 150 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What component is added to bitumen to improve it?", "answer": "Selenizza"}, {"question": "To what other paving material is Selenizza added?", "answer": "mastic asphalts"}, {"question": "What purpose does Selenizza have in the drilling industry?", "answer": "fluid additives"}, {"question": "In what form is Selenizza offered?", "answer": "granular"}, {"question": "How is Selenizza shipped?", "answer": "bags"}, {"question": "To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?", "answer": "mixture"}, {"question": "What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?", "answer": "tarmac"}, {"question": "When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?", "answer": "asphaltum"}, {"question": "With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?", "answer": "'asphalt"}, {"question": "What is the geological term for asphalt?", "answer": "Bitumen"}, {"question": "What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?", "answer": "Bitumen"}, {"question": "What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?", "answer": "solidifies"}, {"question": "What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?", "answer": "deterioration"}, {"question": "What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?", "answer": "Th\u00e9odore G\u00e9ricault's"}, {"question": "What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  ", "answer": "unstable"}, {"question": "Which of Claridge's two tar macadams was the more successful?", "answer": "Clarmac"}, {"question": "When did Claridge's company liquidate?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "What world event caused the end of Claridge's company?", "answer": "First World War"}, {"question": "What was the subsidiary company that lead Claridge into ruin?", "answer": "Clarmac Roads Ltd"}, {"question": "What kind of money did Claridge  invest in attempting  to save his companies?", "answer": "substantial amount"}, {"question": "What is the biggest use of asphalt?", "answer": "road surfaces"}, {"question": "How much is the percentage of use of bitumen for roads is there in the US?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "How much bitumen is in usual concrete mixtures?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What percentage of concrete mixes is aggregates?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "How many concrete plants are in the US?", "answer": "4,000"}, {"question": "What is synthetic crude oil usually called?", "answer": "syncrude"}, {"question": "Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?", "answer": "upgrading facility"}, {"question": "Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?", "answer": "Dr. Karl Clark"}, {"question": "Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?", "answer": "1 million barrels"}, {"question": "How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?", "answer": "40,000,000"}, {"question": "What boiling point is considered to be the for asphalt?", "answer": "500 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What method is used to divide asphalt from other materials?", "answer": "Vacuum distillation"}, {"question": "What is the process used to harden the asphalt?", "answer": "blowing"}, {"question": "In processing asphalt, what is the unit used to separate it?", "answer": "de-asphalting"}, {"question": "To what location is Selenizza bitumen native?", "answer": "Selenice, in Albania"}, {"question": "What is it about the mine that is unusual?", "answer": "still in use"}, {"question": "In what way is Selenizza bitumen geologically different than bitumen found in sands? ", "answer": "rock asphalt"}, {"question": "What is the variance in bitumen content rock asphalt?", "answer": "83% to 92%"}, {"question": "How is the rock asphalt mainly found?", "answer": "veins"}, {"question": "By what means can humans be exposed to bitumen?", "answer": "fumes or skin"}, {"question": "What is the nationally set limit for exposure of asphalt in a 15 minute period?", "answer": "5 mg/m3"}, {"question": "How must asphalt be treated to be workable?", "answer": "heated or diluted"}, {"question": "At what temperatures is heated asphalt seen to be a greater health risk?", "answer": "greater than 199 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What feature in the treatment of asphalt in the workplace causes the most potential danger?", "answer": "temperature"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria marry?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "What is her nickname that she was given because her children married into royal families across the continent?", "answer": "the grandmother of Europe"}, {"question": "What year did Prince Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "How many children did she have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "In the later half of her reign, what happened to her popularity?", "answer": "her popularity recovered"}, {"question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What was the year of Alberts death?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Queen Victorias Golden and Diamond jubilees were a time of public what?", "answer": "celebration"}, {"question": "What was the name the first cousing that Victoria married?", "answer": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria because all of her children married into noble families?", "answer": "first cousin"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first cousin that Queen Victoria was married to?", "answer": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"}, {"question": "Whatyear did Victoria marry Prince Albert?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "How many children did Victoria and Albert have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What year did Prince Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Due to Victorias mourning over Alberts death, what political party gained strength?", "answer": "republicanism"}, {"question": "When did Queen Victoria get married?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's husband?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's nickname?", "answer": "the grandmother of Europe"}, {"question": "When did republicanism gain strength during Queen Victoria's reign?", "answer": "After Albert's death in 1861"}, {"question": "How many children did Queen Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria marry?", "answer": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"}, {"question": "When were Victoria and Prince Albert married?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "How many children did Victoria and Prince Albert have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's unofficial title?", "answer": "the grandmother of Europe"}, {"question": "When did Prince Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Who was extremely protective over Victoria?", "answer": "mother"}, {"question": "What system of rules kept her isolated from other children?", "answer": "Kensington System"}, {"question": "Who was the Dutchess' rumored lover?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's dog's name?", "answer": "Dash"}, {"question": "During her free time, what did she play with?", "answer": "dolls"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria share a bedroom with when she was a child?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "What languages did Victoria take lessons in?", "answer": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"}, {"question": "What was the only language Victoria spoke at home?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's mothers lover?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "What is the formal name given to the system of rules Victoria was raised under?", "answer": "Kensington System"}, {"question": "What system did Victorias mother raise her under?", "answer": "Kensington System"}, {"question": "Who was Victorias mothers comptroller?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "Who was rumored to be Victorias mothers lover?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "Who was the Duchess's suspected lover?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's childhood dog?", "answer": "Dash"}, {"question": "What was the Kensington System?", "answer": "an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess"}, {"question": "How did Victoria describe her childhood?", "answer": "rather melancholy"}, {"question": "What languages did Victoria study? ", "answer": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's King Charles Spaniel?", "answer": "Dash"}, {"question": "What are some of the languages that Victoria studied?", "answer": "French, German, Italian, and Latin"}, {"question": "What system was in place to raise and educate Victoria; while also rendering her weak and dependent?", "answer": "Kensington System"}, {"question": "Who was the Duchess' comptroller and cohort?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "Who was included in the list of people that the Duchess and Sir John Conroy didn't want the Princess Victoria associating with?", "answer": "most of her father's family"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child?", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?", "answer": "chloroform"}, {"question": "What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?", "answer": "post-natal depression"}, {"question": "Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?", "answer": "thought it dangerous"}, {"question": "What did Albert complain about Victoria?", "answer": "her \"continuance of hysterics\" over a \"miserable trifle\""}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?", "answer": "chloroform"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's final child?", "answer": "Beatrice"}, {"question": "Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?", "answer": "post-natal depression"}, {"question": "When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victorias eighth child?", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?", "answer": "chloroform."}, {"question": "What year was victorias final child born?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victorias final child?", "answer": "Beatrice"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's eighth child? ", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? ", "answer": "chloroform"}, {"question": "When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? ", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? ", "answer": "considered it against biblical teaching"}, {"question": "What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? ", "answer": "loss of self-control"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?", "answer": "chloroform"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?", "answer": "Beatrice"}, {"question": "Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?", "answer": "considered it against biblical teaching"}, {"question": "After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?", "answer": "post-natal depression"}, {"question": "During which year did Victoria's mother die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?", "answer": "Through reading her mother's papers"}, {"question": "What was Albert ill with?", "answer": "chronic stomach trouble"}, {"question": "What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?", "answer": "army manoeuvres"}, {"question": "What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?", "answer": "Prince of Wales's philandering"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's mother die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?", "answer": "Conroy and Lehzen"}, {"question": "Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?", "answer": "Albert"}, {"question": "What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?", "answer": "chronic stomach trouble"}, {"question": "What year did Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "When did Victoria's mother die? ", "answer": "March 1861"}, {"question": "What disease was Albert diagnosed with? ", "answer": "typhoid fever"}, {"question": "When did Albert die of his illness? ", "answer": "14 December 1861"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? ", "answer": "widow of Windsor"}, {"question": "Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? ", "answer": "an actress in Ireland"}, {"question": "When did the Duchess die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?", "answer": "Conroy and Lehzen"}, {"question": "What caused Prince Albert's death?", "answer": "typhoid fever"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?", "answer": "their son, the Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?", "answer": "had slept with an actress in Ireland"}, {"question": "Who shot at the queen?", "answer": "Roderick Maclean"}, {"question": "When was the shooting?", "answer": "2 March 1882"}, {"question": "What was Maclean's occupation?", "answer": "poet"}, {"question": "Which college were to two boys attending?", "answer": "Eton College"}, {"question": "With what did the college boy's hit the shooter with?", "answer": "umbrellas"}, {"question": "Who shot Queen Victoria?", "answer": "Roderick Maclean"}, {"question": "What year was the Queen shot?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Who stopped Maclean after he shot the Queen?", "answer": "Two schoolboys from Eton College"}, {"question": "How did the schoolboys stop Maclean?", "answer": "struck him with their umbrellas"}, {"question": "What did the court determine was the fate for Maclean after shooting the Queen?", "answer": "not guilty by reason of insanity"}, {"question": "What disgruntled poet shot at Victoria's carriage on March 2, 1882?", "answer": "Roderick Maclean"}, {"question": "What school did the boys who defended the Queen with umbrellas attend? ", "answer": "Eton College"}, {"question": "What was the verdict in Roderick Maclean's trial? ", "answer": "he was found not guilty by reason of insanity"}, {"question": "What provoked the attack on Queen Victoria as she left Windsor? ", "answer": "offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's reaction to the verdict?", "answer": "outraged"}, {"question": "Who attempted to assassinate the Queen?", "answer": "Roderick Maclean"}, {"question": "What was the verdict in Maclean's trial?", "answer": "not guilty by reason of insanity"}, {"question": "What position did Victoria take on being shot at?", "answer": "\"worth being shot at\u2014to see how much one is loved\""}, {"question": "When did Maclean attempt to shoot Victoria?", "answer": "2 March 1882"}, {"question": "Why did Maclean shoot at Victoria?", "answer": "refusal to accept one of his poems"}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone return to power?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone in 1892?", "answer": "82"}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone retire?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "What year did Gadstone return to power?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?", "answer": "82 years old"}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone retire?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?", "answer": "Lord Rosebery"}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? ", "answer": "82 years old"}, {"question": "What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? ", "answer": "Henry Labouchere"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?", "answer": "Lord Rosebery"}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? ", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?", "answer": "for the remainder of Victoria's reign"}, {"question": "Who was returned to power in 1892?", "answer": "Gladstone"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?", "answer": "Lord Rosebery"}, {"question": "How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?", "answer": "His government was weak"}, {"question": "Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?", "answer": "the remainder of Victoria's reign"}, {"question": "Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?", "answer": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught"}, {"question": "What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?", "answer": "wedding veil"}, {"question": "What color was her dress?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?", "answer": "Albert's"}, {"question": "What year did Queen Victoria die?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?", "answer": "a white dress and her wedding veil"}, {"question": "A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?", "answer": "his hand"}, {"question": "What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?", "answer": "a lock of John Brown's hair"}, {"question": "Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?", "answer": "St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? ", "answer": "She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil"}, {"question": "Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? ", "answer": "John Brown"}, {"question": "When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? ", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? ", "answer": "Saturday, 2 February"}, {"question": "Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? ", "answer": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park"}, {"question": "Where was Victoria laid to rest?", "answer": "Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?", "answer": "2 February"}, {"question": "What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?", "answer": "a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him"}, {"question": "How was Victoria dressed for burial?", "answer": "a white dress and her wedding veil"}, {"question": "Who placed Victoria into her coffin?", "answer": "Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught"}, {"question": "Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?", "answer": "uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?", "answer": "Albert"}, {"question": "Who introduced Albert to Victoria?", "answer": "uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she met Albert?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Who introduced Victoria and Albert?", "answer": "her uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?", "answer": "every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy"}, {"question": "Whom did Queen Victoria consider her \"best and kindest adviser\"? ", "answer": "uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?", "answer": "Albert"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? ", "answer": "the most pleasing and delightful exterior"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?", "answer": "her uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?", "answer": "He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy"}, {"question": "What were Albert's best qualities?", "answer": "sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable"}, {"question": "How did Victoria find Albert's looks?", "answer": "most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What did the Queen commission Sir Robert Peel to do?", "answer": "to form a new ministry"}, {"question": "In what year did Melbourne resign?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "Which party was Sir Robert Peel a part of?", "answer": "Tory"}, {"question": "What is the name of crisis where the wives of the Tories were replacing the wives of the Whigs?", "answer": "bedchamber crisis"}, {"question": "What year did Melbourne resign?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "Who voted against the bill to end the constitution of Jamaica?", "answer": "Radicals and Tories"}, {"question": "Who did the Queen commission to form a new ministry?", "answer": "Sir Robert Peel"}, {"question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "The removal of the Queens bedchamber ladies became known as what?", "answer": "the bedchamber crisis"}, {"question": "Who resigned their position in 1839? ", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Why did the Radicals and Tories oppose the bill about the constitution of Jamaica?", "answer": "The bill removed political power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated with the abolition of slavery."}, {"question": "What Tory did Victoria commision after Melbourne resigned his postion? ", "answer": "Sir Robert Peel"}, {"question": "After Queen Victoria refuse to replace her ladies with wives of Tories, what did Sir Robert Peel do? ", "answer": "resigned his commission"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria reappoint to the position after the Bedchamber Crisis? ", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "What did the Radicals and Tories do that made Melbourne resign?", "answer": "voted against a bill to suspend the constitution of Jamaica"}, {"question": "Which group was resisting the abolisment of slavery and were subsequently removed from power when the bill was voted down?", "answer": "plantation owners"}, {"question": "Who did Robert Peel want to replace the ladies of the bedchamber with, instead of wives of Whigs?", "answer": "wives of Tories"}, {"question": "Why did Peel resign his comission?", "answer": "Peel refused to govern under the restrictions imposed by the Queen"}, {"question": "Who returned to office after Peel resigned?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?", "answer": "France and Britain"}, {"question": "How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related?", "answer": "by marriage through the Coburgs"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?", "answer": "King Louis Philippe I"}, {"question": "What year did Louis Philippe visit England?", "answer": "1844"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria first visit Ireland?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between?", "answer": "France and Britain"}, {"question": "Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?", "answer": "House of Orleans"}, {"question": "What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845?", "answer": "King Louis Philippe I"}, {"question": "Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria?", "answer": "Louis Philippe"}, {"question": "What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria? ", "answer": "Louis Philippe"}, {"question": "What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France? ", "answer": "fled to exile in England"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848? ", "answer": "Osborne House"}, {"question": "What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849?", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with? ", "answer": "House of Orleans"}, {"question": "What was one of Victoria's major concerns?", "answer": "improvement of relations between France and Britain"}, {"question": "When was Louis Phillipe deposed?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848?", "answer": "Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight"}, {"question": "When was Osborne house purchased?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before, ultimately, failing?", "answer": "Chartists and Irish nationalists"}, {"question": "Where was Orsini from?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Who did Orsini try to assassinate?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "What position did Derby hold?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "What happened in June 1859?", "answer": "Victoria recalled Palmerston to office"}, {"question": "What was the date of an attempted assasination on Napoleon?", "answer": "14 January 1858"}, {"question": "What was the name of the person that attempted to assasinate Napoleon?", "answer": "Orsini"}, {"question": "Where was the bomb that Orsini used to attempt to assasinate Napoleon made?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Who resigned due to the attempt on Napoleons life?", "answer": "Palmerston"}, {"question": "What was the name of the French military port that opened on 5 August 1858?", "answer": "port of Cherbourg"}, {"question": "Who survived an assasination attempt by the Italian refugee Orsini in 1858?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Who resigned their position following the scandal due to Orsini's bomb being made in England? ", "answer": "Palmerston"}, {"question": "What new military port in France did Victoria and Albert visit after the crisis in 1858?", "answer": "Cherbourg"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria repremend Derby following her visit with Napolean III? ", "answer": "the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French one"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria recall to office following her disappointment with Derby in June of 1859? ", "answer": "Palmerston"}, {"question": "Who attempted to assassinate Napoleon?", "answer": "an Italian refugee from Britain called Orsini"}, {"question": "When did Orsinin attempt to assassinate Napoleon?", "answer": "14 January 1858"}, {"question": "How did Orsini try to assassinate Napoleon?", "answer": "a bomb"}, {"question": "When did Victoria ask Palmerston to resume his office?", "answer": "June 1859"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit that led her to reprimand Derby for the state of the Royal Navy?", "answer": "French military port of Cherbourg"}, {"question": "Who died in 1865?", "answer": "Palmerston"}, {"question": "Who resigned in 1868?", "answer": "Derby"}, {"question": "How long was Disraeli in office?", "answer": "matter of months"}, {"question": "Who was Disraeli's rival?", "answer": "William Ewart Gladstone"}, {"question": "What political view did Gladstone hold?", "answer": "Liberal"}, {"question": "What year did Palmerston die?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Who let the ministry for a very short time after the death of Palmerston?", "answer": "Russell"}, {"question": "Who returned to power after Russels brief rule of the ministry?", "answer": "Derby"}, {"question": "Following Alberts death, what was the first year that Victoria attended the State opening of Parliment?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Who replaced Derby after his resignation?", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli"}, {"question": "What year did Pamerston die? ", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "What event did Victoria attend in 1866 for the first time following Albert's death?", "answer": "State Opening of Parliament"}, {"question": "What Act by Victoria granted the ability to vote to working men, but not women? ", "answer": "Reform Act 1867"}, {"question": "Who replaced Derby when he resigned in 1868? ", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli"}, {"question": "What Liberal replaced Disraeli after only a few short months in office? ", "answer": "William Ewart Gladstone"}, {"question": "When did Palmerston die?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Who was ultimately returned to office after Palmerston's death?", "answer": "Derby"}, {"question": "When did Derby resign?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "Who was Derby's replacement?", "answer": "Benjamin Disraeli"}, {"question": "How long did Disralei last in office?", "answer": "only lasted a matter of months"}, {"question": "How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?", "answer": "fiftieth anniversary"}, {"question": "Who accused Karim of spying?", "answer": "Her family and retainers"}, {"question": "What was Munshi lying about?", "answer": "his parentage"}, {"question": "What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?", "answer": "Abdul Karim"}, {"question": "Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?", "answer": "Sir Henry"}, {"question": "Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?", "answer": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby"}, {"question": "Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?", "answer": "Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? ", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? ", "answer": "Hindustani"}, {"question": "Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? ", "answer": "Muslim Patriotic League"}, {"question": "Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? ", "answer": "Equerry Frederick Ponsonby"}, {"question": "What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? ", "answer": "20 June"}, {"question": "When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?", "answer": "the fiftieth anniversary of her accession"}, {"question": "Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?", "answer": "Abdul Karim"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?", "answer": "spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus"}, {"question": "How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?", "answer": "until he returned to India with a pension on her death"}, {"question": "Who was the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain?", "answer": "Victoria"}, {"question": "What year did Queen Victoria first set foot in Spain?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria stop her annual visits to Spain due to the Boer war?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit instead of Spain during the Boer war?", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's second son Alfred die?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria stay in Spain in 1889? ", "answer": "Biarritz"}, {"question": "What war prevented Queen Victoria from taking her annual trip to France in 1900?", "answer": "Boer War"}, {"question": "What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? ", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "Which of Queen Victoria's children died in July of that year? ", "answer": "her second son Alfred"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria often go for holiday?", "answer": "mainland Europe"}, {"question": "In 1889, what was Victoria the first reining monarch from Britian to do?", "answer": "set foot in Spain"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria visit Ireland in 1861?", "answer": "acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war"}, {"question": "Why was Victoria advised not to visit France in April of 1900?", "answer": "the Boer War"}, {"question": "What tragedy did Victoria face in July of 1900?", "answer": "her second son Alfred (\"Affie\") died"}, {"question": "How tall was Queen Victoria?", "answer": "no more than five feet tall"}, {"question": "The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?", "answer": "her diary and letters"}, {"question": "What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "How tall was Queen Victoria? ", "answer": "five feet"}, {"question": "Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date? ", "answer": "Lytton Strachey"}, {"question": "What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?", "answer": "Elizabeth Longford"}, {"question": "When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria? ", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What was Victoria like, physically?", "answer": "stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall"}, {"question": "When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?", "answer": "after the release of her diary and letters"}, {"question": "Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?", "answer": "Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith"}, {"question": "When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?", "answer": "1964 and 1972"}, {"question": "What kind of person was Victoria?", "answer": "emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking"}, {"question": "In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?", "answer": "the centre of England"}, {"question": "What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?", "answer": "Malvern Hills"}, {"question": "What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?", "answer": "1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835"}, {"question": "Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?", "answer": "William"}, {"question": "Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?", "answer": "his rival"}, {"question": "Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?", "answer": "the Duchess of Kent and Conroy"}, {"question": "Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? ", "answer": "William"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? ", "answer": "Ramsgate"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? ", "answer": "Conroy"}, {"question": "What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? ", "answer": "private secretary"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?", "answer": "Conroy"}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?", "answer": "disliked"}, {"question": "What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?", "answer": "enthusiastically welcomed in each"}, {"question": "Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?", "answer": "concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival"}, {"question": "When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?", "answer": "banned him from her presence"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Governemnt at the time of Victorias ascession?", "answer": "Lord Melbourne"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Whig Prime minister at the time of Victorias ascession?", "answer": "Lord Melbourne"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victorias coronation held?", "answer": "28 June 1838"}, {"question": "Where was Victorias coronation held?", "answer": "Westminster Abbey"}, {"question": "How many visitors came to London for Victorias coronation?", "answer": "Over 400,000"}, {"question": "What Whig was prime minister during Victoria's accession? ", "answer": "Lord Melbourne"}, {"question": "Who thought that Melbourne saw Victoria as if she was his daughter? ", "answer": "Charles Greville"}, {"question": "When did Victoria's coronation take place at Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "28 June 1838"}, {"question": "How many people visited London for the Coronation of Queen Victoria? ", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's allowance upon becoming Queen? ", "answer": "\u00a3385,000 per year"}, {"question": "Who was leading the government at the time of Victoria's accension?", "answer": "Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne"}, {"question": "What kind of influence was Melbourne to Victoria?", "answer": "powerful"}, {"question": "When was Victoria's coronation?", "answer": "28 June 1838"}, {"question": "What major accomplishment did Victoria achieve with her civil list allowance?", "answer": "she paid off her father's debts"}, {"question": "Where did Queen Victoria reside?", "answer": "Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "What year was the potato blight in Ireland?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "How long did the Great Famine last?", "answer": "four years"}, {"question": "How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?", "answer": "over a million"}, {"question": "What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?", "answer": "The Famine Queen"}, {"question": "How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?", "answer": "\u00a32,000"}, {"question": "What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?", "answer": "potato blight"}, {"question": "How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?", "answer": "over a million"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? ", "answer": "The Famine Queen"}, {"question": "What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? ", "answer": "that she donated only \u00a35 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home"}, {"question": "How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? ", "answer": "\u00a32,000"}, {"question": "What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?", "answer": "potato blight"}, {"question": "When did the potato blight begin?", "answer": "1845"}, {"question": "How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?", "answer": "a million"}, {"question": "What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?", "answer": "The Famine Queen"}, {"question": "How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?", "answer": "\u00a32,000"}, {"question": "When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?", "answer": "the republican movement"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria isolate herself?", "answer": "in her royal residences"}, {"question": "What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?", "answer": "Balmoral Castle"}, {"question": "What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?", "answer": "1864"}, {"question": "What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?", "answer": "Balmoral Castle"}, {"question": "Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?", "answer": "Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? ", "answer": "the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington"}, {"question": "What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? ", "answer": "republican movement"}, {"question": "What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?", "answer": "self-imposed isolation from the public"}, {"question": "What did Victoria's isolation give way to?", "answer": "the growth of the republican movement"}, {"question": "Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?", "answer": "Her uncle Leopold"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?", "answer": "Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington"}, {"question": "What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?", "answer": "take a drive through London in an open carriage"}, {"question": "What year was the Indian Rebellion?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What company was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "What company ruled much of India before the end of the Indian Rebellion?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "Who did the Queen condemn in the Indian Rebellion?", "answer": "both sides"}, {"question": "What ruler was dissolved after the Indian Rebellion in 1857?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "Who encouraged Victoria to issue an official statement on the conflict of the civil war in India? ", "answer": "Albert"}, {"question": "What happened to the British possesions after the Rebellion of 1857? ", "answer": "were formally incorporated into the British Empire"}, {"question": "What statement was replaced in her proclamation about the civil war? ", "answer": "a reference threatening the \"undermining of native religions and customs\""}, {"question": "Before 1857, who controlled most of India?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "What caused the British East India Company to lose control of India?", "answer": "the Indian Rebellion of 1857"}, {"question": "What happened to the assets of the British East India Company after it was removed from power?", "answer": "formally incorporated into the British Empire"}, {"question": "How did the Queen view the Indian Rebellion?", "answer": "relatively balanced view of the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides"}, {"question": "What did Victoria believe that an official proclamation transferring control from the company to the monarchy would do?", "answer": "\"should breathe feelings of generosity, benevolence and religious toleration\""}, {"question": "What year did Victoria fall down the stairs at Windsor?", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "After her fall down the stairs, what health issue was Victoria plaged with thereafter?", "answer": "rheumatism thereafter"}, {"question": "Who died 10 days after Victorias fall down the stairs?", "answer": "Brown"}, {"question": "Who was Victorias private secretary during the years following her accident at Windsor?", "answer": "Sir Henry Ponsonby"}, {"question": "How was Victoria notified of her youngest son leopolds death?", "answer": "by telegram"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria get injured after taking a fall down some stairs? ", "answer": "17 March 1883"}, {"question": "Who did Queen Victoria write a biography about that was never published? ", "answer": "John Brown"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria's youngest son, Leopold die? ", "answer": "Cannes"}, {"question": "Victoria initially opposed Beatrice's marriage to what man? ", "answer": "Prince Henry of Battenberg"}, {"question": "Where did Beatrice meet and fall in love with Prince Henry? ", "answer": "at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse"}, {"question": "What caused Victoria's rheumatism?", "answer": "she fell down some stairs at Windsor"}, {"question": "Who died 10 days after Victoria's accident?", "answer": "Brown"}, {"question": "What did Victoria begin working on after Brown's death?", "answer": "a eulogistic biography"}, {"question": "Who was opposed to Victoria writing a biography of Brown?", "answer": "Sir Henry Ponsonby"}, {"question": "What happened in Victoria's life on the day after the one year anniversary of Brown's death?", "answer": "her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes"}, {"question": "What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?", "answer": "haemophilia B"}, {"question": "How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?", "answer": "the Duke of Kent"}, {"question": "What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?", "answer": "over 50"}, {"question": "What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? ", "answer": "the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B"}, {"question": "Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? ", "answer": "Alice and Beatrice"}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?", "answer": "a haemophiliac"}, {"question": "What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?", "answer": "haemophilia B"}, {"question": "Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?", "answer": "Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain"}, {"question": "Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?", "answer": "Alice and Beatrice"}, {"question": "What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?", "answer": "older fathers"}, {"question": "In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?", "answer": "about a third of cases"}, {"question": "What year did Victorias Father die?", "answer": "1820"}, {"question": "What year did King George III die?", "answer": "1820"}, {"question": "What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What was the name of Victoria's father? ", "answer": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"}, {"question": "When did the Duke of Kent die? ", "answer": "1820"}, {"question": "What was Victoria's mother's name?", "answer": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}, {"question": "At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's father?", "answer": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III"}, {"question": "Who raised Victoria?", "answer": "mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}, {"question": "When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?", "answer": "aged 18"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria inherit the throne?", "answer": "her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children"}, {"question": "What kind of government did England have at the time?", "answer": "constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "What was Victorias place in line of succession to the throne when she was born?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria's father and grandfather die?", "answer": "1820"}, {"question": "What was th elength of time between the deaths of Victoria's father and grandfather?", "answer": "within a week of each other"}, {"question": "What year did the Duke of York die?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What year did Victorias Uncle George IV die?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What place was Victoria in the line of succession after her birth? ", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "Whose infant daugheters both died, leaving him without an heir to the throne of England? ", "answer": "Duke of Clarence"}, {"question": "When did George IV die? ", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What was the Regency Act of 1830?", "answer": "made special provision for the Duchess of Kent to act as regent in case William died while Victoria was still a minor."}, {"question": "Who distrusted the Duchesses capability to reign in Victoria's place until she became of age? ", "answer": "King William"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria fall in the line of succession?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "Who came in line for the throne before Victoria?", "answer": "her father and his three older brothers"}, {"question": "What happened when Victoria's Uncle George IV died?", "answer": "became heiress presumptive to her next surviving uncle"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's last surviving uncle?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "Who was to act as regent if George died while Victoria was still a minor?", "answer": "Duchess of Kent"}, {"question": "On what date did Victoria turn 18?", "answer": "24 May 1837"}, {"question": "On what date did William IV die?", "answer": "20 June 1837"}, {"question": "How old was William IV when he died?", "answer": "71"}, {"question": "What is the name given to Victoria on official documents?", "answer": "Alexandrina Victoria"}, {"question": "What was the exact time that Victorias Uncle, the King, died?", "answer": "12 minutes past 2"}, {"question": "When did Victoria turn 18?", "answer": "24 May 1837"}, {"question": "When did Victoria become Queen upon William IV's death? ", "answer": "20 June 1837"}, {"question": "What name was Victoria referred to as on only the first day of her reign?", "answer": "Alexandrina Victoria"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria's Uncle, King Willaim on his death? ", "answer": "71"}, {"question": "Who informed Victoria of her Uncle's passing and that she was now to become Queen of England? ", "answer": "the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham"}, {"question": "What caused Victoria to become the Queen of the United Kingdom?", "answer": "20 June 1837, William IV died"}, {"question": "Who came to tell Victoria that she was to be Queen of the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Conyngham"}, {"question": "What name did the first official documents of Victoria's monarchy have her listed as?", "answer": "Alexandrina Victoria"}, {"question": "How old was William IV when he died?", "answer": "71"}, {"question": "Where did she receive the news that she was to be queen?", "answer": "sitting-room"}, {"question": "What was the marital status of Victoria when she became the queen?", "answer": "unmarried"}, {"question": "Whi did Victoria have to live with because she was unmarried?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over what system?", "answer": "Kensington System"}, {"question": "Victoria and her mother had differences over her mothers reliances on who?", "answer": "Conroy"}, {"question": "Where was Victorias mother assigned to live?", "answer": "a remote apartment in Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "What did Victoria and her mother disagree on? ", "answer": "the Kensington System"}, {"question": "Whom did Victoria's mother continue to rely on, despite Victoria's displeasure? ", "answer": "Conroy"}, {"question": "To whom did Queen Victoria lament that marriage was a shocking alternative to her mother's prescence? ", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "Where did both Queen Victoria and her mother reside after she became Queen? ", "answer": "Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria live at the beginning of her reign?", "answer": "with her mother"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria live with her mother at the beginning of her reign?", "answer": "was required by social convention"}, {"question": "What could have allowed Victoria freedom from living with her mother?", "answer": "marriage"}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about having to be married in order to escape living with her mother?", "answer": "a \"schocking  [sic] alternative\""}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about the prospect of having to live with her mother, no matter how far away in the palace they put her?", "answer": "close proximity promised \"torment for many years\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the man that tried to shoot Queen Victoria?", "answer": "John Francis"}, {"question": "On what date did John Francis try to shoot Queen Victoria?", "answer": "29 May 1842"}, {"question": "Where was Queen Victoria when Francis tried to shoot her?", "answer": "riding in a carriage along The Mall, London"}, {"question": "What happened to Francis after his attempt to shoot Victoria?", "answer": "he escaped"}, {"question": "Why did Francis fail to kill Queen Victoria?", "answer": "the gun did not fire"}, {"question": "Who made two unsuccessful attempts on Queen Victoria's life in 1842?", "answer": "John Francis"}, {"question": "What was John Francis's eventual sentence for the attempt on the Queens life? ", "answer": "transportation for life"}, {"question": "Who shot at Queen Victoria on July 3, days after John Francis's sentence was commuted? ", "answer": "John William Bean"}, {"question": "Who fired a shot at Queen Victoria's carriage in 1849?", "answer": "William Hamilton"}, {"question": "What person recieved a seven year transportation sentence for striking Victoria on the head with his cane? ", "answer": "Robert Pate"}, {"question": "Who escaped Victoria's guards after attempting to fire a shot at her?", "answer": "John Francis"}, {"question": "What happened to John Francis after his second attempt to fire on the Queen?", "answer": "death sentence was commuted to transportation for life"}, {"question": "What did John William Bean try to fire at Queen Victoria?", "answer": "paper and tobacco"}, {"question": "What were the consequences of John William Bean's attempt to fire at the Queen?", "answer": "18 months in jail"}, {"question": "When did William Hamilton fire a powder charge at Victoria's carriage?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "What political party was Russells ministry?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "What was the name of the foreign secretary that Victoria found offensive?", "answer": "Lord Palmerston"}, {"question": "To whom did Victoria complain about Palmerston?", "answer": "Russell"}, {"question": "What year was Palmerston removed from office?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "What was president Bonapartes name changed to?", "answer": "Emperor Napoleon III"}, {"question": "What position did Lord Palmerston hold?", "answer": "Foreign Secretary"}, {"question": "What scandal prompted Palmerstons removal in 1851?", "answer": "he announced the British government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France without consulting the Prime Minister"}, {"question": "President Bonaparte was declared what in France? ", "answer": "Emperor Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Who briefly replaced Russell as Prime Minister? ", "answer": "Lord Derby"}, {"question": "What did Victoria express her displeasure at to Russell about Palmerton? ", "answer": "Palmerston sent official dispatches to foreign leaders without her knowledge"}, {"question": "Who was the Foreign Secretary of Russell's ministry?", "answer": "Lord Palmerston"}, {"question": "To what party did Russell and Palmerston belong?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "What replaced Russell's administration?", "answer": "a short-lived minority government led by Lord Derby"}, {"question": "What happened to President Bonaparte in 1852?", "answer": "declared Emperor Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Whom did Palmerston fail to gain approval from befoe announcing the support of the British government of Napoleon's coup? ", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "Who did Victorias eldest daughter marry?", "answer": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria's oldest daughter get married?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she agreed to marry the Prince?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she was married?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Where did princess Victoria move to after she was married?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who did Princess Victoria marry at the age of 17? ", "answer": "Prince Frederick William of Prussia"}, {"question": "How old was Princess Victoria when she became engaged to Prince Frederick? ", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Where did Princess Victoria and her husband leave for after their marriage? ", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen Victoria's first grandchild? ", "answer": "Wilhelm"}, {"question": "What position did Wilhelm later hold in Germany? ", "answer": "last German Kaiser"}, {"question": "When was Victoria's oldest daughter married?", "answer": "Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria's oldest daughter when she was amrried?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What did Queen Victoria hope for the marriage between her daughter and Prince Frederick William?", "answer": "liberalising influence in the enlarging Prussian state"}, {"question": "Who was the Queen's first grandchild?", "answer": "Wilhelm"}, {"question": "What future awaited the first grandson of Queen Victoria?", "answer": "the last German Kaiser"}, {"question": "Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?", "answer": "George III"}, {"question": "Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?", "answer": "Princess Charlotte of Wales"}, {"question": "What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?", "answer": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victorias father?", "answer": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"}, {"question": "Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?", "answer": "Princess Charlotte of Wales"}, {"question": "Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?", "answer": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}, {"question": "Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?", "answer": "Prince of Leiningen"}, {"question": "What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?", "answer": "4.15 a.m"}, {"question": "Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? ", "answer": "Leopold"}, {"question": "Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?", "answer": "The Duke and Duchess of Kent"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria born?", "answer": "4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?", "answer": "Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?", "answer": "Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"}, {"question": "Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?", "answer": "Carl (1804\u20131856) and Feodora (1807\u20131872)"}, {"question": "The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?", "answer": "the Belgians"}, {"question": "What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?", "answer": "1831"}, {"question": "Who was the nephew of leopold?", "answer": "Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"}, {"question": "Who was Alberts father?", "answer": "Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"}, {"question": "How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?", "answer": "very plain"}, {"question": "Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead? ", "answer": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands"}, {"question": "Prince Alexander was the second son of whom? ", "answer": "Prince of Orange"}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange? ", "answer": "very plain"}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about Albert?", "answer": "enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning"}, {"question": "Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?", "answer": "the Duchess's brother, Leopold"}, {"question": "Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?", "answer": "Prince Alexander of the Netherlands"}, {"question": "What year did Victorias reputation begin to suffer?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "What was the job of lady Flora Hastings in Victorias household?", "answer": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting"}, {"question": "What health issue did Flora hastings develope that began to ruin Victorias reputation?", "answer": "an abdominal growth"}, {"question": "What was Flora hastings abdominal growth rumored to be?", "answer": "an out-of-wedlock pregnancy"}, {"question": "Who was rumored to be the father of Flora Hastings \"pregnancy\"?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "What lady in waiting was at the heart of a 1839 court scandal?", "answer": "Lady Flora Hastings"}, {"question": "What was the cause of Lady Flora's death in July? ", "answer": "large tumour on her liver"}, {"question": "With whom did Lady Flora consipire against Queen Victoria? ", "answer": "Conroy and the Duchess of Kent"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria called after Lady Flora's death due?", "answer": "Mrs. Melbourne"}, {"question": "Who, in Victoria's court, was accused of having a pregnancy outside of mariage?", "answer": "one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings"}, {"question": "Who was believed to be the father of Lady Flor's \"baby\"?", "answer": "Sir John Conroy"}, {"question": "What did Victoria think of Lady Flora?", "answer": "despised"}, {"question": "Why did Victoria hate Sir Conroy and Lady Flora?", "answer": "the Kensington System"}, {"question": "What was actually the cause of Lady Flora's \"pregnancy\"?", "answer": "large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen"}, {"question": "What year was the Third French Republic established?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?", "answer": "Trafalgar Square"}, {"question": "Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?", "answer": "Radical MPs"}, {"question": "In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?", "answer": "arm"}, {"question": "Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?", "answer": "Joseph Lister"}, {"question": "How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?", "answer": "boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic"}, {"question": "Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? ", "answer": "Trafalgar Square"}, {"question": "What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?", "answer": "new antiseptic carbolic acid spray"}, {"question": "What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? ", "answer": "typhoid fever"}, {"question": "What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?", "answer": "establishment of the Third French Republic"}, {"question": "When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?", "answer": "carbolic acid spray"}, {"question": "What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?", "answer": "typhoid fever"}, {"question": "Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?", "answer": "Radical MPs"}, {"question": "After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?", "answer": "the tenth anniversary of her husband's death"}, {"question": "What year was Queen Victorias first pregnancy?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "Who attempted to assasinate Victoria while she was riding in a carriage?", "answer": "Edward Oxford"}, {"question": "How old was Edward Oxford?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Who was riding in the carriage with Victoria when Oxford attempted to assasinate her?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and miss?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "Who tried to assassinate Queen Victoria while she was pregnant with her first child?", "answer": "Edward Oxford"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria's first daughter born? ", "answer": "21 November 1840"}, {"question": "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had how many more children after Victoria's birth? ", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What year was Albert Edward, Queen Victoria's first born son born? ", "answer": "1841"}, {"question": "What major life event was Victoria facing when she also had to contend with her first assassination attempt?", "answer": "first pregnancy"}, {"question": "When was Victoria's first assassination attempt?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "What did the first assassination attempt do for Victoria's reign?", "answer": "popularity soared"}, {"question": "What was Edward Oxford charged with after his assassination attempt?", "answer": "high treason"}, {"question": "What happened to Edward Oxford to after he was found guilty of high treason?", "answer": "acquitted on the grounds of insanity"}, {"question": "Who did Victoria try to convince Disraeli  to act against during the Russo-Turkish war?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What impact did Victorias threats have on the impact of the Russo=Turkish war?", "answer": "no impact"}, {"question": "What Disraeli policy did Victoria endorse?", "answer": "expansionist foreign policy"}, {"question": "Who lost the Disraeli general election in 1880?", "answer": "Disraeli"}, {"question": "Who returned as prime minister when Disraeli lost the general election in 1880?", "answer": "Gladstone"}, {"question": "What caused Queen Victoria to threaten to abdicate five times? ", "answer": "Russo-Turkish War"}, {"question": "What ended the Russo-Turkish War?", "answer": "Congress of Berlin"}, {"question": "Why did Queen Victoria want to take over other countries? ", "answer": "protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers"}, {"question": "Who was elected Prime Minister after Disareli lost the election in 1880?", "answer": "Gladstone"}, {"question": "To whom did Queen Victoria dedicate a memorial after his death for grateful service? ", "answer": "Disraeli"}, {"question": "What position did Victoria take on how to be a successful and top notch power?", "answer": "be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY"}, {"question": "Who won the 1880 general election?", "answer": "Gladstone"}, {"question": "What conflicts can be attributed to Disraeli's stance on foreign policy?", "answer": "Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War"}, {"question": "What did Victoria place to memorialize Disraeli?", "answer": "a memorial tablet"}, {"question": "who was britains closest ally since the Crimean war?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon iii visit London?", "answer": "April 1855"}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon Meet Victoria and Albert?", "answer": "Dunkirk"}, {"question": "Napoleon accompanied Victoria and Alber to what city diring the visit?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Victoria and Albert were the guests of honor at a large ball that took place where?", "answer": "the Palace of Versailles"}, {"question": "Who was Britains's closest ally following the Crimean War?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon III and the royal couple visit? ", "answer": "Exposition Universelle"}, {"question": "When were Napoleon I remains returned to their resting place at Les Invalides? ", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "How many guests attented a ball at the Palace of Versaille with Napoleon III and the royal couple in attendence?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon III meet Victoria and Albert, before accompanying them to Paris?", "answer": "Dunkirk"}, {"question": "When were Napoleon I's remains interred in his mausoleum?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "Who was Britian's closest ally after the Crimean War?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Where were Victoria and Albert honored guests at ball thrown by Napoleon III?", "answer": "Palace of Versailles"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon III visit London?", "answer": "April 1855"}, {"question": "What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?", "answer": "John Brown"}, {"question": "Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?", "answer": "a romantic connection"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?", "answer": "Mrs. Brown"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?", "answer": "Mrs. Brown"}, {"question": "What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?", "answer": "Mrs. Brown"}, {"question": "What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?", "answer": "Sir Edwin Henry Landseer"}, {"question": "In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?", "answer": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands"}, {"question": "Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?", "answer": "John Brown"}, {"question": "Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?", "answer": "Mrs. Brown"}, {"question": "Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?", "answer": "Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands"}, {"question": "Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?", "answer": "John Brown"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?", "answer": "Osborne House"}, {"question": "Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?", "answer": "on the Isle of Wight"}, {"question": "What had caused Victoria to be lame?", "answer": "Rheumatism in her legs"}, {"question": "Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?", "answer": "cataracts"}, {"question": "What was the date of Queen Victorias death?", "answer": "22 January 1901"}, {"question": "Where was Osborne House located?", "answer": "Isle of Wight"}, {"question": "When did Queen Victoria die? ", "answer": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901"}, {"question": "How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? ", "answer": "81"}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? ", "answer": "King Edward VII"}, {"question": "Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? ", "answer": "pet Pomeranian, Turri"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?", "answer": "Osborne House on the Isle of Wight"}, {"question": "What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?", "answer": "Rheumatism"}, {"question": "Whaen did Queen Victoria die?", "answer": "Tuesday, 22 January 1901"}, {"question": "How old was Victoria when she died?", "answer": "81"}, {"question": "Who was Queen Victoria's successor?", "answer": "King Edward VII"}, {"question": "In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?", "answer": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?", "answer": "Royal Titles Act 1876"}, {"question": "In 1876 Victoria held what title?", "answer": "Empress of India"}, {"question": "What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? ", "answer": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874"}, {"question": "Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? ", "answer": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?", "answer": "Disraeli"}, {"question": "When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? ", "answer": "1 May 1876"}, {"question": "Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? ", "answer": "Delhi Durbar"}, {"question": "When was Disraeli returned to office?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?", "answer": "removed Catholic rituals"}, {"question": "Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?", "answer": "presbyterian Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?", "answer": "Royal Titles Act 1876"}, {"question": "Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?", "answer": "Public Worship Regulation Act 1874"}, {"question": "What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?", "answer": "modern constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?", "answer": "the voting system"}, {"question": "As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?", "answer": "morality and family values"}, {"question": "What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?", "answer": "family monarchy"}, {"question": "How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? ", "answer": "increased the power"}, {"question": "What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? ", "answer": "emphasis on morality and family values"}, {"question": "What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?", "answer": "family monarchy"}, {"question": "What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? ", "answer": "modern constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?", "answer": "modern constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "What increased the power in the House of Commons?", "answer": "Reforms of the voting system"}, {"question": "Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?", "answer": "House of Lords and the monarch"}, {"question": "Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?", "answer": "symbolic"}, {"question": "What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?", "answer": "family"}, {"question": "What year did Gladstone resign?", "answer": "1885"}, {"question": "Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?", "answer": "his budget"}, {"question": "Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?", "answer": "General Gordon at Khartoum."}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "How long did Lord Salisburys government last?", "answer": "a few months"}, {"question": "What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?", "answer": "General Gordon"}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? ", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? ", "answer": "granting Ireland home rule"}, {"question": "Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?", "answer": "Salisbury"}, {"question": "Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? ", "answer": "his budget was defeated"}, {"question": "When did Gladstone resign?", "answer": "1885"}, {"question": "Why did Gladstone resign?", "answer": "his budget was defeated"}, {"question": "How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?", "answer": "pleased"}, {"question": "Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?", "answer": "General Gordon"}, {"question": "Who replaced Gladstone?", "answer": "Lord Salisbury"}, {"question": "How many words a day did Victoria write?", "answer": "average of 2,500"}, {"question": "What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?", "answer": "1832"}, {"question": "How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?", "answer": "122"}, {"question": "Who was Victorias youngest daughter?", "answer": "Princess Beatrice"}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?", "answer": "transcribed and edited"}, {"question": "How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?", "answer": "122"}, {"question": "Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? ", "answer": "Princess Beatrice"}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? ", "answer": "burned the originals"}, {"question": "Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? ", "answer": "Lord Esher"}, {"question": "What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?", "answer": "Giles St Aubyn"}, {"question": "How avid of a writer was the Queen?", "answer": "Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day"}, {"question": "How many volumes did her journal span?", "answer": "122 volumes"}, {"question": "Who was Victoria's literary executer?", "answer": "her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice"}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?", "answer": "transcribed and edited"}, {"question": "What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?", "answer": "burned"}, {"question": "What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?", "answer": "Recognition"}, {"question": "What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?", "answer": "amity"}, {"question": "What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? ", "answer": "Masonic communication"}, {"question": "What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?", "answer": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity"}, {"question": "What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?", "answer": "brethren"}, {"question": "Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?", "answer": "amity"}, {"question": "What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?", "answer": "Recognition"}, {"question": "What does each Grand Lodge maintain?", "answer": "a list"}, {"question": "What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? ", "answer": "inter-visitation"}, {"question": "What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?", "answer": "Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity"}, {"question": "When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?", "answer": "The fifteenth century"}, {"question": "How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?", "answer": "middle of the 19th century"}, {"question": "What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?", "answer": "fidelity"}, {"question": "What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?", "answer": "Regius Poem"}, {"question": "When was the Regius Poem written?", "answer": "1425"}, {"question": "When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?", "answer": "middle of the 19th century"}, {"question": "What are the old Masonic document referred as?", "answer": "Old Charges"}, {"question": "The Old Charges are dated from when to when?", "answer": "about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century"}, {"question": "The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?", "answer": "ceremonial regalia."}, {"question": "The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?", "answer": "Old Charges"}, {"question": "Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?", "answer": "Freemasonry was not a religion"}, {"question": "What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?", "answer": "existence of God and the immortality of the soul"}, {"question": "Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?", "answer": "United Grand Lodge of England"}, {"question": "What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?", "answer": "political tension between France and Britain"}, {"question": "How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?", "answer": "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity"}, {"question": "What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?", "answer": "Grand Orient of France"}, {"question": "What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?", "answer": "political tension between France and Britain"}, {"question": "Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?", "answer": "Grand Orient de France"}, {"question": "When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?", "answer": "during the 1720s"}, {"question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?", "answer": "James Anderson"}, {"question": "Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?", "answer": "Lodges of Adoption"}, {"question": "When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?", "answer": "during the 1720s"}, {"question": "Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?", "answer": "James Anderson"}, {"question": "Who is excluded from Freemasonry?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What were lodges called that included women?", "answer": "Lodges of Adoption"}, {"question": "Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?", "answer": "The French"}, {"question": "What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?", "answer": "mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism"}, {"question": "What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?", "answer": "rationalism and naturalism"}, {"question": "Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?", "answer": "No one voice"}, {"question": "Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?", "answer": "Albert Pike"}, {"question": "What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?", "answer": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA"}, {"question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? ", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "Who was controversial among Freemasons?", "answer": "Albert Pike"}, {"question": "Who has spoke for all Freemasons?", "answer": "No one"}, {"question": "Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?", "answer": "late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA"}, {"question": "What put English Freemasonry at risk?", "answer": "Parliamentary proclamation"}, {"question": "What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?", "answer": "meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation"}, {"question": "When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?", "answer": "a list of the members of his lodge"}, {"question": "Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?", "answer": "Prime Minister William Pitt"}, {"question": "English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?", "answer": "Parliamentary proclamation"}, {"question": "What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?", "answer": "the Unlawful Societies Act 1799"}, {"question": "Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?", "answer": "Prime Minister William Pitt"}, {"question": "What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?", "answer": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism"}, {"question": "What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?", "answer": "Professor Andrew Prescott"}, {"question": "According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?", "answer": "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion"}, {"question": "In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?", "answer": "antisemitism and anti-Zionism"}, {"question": "Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?", "answer": "Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party"}, {"question": "Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?", "answer": "Professor Andrew Prescott"}, {"question": "What do most masonic rituals consist of?", "answer": "degree ceremonies"}, {"question": "What is the first degree of Masonry?", "answer": "Entered Apprentice"}, {"question": "What is the second degree of Masonry?", "answer": "Fellowcraft"}, {"question": "What is the final degree of Masonry?", "answer": "Master Mason"}, {"question": "What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?", "answer": "passwords, signs and grips"}, {"question": "The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?", "answer": "degree ceremonies"}, {"question": "What is the first of degree ceremonies?", "answer": "the degree of Entered Apprentice"}, {"question": "What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?", "answer": "the degree of Fellowcraft"}, {"question": "What is the final degree in the Freemasons?", "answer": "the degree of Master Mason"}, {"question": "What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?", "answer": "the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge"}, {"question": "When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?", "answer": "the 1720s"}, {"question": "Who were the first English Freemasons in France?", "answer": "lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites"}, {"question": "When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who formed the Grand Loge de France?", "answer": "Duke of Clermont"}, {"question": "Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?", "answer": "Duke of Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "When did English Freemasonry spread to France?", "answer": "the 1720s"}, {"question": "When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "The Grand Loge de France formed under who?", "answer": "the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont"}, {"question": "Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?", "answer": "the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?", "answer": "1773"}, {"question": "Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?", "answer": "provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide"}, {"question": "When was CLIPSAS set up?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What are two major sections of Freemasonry?", "answer": "Anglo-American and Continental"}, {"question": "What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?", "answer": "Irregular"}, {"question": "What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?", "answer": "the Liberal (Continental) strand"}, {"question": "The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?", "answer": "does not communicate"}, {"question": "Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?", "answer": "teaches a naturalistic deistic religion"}, {"question": "Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?", "answer": "Pope Clement XII"}, {"question": "When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?", "answer": "28 April 1738"}, {"question": "What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?", "answer": "Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890"}, {"question": "Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?", "answer": "The 1917 Code of Canon Law"}, {"question": "The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?", "answer": "Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion"}, {"question": "What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?", "answer": "Pope Clement XII"}, {"question": "What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?", "answer": "Pope Leo XIII"}, {"question": "What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?", "answer": "cannot partake of the Eucharist"}, {"question": "What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?", "answer": "cannot be at all compatible with Christianity"}, {"question": "What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?", "answer": "constitutes an act of apostasy"}, {"question": "When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?", "answer": "Roman Catholic and Protestant"}, {"question": "In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?", "answer": "the Eucharist"}, {"question": "What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?", "answer": "belief in a Supreme Being"}, {"question": "Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?", "answer": "few cases"}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?", "answer": "Continental Freemasonry"}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?", "answer": "\"Liberal\" or Continental"}, {"question": "Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?", "answer": "Swedish Rite"}, {"question": "Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?", "answer": "a Supreme Being"}, {"question": "Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "What Freemason group accept atheists?", "answer": "the Grand Orient de France"}, {"question": "The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?", "answer": "Liberal\" or Continental Freemasonry"}, {"question": "What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?", "answer": "only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area"}, {"question": "What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?", "answer": "the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them"}, {"question": "What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?", "answer": "Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived"}, {"question": "If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?", "answer": "recognise both"}, {"question": "What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?", "answer": "choose between them"}, {"question": "What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?", "answer": "Exclusive Jurisdiction"}, {"question": "In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?", "answer": "when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction"}, {"question": "From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?", "answer": "17th\u201318th"}, {"question": "What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?", "answer": "Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland"}, {"question": "What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?", "answer": "accepted or speculative Masons"}, {"question": "When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?", "answer": "show continuity"}, {"question": "What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?", "answer": "the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1"}, {"question": "When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?", "answer": "1598"}, {"question": "When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?", "answer": "in the later 18th century"}, {"question": "Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?", "answer": "refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans"}, {"question": "When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?", "answer": "1775"}, {"question": "What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?", "answer": "U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls"}, {"question": "What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?", "answer": "African Lodge, Number 1"}, {"question": "What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?", "answer": "became a de facto \"Grand Lodge\""}, {"question": "What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?", "answer": "Prince Hall Freemasonry"}, {"question": "In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?", "answer": "1775"}, {"question": "When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?", "answer": "1784"}, {"question": "When was the UGLE formed?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "The African Lodge re-titled itself what?", "answer": "the African Lodge, Number 1"}, {"question": "When was Maria Deraismes initiated into Freemasonry?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Why did Deraismes resign from Freemasonry?", "answer": "allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge"}, {"question": "What led to exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England?", "answer": "Disagreements over ritual"}, {"question": "Who, along with Maria Dersaismes, started a mixed gender masonic lodge?", "answer": "Georges Martin"}, {"question": "Who brought the message of mixed gender, practicing masonic lodges to the English speaking?", "answer": "Annie Besant"}, {"question": "Who resigned from the Freemasons for their lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge?", "answer": "Maria Deraismes"}, {"question": "What year was Maria Deraismes initiated into the Freemasons?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Maria Deraismes and who else started a mixed masonic lodge?", "answer": "Georges Martin"}, {"question": "What year was an all-female masonic lodge created?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "What year was the all-female masonic lodge cast aside?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "What do Islamic anti-masonics link Freemasonry to?", "answer": "al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah"}, {"question": "Why do muslim anti-masonics believe that the Freemasons want to destroy the Al-Aqsa Mosque?", "answer": "rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What is another group that anti-masonic muslims link to zionism?", "answer": "Rotary"}, {"question": "What are most of the arguements by anti-masonic muslims centered on? ", "answer": "antisemitism and Anti-Zionism"}, {"question": "Who's interests are the muslin anti-masonics afraid that the Freemasons are protecting?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "What do many Islamic and anti-Masonic argue about Freemasonry?", "answer": "linking Freemasonry to al-Masih ad-Dajjal (the false Messiah)"}, {"question": "Some Muslims argue that Freemasonry promotes what?", "answer": "the interests of the Jews"}, {"question": "What article states that Freemasonry work in the interest of Zionism?", "answer": "article 28"}, {"question": "How many Freemasons are believed to have been killed under Hitler's Nazi Regime?", "answer": "between 80,000 and 200,000"}, {"question": "What kind of prisioner was a Freemason considered to be?", "answer": "political prisoners"}, {"question": "What identifier did the Nazis make the Freemason prisioners wear?", "answer": "inverted red triangle"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for creating antisemetic and anti-masonic propaganda?", "answer": "Professor Franz Six"}, {"question": "Where is most of the informaton about Freemasons persecuted in the Holocaust located?", "answer": "The preserved records of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (the Reich Security Main Office)"}, {"question": "What is the Relch Security Main Office also called?", "answer": "Reichssicherheitshauptamt"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for ideological tasks of the written records?", "answer": "Professor Franz Six"}, {"question": "How many Freemasons were killed under the Nazi regime?", "answer": "between 80,000 and 200,000"}, {"question": "What did Masonic concentration camp inmates have to wear?", "answer": "an inverted red triangle."}, {"question": "Where are the origins of Freemasonry?", "answer": "local fraternities of stonemasons"}, {"question": "What were the fraternaties of stonemasons origionally responsible for?", "answer": "regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients"}, {"question": "Where did the degrees of Freemasonry derived from?", "answer": "the three grades of medieval craft guilds"}, {"question": "What are the degrees of Freemasonry?", "answer": "Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason"}, {"question": "Freemasons trace their origins to what?", "answer": "the local fraternities of stonemasons"}, {"question": "How many grades are there in medieval craft guilds?", "answer": "three grades"}, {"question": "Craft Freemasonry is also known as what?", "answer": "Blue Lodge"}, {"question": "Members of Craft Masonry are called what?", "answer": "Freemasons or Masons"}, {"question": "How are Freemasons invited to join a lodge?", "answer": "they are never invited"}, {"question": "How does one become a Freemason?", "answer": "The onus is on candidates to ask to join"}, {"question": "Can women ask to be a member of the Masonic Lodge?", "answer": "depending on the Masonic Jurisdiction"}, {"question": "How can you find a lodge to ask to be a member of?", "answer": "track down a local Lodge through the Internet"}, {"question": "Candidates for Freemasonry must do what before being initiated? ", "answer": "will have met most active members of the Lodge they are joining"}, {"question": "Candidates are normally introduced to the lodge by whom?", "answer": "a friend"}, {"question": "Now days, many interested people find a Masonic Lodge using what?", "answer": "the Internet"}, {"question": "Candidates are never what to a Masonic lodge?", "answer": "never invited"}, {"question": "What usually follows an initial inquiry of a candidate?", "answer": "an interview"}, {"question": "How large is the membership of Freemasonry?", "answer": "around six million worldwide"}, {"question": "What is the largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?", "answer": "United Grand Lodge of England"}, {"question": "How many members does the UGLE have?", "answer": "around a quarter million"}, {"question": "What are the membership numbers of the United States?", "answer": "just under two million"}, {"question": "How many members does the Grand Lodge of Scotland and the Grand Lodge of Ireland have, together?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "How many members are in Freemasonry?", "answer": "around six million worldwide"}, {"question": "What lodge has the single largest single jurisdiction of Freemasonry?", "answer": "the United Grand Lodge of England"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Grand Lodge of England?", "answer": "around a quarter million"}, {"question": "The Grand Lodges of Scotland and Ireland have how many member?", "answer": "approximately 150,000 members"}, {"question": "The United States has how many Freemason members?", "answer": "just under two million"}, {"question": "Are masons allowed to divulge the secrets of each degree?", "answer": "Masons swear at each degree to keep the contents of that degree secret"}, {"question": "How are oaths taken?", "answer": "on a Volume of Sacred Law"}, {"question": "In what branch can books, other than scripture, be used for the purpose of oath taking?", "answer": "Progressive continental Freemasonry"}, {"question": "What can be considered a Volume of Sacred Law?", "answer": "whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother"}, {"question": "Masons swear to protect their brethren unless they what?", "answer": "have broken the law"}, {"question": "Most lodges have the oath taken on what?", "answer": "Volume of Sacred Law"}, {"question": "Mason swear at each degree to do what?", "answer": "keep the contents of that degree secret"}, {"question": "Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?", "answer": "1715"}, {"question": "When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?", "answer": "1731"}, {"question": "Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?", "answer": "Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland"}, {"question": "When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?", "answer": "after they were confident of their own survival"}, {"question": "Where were the earliest lodges in America?", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?", "answer": "John Moore"}, {"question": "A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?", "answer": "1731"}, {"question": "The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?", "answer": "as early as 1917"}, {"question": "How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?", "answer": "Nine"}, {"question": "What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?", "answer": "the death penalty"}, {"question": "When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?", "answer": "the United Grand Lodge of England"}, {"question": "When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?", "answer": "Saddam Hussein"}, {"question": "When was the United Grand Lodge of England Formed?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "The Grand Orient de France and the United Grand Lodge of England continued in amity until when?", "answer": "the 1860s and 1870s"}, {"question": "What year did the Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Louisiana appear in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "In what year was a new code to the Canon Law issued by the church?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Who clarified the new code of Canon law of 1983?", "answer": "Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger"}, {"question": "Do Freemasons allow Catholics into their fraternity?", "answer": "Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity"}, {"question": "Judges and police officers had to disclose their Freemason membership in what years in England?", "answer": "from 1999 to 2009"}, {"question": "Who ended the English Masonic disclosure policy in 2009?", "answer": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw"}, {"question": "Justice Secretary Jack Straw ended the Masonic disclosure law on what grounds?", "answer": "the rule was considered disproportionate"}, {"question": "What is the basic organizational unit of Freemasonry?", "answer": "The Masonic Lodge"}, {"question": "Name examples of usual formal business that Freemasons have at their lodge.", "answer": "pay bills, organise social and charitable events, elect new members"}, {"question": "What usually happens at the conclusion of a lodge meeting?", "answer": "a formal dinner"}, {"question": "When does a candidate swear to fullfil his obligations as a Mason?", "answer": "During the ceremony of initiation"}, {"question": "What does a candidate swear on?", "answer": "usually on a volume of sacred text"}, {"question": "How many degrees must a Mason swear to keep the secrets from outsiders?", "answer": "three degrees"}, {"question": "Are Freemasons free to explore the craft?", "answer": "Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying"}, {"question": "What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?", "answer": "Regularity"}, {"question": "Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?", "answer": "Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition"}, {"question": "When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?", "answer": "If the differences are significant"}, {"question": "All Freemasons are progressively initiated, passed, and raised in three degrees of what?", "answer": "Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry"}, {"question": "The initiations are part allegory and part what?", "answer": "lecture"}, {"question": "What is the final of the three steps of Freemasonry?", "answer": "Master Mason"}, {"question": "Who was the chief architect of the Temple of Solomon?", "answer": "Hiram Abiff"}, {"question": "How many versions of the Hiram myth are there?", "answer": "at least two"}, {"question": "The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?", "answer": "GLE"}, {"question": "When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?", "answer": "24 June 1717"}, {"question": "The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?", "answer": "17 July 1751"}, {"question": "The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?", "answer": "27 December 1813"}, {"question": "Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?", "answer": "the Moderns"}, {"question": "When did North American Masonic lodges recognize members of the Prince Hall Lodge?", "answer": "By the 1980s"}, {"question": "Who is the Prince Hall Lodge open to?", "answer": "Prince Hall is open to all men"}, {"question": "Does the United Grand Lodge of England recognize Prince Hall Lodges?", "answer": "The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall Grand Lodges"}, {"question": "When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?", "answer": "the 1890s"}, {"question": "When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?", "answer": "the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite"}, {"question": "Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?", "answer": "most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons"}, {"question": "What English Archbishop was a member of the Freemasons?", "answer": "Geoffrey Fisher"}, {"question": "What former Archbishop of Canterbury has reservations about the Freemasons?", "answer": "Dr Rowan Williams"}, {"question": "What year did Dr. Rowan Williams apologize to the Freemasons?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Dr. Rowan Williams was also Bishop of what?", "answer": "Bishop of Monmouth"}, {"question": "Freemasonry was linked to scandal in Italy due to what?", "answer": "Propaganda Due lodge"}, {"question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was chartered by who?", "answer": "Grande Oriente d'Italia"}, {"question": "When did the Grande Oriente d'italia charter the Propaganda Due Lodge?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "The Propaganda Due Lodge was also know as what?", "answer": "P2"}, {"question": "When did the Grand Orient d'italia expel Licio Gelli and revoked the charter of P2?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "When did the UN recommend the Partition Plan?", "answer": "29 November 1947"}, {"question": "When was the end of the British Mandate set?", "answer": "midnight on 14 May 1948"}, {"question": "Who was the executive head of the Zionist Organization?", "answer": "David Ben-Gurion"}, {"question": "What is the official State of Israel?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Where is Israel located?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "What's Israel's financial and technology center?", "answer": "Tel Aviv"}, {"question": "What was the population of Israel in 2016?", "answer": "8,476,600"}, {"question": "How many citizens in Israel are Jewish?", "answer": "6,345,400"}, {"question": "How many citizens in Israel are Arab?", "answer": "1,760,400"}, {"question": "Israel defines itself as what?", "answer": "Jewish and democratic state"}, {"question": "Where is Israel's economy ranked?", "answer": "35th"}, {"question": "Where is Israel's standard of living ranked in Asia?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Who was Moses?", "answer": "a great-great grandson of Jacob"}, {"question": "Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the \"Exodus?\"", "answer": "Moses"}, {"question": "What does the word \"Israel\" refer to?", "answer": "Jacob"}, {"question": "What is the \"Land of Israel\" known as in Hebrew?", "answer": "Eretz Yisrael"}, {"question": "According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?", "answer": "early 2nd millennium BCE"}, {"question": "When does the first record of the name Israel occurs?", "answer": "Merneptah stele"}, {"question": "Who did the ancestors of Israelites include?", "answer": "Semites"}, {"question": "What did Canaanites prohibit?", "answer": "intermarriage"}, {"question": "When did the kingdom split?", "answer": "930 BCE"}, {"question": "What was the name of the destroyed capital?", "answer": "Samaria"}, {"question": "Who captured Samaria?", "answer": "Assyrian king Sargon II"}, {"question": "Who conquered Judah?", "answer": "King Nebuchadnezzar II"}, {"question": "How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "How many Judeans did Ezra lead?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?", "answer": "167 BCE"}, {"question": "What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?", "answer": "Hasmonean Kingdom"}, {"question": "Who dominated the society?", "answer": "Judeans"}, {"question": "When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?", "answer": "132 CE"}, {"question": "Who conquered the country in 628?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "What was evolving over Roman paganism?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Who did the Jewish inhabitants fight side by side with?", "answer": "Fatimid garrison"}, {"question": "How many people were massacred when the city fell?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "How many Jews were seeking refuge?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?", "answer": "1165"}, {"question": "Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?", "answer": "Yehuda Halevi"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?", "answer": "Sultan Saladin"}, {"question": "When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?", "answer": "1211"}, {"question": "Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?", "answer": "Nachmanides"}, {"question": "What did Nachmanides write?", "answer": "\"If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms"}, {"question": "When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?", "answer": "1260"}, {"question": "What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?", "answer": "Cairo and Damascus"}, {"question": "When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?", "answer": "1266"}, {"question": "Many Jews have aspired to return to where?", "answer": "Zion"}, {"question": "Where did some Jewish communities settle after they were expelled from Spain?", "answer": "Palestine"}, {"question": "Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of how many Jews into Jerusalem?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "What was the first wave of modern Jewish migration to Ottoman-ruled Palestine known as?", "answer": "First Aliyah"}, {"question": "When did the First Aliyah begin?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "Who is credited as founding political Zionism?", "answer": "Theodor Herzl"}, {"question": "When did the Second Aliyah begin?", "answer": "after the Kishinev pogrom"}, {"question": "How many Jews settled into Palestine?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "The first and second wave of migrants were mainly who?", "answer": "Orthodox Jews"}, {"question": "What is the Jewish Legion?", "answer": "a group primarily of Zionist volunteers"}, {"question": "When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?", "answer": "The Defense"}, {"question": "How many Jews did the Third and Fourth Aliyahs bring to Palestine?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "When did Irgun attack the British administrative headquarters?", "answer": "July 22, 1946"}, {"question": "What was the Jewish population in Palestine by the end of World War II?", "answer": "33%"}, {"question": "What country experienced conflict with the Jewish community after World War II?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When was the King David Hotel bombing?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "When did the British government announce it would withdraw from Mandatory Palestine?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What is the UNSCOP?", "answer": "United Nations Special Committee on Palestine"}, {"question": "When was the UNSCOP formed?", "answer": "15 May 1947"}, {"question": "What was the last to be under an International Trusteeship System?", "answer": "City of Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What four Arab countries entered British Mandatory Palestine?", "answer": "Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq"}, {"question": "When was the Arab-Israeli War launched?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What were the invading Arab armies aim?", "answer": "slaughter the Jews"}, {"question": "Who aided the immigration to Israel?", "answer": "Israeli Immigration Department"}, {"question": "The immigration was in accordance to what?", "answer": "One Million Plan"}, {"question": "When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to what between 1948 and 1958?", "answer": "two million"}, {"question": "What ideology did some immigrants believe in?", "answer": "Zionist"}, {"question": "Between 1948 and 1970, how many Jewish refugees relocated to Israel?", "answer": "1,150,000"}, {"question": "What were temporary camps known as?", "answer": "ma'abarot"}, {"question": "How many immigrants lived in these tent cities?", "answer": "over 200,000"}, {"question": "Who signed a reparations agreement with West Germany?", "answer": "Ben-Gurion"}, {"question": "When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Who was Israel frequently attacked by?", "answer": "Palestinian fedayeen"}, {"question": "What did the war result in?", "answer": "significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration"}, {"question": "Who refused toe recognize Israel?", "answer": "Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser"}, {"question": "When did Egypt mass it's army near the border with Israel?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What became the administrative boundary between Israel and occupied territories?", "answer": "Green Line"}, {"question": "Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?", "answer": "1972 Summer Olympics in Munich"}, {"question": "What was the resolution of the Arab league?", "answer": "three nos"}, {"question": "What did the ELO commit itself on?", "answer": "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland"}, {"question": "When did the Egyptian and Syrian armies launch a surprise attack against Israeli forces?", "answer": "6 October 1973"}, {"question": "How many lives were lost?", "answer": "10\u201335,000"}, {"question": "Who was forced to resign?", "answer": "Prime Minister Golda Meir"}, {"question": "Where did Anwar El Sadat make a trip to?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What did Sadat and Begin sign?", "answer": "Camp David Accords"}, {"question": "Israel withdrew from where?", "answer": "Sinai Peninsula"}, {"question": "When did the Coastal Road Massacre occur?", "answer": "11 March 1978"}, {"question": "Who secured southern Lebanon?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Where were the PLO bases located?", "answer": "south of the Litani River"}, {"question": "When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What is the Capital of Israel?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?", "answer": "Begin's government"}, {"question": "When did the Israeli air force destroy Iraq's sole nuclear reactor?", "answer": "7 June 1981"}, {"question": "Why did they destroy the nuclear reactor?", "answer": "impede Iraq's nuclear weapons program"}, {"question": "What government inquiry held Begin?", "answer": "Kahan Commission"}, {"question": "When did the First Intifada break out?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the violence?", "answer": "More than a thousand people"}, {"question": "PLO supported who during the Gulf War?", "answer": "Saddam Hussein"}, {"question": "Who became the Prime Minister in 1992?", "answer": "Yitzhak Rabin"}, {"question": "When was the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace signed?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "When was Yitzhak Rabin assassinated?", "answer": "November 1995"}, {"question": "Who led Israel in the 1990s?", "answer": "Benjamin Netanyahu"}, {"question": "What did Benjamin Netanyahu sign?", "answer": "Wye River Memorandum"}, {"question": "Who was elected Prime Minister in 1999?", "answer": "Ehud Barak"}, {"question": "Who visited the Temple Mount?", "answer": "Ariel Sharon"}, {"question": "When did Ariel Sharon become prime minister?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How many Palestinian fatalities were they by 30 April 2008?", "answer": "4,745"}, {"question": "When did the Israeli Air Force destroy a nuclear reactor in Syria?", "answer": "6 September 2007"}, {"question": "Who announced its own ceasefire? ", "answer": "Hamas"}, {"question": "How long did the operation in Gaza in November last?", "answer": "eight days"}, {"question": "Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?", "answer": "East of the central highlands"}, {"question": "What's home to 57% of the nation's population?", "answer": "Israeli Coastal Plain"}, {"question": "How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?", "answer": "20,770 square kilometers"}, {"question": "What river runs along the Jordan Rift Valley?", "answer": "Jordan River"}, {"question": "What is the largest makhtesh in the world?", "answer": "Ramon Crater"}, {"question": "Israel has the largest number of what per square meter in the basin?", "answer": "plant species"}, {"question": "What is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform?", "answer": "Jordan Rift Valley"}, {"question": "What does the tectonic disposition lead to?", "answer": "high seismic activity in the region"}, {"question": "The deficit can cause an earthquake of what magnitude to occur?", "answer": "Mw~7.4."}, {"question": "When did the most catastrophic earthquakes occur?", "answer": "31 BCE, 363, 749, and 1033 CE"}, {"question": "How many residential buildings did not meet construction standards?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "How often do earthquakes that lead to serious loss of life occur?", "answer": "every 80 years"}, {"question": "What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "What kind of climate does Arava have?", "answer": "desert"}, {"question": "What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi?", "answer": "54.0 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Israel developed what?", "answer": "various water-saving technologies"}, {"question": "What does Israelis take advantage of?", "answer": "sunlight"}, {"question": "Who leads the nation in solar energy use?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What was Israel's population in 2016?", "answer": "8,476,600"}, {"question": "How many African migrants entered Israel by June 2012?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "How many Israelis live in urban areas?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "How many Israeli citizens lived in West Bank settlements?", "answer": "over 300,000"}, {"question": "How many Israelis lived in Golan Heights settlements?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "When were Israelis evacuated from Gaza Strip?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What's the homeland for Jewish people?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Israeli Jews are born in Israel?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "What percent are Jewish intermarriage rates at?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "What are the two official languages of Israel?", "answer": "Hebrew and Arabic"}, {"question": "How many Israelis speak French?", "answer": "700,000"}, {"question": "How many Russian immigrants arrived in Israel?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "Muslims make up how much of the Israel's population?", "answer": "16%"}, {"question": "2% of the population in Israel are what?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Druze makes up what percent?", "answer": "1.5%"}, {"question": "What incorporates the Western Wall and the Temple Mount?", "answer": "Old City"}, {"question": "Where is Rachel's Tomb?", "answer": "Bethlehem"}, {"question": "Who do not teach their faith to Israelis?", "answer": "Bah\u00e1'\u00ed staff"}, {"question": "What was Israel ranked among OECD countries?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What did it rank in the number of academic degrees per capita?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Who praised Israel for its high quality education?", "answer": "Bill Gates"}, {"question": "What is the school expectancy in Israel?", "answer": "15.5 years"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in Israel?", "answer": "97.1%"}, {"question": "What is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate?", "answer": "Biblical scripture and civics"}, {"question": "How many public universities does Israel have?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "How many private colleges does Israel have?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "What is the oldest university in Israel?", "answer": "Technion"}, {"question": "Israel operates under what kind of system?", "answer": "parliamentary"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Knesset?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Knesset member is based on what?", "answer": "proportional representation of political parties"}, {"question": "What kind of court system does Israel have?", "answer": "three-tier"}, {"question": "Where is the Supreme Court located?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What is the highest tier?", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What legal traditions does Israel combine?", "answer": "English common law, civil law, and Jewish law"}, {"question": "What principle is it based on?", "answer": "stare decisis"}, {"question": "What is Israel's Basic Law?", "answer": "Human Dignity"}, {"question": "The State of Israel is divided into how many administrative districts?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What are these districts known as?", "answer": "mehozot"}, {"question": "How many sub-districts are there?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "How many metropolitan areas are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What metropolitan area has the largest population?", "answer": "Tel Aviv"}, {"question": "What is the population of Beer Sheva?", "answer": "559,700"}, {"question": "Who declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem?", "answer": "UN Security Council"}, {"question": "What was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War?", "answer": "Israeli West Bank"}, {"question": "Where did Israel withdraw and disband its military forces?", "answer": "Gaza Strip"}, {"question": "Israel views East Jerusalem as what?", "answer": "sovereign territory"}, {"question": "What emphasises the inadmissability of the acquisition of territory by war?", "answer": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 242"}, {"question": "What is the principle of normalization of relations with Arab states?", "answer": "Land for peace"}, {"question": "When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What was the majority of the population in the West Bank?", "answer": "Palestinians"}, {"question": "What percentage of the barrier will be constructed on the Green Line?", "answer": "13%"}, {"question": "The Gaza Strip was occupied by who from 1948 to 1967?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Who occupied the Gaza Strip after 1967?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "When did Hamas assume it's power in the Gaza Strip?", "answer": "June 2007"}, {"question": "How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?", "answer": "158"}, {"question": "How many diplomatic missions do they have?", "answer": "107"}, {"question": "How many Arab League members have relations with Israel?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel?", "answer": "United States and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who regards Israel as it's most reliable partner in the Middle East?", "answer": "The United States"}, {"question": "How much did the United States provide in military assistance?", "answer": "$68 billion"}, {"question": "How much did Germany pay in reparations to the Israeli state?", "answer": "25 billion euros"}, {"question": "What prime minister helped relations?", "answer": "Tony Blair"}, {"question": "What aims at bringing EU and its neighbours closer?", "answer": "European Neighbourhood Policy"}, {"question": "When did Turkey and Israel establish full diplomatic relations?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Who organized the flotilla?", "answer": "IHH"}, {"question": "When did Israel and Turkey's relations take a downturn?", "answer": "after the 2008\u201309 Gaza War"}, {"question": "When did India establish full diplomatic ties with Israel?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "Who's the most pro-Israel country in the world?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Israel is the second-largest military trading partner of India after who?", "answer": "Russian Federation"}, {"question": "How much does Israel spend on foreign aid?", "answer": "less than 0.1%"}, {"question": "When was MASHAV established?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Israel has a history of providing what?", "answer": "emergency aid"}, {"question": "How many delegations of IDF search and rescue units between 1985 and 2015?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "How many doctors did Israel send to Haiti?", "answer": "over 200"}, {"question": "How many patients did Israeli doctors treat in Japan?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces?", "answer": "Israel Defense Forces"}, {"question": "Who is the head of the IDF?", "answer": "Ramatkal"}, {"question": "When was the IDF founded?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What age are most Israelis drafted into the military?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How long do women serve in the military?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "What citizens are exempt from military service?", "answer": "Arab citizens"}, {"question": "The military relies on what?", "answer": "high-tech weapons systems"}, {"question": "What is one of the most crucial weapons in Israel's military history?", "answer": "Python air-to-air missile series"}, {"question": "The success of what program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching satellites?", "answer": "Ofeq"}, {"question": "Israel is widely believed to possess what?", "answer": "nuclear weapons"}, {"question": "What is armed with nuclear Popeye Turbo missiles?", "answer": "Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines"}, {"question": "All homes in Israel are required to have a room called what?", "answer": "Merkhav Mugan"}, {"question": "What two countries have a higher defense spending to GDP ratio than Israel?", "answer": "Oman and Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "What percentage of it's GDP was spent on defense in 1984?", "answer": "24%"}, {"question": "What was Israel's Global Peace Index rank in 2015?", "answer": "148th"}, {"question": "Who is considered the most advanced country in Southwest Asia?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "When did Israel join the OECD?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Where does Israel rank in number of startup companies in the world?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "Imports to Israel totaled what in 2012?", "answer": "$77.59 billion"}, {"question": "Israeli exports reached what in 2012?", "answer": "$64.74 billion"}, {"question": "What are the leading exports in Israel?", "answer": "electronics, software, computerized systems"}, {"question": "Israel is a leading country of what development?", "answer": "solar energy"}, {"question": "Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what?", "answer": "expenditure on Research and Development"}, {"question": "What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel?", "answer": "Intel and Microsoft"}, {"question": "What investor bought Iscar?", "answer": "Warren Buffett"}, {"question": "When did United States begin to provide foreign aid to Israel?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What was Israel's debt surplus in December 2015?", "answer": "US$118 billion"}, {"question": "What are the days of working in Israel?", "answer": "Sunday through Thursday"}, {"question": "Friday is considered what?", "answer": "short day"}, {"question": "Several proposals have been raised to do what?", "answer": "make Sunday a non-working day"}, {"question": "Israeli universities rank where in mathematics?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "How many Nobel Prize-winning scientists has Israel produced?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Israel leads the world in what research papers per capita?", "answer": "stem-cell research"}, {"question": "How much is Israel's water technology industry worth?", "answer": "$2 billion a year"}, {"question": "What's the largest desalination plant in the world?", "answer": "The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis"}, {"question": "How much drinking water is produced by Israel's desalination programs?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "How many homes in Israel use solar energy for hot water?", "answer": "Over 90%"}, {"question": "How much electricity does the country save per year?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "When did Better Place shut down?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What coordinates with all Israeli space research programs?", "answer": "Israeli Space Agency"}, {"question": "Futron's Space Competitiveness Index ranked Israel what in 2012?", "answer": "ninth in the world"}, {"question": "When did Israel launch it's first satellite?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "How many kilometers of paved roads does Israel have?", "answer": "18,096"}, {"question": "How many buses have scheduled routes in Israel?", "answer": "5,715"}, {"question": "How much cargo do railways transport per year?", "answer": "6.8 million tons"}, {"question": "What is the country's main hub for international air travel?", "answer": "Ben Gurion International Airport"}, {"question": "What is the country's oldest and largest port?", "answer": "Haifa Port"}, {"question": "How many international airports are in Israel?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is an important industry in Israel?", "answer": "Tourism"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited Israel in 2013?", "answer": "3.54 million"}, {"question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Israel?", "answer": "Western Wall"}, {"question": "Where does Israel's diverse culture stem from?", "answer": "diversity of its population"}, {"question": "Life revolves around what in Israel?", "answer": "Hebrew calendar"}, {"question": "Work and school holidays are determined by what?", "answer": "Jewish holidays"}, {"question": "Israeli literature is primarily written in what?", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "When is the Hebrew Book Week held?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "What is Israel's top literary reward?", "answer": "the Sapir Prize"}, {"question": "Shmuel Yosef Agnon shared the Nobel Prize with who in 1966?", "answer": "Nelly Sachs"}, {"question": "What Israel-Arab satirist is internationally known?", "answer": "Sayed Kashua"}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist?", "answer": "Emile Habibi"}, {"question": "What Israeli orchestra has been in operation for more than seventy years?", "answer": "Israel Philharmonic Orchestra"}, {"question": "What three internationally acclaimed musicians were born in Israel?", "answer": "Itzhak Perlman, Pinchas Zukerman and Ofra Haza"}, {"question": "Who hosts its own international music festival every summer?", "answer": "Eilat"}, {"question": "What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?", "answer": "Songs of the Land of Israel"}, {"question": "What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?", "answer": "Hora circle dance"}, {"question": "What's a flourishing field in Israel?", "answer": "Modern dance"}, {"question": "What internationally acclaimed violin virtuoso is from Israel?", "answer": "Taiseer Elias"}, {"question": "Who was awarded first prize in the all-Arab oud contest in Egypt in 2003?", "answer": "Darwish Darwish"}, {"question": "Who is the head of the advanced degree program in Arabic music?", "answer": "Taiseer Elias"}, {"question": "What is one of Israel's most important culturural institutions?", "answer": "The Israel Museum in Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What is an interactive museum on the campus of Tel Aviv University?", "answer": "Beth Hatefutsoth"}, {"question": "What is the largest art museum in the north of the country?", "answer": "Mishkan Le'Omanut on Kibbutz Ein Harod Meuhad"}, {"question": "When was Israeli fusion cuisine first developed?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Kosher restaurants make up what percent of total restaurants?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What is pork often called in Israel?", "answer": "white meat"}, {"question": "What styles of cooking has Israeli cuisine adopted?", "answer": "Mizrahi, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi"}, {"question": "What common ingredients are in Israeli cuisine?", "answer": "falafel, hummus, shakshouka, couscous, and za'atar"}, {"question": "Schnitzel, pizza, hamburgers, French fries, rice and salad are also very common where?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What are the most popular spectator sports in Israel?", "answer": "association football and basketball"}, {"question": "What is the country's premier football league?", "answer": "Israeli Premier League"}, {"question": "What is the premier basketball league?", "answer": "Israeli Basketball Super League"}, {"question": "When did Israel host and win the Asian Nations Cup?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What were the last Asian Games that Israel participated in?", "answer": "1974 Asian Games"}, {"question": "What's a leading sport in Israel?", "answer": "Chess"}, {"question": "What city has become a national chess center?", "answer": "Beersheba"}, {"question": "Who won the Chess Cup in 2009?", "answer": "Boris Gelfand"}, {"question": "What mathematician advance Greek Science?", "answer": "Greek Science"}, {"question": "What period saw the rise of New Comedy?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Actium?", "answer": "31 BC"}, {"question": "When did Alexander the Great die?", "answer": "323 BC"}, {"question": "What period saw the rise of the Septuagint?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "dd", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "d", "answer": "the Gre"}, {"question": "What is a common Attic-based dialect?", "answer": "Koine Greek"}, {"question": "Where is the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "north-east Africa"}, {"question": "Where is the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom?", "answer": "South Asia"}, {"question": "Where is the Indo-Greek Kingdom?", "answer": "South Asia"}, {"question": "Where is the Kingdom of Pergamon?", "answer": "south-west Asia"}, {"question": "When was the final defeat of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "31 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the Roman emporer?", "answer": "Constantine the Great"}, {"question": "When did the capital of the Roman Empire move to Constantinople?", "answer": "330 AD"}, {"question": "What term defines the influence of Greek culture?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "Where did the Roman Empire move to in 330 AD?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "Who wrote Geschichte des Hellenismus?", "answer": "J. G. Droysen"}, {"question": "What does Geschichte des Hellenismus mean?", "answer": "History of Hellenism"}, {"question": "Who wrote Culture and Anarchy?", "answer": "Matthew Arnold"}, {"question": "What century did Hellenistic become a concept?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In Culture and Anarchy, Hebraism is contrasted with what?", "answer": "Hellenism"}, {"question": "How much of the conquered world was affected by Greek influences?", "answer": "Some"}, {"question": "How often did Greek population and natives mix?", "answer": "not always"}, {"question": "What term implies that Greek populations were a majority in the regions they settled?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "What is the earliest, most credible source of the Hellenistic period?", "answer": "Polybius"}, {"question": "Where was Polybius from?", "answer": "Megalopolis"}, {"question": "Where was Polybius forced to go as hostage?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What years do Polybius books cover?", "answer": "220 to 167 BCE"}, {"question": "What League was Polybius a statesman?", "answer": "Achaean"}, {"question": "When did Diodorus Siculus write Bibliotheca historica?", "answer": "60 and 30 BCE"}, {"question": "What battle marks the end of Diodorus Siculus' work?", "answer": "battle of Ipsus"}, {"question": "Who wrote Parallel Lives?", "answer": "Plutarch"}, {"question": "Where was Apprian from?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "Which writer outlined the history of important Hellenistic figures?", "answer": "Plutarch"}, {"question": "When was the Peloponnesian War?", "answer": "431\u2013404 BC"}, {"question": "What hegemoney replaced Sparta after the Battle of Leuctra?", "answer": "Theban"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Leuctra?", "answer": "371 BC"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Mantinea?", "answer": "362 BC"}, {"question": "Which king lend the rise of Macedon?", "answer": "Philip II"}, {"question": "When did King Philip the II annex Thessaly and Magnesia?", "answer": "352 BC"}, {"question": "Who annexed Thessaly and Magnesia?", "answer": "Philip II"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Chaeronea?", "answer": "338 BC"}, {"question": "Who formed the League of Corinth?", "answer": "Philip"}, {"question": "Who was Philip II planning a campaign against when he was assasinated?", "answer": "Achaemenid Empire of Persia"}, {"question": "Who was Philip Arrhidaues' half brother?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "Who was the leading calvary commander?", "answer": "Perdiccas"}, {"question": "Who order the death of Meleager?", "answer": "Perdiccas"}, {"question": "What city was partitioned to the generals who supported Perdiccas?", "answer": "Babylon"}, {"question": "Who documented that Perdiccas' was under suspicion? ", "answer": "Arrian"}, {"question": "Who did Diadochi plan to marry?", "answer": "Cleopatra"}, {"question": "Who was Alexander's sister?", "answer": "Cleopatra"}, {"question": "Who was the leader in Asia Minor?", "answer": "Antigonus I Monophthalmus"}, {"question": "Along with Antipater and Craterus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus invaded which region?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes murdered whom?", "answer": "Perdiccas"}, {"question": "When did Antipater die?", "answer": "319 BC"}, {"question": "Who did Antipater declar as his successor?", "answer": "Polyperchon"}, {"question": "When did Cassander invade Macedonia?", "answer": "317"}, {"question": "Who ordered Eumenes' execution?", "answer": "Antigonus"}, {"question": "Who sentenced Olympias to death?", "answer": "Cassander"}, {"question": "How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "answer": "Ptolemy"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Gaza?", "answer": "312 BC"}, {"question": "Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?", "answer": "Cassander"}, {"question": "What year did the Argead Dynasty end?", "answer": "310"}, {"question": "Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?", "answer": "Demetrius"}, {"question": "When did Demetrius take control of Athens?", "answer": "307"}, {"question": "Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "answer": "Antigonus"}, {"question": "What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?", "answer": "Battle of Salamis"}, {"question": "What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?", "answer": "Seleucus"}, {"question": "Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?", "answer": "Antigonus"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Ipsus?", "answer": "301 BCE"}, {"question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?", "answer": "Cilicia"}, {"question": "After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "When did Cassander die?", "answer": "298 BCE"}, {"question": "When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?", "answer": "294"}, {"question": "Who captured Demetrius?", "answer": "Seleucus"}, {"question": "What year was Seleucus killed?", "answer": "281 BCE"}, {"question": "At what battle was Seleucus killed ?", "answer": "Battle of Corupedium"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?", "answer": "Antioch"}, {"question": "Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?", "answer": "young and ambitious"}, {"question": "When was the Lamian war?", "answer": "323-322"}, {"question": "When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?", "answer": "307"}, {"question": "Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?", "answer": "Antigonus"}, {"question": "Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?", "answer": "Ptolemaic Egypt"}, {"question": "When was the Chremonidean War?", "answer": "267-61"}, {"question": "What years did Cleomenes III rule?", "answer": "235\u2013222 BCE"}, {"question": "In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?", "answer": "Battle of Sellasia"}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?", "answer": "Sparta"}, {"question": "What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?", "answer": "independent"}, {"question": "When was the Aetolian League formed?", "answer": "370 BCE"}, {"question": "When was the Achaean League formed?", "answer": "280 BCE"}, {"question": "Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?", "answer": "Northern League"}, {"question": "What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?", "answer": "sympoliteia"}, {"question": "What league freed Corinth?", "answer": "Achean"}, {"question": "What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "answer": "Colossus of Rhodes"}, {"question": "What period did Rhodes prosper?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?", "answer": "navy"}, {"question": "What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?", "answer": "304-305 BCE"}, {"question": "What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?", "answer": "Chremonidean War"}, {"question": "What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?", "answer": "Pangaeum"}, {"question": "How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?", "answer": "25,000 men"}, {"question": "Who taught Antigonus II?", "answer": "Zeno of Citium"}, {"question": "Who did Antigonus II defend against?", "answer": "Epirus"}, {"question": "When did Doson die?", "answer": "221 BC"}, {"question": "Who took control when Doson died?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "What was Philip V known as?", "answer": "the darling of Hellas"}, {"question": "When was the Peace of Naupactus?", "answer": "217 BC"}, {"question": "When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?", "answer": "215 BC"}, {"question": "When did the First Macedonian War begin?", "answer": "212 BC"}, {"question": "When did the First Macedonian War end?", "answer": "205 BC"}, {"question": "How did the First Macedonian War end?", "answer": "inconclusively"}, {"question": "Who defeated Philip?", "answer": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus"}, {"question": "What years did Queen Teutra reign?", "answer": "231 BC to 227 BCE"}, {"question": "From where did Illyrians import there weapons and armor?", "answer": "Ancient Greeks"}, {"question": "What type or ornamentation was featured on the Illyrians shilds and war belts?", "answer": "Ancient Macedon"}, {"question": "What tribes inhabited the Balkan Coast?", "answer": "Illyrian"}, {"question": "What tribe covered most of the republic of Macedonia?", "answer": "Agrianes"}, {"question": "What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?", "answer": "Thrace"}, {"question": "Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?", "answer": "one fifth"}, {"question": "What language was spoken by the Odrysians?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?", "answer": "Thracian"}, {"question": "What was Southern Italy refered to as?", "answer": "Magna Graecia"}, {"question": "Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?", "answer": "Agathocles of Syracuse"}, {"question": "In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?", "answer": "Carthaginian"}, {"question": "In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?", "answer": "300 BCE"}, {"question": "What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?", "answer": "Massalia"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants were in Massalia?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "Who controlled Nice and Agde?", "answer": "Massalia"}, {"question": "Massalia was the center of education according to whom?", "answer": "Strabo"}, {"question": "When did Massalia side with Pompey?", "answer": "49 BCE"}, {"question": "Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?", "answer": "Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors"}, {"question": "Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?", "answer": "military and paramilitary forces"}, {"question": "Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?", "answer": "the monarch"}, {"question": "What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?", "answer": "royal estates"}, {"question": "Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?", "answer": "Greco-Macedonian settlers"}, {"question": "Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?", "answer": "Ptolemy"}, {"question": "When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?", "answer": "323 BC"}, {"question": "When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?", "answer": "305 BC"}, {"question": "What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?", "answer": "Soter"}, {"question": "Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?", "answer": "Faiyum"}, {"question": "Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?", "answer": "Egyptian Pharaohs"}, {"question": "What god did Ptolemy I create?", "answer": "Serapis"}, {"question": "Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?", "answer": "strategoi"}, {"question": "By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?", "answer": "Ancient Egyptian"}, {"question": "Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?", "answer": "Serapis"}, {"question": "The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?", "answer": "the Seleucids"}, {"question": "What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?", "answer": "Coele-Syria"}, {"question": "Who won the great battle of Raphia?", "answer": "Ptolemy IV"}, {"question": "When was the great battle of Raphia?", "answer": "217 BCE"}, {"question": "Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?", "answer": "Seleucids"}, {"question": "Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?", "answer": "30 BC"}, {"question": "All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?", "answer": "Ptolemy"}, {"question": "Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?", "answer": "Ptolemaic queens"}, {"question": "Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?", "answer": "Cleopatra VII"}, {"question": "How did Cleoptra die?", "answer": "suicide"}, {"question": "After Alexander's empire was split, what region did Seleucus I Nicator receive?", "answer": "Babylonia"}, {"question": "Pergamum was led by whom when they defeated a Seleucid army?", "answer": "Eumenes I"}, {"question": "Who defied his father Seleucus I, and set up a religous cult?", "answer": "Antiochus I"}, {"question": "What was the name of Seleucus II brother, whom he fought in civil war?", "answer": "Antiochus Hierax"}, {"question": "Who ultimately defeated Seleucid Anatolia?", "answer": "Attalus I"}, {"question": "The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?", "answer": "Greco-Macedonian political elite"}, {"question": "What are Seleucid garrisons called?", "answer": "choria"}, {"question": "What are Seleucid military colonies called?", "answer": "katoikiai"}, {"question": "Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?", "answer": "Ptolemy IV"}, {"question": "What year did Ptolemy IV die?", "answer": "204"}, {"question": "Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?", "answer": "Philetaerus"}, {"question": "Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?", "answer": "Seleucus I"}, {"question": "Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?", "answer": "Philip V of Macedon"}, {"question": "Where was the library of Pergamum located?", "answer": "Pergamon"}, {"question": "What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?", "answer": "Pergamum Altar"}, {"question": "Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?", "answer": "Thrace"}, {"question": "What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?", "answer": "battle of the Elephants"}, {"question": "What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?", "answer": "Dying Gaul"}, {"question": "What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?", "answer": "2nd century BC"}, {"question": "Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?", "answer": "The Bithynians"}, {"question": "King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?", "answer": "Calas"}, {"question": "Who assumed the title of king from Bas?", "answer": "Zipoetes I"}, {"question": "When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?", "answer": "297 BCE"}, {"question": "Who founded Nicomedia?", "answer": "Nicomedes I"}, {"question": "Who married Stratonice?", "answer": "Ariarathes III"}, {"question": "When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?", "answer": "255 B.C."}, {"question": "Who was Stratonice's father?", "answer": "Antiochus II"}, {"question": "Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?", "answer": "Ariarathes IV"}, {"question": "What year was Ariarathes V defeated?", "answer": "130 BCE"}, {"question": "What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?", "answer": "Pontus"}, {"question": "Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?", "answer": "Mithridates I"}, {"question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?", "answer": "291 BC"}, {"question": "When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?", "answer": "63 BC"}, {"question": "What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?", "answer": "Mithridates VI"}, {"question": "Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?", "answer": "Mithridates VI"}, {"question": "What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?", "answer": "anastole"}, {"question": "Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?", "answer": "Herakles"}, {"question": "Pontus was defeated in what wars?", "answer": "Mithridatic"}, {"question": "Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?", "answer": "Mithranes"}, {"question": "Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?", "answer": "Seleucid"}, {"question": "What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?", "answer": "212 BC"}, {"question": "Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?", "answer": "Antiochus III the Great"}, {"question": "When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?", "answer": "190 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?", "answer": "Artaxias"}, {"question": "Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?", "answer": "Philhellenes"}, {"question": "What years did Tigranes the Great reign?", "answer": "95\u201355 BC"}, {"question": "Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?", "answer": "Artavasdes II"}, {"question": "When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?", "answer": "247 BC"}, {"question": "When did Andragoras' reign end?", "answer": "238 BCE"}, {"question": "Who killed Andragoras?", "answer": "Arsaces"}, {"question": "What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?", "answer": "Parni"}, {"question": "When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?", "answer": "209 BC"}, {"question": "The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?", "answer": "Antiochus VII Sidetes"}, {"question": "Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?", "answer": "Parthian"}, {"question": "What years were the Roman\u2013Parthian Wars?", "answer": "66 BC \u2013 217 AD"}, {"question": "What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?", "answer": "Greek drachmas"}, {"question": "The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?", "answer": "Iranian"}, {"question": "What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?", "answer": "Nabatean Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?", "answer": "Petra"}, {"question": "Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?", "answer": "Hasmoneans"}, {"question": "Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?", "answer": "Aretas III Philhellene"}, {"question": "What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?", "answer": "1st"}, {"question": "What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?", "answer": "Judea"}, {"question": "Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?", "answer": "High Priest of Israel"}, {"question": "What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?", "answer": "Judaism"}, {"question": "Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?", "answer": "Antioch"}, {"question": "What was the Jewish elite class called?", "answer": "the Tobiads"}, {"question": "Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?", "answer": "Antiochus III"}, {"question": "When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?", "answer": "198"}, {"question": "What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?", "answer": "Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus"}, {"question": "What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?", "answer": "174\u2013135 BCE"}, {"question": "What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?", "answer": "Hasmonaean Dynasty"}, {"question": "What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?", "answer": "165 BCE to 63 BCE"}, {"question": "Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?", "answer": "Antigonus II Mattathias"}, {"question": "Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?", "answer": "Herod"}, {"question": "When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?", "answer": "37 BCE"}, {"question": "Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?", "answer": "Diodotus"}, {"question": "When was Diodotus II overthrown?", "answer": "230 BC"}, {"question": "What leader overthrew Diodotus II?", "answer": "Euthydemus"}, {"question": "The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?", "answer": "Antiochus III"}, {"question": "Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?", "answer": "Euthydemus"}, {"question": "Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?", "answer": "Strabo"}, {"question": "When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?", "answer": "180 BC"}, {"question": "Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?", "answer": "Demetrius"}, {"question": "Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?", "answer": "Heliocles"}, {"question": "Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?", "answer": "Apollodotus I"}, {"question": "Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?", "answer": "Antimachus II"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Antimachus II?", "answer": "Menander I"}, {"question": "What religion did Menander I convert to?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?", "answer": "Milinda"}, {"question": "When did Menander die?", "answer": "130 BC"}, {"question": "What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?", "answer": "Indo-Scythian"}, {"question": "Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?", "answer": "Paropamisadae"}, {"question": "I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. ", "answer": "in"}, {"question": "What does \"sarvajnaa yavanaa\" mean?", "answer": "the all-knowing Yavanas"}, {"question": "Who said \"The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so.\"?", "answer": "The Mahabharata"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?", "answer": "Varahamihira"}, {"question": "Who said \"The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy.\"", "answer": "The Mahabharata"}, {"question": "Who said \"The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....\"", "answer": "Varahamihira"}, {"question": "What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?", "answer": "Crimean"}, {"question": "What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?", "answer": "Bosporan"}, {"question": "Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?", "answer": "Pontic-Caspian steppe"}, {"question": "From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?", "answer": "Greeks of Bactria"}, {"question": "Hellenized Scythians were known as?", "answer": "young Scythians"}, {"question": "What did the Greeks call Bahrain?", "answer": "Tylos"}, {"question": "Where was the central point of pearl trading?", "answer": "Bahrain"}, {"question": "Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?", "answer": "Nearchus"}, {"question": "Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?", "answer": "Shams"}, {"question": "Carthage was on the coast of what country?", "answer": "Tunisia"}, {"question": "What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?", "answer": "military"}, {"question": "Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?", "answer": "Mago I of Carthage"}, {"question": "What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?", "answer": "phalanx"}, {"question": "What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?", "answer": "Xanthippus of Carthage"}, {"question": "Rome dominated what peninsula?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?", "answer": "First Punic War"}, {"question": "Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?", "answer": "the Romans"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Cannae?", "answer": "216 BC"}, {"question": "In what war was the Battle of Cannae?", "answer": "Second Punic War"}, {"question": "In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?", "answer": "the Balkans"}, {"question": "Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?", "answer": "Philip"}, {"question": "What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?", "answer": "200 BC"}, {"question": "What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?", "answer": "Battle of Cynoscephalae"}, {"question": "What empire won the Second Macedonian War?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?", "answer": "Philip V"}, {"question": "Who defeated Ptolemy?", "answer": "Antiochus"}, {"question": "In what war was Ptolemy defeated?", "answer": "Fifth Syrian War"}, {"question": "What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?", "answer": "Roman-Syrian War"}, {"question": "What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?", "answer": "192\u2013188 BC"}, {"question": "What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?", "answer": "Perseus"}, {"question": "Perseus fought the Romans in what war?", "answer": "Third Macedonian War"}, {"question": "When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?", "answer": "146 BC"}, {"question": "Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?", "answer": "Lucius Mummius"}, {"question": "When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?", "answer": "146 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?", "answer": "Attalus III"}, {"question": "When did Attalus III die?", "answer": "133 BC"}, {"question": "Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Attalus III"}, {"question": "In what year was the final Greek resistance?", "answer": "88 BC"}, {"question": "Who led the final Greek resistance?", "answer": "Mithridates of Pontus"}, {"question": "Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?", "answer": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes"}, {"question": "Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?", "answer": "Pompey the Great"}, {"question": "Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?", "answer": "Cleopatra VII"}, {"question": "At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?", "answer": "Battle of Actium"}, {"question": "What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?", "answer": "Hellenistic Greeks"}, {"question": "What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?", "answer": "Library of Alexandria"}, {"question": "Which city became a major center of book production?", "answer": "Pergamon"}, {"question": "What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?", "answer": "Rhodes"}, {"question": "What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?", "answer": "Seleucia"}, {"question": "Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?", "answer": "Attic Greek"}, {"question": "Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?", "answer": "Koine"}, {"question": "Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?", "answer": "trade"}, {"question": "The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?", "answer": "Interpretatio graeca"}, {"question": "Who wrote the story of Crassus?", "answer": "Plutarch"}, {"question": "Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?", "answer": "The Bacchae"}, {"question": "A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?", "answer": "Ai-Khanoum"}, {"question": "Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?", "answer": "the Macedonians"}, {"question": "Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?", "answer": "megalomania"}, {"question": "Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?", "answer": "highly localized"}, {"question": "What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?", "answer": "2.5"}, {"question": "Menander converted to what religion?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "Greeks adopted what from local cultures?", "answer": "customs"}, {"question": "A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?", "answer": "adopt local ways"}, {"question": "Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Who did Greeks look down upon?", "answer": "non-Greeks"}, {"question": "Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?", "answer": "Cleopatra VII"}, {"question": "What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?", "answer": "Isis"}, {"question": "Zeus was paired with which local god?", "answer": "Ammon"}, {"question": "Aphrodite was paired with which local god?", "answer": "Hagne"}, {"question": "Isis was paired with what local god?", "answer": "Demeter"}, {"question": "What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?", "answer": "Pharaonic"}, {"question": "What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?", "answer": "isotheism"}, {"question": "A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "Where was Alexander's tomb located?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?", "answer": "traditional"}, {"question": "Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?", "answer": "Sophists"}, {"question": "What is the view \"that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes\" called?", "answer": "Euhemerism"}, {"question": "Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?", "answer": "Epicurus"}, {"question": "Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?", "answer": "down to earth"}, {"question": "How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?", "answer": "charms"}, {"question": "What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?", "answer": "astrology"}, {"question": "Astrology was associated with which cult?", "answer": "Tyche"}, {"question": "What does Tyche mean?", "answer": "luck"}, {"question": "What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?", "answer": "grew"}, {"question": "Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?", "answer": "New Comedy"}, {"question": "What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?", "answer": "Dyskolos"}, {"question": "What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?", "answer": "The Supplementum Hellenisticum"}, {"question": "What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?", "answer": "342/1 BCE"}, {"question": "Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?", "answer": "kings"}, {"question": "Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?", "answer": "Callimachus"}, {"question": "Who said \"Big book, big evil\"?", "answer": "Callimachus"}, {"question": "What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?", "answer": "Pinakes"}, {"question": "Who wrote Argonautica?", "answer": "Apollonius of Rhodes"}, {"question": "What city remained the center of philosophical thought?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "What does ataraxia mean?", "answer": "un-disturbedness"}, {"question": "What does autarky mean?", "answer": "self-sufficiency"}, {"question": "What does apatheia mean?", "answer": "freedom from suffering"}, {"question": "Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?", "answer": "Epicurus"}, {"question": "Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?", "answer": "Diogenes of Sinope"}, {"question": "Which group embraced hedonism?", "answer": "Cyrenaics"}, {"question": "Who founded Stoicism?", "answer": "Zeno of Citium"}, {"question": "Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?", "answer": "Antiochus of Ascalon"}, {"question": "The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?", "answer": "3rd"}, {"question": "When did Archimedes die?", "answer": "212 BC"}, {"question": "When was Euclid born?", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "Who worked on the five Platonic solids?", "answer": "Euclid"}, {"question": "Who measured the circumference of the Earth?", "answer": "Eratosthenes"}, {"question": "Who was the Father of Geomtery?", "answer": "Eratosthenes"}, {"question": "When was Hipparchus born?", "answer": "190"}, {"question": "Hipparchus measured the precession of what?", "answer": "Earth"}, {"question": "Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?", "answer": "Pliny"}, {"question": "Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?", "answer": "Farnese Atlas"}, {"question": "Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?", "answer": "Aristarchos of Samos"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?", "answer": "Antikythera mechanism"}, {"question": "Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?", "answer": "Al-Biruni"}, {"question": "What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?", "answer": "150\u2013100 BC"}, {"question": "Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?", "answer": "Praxagoras of Kos"}, {"question": "Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?", "answer": "Herophilos"}, {"question": "Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?", "answer": "Empiric"}, {"question": "Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?", "answer": "Herophilos"}, {"question": "Philip II used a dense military formation called what?", "answer": "Macedonian Phalanx"}, {"question": "Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?", "answer": "Thureos"}, {"question": "From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?", "answer": "Mauryan empire"}, {"question": "What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?", "answer": "African elephant"}, {"question": "What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?", "answer": "Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres"}, {"question": "Who invented the Polybolos?", "answer": "Dionysios of Alexandria"}, {"question": "What type of weapon is the Polybolos?", "answer": "ballista"}, {"question": "Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?", "answer": "160 ton"}, {"question": "How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?", "answer": "12-month"}, {"question": "Emotion is called what in Hellenistic art?", "answer": "pathos"}, {"question": "Character is called what in Hellenistic art?", "answer": "ethos"}, {"question": "Who is the artist that drew grapes so lifelike, birds flew up and pecked at them?", "answer": "Zeuxis"}, {"question": "The ideals of Hellenistic art are sensuality and what?", "answer": "passion"}, {"question": "What painting epitomized the female nude?", "answer": "Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles"}, {"question": "Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?", "answer": "Peiraikos"}, {"question": "Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?", "answer": "Galatians"}, {"question": "All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "Venus de Milo belongs to which period?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?", "answer": "Zeuxis"}, {"question": "Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?", "answer": "Seleucus"}, {"question": "What is a Greek royal palace called?", "answer": "basileion"}, {"question": "What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?", "answer": "villa of Cassander at Vergina"}, {"question": "Who said \"then art dissapeared\"?", "answer": "Pliny the Elder"}, {"question": "The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?", "answer": "Vergina"}, {"question": "Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?", "answer": "Golden Age of Classical Athens"}, {"question": "What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?", "answer": "a mirror"}, {"question": "The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?", "answer": "unfair"}, {"question": "Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?", "answer": "William Woodthorpe Tarn"}, {"question": "Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?", "answer": "Russian Revolution"}, {"question": "Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?", "answer": "Arnaldo Momigliano"}, {"question": "Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?", "answer": "class"}, {"question": "Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?", "answer": "C. Pr\u00e9aux"}, {"question": "What is the largest private foundation in the world?", "answer": "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world"}, {"question": "Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? ", "answer": "The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington"}, {"question": "What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 ", "answer": "Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)"}, {"question": "How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation ", "answer": "pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares"}, {"question": "In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much ", "answer": "In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion"}, {"question": "What did the foundation announce in November 2014", "answer": "In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data"}, {"question": "What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?", "answer": "open access (OA) policy for publications and data, \"to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation"}, {"question": "What does the OA policy cover ?", "answer": "As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements."}, {"question": "What two entities was the foundation divided into ", "answer": "trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust"}, {"question": "What does the foundation entity focus on", "answer": "The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, \"focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty"}, {"question": "What does the Trust entity focus on ", "answer": "The trust section manages \"the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"}, {"question": "What is held in the trust entity ", "answer": "it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett"}, {"question": "What does the Trust invest", "answer": "The foundation trust invests undistributed assets"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Trust investments ", "answer": "exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment"}, {"question": "What are some of the negatives of the investments ", "answer": "its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries"}, {"question": "What type of company's are  critiscized", "answer": "These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world"}, {"question": "As a result of the critics what did the company announce ", "answer": "the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review"}, {"question": "What did the foundation announce in March 2006 ", "answer": "n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)"}, {"question": "What is the International Justice Mission", "answer": "a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking."}, {"question": "What would the grant allow the IJM to do ", "answer": "the grant would allow the IJM to \"create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery"}, {"question": "What did the office that ijm opened do specifically ", "answer": "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability\"."}, {"question": "What was the name of the project founded by the IJM ", "answer": "The IJM used the grant money to found \"Project Lantern"}, {"question": "Where did project lantern open an office ", "answer": "\"Project Lantern\" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu."}, {"question": "What did project lantern announce in 2010", "answer": "IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to \"an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases"}, {"question": "What services were also increased by project lantern", "answer": "increase in services \u2013 like shelter, counseling and career training \u2013 provided to trafficking survivors\""}, {"question": "What was project Lantern exploring ", "answer": "the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions."}, {"question": "What was the WSH program launched in 2005", "answer": "The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005"}, {"question": "When did the WSH become a full fledeged program", "answer": "and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010"}, {"question": "What efforts have the WSH taken ", "answer": "since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation"}, {"question": "What did the foundation decide in 2009 ", "answer": "In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services"}, {"question": "WHy did the foundation make the switch ", "answer": "This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments"}, {"question": "What did the foundation announce in 2011", "answer": "In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new \"Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview\""}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the new overview", "answer": "funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions"}, {"question": "What has been the focus since 2011", "answer": "Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology (\"transformative technologies\")"}, {"question": "What models have been delivered", "answer": "delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications"}, {"question": "What is need in the developing world ", "answer": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need"}, {"question": "What does data collected by unicef and Who show", "answer": "Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected"}, {"question": "How many people have no sanatation facilities", "answer": "About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies"}, {"question": "What country is the worst violator", "answer": "India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people"}, {"question": "India is host to what activity", "answer": "\"Reinvent the Toilet Fair\" in Delhi, India in March 2014."}, {"question": "When was reinvent the toilet launched ", "answer": "In 2011, the foundation launched a program called \"Reinvent the Toilet Challenge"}, {"question": "What is the aim of reinvent the toilet ", "answer": "to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation"}, {"question": "WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet ", "answer": "It was complemented by a program called \"Grand Challenges Explorations\" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)"}, {"question": "What was excluded by the funding schemes ", "answer": "Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts"}, {"question": "What countries have received grants ", "answer": "universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions"}, {"question": "How much were the grants for ", "answer": "The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase"}, {"question": "What did many investigate ", "answer": "many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge."}, {"question": "What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop", "answer": "The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet"}, {"question": "What compliments the challenge ", "answer": "This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying"}, {"question": "What does the Omni processor do", "answer": "The aim of the \"Omni Processor\" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients"}, {"question": "The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of ", "answer": "The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria"}, {"question": "How many children were protected from death ", "answer": "protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases"}, {"question": "What are some consequences of the investments ", "answer": "Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care\" in sub-Saharan Africa"}, {"question": "What has the focus on a few diseases caused ", "answer": "\"the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation"}, {"question": "Vaccinations programs encouraged what ", "answer": "discourage patients from discussing \u2013 ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent\"."}, {"question": "What did the foundation decide not to fund", "answer": "has decided not to fund abortion\""}, {"question": "WHy did they decide not to fund abortion", "answer": "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning"}, {"question": "Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood", "answer": "Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood"}, {"question": "what is the US libraries initiative ", "answer": "U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of \"ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet"}, {"question": "How much of the worlds population can reach the internet", "answer": "Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet"}, {"question": "what have the grants provided public libraries", "answer": "The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide"}, {"question": "What has the grant enabled ", "answer": "this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age."}, {"question": "what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US", "answer": "A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels"}, {"question": "What do these efforts include", "answer": "including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs"}, {"question": "how much did it spend in 2009", "answer": "It spent $373 million on education in 2009."}, {"question": "It was an early backer of what ", "answer": "The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative."}, {"question": "What is 1 foundation goal ", "answer": "One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States"}, {"question": "One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is ", "answer": "One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster"}, {"question": "how did they work on college financing ", "answer": "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery\" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations"}, {"question": "What has been funded as part of the education initiatives", "answer": "As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments"}, {"question": "what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do ", "answer": "Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education"}, {"question": "Critics don't like the foundations use of media why ", "answer": "critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage"}, {"question": "Where does the foundation list grants ", "answer": "the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly"}, {"question": "who founded teach plus ", "answer": "Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs"}, {"question": "Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized", "answer": "they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences"}, {"question": "What are several of the gates backed policies ", "answer": "Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes"}, {"question": "Have the policies been criticized ", "answer": "but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm"}, {"question": "What does 1 specific study of charter schools show ", "answer": "Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance"}, {"question": "What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016", "answer": "the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"}, {"question": "When must the trust resources be spent", "answer": "spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths"}, {"question": "What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death ", "answer": "the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years"}, {"question": "What is Montevideo classified as?", "answer": "a Beta World City"}, {"question": "What rank did Montevideo hold in Latin America during 2013?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Montevideo is the hub of commerce and higher education in what area?", "answer": "Uruguay"}, {"question": "Montevideo is the chief port of what area?", "answer": "Uruguay"}, {"question": "What is the population of Montevideo?", "answer": "around 2 million"}, {"question": "Who organized the Spanish expedition?", "answer": "Bruno Mauricio de Zabala"}, {"question": "What date did the Spanish force the Portuguese to abandon the location?", "answer": "22 January 1724"}, {"question": "Who was one significant early italian resident? ", "answer": "Jorge Burgues"}, {"question": "What became the main city of the region north of the Rio de la Plata?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "What were Buenos Aires and Montevideo fighting for dominance over?", "answer": "maritime commerce"}, {"question": "The importance of Montevideo as the main port of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata brought confrontations with what city?", "answer": "Buenos Aires"}, {"question": "When did British troops occupy the city of Montevideo?", "answer": "3 February 1807"}, {"question": "When did the Spanish recapture the city of Montevideo?", "answer": "2 September"}, {"question": "Who was forced to surrender to troops formed by forces of the Banda Oriental? ", "answer": "John Whitelocke"}, {"question": "Who replaced Liniers?", "answer": "Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros"}, {"question": "After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? ", "answer": "Rio de la Plata"}, {"question": "Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas"}, {"question": "What year was the Spanish governor expelled?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?", "answer": "1816"}, {"question": "What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled? ", "answer": "Treinta y Tres Orientales"}, {"question": "What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?", "answer": "1828"}, {"question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?", "answer": "Empire of Brazil"}, {"question": "Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?", "answer": "Lavalleja"}, {"question": "Who represented Oribe's Blancos?", "answer": "National Party"}, {"question": "Who represented Rivera's Colorados?", "answer": "Colorado Party"}, {"question": "What did Montevideo suffer between 1843 and 1851?", "answer": "a siege"}, {"question": "How did the British and French supply the city of Montevideo??", "answer": "by sea"}, {"question": "What year did the Colorados defeat Oribe?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "What year was a stagecoach bus line established in Montevideo?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "Between what years were the first natural gas street lights constructed?", "answer": "1854 to 1861"}, {"question": "What year was the Teatro Solis inaugurated? ", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "What year was an underwater telegraph line made that connected Montevideo with Buenos Aires?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "What year did Compania de Tranvias al Paso del Molino y Cerro creat the first lines connecting Montevideo with Union?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What year was Mercado del Puerto inaugurated? ", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? ", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "What year was Bulevar Circunvalcion constructed? ", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "When were the first telephone lines installed?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?", "answer": "1886"}, {"question": "When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated? ", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "What century did many Europeans immigrate to the city of Montevideo?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "In 1908 what percent of the city's population was foreign-born?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "The Rodo Park and the Estadio Gran Parque Central serves as poles of what?", "answer": "urban development"}, {"question": "Who was the Admiral of the German pocket ship?", "answer": "Admiral Graf Spee"}, {"question": "Where did the famous incident involving the German pocket battleship take place in?", "answer": "Punta del Este"}, {"question": "When year did the Battle of the River Plate take place?", "answer": "13 December 1939"}, {"question": "Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?", "answer": "the R\u00edo de la Plata"}, {"question": "What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?", "answer": "Santa Luc\u00eda River"}, {"question": "What does the Bay of Montevideo form?", "answer": "a natural harbour"}, {"question": "The city of Montevideo has an average elevation of what?", "answer": "43 metres"}, {"question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of San Jose de Mayo?", "answer": "90 kilometres"}, {"question": "How far is to the neighboring capitol of Canelones?", "answer": "46 kilometres"}, {"question": "The Municipality of Montevideo was first created by a legal act of what?", "answer": "18 December 1908"}, {"question": "Who was the municipality's first mayor?", "answer": "Daniel Mu\u00f1oz"}, {"question": "Municipalities were abolished by what?", "answer": "Uruguayan Constitution of 1918"}, {"question": "How many political municipalities has the city of Montevideo been divided into as of 2010?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What is the head of each Municipio called?", "answer": "an alcalde"}, {"question": "Who elects the mayor of the political municipalities? ", "answer": "the citizens registered in the constituency"}, {"question": "What had many of the city's barrios previously been?", "answer": "geographically separate settlements"}, {"question": "What is a neighborhood of great significance? ", "answer": "Ciudad Vieja"}, {"question": "What surrounded the neighborhood of Ciudad Vieja?", "answer": "a protective wall"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?", "answer": "57,913"}, {"question": "What happened to the population by the year 1880?", "answer": "had quadrupled"}, {"question": "The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?", "answer": "the great European immigration"}, {"question": "What had the population grown to in 1908?", "answer": "309,331 inhabitants"}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's population?", "answer": "1,325,968 persons"}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Uruguay's population?", "answer": "3,241,003"}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's female population?", "answer": "707,697"}, {"question": "According to the census survey carried out between 15 June and 31 July 2004, what was Montevideo's male population?", "answer": "618,271"}, {"question": "What is the economic and political centre of the country?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "What year was the World Trade Center Montevideo constructed?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What year was the Telecommunications Tower constructed?", "answer": "(2000"}, {"question": "What kind of company does ANCAP run?", "answer": "Energy"}, {"question": "What kind of company does ANTEL run?", "answer": "telecommunications"}, {"question": "What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?", "answer": "Banking"}, {"question": "Uruguay was once dubbed as what?", "answer": "the Switzerland of America"}, {"question": "What is the largest bank in Uruguay? ", "answer": "Banco Republica"}, {"question": "Where is Banco Republica based in?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "What accounts for much of Uruguay's economy?", "answer": "Tourism"}, {"question": "Where is tourism in Montevideo centered in?", "answer": "Ciudad Vieja area"}, {"question": "Plaza Independencia constitutes one end of what?", "answer": "18 de Julio Avenue"}, {"question": "How many guest rooms does the Sheraton have?", "answer": "207"}, {"question": "How many suites does the Sheraton have?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How many rooms does The Radisson Montevideo have?", "answer": "232"}, {"question": "What is the heartland of retailing in Uruguay?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "What city has become the centre of business and real estate? ", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "What year was Montevideo Shopping  built?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What style of building is the Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral? ", "answer": "Neoclassical"}, {"question": "What style of building is the World Trade Center Montevideo? ", "answer": "Postmodern"}, {"question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in the country?", "answer": "ANTEL Telecommunication Tower"}, {"question": "What district has many homes built by Bello and reboratti?", "answer": "Pocitos"}, {"question": "Between what years did Bello and Reboratti built most of the homes in the Pocitos district? ", "answer": "1920 and 1940"}, {"question": "Who designed the Edificio Panamericano?", "answer": "Raul Sichero"}, {"question": "What types of apartment buildings were constructed during the boom of the 1970's and 1980's?", "answer": "modern apartment buildings"}, {"question": "When did World Trade Center Montevideo officially open?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What was the first building to be inaugurated? ", "answer": "World Trade Center 1"}, {"question": "When was World Trade Center 2 inaugurated?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was intended to be a platform for the development of business activities?", "answer": "The Towers Square"}, {"question": "The square contains a sculpture by what renowned Uruguayan sculptor? ", "answer": "Pablo Atchugarry"}, {"question": "How much space is World Trade Center 4 projected to have?", "answer": "53,500 square metres"}, {"question": "What is Uruguay's oldest theater? ", "answer": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre"}, {"question": "When was The Solis Theater built?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "Who owns The Solis Theater?", "answer": "the government of Montevideo"}, {"question": "What year did the government of Montevideo start a major reconstruction of the Solis  Theater?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What year was the reconstruction of the solis theater completed?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who designed the Palacio Salvo?", "answer": "Mario Palanti"}, {"question": "What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? ", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?", "answer": "100 metres (330 ft) high"}, {"question": "What is also a major note in Ciudad Vieja?", "answer": "Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n"}, {"question": "What is the Cabildo?", "answer": "the seat of colonial government"}, {"question": "What is the burial place of Fructuoso Rivera?", "answer": "Montevideo Metropolitan Cathedral"}, {"question": "Where is the equestrian statue of Bruno Mauricio de Zabala located? ", "answer": "Plaza Zabala"}, {"question": "What major public central park is located south of Avenida Italia? ", "answer": "Parque Batlle"}, {"question": "How many former districts does the current barrio of Parque Battle include? ", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What sub district of Parque Batlle took its name from the original villa of Don Alejo Rossell Y Rius?", "answer": "Villa Dolores"}, {"question": "Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Batlle y Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez"}, {"question": "Jose Batile y Ordonez was president of where? ", "answer": "Uruguay"}, {"question": "Between what years was Jose batlle y Ordonez president of Uruguay? ", "answer": "1911 to 1915"}, {"question": "Parque Batlle was originally proposed by what?", "answer": "an Act of March 1907"}, {"question": "Parque Rodo belongs to who?", "answer": "Punta Carretas"}, {"question": "What does the name \"Rodo\" commemorate? ", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3"}, {"question": "Who was an important Uruguayan writer that is commemorated by Parque Rodo? ", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Enrique Rod\u00f3"}, {"question": "Parque Rodo was originally conceived as what?", "answer": "a French-style city park"}, {"question": "What is on the east side of the park?", "answer": "the National Museum of Visual Arts"}, {"question": "What takes part on the east side of the main park every Sunday?", "answer": "a very popular street market"}, {"question": "What side has an artificial lake with a little castle?", "answer": "north side"}, {"question": "What does the little castle on the north side of the park house?", "answer": "a municipal library"}, {"question": "Who planned the first set of subsidiary forts?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "When were the first set of subsidiary forts planned?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "the subsidiary forts were established to stop what?", "answer": "frequent insurrections by the Spaniards"}, {"question": "Where were the Spaniards emanating from?", "answer": "Buenos Aires"}, {"question": "What overlooks the bay of Montevideo?", "answer": "Fortaleza del Cerro"}, {"question": "What replaced the observation post in 1802?", "answer": "a beacon"}, {"question": "When did construction of the fortress begin?", "answer": "1809"}, {"question": "When did construction of the fortress finish?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?", "answer": "The Rambla"}, {"question": "Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?", "answer": "rambla"}, {"question": "In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?", "answer": "\"coastal avenue\""}, {"question": "What is the largest cemetery?", "answer": "Cementerio del Norte"}, {"question": "Where is the Central Cemetery located?", "answer": "Barrio Sur"}, {"question": "What year was the Central Cemetery founded?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "Where is the British Cemetery Montevideo located?", "answer": "Buceo neighborhood"}, {"question": "Who purchased a plot of land in the name of the English residents?", "answer": "Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood"}, {"question": "When did Mr. Thomas Samuel Hood purchase a plot of land at the British Cemetery Montevideo? ", "answer": "1828"}, {"question": "When did the government compensate the British by moving the cemetery to Buceo?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "What unique form of dance originated in the neighbourhods of Montevideo?", "answer": "Uruguayan tango"}, {"question": "Tango, candombe and murga are three main styles of what?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "How many movie theater companies are there in Montevideo?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the most prominent theater in Uruguay?", "answer": "The Sol\u00eds Theatre"}, {"question": "Who gave the initial donation of the private library?", "answer": "Father Jos\u00e9 Manuel P\u00e9rez Castellano"}, {"question": "When did Father Jose Manuel Perez Castellano die?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "Who was the promoter, director and organizer of the first public library in Montevideo?", "answer": "Father D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga"}, {"question": "Tango, milonga and vals criollo are the most popular forms of music in what region?", "answer": "Rio de Plata region"}, {"question": "When was Fun Fun Bar established?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "Where is El Farolito located?", "answer": "the old part of the city"}, {"question": "What suffered when the military junta took over power in Uruguay?", "answer": "art"}, {"question": "Rimer Cardillo was one of the country's leading what?", "answer": "artists"}, {"question": "Who made the National Institute of Fine Arts?", "answer": "Rimer Cardillo"}, {"question": "What was the seat of government during the colonial times of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata?", "answer": "The Montevideo Cabildo"}, {"question": "Where is the Montevideo Cabildo located?", "answer": "front of Constitution Square"}, {"question": "Between what years was the Montevideo Cabildo built?", "answer": "between 1804 and 1869"}, {"question": "What style was the Montevideo Cabildo?", "answer": "Neoclassical style"}, {"question": "When did the Montevideo Cabildo become a National Heritage Site?", "answer": "1975."}, {"question": "Where is the Palacio Taranco located?", "answer": "the heart of Ciudad Vieja"}, {"question": "When was the Palacio Taranco erected?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?", "answer": "Ortiz Taranco brothers"}, {"question": "Who designed the Palacio Taranco?", "answer": "French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot Le\u00f3n"}, {"question": "The National History Museum of Montevideo is located where?", "answer": "the historical residence of General Fructuoso Rivera"}, {"question": "What houses the Museo Romantico?", "answer": "Antonio Montero"}, {"question": "How many houses has the Historical Museum annexed?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "The Museo Torres Garcia is located where?", "answer": "the Old Town"}, {"question": "The Museo Torres Garcia exhibits whose unusual portraits? ", "answer": "Joaqu\u00edn Torres Garc\u00eda"}, {"question": "Who established The Museo Torres Garcia?", "answer": "Manolita Pi\u00f1a Torres"}, {"question": "Manolita Pina Torres was the widow of who?", "answer": "Torres Garcia"}, {"question": "Where is the National Museum of Visual Arts located?", "answer": "Parque Rod\u00f3"}, {"question": "What does the National Museum of Visual Arts have the largest collection of in Uruguay?", "answer": "paintings"}, {"question": "When was the Juan Manuel Blanes Museum founded?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Who painted Uruguayan patriotic themes?", "answer": "Juan Manuel Blanes"}, {"question": "Where is the Museo de Historia del Arte located?", "answer": "the Palacio Municipal"}, {"question": "Where is the Museo de Guacho y de la Moneda located?", "answer": "the Centro"}, {"question": "What are bombillas?", "answer": "(drinking straws"}, {"question": "Where is the Museo Naval located?", "answer": "the eastern waterfront in Buceo"}, {"question": "Where is the Museo y Parque Fernando Garcia located?", "answer": "Carrasco"}, {"question": "What is the center of traditional Uruguayan food and beverage in Montevideo?", "answer": "the Mercado del Puerto"}, {"question": "What is a torta frita?", "answer": "a pan-fried cake"}, {"question": "Where is Arcadia located?", "answer": "atop the Plaza Victoria"}, {"question": "Where is Shannon Irish pub located?", "answer": "the eastern part of the Old District"}, {"question": "What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?", "answer": "the annual Montevideo Carnaval"}, {"question": "What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?", "answer": "the national festival of Carnival Week"}, {"question": "What does Tablados mean?", "answer": "popular scenes"}, {"question": "What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?", "answer": "Parade of the Calls"}, {"question": "Church and state have been officially separated in Uruguay since what year?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "What religion has the most followers in Montevideo?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism"}, {"question": "When was the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Montevideo created?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What does Nuestra Senora del Sagrado Corazon mean?", "answer": "Our Lady of the Sacred Heart"}, {"question": "What does Iglesia Punta Carretas mean?", "answer": "Punta Carretas Church"}, {"question": "Between what years was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built?", "answer": "between 1917 and 1927"}, {"question": "What stle was the Iglesia Punta Carretas built in?", "answer": "Romanesque Revival style"}, {"question": "What is the country's largest university? ", "answer": "The University of the Republic"}, {"question": "In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?", "answer": "81,774"}, {"question": "When was the University of the Republic founded?", "answer": "18 July 1849"}, {"question": "Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?", "answer": "Dr. Rodrigo Arocena"}, {"question": "When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?", "answer": "11 June 1833"}, {"question": "Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?", "answer": "Senator D\u00e1maso Antonio Larra\u00f1aga"}, {"question": "When was the House of General Studies formed?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?", "answer": "27 May 1838"}, {"question": "What is the largest private university in Uruguay?", "answer": "ORT Uruguay"}, {"question": "When was ORT Uruguay established?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "When was ORT Uruguay officially certified as a private university?", "answer": "September 1996"}, {"question": "How many students does the ORT Uruguay university have?", "answer": "about 8,000"}, {"question": "What is the main methodist educational institution in Uruguay?", "answer": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute"}, {"question": "When was the Montevideo Crandon Institute founded?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "What is the first academic institution in South America where a home economics course was taught?", "answer": "The Montevideo Crandon Institute"}, {"question": "Where is the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College located?", "answer": "Carrasco"}, {"question": "When was the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College established?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What is regarded as one of the best high schools in the country?", "answer": "The Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College"}, {"question": "Who is the headmaster of the Christian Brothers of Ireland Stella Maris College?", "answer": "professor Juan Pedro Toni"}, {"question": "Where is the British Schools of Montevideo located?", "answer": "Carrasco"}, {"question": "When was the British Schools of Montevideo established?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "What was the British Schools of Montevideo original purpose?", "answer": "to give Uruguayan children a complete education"}, {"question": "Where is St. Brendan's school located?", "answer": "Cordon"}, {"question": "What was St. Brendan's school previously named?", "answer": "St.Catherine\u00b4s"}, {"question": "What is the only school in the country implementing three international Baccalaureate Programmes?", "answer": "St.Brendan\u00b4s school"}, {"question": "What is the national football stadium in Parque Batlle?", "answer": "Estadio Centenario"}, {"question": "When was Estadio Centenario opened? ", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "How many seats does the Estadio Centenario have? ", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "Where is the Uruguayan Basketball League headquartered?", "answer": "Montevideo"}, {"question": "When was the Golf Club of Punta Carretas founded?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "Equestrianism regained importance in Montevideo after what?", "answer": "the Maro\u00f1as Racecourse reopened"}, {"question": "What does DNT stand for?", "answer": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the organization and development of Montevideo's transport infrastructure?", "answer": "Direcci\u00f3n Nacional de Transporte"}, {"question": "Where is the Tres Cruces Bus Terminal located?", "answer": "the lower level of the Tres Cruces Shopping Center"}, {"question": "What does the AFE stand for?", "answer": "The State Railways Administration of Uruguay"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?", "answer": "Aguada"}, {"question": "When was the General Artigas Central Station abandoned?", "answer": "1 March 2003"}, {"question": "What gives natural protection to ships in Montevideo?", "answer": "The port on Montevideo Bay"}, {"question": "Between what years did the main engineering work on the port of Montevideo Bay take place?", "answer": "1870 and 1930"}, {"question": "What happened in 1923 that required repairs to many of the city's engineering works?", "answer": "A major storm"}, {"question": "What is one of the oldest hospitals in Uruguay?", "answer": "Hospital Maciel"}, {"question": "Who originally donated the land for Hospital Macie?", "answer": "Francisco Antonio Maciel"}, {"question": "When was the first building of the Hospital Maciel established?", "answer": "between 1781 and 1788"}, {"question": "What is the only psychiatric hospital in Montevideo?", "answer": "Hospital Vilardeb\u00f3"}, {"question": "Who is Hospital Vilardebo named after?", "answer": "Teodoro Vilardeb\u00f3 Matuliche"}, {"question": "When did the Hospital Vilardebo open?", "answer": "21 May 1880"}, {"question": "How many inpatients did the the Hospital Vilardebo have in 1915?", "answer": "1,500 inpatients"}, {"question": "What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?", "answer": "kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets."}, {"question": "Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?", "answer": "but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game."}, {"question": "What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?", "answer": "chickens, quails and turkeys"}, {"question": "Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?", "answer": "from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal."}, {"question": "Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?", "answer": "domestic ducks and domestic geese."}, {"question": "How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?", "answer": "domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago"}, {"question": "What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?", "answer": "cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs"}, {"question": "Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? ", "answer": "Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place"}, {"question": "Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?", "answer": "modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors."}, {"question": "How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?", "answer": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally"}, {"question": "What two addtional types of birds are listed in teh Encyclopedia Britanica as poultry?", "answer": "guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons)"}, {"question": "Who is the authoor of the book Poultry Breeding and Genetics?", "answer": "R. D. Crawford"}, {"question": "What is the most likely outout for the common variety of pheasant ?", "answer": "frequently being bred in captivity and released into the wild."}, {"question": "Edmund Dixon is most famous for what inclusions in his 1854 book on poultry ?", "answer": "peafowl, guinea fowl, mute swan, turkey, various types of geese, the muscovy duck, other ducks and all types of chickens including bantams"}, {"question": "Do all language make the distinction between poultry and fowls?", "answer": "many languages do not distinguish between \"poultry\" and \"fowl"}, {"question": "What are male chickens called ?", "answer": "cocks"}, {"question": "How are male chickens able to be identified ?", "answer": "cocks, are usually larger, more boldly coloured, and have more exaggerated plumage than females (hens)."}, {"question": "What do chickens normally consume when in the natural wild environment?", "answer": "in their natural surroundings search among the leaf litter for seeds, invertebrates, and other small animals."}, {"question": "Do chickens fly like other birds?", "answer": "They seldom fly except as a result of perceived danger, preferring to run into the undergrowth if approached."}, {"question": "From what birds are chickens decended from ?", "answer": "Today's domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is mainly descended from the wild red junglefowl of Asia"}, {"question": "Are there any purebreed lines for poultry today?", "answer": "with the exception of the white Leghorn, most commercial birds are of hybrid origin."}, {"question": "When did the poultry business boom in the United States ?", "answer": "By the mid-20th century, the poultry meat-producing industry was of greater importance than the egg-laying industry"}, {"question": "How has breeding helped in the pultry industry?", "answer": "light-framed, egg-laying birds that can produce 300 eggs a year; fast-growing, fleshy birds destined for consumption"}, {"question": "How can you normally identify a cock when recently hatched?", "answer": "can often be identified as soon as they are hatch for subsequent culling"}, {"question": "What breed of chicken is named after a town in Java ?", "answer": "A bantam"}, {"question": "How are bantams different from other chickens?", "answer": "A bantam is a small variety of domestic chicken, either a miniature version of a member of a standard breed, or a \"true bantam\" with no larger counterpart"}, {"question": "Do bantams lay regular sized eggs ?", "answer": "Bantams may be a quarter to a third of the size of standard birds and lay similarly small eggs"}, {"question": "Where are bantams kept?", "answer": "kept by small-holders and hobbyists for egg production, use as broody hens, ornamental purposes, and showing."}, {"question": "How long ago was the sport of fighting chickens been around?", "answer": "Cockfighting is said to be the world's oldest spectator sport and may have originated in Persia 6,000 years ago."}, {"question": "What is the termed used to define the game of fighting chickens called?", "answer": "Cockfighting"}, {"question": "Do chickens die in the sport of cockfighting?", "answer": "fight each other, and will do so with great vigour until one is critically injured or killed."}, {"question": "Have theere been any types of chickens who were really good at cockfighting?", "answer": "Breeds such as the Aseel were developed in the Indian subcontinent for their aggressive behaviour"}, {"question": "Do people bet on the cockfighting or is it just for entertainment?", "answer": "large sums were won or lost depending on the outcome of an encounter."}, {"question": "How can you identify a duck from other poultry?", "answer": "medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet."}, {"question": "What do you call a male duck?", "answer": "drakes"}, {"question": "How can you identify a drake from a the female of the species?", "answer": "larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds"}, {"question": "What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?", "answer": "aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses."}, {"question": "Do all ducks fly south for the winter?", "answer": "Most domestic ducks are too heavy to fly"}, {"question": "How long have ducks possibly been in domesticated domicile with humans?", "answer": "Clay models of ducks found in China dating back to 4000 BC may indicate the domestication of ducks took place there during the Yangshao culture"}, {"question": "How far behind the east society was the western culture in domesticating ducks?", "answer": "domestication of the duck took place in the Far East at least 1500 years earlier than in the West"}, {"question": "How did Lucius Columella recommend that one go abbout the business of domesticating ducks.?", "answer": "collect wildfowl eggs and put them under a broody hen,"}, {"question": "When did ducks begin to appear in the books of Western Europeon Society ?", "answer": "ducks did not appear in agricultural texts in Western Europe until about 810 AD"}, {"question": "Where ducks ever used as a type of commerence in the world?", "answer": "mentioned alongside geese, chickens, and peafowl as being used for rental payments made by tenants to landowners."}, {"question": "What breed of duck is considered the first?", "answer": "mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck"}, {"question": "What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?", "answer": "various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase."}, {"question": "What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.", "answer": "Pekin duck"}, {"question": "Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?", "answer": "can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days"}, {"question": "Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??", "answer": "Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in"}, {"question": "When was the greylag goose first domesticated by humans?", "answer": "The greylag goose (Anser anser) was domesticated by the Egyptians at least 3000 years ago"}, {"question": "What other name is the swan goose know by ?", "answer": "Chinese goose"}, {"question": "Where is it believed that the greylag goose was first domesticated in theworld?", "answer": "Siberia"}, {"question": "Are geese an important part of the poultry industry?", "answer": "Despite their early domestication, geese have never gained the commercial importance of chickens and ducks."}, {"question": "do domestic and wild geese have the same apperearance ?", "answer": "Domestic geese are much larger than their wild counterparts and tend to have thick necks, an upright posture, and large bodies with broad rear ends"}, {"question": "What types of geese are used for human consumption?", "answer": "The greylag-derived birds"}, {"question": "What types of geese are used most efficiently for their egg production?", "answer": "Chinese geese"}, {"question": "What is the down feathers of geese most commonly used for ?", "answer": "use in pillows and padded garments"}, {"question": "Why is the meat of geese considered fatty ?", "answer": "they deposit fat subcutaneously, although this fat contains mostly monounsaturated fatty acids"}, {"question": "How many species is the recent day turkey suspected to have embarked from?", "answer": "descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey"}, {"question": "When were turkeys first used in a domestication setting?", "answer": "Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC"}, {"question": "What other purposes have the domesticated turkey been used for aside from food?", "answer": "feathers for robes, blankets, and ceremonial purposes"}, {"question": "When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?", "answer": "Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC."}, {"question": "What type of accomidations are domesticated turkey normally grown in?", "answer": "Commercial turkeys are usually reared indoors under controlled conditions"}, {"question": "What type of conditions are used to increase the weight and profitability of commercial turkeys?", "answer": "The lights can be switched on for 24-hrs/day, or a range of step-wise light regimens to encourage the birds to feed often and therefore grow rapidly"}, {"question": "At what age is the average turkey considered ready for the initial step of the commercial food process?", "answer": "Females achieve slaughter weight at about 15 weeks of age and males at about 19"}, {"question": "How much more does a average commercial  turkey weigh in comparison to its wild turkey cousins ?", "answer": "Mature commercial birds may be twice as heavy as their wild counterparts"}, {"question": "What the average for the amount of  turkeys are consumed in the U.S on Thanksgiving Day?", "answer": "60 million birds in the United States"}, {"question": "Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?", "answer": "They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests."}, {"question": "Where can quails typically be found in the wild?", "answer": "it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover."}, {"question": "What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?", "answer": "seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates."}, {"question": "From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?", "answer": "modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)"}, {"question": "Why did the Japanses begin to breed quails in teh 20th century?", "answer": "Japanese breeders began to selectively breed for increased egg production."}, {"question": "When did the quail egg business begin to really become an economic driven industry?", "answer": "By 1940, the quail egg industry was flourishing,"}, {"question": "What caused a marked sownturn in the production of quail eggs following the industry boom?", "answer": "the events of World War II led to the complete loss of quail lines bred for their song type, as well as almost all of those bred for egg production"}, {"question": "How many eggs can be laid by the present day decendants of the Japanese quail?", "answer": "Modern birds can lay upward of 300 eggs a year"}, {"question": "Are quails used for any purpose other than human consumption ?", "answer": "Japanese quail are also used in biomedical research in fields such as genetics, embryology, nutrition, physiology, pathology, and toxicity studies"}, {"question": "What continent is the evolution of guinea fowl credited to?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "Who first domesticated the guinea fowl ?", "answer": "ancient Greeks and Romans."}, {"question": "Aside from consumption how are Guinea fowl  useful to humans.", "answer": "They will keep a vegetable garden clear of pests and will eat the ticks that carry Lyme disease."}, {"question": "What are Guinea fowl  also praised for accomplishing for humans?", "answer": "roost in trees and give a loud vocal warning of the approach of predators."}, {"question": "What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?", "answer": "A squab"}, {"question": "From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?", "answer": "rock pigeon (Columba livia)"}, {"question": "Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?", "answer": "When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on \"pigeon's milk\", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop"}, {"question": "How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?", "answer": "a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months"}, {"question": "What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?", "answer": "Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry"}, {"question": "How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?", "answer": "50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs."}, {"question": "How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?", "answer": "High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production"}, {"question": "Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?", "answer": "birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night."}, {"question": "What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?", "answer": "the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry"}, {"question": "What is the benefit to chickens of being in a free-range farming location?", "answer": "the birds have access to natural conditions and can exhibit their normal behaviours"}, {"question": "What is yarding in relation to the pultry industry?", "answer": "birds have access to a fenced yard and poultry house at a higher stocking rate"}, {"question": "What is the most intensive type of enclosure system used in the poultry business?", "answer": "battery cages, often set in multiple tiers"}, {"question": "How are eggs collected in teh battery cage system?", "answer": "The eggs are laid on the floor of the cage and roll into troughs outside for ease of collection"}, {"question": "What is the average size of chickens used extensively for it's meat production raised in an intensive environment? ", "answer": "carcass size (2 kg (4.4 lb))"}, {"question": "How long does it take for an broiler raisedin an intensive environment very to reach optimum size?", "answer": "six weeks or less"}, {"question": "What is the death rate among chickens who are intensivley breed to be broilers?", "answer": "Mortality rates at 1%"}, {"question": "Do chicken raised in the intensive broiler method suffer from health condions?", "answer": "their legs cannot always support their weight and their hearts and respiratory systems may not be able to supply enough oxygen to their developing muscles."}, {"question": "How long does it take for a chicken raised in a less intensive envionment to reach optimal broiler size?", "answer": "18 weeks to reach similar weights"}, {"question": "What are some of the major concerns with intensive breeding programs?", "answer": "cannibalism, feather pecking and vent pecking can be common"}, {"question": "What harsh measures do farmers use to prevent the chickens from harming themselves or others?", "answer": "some farmers using beak trimming as a preventative measure"}, {"question": "What are some of the major concerns with extensive breeding programs such as free range ?", "answer": "the birds are exposed to adverse weather conditions and are vulnerable to predators and disease-carrying wild birds."}, {"question": "How is the spread of the avian flu related to the conditions in which chickens are kept?", "answer": "In Southeast Asia, a lack of disease control in free-range farming has been associated with outbreaks of avian influenza."}, {"question": "What is considered the most alarming setting for chickens to be raised in?", "answer": "Barn systems have been found to have the worst bird welfare."}, {"question": "Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?", "answer": "In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds"}, {"question": "In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?", "answer": "birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards"}, {"question": "Are there breed standards used for the competitions?", "answer": "Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity"}, {"question": "What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?", "answer": "the annual \"National Championship Show\" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain."}, {"question": "From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?", "answer": "The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry"}, {"question": "Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?", "answer": "Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide"}, {"question": "How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?", "answer": "Sixteen billion birds are raised annually"}, {"question": "What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?", "answer": "more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units"}, {"question": "How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?", "answer": "There are two distinct models of production;"}, {"question": "What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?", "answer": "the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin"}, {"question": "How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?", "answer": "China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds"}, {"question": "What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?", "answer": "Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)"}, {"question": "Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?", "answer": "France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,"}, {"question": "What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat", "answer": "94% share"}, {"question": "Is poultry available in various forms?", "answer": "fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked."}, {"question": "What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?", "answer": "The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called \"breast\" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the \"thigh\" and \"drumstick\""}, {"question": "Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?", "answer": "wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,"}, {"question": "Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?", "answer": "The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells"}, {"question": "What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?", "answer": "White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying"}, {"question": "What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?", "answer": "the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours"}, {"question": "Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?", "answer": "birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout"}, {"question": "When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?", "answer": "Translational Genomics Research"}, {"question": "What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?", "answer": "47%"}, {"question": "Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?", "answer": "Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,"}, {"question": "What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??", "answer": "a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present"}, {"question": "Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?", "answer": "people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus"}, {"question": "What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?", "answer": "areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected"}, {"question": "What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?", "answer": "The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic."}, {"question": "Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?", "answer": "the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected."}, {"question": "What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?", "answer": "Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs."}, {"question": "What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?", "answer": "egg allergies are unable to be immunised"}, {"question": "How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?", "answer": "process that takes about six months"}, {"question": "In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?", "answer": "viruses need living cells in which to replicate"}, {"question": "What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?", "answer": ". Cell-based culture"}, {"question": "What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?", "answer": "protein of high quality"}, {"question": "What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?", "answer": "4 g of fat and 31 g of protein"}, {"question": "How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?", "answer": "two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat"}, {"question": "Does chicken contain fat?", "answer": "low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids"}, {"question": "In what place with the word \"name\" in it do most people speak Dutch?", "answer": "Suriname"}, {"question": "Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Cura\u00e7ao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?", "answer": "Aruba"}, {"question": "It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?", "answer": "half a million"}, {"question": "In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?", "answer": "Afrikaans"}, {"question": "What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?", "answer": "16 million"}, {"question": "Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?", "answer": "German and English"}, {"question": "Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?", "answer": "umlaut"}, {"question": "Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?", "answer": "subjunctive"}, {"question": "Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?", "answer": "Flemish"}, {"question": "What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?", "answer": "Nederlands"}, {"question": "What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?", "answer": "Vlaams"}, {"question": "What is the Dutch name for the \"Hollandish\" dialect of the language?", "answer": "Hollands"}, {"question": "If \"Vlaams\" is \"Flemish,\" what would English speakers call \"West-Vlaams\"?", "answer": "Western Flemish"}, {"question": "What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?", "answer": "theudisk"}, {"question": "What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language \"of the people\"?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "The word \"theudisk\" was first found in a text from what year?", "answer": "784"}, {"question": "What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?", "answer": "842"}, {"question": "What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?", "answer": "teudisca"}, {"question": "In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?", "answer": "Pennsylvania Dutch"}, {"question": "What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?", "answer": "Deitsch"}, {"question": "In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the \"Dutch\" language until what century?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What word meaning \"Low Dutch\" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?", "answer": "Nederduits"}, {"question": "Instead of \"German,\" what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?", "answer": "Hoogduits"}, {"question": "What does \"Hoogduits\" translate to in English?", "answer": "High Dutch"}, {"question": "Now that \"Nederlands\" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?", "answer": "Duits"}, {"question": "What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?", "answer": "Nederduits"}, {"question": "What does the word \"Neder\" translate to in English?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "The Netherlands are \"low\" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?", "answer": "Rhine\u2013Meuse\u2013Scheldt delta"}, {"question": "What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as \"Germania Inferior\"?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "\"Nederduits\" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? ", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?", "answer": "Saxon"}, {"question": "Which dialects are referred to as \"Old Dutch\"?", "answer": "Franconian"}, {"question": "Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?", "answer": "gradual"}, {"question": "Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? ", "answer": "Frisian"}, {"question": "Which language tree groups Dutch with English?", "answer": "Indo-European"}, {"question": "What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?", "answer": "Iron Age"}, {"question": "Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?", "answer": "Verner's law"}, {"question": "What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?", "answer": "common ancestor"}, {"question": "Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?", "answer": "the Migration Period"}, {"question": "What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?", "answer": "West Germanic"}, {"question": "What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?", "answer": "Ingvaeonic"}, {"question": "Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?", "answer": "Istvaeonic"}, {"question": "What's another term for \"Frankish\"?", "answer": "Franconian"}, {"question": "What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?", "answer": "Tiel"}, {"question": "To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What word found in Roman writings became \"wad\" in modern Dutch?", "answer": "vadam"}, {"question": "What does the Dutch word \"wad\" mean in English?", "answer": "mudflat"}, {"question": "What's another name for Old Frisian?", "answer": "Anglo-Frisian"}, {"question": "What's another name for Old English?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxon"}, {"question": "What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?", "answer": "Old Dutch"}, {"question": "What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?", "answer": "Old Frankish"}, {"question": "What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?", "answer": "Old Low Franconian"}, {"question": "Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?", "answer": "rare"}, {"question": "What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?", "answer": "the Salic law"}, {"question": "What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase \"Visc flot aftar themo uuatare\"?", "answer": "fish"}, {"question": "Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?", "answer": "Rochester, England"}, {"question": "What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase \"Forsachistu diobolae\"?", "answer": "the Utrecht baptismal vow"}, {"question": "What language did Middle Dutch come from?", "answer": "Old Dutch"}, {"question": "What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?", "answer": "1150"}, {"question": "Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term \"Middle Dutch\" refer to?", "answer": "closely related dialects"}, {"question": "Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?", "answer": "readable"}, {"question": "What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?", "answer": "Burgundian Ducal Court"}, {"question": "Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Flanders and Brabant"}, {"question": "Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?", "answer": "1585"}, {"question": "What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?", "answer": "Statenvertaling"}, {"question": "What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?", "answer": "Southern Netherlands"}, {"question": "What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?", "answer": "Language Union Treaty"}, {"question": "The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?", "answer": "American English"}, {"question": "What's the \"cheesy\" name for East Low Franconian?", "answer": "Limburgish"}, {"question": "What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?", "answer": "Afrikaans"}, {"question": "Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?", "answer": "Frisian"}, {"question": "Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?", "answer": "Low German"}, {"question": "As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?", "answer": "Dutch Low Saxon"}, {"question": "What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?", "answer": "IJssel"}, {"question": "Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?", "answer": "Gelderland"}, {"question": "When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?", "answer": "14th to 15th century"}, {"question": "What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?", "answer": "Geert Driessen"}, {"question": "What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?", "answer": "4 percent"}, {"question": "What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?", "answer": "Limburgish"}, {"question": "In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"money\"?", "answer": "geld"}, {"question": "West Flemings pronounce the Dutch \"g\" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?", "answer": "\"h\""}, {"question": "What other European language has a mute \"h\" like the West Flemings do?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What word that means \"hero\" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as \"geld\"?", "answer": "held"}, {"question": "If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent \"h,\" they might over-correct into what sound?", "answer": "g-sound"}, {"question": "What's the West Flemish word for \"no\"?", "answer": "nee"}, {"question": "How would you tell a West Flemish speaker \"yes\"?", "answer": "ja"}, {"question": "What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a \"yes\" or \"no\" to?", "answer": "subject"}, {"question": "Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?", "answer": "easy"}, {"question": "Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?", "answer": "sound shifts"}, {"question": "What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?", "answer": "West Flemish"}, {"question": "What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?", "answer": "political boundaries"}, {"question": "What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?", "answer": "Zeeland"}, {"question": "What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?", "answer": "French Flanders"}, {"question": "Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?", "answer": "Brabantian"}, {"question": "What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?", "answer": "West Frisian"}, {"question": "Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?", "answer": "Afrikaans"}, {"question": "Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?", "answer": "mutually intelligible"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?", "answer": "59%"}, {"question": "What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?", "answer": "the Netherlands"}, {"question": "What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?", "answer": "French Flanders"}, {"question": "What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?", "answer": "Dutch Language Union"}, {"question": "How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?", "answer": "Kleve"}, {"question": "About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?", "answer": "the Catholic Church"}, {"question": "In what area of France is Calais located?", "answer": "Northeastern France"}, {"question": "In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?", "answer": "Prussia"}, {"question": "In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?", "answer": "German or French"}, {"question": "In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?", "answer": "younger generations"}, {"question": "Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?", "answer": "4,550"}, {"question": "What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?", "answer": "Lower Saxony"}, {"question": "For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?", "answer": "almost 350 years"}, {"question": "In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?", "answer": "the legal profession"}, {"question": "What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?", "answer": "Erasmus Language Centre"}, {"question": "About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?", "answer": "history"}, {"question": "Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?", "answer": "local elite"}, {"question": "What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?", "answer": "destabilising the colony"}, {"question": "Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?", "answer": "power"}, {"question": "What became the official language of Indonesia after they declared their independence?", "answer": "Malay"}, {"question": "What's the Indonesian word for \"office\"? ", "answer": "kantor"}, {"question": "What term describes the literally translated Indonesian versions of Dutch terms that have become standard?", "answer": "calques"}, {"question": "What Dutch word for a hospital was calqued into the Indonesian \"rumah sakit\"?", "answer": "ziekenhuis"}, {"question": "What is the Indonesian calque for the Dutch word that literally translates as \"animal garden\"?", "answer": "kebun binatang"}, {"question": "About what percentage of residents of Suriname speak Dutch?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What language would you hear teachers speak if you attended school in Suriname?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "When did Suriname officially become independent from the Netherlands?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What year did Suriname join the Dutch Language Union?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?", "answer": "Sranan Tongo"}, {"question": "What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?", "answer": "Mohawk Dutch"}, {"question": "What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?", "answer": "Pennsylvania German"}, {"question": "Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?", "answer": "Negerhollands"}, {"question": "In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?", "answer": "Guyana"}, {"question": "In what decade did European Dutch yield to the local dialect in South Africa?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "At the high end, what percentage of Afrikaans words come from Dutch?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What South African document from 1983 doesn't list Dutch as an official language?", "answer": "constitution"}, {"question": "What section of the constitution was changed by Act 8 of 1925 to include Afrikaans with Dutch?", "answer": "137"}, {"question": "What pressure influenced the shift in South Africa from the use of European Dutch in the 1920s?", "answer": "Afrikaner nationalism"}, {"question": "Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?", "answer": "Afrikaans speakers"}, {"question": "Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?", "answer": "less complex"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"bird\"?", "answer": "vogel"}, {"question": "What is the Afrikaans word for \"rain\"?", "answer": "re\u00ebn"}, {"question": "Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?", "answer": "difficult"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of South Africans are native Afrikaans speakers?", "answer": "13.5%"}, {"question": "Which country has 11% of households who speak Afrikaans?", "answer": "Namibia"}, {"question": "How many of the South Africans surveyed in 1996 said they speak at least a little Afrikaans?", "answer": "40 percent"}, {"question": "About how many South Africans speak Afrikaans as their primary language?", "answer": "6.8 million"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people in the world speak Dutch as a second language?", "answer": "5 million"}, {"question": "What sound does Dutch still use from Proto-Germanic that was phased out in other Germanic languages?", "answer": "velar fricatives"}, {"question": "Along with English, what pronunciation shift did Dutch not undergo?", "answer": "the second consonant shift"}, {"question": "How are obstruents pronounced at the end of Dutch words?", "answer": "voiceless"}, {"question": "How would you say \"good\" in Dutch?", "answer": "goede"}, {"question": "What language other than Dutch also employs final-obstruent devoicing?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What's the German word for \"seven\"?", "answer": "sieben"}, {"question": "Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for \"seven\" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?", "answer": "zeven"}, {"question": "What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?", "answer": "length"}, {"question": "Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?", "answer": "true"}, {"question": "How would you say \"sons\" in Dutch?", "answer": "zonen"}, {"question": "Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?", "answer": "length"}, {"question": "What does the Dutch word \"kroes\" mean in English?", "answer": "mug"}, {"question": "What letter represents the sound native English speakers often use for Dutch names with \"ij\" or \"ei\" in them?", "answer": "y"}, {"question": "How many unique phenomes are usually attributed to Dutch?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What's the term we use for the type of sound made for two vowels in words like the Dutch \"goud\" or \"zout\"?", "answer": "diphthong"}, {"question": "What pronunciation did the older Dutch ol/ul/al + dental evolve into?", "answer": "ol + dental"}, {"question": "What linguistic event in English could we parallel with the Dutch lowering of diphthongs?", "answer": "English Great Vowel Shift"}, {"question": "In what decade did the Dutch diphthong lowering occur?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "The lowering of diphthongs is intriguing partly because it's associated with what single gender?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What researcher posited that the lowering of diphthongs is \"natural\"?", "answer": "Stroop"}, {"question": "Which language, in addition to German, did Stroop use to compare Dutch with when stating that the diphthongs \"should\" have lowered?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?", "answer": "\"intermediate\""}, {"question": "What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?", "answer": "educated classes"}, {"question": "What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?", "answer": "Estuary English"}, {"question": "What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?", "answer": "standardisation"}, {"question": "What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?", "answer": "lowered diphthongs"}, {"question": "How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?", "answer": "the common gender"}, {"question": "Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?", "answer": "neuter"}, {"question": "The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?", "answer": "Continental Scandinavian languages"}, {"question": "In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"my\"?", "answer": "mijn"}, {"question": "Over what span of time have the rules for written Dutch become less complicated?", "answer": "100 years"}, {"question": "What part of speech does Dutch mostly use cases for?", "answer": "pronouns"}, {"question": "Which parts of speech aren't normally case-specific in Dutch?", "answer": "Nouns and adjectives"}, {"question": "In what century long before Dutch did most West Germanic dialects probably lose case inflection?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like \"Der Herr des Hauses\"?", "answer": "genitive"}, {"question": "How would you say \"the man of the house\" in Dutch?", "answer": "de heer des huizes"}, {"question": "What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?", "answer": "lexicalized"}, {"question": "Which word in the phrase \"het jaar des Heren\" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?", "answer": "Heren"}, {"question": "In what type of Dutch clause does the subject usually follow the conjugated verb?", "answer": "interrogative main clause"}, {"question": "What's the English type equivalent for the Dutch word order that is an interrogative pronoun/expression, then a verb followed by a subject?", "answer": "a wh-question"}, {"question": "What type of clause has the same word order in Dutch as a tag question?", "answer": "declarative clause"}, {"question": "What never changes in a subordinate clause in Dutch?", "answer": "word order"}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of the Dutch phrase, \"Kun jij je pen niet vinden?\"", "answer": "\"Can you your pen not find?\""}, {"question": "What word do Dutch speakers use for what we call a \"shotgun marriage\"?", "answer": "moetje"}, {"question": "In Dutch, what part of speech does an adjective with a diminutive ending become?", "answer": "noun"}, {"question": "When the diminutive ending \"-tjes\" is added to the adverb \"even,\" as what part of speech does it function?", "answer": "adverb"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"green\"?", "answer": "groen"}, {"question": "With the diminutive ending \"-tje\" added to the Dutch word for \"green,\" what does the new formation translate to in English?", "answer": "rookie"}, {"question": "Which diminutive of \"bloem\" means a \"bouquet\"?", "answer": "bloemetje"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for \"seahorse\" that has no non-diminutive form?", "answer": "zeepaardje"}, {"question": "What Dutch word did their word for \"girl\" come from that has a totally different meaning?", "answer": "meid"}, {"question": "What's the Dutch word for the items like shirts and pants that you wear that only exists in a plural form?", "answer": "kleertjes"}, {"question": "Sometimes uncountable nouns in Dutch get a diminutive ending to make them refer to what, like an ice cream cone?", "answer": "a single portion"}, {"question": "What language besides Dutch uses the dative case instead of the accusative for pronouns?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "In the lone exception to the dative case, which pronoun is prescribed for the third person plural direct object?", "answer": "hen"}, {"question": "When did the grammarians first draw the line between third person plural pronouns for Dutch?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "Since most Dutch speakers don't bother with the hen/hun rule, which of the two most often gets used?", "answer": "hun"}, {"question": "When speakers get confused about whether to use hen or hun, what interchangeable unstressed form would they probably use?", "answer": "ze"}, {"question": "How would a Dutch speaker say \"doghouse\"?", "answer": "hondenhok"}, {"question": "Is Dutch like or unlike English in its treatment of compound nouns?", "answer": "Unlike"}, {"question": "\"Tree house,\" which is two words in English, would be what single word in Dutch?", "answer": "boomhuis"}, {"question": "What language is like Dutch in allowing compounds to be any length?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "In English, what usually separates newer compound nouns written in open form?", "answer": "spaces"}, {"question": "What percentage of loanwords are present in Dutch vocabulary?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What language has exerted the most influence on Dutch vocabulary since the 12th century?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What language does Dutch get its second highest percentage of loanwords from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Together, what percentage of Dutch loanwords comes from High and Low German?", "answer": "2.7%"}, {"question": "In the loanword sharing between Dutch and English, which language got the higher percentage of loanwords?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?", "answer": "digraph"}, {"question": "Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?", "answer": "doubled letters"}, {"question": "What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?", "answer": "voorraaddoos"}, {"question": "What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for \"a\" or \"an\" and the word for \"one\"?", "answer": "acute accent"}, {"question": "What was Buckingham Palace orginally known as?", "answer": "Buckingham House"}, {"question": "Who was Buckingham Palace was originally built for?", "answer": "Duke of Buckingham"}, {"question": "Which king acquired the Buckingham House in 1761?", "answer": "King George III"}, {"question": "What was Buckingham House known as when Queen Charlotte resided there?", "answer": "\"The Queen's House\""}, {"question": "Which two architects were commissioned to enlarge Buckingham in the 19th century?", "answer": "John Nash and Edward Blore"}, {"question": "For whom was Buckingham house originally built?", "answer": "Duke of Buckingham"}, {"question": "Who enlarged the house in the 19th century?", "answer": "John Nash and Edward Blore"}, {"question": "When did the palace become the London residence for the monarchs?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?", "answer": "Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold"}, {"question": "What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?", "answer": "brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis"}, {"question": "How many rooms does the palace have?", "answer": "775 rooms"}, {"question": "In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?", "answer": "Chinese regency style"}, {"question": "What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?", "answer": "Carlton House"}, {"question": "Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?", "answer": "Sir Charles Long"}, {"question": "Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour scheme?", "answer": "King Edward VII"}, {"question": "Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?", "answer": "Chinese regency style"}, {"question": "Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?", "answer": "Carlton House"}, {"question": "Which river runs underneath the palace?", "answer": "river Tyburn"}, {"question": "The site of the palace was once owned by which queen consort in the late Saxon times?", "answer": "Edith of Wessex"}, {"question": "Who did William the Conqueror give the site of the palace to?", "answer": "Geoffrey de Mandeville"}, {"question": "The site was passed to monks from which abbey?", "answer": "Westminster Abbey"}, {"question": "The site of the palace formed part of which Manor in the Middles ages?", "answer": "Manor of Ebury"}, {"question": "What was the name of the village that grew at Cow Ford?", "answer": "Eye Cross"}, {"question": "Who gave the site to the monks of Westminster?", "answer": "Geoffrey de Mandeville"}, {"question": "What was the name of the manor that previously existed on the site?", "answer": "Manor of Ebury"}, {"question": "Which property tycoon inherited the property in the late 17th century?", "answer": "Sir Hugh Audley"}, {"question": "Which village had fallen into decay?", "answer": "Eye Cross"}, {"question": "Who established a mulberry garden on the property?", "answer": "James I"}, {"question": "What product did the mulberry garden produce?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "Who suggests that the mulberry garden is likely a place for debauchery?", "answer": "Clement Walker"}, {"question": "What about the palace was subject to speculation in the 17th century?", "answer": "the freehold"}, {"question": "Which village had fallen into decay but the 17th century?", "answer": "Eye Cross"}, {"question": "Who sold off part of the Crown Freehold?", "answer": "James I"}, {"question": "What type of garden did James I create?", "answer": "mulberry"}, {"question": "What did the mulberry garden produce?", "answer": "silk."}, {"question": "Who built the first house on the site?", "answer": "Sir William Blake"}, {"question": "Which owner developed much of the garden still seen today?", "answer": "Lord Goring"}, {"question": "What was Lord Goring's garden known as?", "answer": "Goring Great Garden"}, {"question": "Under which king did the Royal Family regain the freehold title of the property? ", "answer": "King George III"}, {"question": "Which king failed to execute Goring's freehold document before fleeing to London?", "answer": "King Charles I"}, {"question": "Who owned the first house built on the site?", "answer": "Sir William Blake"}, {"question": "Who developed what is much of today's garden at Buckingham?", "answer": "Lord Goring"}, {"question": "What was the name of Lord Goring Garden?", "answer": "Goring Great Garden"}, {"question": "Which king fled to London leaving allowing the Royal family to keep it's freehold on the property?", "answer": "King Charles I"}, {"question": "In what year did William Winde design the house which forms the core of the palace?", "answer": "1703"}, {"question": "Who sold Buckingham house in 1761?", "answer": "Sir Charles Sheffield"}, {"question": "How much did George III pay for the house?", "answer": "\u00a321,000"}, {"question": "In what year was the leasehold of the Mulberry site due to expire?", "answer": "1774"}, {"question": "How many flanking service wings did the original Buckingham House have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "The house which is the core of Buckingham was first built for who?", "answer": "Duke of Buckingham and Normanby"}, {"question": "Who designed the house for the Duke of Buckingham?", "answer": "William Winde"}, {"question": "How many flanking service wings did Buckingham House have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who bought Buckingham House in 1761?", "answer": "George III"}, {"question": "How much did George III pay for Buckingham House? ", "answer": "\u00a321,000"}, {"question": "What did King George IV originally want the structure to be?", "answer": "a small, comfortable home"}, {"question": "King William thought about converting the palace into what after a fire destroyed the Palace of Westminster in 1834?", "answer": "new Houses of Parliament"}, {"question": "Which architect helped modify the house into a palace?", "answer": "John Nash"}, {"question": "In what year was Nash removed as architect?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "Who was hired in 1830 to finish the work on the palace?", "answer": "Edward Blore"}, {"question": "What year did remodeling of Buckingham House begin?", "answer": "1762"}, {"question": "What was George IV's original plan for the house? ", "answer": "a small, comfortable home"}, {"question": "What year did the king decide to make it into a palace?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "Who was the main architect that transformed the house into the palace?", "answer": "John Nash"}, {"question": "Who did King William IV hired to finish the work after Nash was fired?", "answer": "Edward Blore"}, {"question": "Who was the first monarch to reside at Buckingham Palace?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "Who died before the palace was completed?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "Buckingham became a principle residence for the Royal Family in which year?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "What was the problem with chimneys in the palace?", "answer": "the chimneys smoked"}, {"question": "At the end of which year were most of the design problems of the palace rectified under Prince Albert?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "When did Buckingham officially become the principle royal residence?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "Who was the first monarch to reside there?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "Who died before seeing Buckingham Palace's completion?", "answer": "William IV"}, {"question": "What was the problem with the palace's chimneys?", "answer": "the chimneys smoked"}, {"question": "Who dealt with the design faults of the palace?", "answer": "Prince Albert"}, {"question": "Who designed the new wing for the palace in 1847?", "answer": "Edward Blore"}, {"question": "The new wing was built by whom?", "answer": "Thomas Cubitt"}, {"question": "What is the East front of the palace known as?", "answer": "\"public face\" of Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "The East Front contains what famous feature?", "answer": "the balcony"}, {"question": "Who was the student of Nash that designed the ballroom wing?", "answer": "Sir James Pennethorne."}, {"question": "Who designed a new wing for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert when they felt they needed more space?", "answer": "Edward Blore"}, {"question": "Who built the new wing?", "answer": "Thomas Cubitt"}, {"question": "What is considered the public face of the palace?", "answer": "The large East Front"}, {"question": "What other wing was built during this time?", "answer": "The ballroom wing"}, {"question": "Which of Nash's students designed The Ballroom?", "answer": "Sir James Pennethorne"}, {"question": "The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?", "answer": "musical entertainments"}, {"question": "Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn"}, {"question": "Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?", "answer": "Alice Polka"}, {"question": "Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?", "answer": "lavish costume balls"}, {"question": "Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?", "answer": "musical entertainments"}, {"question": "Which composer played there on three occasions?", "answer": "Felix Mendelssohn"}, {"question": "Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?", "answer": "Johann Strauss II"}, {"question": "What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?", "answer": "lavish costume balls"}, {"question": "When year did Prince Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What forced the Queen to return to London?", "answer": "public opinion"}, {"question": "What was the fate of Buckingham after the left?", "answer": "the palace was seldom used, even neglected."}, {"question": "Where were court functions held upon the Queens return to London?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "When did Prince Albert die?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What did Queen Victoria do in response to his death?", "answer": "left Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "Which house did Queen Victoria stay at after she left Buckingham?", "answer": "Osborne House"}, {"question": "What happened to Buckingham after Queen Victoria left?", "answer": "palace was seldom used, even neglected"}, {"question": "Where did Queen Victoria hold court functions during this time?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "How many principle bedrooms does the palace have?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "How many bathrooms are there?", "answer": "78"}, {"question": "A large bow is a large feature of the facade in which stateroom?", "answer": "the Music Room"}, {"question": "How long is the Picture Gallery in yards?", "answer": "55 yards"}, {"question": "Which rooms has large white marble statues of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria?", "answer": "The Guard Room"}, {"question": "What is the floor space of the palace?", "answer": "77,000 m2 (830,000 sq ft)"}, {"question": "How many staterooms does the palace have?", "answer": "19 state rooms"}, {"question": "How many bathrooms does the palace have?", "answer": "78 bathrooms"}, {"question": "How many offices does the palace have?", "answer": "92 offices"}, {"question": "Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?", "answer": "the semi-state apartments"}, {"question": "Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?", "answer": "1844 Room"}, {"question": "The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?", "answer": "Emperor Napoleon III of France"}, {"question": "Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?", "answer": "Bow Room"}, {"question": "Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?", "answer": "the north wing"}, {"question": "What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?", "answer": "semi-state apartments"}, {"question": "What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?", "answer": "less formal entertaining"}, {"question": "Who is the 1844 Room named after?", "answer": "Tsar Nicholas I of Russia"}, {"question": "Who is the 1855 Room named after?", "answer": "Emperor Napoleon III of France"}, {"question": "Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?", "answer": "the north wing"}, {"question": "Where did many of the fittings for the new east wing come from?", "answer": "Brighton Pavilion"}, {"question": "When was the new east wing built?", "answer": "Between 1847 and 1850"}, {"question": "What is the theme for the new east wing?", "answer": "oriental"}, {"question": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room has what as a main feature?", "answer": "large oriental chimney piece"}, {"question": "Who designed the chimney piece in The Yellow Drawing Room?", "answer": "Robert Jones"}, {"question": "What was Blore building between 1847 and 1850?", "answer": "the new east wing"}, {"question": "Many rooms in the new east wing are in what style?", "answer": "oriental"}, {"question": "Parts of the Brighton Banqueting and Music Rooms from Brighton Pavilion make up which Buckingham Room?", "answer": "The red and blue Chinese Luncheon Room"}, {"question": "Which room has the famous balcony used by the royals?", "answer": "Centre Room"}, {"question": "What is the main theme of the Centre Room?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "Which Queen enhanced the Chinese theme of the Centre Room in the 1920s?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "The lacquer doors in the Centre Room were brought from Brighton in which year?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "The Principle Corridor features which type of doors?", "answer": "mirrored doors"}, {"question": "Which room feature the famous balcony?", "answer": "Centre Room"}, {"question": "Which designer did Queen Mary work with to enhance the Centre Room?", "answer": "Sir Charles Allom"}, {"question": "The Principle Corridor has which type of doors?", "answer": "mirrored doors"}, {"question": "What year were the lacquer doors brought from Brighton?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "Where do foreign heads of stay usually stay in Buckingham Palace?", "answer": "the Belgian Suite"}, {"question": "What floor are the Belgian Suites located?", "answer": "ground floor"}, {"question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the foot of which staircase?", "answer": "the Minister's Staircase"}, {"question": "How are the rooms of the Belgian Suites linked?", "answer": "by narrow corridors"}, {"question": "What is the style of the saucer domes in the Belgian Suite?", "answer": "the style of Soane"}, {"question": "Where do foreign heads of stay at Buckingham Palace?", "answer": "the Belgian Suite"}, {"question": "The Belgian Suite is located at the bottom of which staircase?", "answer": "Minister's Staircase"}, {"question": "On which floor is the Belgian Suite located?", "answer": "the ground floor"}, {"question": "How are the rooms in the Belgian Suite connected?", "answer": "by narrow corridors"}, {"question": "The saucer domes are in whose style?", "answer": "the style of Soane"}, {"question": "Aside from being the home of the monarchy and a tourist attraction, what else is Buckingham Palace known for?", "answer": "art gallery"}, {"question": "Who made the palaces gilded railings and gates?", "answer": "Bromsgrove Guild"}, {"question": "Buckingham Palace is also the London Residence for which Duke?", "answer": "Duke of York"}, {"question": "Who is Buckingham palace home to?", "answer": "the British monarchy"}, {"question": "Who completed the palaces gilded railing and gates?", "answer": "Bromsgrove Guild"}, {"question": "In what year were the railings and gates completed?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "How many people work at Buckingham Palace?", "answer": "800 people"}, {"question": "Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?", "answer": "Crown Estate"}, {"question": "Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?", "answer": "Queen's Gallery"}, {"question": "What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?", "answer": "chapel"}, {"question": "What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?", "answer": "The palace's state rooms"}, {"question": "Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?", "answer": "Crown Estate"}, {"question": "Where can the public view the Royal Collection?", "answer": "at the Queen's Gallery"}, {"question": "Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?", "answer": "since 1993"}, {"question": "How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?", "answer": "476,000 people"}, {"question": "What is the official dress code today at Buckingham Palace?", "answer": "there is no official dress code"}, {"question": "Which Queen tried and failed to raise the hemline of her dress after WWI?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Which King was horrified to see the Queen's hemline raised a few inches?", "answer": "King George V"}, {"question": "The hemline of daytime skirts were allowed to rise after which year?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "The knee breeches men formerly wore to the palace were of what era's design?", "answer": "18th-century design"}, {"question": "From what century were men's knee breeches worn at Buckingham designed in?", "answer": "18th-century design"}, {"question": "What were women obliged to wear in their hair?", "answer": "tiaras or feathers"}, {"question": "Which queen wanted to shorten her skirt's hemline?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Which King was horrified to see the raised hemline on the Queen?", "answer": "George V"}, {"question": "What is the dress code today at Buckingham?", "answer": "there is no official dress code"}, {"question": "Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?", "answer": "Edward VII"}, {"question": "What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?", "answer": "coming out"}, {"question": "Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?", "answer": "ostrich feathers"}, {"question": "After WWII \"coming out\" ceremonies were replaces with what event?", "answer": "less formal afternoon receptions"}, {"question": "Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?", "answer": "Edward VII"}, {"question": "What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?", "answer": "ostrich feathers"}, {"question": "What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?", "answer": "\"coming out\""}, {"question": "After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?", "answer": "less formal afternoon receptions"}, {"question": "Where do Investitures take place?", "answer": "in the palace's Ballroom"}, {"question": "What year was The Ballroom built?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Which room has The Ballroom replaced in terms of both use and importance?", "answer": "the throne room"}, {"question": "What does the Queen stand on during Investitures?", "answer": "the throne dais"}, {"question": "Knighthood is given by being dubbed with what object?", "answer": "a sword"}, {"question": "What is the largest room in the palace?", "answer": "Ballroom"}, {"question": "The Ballroom replaced which other room in terms of importance and use?", "answer": "the throne room"}, {"question": "Where do State Banquets take place?", "answer": "the Ballroom"}, {"question": "In what month does the Queen entertain the diplomatic corps?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "What is used to set the dining table for formal dinners?", "answer": "the Grand Service"}, {"question": "When was the Grand Service made?", "answer": "1811"}, {"question": "For whom was the Grand Service made?", "answer": "the Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "Where do state banquets take place?", "answer": "in the Ballroom"}, {"question": "When are state banquets held?", "answer": "the first evening of a state visit by a foreign head of state"}, {"question": "What is the dining table laid with for state banquets?", "answer": "the Grand Service"}, {"question": "Who was the Grand Service originally made for?", "answer": "Prince of Wales"}, {"question": "Where is the Gold State Coach housed?", "answer": "the Royal Mews"}, {"question": "When was the Gold State Coach first used?", "answer": "1762"}, {"question": "The Royal Mews houses which type of animal?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "Who designed the Royal Mews?", "answer": "Nash"}, {"question": "Where is the Gold State Coach kept?", "answer": "the Royal Mews"}, {"question": "Who designed the Gold State Coach?", "answer": "Sir William Chambers"}, {"question": "In what year was the Gold State Coach first used?", "answer": "1762"}, {"question": "What animals are kept in the mews?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "In what year did Edward VII ascend to the throne?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "Kind Edward VII and Queen Alexandra's friends were know as what?", "answer": "\"the Marlborough House Set\""}, {"question": "Some thought that King Edward VII's redecoration choices were at odds with whose prior work?", "answer": "Nash's"}, {"question": "Which king commissioned massive redecoration in the Belle Epoque cream and gold color scheme?", "answer": "King Edward"}, {"question": "What were the group of friends of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra called?", "answer": "the Marlborough House Set"}, {"question": "What was at odds with Nash's original work in the palace?", "answer": "King Edward's heavy redecorations"}, {"question": "When did King Edward VII take the throne?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "What colors were used in the redecorations overseen by King Edward VII?", "answer": "Belle \u00e9poque cream and gold"}, {"question": "Under whose reign did the last major building works take place?", "answer": "King George V"}, {"question": "The principle facade of the East Front is made from what type of stone?", "answer": "Portland stone"}, {"question": "Which king preferred official entertaining and royal duties to lavish parties?", "answer": "George V"}, {"question": "Who added and restored furniture to The Royal Collection?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for decorating The Blue Drawing Room?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Who redesigned Blore's 1850 East Front?", "answer": "Sir Aston Webb"}, {"question": "The refaced facade was made from what type of stone?", "answer": "Portland stone"}, {"question": "Which king placed more emphasis on official entertaining and royal duties instead of lavish parties?", "answer": "George V"}, {"question": "What collection did Queen Mary take an interest in by adding and restoring pieces?", "answer": "Royal Collection of furniture and art"}, {"question": "Who decorated the Blue Drawing Room?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Who lived at Buckingham Palace during WWI?", "answer": "King George V and Queen Mary"}, {"question": "Where were valuable items from Buckingham Palace taken during WWI?", "answer": "Windsor"}, {"question": "The king refrained from doing what during the war?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "In what year was the north-west pavilion turned into a swimming pool?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Who persuaded the king to lock the wine cellars during WWI?", "answer": "David Lloyd George"}, {"question": "Buckingham Palace was untouched during which war?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "Where were valuables evacuated to during the war?", "answer": "Windsor"}, {"question": "What did the King give up during the war?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "Who convinced the king to lock the wine cellars?", "answer": "David Lloyd George"}, {"question": "What was the north-west pavilion converted into in 1938?", "answer": "swimming pool"}, {"question": "How many times was the palace bombed in WWII?", "answer": "nine times"}, {"question": "What was destroyed in 1940?", "answer": "the palace chapel"}, {"question": "Which monarchs were in residence at Buckingham Palace during WWII?", "answer": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth"}, {"question": "The bombing of Buckingham Palace showed what to the public?", "answer": "the common suffering of rich and poor"}, {"question": "What was destroyed in one of the bombing that hit the palace in WWII?", "answer": "the chapel"}, {"question": "The King and Queen were filmed doing what after a bombing?", "answer": "inspecting their bombed home"}, {"question": "The royal family was seen as sharing what with their subjects after the bombings?", "answer": "their subjects' hardship"}, {"question": "What is the date of the Battle of Britain Day?", "answer": "15 September 1940"}, {"question": "What did Ray Holmes think the German pilot was going to bomb?", "answer": "the Palace"}, {"question": "What type of airplane was the German craft Holmes rammed into?", "answer": "Dornier Do 17 bomber"}, {"question": "After the war what did Holmes become?", "answer": "King's Messenger"}, {"question": "What year did Ray Holmes die?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is September 15, 1940 known as?", "answer": "the Battle of Britain Day"}, {"question": "What did Ray Holmes believe the German pilot was targeting?", "answer": "the Palace"}, {"question": "What did Holmes do to stop the German Plane?", "answer": "ram it"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft was the German Plane?", "answer": "Dornier Do 17 bomber"}, {"question": "When did Holmes die?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What type of energy makes an incandescent light bulb glow?", "answer": "electric current"}, {"question": "Which part of the incandescent light bulb is heated?", "answer": "wire filament"}, {"question": "What part of a halogen light bulb supplies electric current?", "answer": "feed-through terminals or wires embedded in the glass"}, {"question": "What provides the electricity to most light bulbs?", "answer": "a socket"}, {"question": "Which type of light bulb uses inert gas?", "answer": "incandescent light bulb"}, {"question": "Are incandescent bulbs more or less efficient than most electric lighting?", "answer": "less efficient"}, {"question": "What percentage of energy does a standard light bulb actually convert to visible light?", "answer": "2.2%"}, {"question": "Which is more efficient: compact fluorescent or LED lights?", "answer": "LED"}, {"question": "How long does a typical incandescent light bulb last?", "answer": "1,000 hours"}, {"question": "What happens to the energy that an incandescent bulb does not convert into light?", "answer": "The remaining energy is converted into heat."}, {"question": "What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?", "answer": "prohibited them already"}, {"question": "How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?", "answer": "phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs"}, {"question": "What does the acronym CCFL refer to?", "answer": "cold cathode fluorescent lamps"}, {"question": "What does the acronym CFL refer to?", "answer": "compact fluorescent lamps"}, {"question": "What does the acronym LED refer to?", "answer": "light-emitting diode"}, {"question": "Who patented an incandescent light bulb in Russia in 1874?", "answer": "Alexander Lodygin"}, {"question": "What did Lodygin use as a burner in his lamp?", "answer": "two carbon rods"}, {"question": "In what year did Lodygin demonstrate a lamp at the World's Fair?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "What did Lodygin change his name to after moving to the USA?", "answer": "Alexander de Lodyguine"}, {"question": "When did Lodygin invent his first lamp?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?", "answer": "at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society"}, {"question": "Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?", "answer": "Charles Stearn"}, {"question": "Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?", "answer": "'parchmentised thread'"}, {"question": "When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "What was the first public building to install electric lighting?", "answer": "the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London"}, {"question": "When did Edison begin research into incandescent lighting?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "With what material did Edison make his first filament?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": "How long did Edison's light burn during his first successful test in 1879?", "answer": "13.5 hours"}, {"question": "What type of wood did Edison use in his improved filament?", "answer": "bamboo"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first ship to use Edison's lamp?", "answer": "Columbia"}, {"question": "Who founded Electro-Dynamic Light Company?", "answer": "Albon Man"}, {"question": "Who was the chief engineer at the United States Electric Lighting Company?", "answer": "Hiram S. Maxim"}, {"question": "Where did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?", "answer": "Mercantile Safe Deposit Company"}, {"question": "When did Electro-Dynamic Light Company install its first lights?", "answer": "fall of 1880"}, {"question": "Which company was organized first, Electro-Dynamic Light Company or United States Electric Lighting Company?", "answer": "Electro-Dynamic Light Company"}, {"question": "Who developed a heat-treating method that allowed carbon filaments to be molded into shapes?", "answer": "Lewis Latimer"}, {"question": "When did Latimer patent his \"Process of Manufacturing Carbons\"?", "answer": "17 January 1882"}, {"question": "Which company purchased Latimer's patent?", "answer": "United States Electric Light Company"}, {"question": "Who employed Latimer when he developed his first patent?", "answer": "Edison"}, {"question": "Which inventors patented the tungsten filament lamp?", "answer": "Hungarian S\u00e1ndor Just and Croatian Franjo Hanaman"}, {"question": "When did Just and Hanaman receive their patent for the tungsten filament lamp?", "answer": "13 December 1904"}, {"question": "Which company first marketed the tungsten filament lamp?", "answer": "Tungsram"}, {"question": "What type of gas fills a tungsten filament bulb?", "answer": "argon or nitrogen"}, {"question": "What is a common alternate name for the tungsten filament bulb in Europe?", "answer": "Tungsram-bulbs"}, {"question": "What does the acronym LER refer to?", "answer": "radiant luminous efficacy"}, {"question": "What is the maximum LER possible?", "answer": "683 lm/W"}, {"question": "In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?", "answer": "two ways"}, {"question": "What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?", "answer": "the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths"}, {"question": "What does the acronym LES refer to?", "answer": "source luminous efficacy"}, {"question": "At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?", "answer": "6,300 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?", "answer": "52 lumens per watt"}, {"question": "What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?", "answer": "infrared radiation"}, {"question": "What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?", "answer": "the light emitted does not appear white,"}, {"question": "What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?", "answer": "52 lumens per watt"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of white-balancing?", "answer": "to avoid too \"warm\" or \"cool\" colors"}, {"question": "Of incandescent lights, fluorescent lights and LEDs, which has the best color-rendering performance?", "answer": "incandescent lights"}, {"question": "What is the color rendering index of an incandescent light?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "Why do incandescent lights have superior color rendering?", "answer": "the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament"}, {"question": "What is the highest possible color rendering index score?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "Do fluorescent lights have a higher or lower luminous efficiency than incandescents?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "How can luminescent light sources be modified to resemble the appearance of incandescents?", "answer": "By careful selection of which electron energy level transitions are used, and fluorescent coatings which modify the spectral distribution"}, {"question": "Why are luminescent light sources not ideal for photography?", "answer": "Due to the discrete spectral lines rather than a continuous spectrum"}, {"question": "Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?", "answer": "less"}, {"question": "What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?", "answer": "a building's air conditioning system"}, {"question": "Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?", "answer": "shorter"}, {"question": "What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?", "answer": "illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used"}, {"question": "What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?", "answer": "heat from the heating system"}, {"question": "Do incandescent light bulbs use more or less energy as compared to CFLs and LED lamps?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "How much does the incandescent light ban in Europe contribute to the economy each year?", "answer": "5 to 10 billion euros"}, {"question": "How much energy does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?", "answer": "40 TWh of electricity"}, {"question": "How much CO2 emissions does the incandescent light ban in Europe save each year?", "answer": "15 million tonnes"}, {"question": "How are laws written that bring about a ban of incandescent light bulbs?", "answer": "by setting minimum efficacy standards higher than can be achieved by incandescent lamps"}, {"question": "Is the environmental performance of CFLs better or worse than that of incandescents?", "answer": "better"}, {"question": "Which type of light bulbs is considered most cost effective and robust?", "answer": "LED lamps"}, {"question": "What are some objections to banning incandescent bulbs?", "answer": "higher initial cost of alternatives and lower quality of light of fluorescent lamps"}, {"question": "What substance in CFL bulbs raises health concerns?", "answer": "mercury"}, {"question": "Do CFLs consume more, less, or the same amount of energy as incandescent bulbs?", "answer": "much less"}, {"question": "Which company introduced hybrid incandescent bulbs?", "answer": "Philips"}, {"question": "How much more efficient are Halogena Energy Saver bulbs compared to incandescents?", "answer": "30 percent"}, {"question": "What company first marketed light bulbs using the reflective capsule technique to increase energy efficiency?", "answer": "Duro-Test"}, {"question": "What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs?", "answer": "270 lm/W"}, {"question": "What is the maximum efficiency of reflective capsule bulbs as tested in labs?", "answer": "45 lm/W"}, {"question": "What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?", "answer": "the envelope"}, {"question": "What is the filament made of?", "answer": "tungsten wire"}, {"question": "How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?", "answer": "two (or more)"}, {"question": "What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?", "answer": "a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base"}, {"question": "What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?", "answer": "Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires"}, {"question": "What is the powdery substance in coated glass light bulbs?", "answer": "kaolin"}, {"question": "How is kaolin placed inside a light bulb?", "answer": "blown in and electrostatically deposited"}, {"question": "What is the effect of a kaolin coating on the light cast?", "answer": "a more gentle and evenly distributed light"}, {"question": "How are Christmas colored light bulbs created?", "answer": "by coloring the glass with a dopant"}, {"question": "How does kaolin create a more gentle light?", "answer": "It diffuses the light emitted from the filament"}, {"question": "What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?", "answer": "screw base"}, {"question": "What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?", "answer": "bayonet base"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?", "answer": "allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament"}, {"question": "What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?", "answer": "0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts"}, {"question": "Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?", "answer": "automotive and special purpose lamps"}, {"question": "What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?", "answer": "introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)"}, {"question": "What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?", "answer": "chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?", "answer": "to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses"}, {"question": "How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?", "answer": "The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament"}, {"question": "What type of machine manufactures glass light bulbs.", "answer": "ribbon machine"}, {"question": "How many bulbs does the average ribbon machine produce per hour?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "How is the filament attached to the bulb?", "answer": "assembled on a glass stem, which is fused to the bulb"}, {"question": "How is the evacuation tube sealed?", "answer": "by a flame"}, {"question": "What blows the glass bulbs into their characteristic shape?", "answer": "precisely aligned air nozzles"}, {"question": "What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": "What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?", "answer": "as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased"}, {"question": "What were the positive effects of the flashing process?", "answer": "improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency"}, {"question": "What properties of graphite improved the filament?", "answer": "further strengthened and smoothed the filament"}, {"question": "What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?", "answer": "helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage"}, {"question": "What company invented the tantalum light filament?", "answer": "Siemens"}, {"question": "In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?", "answer": "These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures."}, {"question": "Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "When was the tungsten filament introduced?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?", "answer": "Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires."}, {"question": "Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?", "answer": "William D. Coolidge"}, {"question": "When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What other materials were combined with tungsten?", "answer": "potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides"}, {"question": "How long is a typical uncoiled tungsten filament for a 60-watt bulb?", "answer": "22.8 inches"}, {"question": "What is the advantage of a coiled-coil filament over a straight filament?", "answer": "The coiled-coil filament evaporates more slowly"}, {"question": "What positive effects does a slower-evaporating filament enable?", "answer": "more efficient light source"}, {"question": "What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?", "answer": "0.0018 inches"}, {"question": "What is the negative effect of \"hot spots\" forming on the filament?", "answer": "a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life"}, {"question": "Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?", "answer": "Irving Langmuir"}, {"question": "Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?", "answer": "argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton"}, {"question": "Which type of alloys can decrease \"stairstep\" irregularities in light bulb filaments?", "answer": "alloys of tungsten and rhenium"}, {"question": "Why does inert gas reduce efficiency?", "answer": "conducts heat from the filament, thereby cooling the filament"}, {"question": "What affects the thermal conductivity of a gas?", "answer": "molecular weight of the gas and the cross sectional area of the gas molecules"}, {"question": "How does the molecular weight of a gas relate to thermal conductivity?", "answer": "Higher molecular weight gasses have lower thermal conductivity"}, {"question": "Why is xenon gas not more widely used?", "answer": "more expensive, so its use is limited to smaller lamps"}, {"question": "What is the advantage of using inert gas in a light bulb?", "answer": "reduces filament evaporation"}, {"question": "What determines how fast a tungsten filament evaporates?", "answer": "hotter, more-efficient filaments evaporate faster"}, {"question": "What is the typical goal for the life of a tungsten filament bulb?", "answer": "several hundred to 2,000 hours"}, {"question": "Which types of lamps may have particularly short lives?", "answer": "Theatrical, photographic, and projection lamps"}, {"question": "What is the typical tradeoff in light bulb design?", "answer": "efficiency and longevity"}, {"question": "What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?", "answer": "the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope"}, {"question": "What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?", "answer": "An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory"}, {"question": "What are the primary causes of light loss?", "answer": "Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening"}, {"question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?", "answer": "on the uppermost part of the envelope"}, {"question": "Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?", "answer": "across the entire surface of the envelope"}, {"question": "How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?", "answer": "significantly increase darkening"}, {"question": "Why does water increase lamp darkening?", "answer": "The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp."}, {"question": "What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?", "answer": "zirconium"}, {"question": "How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?", "answer": "The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps"}, {"question": "Does the halogen bulp increase, reduce, or have no effect on filament evaporation?", "answer": "reduces"}, {"question": "How does the halogen bulb decrease darkening over time?", "answer": "by redepositing tungsten from the inside of the bulb back onto the filament"}, {"question": "Does a halogen bulb operate at a higher or lower temperature than an incandescent?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "How does the size of a halogen bulb compare to an incandescent?", "answer": "bulbs are much smaller than normal incandescent bulbs"}, {"question": "What is the most common situation when a halogen bulb is used?", "answer": "where intense illumination is needed in a limited space"}, {"question": "What did an alternate version of the incandescent lamp substitute for a wire filament?", "answer": "an arc struck on a spherical bead electrode"}, {"question": "What was a common application for this type of bulb?", "answer": "scientific instruments such as microscopes"}, {"question": "When was this style of lamp developed?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "What displaced this style of lamp?", "answer": "mercury and xenon arc lamps"}, {"question": "What does a power factor of 1 mean?", "answer": "the actual power consumed (in watts) and the apparent power (in volt-amperes) are equal"}, {"question": "What principally determines the wattage of an incandescent bulb?", "answer": "the resistance of the filament"}, {"question": "What determines the resistance of the filament?", "answer": "the filament's length, thickness, and material"}, {"question": "How close do incandescent lamps come to pure resistive loads?", "answer": "Incandescent lamps are nearly pure resistive loads"}, {"question": "All other things being equal, how does wattage affect light emitted?", "answer": "the higher-powered bulb gives more light"}, {"question": "What determines the resistance of a filament?", "answer": "temperature"}, {"question": "What does a \"T\" rating symbol on an electrical contact mean?", "answer": "they are designed to control circuits with the high inrush current characteristic of tungsten lamps"}, {"question": "How long does it take a typical 100-watt bulb to achieve 90% of its brightness?", "answer": "0.13 seconds"}, {"question": "How does the cold resistance of tungsten filament lamps compare to the hot resistance?", "answer": "The cold resistance of tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-filament resistance"}, {"question": "What is the resistance of a typical lit 100-watt incandescent bulb?", "answer": "144 ohms"}, {"question": "What do the letters identify in a bulb shape designation?", "answer": "the shape of the bulb"}, {"question": "What do the numbers identify in a bulb shape designation?", "answer": "the maximum diameter"}, {"question": "Can the name of a certain bulb shape vary?", "answer": "The names of the shapes may be slightly different in some regions"}, {"question": "What units are the bulb sizes measured in?", "answer": "1\u20448 of an inch, or in millimeters"}, {"question": "Which company introduced standard base sizes for incandescent lamps?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "In what year were standard base sizes introduced for incandescent lamps?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What are some common technical standards for lamp bases?", "answer": "ANSI standard C81.67 and IEC standard 60061-1"}, {"question": "What is the typical base type for automotive lamps?", "answer": "Bayonet base lamps"}, {"question": "What is the typical base type for halogen lamps?", "answer": "bipin base"}, {"question": "What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?", "answer": "a 5% reduction in operating voltage"}, {"question": "When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?", "answer": "1000 hours"}, {"question": "What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?", "answer": "difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)"}, {"question": "When did the \"Centennial Light\" begin burning?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "How much light does the bulb emit?", "answer": "the equivalent light of a four watt bulb"}, {"question": "When did the long-lasting bulb in Texas begin continuing illumination?", "answer": "21 September 1908"}, {"question": "Where did the Texas bulb begin its life?", "answer": "an opera house"}, {"question": "At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?", "answer": "50 \u00b0C (122 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "Which metal has the highest melting point?", "answer": "Tungsten"}, {"question": "What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?", "answer": "as short as two hours"}, {"question": "How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?", "answer": "higher color temperature"}, {"question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?", "answer": "17.1 lumens per watt"}, {"question": "How does filament size relate to voltage level?", "answer": "Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament"}, {"question": "What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?", "answer": "They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates."}, {"question": "How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?", "answer": "as much as 19.8 lumens per watt"}, {"question": "What made power distribution economically viable in Edison's lamp?", "answer": "high resistance"}, {"question": "How many inventors came up with electric lamps before Thomas Edison?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "How did Edison achieve a higher vacuum than other inventors?", "answer": "by use of the Sprengel pump"}, {"question": "Which historians wrote about the advantages of Edison's lamp over other early versions?", "answer": "Robert Friedel and Paul Israel"}, {"question": "What was the first football club from southern England to join The Football League?", "answer": "Arsenal"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal join the Football League?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal qualify to be in the First Division?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "How many league championships did Arsenal win in the 1930s?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was Arsenal's league position ranking at the end of the last century?", "answer": "highest average"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the Arsenal team?", "answer": "Dial Square"}, {"question": "When was Arsenal originally formed?", "answer": "1886"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal become based in Highbury?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal move to Holloway?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How does Forbe's believe the Arsenal club was worth in 2015?", "answer": "$1.3 billion"}, {"question": "What group from the munitions plant in Woolwich formed the Arsenal club?", "answer": "workers"}, {"question": "By what year had Arsenal become a limited company?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal move to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "In which division was Arsenal ranked by the start of WWI?", "answer": "second division"}, {"question": "By 1920 where was Arsenal ranked in division?", "answer": "First Division"}, {"question": "What manager was appointed to lead Arsenal in 1925?", "answer": "Herbert Chapman"}, {"question": "What was Chapman's style of tactics that provided the basis for the Arsenal club's success?", "answer": "revolutionary"}, {"question": "In what decade did Arsenal dominate in English football?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What football club manager got an underground station renamed for Arsenal?", "answer": "Chapman"}, {"question": "What was one of Arsenal's first major wins?", "answer": "1930 FA Cup Final"}, {"question": "When was Bertie Mee become manager of Arsenal?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What position did Mee hold in the Arsenal club prior to becoming manager?", "answer": "physiotherapist"}, {"question": "In which season did Arsenal win its first European trophy?", "answer": "1969\u201370"}, {"question": "For how long after Arsenal's first trophy win the team do poorly competitions?", "answer": "decade"}, {"question": "In what season did Arsenal win their first League and FA Cup double?", "answer": "1970\u201371"}, {"question": "On what date was Bertie Mee replaced by Arsenal?", "answer": "9 July 1976"}, {"question": "What Arsenal manager replaced Mee?", "answer": "Terry Neill"}, {"question": "What action brought prosperity to Arsenal?", "answer": "new signings"}, {"question": "What number of cup finals did Arsenal reach in", "answer": "trio"}, {"question": "In what years did Arsenal get into the FA Cup finals?", "answer": "1978, 1979 and 1980"}, {"question": "What former Arsenal player became manager in 1986?", "answer": "George Graham"}, {"question": "Under the direction of Graham, what trophy did Arsenal win in 1987?", "answer": "League Cup"}, {"question": "What competitor did Arsenal defeat to win a league title in the 1988-89 season?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal win their second European cup?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What action did Graham get caught doing to get fired by Arsenal?", "answer": "kickbacks"}, {"question": "What manager in the late 1990s brought success to Arsenal?", "answer": "Ars\u00e8ne Wenger"}, {"question": "Besides improved tactics and training, what did Wenger add to the Arsenal team?", "answer": "foreign players"}, {"question": "In what season did Arsenal win their second League and Cup double?", "answer": "1997\u201398"}, {"question": "What caused Arsenal's loss to Galatasarey in the 1999-2000 season?", "answer": "penalties"}, {"question": "What trophy did Arsenal win in the 2003-2004 season without losing a match?", "answer": "Premier League"}, {"question": "Including Arsenal, how many  teams  had won the Premier League up to 2013?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "In what year was the Premier League created?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What team defeated Arsenal in the finals of the Champions League in 2005-2006 season?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "To what stadium did Arsenal FC move in 2006?", "answer": "Emirates Stadium"}, {"question": "For how many years did Arsenal play at Highbury?", "answer": "93"}, {"question": "What famous team defeated Arsenal for the League Cup in 2007?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "Who beat Arsenal for the 2011 League Cup>", "answer": "Birmingham City"}, {"question": "How many wins did Arsenal have to make the team the most successful in FA Cup history?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What team did Arsenal defeat at Wembley in 2015?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "How Community Shield titles does Arsenal have?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal first create a crest for the team?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "What part of the Arsenal crest is sometimes mistaken for chimneys?", "answer": "three cannon"}, {"question": "After the team moved to what city were the cannon left off the crest?", "answer": "Highbury"}, {"question": "What nickname prompted a return to the canon on the club crest?", "answer": "The Gunners"}, {"question": "In what year was the canon image further refined on the Arsenal crest?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?", "answer": "Victoria Concordia Crescit"}, {"question": "In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?", "answer": "rendered in colour"}, {"question": "What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?", "answer": "trademark"}, {"question": "In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": " Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?", "answer": "fans"}, {"question": "What style of logo did Chapman introduce in the 1930s?", "answer": "Art Deco"}, {"question": "Of what is the early logo of Arsenal an example?", "answer": "corporate logo"}, {"question": "Where is the Art Deco style badge design used prominently?", "answer": "Highbury Stadium"}, {"question": "What Arsenal club nickname sometimes appeared on club shirts?", "answer": "The Gunners"}, {"question": "When was the white canon logo replaced with the club crest?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What celebration did Arsenal have in the 2011-12 season?", "answer": "125th year anniversary"}, {"question": "What do the 15 oak leaves on the anniversary crest indicate?", "answer": "founding members"}, {"question": "What dates are depicted on the Arsenal anniversary crest?", "answer": "1886 and 2011"}, {"question": "What motto is shown on the Arsenal club anniversary crest?", "answer": "Forward"}, {"question": "Where did the Arsenal team wear the anniversary crest?", "answer": "on their jerseys"}, {"question": "What has the color of the Arsenal  home shirts been?", "answer": "bright red"}, {"question": "In recognition of what event was the color red adopted for Arsenal shirts?", "answer": "charitable donation"}, {"question": "Which founding members were responsible for the red shirts?", "answer": "Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates"}, {"question": "What was the early name for the Arsenal FC?", "answer": "Dial Square"}, {"question": "What was the color  of the early uniforms' shorts and socks?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What manager updated the players uniforms in 1933?", "answer": "Herbert Chapman"}, {"question": "What brighter shade of red did Chapman adopt?", "answer": "pillar box red"}, {"question": "What distinctive change did Chapman make to the Arsenal shirts?", "answer": "white sleeves"}, {"question": "For what style of shirts Arsenal known ?", "answer": "red and white"}, {"question": "What did Arsenal want to commemorate by wearing dark red shirts in their last season at Highbury?", "answer": "first season"}, {"question": "What early team copied the Arsenal's red current color in 1909?", "answer": "Sparta Prague"}, {"question": "What team in 1938 used the same style of kit, but in green?", "answer": "Hibernian"}, {"question": "By coping the Arsenal team kit exactly, what nickname was given to Sporting Clube de Braga?", "answer": "Os Arsenalistas"}, {"question": "For how long have the Arsenal inspired copy-cat clubs worn their uniforms?", "answer": "to this day"}, {"question": "What was Sporting Clube de Braga's original color?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "During what season were Arsenal's away colors white shirts and white or black shorts?", "answer": "1969\u201370 season"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal adolpt the away colors or yellow shirts and blue shorts?", "answer": "1969\u201370 season"}, {"question": "For what competition did Arsenal use the yellow and blue away kit?", "answer": "1971 FA Cup Final"}, {"question": "What did Arsenal consider the yellow and blue colors to be after losing a FA Cup final wearing red and white?", "answer": "lucky"}, {"question": "What is the difference in the Arsenal color of blue in the away kit after 1983?", "answer": "darker shade"}, {"question": "What manufacturer became Arsenal's uniform provider in 1994?", "answer": "Nike"}, {"question": "Which brand was the kit provider prior to 1994?", "answer": "Adidas"}, {"question": "To appeal to what are the kits changed regularly?", "answer": "replica kit market"}, {"question": "What traditional Arsenal colors have frequently been employed for away kits?", "answer": "yellow and blue"}, {"question": "Since what year has the away kit been changed every year?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal FC leave Highbury stadium?", "answer": "May 2006"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal Stadium at Highbury first become the club's home?", "answer": "September 1913"}, {"question": "What architect designed the original stadium at Highbury?", "answer": "Archibald Leitch"}, {"question": "In what decade was Arsenal Stadium overhauled?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "When was the Arsenal stadium bombed?", "answer": "Second World War"}, {"question": "What was the most people that Highbury stadium could host?", "answer": "60,000"}, {"question": "When did League regulations make Arsenal reduce the seating in Highbury?", "answer": "1993\u201394 season"}, {"question": "Where did Arsenal play matches because of increased seating capacity?", "answer": "Wembley"}, {"question": "During what time did Arsenal play at Wembley?", "answer": "1998 to 2000"}, {"question": "What seating capacity did Wembley offer that have to lure Arsenal to play there?", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?", "answer": "Emirates Stadium"}, {"question": "What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?", "answer": "\u00a3100 million"}, {"question": "Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?", "answer": "corporate sponsorship"}, {"question": "What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?", "answer": "sponsorship deal"}, {"question": "What is the common nickname of Arsenal supporters?", "answer": "Gooners"}, {"question": "From what name does Gooners come?", "answer": "The Gunners"}, {"question": "From what groups do the supporters of Arsenal come?", "answer": "variety of social classes"}, {"question": "Where did the attendance at Arsenal games rank in relation to other English clubs?", "answer": "second-highest average"}, {"question": "What aspect of the fan base is one of the  reasons for large game attendance?", "answer": "location"}, {"question": "What type of clubs does Arsenal have?", "answer": "domestic supporters' clubs"}, {"question": "Which fan club is closely allied to the Arsenal club?", "answer": "Arsenal Football Supporters' Club"}, {"question": "What supporters club is more loosely tied to Arsenal?", "answer": "Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association"}, {"question": "What fan group wants more ownership rights in the Arsenal club?", "answer": "Arsenal Supporters' Trust"}, {"question": "What is a common chant of Arsenal supporters?", "answer": "One-Nil to the Arsenal"}, {"question": "What medium has added to the fan base of Arsenal?", "answer": "satellite television"}, {"question": "How many supporter clubs outside Britain  were there in 2007 affiliated with Arsenal?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "In 2011 what was Arsenal's estimated fan base?", "answer": "113 million"}, {"question": "What was the world ranking of Arsenal's social media in 2015-15 season?", "answer": "fifth highest"}, {"question": "In this era of satelites and social media,on what are fans now less dependent ?", "answer": "geography"}, {"question": "What football club is Arsenal's greatest rival?", "answer": "Tottenham Hotspur"}, {"question": "Since the Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspurs are geographically so close , what is the contest between them called?", "answer": "North London derbies"}, {"question": "What club has Arsenal have an increased rivalry since the 1980s?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "What competition sparked the rivalry with Manchester?", "answer": "Premier League title"}, {"question": "What year's poll of supporters said that the Tottenham rivalry was greatest?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What individual is the biggest shareholder on the Arsenal board?", "answer": "Stan Kroenke"}, {"question": "What percentage of shares in Arsenal did Kroenke own by 2011?", "answer": "62.89%"}, {"question": "Who is Arsenal's Chief Executive?", "answer": "Ivan Gazidis"}, {"question": "Who is Kroenke's chief competitor for Arsenal stock?", "answer": "Red & White Securities"}, {"question": "In what year did Kreonke achieve take over of Arsenal stock?", "answer": "April 2011"}, {"question": "By what means does Arsenal operate as a company?", "answer": "non-quoted public limited"}, {"question": "How many shares of Arsenal stock are there?", "answer": "62,217"}, {"question": "On March 10,2016 what was the value of a share of Arsenal stock?", "answer": "\u00a315,670"}, {"question": "What value did Forbes place on Arsenal in 2015?", "answer": "$1.3 billion"}, {"question": "At what rank in value in the Premier League is Arsenal?", "answer": "second highest"}, {"question": "Where does Deloitte Football Money League rank Arsenal in the world football clubs?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "What value does Deloitte place on Arsenal?", "answer": "\u00a3331.3m"}, {"question": "What is the match day earning of Emirates Stadium?", "answer": "\u00a3100.4m"}, {"question": "How does Arsenal match day revenue compare with other stadium in the world?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "What does Arsenal report a before tax profit for 2014-15?", "answer": "\u00a324.7m"}, {"question": "Why was Arsenal's match on 22 Jan. 1927 at Highbury a first?", "answer": "broadcast live on radio"}, {"question": "What team did Arsenal play at the time of the radio broadcast in 1927?", "answer": "Sheffield United"}, {"question": "When was Arsenal's match the first to be televised live?", "answer": "16 September 1937"}, {"question": "To what first broadcast did Arsenal provide match highlights?", "answer": "BBC's Match of the Day"}, {"question": "In what form was Arsenal's broadcast of a 2010 match against Manchester United?", "answer": "3D television"}, {"question": "In what film was Arsenal FC shown?", "answer": "The Arsenal Stadium Mystery"}, {"question": "What Arsenal manager had a speaking part in the 1939 film?", "answer": "George Allison"}, {"question": "What book by Nick Hornby has twice been adapted for film?", "answer": "Fever Pitch"}, {"question": "When was Hornby's book published?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "In what decade did film and literature help revive football in Britain?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "How have Arsenal players portrayed in media?", "answer": "defensive and \"boring\""}, {"question": "In what decades were Arsenal players stereotyped in a negative way?", "answer": "1970s and 1980s"}, {"question": "What film featured a Arsenal play in  derogatory way?", "answer": "The Full Monty"}, {"question": "Which comic made numerous jokes about Arsenal players?", "answer": "Eric Morecambe"}, {"question": "What film uses characters named after Arsenal full backs?", "answer": "Plunkett & Macleane"}, {"question": "How many League Championships has Arsenal won?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Where does Arsenal's total League Championships place it as compared to other English teams?", "answer": "third highest"}, {"question": "Of what type of trophies does Arsenal have the most?", "answer": "FA Cup trophies"}, {"question": "In what competition was Arsenal the first to enter the finals?", "answer": "UEFA Champions League"}, {"question": "What team beat Arsenal to win the 2006 UEFA Champions League?", "answer": "Barcelona"}, {"question": "What is the name of the football club affiliated with Arsenal?", "answer": "Arsenal Ladies"}, {"question": "When did the Arsenal Ladies team become semi-professional?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "How does Arsenal Ladies rank as compared with other English women's football teams?", "answer": "most successful"}, {"question": "By 2009 what competition has Arsenal Ladies been the only ladies team to have won?", "answer": "UEFA Women's Cup"}, {"question": "At what stadium do Arsenal Ladies usually play?", "answer": "Boreham Wood."}, {"question": "What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?", "answer": "safety"}, {"question": "What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?", "answer": "rough"}, {"question": "What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?", "answer": "body"}, {"question": "What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?", "answer": "Clothes"}, {"question": "What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?", "answer": "UV"}, {"question": "What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?", "answer": "when clothing was first developed"}, {"question": "What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?", "answer": "lice"}, {"question": "What habitat is the body louse specific to?", "answer": "clothing"}, {"question": "What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?", "answer": "primates"}, {"question": "How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?", "answer": "650"}, {"question": "What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?", "answer": "comfort"}, {"question": "In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?", "answer": "hot"}, {"question": "What property of clothing is important in cold climates?", "answer": "thermal insulation"}, {"question": "What has seasonal and regional aspects?", "answer": "clothing"}, {"question": "What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?", "answer": "thinner"}, {"question": "What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?", "answer": "very wide"}, {"question": "What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?", "answer": "purses"}, {"question": "Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?", "answer": "adornment"}, {"question": "What are footwear and hats both considered?", "answer": "accessories"}, {"question": "What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?", "answer": "eyeglasses"}, {"question": "What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?", "answer": "the uncovered human body"}, {"question": "Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?", "answer": "elements"}, {"question": "Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?", "answer": "protection"}, {"question": "What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?", "answer": "medical scrubs"}, {"question": "What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?", "answer": "Humans"}, {"question": "What are space suits an example of a solution to? ", "answer": "environmental hazards"}, {"question": "What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?", "answer": "social"}, {"question": "What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?", "answer": "protective"}, {"question": "Why are some parts of the body covered?", "answer": "social norms"}, {"question": "What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What year was J. C. Fl\u00fcgel's Psychology of Clothes published?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?", "answer": "Newburgh's"}, {"question": "How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?", "answer": "the main concepts"}, {"question": "What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?", "answer": "Trousers"}, {"question": "What gender's clothing is often more practical?", "answer": "Male"}, {"question": "What can males typically bare in more places?", "answer": "their chests"}, {"question": "What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?", "answer": "male clothing"}, {"question": "What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?", "answer": "unusual"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?", "answer": "high-ranking chiefs"}, {"question": "What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?", "answer": "the right to cover their upper body"}, {"question": "What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What can peer pressure influence?", "answer": "clothing choice"}, {"question": "How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?", "answer": "tied around"}, {"question": "What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?", "answer": "deteriorate"}, {"question": "Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?", "answer": "Archeologists"}, {"question": "Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?", "answer": "a prehistoric cave"}, {"question": "What dates back to 36,000 BP?", "answer": "Dyed flax fibers"}, {"question": "What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?", "answer": "Scientists"}, {"question": "What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?", "answer": "genetic"}, {"question": "What do lice require human clothing to do?", "answer": "survive"}, {"question": "What may have the invention of clothing happened with?", "answer": "northward migration"}, {"question": "What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?", "answer": "the date"}, {"question": "Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?", "answer": "cloth"}, {"question": "Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?", "answer": "rectangles"}, {"question": "What nationality wears kilts?", "answer": "Scottish"}, {"question": "Pins or belts hold what in place?", "answer": "garments"}, {"question": "What precious material may remain uncut?", "answer": "cloth"}, {"question": "What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?", "answer": "western clothing styles"}, {"question": "Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "What have Western corporations penetrated?", "answer": "markets throughout the world"}, {"question": "Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?", "answer": "Western media corporations"}, {"question": "Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?", "answer": "charity organizations"}, {"question": "Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.", "answer": "special"}, {"question": "Leotards are an example of what type of garment?", "answer": "sportswear"}, {"question": "What does spandex soak up?", "answer": "sweat"}, {"question": "What's an example of a form fitting garment?", "answer": "Spandex"}, {"question": "What type of sport is wrestling considered?", "answer": "active"}, {"question": "Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.", "answer": "technological"}, {"question": "What have researchers in science labs been making?", "answer": "prototypes"}, {"question": "What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?", "answer": "electricity"}, {"question": "What can garments made with kevlar resist?", "answer": "bullets"}, {"question": "Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?", "answer": "absorption of liquids"}, {"question": "What type of conditions do many garment works endure?", "answer": "challenging"}, {"question": "What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?", "answer": "Mass-produced"}, {"question": "What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?", "answer": "long work hours"}, {"question": "Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?", "answer": "industrialized"}, {"question": "What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?", "answer": "undocumented"}, {"question": "The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?", "answer": "Outsourcing production to low wage countries"}, {"question": "What did the MFA put quotas on?", "answer": "textiles imports"}, {"question": "What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?", "answer": "Globalization"}, {"question": "What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?", "answer": "the International Labor Organization"}, {"question": "What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?", "answer": "animal fur"}, {"question": "Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?", "answer": "arctic"}, {"question": "Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?", "answer": "uncontroversial"}, {"question": "Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?", "answer": "campaigners"}, {"question": "What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?", "answer": "PETA"}, {"question": "What's the point of ironing clothing?", "answer": "to remove wrinkles"}, {"question": "What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?", "answer": "Ironed"}, {"question": "What material doesn't easily wrinkle?", "answer": "knit"}, {"question": "Permanent press materials have been treated with what?", "answer": "a coating"}, {"question": "What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?", "answer": "wrinkles"}, {"question": "What releases formaldehyde?", "answer": "A resin"}, {"question": "What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?", "answer": "formaldehyde"}, {"question": "What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?", "answer": "Accountability"}, {"question": "How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What used to be considered an art, back in the day?", "answer": "mending"}, {"question": "What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?", "answer": "tear"}, {"question": "Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?", "answer": "worth more than labor"}, {"question": "What is clothing considered today?", "answer": "a consumable item"}, {"question": "What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?", "answer": "thrifty"}, {"question": "What American professional baseball team is located on the North side of Chicago, IL?  ", "answer": "The Chicago Cubs"}, {"question": "What league are the Chicago Cubs in?", "answer": "the National League"}, {"question": "Where do the Chicago Cubs play their home games?", "answer": "Wrigley Field"}, {"question": "Who currently owns the  Chicago Cubs?", "answer": "Joe Ricketts"}, {"question": "When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? ", "answer": "1903 season"}, {"question": "What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?", "answer": "Atlanta Braves"}, {"question": "What year did the cubs record a Major League record of 116 wins?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "What is the winning percentage the Cubs posted that still stands today?", "answer": ".763"}, {"question": "Who was the first team to play in three consecutive Fall Classics?", "answer": "The Cubs"}, {"question": "How many world series have the Cubs appeared in?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs began play as?", "answer": "the Chicago White Stockings"}, {"question": "When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?", "answer": "William Hulbert"}, {"question": "Where did the White Stockings play their home games?", "answer": "West Side Grounds"}, {"question": "Who assumed ownership of the Cubs after Hulbert died?", "answer": "Spalding"}, {"question": "What year did the White Stockings capture their third consecutive pennant?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "While Anson led the Chicago cubs how many National League pennants did they win?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What did the Chicago Cubs become know as by 1890?", "answer": "Chicago Colts"}, {"question": "Who was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits?", "answer": "Anson"}, {"question": "Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?", "answer": "Jim Hart"}, {"question": "Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?", "answer": "Chicago Daily News"}, {"question": "Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?", "answer": "Franklin P. Adams"}, {"question": "Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?", "answer": "the Cubs"}, {"question": "Who obtained a large block of the Cub's shares in 1914?", "answer": "Albert Lasker"}, {"question": "Who assumed majority ownership of the Cubs franchise by the 1916 season?", "answer": "Albert Lasker"}, {"question": "Who did Albert Lasker bring in to be his partner of the Chicago Cubs?", "answer": "Charles Weeghman"}, {"question": "Where did the Cubs move to after leaving the West Side Grounds?", "answer": "Weeghman Park"}, {"question": "What year did Hack Wilson have one of the most impressive seasons in MLB history?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "How many games in a row did the Cubs win in a row during 1935?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What year did the Cubs win the NL pennant?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "Why were the first three games of the 1945 World Series played in Detroit?", "answer": "wartime travel restrictions"}, {"question": "Where were the final four games of the 1945 World Series played?", "answer": "Wrigley"}, {"question": "In what game was the Curse of the Billy Goat allegedly laid upon the Cubs?", "answer": "Game 4 of the Series"}, {"question": "What was ejected from Wrigley park because of it's bad odor?", "answer": "goat"}, {"question": "Who had been a key player in the 1945 season?", "answer": "Phil Cavarretta"}, {"question": "What season was Phil Cavarretta a key player for the Cubs?", "answer": "the '45 season"}, {"question": "Who was fired during spring training in 1954 after admitting the Cubs were unlikely to finish above fifth place?", "answer": "Phil Cavarretta"}, {"question": "Who managed the Cubs in 1969?", "answer": "Leo Durocher"}, {"question": "The Cubs built a substantial lead in what league under management of Leo Durocher?", "answer": "National League Eastern Division"}, {"question": "When did Ken Hoitzman pitch a no-hitter?", "answer": "August 19"}, {"question": "Who threw a surprise pickoff attempt to third baseman Ron Santo?", "answer": "Dick Selma"}, {"question": "During what decade did the Cubs become known as \"The Loveable Losers\"?", "answer": "the 70s"}, {"question": "What is often pointed to as the one reason for the Cubs' inconsistent late season play?", "answer": "unusually high number of day games"}, {"question": "What year did the Cubs experience one of their biggest collapses?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What year did the Cubs hire GM Dallas Green?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "Where was GM Dallas Green from?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980?", "answer": "Phillies"}, {"question": "Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?", "answer": "Green"}, {"question": "When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?", "answer": "December, 1983"}, {"question": "When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?", "answer": "March 26"}, {"question": "When did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?", "answer": "June 15"}, {"question": "Why did Green make a deal to shore up the starting rotation?", "answer": "due to injuries to Rick Reuschel (5\u20135) and Sanderson"}, {"question": "Who was the 1979 NL Rookie of the Year pitcher?", "answer": "Rick Sutcliffe"}, {"question": "Where had Rick Sutcliffe been before moving to the Cubs?", "answer": "the Cleveland Indians"}, {"question": "What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes? ", "answer": "NBC Saturday Game of the Week"}, {"question": "What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?", "answer": "The Sandberg Game"}, {"question": "How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In what year did the league have two divisions? ", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "The division winners met in what kind of series to advance to the World Series?", "answer": "best-of-5 series"}, {"question": "Where were the first two games of the 1984 division winners held?", "answer": "Wrigley Field"}, {"question": "Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?", "answer": "Wrigley Field did not yet have lights"}, {"question": "Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?", "answer": "Comiskey Park"}, {"question": "Comiskey Park was the home to what team?", "answer": "Chicago White Sox"}, {"question": "Who had the home field advantage in 1983?", "answer": "Baltimore Orioles"}, {"question": "Who easily won the first two games in the NLCS?", "answer": ", the Cubs"}, {"question": "Where did the Cubs easily win the first two games of the NLCS?", "answer": "Wrigley Field"}, {"question": "Who did the cubs play against in the first two games of the NLCS?", "answer": "San Diego Padres"}, {"question": "What year was the first full season with night baseball at Wrigley Field?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Who was rookie of the year in 1989?", "answer": "Jerome Walton"}, {"question": "Who was rookie of the year Runner-Up in 1989?", "answer": "Dwight Smith"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs meet in the NLCS during 1989?", "answer": "San Francisco Giants"}, {"question": "What legendary broadcaster died in the '98 season?", "answer": "Harry Caray"}, {"question": "Who was affectionately known as \"H-Rod\"?", "answer": "Henry Rodr\u00edguez"}, {"question": "How many round-trippers did Rodriguez slug in his first season in Chicago?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "Who put together a good season for the Cubs in 2001?", "answer": "Don Baylor"}, {"question": "Who was brought in to preach \"positive thinking\"?", "answer": "Mack Newton"}, {"question": "Who hit a three run walk off homer off of closer Tom \"Flash\" Gordon?", "answer": "Preston Wilson"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs promote assistant general manager and player personnel director Jim Hendry?", "answer": "July 5, 2002"}, {"question": "What was Jim Hendry promoted to?", "answer": "the General Manager position"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs hire in response to Jim Hendry's promotion?", "answer": "Dusty Baker"}, {"question": "In what game did Florida shut the Cubs out?", "answer": "Game 5"}, {"question": "What pitcher led the Cubs in Game 6?", "answer": "Mark Prior"}, {"question": "Who hit the foul ball that several spectators attempted to catch?", "answer": "Luis Castillo"}, {"question": "What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi?", "answer": "Derek Lee"}, {"question": "Who was the mid-season deal for?", "answer": "Nomar Garciaparra"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs trade after leaving the final game early and lieing about it?", "answer": "Sammy Sosa"}, {"question": "Who was a controversial figure due to a corked-bat incident?", "answer": "Sammy Sosa"}, {"question": "What popular commentator left during the '04 season?", "answer": "Steve Stone"}, {"question": "Who verbally attacked Steve Stone?", "answer": "Kent Mercker"}, {"question": "How many wins did the Cubs finish the NL Central with in 2006?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "Who was signed to a contract at 8 years for $136 million?", "answer": "Alfonso Soriano"}, {"question": "Who replaced Dusty Baker as the Cubs manager?", "answer": "Lou Piniella"}, {"question": "What  Chunichi Dragons  start was signed to the Cubs in 2008?", "answer": "Kosuke Fukudome"}, {"question": "Who was acquired from the Oakland Athletics in early July?", "answer": "Rich Harden"}, {"question": "Who was named Rookie of the Year in 2008?", "answer": "Geovany Soto"}, {"question": "Who pitched a no-hitter against the Astros on Spetember 14th?", "answer": "Zambrano"}, {"question": "When did the Ricketts family acquire a majority interest in the Cubs?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Who did Chicago engage in a see-saw battle for first place into August 2009?", "answer": "St. Louis"}, {"question": "What plagued the Cubs in 2009?", "answer": "injuries"}, {"question": "Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?", "answer": "Starlin Castro"}, {"question": "When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?", "answer": "early May (2010)"}, {"question": "Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? ", "answer": "Lou Piniella"}, {"question": "Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?", "answer": "take care of his sick mother"}, {"question": "How many games under .500 did the Cubs finish the 2011 season with?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who was the new owner of the Cubs?", "answer": "Tom Ricketts"}, {"question": "Who did the new owner of the Cubs sign from the Boston Red Sox?", "answer": "Theo Epstein"}, {"question": "How much was the contract given to Theo Epstein worth?", "answer": "$18 million"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs trade to the Texas Rangers for Mike Olt, C.J. Edwards, Neil Ramirez, and Justin Grimm?", "answer": "Matt Garza"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs send to the New York Yankees for minor leaguer Corey Black?", "answer": "Alfonso Soriano"}, {"question": "When did Theo Epstein made the decision to fire Dale Sveum?", "answer": "September 30, 2013"}, {"question": "How many seasons did Dale Sveum spend with the Cubs before getting fired?", "answer": "two seasons"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs announce that Joe Maddon had signed a five-year contract to be the 54th manager?", "answer": "November 2, 2014"}, {"question": "Who did the team sign on December 10, 2014 as a free agent?", "answer": "Jon Lester"}, {"question": "How much was Jon Lester's contract worth?", "answer": "$155 million"}, {"question": "What was the record the Cubs finished with during the 2015 season?", "answer": "97\u201365"}, {"question": "When were the Cubs and New York Giants involved in a tight pennant race?", "answer": "September 23, 1908"}, {"question": "Who were the Cubs involved with for a tight pennant race on September 23, 1908?", "answer": "New York Giants"}, {"question": "Who was the runner on first base?", "answer": "Fred Merkle"}, {"question": "When was game three of the World Series between the Cubs and the New York Yankees?", "answer": "October 1, 1932"}, {"question": "Who allegedly hit a home run to the Center?", "answer": "Babe Ruth"}, {"question": "When did Babe Ruth retire?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "When did Hack Wilson set a record of 56 home-runs and 190 runs-batted-in?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Who Broke Lou Gehrig's MLB record of 176 RBI?", "answer": "Hack Wilson"}, {"question": "When did Manny Ramirez get his 165 RBI?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was Wilson named by the Baseball Writer's Association of America? ", "answer": "\"Most Useful\" player"}, {"question": "When did protesters run into the outfield and try to set fire to the U.S. flag?", "answer": "April 25, 1976"}, {"question": "What stadium did protesters try to burn the U.S.  flag?", "answer": "Dodger Stadium"}, {"question": "Who grabbed the flag before protesters could light it on fire?", "answer": "Rick Monday"}, {"question": "When did Sammy Sosa explode into pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record? ", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Who was in pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record?", "answer": "Sammy Sosa"}, {"question": "Sammy Sosa was in pursuit of beating whose home run record?", "answer": "Roger Maris"}, {"question": "What award did Sammy Sosa win?", "answer": "the NL MVP Award"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season win?", "answer": "April 23, 2008"}, {"question": "Who did the Cubs record their 10,000 regular-season against?", "answer": "Colorado Rockies"}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the National League?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?", "answer": "May 6, 1998"}, {"question": "Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?", "answer": "Houston"}, {"question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs win a World Series championship?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "When was the last time the Chicago Cubs appeared in the Fall Classic?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What is the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues?", "answer": "107 seasons"}, {"question": "The championship drought has led to the Chicago Cubs being know as what?", "answer": "The Lovable Losers"}, {"question": "Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?", "answer": "Glenallen Hill"}, {"question": "When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?", "answer": "May 11, 2000"}, {"question": "Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue?", "answer": "Bill Nicholson"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?", "answer": "Peoria Chiefs"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?", "answer": "September 16, 2014"}, {"question": "Who began spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886?", "answer": "Chicago White Stockings"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Spalding Sporting Goods?", "answer": "Albert Spalding"}, {"question": "Whittington Park, Majestic Park, and Fogel Field were all built where?", "answer": "Hot Springs, Arkansas"}, {"question": "Where is the Cubs' current spring  training facility located?", "answer": "Sloan Park"}, {"question": "How many seats are in the Cubs' Sloan Park training facility?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "When did Sloan Park open?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Where is Rendezvous Park?", "answer": "Mesa"}, {"question": "Where is Blair Field?", "answer": "Long Beach, California"}, {"question": "Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?", "answer": "(1967\u20131978)"}, {"question": "Who had a majority interest in Cataline island  in 1919?", "answer": "William Wrigley Jr"}, {"question": "What did Wrigley construct on the island to house the Cubs in Spring training?", "answer": "a ballpark"}, {"question": "When did the Cubs choose to leave Catalina Island?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Where was the former location in Mesa?", "answer": "the second HoHoKam Park"}, {"question": "How many square feet does Fitch Park provide?", "answer": "25,000 square feet"}, {"question": "When was the spring training home of the Oakland Athletics built?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?", "answer": "Jack Brickhouse"}, {"question": "What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?", "answer": "Hey Hey!"}, {"question": "What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?", "answer": "he personally recommended his successor"}, {"question": "How long was Harry Caray's tenure  with the Cubs?", "answer": "17-year"}, {"question": "How did Caray become a well-known Chicago figure?", "answer": "by broadcasting White Sox games for a decade"}, {"question": "How long had Caray been a St Louis Cardinals icon?", "answer": "25 years"}, {"question": "Who did Harry hand-pick himself?", "answer": "Steve Stone"}, {"question": "Who did Caray often playfully quarrel with?", "answer": "Stone"}, {"question": "Why did Caray often playfully quarrel with Stone?", "answer": "over Stone's cigar"}, {"question": "What does the crowd sing during the 7th inning to honor Caray's memory?", "answer": "Take me out to the ballgame"}, {"question": "What company purchased the  Cubs in 1981?", "answer": "Tribune Company"}, {"question": "How much did Tribune Company purchase the Cubs for?", "answer": "$20,500,000"}, {"question": "How long were the Cubs ran under the Wrigley family?", "answer": "6 decades"}, {"question": "What was \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\" also known as?", "answer": "\"Tinker to Evers to Chance\""}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Baseball's Sad Lexicon\"?", "answer": "Franklin Pierce Adams"}, {"question": "What poem did Franklin Pierce Adams write? ", "answer": "\"Baseball's Sad Lexicon,"}, {"question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot?", "answer": "a young bear cub"}, {"question": "What is the official Cubs team mascot's name?", "answer": "Clark"}, {"question": "When did Clark make his debut?", "answer": "January 13, 2014"}, {"question": "What did \"The Bear-man\" wear as an outfit?", "answer": "'polar bear' looking outfit"}, {"question": "During what season were \"cubbie-bear\" mascots outside of Wrigley on game day?", "answer": "2013 season"}, {"question": "Who played Billy Cub?", "answer": "John Paul Weier"}, {"question": "What is another unofficial well-known mascot?", "answer": "Ronnie \"Woo Woo\" Wickers"}, {"question": "What is Ronnie known for to Wrigley Field visitors?", "answer": "idiosyncratic cheers at baseball games"}, {"question": "What did Harry Caray dub Wickers?", "answer": "\"Leather Lungs"}, {"question": "Where is Wrigley Field located?", "answer": "Chicago's Lake View neighborhood"}, {"question": "What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to?", "answer": "Wrigleyville"}, {"question": "What have many apartment buildings  surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops?", "answer": "bleachers"}, {"question": "When did Tom Ricketts and Crane Kenney unveil plans for a five-year funded renovation of Wrigley Field?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How much money has been funded to the renovation of Wrigley Field?", "answer": "$575 million"}, {"question": "How big is the jumbotron going to be?", "answer": "6,000-square foot"}, {"question": "What nickname has been given to the fans who sit in the bleacher section at Wrigley Field?", "answer": "Bleacher Bums"}, {"question": "Who heads the current group?", "answer": "Derek Schaul"}, {"question": "What did Bud Light dub the bleacher section?", "answer": "the Bud Light Bleachers"}, {"question": "What year did a group of Chicago Cubs fans form the Emil Verban Society?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Where were the Emil Verban Society founders based in?", "answer": "Washington, D.C"}, {"question": "Who currently heads the Emil Verban Society?", "answer": "Illinois Senator Dick Durbin"}, {"question": "What year was the single \"Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)\" produced? ", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?", "answer": "Cub Power"}, {"question": "What did The Cubs Song incorporate?", "answer": "the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers"}, {"question": "When was Take Me Out to a Cubs game released? ", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "How many songs are on the Take Me Out to a Cubs Game album?", "answer": "17 songs"}, {"question": "When was Harry Caray's final performance of \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\"?", "answer": "September 21, 1997"}, {"question": "What film depicts the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series?", "answer": "Back to the Future Part II"}, {"question": "What team failed to make it to the playoffs in 2015?", "answer": "Miami Marlins"}, {"question": "What day were the Cubs swept by the New York Mets in the NLCS?", "answer": "October 21"}, {"question": "In what year did the Korean War begin?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What caused the start of the Korean War?", "answer": "North Korea invaded South Korea"}, {"question": "What country was divided at the end of World War II?", "answer": "Korea"}, {"question": "Which country aided South Korea during the war?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "When did the Korean War end?", "answer": "27 July 1953"}, {"question": "What nation ruled Korea in 1910?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What part of Korea did the Soviet Union occupy?", "answer": "north of the 38th parallel"}, {"question": "Who occupied Korea south of the 38th parallel?", "answer": "U.S. forces"}, {"question": "What United Nation's committee considered the invasion of Korea to be an act of aggression?", "answer": "United Nations Security Council"}, {"question": "How many countries assisted in the defense of South Korea?", "answer": "Twenty-one"}, {"question": "At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?", "answer": "Pusan Perimeter"}, {"question": "In 1950, what country got involved in the war?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How many times did the control of Seoul change?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "On land, where was the last two years of the war fought?", "answer": "close to the 38th parallel"}, {"question": "What type of combat was seen for the first time in the history of war?", "answer": "air-to-air combat"}, {"question": "In, China what is the war officially called?", "answer": "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea"}, {"question": "What did Macau and Hong Kong call the Korean War?", "answer": "Korean Conflict"}, {"question": "When is the term 'Chaoxian War' used as a name for the Korean War?", "answer": "unofficial contexts"}, {"question": "Along with Taiwan, what empire was Korea considered to be apart of?", "answer": "Empire of Japan"}, {"question": "Who was the colonial Governor-General that mandated cultural assimilation of Korea's people?", "answer": "General Jir\u014d Minami"}, {"question": "What language were the Korean people forced to learn?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "What policy forced Koreans to change their names to Japanese names?", "answer": "S\u014dshi-kaimei policy"}, {"question": "In 1939, what caused nearly 2 million Koreans to be forced into the labor force or the army?", "answer": "Conscription"}, {"question": "How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?", "answer": "overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan"}, {"question": "Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?", "answer": "Korean police force"}, {"question": "By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What army were Korean men conscripted into?", "answer": "Imperial Japanese Army"}, {"question": "What job were Colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III given?", "answer": "dividing the Korean Peninsula"}, {"question": "What two areas was Korea divided into?", "answer": "Soviet and U.S. occupation zones"}, {"question": "What order was the division of Korea included in?", "answer": "General Order No. 1"}, {"question": "Who had to agree to the US's decision to divide Korea at the 38th parallel?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "What was a factor in deciding where to divide the occupation zones?", "answer": "the capital of Korea"}, {"question": "Who accepted Japan's surrender?", "answer": "Gen. John R. Hodge"}, {"question": "What was General Hodge appointed the head of?", "answer": "United States Army Military Government in Korea"}, {"question": "What government was not recognized by the U.S. Army Military Government in Korea?", "answer": "People's Republic of Korea"}, {"question": "Why was the People's Republic of Korea not recognized?", "answer": "it was communist"}, {"question": "Who did General Hodge restore power to, resulting in protests?", "answer": "Japanese colonial administrators"}, {"question": "What is the civil disobedience caused by the railroad worker's strike called?", "answer": "the Autumn uprising"}, {"question": "When was the Daegu Uprising?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "How many people attacked the Yeongcheon police station?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "When did the Pusasn railroad strike begin?", "answer": "23 September 1946"}, {"question": "How did the USAMGIK respond to the uprisings?", "answer": "declared martial law"}, {"question": "What did the Joint Commission's lack of progress cause the US government to do?", "answer": "hold an election"}, {"question": "Why did the Korean Communists and the Soviets refuse to cooperate in the elections and creation of independent Korea?", "answer": "it would not be fair"}, {"question": "When was the South Korean general election held?", "answer": "10 May 1948"}, {"question": "What problems did the elections face?", "answer": "terrorism and sabotage"}, {"question": "Who held parliamentary elections on August 25, 1948?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "When was South Korea's constitution created?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who was elected president of South Korea on July 20, 1948?", "answer": "Syngman Rhee"}, {"question": "What year was the Republic of Korea established?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who led the Russian Koran Zone of Occupation?", "answer": "Kim Il-sung"}, {"question": "What two groups were excluded from the South Korean political process?", "answer": "communists and leftists"}, {"question": "Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?", "answer": "North Korean government"}, {"question": "What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?", "answer": "Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese Communists want?", "answer": "supremacy in Manchuria"}, {"question": "What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?", "answer": "Chinese People's Liberation Army"}, {"question": "How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?", "answer": "2,000 railway cars worth"}, {"question": "What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "When was the People's Republic of China created?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?", "answer": "Chinese support"}, {"question": "Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?", "answer": "Pak Il-yu"}, {"question": "Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?", "answer": "the North Koreans"}, {"question": "What country did China see as a threat to the People's Republic of China?", "answer": "Western nations"}, {"question": "Where was it believed that that fight against Communism would take place?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "To show their strength in the international Communist movement, what did China do?", "answer": "promoted Communist revolutions"}, {"question": "Who did America support during the Chinese Civil War?", "answer": "the Nationalists"}, {"question": "When did the Soviets first detonate a nuclear bomb?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What treaty did Stalin and China enter into?", "answer": "Sino\u2013Soviet Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance Treaty"}, {"question": "What country did not prevent a Communist victory in China?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "Who was convinced that the US did was no longer interested in Korea?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Where did Stalin engage in an aggressive political strategy?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?", "answer": "Mao"}, {"question": "Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?", "answer": "the Americans"}, {"question": "What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?", "answer": "the Americans would intervene"}, {"question": "Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?", "answer": "preparations for war"}, {"question": "Who did the Soviets send to North Korea?", "answer": "Soviet generals"}, {"question": "Where did the conflict in South Korea begin?", "answer": "Ongjin Peninsula"}, {"question": "What were the generals sent to North Korea collectively called?", "answer": "the Soviet Advisory Group"}, {"question": "When did the generals finalize their attack strategy?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "Who called for Korean elections in 1950?", "answer": "Kim Il-sung"}, {"question": "Who rejected the peace gesture?", "answer": "Rhee"}, {"question": "What did Kim Il-Sung do after the peace overture was rejected?", "answer": "revised his war plan"}, {"question": "Why did Kim's war plan need revising?", "answer": "South Korean agents had learned about the plans"}, {"question": "When did Kim Il-Sung call for the Haeju conference?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?", "answer": "the South"}, {"question": "What group trained the Republic of Korea army?", "answer": "U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group"}, {"question": "What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?", "answer": "General William Lynn Roberts"}, {"question": "Who wanted to take over North Korea?", "answer": "Syngman Rhee"}, {"question": "Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?", "answer": "John Foster Dulles"}, {"question": "Who provoked a conflict by crossing the 38th parallel?", "answer": "Korean People's Army"}, {"question": "Where did the fighting begin?", "answer": "Ongjin peninsula"}, {"question": "Who claimed to have taken control of Haeju?", "answer": "the South Koreans"}, {"question": "Who questioned the claim that South Korean did not provoke the KPA?", "answer": "scholars"}, {"question": "Who was the Korean People's Army trying to execute?", "answer": "Syngman Rhee"}, {"question": "Who, along with members of the South Korean government, fled South Korea?", "answer": "Rhee"}, {"question": "What bridge were refugees attempting to cross when it was blown up by the South Korean Army?", "answer": "Han River"}, {"question": "How many South Korean National Assemblyman pledged their allegiance to Seoul?", "answer": "forty-eight"}, {"question": "What did South Korea do to cause members of the South Korean military unit to become trapped near the Han River?", "answer": "blew up the highway bridge"}, {"question": "What day was the city of Seoul captured?", "answer": "28 June"}, {"question": "What country was believed to provide a counterbalance to China's and the Soviet Union's involvement in Korea?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Which President decided to intervene after realizing that Japan's security would be affected by the hostility in Korea?", "answer": "President Truman"}, {"question": "Why was South Korea important to the US?", "answer": "US policy toward Japan"}, {"question": "What affected America's response to the situation in South Korea?", "answer": "US policy toward Japan"}, {"question": "What was the Truman administration concerned about that was preventing them from getting involved in the Korean conflict?", "answer": "Soviet reaction"}, {"question": "What agency approved the use of force in South Korea?", "answer": "The UN Security Council"}, {"question": "Why did the US not send in ground troops after the United Nations approved the use of force?", "answer": "advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power"}, {"question": "Who believed that if the issues in Korea were not dealt with the communist aggression would spread?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "What resources did the US devote to South Korea after the Security Council approved engaging in an armed conflict?", "answer": "air and naval forces"}, {"question": "Who condemned the actions of North Korea?", "answer": "United Nations Security Council"}, {"question": "Which permanent member of the UN Security Council boycotted council meetings in protest of Taiwan's seat in the United Nations?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What resolution encouraged Security Council Members to send military assistance to the Republic of Korea?", "answer": "Resolution 83"}, {"question": "Who accused the United States of beginning an armed intervention in South Korea?", "answer": "the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister"}, {"question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 82 accomplish?", "answer": "condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea"}, {"question": "What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?", "answer": "U.S. Intelligence"}, {"question": "What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.", "answer": "unanimous vote"}, {"question": "How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?", "answer": "UN Charter Article 32"}, {"question": "How many infantry divisions did N. Korea have engaged in the war?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What was the maximum number of North Korean troops engaged in the war?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "How many reserve soldiers did North Korea have?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What type of naval ships did the South and North Koreans have?", "answer": "small warships"}, {"question": "What was the problem with the ROK Army?", "answer": "Army defenders were relatively unprepared and ill-equipped"}, {"question": "Who declined the ROK's request for tanks?", "answer": "U.S. military"}, {"question": "In what country did the US maintain air forces and garrisons?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Who reported that South Korea's military was not ready for combat?", "answer": "R.E. Appleman"}, {"question": "Which Secretary of State did President Truman hold discussions about how the US would respond to the invasion of South Korea?", "answer": "Dean Acheson"}, {"question": "The North Korean invasion of South Korea was compared to what event?", "answer": "Adolf Hitler's aggressions"}, {"question": "What did the US not want to see repeated?", "answer": "the mistake of appeasement"}, {"question": "The US involvement in the Korean War was important to achieving what goal?", "answer": "the global containment of communism"}, {"question": "What report discussed the United States's goals for containing communism?", "answer": "National Security Council Report 68"}, {"question": "Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?", "answer": "U.S. Navy no longer had the warships"}, {"question": "Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?", "answer": "defense budget cutbacks"}, {"question": "Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?", "answer": "General Omar Bradley"}, {"question": "Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?", "answer": "American troops"}, {"question": "Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?", "answer": "Major General Floyd L. Parks"}, {"question": "What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?", "answer": "General MacArthur"}, {"question": "Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?", "answer": "President Truman"}, {"question": "What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?", "answer": "US Seventh Fleet"}, {"question": "Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?", "answer": "Republic of China"}, {"question": "Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?", "answer": "Zhou Enlai"}, {"question": "What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?", "answer": "Battle of Osan"}, {"question": "Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?", "answer": "24th Infantry Division"}, {"question": "Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?", "answer": "Taejeon"}, {"question": "At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?", "answer": "Battle of Taejon"}, {"question": "In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?", "answer": "by killing civil servants and intellectuals"}, {"question": "Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?", "answer": "Kim Il-sung"}, {"question": "Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?", "answer": "southeast Korea"}, {"question": "What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?", "answer": "Nakdong River"}, {"question": "How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?", "answer": "To counter a possible U.S. deployment"}, {"question": "Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?", "answer": "Incheon"}, {"question": "Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?", "answer": "Chai Chengwen"}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?", "answer": "the Korean border"}, {"question": "Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?", "answer": "Chinese leaders"}, {"question": "Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?", "answer": "KPA"}, {"question": "What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?", "answer": "to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night"}, {"question": "Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?", "answer": "aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory"}, {"question": "Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?", "answer": "the Soviets vetoed the US proposal"}, {"question": "Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What is Korea's largest port?", "answer": "the port of Pusan"}, {"question": "Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?", "answer": "KPA"}, {"question": "Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?", "answer": "UN forces"}, {"question": "Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?", "answer": "To relieve the Pusan Perimeter"}, {"question": "Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?", "answer": "Major General Hobart R. Gay"}, {"question": "Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?", "answer": "Yokohama, Japan"}, {"question": "Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?", "answer": "the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied"}, {"question": "Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?", "answer": "the Pentagon"}, {"question": "What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?", "answer": "The X Corps"}, {"question": "Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?", "answer": "General Edward Almond"}, {"question": "Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?", "answer": "Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch"}, {"question": "What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?", "answer": "the \"Pusan Perimeter Breakout\""}, {"question": "Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?", "answer": "the KPA"}, {"question": "Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?", "answer": "General H. M. Zakharov"}, {"question": "Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?", "answer": "to defend Seoul"}, {"question": "Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?", "answer": "Chinese commanders"}, {"question": "When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?", "answer": "if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men"}, {"question": "What emergency session was called by Stalin?", "answer": "Politburo"}, {"question": "How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?", "answer": "25,000 to 30,000"}, {"question": "Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?", "answer": "Soviet military advisers"}, {"question": "Who reclaimed the Seoul?", "answer": "South Korean forces."}, {"question": "What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?", "answer": "Pyongyang"}, {"question": "What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?", "answer": "National Security Council Memorandum 81/1"}, {"question": "Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?", "answer": "Syngman Rhee"}, {"question": "Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?", "answer": "Defense Secretary George Marshall"}, {"question": "Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?", "answer": "ROK police"}, {"question": "What year did the executions stop?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?", "answer": "Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns"}, {"question": "Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?", "answer": "Bruce Cumings"}, {"question": "What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?", "answer": "launch guerrilla raids"}, {"question": "Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?", "answer": "Chiang Kai-shek"}, {"question": "Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?", "answer": "MacArthur"}, {"question": "Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?", "answer": "the UN"}, {"question": "How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?", "answer": "cut the road north going to China"}, {"question": "How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?", "answer": "135,000"}, {"question": "What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?", "answer": "dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait"}, {"question": "What year did China decide to enter the war?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What provoked China to join the war?", "answer": "American aggression in the guise of the UN"}, {"question": "Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?", "answer": "the Politburo"}, {"question": "What was discussed at the emergency talks held by Chinese leaders?", "answer": "whether to send Chinese troops into Korea"}, {"question": "Who was a proponent for intervening in Korea?", "answer": "Mao"}, {"question": "Who was Lin Biao replaced with when he declined to lead the Chinese troops in Korea?", "answer": "Peng Dehuai"}, {"question": "Who convinced the Chinese leaders who were against entering the war that it was a good idea?", "answer": "Peng"}, {"question": "What did Mao Zedong's reinvented PLA North East Frontier Force become?", "answer": "People's Volunteer Army"}, {"question": "Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?", "answer": "the Black Sea"}, {"question": "How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist", "answer": "two or three months"}, {"question": "Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?", "answer": "Chinese airspace"}, {"question": "When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?", "answer": "March 1951"}, {"question": "Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?", "answer": "the south side of the Yalu"}, {"question": "What made seeing the PVA units difficult during the day?", "answer": "their march and bivouac discipline"}, {"question": "What were PVA troops told to do when planes flew by?", "answer": "remain motionless"}, {"question": "How many days did it take PVA forces to march 286 miles?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What were PVA officers supposed to do if troops disobeyed the security protocol?", "answer": "shoot security violators"}, {"question": "When would PVA forces march to minimize the chances of being seen?", "answer": "19:00\u201303:00"}, {"question": "Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?", "answer": "KPA"}, {"question": "What was the capital city in the North?", "answer": "Pyongyang"}, {"question": "Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?", "answer": "Sinuiju"}, {"question": "What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?", "answer": "UNC forces approached"}, {"question": "When was Pyongyang captured?", "answer": "October 1950"}, {"question": "Where did President Truman and General MacArthur meet on October 15, 1950?", "answer": "Wake Island"}, {"question": "Who refused to meet on continental United States?", "answer": "General MacArthur"}, {"question": "What was President Truman told at this meeting?", "answer": "little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea"}, {"question": "Who was not concerned about the idea of Chinese troops moving south into Korea?", "answer": "General MacArthur"}, {"question": "What was believed would happen if the Chinese entered the conflict?", "answer": "the greatest slaughter"}, {"question": "Who initiated the First Phase offensive?", "answer": "PVA 13th Army Group"}, {"question": "Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?", "answer": "1 November 1950"}, {"question": "Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?", "answer": "Ch'ongch'on River"}, {"question": "What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?", "answer": "Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts"}, {"question": "Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?", "answer": "U.S. Eighth Army's"}, {"question": "Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?", "answer": "Turkish Brigade"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?", "answer": "12,000\u201315,000"}, {"question": "What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?", "answer": "PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics"}, {"question": "Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?", "answer": "the U.S. Eighth Army"}, {"question": "Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?", "answer": "General Walton Walker"}, {"question": "Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?", "answer": "to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army"}, {"question": "What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?", "answer": "UN morale hit rock bottom"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?", "answer": "SS Meredith Victory"}, {"question": "What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?", "answer": "declared a national emergency"}, {"question": "What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?", "answer": "Kim Il-sung"}, {"question": "What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?", "answer": "Chinese New Year's Offensive"}, {"question": "Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?", "answer": "facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy"}, {"question": "How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?", "answer": "some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south"}, {"question": "What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive", "answer": "Seoul"}, {"question": "Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?", "answer": "Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway"}, {"question": "Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?", "answer": "The PVA had outrun its logistics capability"}, {"question": "What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?", "answer": "PVA had abandoned their battle lines"}, {"question": "What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?", "answer": "UN Command's air superiority"}, {"question": "What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?", "answer": "Wonju"}, {"question": "How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?", "answer": "on foot and bicycle"}, {"question": "What to be achieved by the Sancheong-Hamyang and Geochang massacres in South Korea?", "answer": "destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea"}, {"question": "Who's attack resulted in victory at Hoengseong?", "answer": "the PVA"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the the Korean War's equivalent to Gettysburg?", "answer": "the Fourth Phase Offensive"}, {"question": "What did the French Battalion's efforts do to the PVA forces?", "answer": "broke the attack's momentum"}, {"question": "How many PVA soldiers fought in this battle and lost?", "answer": "more than 25,000"}, {"question": "What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?", "answer": "Operation Killer"}, {"question": "What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?", "answer": "to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible"}, {"question": "What signified the end of Operation Killer?", "answer": "capturing Hoengseong"}, {"question": "How many times was Seoul captured in a year?", "answer": "This was the city's fourth conquest"}, {"question": "Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?", "answer": "severe food shortages"}, {"question": "Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?", "answer": "the Chinese war effort"}, {"question": "What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?", "answer": "logistical problems"}, {"question": "What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?", "answer": "they had nothing to eat"}, {"question": "What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?", "answer": "increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply"}, {"question": "What did China introduce to the war in 1951?", "answer": "the Chinese Air Force"}, {"question": "Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?", "answer": "General MacArthur"}, {"question": "Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?", "answer": "the Chinese would not enter the war"}, {"question": "What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?", "answer": "a truce and orderly withdrawal"}, {"question": "Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?", "answer": ". MacArthur"}, {"question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?", "answer": "General Ridgway"}, {"question": "What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?", "answer": "get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?", "answer": "The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance"}, {"question": "Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?", "answer": "depleted the PVA and KPA forces"}, {"question": "What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?", "answer": "Chinese Spring Offensive"}, {"question": "What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?", "answer": "Line Kansas"}, {"question": "What ended with the armistice of 1953?", "answer": "the stalemate"}, {"question": "How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?", "answer": "three field armies"}, {"question": "Where was Line Kansas located?", "answer": "just north of the 38th parallel"}, {"question": "Where did armistice negotiations occur?", "answer": "Kaesong"}, {"question": "What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?", "answer": "recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory"}, {"question": "What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?", "answer": "military and psychological operations"}, {"question": "Was there a cease fire during the talks?", "answer": "Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued"}, {"question": "Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?", "answer": "Zhou Enlai"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of White Horse?", "answer": "6\u201315 October 1952"}, {"question": "What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?", "answer": "the Battle of the Hook"}, {"question": "Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?", "answer": "Chinese troops"}, {"question": "What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?", "answer": "called a conference in Shenyang"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?", "answer": "discuss the PVA's logistical problems"}, {"question": "Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?", "answer": "These commitments did little to directly address the problems"}, {"question": "Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?", "answer": "Peng Dehuai"}, {"question": "What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?", "answer": "the Military Commission,"}, {"question": "What actions were taken to help the PVA?", "answer": "PVA would be divided into three groups"}, {"question": "Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?", "answer": "the central government"}, {"question": "How long did the armistice talks last?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "What issues stalled the armistice talks?", "answer": "prisoner of war (POW) repatriation"}, {"question": "What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?", "answer": "many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north"}, {"question": "When was the armistice agreement finally signed?", "answer": "27 July 1953"}, {"question": "What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?", "answer": "Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,"}, {"question": "Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?", "answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}, {"question": "Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?", "answer": "the United Nations"}, {"question": "What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?", "answer": "Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)"}, {"question": "Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?", "answer": "went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War"}, {"question": "Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?", "answer": "The Demilitarized Zone"}, {"question": "When was the Armistice Agreement signed?", "answer": "27 July 1953"}, {"question": "Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?", "answer": "there was no peace treaty"}, {"question": "Who believes that they were victorious in the war?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "What was the point of Operation Glory?", "answer": "to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead"}, {"question": "How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?", "answer": "4,167"}, {"question": "Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?", "answer": "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific"}, {"question": "How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?", "answer": "220"}, {"question": "Why is North Korea insisting that the 1953 armistice was violated?", "answer": "new wave of UN sanctions"}, {"question": "When did North Korea call an end to the armistice?", "answer": "13 March 2013"}, {"question": "In 2013, who what country did North Korea declare war on?", "answer": "South Korea"}, {"question": "What weapon does North Korea claim it now has the ability to use?", "answer": "a nuclear weapon"}, {"question": "How does the United States view North Korea's threats? ", "answer": "credible and realistic nuclear threat"}, {"question": "What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?", "answer": "ground attack aircraft"}, {"question": "What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?", "answer": "Soviet T-34-85 tanks"}, {"question": "What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?", "answer": "the North Koreans suffered major tank losses"}, {"question": "What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?", "answer": "the UN forces brought heavier equipment"}, {"question": "How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Why were naval skirmishes not really seen in the Korean War?", "answer": "neither Korea had a significant navy"}, {"question": "Who pretty much gained and maintained control of the sea?", "answer": "the UN nations"}, {"question": "Who dominated any battles that may have taken place at sea?", "answer": "the UN Command"}, {"question": "Where was the last sea battle of the Korean War?", "answer": "Inchon"}, {"question": "What type of ships did the US spend most of its time sinking?", "answer": "supply and ammunition ships"}, {"question": "What weapon posed a significant threat to US navy ships?", "answer": "magnetic mines"}, {"question": "How many US warships were damaged by gun fire and mines?", "answer": "87"}, {"question": "Where were the majority of US naval patrols of Korea?", "answer": "the west and east coasts of North Korea"}, {"question": "Who denied having anything more than an advisory role in the Korean War?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who ignored the direct participation of the Soviet Union to prevent expanding the Korean War to the Soviet Union?", "answer": "UN Command"}, {"question": "What may have occurred if the war was expanded to the Soviet Union?", "answer": "atomic warfare"}, {"question": "What did the Soviet pilots start doing when accused of playing an integral role in the Korean War?", "answer": "dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian"}, {"question": "Who feared engaging in direct conflict with the United States?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What plane did the US send to Korea to counter the power of the MiG-15?", "answer": "F-86 Sabre"}, {"question": "To mitigate the loses of the B-29, what did the US Air Force do?", "answer": "switch from a daylight bombing campaign to the necessarily less accurate nighttime bombing"}, {"question": "What was the MiG designed to be?", "answer": "bomber interceptor"}, {"question": "What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?", "answer": "right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works"}, {"question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?", "answer": "copyright law"}, {"question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?", "answer": "work's creator"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?", "answer": "copyright infringement"}, {"question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?", "answer": "derivative works"}, {"question": "How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?", "answer": "direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court"}, {"question": "Why has copyright infringement increased recently?", "answer": "Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet"}, {"question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?", "answer": "service providers and software distributors"}, {"question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?", "answer": "expanding copyright law"}, {"question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?", "answer": "prosecuted via the criminal justice system"}, {"question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?", "answer": "service providers and software distributors"}, {"question": "What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?", "answer": "piracy and theft"}, {"question": "What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?", "answer": "piracy"}, {"question": "What kind of property is copyright used for?", "answer": "intellectual property"}, {"question": "What is the difference between robbery and piracy?", "answer": "related only to tangible property"}, {"question": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?", "answer": "theft"}, {"question": "What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?", "answer": "monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter"}, {"question": "How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?", "answer": "in relation to copyright infringement"}, {"question": "What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?", "answer": "seized on importation"}, {"question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?", "answer": "peer-to-peer file sharing networks"}, {"question": "When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?", "answer": "authorization"}, {"question": "What have courts said there is a difference between?", "answer": "copyright infringement and theft"}, {"question": "In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?", "answer": "theft, conversion, or fraud"}, {"question": "What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?", "answer": "The Copyright Act"}, {"question": "What did the court say was invaded?", "answer": "certain exclusive rights"}, {"question": "What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?", "answer": "partial compliance"}, {"question": "Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?", "answer": "US Army"}, {"question": "How many users were paid for in 2004?", "answer": "500 users"}, {"question": "How much was the lawsuit settled for?", "answer": "US$50 million"}, {"question": "Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?", "answer": "the BSA"}, {"question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?", "answer": "immediacy"}, {"question": "What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?", "answer": "used the Internet to present its content"}, {"question": "It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?", "answer": "work exclusively online"}, {"question": "What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?", "answer": "downloading"}, {"question": "Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?", "answer": "Matt Deaner"}, {"question": "Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?", "answer": "Distributors"}, {"question": "What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?", "answer": "immediate access to online"}, {"question": "What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?", "answer": "tax support that a film can receive"}, {"question": "What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?", "answer": "University of Portsmouth"}, {"question": "How many people were part of the study?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "What was the age range of people studied?", "answer": "seven to 84"}, {"question": "Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?", "answer": "artists"}, {"question": "Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?", "answer": "main access to media goods"}, {"question": "What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?", "answer": "current neglected law enforcements"}, {"question": "In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What is in high demand in this country?", "answer": "cheap and affordable goods"}, {"question": "What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?", "answer": "connections"}, {"question": "What happens when a country bans a movie?", "answer": "the spread of copied videos and DVDs"}, {"question": "Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?", "answer": "New York Times"}, {"question": "What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?", "answer": "a narrator for state TV"}, {"question": "What did a visitor give to Nistor?", "answer": "bootlegged copies of American movies"}, {"question": "How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?", "answer": "civil court"}, {"question": "Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?", "answer": "Grokster and Streamcast"}, {"question": "In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?", "answer": "MGM"}, {"question": "What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?", "answer": "venues for acquiring copyrighted movies"}, {"question": "What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?", "answer": "Sony"}, {"question": "Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?", "answer": "third party"}, {"question": "What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?", "answer": "to identify and exact settlements"}, {"question": "What do critics usually call these lawyers?", "answer": "copyright troll"}, {"question": "What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?", "answer": "mixed results"}, {"question": "When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?", "answer": "misdemeanor"}, {"question": "What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?", "answer": "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain"}, {"question": "What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?", "answer": "that defendant willfully infringed"}, {"question": "What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?", "answer": "very low threshold"}, {"question": "When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?", "answer": "non-commercial motives"}, {"question": "What loophole did the ruling give rise to?", "answer": "LaMacchia Loophole"}, {"question": "If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?", "answer": "dismissed"}, {"question": "What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?", "answer": "No Electronic Theft Act"}, {"question": "What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?", "answer": "five years in prison"}, {"question": "What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?", "answer": "$250,000"}, {"question": "How much were statutory damages raised by?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?", "answer": "Copyright Act"}, {"question": "What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?", "answer": "EU Copyright Directive of 2001"}, {"question": "What was the directive NOT intended for?", "answer": "legitimize file-sharing"}, {"question": "Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?", "answer": "a tax on the content itself"}, {"question": "What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What are examples of general purpose storage devices?", "answer": "computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones"}, {"question": "What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?", "answer": "was obtained legitimately"}, {"question": "What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?", "answer": "April 2014"}, {"question": "In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?", "answer": "DMCA"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?", "answer": "\"circumvent[ing] a technological measure"}, {"question": "Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?", "answer": "inefficient"}, {"question": "What are child safety and public library software used to filter?", "answer": "website"}, {"question": "What includes Internet portals, software and games?", "answer": "intermediaries"}, {"question": "What examples provide virtual information?", "answer": "interactive forums and comment facilities"}, {"question": "News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?", "answer": "aggregators"}, {"question": "What is an important element of the World Wide Web?", "answer": "hyperlinks"}, {"question": "Who did early court cases focus on?", "answer": "Internet service providers"}, {"question": "What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?", "answer": "libel, defamation, or pornography"}, {"question": "What was the result of early law on online liability?", "answer": "varied widely from country to country"}, {"question": "When were the first laws of liability passed?", "answer": "mid-1990s"}, {"question": "What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?", "answer": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"}, {"question": "How is this law characterized in the U.S.?", "answer": "safe harbor"}, {"question": "In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?", "answer": "mere conduit"}, {"question": "What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?", "answer": "no obligation to monitor"}, {"question": "What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?", "answer": "European Telecoms Package"}, {"question": "What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?", "answer": "host or transmit infringing content"}, {"question": "What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?", "answer": "BitTorrent"}, {"question": "What do Torrent files NOT contain?", "answer": "copyrighted content"}, {"question": "What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?", "answer": "The Pirate Bay"}, {"question": "What is the legal status of secondary liability?", "answer": "subject of ongoing litigation"}, {"question": "What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?", "answer": "decentralised structure"}, {"question": "What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?", "answer": "distribute large files effectively"}, {"question": "What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?", "answer": "to avoid liability as intermediaries"}, {"question": "What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?", "answer": "fair practice"}, {"question": "Where are minimal quotations commonly used?", "answer": "journalism and education"}, {"question": "What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?", "answer": "fair use or fair dealing"}, {"question": "What do these statutes represent?", "answer": "principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents"}, {"question": "What are these statutes essential to?", "answer": "freedom of speech"}, {"question": "What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?", "answer": "compulsory licensing"}, {"question": "What are two examples of this licensing?", "answer": "compilations and live performances of music"}, {"question": "What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?", "answer": "no infringement occurs"}, {"question": "What country has fair dealing laws?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?", "answer": "news generators"}, {"question": "When was the second part of the case decided?", "answer": "June 2014"}, {"question": "What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?", "answer": "temporary web cache of consumers"}, {"question": "If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?", "answer": "in a fixed medium"}, {"question": "What is NOT protected?", "answer": "The idea itself"}, {"question": "What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?", "answer": "it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea"}, {"question": "What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?", "answer": "what qualifies as original"}, {"question": "Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?", "answer": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test"}, {"question": "What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?", "answer": "doesn't affect copyright protection"}, {"question": "Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?", "answer": "Corporations and legislatures"}, {"question": "What is the major focus of these steps?", "answer": "preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement"}, {"question": "What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?", "answer": "civil & criminal"}, {"question": "What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?", "answer": "limit the amount of control consumers have"}, {"question": "How have governments lowered infringement rates?", "answer": "narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing"}, {"question": "Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?", "answer": "enacted compulsory licensing laws"}, {"question": "What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?", "answer": "DMCA"}, {"question": "What else does this law provide to service providers?", "answer": "safe harbor"}, {"question": "Who does this law target?", "answer": "providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement"}, {"question": "What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?", "answer": "employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing"}, {"question": "What must a user do under a prepared license?", "answer": "adhere to certain conditions"}, {"question": "Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?", "answer": "reducing infringement"}, {"question": "What is an example of a free software license?", "answer": "GNU General Public License"}, {"question": "What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?", "answer": "visual and literary works"}, {"question": "How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?", "answer": "approximately 16 and a half weeks"}, {"question": "During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?", "answer": "by couriers"}, {"question": "What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?", "answer": "encrypted"}, {"question": "What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?", "answer": "Anti-Piracy marks can be added"}, {"question": "What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?", "answer": "\"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens"}, {"question": "What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?", "answer": "U.S. GAO"}, {"question": "How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did the FBI use as a source?", "answer": "estimate"}, {"question": "What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?", "answer": "GAO report"}, {"question": "Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?", "answer": "BSA and International Data Corporation"}, {"question": "Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "Which region had the highest loss?", "answer": "Asia-Pacific"}, {"question": "How much did the EU lose?", "answer": "$12,383,000"}, {"question": "Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?", "answer": "Middle East/Africa region"}, {"question": "Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?", "answer": "IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs"}, {"question": "What percentage of people admit to pirating software?", "answer": "57 percent"}, {"question": "What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?", "answer": "US$63.4 billion"}, {"question": "What nation had the higest piracy rate?", "answer": "Zimbabwe"}, {"question": "What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?", "answer": "19%"}, {"question": "Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?", "answer": "Institute for Policy Innovation"}, {"question": "How much money have retailers lost?", "answer": "over a billion dollars"}, {"question": "How many production-level jobs were lost?", "answer": "46,000"}, {"question": "Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?", "answer": "U.S. government"}, {"question": "What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?", "answer": "The Piracy Crusade"}, {"question": "What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?", "answer": "tenuous"}, {"question": "What was the industry going through?", "answer": "artificial expansion"}, {"question": "What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?", "answer": "perfect bubble"}, {"question": "What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?", "answer": "$59 billion"}, {"question": "Who accounted for over half the total?", "answer": "emerging markets"}, {"question": " What did the established markets receive for the first time?", "answer": "less PC shipments than emerging economies"}, {"question": "What country has the highest retail value of software?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?", "answer": "83 percent"}, {"question": "On what peninsula is Greece located?", "answer": "Balkan peninsula"}, {"question": "How many geographic regions make up Greece?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How long is the coastline of Greece?", "answer": "8,498 mi"}, {"question": "How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?", "answer": "227"}, {"question": "What is the tallest mountain in Greece?", "answer": "Mount Olympus"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?", "answer": "Philip of Macedon"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?", "answer": "first century AD"}, {"question": "What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "Which political philosophy does Greece follow?", "answer": "democratic"}, {"question": "When did Greece join the Eurozone?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Greece has the biggest economic power where?", "answer": "Balkans"}, {"question": "What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?", "answer": "Hellas"}, {"question": "What is the official name of Greece?", "answer": "Hellenic Republic"}, {"question": "From what word is Greece derived?", "answer": "Graecia"}, {"question": "What does the work Graecia mean?", "answer": "the land of the Greeks"}, {"question": "Who called Greece Graecia?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?", "answer": "270,000 BC"}, {"question": "Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?", "answer": "Petralona cave"}, {"question": "The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?", "answer": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic"}, {"question": "Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?", "answer": "7th millennium BC"}, {"question": "What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?", "answer": "farming"}, {"question": "Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?", "answer": "Western civilization"}, {"question": "What was the last civilization to rule Greece?", "answer": "Mycenaean"}, {"question": "The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? ", "answer": "1200 BC"}, {"question": "Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?", "answer": "Bronze Age collapse"}, {"question": "What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.", "answer": "Greek Dark Ages"}, {"question": "When did the Olympic Game begin?", "answer": "776 BC"}, {"question": "The literary work \"The Odyssey:, was written by whom?", "answer": "Homer"}, {"question": "What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?", "answer": "776 BC"}, {"question": "Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?", "answer": "Greater Greece"}, {"question": "In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?", "answer": "508 BC"}, {"question": "In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?", "answer": "Persian Empire"}, {"question": "What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?", "answer": "Battle of Marathon"}, {"question": "The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?", "answer": "Thermopylae"}, {"question": "The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?", "answer": "Greco-Persian Wars"}, {"question": "After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?", "answer": "Golden Age of Athens"}, {"question": "The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? ", "answer": "Peloponnesian War"}, {"question": "What often caused strife between Greek states?", "answer": "Lack of political unity"}, {"question": "Who won the Peloponnesian war?", "answer": "Sparta"}, {"question": "Who eventually brought the Greeks together?", "answer": "Macedon"}, {"question": "Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?", "answer": "Phillip II"}, {"question": "Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?", "answer": "the Antigonid dynasty"}, {"question": "The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?", "answer": "200 BC"}, {"question": "Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?", "answer": "Battle of Pydna"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?", "answer": "146 BC"}, {"question": "The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?", "answer": "168 BC"}, {"question": "What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "What saying by Horace became famous?", "answer": "\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\""}, {"question": "What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?", "answer": "Nero"}, {"question": "What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?", "answer": "Homer"}, {"question": "What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?", "answer": "Scipio Africanus"}, {"question": "In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What religion did early Greece practice?", "answer": "paganism"}, {"question": "The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? ", "answer": "393"}, {"question": "Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?", "answer": "Theodosius I"}, {"question": "Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?", "answer": "Justinian"}, {"question": "When did the Slavs invade Greece?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.", "answer": "Barbarian"}, {"question": "After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?", "answer": "islands and coastal areas"}, {"question": "The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?", "answer": "Asia Minor"}, {"question": "A stable Greece allowed it to have what?", "answer": "strong economic growth"}, {"question": "Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?", "answer": "1204"}, {"question": "Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?", "answer": "1261"}, {"question": "The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?", "answer": "Genoese and Venetian"}, {"question": "In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?", "answer": "Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?", "answer": "the Ottomans"}, {"question": "The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?", "answer": "1460"}, {"question": "Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? ", "answer": "Byzantine Greek scholars"}, {"question": "The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?", "answer": "Aegean islands"}, {"question": "The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?", "answer": "Cyprus and Crete"}, {"question": "The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?", "answer": "Cyprus and Crete"}, {"question": "In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?", "answer": "1797"}, {"question": "Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?", "answer": "Greek Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?", "answer": "1571"}, {"question": "The Morean War took place during which years?", "answer": "1684\u20131699"}, {"question": "The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?", "answer": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"question": "Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?", "answer": "Rigas Feraios"}, {"question": "Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? ", "answer": "1798"}, {"question": "In which year did the Society of Friends begin?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "The Society of Friends goal was what?", "answer": "liberating Greece"}, {"question": "The Society of Friends was also known by what name?", "answer": "Filiki Eteria"}, {"question": "The first of several revolutions began when?", "answer": "6 March 1821"}, {"question": "War was started with the Ottomans when?", "answer": "17 March 1821"}, {"question": "In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?", "answer": "Theodoros Kolokotronis"}, {"question": "The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?", "answer": "Aegean Sea"}, {"question": "Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?", "answer": "1822 and 1824"}, {"question": "How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?", "answer": "Ibrahim Pasha"}, {"question": "Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?", "answer": "February 1825"}, {"question": "In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?", "answer": "Mani"}, {"question": "What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?", "answer": "Russia, the United Kingdom and France"}, {"question": "Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?", "answer": "Ottoman\u2013Egyptian"}, {"question": "Which navy won the battle of Hydra?", "answer": "the allied fleet"}, {"question": "The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?", "answer": "London Protocol"}, {"question": "In 1893 Greece announced what?", "answer": "public insolvency"}, {"question": "To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?", "answer": "International Financial Control authority"}, {"question": "The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?", "answer": "Demotic"}, {"question": "A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?", "answer": "language"}, {"question": "War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?", "answer": "Crete"}, {"question": "In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "What divided Greece into two political groups?", "answer": "the country's foreign policy"}, {"question": "How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?", "answer": "the Triple Entente"}, {"question": "Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?", "answer": "1919\u20131922"}, {"question": "After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?", "answer": "Asia Minor"}, {"question": "An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?", "answer": "Treaty of Lausanne"}, {"question": "In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?", "answer": "1914-1922"}, {"question": "Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?", "answer": "Ottoman and Turkish officials"}, {"question": "How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?", "answer": "Macedonian mountains"}, {"question": "Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?", "answer": "Greek Isles and cities"}, {"question": "The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "In 1924, what was established?", "answer": "Second Hellenic Republic"}, {"question": "Who became the Greek leader in 1935?", "answer": "Premier Georgios Kondylis"}, {"question": "The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?", "answer": "Premier Georgios Kondylis"}, {"question": "In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?", "answer": "Over 100,000"}, {"question": "In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?", "answer": "1941\u20131942"}, {"question": "What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?", "answer": "The Greek Resistance"}, {"question": "How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?", "answer": "almost 1,000,000"}, {"question": "Who founded the PASOK?", "answer": "Andreas Papandreou"}, {"question": "What does PASOK stand for?", "answer": "Panhellenic Socialist Movement"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "Greece joined what later became the European Union when?", "answer": "1 January 1981"}, {"question": "Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Greece is where geographically?", "answer": "Southern Europe"}, {"question": "Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?", "answer": "11th longest"}, {"question": "How long is Greece's coastline?", "answer": "8,498 mi"}, {"question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?", "answer": "9,573 ft"}, {"question": "The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?", "answer": "Mt. Smolikas"}, {"question": "How tall is Mt. Smolikas?", "answer": "8,652 ft"}, {"question": "Where does the Pindus mountain range end?", "answer": "the island of Crete"}, {"question": "Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?", "answer": "underwater mountains"}, {"question": "What is the deepest gorge in the world?", "answer": "Vikos Gorge"}, {"question": "The Saronic gulf is near what city?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "The Cyclade islands are located where?", "answer": "central part of the Aegean Sea"}, {"question": "The North Aegean islands are located where?", "answer": "west coast of Turkey"}, {"question": "The Dodecanese islands are located where?", "answer": "between Crete and Turkey"}, {"question": "The Sporades islands are located where?", "answer": "off the coast of northeast Euboea"}, {"question": "Greece's climate is mainly of what type?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "Greece's climate is affected by what range?", "answer": "Pindus mountain range"}, {"question": "East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?", "answer": "a rain shadow effect"}, {"question": "The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?", "answer": "Alpine climate"}, {"question": "The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?", "answer": "heavy snowfalls"}, {"question": "Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?", "answer": "temperate"}, {"question": "It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?", "answer": "the Boreal Kingdom"}, {"question": "How many ecoregions occupies Greece?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?", "answer": "mixed forests"}, {"question": "The Crete ecoregion is known as what?", "answer": "Mediterranean forests"}, {"question": "The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?", "answer": "deciduous forests"}, {"question": "What type of republic is Greece?", "answer": "unitary parliamentary"}, {"question": "What is the title of the leader of Greece?", "answer": "President of the Republic"}, {"question": "Who elects the president of Greece?", "answer": "the Parliament"}, {"question": "How long does the President of Greece serve?", "answer": "five-year term"}, {"question": "Greece's constitution has how many articles?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Who has the most political power in Greece?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "The Prime Minister is elected by who?", "answer": "the Parliament"}, {"question": "Who formally names the Prime Minister?", "answer": "President of the Republic"}, {"question": "How many members are in Greece's parliament? ", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How often are elections help for parliament?", "answer": "every four years"}, {"question": "Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? ", "answer": "President of the Republic"}, {"question": "In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?", "answer": "The coalition government"}, {"question": "What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? ", "answer": "their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures"}, {"question": "Who became the second major party after the elections?", "answer": "The leftist party of SYRIZA"}, {"question": "What caused the second election of 2012? ", "answer": "No party could form a sustainable government"}, {"question": "What was the demographic result of the second election?", "answer": "coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties."}, {"question": "Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?", "answer": "Minister for Foreign Affairs"}, {"question": "Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?", "answer": "Nikos Kotzias"}, {"question": "The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?", "answer": "represent Greece before other states and international organizations"}, {"question": "Greece is though of as what kind of power?", "answer": "a middle power"}, {"question": "Greece has how much strategic importance?", "answer": "significant"}, {"question": "What type of military service does Greece require?", "answer": "universal compulsory"}, {"question": "Can females be drafted into the military?", "answer": "females are exempted from conscription"}, {"question": "What is the length of military service required of men?", "answer": "nine months"}, {"question": "At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?", "answer": "18 and 60"}, {"question": "How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "How many municipalities exist in Greece? ", "answer": "325"}, {"question": "What went into effect on January 1, 2011?", "answer": "Kallikratis programme reform"}, {"question": "What is the one autonomous area in Greece?", "answer": "Mount Athos"}, {"question": "Where is Mount Athos located?", "answer": "borders the region of Central Macedonia"}, {"question": "The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?", "answer": "the service sector"}, {"question": "What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?", "answer": "85.0%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?", "answer": "3.0%"}, {"question": "How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?", "answer": "14.9 million"}, {"question": "Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Greece's economy is what size?", "answer": "larger than all the Balkan economies combined"}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?", "answer": "number-two"}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?", "answer": "number-three"}, {"question": "Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? ", "answer": "Republic of Macedonia"}, {"question": "OTE is known as what?", "answer": "Greek telecommunications company"}, {"question": "What classification does the Greek economy hold?", "answer": "advanced and high-income"}, {"question": "Greece help found what economic organizations?", "answer": "Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)"}, {"question": "When was Greece accepted into the European Union?", "answer": "19 June 2000"}, {"question": "When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?", "answer": "January 2001"}, {"question": "What was Greece's former currency?", "answer": "the Greek drachma"}, {"question": "What was used to hide debts?", "answer": "swaps"}, {"question": "Swaps allow Greece to do what?", "answer": "spend beyond their means"}, {"question": "What other country hid its debt through swaps?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What can legally be overcome with swaps?", "answer": "The Maastricht rules"}, {"question": "Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?", "answer": "4th worldwide"}, {"question": "How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?", "answer": "3,150"}, {"question": "Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?", "answer": "the European continent"}, {"question": "How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?", "answer": "12.7 million"}, {"question": "What is the single nation with the most visitors?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which part of Greece is the most visited?", "answer": "Central Macedonia"}, {"question": "Northern Greece gets how many visitors?", "answer": "6.5 million"}, {"question": "How long is the Greek railway system?", "answer": "1,600 mi"}, {"question": "A current railway upgrade plans to do what?", "answer": "double lines"}, {"question": "A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?", "answer": "Athens and Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?", "answer": "3G/4G mobile internet"}, {"question": "How much did internet usage increase in one year?", "answer": "340%"}, {"question": "Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?", "answer": "among the top 30 countries"}, {"question": "Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?", "answer": "European Space Agency (ESA)"}, {"question": "Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?", "answer": "sixteenth"}, {"question": "Greece became a full ESA member when?", "answer": "16 March 2005"}, {"question": "What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?", "answer": "Georgios Papanikolaou"}, {"question": "Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?", "answer": "Manolis Andronikos"}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?", "answer": "Joseph Sifakis"}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?", "answer": "Christos Papadimitriou"}, {"question": "What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?", "answer": "Mihalis Yannakakis"}, {"question": "What is the religious minority in Greece?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?", "answer": "Thrace"}, {"question": "Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "How many Protestants live in Greece? ", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?", "answer": "28,874"}, {"question": "When did the Greek Language dispute take place?", "answer": "During the 19th and 20th centuries"}, {"question": "When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "Which language was considered the language of the people?", "answer": "Dimotiki"}, {"question": "What language was made the only official variation in 1976?", "answer": "Dimotiki"}, {"question": "From which language did Dimotiki evolve?", "answer": "Byzantine Greek"}, {"question": "What is the language spoken by most Greeks?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?", "answer": "Asia Minor"}, {"question": "Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?", "answer": "Cappadocian"}, {"question": "From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? ", "answer": "Doric Greek"}, {"question": "Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?", "answer": "0.95%"}, {"question": "Minority languages have been reduce due to what?", "answer": "assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority"}, {"question": "In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?", "answer": "Christian Roma"}, {"question": "What groups are called Vlachs?", "answer": "Aromanians and Moglenites"}, {"question": "Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?", "answer": "northern Greek borders"}, {"question": "Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?", "answer": "200,000 to 400,000"}, {"question": "Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?", "answer": "Ladino"}, {"question": "The Urums are known to speak what dialect?", "answer": "Greco-Turkic"}, {"question": "In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?", "answer": "762,191"}, {"question": "In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?", "answer": "7%"}, {"question": "From where did most non-citizen residents come? ", "answer": "Eastern European countries"}, {"question": "What is the total Albanian population in Greece?", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "Greece is a major destination for what to enter?", "answer": "illegal immigrants"}, {"question": "In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?", "answer": "Syrian civil war"}, {"question": "How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?", "answer": "856,723"}, {"question": "What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "Paideia is also known as what?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "The first European university was created in what city?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "Greece's secondary education has how many school types?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is one type of Greece's secondary education?", "answer": "unified upper secondary schools"}, {"question": "What type of institute does secondary education also include?", "answer": "vocational training"}, {"question": "What type of education do vocational institutes provide?", "answer": "formal but unclassified"}, {"question": "What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?", "answer": "University sector"}, {"question": "How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?", "answer": "2 to 3 years"}, {"question": "Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?", "answer": "third grade"}, {"question": "At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?", "answer": "over twenty-two years old"}, {"question": "What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? ", "answer": "The Capodistrian University of Athens"}, {"question": "What kind of health care exists in Greece?", "answer": "universal health care"}, {"question": "Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?", "answer": "14th"}, {"question": "What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?", "answer": "138"}, {"question": "In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "Where did Greece culture begin?", "answer": "Mycenaean Greece"}, {"question": "What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?", "answer": "Greek War of Independence"}, {"question": "The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?", "answer": "thousands of years"}, {"question": "Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?", "answer": "Western culture"}, {"question": "What did Greece's political philosophy affect?", "answer": "Modern democracies"}, {"question": "Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?", "answer": "systematic thought"}, {"question": "Modern Greek theater began when?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?", "answer": "Heptanesean theatre and melodrama"}, {"question": "What was the first theater of modern Greece?", "answer": "Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9"}, {"question": "What was the first Greek opera?", "answer": "The Parliamentary Candidate"}, {"question": "Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? ", "answer": "Spyridon Xyndas"}, {"question": "Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?", "answer": "Aristotle of Stagira"}, {"question": "Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?", "answer": "the supra-sensual"}, {"question": "Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? ", "answer": "experience"}, {"question": "What is the name of two schools of philosophy?", "answer": "Skepticism and Neoplatonism"}, {"question": "What are two works by Homer?", "answer": "Iliad and the Odyssey"}, {"question": "During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?", "answer": "800 BC"}, {"question": "Who were two major lyrical poets?", "answer": "Sappho and Pindar"}, {"question": "When did drama first begin in history?", "answer": "Classical era"}, {"question": "What year did cinema first appear in Greece?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?", "answer": "Asty Films"}, {"question": "What was the first Greek feature film?", "answer": "Golfo"}, {"question": "Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?", "answer": "Orestis Laskos"}, {"question": "Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? ", "answer": "1950s and early 1960s"}, {"question": "During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?", "answer": "More than sixty"}, {"question": "Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?", "answer": "Nikos Koundouros"}, {"question": "Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? ", "answer": "Cacoyannis"}, {"question": "Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?", "answer": "Kampanellis"}, {"question": "What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?", "answer": "Zorba the Greek"}, {"question": "Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?", "answer": "Anthony Quinn"}, {"question": "What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?", "answer": "Eternity and a Day"}, {"question": "Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?", "answer": "Theo Angelopoulos"}, {"question": "What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? ", "answer": "Greek cuisine"}, {"question": "The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?", "answer": "Crete"}, {"question": "What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?", "answer": "skordalia"}, {"question": "What is added to almost every dish in Greece?", "answer": "Olive oil"}, {"question": "What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?", "answer": "galaktoboureko"}, {"question": "What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? ", "answer": "oregano"}, {"question": "What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?", "answer": "cinnamon"}, {"question": "Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?", "answer": "ancient times"}, {"question": "What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? ", "answer": "lyre"}, {"question": "During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?", "answer": "polyphony"}, {"question": "Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? ", "answer": "monophonic"}, {"question": "One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?", "answer": "Byzantine chant"}, {"question": "What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?", "answer": "akritic and klephtic"}, {"question": "Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?", "answer": "9th and 10th"}, {"question": "Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?", "answer": "klephtic"}, {"question": "What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?", "answer": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes"}, {"question": "Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?", "answer": "1870\u20131930"}, {"question": "What influenced Greek modern song considerably?", "answer": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes"}, {"question": "What music began associated with the lower classes?", "answer": "Rebetiko"}, {"question": "Rebetiko was the base of what? ", "answer": "la\u00efk\u00f3"}, {"question": "One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?", "answer": "Apostolos Kaldaras"}, {"question": "Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?", "answer": "Ionian"}, {"question": "When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?", "answer": "Manolis Kalomiris"}, {"question": "Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?", "answer": "Iannis Xenakis"}, {"question": "What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?", "answer": "Zorba the Greek"}, {"question": "Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?", "answer": "Yanni"}, {"question": "Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?", "answer": "Maria Callas"}, {"question": "How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?", "answer": "My Number One"}, {"question": "Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?", "answer": "Elena Paparizou"}, {"question": "Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event?", "answer": "Olympic Games"}, {"question": "The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?", "answer": "776 BC"}, {"question": "Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?", "answer": "Olympia"}, {"question": "During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?", "answer": "32nd"}, {"question": "What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?", "answer": "Euro 2004"}, {"question": "How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many teams are in the Greek Super League?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?", "answer": "Olympiacos"}, {"question": "The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?", "answer": "Team USA"}, {"question": "What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?", "answer": "A1 Ethniki"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?", "answer": "Croatia"}, {"question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?", "answer": "Olympiacos"}, {"question": "Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?", "answer": "Olympiacos"}, {"question": "Where did the mythical Greek gods live?", "answer": "Mount Olympus"}, {"question": "The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?", "answer": "Dodekatheon"}, {"question": "The most important of the ancient gods was who?", "answer": "Zeus"}, {"question": "Zeus was married to which goddess?", "answer": "Hera"}, {"question": "Who was Zeus's sister?", "answer": "Hera"}, {"question": "Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what?", "answer": "holiday"}, {"question": "How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many Greek national holidays are there each year?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?", "answer": "Labour Day"}, {"question": "in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?", "answer": "$173 billion"}, {"question": "How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?", "answer": "53%"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?", "answer": "\u20ac3 billion"}, {"question": "After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "Alexander III was the son of whom?", "answer": "Phillip II"}, {"question": "Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?", "answer": "334 BC"}, {"question": "The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?", "answer": "330 BC"}, {"question": "In which year did Alexander III die?", "answer": "323 BC"}, {"question": "In how many countries does Shell have operations?", "answer": "over 90"}, {"question": "How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?", "answer": "3.1 million"}, {"question": "Shell has how many service stations worldwide?", "answer": "44,000"}, {"question": "What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?", "answer": "Shell Oil Company"}, {"question": "Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?", "answer": "biofuels and wind"}, {"question": "The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?", "answer": "the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?", "answer": "the need to compete globally with Standard Oil"}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?", "answer": "to develop an oilfield in Sumatra"}, {"question": "What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?", "answer": "National patriotic sensibilities"}, {"question": "What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?", "answer": "to direct the transport and storage of the products"}, {"question": "The new firm operated as what type of company?", "answer": "a dual-listed company"}, {"question": "What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?", "answer": "Royal Dutch Shell plc"}, {"question": "On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?", "answer": "the London Stock Exchange"}, {"question": "Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?", "answer": "The Hague, Netherlands"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "answer": "the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves"}, {"question": "In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?", "answer": "Ra\u00edzen"}, {"question": "Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?", "answer": "to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme"}, {"question": "How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?", "answer": "$2\u20133bn"}, {"question": "Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?", "answer": "East Resources"}, {"question": "Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?", "answer": "US shale gas"}, {"question": "What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?", "answer": "US$20 billion"}, {"question": "The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?", "answer": "the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012"}, {"question": "In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?", "answer": "US$15 billion"}, {"question": "What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?", "answer": "The presence of companies like Shell"}, {"question": "Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?", "answer": "old and corroded"}, {"question": "Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?", "answer": "new"}, {"question": "In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?", "answer": "responsibility for environmental causes"}, {"question": "Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?", "answer": "boycott Shell"}, {"question": "The name Shell is connected to what company?", "answer": "The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the created of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company?", "answer": "to sell seashells to London collectors"}, {"question": "What did the younger founder of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?", "answer": "there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region"}, {"question": "By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?", "answer": "Thames"}, {"question": "What is Shell's primary business?", "answer": "the management of a vertically integrated oil company"}, {"question": "The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?", "answer": "technical and commercial"}, {"question": "One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?", "answer": "self-supporting"}, {"question": "The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?", "answer": "vertically integrated"}, {"question": "Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?", "answer": "heavily decentralised"}, {"question": "Shell operated companies in how many countries?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?", "answer": "the central offices in The Hague"}, {"question": "What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?", "answer": "\"exploration and production\""}, {"question": "Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?", "answer": "chemicals"}, {"question": "Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?", "answer": "more than 40,000"}, {"question": "Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?", "answer": "local"}, {"question": "In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?", "answer": "the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced"}, {"question": "What did Shell announce in April 2010?", "answer": "its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\""}, {"question": "What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?", "answer": "protests and strikes broke out"}, {"question": "In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?", "answer": "finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields."}, {"question": "What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?", "answer": "assets could be divested"}, {"question": "What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?", "answer": "Reitan Group"}, {"question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?", "answer": "some 269"}, {"question": "Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?", "answer": "trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland"}, {"question": "In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?", "answer": "gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden"}, {"question": "Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?", "answer": "substantially independent"}, {"question": "On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?", "answer": "the NYSE"}, {"question": "Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?", "answer": "the group's central offices"}, {"question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?", "answer": "a court case"}, {"question": "The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?", "answer": "the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility"}, {"question": "The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?", "answer": "off Australia's northwestern coast"}, {"question": "The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?", "answer": "3 trillion"}, {"question": "On what developments was FLNG technology based?", "answer": "liquefied natural gas (LNG)"}, {"question": "FLNG technology faciliates what?", "answer": "the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas"}, {"question": "What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?", "answer": "9.5%"}, {"question": "Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who blocked the takeover attempt?", "answer": "then federal Treasurer Peter Costello"}, {"question": "What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "answer": "72"}, {"question": "What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "Shell purchased what in 2005?", "answer": "an offshore lease"}, {"question": "What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?", "answer": "its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program"}, {"question": "What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?", "answer": "Pete Slaiby"}, {"question": "What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?", "answer": "the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits"}, {"question": "Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?", "answer": "Greenpeace"}, {"question": "What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?", "answer": "difficult weather"}, {"question": "What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?", "answer": "the \"Kulluk\" incident"}, {"question": "What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?", "answer": "nearly US$5 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?", "answer": "to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season"}, {"question": "What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?", "answer": "a winter storm"}, {"question": "On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?", "answer": "Sitkalidak"}, {"question": "Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?", "answer": "Fortune"}, {"question": "Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?", "answer": "wipe out the entire drilling season"}, {"question": "Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?", "answer": "the \"Kulluk\" incident"}, {"question": "In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?", "answer": "its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast"}, {"question": "Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?", "answer": "the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic"}, {"question": "Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?", "answer": "van Beurden"}, {"question": "What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?", "answer": "the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues."}, {"question": "For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?", "answer": "the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea"}, {"question": "What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?", "answer": "the UK government"}, {"question": "Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?", "answer": "an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development"}, {"question": "In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?", "answer": "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria"}, {"question": "Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?", "answer": "Ken Saro-Wiwa"}, {"question": "In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?", "answer": "$15.5m"}, {"question": "In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?", "answer": "accepted any liability over the allegations against it"}, {"question": "A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?", "answer": "staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government"}, {"question": "The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?", "answer": "\"everything that was being done in those ministries\""}, {"question": "About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?", "answer": "the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration"}, {"question": "Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?", "answer": "the Nigerian military"}, {"question": "For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?", "answer": "to prevent protests"}, {"question": "How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?", "answer": "multipurpose icebreakers"}, {"question": "Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?", "answer": "to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska"}, {"question": "What was the main concern of Edward Itta?", "answer": "an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture"}, {"question": "Why did Shell file lawsuits?", "answer": "to seek injunctions from possible protests"}, {"question": "Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?", "answer": "\"trampling American's rights.\""}, {"question": "Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?", "answer": "video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix"}, {"question": "What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?", "answer": "\"SaveTheArctic.org\""}, {"question": "At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?", "answer": "the use of four radio car antennas"}, {"question": "Which specific mammal is the largest today?", "answer": "blue whale"}, {"question": "Which mammal is the smallest?", "answer": "bumblebee bat"}, {"question": "Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?", "answer": "elephants"}, {"question": "About how small is the average bumble bee bat?", "answer": "30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in)"}, {"question": "Who coined the name \"mammal\" from the scientific name Mammalia?", "answer": "Carl Linnaeus"}, {"question": "What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?", "answer": "nurse their young with milk"}, {"question": "How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?", "answer": "5,416"}, {"question": "How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?", "answer": "153 families"}, {"question": "How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?", "answer": "five species"}, {"question": "Which group consist of the most mammals?", "answer": "Rodentia"}, {"question": "Which group do humans belong too?", "answer": "Primates"}, {"question": "Which group do cats and dogs belong too?", "answer": "Carnivora"}, {"question": "From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?", "answer": "Carboniferous period"}, {"question": "When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?", "answer": "66 million years ago"}, {"question": "Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?", "answer": "sphenacodont pelycosaurs"}, {"question": "Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?", "answer": "Timothy Rowe"}, {"question": "By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?", "answer": "Triassic"}, {"question": "Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?", "answer": "therian mammals"}, {"question": "Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?", "answer": "monotremes"}, {"question": "Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?", "answer": "Amphilestes and Amphitherium"}, {"question": "How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?", "answer": "167 million years"}, {"question": "About what year do synapsid date back to?", "answer": "225 Ma"}, {"question": "Who wrote the \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?", "answer": "George Gaylord Simpson"}, {"question": "Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?", "answer": "cladistics"}, {"question": "In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?", "answer": "Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell"}, {"question": "Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? ", "answer": "American Museum of Natural History"}, {"question": "From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?", "answer": "Simpson"}, {"question": "Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?", "answer": "DNA analysis"}, {"question": "During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?", "answer": "Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria"}, {"question": "Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?", "answer": "Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria"}, {"question": "From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?", "answer": "Carboniferous"}, {"question": "From which group did amniotes descendents of?", "answer": "reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods"}, {"question": "Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?", "answer": "the synapsids"}, {"question": "Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?", "answer": "turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds"}, {"question": "What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?", "answer": "single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull"}, {"question": "From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?", "answer": "pelycosaurs"}, {"question": "Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?", "answer": "265 million years ago"}, {"question": "At which group did Therapsids end with?", "answer": "probainognathian cynodonts"}, {"question": "What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?", "answer": "Permian\u2013Triassic"}, {"question": "During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?", "answer": "Triassic"}, {"question": "Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?", "answer": "crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs"}, {"question": "During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?", "answer": "dinosaurs"}, {"question": "What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? ", "answer": "shrewlike Juramaia sinensis"}, {"question": "How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?", "answer": "160 million years ago"}, {"question": "In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?", "answer": "125 million years ago"}, {"question": "Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?", "answer": "placental"}, {"question": "How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?", "answer": "100 to 85 million years ago"}, {"question": "Which two major time periods did placentals appear?", "answer": "Eocene through the Miocene"}, {"question": "Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?", "answer": "Paleocene"}, {"question": "When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?", "answer": "55 million years ago"}, {"question": "How much did the first primate weigh?", "answer": "20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce)"}, {"question": "When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?", "answer": "164 million years ago"}, {"question": "When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?", "answer": "Jurassic"}, {"question": "Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?", "answer": "monotremes"}, {"question": "Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?", "answer": "Triassic"}, {"question": "Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?", "answer": "maintenance of a high and stable body temperature"}, {"question": "When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?", "answer": "larynx, trachea and bronchi"}, {"question": "Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?", "answer": "exercise"}, {"question": "A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?", "answer": "bellows lung"}, {"question": "Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?", "answer": "blacksmith's bellows"}, {"question": "What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?", "answer": "10 to 30 cells thick"}, {"question": "What is the main function of the epidermis?", "answer": "to provide a waterproof layer"}, {"question": "How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?", "answer": "15 to 40 times thicker"}, {"question": "What is the dermis mainly consist of?", "answer": "bony structures and blood vessels"}, {"question": "What does the Hyperdermis consist of?", "answer": "adipose tissue"}, {"question": "What is another name used for mammalian hair?", "answer": "pelage"}, {"question": "Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?", "answer": "Light-dark color"}, {"question": "Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? ", "answer": "sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes"}, {"question": "What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?", "answer": "viviparous"}, {"question": "How many species of mammals lay eggs?", "answer": "five species"}, {"question": "Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?", "answer": "platypus"}, {"question": "The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?", "answer": "chicken"}, {"question": "Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?", "answer": "Theria"}, {"question": "Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?", "answer": "marsupial and placental"}, {"question": "What is present in all non-placental mammals?", "answer": "epipubic bones"}, {"question": "Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?", "answer": "cerebrum"}, {"question": "Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?", "answer": "Rats"}, {"question": "Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?", "answer": "prey"}, {"question": "To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?", "answer": "nutritious and plentiful diet"}, {"question": "What does a omnivore imply?", "answer": "eats both prey and plants"}, {"question": "What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "What determines a mammals diet type?", "answer": "The size"}, {"question": "What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?", "answer": "clines"}, {"question": "What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?", "answer": "liger"}, {"question": "What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?", "answer": "Beefalo"}, {"question": "What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?", "answer": "hybrid"}, {"question": "The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "answer": "1588"}, {"question": "Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?", "answer": "1589"}, {"question": "how many ships sailed Torbay?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?", "answer": "Edward Bonventure"}, {"question": " in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "answer": "1588"}, {"question": "how many ships sailed  from Torbay?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did the Queen give them for suceeding?", "answer": "a Royal Charter"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Royal Charter?", "answer": "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies"}, {"question": "What did this charter give them?", "answer": "a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan"}, {"question": "Who led the third voyage?", "answer": "General William Keeling"}, {"question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?", "answer": "Sir James Lancaster"}, {"question": "Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?", "answer": "Sir Henry Middleton"}, {"question": "What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?", "answer": "General"}, {"question": "what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?", "answer": "Merchants of London"}, {"question": "how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?", "answer": "indefinite"}, {"question": "what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?", "answer": "charter would cease to be in force"}, {"question": "why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?", "answer": "high profits"}, {"question": "Where was the first factory in south India?", "answer": "Machilipatnam"}, {"question": "What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?", "answer": "high profits"}, {"question": "While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable", "answer": "the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years."}, {"question": "how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?", "answer": "three consecutive years"}, {"question": "when was the bombay trading post established?", "answer": "1668"}, {"question": "who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?", "answer": "factor or master merchant and governor"}, {"question": "how many employees were in the factories in India?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?", "answer": "major factories"}, {"question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "by 1647 how many factories did the company have?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?", "answer": "commercial trading operations"}, {"question": "when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?", "answer": "Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia"}, {"question": "The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?", "answer": "walled forts"}, {"question": "How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?", "answer": "The company's mainstay business"}, {"question": "Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company", "answer": "Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries"}, {"question": "what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?", "answer": "ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341"}, {"question": "what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?", "answer": "1717"}, {"question": "who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?", "answer": "English traders"}, {"question": "what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?", "answer": "Bengal"}, {"question": "in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?", "answer": "waived customs duties"}, {"question": "why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?", "answer": "indigo dye"}, {"question": "Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?", "answer": "The Dutch"}, {"question": "what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?", "answer": "Anglo-Dutch Wars"}, {"question": "How much treasure was taken by pirates?", "answer": "\u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000"}, {"question": "waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?", "answer": "Ganj-i-Sawai,"}, {"question": "how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?", "answer": "annual"}, {"question": "What type of Captain was Henry Every?", "answer": "English pirate"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?", "answer": "Captain Henry Every"}, {"question": "When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet", "answer": "1695"}, {"question": "Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every", "answer": "Mocha"}, {"question": "What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?", "answer": "Ganj-i-Sawai"}, {"question": "What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "answer": "\u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000"}, {"question": "who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?", "answer": "a relative of the Grand Mughal"}, {"question": "what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?", "answer": "richest ship ever taken by pirates"}, {"question": "What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?", "answer": "\u00a3600,000"}, {"question": "as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?", "answer": "Ganj-i-Sawai"}, {"question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "answer": "500,000 gold and silver pieces"}, {"question": "Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?", "answer": "Every"}, {"question": "What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken", "answer": "\u00a31,000"}, {"question": "Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?", "answer": "manhunt"}, {"question": "What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every", "answer": "Privy Council"}, {"question": "Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai", "answer": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb"}, {"question": "Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?", "answer": "Acts of Grace"}, {"question": "enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?", "answer": "prohibited by act of parliament"}, {"question": "what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?", "answer": "English Company Trading to the East Indies"}, {"question": "The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?", "answer": "1698"}, {"question": "The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?", "answer": "\u00a3315,000"}, {"question": "in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? ", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company", "answer": "company lobby"}, {"question": "The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money", "answer": "\u00a31 million"}, {"question": "What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?", "answer": "monetary consequences of a war"}, {"question": "What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?", "answer": "Seven Years' War"}, {"question": "The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?", "answer": "colonies in North America"}, {"question": "in what year did the Seven years' war", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?", "answer": "Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?", "answer": "The Microcosm of London"}, {"question": "What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?", "answer": "The company"}, {"question": "What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?", "answer": "raw"}, {"question": "Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?", "answer": "saltpetre"}, {"question": "in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?", "answer": "1673"}, {"question": "Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? ", "answer": "armed forces"}, {"question": "One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?", "answer": "salt"}, {"question": "how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673", "answer": "\u00a337,000"}, {"question": "what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?", "answer": "Bengal"}, {"question": "in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?", "answer": "French Revolutionary Wars"}, {"question": "what is the acronym for the East india company?", "answer": "EIC"}, {"question": "In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? ", "answer": "3000"}, {"question": "in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?", "answer": "Maratha empire"}, {"question": "With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?", "answer": "gradual"}, {"question": "what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What was the name of EIC military company?", "answer": "Addiscombe Military Seminary"}, {"question": "what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army", "answer": "Subadar-Major"}, {"question": "While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?", "answer": "seniority"}, {"question": "in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?", "answer": "death penalty"}, {"question": "in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?", "answer": "1,400 tons"}, {"question": "what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?", "answer": "Special Imperial Commissioner"}, {"question": "when did the first Opium war start?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)? ", "answer": "\u00a340,000"}, {"question": "The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?", "answer": "outvote"}, {"question": "The highest ranking persons title in British india is?", "answer": "The Governor General"}, {"question": "in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "The highest ranking person's title in British india is?", "answer": "Governor General"}, {"question": "Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india ", "answer": "trade"}, {"question": "Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India", "answer": "export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain"}, {"question": "The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?", "answer": "Pitt's Act"}, {"question": "after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?", "answer": "humanitarian"}, {"question": "what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?", "answer": "Edmund Burke"}, {"question": "Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?", "answer": "defeated"}, {"question": "by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?", "answer": "Penang"}, {"question": "during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??", "answer": "regularised subsidiary"}, {"question": "when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown", "answer": "greater accountability"}, {"question": "What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?", "answer": "Lord Wellesley"}, {"question": "While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?", "answer": "Sindh"}, {"question": "in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances", "answer": "the expense of wars"}, {"question": "what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?", "answer": "Sugauli Treaty"}, {"question": "EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?", "answer": "Charter Act of 1813"}, {"question": "Where were the EIC  headquarters located?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What was the name of EIC headquartes?", "answer": "East India House"}, {"question": "between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?", "answer": "Leadenhall Street"}, {"question": "Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?", "answer": "Craven House"}, {"question": "What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?", "answer": "the Lloyd's building"}, {"question": "in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? ", "answer": "promoted by the East India Company"}, {"question": "the 1803 act created what dock program?", "answer": "East India Dock Company"}, {"question": "The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?", "answer": "aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India"}, {"question": "What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?", "answer": "Brunswick Dock"}, {"question": "in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with? ", "answer": "West India Dock Company"}, {"question": "in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England", "answer": "St George's Cross"}, {"question": "after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian", "answer": "St Andrew's cross"}, {"question": "IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What does DEUS INDICAT mean?", "answer": "God Indicates"}, {"question": "what type of flowers did Gules use?", "answer": "roses"}, {"question": "after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?", "answer": "sea lions"}, {"question": "in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote", "answer": "leopard"}, {"question": "The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?", "answer": "lion"}, {"question": "in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws", "answer": "crown"}, {"question": "how many lions were on the EIC arms", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?", "answer": "1698"}, {"question": "During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels", "answer": "Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?", "answer": "should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy"}, {"question": "With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?", "answer": "cannon"}, {"question": "The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?", "answer": "Battle of Pulo Aura"}, {"question": "what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?", "answer": "General Goddard"}, {"question": "Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?", "answer": "off St Helena"}, {"question": "In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?", "answer": "bluffing"}, {"question": "in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?", "answer": "Captain Charles Lennox"}, {"question": "Where are the records of the EIC housed today?", "answer": "British Library in London"}, {"question": "Where are the British government's records houseed today?", "answer": "The National Archives at Kew"}, {"question": "Are you able to search most of the records online today?", "answer": "The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues"}, {"question": "Where is Hokkien spoken?", "answer": "Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "Where did Hokkien originate?", "answer": "southern Fujian"}, {"question": "What language is Hokkien closely related to?", "answer": "Teochew"}, {"question": "What language is Hokkien distantly related to?", "answer": "Hainanese"}, {"question": "Min and Hakka dialects are found where?", "answer": "Fujian province"}, {"question": "What does Hokkien mean?", "answer": "Fujian province"}, {"question": "What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?", "answer": "Quanzhang Division (Chinese: \u6cc9\u6f33\u7247; pinyin: Qu\u00e1nzh\u0101ng pi\u00e0n) of Min Nan"}, {"question": "In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?", "answer": "Hokkien"}, {"question": "Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?", "answer": "Hokkien"}, {"question": "Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?", "answer": "Han Chinese emigrants"}, {"question": "What is the current name for Myanmar?", "answer": "Burma"}, {"question": "What is the former name for Indonesia?", "answer": "Dutch East Indies"}, {"question": "What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?", "answer": "98.5%"}, {"question": "What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?", "answer": "Lan-nang or L\u00e1n-l\u00e2ng-o\u0113"}, {"question": "The Three Kings Period was a period of time in what country?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Where was war concentrated during the Three Kings Period?", "answer": "the Central Plain of China"}, {"question": "What disaster caused a massive migration in the Fujiian region?", "answer": "the Disaster of Yongjia"}, {"question": "What language was spoken in the central plain of China up until the 3rd century?", "answer": "old Chinese"}, {"question": "What direction did the jin court flee during the Three Kings period?", "answer": "north to the south"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of China in 677?", "answer": "Emperor Gaozong"}, {"question": "Who led the military expedition in Fujian?", "answer": "Chen Zheng"}, {"question": "What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?", "answer": "Chen Yuanguang"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of China in 885?", "answer": "Emperor Xizong of Tang"}, {"question": "What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?", "answer": "two waves of migrations from the north"}, {"question": "What is another name for Xiamen dialect?", "answer": "Amoy"}, {"question": "What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?", "answer": "Xiamen dialect"}, {"question": "During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?", "answer": "late Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?", "answer": "Xiamen"}, {"question": "Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?", "answer": "in search of job opportunities"}, {"question": "What Chinese dialect has more consonants than standard Mandarin or Cantonese?", "answer": "Hokkien"}, {"question": "How do Hokkien vowels compare to Standard Mandarin vowels?", "answer": "similar"}, {"question": "What do Hokkein varieties retain that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties?", "answer": "many pronunciations"}, {"question": "Hokkien has one of the most diverse what, among Chinese varieties?", "answer": "phoneme inventories"}, {"question": "How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?", "answer": "5 to 7"}, {"question": "What is another name for phonemic tones?", "answer": "tone classes"}, {"question": "What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?", "answer": "minor"}, {"question": "What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?", "answer": "Amoy or Quanzhou"}, {"question": "What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?", "answer": "the area of Taiwan"}, {"question": "The Amoy dialect is a hybrid of what two dialects?", "answer": "Quanzhou and Zhangzhou"}, {"question": "Besides Amoy, what is another hybrid of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou?", "answer": "Taiwanese"}, {"question": "What is Taiwanese in Northern Taiwan based on?", "answer": "Quanzhou"}, {"question": "What is Taiwanese in Southern Taiwan based on?", "answer": "Zhangzhou speech"}, {"question": "In Singapore, the varient of Hokkien has a significant amount of loanwords from where?", "answer": "Malay"}, {"question": "In Hokkien dialects, the arrangent of words is important to what?", "answer": "meaning"}, {"question": "What pattern does a basic Hokkien sentence follow?", "answer": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}, {"question": "Being topic prominant, what basic sentence pattern is often not used?", "answer": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}, {"question": "Unlike synthetic languages, what do Hokkien sentences not indicate?", "answer": "time, gender and plural"}, {"question": "What is added to sentences to specify status or tone?", "answer": "Different particles"}, {"question": "What are literary and colloquial readings called?", "answer": "tha\u030dk-im"}, {"question": "What is another name for colloquial?", "answer": "vernacular)"}, {"question": "Literary readings are usually used where?", "answer": "formal phrases and written language"}, {"question": "colloquial reading are usually used where?", "answer": "spoken language and vulgar phrases"}, {"question": "Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?", "answer": "Min"}, {"question": "The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?", "answer": "Han dynasty"}, {"question": "When was the Han Dynasty?", "answer": "206 BCE - 220 CE"}, {"question": "When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?", "answer": "420 - 589 CE"}, {"question": "When was the Tang Dynasty?", "answer": "618\u2013907 CE"}, {"question": "Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?", "answer": "in the state of Wu"}, {"question": "Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?", "answer": "the state of Chu"}, {"question": "Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?", "answer": "Mandarin Chinese"}, {"question": "Where did Hokkein originate?", "answer": "Quanzhou"}, {"question": "What year was the Opium war?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "What is another name for Xiamen?", "answer": "Amoy"}, {"question": "What port became one of the major treaty ports after the Opium War?", "answer": "Xiamen"}, {"question": "What dialect did western diplomats learn to communicate with the Hokkien speaking people in China?", "answer": "Amoy Hokkien"}, {"question": "When did Taiwanese Hokkien have a fast change in development?", "answer": "In the 1990s"}, {"question": "What year did Taiwan begin teaching Hokkien in schools?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What year did it become mandatory to teach Hokkien in Taiwan schools?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What is the name of the standard Hokkien pronunciation and romanization guide?", "answer": "Tai-lo"}, {"question": "What year did the Ministry of Education develope tai-lo?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Hokkien is usually written using what characters?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "Written Hokkein is based on what?", "answer": "classical Chinese"}, {"question": "What is another name for standard written chinese?", "answer": "Mandarin"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of Chinese morphemes lack a standard chinese character?", "answer": "20 to 25%"}, {"question": "Most Hokkein morphemes have what type of characters?", "answer": "standard designated"}, {"question": "In some cases, charcters are invented to represent what?", "answer": "a particular morpheme"}, {"question": "Hokkien morphemes are not always what?", "answer": "etymological or phono-semantic"}, {"question": "What are often borrowed to represent a particular morpheme?", "answer": "Similar-sounding, similar-meaning or rare characters"}, {"question": "Hokkien is sometimes written in what script?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What is the name of the traditional Chinese alphabet?", "answer": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b"}, {"question": "What is another name for POJ?", "answer": "Pe\u030dh-\u014de-j\u012b"}, {"question": "Who developed POJ?", "answer": "Presbyterian missionaries in China"}, {"question": "POJ alphabet has been used since late in what century?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?", "answer": "the 16th century"}, {"question": "What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?", "answer": "Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china"}, {"question": "What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?", "answer": "after 1587"}, {"question": "Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?", "answer": "Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines"}, {"question": "What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?", "answer": "Romance of the Lychee Mirror"}, {"question": "What is another name for unicode?", "answer": "the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: Universal Character Set"}, {"question": "Using precomposed or combining characters is called what?", "answer": "diacritics"}, {"question": "All LAtin characters required by POJ can be represented by what?", "answer": "Unicode"}, {"question": "What party wanted to make Taiwanese a second official language?", "answer": "Taiwan Solidarity Union"}, {"question": "What year was it proposed to make Taiwanese the second official language?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "How was the proposal taken from mainland and aboriginal groups?", "answer": "This proposal encountered strong opposition"}, {"question": "Hoklo objected to the proposal because it would increase what tensions?", "answer": "ethnic"}, {"question": "What was the fate of the proposal to make Taiwanese the second official language?", "answer": "the proposal did not pass"}, {"question": "What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?", "answer": "pro wrestling"}, {"question": "What are a couple of styles of combat based on?", "answer": "classical wrestling, catch wrestling"}, {"question": "Who are live events held by?", "answer": "touring promotions"}, {"question": "What is professional wrestling?", "answer": "an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport"}, {"question": "What kind of style does wrestling show?", "answer": "it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling"}, {"question": "How are the actions conducted?", "answer": "the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain"}, {"question": "What are the fan encouraged to do?", "answer": "willing suspension of disbelief for the audience"}, {"question": "How is the end result of the match planned out?", "answer": "match outcomes is choreographed"}, {"question": "What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?", "answer": "will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle."}, {"question": "What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?", "answer": "it has greatly declined in Europe"}, {"question": "Where did wrestling originally come from?", "answer": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe"}, {"question": "Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?", "answer": "later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls"}, {"question": "What is wrestling now thought to be?", "answer": "is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry"}, {"question": "What did television do for wrestling?", "answer": "The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet"}, {"question": "Where does the money made from wrestling come from?", "answer": "live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video"}, {"question": "Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums"}, {"question": "What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?", "answer": "to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content"}, {"question": "what wrestling shows occur yearly?", "answer": "WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade"}, {"question": "In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?", "answer": "Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas"}, {"question": "What is one popular wrestling film?", "answer": "2008 film The Wrestler"}, {"question": "What award was The Wrestler nominated for?", "answer": "several Oscar nominations"}, {"question": "What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?", "answer": "Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows"}, {"question": "Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?", "answer": "in both academia and the media"}, {"question": "What is the biggest wrestling company?", "answer": "the United States-based WWE"}, {"question": "Which companies are some of WWE's competition?", "answer": "WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)"}, {"question": "What are some other major wrestling companies?", "answer": "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA)"}, {"question": "What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?", "answer": "Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)"}, {"question": "Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?", "answer": "prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)"}, {"question": "How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?", "answer": "This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community"}, {"question": "How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?", "answer": "many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports"}, {"question": "How do the wrestlers treat the audience?", "answer": "The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators"}, {"question": "How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?", "answer": "This leads to a high level of audience participation"}, {"question": "What can the audience do during a show?", "answer": "their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds."}, {"question": "What kind of conflict can arise during a show?", "answer": "Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\"."}, {"question": "Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?", "answer": "\"heels\" (the \"bad guys\")"}, {"question": "Who wins in a wrestling match?", "answer": "the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner."}, {"question": "How could a wrestler win in the past?", "answer": "Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\")."}, {"question": "How can a wrestler win in modern times?", "answer": "The standard for modern matches is one fall."}, {"question": "In what instance will a match be declared a draw?", "answer": "if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw."}, {"question": "How long can a title match be?", "answer": "title matches can go for up to one hour"}, {"question": "What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?", "answer": "is forced out of the match"}, {"question": "What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?", "answer": "no holds barred rules"}, {"question": "What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?", "answer": "to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner."}, {"question": "How can a champion lose a championship?", "answer": "does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship."}, {"question": "What is the most common of the special matches?", "answer": "The most common of these is the ladder match"}, {"question": "What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?", "answer": "In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring."}, {"question": "How does one win a ladder match?", "answer": "the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team."}, {"question": "What is a common prize in a ladder match?", "answer": "championship belt"}, {"question": "How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?", "answer": "20-30 wrestlers"}, {"question": "What determines how the referee acts?", "answer": "their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect"}, {"question": "What is a common rule about referees? ", "answer": "The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification."}, {"question": "What are referees called?", "answer": "Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names."}, {"question": "How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? ", "answer": "distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent."}, {"question": "What kind of referees are occasionally used?", "answer": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time;"}, {"question": "What are famous referees directed to do?", "answer": "often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F"}, {"question": "What do special referees have the ability to do?", "answer": "They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match."}, {"question": "What material is within a wrestling ring?", "answer": "an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner."}, {"question": "What is used for protection in the ring?", "answer": "For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring."}, {"question": "What is around the ring?", "answer": "Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,"}, {"question": "What does a \"tag\" entail?", "answer": "Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status."}, {"question": "What are two things that can be done with tagging?", "answer": "\"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\"."}, {"question": "How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?", "answer": "has a 5-second count to leave the ring"}, {"question": "How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? ", "answer": "the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face."}, {"question": "Why are tagging rules made?", "answer": "this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action"}, {"question": "What happens in a fatal four-way?", "answer": "four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time."}, {"question": "In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?", "answer": "tags can be made between any two wrestlers."}, {"question": "What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? ", "answer": "four-corner match"}, {"question": "At what point can a count be started? ", "answer": "any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler."}, {"question": "What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? ", "answer": "a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee."}, {"question": "What might a partially conscious wrestler do? ", "answer": "wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent"}, {"question": "What happens during a pin attempt?", "answer": "one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt"}, {"question": "What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?", "answer": "a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head"}, {"question": "What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?", "answer": "broken"}, {"question": "What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?", "answer": "using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,"}, {"question": "How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?", "answer": "Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee"}, {"question": "What are the illegal pinning methods called?", "answer": "cheating"}, {"question": "Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? ", "answer": "it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification"}, {"question": "What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? ", "answer": "results in nullification of the pin attempt,"}, {"question": "How can a wrestler willingly submit?", "answer": "verbally informing the referee"}, {"question": "What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? ", "answer": "Mexican Surfboard"}, {"question": "What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?", "answer": "tapping out"}, {"question": "Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?", "answer": "submission"}, {"question": "What move did Tazz make popular?", "answer": "Tazzmission"}, {"question": "What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?", "answer": "mixed martial arts"}, {"question": "Many holds will leave what body parts free?", "answer": "an arm or leg"}, {"question": "When must contact stop between wrestlers?", "answer": "if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,"}, {"question": "How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?", "answer": "by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes"}, {"question": "How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?", "answer": "the count of five"}, {"question": "What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?", "answer": "they are disqualified"}, {"question": "How does a referee check for a knockout?", "answer": "a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face"}, {"question": "What happens if all wrestlers are down?", "answer": "If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw."}, {"question": "If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? ", "answer": "usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan"}, {"question": "What kind of match has to end in a knockout?", "answer": "Last Man Standing"}, {"question": "What is another name for a knockout?", "answer": "referee stoppage"}, {"question": "In what case can a referee choose to end the match?", "answer": "when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match"}, {"question": "What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?", "answer": "an injury"}, {"question": "Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? ", "answer": "due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision"}, {"question": "Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?", "answer": "Great American Bash"}, {"question": "What are a couple other ways to write countout?", "answer": "\"count-out\" or \"count out\""}, {"question": "What happens during a countout?", "answer": "when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten"}, {"question": "What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? ", "answer": "sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out"}, {"question": "What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?", "answer": "breaking the count."}, {"question": "What else is disqualification called?", "answer": "DQ"}, {"question": "How can a wrestler be disqualified? ", "answer": "wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically"}, {"question": "In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? ", "answer": "must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term"}, {"question": "What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? ", "answer": "low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee"}, {"question": "What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?", "answer": "must see the violation with their own eyes"}, {"question": "In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?", "answer": "Dusty finishes"}, {"question": "What is it called when a ref is knocked out?", "answer": "ref bump"}, {"question": "What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? ", "answer": "free to violate rules"}, {"question": "What is one way a match can end?", "answer": "in a draw"}, {"question": "What is one reason a draw can result?", "answer": "if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified"}, {"question": "What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?", "answer": "may not change hands in the event of a draw"}, {"question": "What is another name for a one hour draw?", "answer": "\"Broadway\""}, {"question": "What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling?", "answer": "debilitating"}, {"question": "How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?", "answer": "state separate and distinct from a draw"}, {"question": "How can a referee's action result in a no contest?", "answer": "loss of referee's control over the match"}, {"question": "What is the point of a match?", "answer": "to excite and entertain the audience"}, {"question": "Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?", "answer": "Heightened interest"}, {"question": "Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? ", "answer": "dramatic emphasis"}, {"question": "What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?", "answer": "portray character roles"}, {"question": "What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? ", "answer": "Doink the Clown"}, {"question": "The Rock's persona is seen as what? ", "answer": "exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality"}, {"question": "What is common apparel in lucha libre? ", "answer": "masks"}, {"question": "What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?", "answer": "by their stage names/characters"}, {"question": "Other than a company, who else can own a character?", "answer": "the wrestler"}, {"question": "How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?", "answer": "typeset change"}, {"question": "What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?", "answer": "change their legal name"}, {"question": "What are other names for a protagonist?", "answer": "babyface, or \"the good guy\""}, {"question": "What will an antagonist usually do?", "answer": "break rules"}, {"question": "What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?", "answer": "tweener"}, {"question": "Who is generally the audience favorite? ", "answer": "protagonist"}, {"question": "What might a character do with their persona?", "answer": "turn"}, {"question": "What did Hulk Hogan become? ", "answer": "heel"}, {"question": "Who has the most turns in the WWE?", "answer": "Vince McMahon"}, {"question": "Who is a wrestler who never turned? ", "answer": "Ricky Steamboat"}, {"question": "What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? ", "answer": "heel"}, {"question": "What was The Rock's original character? ", "answer": "Rocky Maivia"}, {"question": "What did Steve Austin become? ", "answer": "one of the greatest antiheroes"}, {"question": "Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities?", "answer": "manager"}, {"question": "What sometimes happens with managers?", "answer": "become major personalities"}, {"question": "Who else can perform the manager role?", "answer": "\"valet"}, {"question": "Who might participate in a love triangle story? ", "answer": "an appealing female"}, {"question": "What do most matches have?", "answer": "a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:"}, {"question": "What is it called when the protagonist loses?", "answer": "tragedy"}, {"question": "What do they call it when a protagonist wins? ", "answer": "triumph"}, {"question": "What can be wagered in a match? ", "answer": "from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion"}, {"question": "What are rivalries often called?", "answer": "feuds"}, {"question": "How long might a feud last?", "answer": "a few days up to multiple decades"}, {"question": "How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? ", "answer": "late 1970s into the early 1990s"}, {"question": "What is an example of a popular feud?", "answer": "Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon"}, {"question": "What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?", "answer": "magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery"}, {"question": "What can be used in a wrestling story? ", "answer": "anything that can be used as an element of drama"}, {"question": "What romantic drama might be used in a story? ", "answer": "love triangles and marriage"}, {"question": "What happens behind the scenes of a match?", "answer": "bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,"}, {"question": "Who else do bookers focus on? ", "answer": "those the bookers believe will generate fan interest"}, {"question": "Who might they use a lower ranked title on?", "answer": "performers who show potential"}, {"question": "What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?", "answer": "ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring"}, {"question": "What can be important in a wrestler's career? ", "answer": "championship accomplishments"}, {"question": "What do those accomplishments indicate? ", "answer": "performance ability and drawing power"}, {"question": "What has Ric Flair accomplished? ", "answer": "multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades"}, {"question": "Who held 10 records at once? ", "answer": "\u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n"}, {"question": "What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring?", "answer": "accompanied by music"}, {"question": "What does the music playing indicate? ", "answer": "the wrestler's personality"}, {"question": "What typically happens when a match is won?", "answer": "victor's theme music is usually also played"}, {"question": "What happens with many wrestlers?", "answer": "have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance"}, {"question": "Who won the women's title in 1937?", "answer": "Mildred Burke"}, {"question": "What did Mildred Burke form?", "answer": "Women's Wrestling Association"}, {"question": "What year did June Byers retire? ", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What year did Mildred Burke retire? ", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?", "answer": "joshi puroresu"}, {"question": "What is the short form for joshi puroresu?", "answer": "joshi puro"}, {"question": "What was the major joshi organization for two decades?", "answer": "Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling"}, {"question": "What does a mixed tag team consist of?", "answer": "a male and female on each team"}, {"question": "When did mixed tag teams start? ", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What happened when a tag was made? ", "answer": "the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well"}, {"question": "What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?", "answer": "cheap-shots and male-female attacks"}, {"question": "When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? ", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?", "answer": "Chyna"}, {"question": "What was the record before it was stripped? ", "answer": "478 days"}, {"question": "Who stripped the previous record? ", "answer": "Brooke Hogan"}, {"question": "A wrestler may have a small person called what?", "answer": "mini me"}, {"question": "What else can a little person do in the match?", "answer": "become valets"}, {"question": "Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?", "answer": "Hornswoggle"}, {"question": "What else did Finlay do with his little person?", "answer": "occasionally threw him at his opponent(s"}, {"question": "What happened to Hornswoggle?", "answer": "given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship"}, {"question": "Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?", "answer": "Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted"}, {"question": "What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?", "answer": "bears"}, {"question": "What condition are bears usually brought in in?", "answer": "declawed and muzzled"}, {"question": "Who do the bears fight?", "answer": "audience members"}, {"question": "How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What does every match have?", "answer": "a story"}, {"question": "Who is usually included in stories? ", "answer": "characters like faces and heels"}, {"question": "What are the possibly outcomes of a story? ", "answer": "It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins."}, {"question": "What is Doink the Clown's persona like?", "answer": "melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical"}, {"question": "What might happen during interviews?", "answer": "heels may even attack the faces"}, {"question": "How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?", "answer": "they are less emphasized"}, {"question": "How are Mexican wrestlers different? ", "answer": "more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers"}, {"question": "What do American wrestlers depend on? ", "answer": "rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents"}, {"question": "What else is lucha libre known for?", "answer": "tag team wrestling matches"}, {"question": "How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? ", "answer": "often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S"}, {"question": "How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?", "answer": "outcome of the matches remains predetermined"}, {"question": "How does Japanese wrestling differ? ", "answer": "the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport"}, {"question": "What does Japanese wrestling combine?", "answer": "hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds"}, {"question": "What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? ", "answer": "Fighting Spirit"}, {"question": "What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? ", "answer": "legitimate martial arts"}, {"question": "What is expected of newcomers? ", "answer": "to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions"}, {"question": "What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? ", "answer": "keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive"}, {"question": "How did wrestlers have to act in public? ", "answer": "acting in character"}, {"question": "What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? ", "answer": "devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health"}, {"question": "What do the fans have?", "answer": "their own subculture"}, {"question": "What sometimes happens with fandoms? ", "answer": "overlap"}, {"question": "Where have some wrestlers appeared?", "answer": "comic book conventions"}, {"question": "What do some fans like to do?", "answer": "collecting tapes of wrestling shows"}, {"question": "What has the internet done for wrestling fans? ", "answer": "exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling"}, {"question": "Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? ", "answer": "WCW and ECW"}, {"question": "What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved?", "answer": "fame within mainstream society"}, {"question": "What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?", "answer": "combined wrestling with MTV"}, {"question": "What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?", "answer": "music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking"}, {"question": "Name a popular series of boxing films?", "answer": "Rocky series"}, {"question": "Who is the movie The Baron about? ", "answer": "Baron von Raschke"}, {"question": "What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?", "answer": "\"W.T.F.\""}, {"question": "What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? ", "answer": "The Wrestler"}, {"question": "Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? ", "answer": "television shows and films"}, {"question": "What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?", "answer": "academic study and journalistic criticism"}, {"question": "What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?", "answer": "theatre, sociology, performance, and media"}, {"question": "What did Heather Levi write?", "answer": "an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre"}, {"question": "What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?", "answer": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "What impact did the revelation of wrestling being \"fixed\" have?", "answer": "looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class"}, {"question": "When was Roland Barthes book published?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?", "answer": "a theatrical spectacle"}, {"question": "What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?", "answer": "\"The World of Wrestling\""}, {"question": "What is wrestling sometimes called?", "answer": "\"soap opera for males\""}, {"question": "What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?", "answer": "vicarious outlet for aggression"}, {"question": "What role does wrestling fill?", "answer": "past forms of literature and theatre;"}, {"question": "Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?", "answer": "Documentary filmmakers"}, {"question": "When did Beyond the Mat come out? ", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Who hosts Real Sports?", "answer": "Bryant Gumbel"}, {"question": "Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?", "answer": "Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper"}, {"question": "What are the risks of wrestling?", "answer": "high chance of injury, and even death"}, {"question": "What is the ring commonly made of?", "answer": "2 by 8 timber planks"}, {"question": "What are common injuries in wrestling?", "answer": "shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries"}, {"question": "What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?", "answer": "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries"}, {"question": "Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? ", "answer": "double-murder suicide case"}, {"question": "What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? ", "answer": "sensitivity"}, {"question": "What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? ", "answer": "slow film"}, {"question": "What leads to lower quality images?", "answer": "reduction of exposure"}, {"question": "What types of film are considered fast films?", "answer": "Highly sensitive films"}, {"question": "What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?", "answer": "reduced image quality"}, {"question": "What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?", "answer": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer"}, {"question": "What do degrees Warnerke measure?", "answer": "The speed of the emulsion"}, {"question": "How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?", "answer": "an increase of 1/3 in speed"}, {"question": "What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? ", "answer": "between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke"}, {"question": "What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? ", "answer": "'degrees' Warnerke"}, {"question": "Who created the Scheinergrade system? ", "answer": "the German astronomer Julius Scheiner"}, {"question": "What is the Scheinergrade system used for?", "answer": "comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography"}, {"question": "What do degrees Scheiner indicate?", "answer": "the speed of a plate"}, {"question": "What is the range of Scheiner speeds?", "answer": "from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch"}, {"question": "Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? ", "answer": "an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch"}, {"question": "Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?", "answer": "Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)"}, {"question": "What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?", "answer": "emulsion speeds"}, {"question": "What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?", "answer": "comparing with competing products"}, {"question": "What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?", "answer": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"}, {"question": "What eliminated comparability?", "answer": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"}, {"question": "When was the DIN system established? ", "answer": "January 1934"}, {"question": "Who created the DIN system?", "answer": "Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung"}, {"question": "What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?", "answer": "a standardized method of sensitometry"}, {"question": "Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?", "answer": "Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970)"}, {"question": "Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?", "answer": "Dresden"}, {"question": "What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? ", "answer": "degrees"}, {"question": "How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?", "answer": "as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\")"}, {"question": "When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?", "answer": "with DIN 4512:1961-10"}, {"question": "Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?", "answer": "to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard"}, {"question": "What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?", "answer": "would become doubled"}, {"question": "What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?", "answer": "ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979"}, {"question": "How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?", "answer": "in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\""}, {"question": "What standards did the DIN begin to use?", "answer": "ISO standards"}, {"question": "When were the ISO standards first adopted?", "answer": "in the 1980s"}, {"question": "When were the last ISO standards adopted? ", "answer": "July 2002"}, {"question": "What system was used previous to the ASA system?", "answer": "the system of Weston film speed ratings"}, {"question": "Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? ", "answer": "Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936)"}, {"question": "What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? ", "answer": "the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation"}, {"question": "When was the Weston model 617 created?", "answer": "August 1932"}, {"question": "Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?", "answer": "William Nelson Goodwin, Jr."}, {"question": "Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?", "answer": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)"}, {"question": "What were updated Weston values based on?", "answer": "the ASA system"}, {"question": "How were Weston values changed to ASA values?", "answer": "by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop"}, {"question": "Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "How did older models convert to ASA scale?", "answer": "replaceable hoods with ASA scales"}, {"question": "How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?", "answer": "labeled \"Exposure Index\""}, {"question": "What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?", "answer": "they were now aligned to the ASA scale"}, {"question": "Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?", "answer": "Loyd Ancile Jones"}, {"question": "What standards were the ANSI developed from?", "answer": "Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values"}, {"question": "What types of film did the ANSI measure?", "answer": "black-and-white negative films"}, {"question": "When did the ANSI define its new measure?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?", "answer": "American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers"}, {"question": "In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?", "answer": "effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films"}, {"question": "Which other system were these changes applied to?", "answer": "the DIN system"}, {"question": "In what year was the BS system modified?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?", "answer": "safety factors against under-exposure"}, {"question": "What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?", "answer": "the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve"}, {"question": "How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "answer": "a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film"}, {"question": "What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?", "answer": "The exposure Hm, in lux-s"}, {"question": "What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "answer": "the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region"}, {"question": "What is the effective f-number proportional to?", "answer": "the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter"}, {"question": "What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?", "answer": "Film speed"}, {"question": "What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?", "answer": "lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)"}, {"question": "A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?", "answer": "twice as much"}, {"question": "In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?", "answer": "\"stop\""}, {"question": "What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?", "answer": "the amount of light energy that reaches the film"}, {"question": "In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?", "answer": "between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second"}, {"question": "How is the exposure of film changed?", "answer": "by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture"}, {"question": "How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?", "answer": "because reciprocity holds"}, {"question": "What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?", "answer": "reciprocity failure"}, {"question": "What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?", "answer": "Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200"}, {"question": "What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?", "answer": "ISO 1000"}, {"question": "Which two companies produced E6 films meant for \"pushing\"?", "answer": "Kodak and Fuji"}, {"question": "What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?", "answer": "ISO 400"}, {"question": "What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?", "answer": "high-speed black-and-white films"}, {"question": "What is another name for an exposure index rating?", "answer": "ISO setting"}, {"question": "How do some camera designs give some EI choices?", "answer": "by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm"}, {"question": "Who provides the exposure index rating?", "answer": "the manufacturer"}, {"question": "What are digital photo cameras also called?", "answer": "digital still cameras"}, {"question": "What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?", "answer": "Digital cameras"}, {"question": "What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?", "answer": "409,600"}, {"question": "What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?", "answer": "Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques"}, {"question": "What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?", "answer": "prohibitively time consuming to process"}, {"question": "What does the higher speed do for the images produced?", "answer": "a higher level of refinement"}, {"question": "How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?", "answer": "two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files"}, {"question": "What factors affect the exposure index rating?", "answer": "the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image"}, {"question": "What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?", "answer": "the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components"}, {"question": "In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? ", "answer": "to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily"}, {"question": "What is another name for multi-zone metering?", "answer": "pattern metering"}, {"question": "What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?", "answer": "the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space"}, {"question": "When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?", "answer": "Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique"}, {"question": "What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?", "answer": "sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG"}, {"question": "What is the output level measured in?", "answer": "the sRGB output from the camera"}, {"question": "With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?", "answer": "multi-zone metering"}, {"question": "With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?", "answer": "ISO 2721"}, {"question": "Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?", "answer": "REI or SOS techniques"}, {"question": "In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?", "answer": "approximately 2007 and later"}, {"question": "With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?", "answer": "cameras that produce images only in JPEG format"}, {"question": "What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "What does the DC-008 change?", "answer": "the Exif specification"}, {"question": "What does the sensor usually determine?", "answer": "lower limit of the saturation speed"}, {"question": "How can the saturation speed be increased?", "answer": "with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter"}, {"question": "What is indicated by the factor \u221a2?", "answer": "there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface"}, {"question": "What can too much exposure lead to?", "answer": "clipped or bloomed camera output"}, {"question": "Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?", "answer": "the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio"}, {"question": "What is the noise-based speed?", "answer": "the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels"}, {"question": "How are the two ratios found?", "answer": "subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance"}, {"question": "What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?", "answer": "the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels"}, {"question": "What factors influence the noise-based speed?", "answer": "the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter"}, {"question": "When should the noise-based speed be used?", "answer": "the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed"}, {"question": "What is the range for exposure latitude?", "answer": "from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed"}, {"question": "What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?", "answer": "SOS-based speed"}, {"question": "Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?", "answer": "exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image"}, {"question": "What does the standard specify?", "answer": "how speed ratings should be reported by the camera"}, {"question": "What measures might the user \"ISO\" setting correspond to?", "answer": "the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes"}, {"question": "What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?", "answer": "measurement of camera output that had lossy compression"}, {"question": "What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?", "answer": "REI or SOS"}, {"question": "What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?", "answer": "CIPA DC-004"}, {"question": "In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How man feet above sea level is Mexico City", "answer": "7,350"}, {"question": "How many municipalities are in Mexico City?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?", "answer": "boroughs"}, {"question": "What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?", "answer": "Ciudad de M\u00e9xico"}, {"question": "How many meters above sea is Mexico City?", "answer": "2,240"}, {"question": "How big is Mexico City's GDP?", "answer": "US$411 billion"}, {"question": "How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?", "answer": "five times"}, {"question": "What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?", "answer": "22%"}, {"question": "Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?", "answer": "Peru"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Mexico City?", "answer": "Tenochtitlan"}, {"question": "Who originally built Mexico City?", "answer": "the Aztecs"}, {"question": "When was the Federal District formed?", "answer": "1824"}, {"question": "Where was the city first built?", "answer": "on an island of Lake Texcoco"}, {"question": "When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?", "answer": "1585"}, {"question": "Why can't Mexico City become a state?", "answer": "Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution"}, {"question": "When did people become able to vote for representation?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? ", "answer": "Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)"}, {"question": "What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?", "answer": "Federal District"}, {"question": "How are officials elected to the legislature? ", "answer": "popular vote"}, {"question": "What was the labor draft called?", "answer": "the desag\u00fce"}, {"question": "Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?", "answer": "Indians"}, {"question": "What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?", "answer": "flooding"}, {"question": "What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?", "answer": "changed the habitat for fish and birds"}, {"question": "How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? ", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What is a common nickname for Mexico City?", "answer": "The city of palaces"}, {"question": "How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?", "answer": "building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes"}, {"question": "When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?", "answer": "the last half of the 18th century"}, {"question": "When did Mexico gain independence? ", "answer": "September 27, 1821"}, {"question": "How long was the war?", "answer": "a decade"}, {"question": "What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? ", "answer": "The Battle of Guanajuato"}, {"question": "What was the battle cry of the war?", "answer": "Grito"}, {"question": "When did the war begin?", "answer": "September 16, 1810"}, {"question": "Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?", "answer": "Winfield Scott"}, {"question": "What war did America and Mexico fight in?", "answer": "Mexican\u2013American War"}, {"question": "When did the battle for Mexico City take place", "answer": "September 8 to September 15, 1847"}, {"question": "What American divisions got into Mexico City?", "answer": "U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th"}, {"question": "Who led the 4th division?", "answer": "John A. Quitman"}, {"question": "What treaty was signed?", "answer": "Guadalupe Hidalgo"}, {"question": "Who were the future confederate generals?", "answer": "George E. Pickett and James Longstreet"}, {"question": "Who carried the castle?", "answer": "the 4th Division"}, {"question": "When did the castle fall?", "answer": "on September 13"}, {"question": "When was most of the urbanization completed? ", "answer": "by 1908"}, {"question": "The extensive modernization started with what?", "answer": "Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed"}, {"question": "What was built during the modernization?", "answer": "hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works"}, {"question": "What famous street was built during this period of modernization?", "answer": "Reforma Avenue"}, {"question": "What was turned into a monument after the war? ", "answer": "the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall"}, {"question": "Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?", "answer": "Diaz"}, {"question": "Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? ", "answer": "the Mexican Revolution"}, {"question": "What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?", "answer": "Porfirian/French style"}, {"question": "What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?", "answer": "Colonia Roma"}, {"question": "Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "answer": "Plutarco Elias Calles"}, {"question": "Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "answer": "in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel"}, {"question": "When was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Where were the Zapatist forces from?", "answer": "Morelos"}, {"question": "Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "answer": "Adolfo de la Huerta"}, {"question": "How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What did the countryside workers make to live in? ", "answer": "shantytowns"}, {"question": "What did the shantytowns create?", "answer": "serious air pollution"}, {"question": "What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?", "answer": "Thursday"}, {"question": "How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?", "answer": "8.1 on the Richter scale"}, {"question": "What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?", "answer": "paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption"}, {"question": "Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?", "answer": "ordinary citizens"}, {"question": "What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?", "answer": "2,200"}, {"question": "Where is Mexico City located?", "answer": "Valley of Mexico"}, {"question": "How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?", "answer": "5,000 metres (16,000 feet)"}, {"question": "Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?", "answer": "no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides"}, {"question": "How does the city prevent flooding?", "answer": "canals and tunnels"}, {"question": "When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "How much has the city fallen?", "answer": "as much as nine metres (30 feet)"}, {"question": "What does Mexico City rest on?", "answer": "Lake Texcoco"}, {"question": "Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?", "answer": "southern boroughs"}, {"question": "How much rain falls on Mexico City?", "answer": "820 millimetres (32.3 in)"}, {"question": "When is it warm, yet does not rain?", "answer": "March to May"}, {"question": "When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?", "answer": "June to October"}, {"question": "When is it coldest in Mexico City?", "answer": "November to February"}, {"question": "What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?", "answer": "tropical winds"}, {"question": "What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?", "answer": "destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan"}, {"question": "Where does the lake still remain?", "answer": "municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico"}, {"question": "Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?", "answer": "The Aztecs"}, {"question": "What made up Lake Texcoco?", "answer": "a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes"}, {"question": "Where is the lake located in Atenco?", "answer": "Federal District"}, {"question": "How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?", "answer": "2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits"}, {"question": "Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? ", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?", "answer": "WHO"}, {"question": "What is the bus system called in Mexico City?", "answer": "Metrob\u00fas"}, {"question": "What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?", "answer": "Ecobici"}, {"question": "How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?", "answer": "two days"}, {"question": "What pollutants does the city closely monitor?", "answer": "ozone and nitrogen oxides"}, {"question": "How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?", "answer": "biannual"}, {"question": "What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?", "answer": "Quer\u00e9taro"}, {"question": "What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?", "answer": "Section XXVIII of Article 50"}, {"question": "When was the federal constitution signed? ", "answer": "October 4, 1824"}, {"question": "What type of land is Mexico City?", "answer": "federal"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?", "answer": "federal government"}, {"question": "When was Mexico City declared the capital?", "answer": "November 18, 1824"}, {"question": "How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?", "answer": "two leagues square (8,800 acres)"}, {"question": "Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?", "answer": "Palace of the Inquisition"}, {"question": "What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?", "answer": "Museum of Mexican Medicine"}, {"question": "Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?", "answer": "Texcoco"}, {"question": "How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?", "answer": "twenty-two"}, {"question": "What is the current area of Mexico City?", "answer": "1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)"}, {"question": "How large was Mexico City at its largest?", "answer": "1,700 km2"}, {"question": "When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? ", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?", "answer": "Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna"}, {"question": "When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? ", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?", "answer": "Porfirio D\u00edaz"}, {"question": "Who led Mexico City?", "answer": "an appointed governor"}, {"question": "When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?", "answer": "Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?", "answer": "the 1985 earthquake"}, {"question": "What do people call the leader of Mexico City?", "answer": "Mayor"}, {"question": "Who declared the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City?", "answer": "the president"}, {"question": "What state does Mexico City belong to?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "When did the Federal District receive more power? ", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "How is the leader of Mexico City now established?", "answer": "popular vote"}, {"question": "What gave the Federal District more autonomy? ", "answer": "first Statute of Government"}, {"question": "Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?", "answer": "Marcelo Ebrard"}, {"question": "Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?", "answer": "to run in the 2000 presidential elections"}, {"question": "Who was the second head of government elected?", "answer": "Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador"}, {"question": "Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?", "answer": "Rosario Robles"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?", "answer": "Rosario Robles"}, {"question": "What is the local government of Mexico City called?", "answer": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District"}, {"question": "How is the local government of Mexico City formed?", "answer": "parallel voting"}, {"question": "What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?", "answer": "plurinominal deputies"}, {"question": "How many representatives make up the Federal District?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? ", "answer": "over-representation"}, {"question": "When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?", "answer": "December 2009"}, {"question": "What political leaning does Mexico City take?", "answer": "more liberal than those of the rest of the country"}, {"question": "When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "How many boroughs make up Mexico City?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How are the heads of the boroughs elected?", "answer": "plurality"}, {"question": "How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? ", "answer": "appointed by the head of government of the Federal District"}, {"question": "Who provides the city services?", "answer": "Government of the Federal District"}, {"question": "When did election of borough heads begin?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What is the oldest part of the city?", "answer": "The Historic Center"}, {"question": "How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?", "answer": "Zona Rosa"}, {"question": "What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?", "answer": "Art Deco architecture"}, {"question": "What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? ", "answer": "Condesa"}, {"question": "Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? ", "answer": "West of the Historic Center"}, {"question": "What is the Mexican name for the historic center?", "answer": "Centro Hist\u00f3rico"}, {"question": "Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?", "answer": "Santa Fe"}, {"question": "Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?", "answer": "along Paseo de la Reforma"}, {"question": "What type of population lives in Tiahuac?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "How is Milpa Alta constructed? ", "answer": "entirely rural"}, {"question": "Where is the World Trade Center?", "answer": "Along Avenida Insurgentes"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?", "answer": "Colonia del Valle"}, {"question": "Where is much of the industry now located?", "answer": "nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico"}, {"question": "What is Ciudad Satelite?", "answer": "a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area."}, {"question": "Where is Gustavo A. Madero?", "answer": "North of the Historic Center"}, {"question": "How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Which borough had the highest HDI score?", "answer": "Benito Ju\u00e1rez"}, {"question": "What borough was the second highest HDI score?", "answer": "Miguel Hidalgo"}, {"question": "What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?", "answer": "Iztapalapa"}, {"question": "Which borough had the lowest HDI score?", "answer": "Milpa Alta"}, {"question": "What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?", "answer": "627th"}, {"question": "All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?", "answer": "top 200"}, {"question": "What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?", "answer": ".7984"}, {"question": "How large is the budget of the IMSS?", "answer": "over 6 billion pesos"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?", "answer": "Hospital \u00c1ngeles"}, {"question": "What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?", "answer": "National Health Ministry (SSA)"}, {"question": "What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?", "answer": "National Medical Center"}, {"question": "What do new cars in Mexico need to have?", "answer": "catalytic converter"}, {"question": "When did the underground rail system begin construction?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?", "answer": "5 million people"}, {"question": "How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?", "answer": "355"}, {"question": "What is one way the government helps with the \"Crush\" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?", "answer": "reserved a special carriage specifically for women"}, {"question": "What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?", "answer": "15.8"}, {"question": "What is the GDP of Mexico City?", "answer": "$390 billion"}, {"question": "What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?", "answer": "25.3"}, {"question": "By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?", "answer": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"}, {"question": "Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?", "answer": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"}, {"question": "What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?", "answer": "led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services"}, {"question": "Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?", "answer": "northern border"}, {"question": "in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?", "answer": "54.78"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?", "answer": "less than one million"}, {"question": "What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?", "answer": "18.74"}, {"question": "How many people live in the Federal District? ", "answer": "8.7 million"}, {"question": "What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?", "answer": "19.8 million"}, {"question": "What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?", "answer": "much lower"}, {"question": "What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?", "answer": "Argentina and Colombia"}, {"question": "Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?", "answer": "China and South Korea"}, {"question": "When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?", "answer": "since the era of New Spain"}, {"question": "Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?", "answer": "UNESCO"}, {"question": "The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?", "answer": "World Heritage Sites"}, {"question": "When was the Templo Mayor found?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How was Templo Mayor discovered? ", "answer": "workers were digging to place underground electric cables"}, {"question": "What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?", "answer": "golden Angel of Independence"}, {"question": "Who made the Angel of Independence?", "answer": "the order of the Emperor Maximilian"}, {"question": "The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?", "answer": "National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec"}, {"question": "How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "answer": "28.8 km (17.9 mi)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "answer": "Avenida de los Insurgentes"}, {"question": "Chapultepec Castle is located where?", "answer": "Chapultepec Park"}, {"question": "Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?", "answer": "Chapultepec Park"}, {"question": "When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?", "answer": "Turibus"}, {"question": "Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?", "answer": "interrupted by the Mexican Revolution"}, {"question": "How many museums are in Mexico City?", "answer": "about 160"}, {"question": "How many art galleries are in Mexico City?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "How many concert halls are in Mexico City?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "Who has painted murals all over the city?", "answer": "Diego Rivera"}, {"question": "Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?", "answer": "Coyoac\u00e1n"}, {"question": "How large is the metro system of Mexico City?", "answer": "225.9 km (140 mi)"}, {"question": "When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "How many lines are in the metro system?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many people ride the metro system each day?", "answer": "4.5 million"}, {"question": "How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?", "answer": "195"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's fast bus line?", "answer": "Metrob\u00fas"}, {"question": "When did Metrobus begin services?", "answer": "June 2005"}, {"question": "When did the second line of Metrobus open?", "answer": "December 2008"}, {"question": "How many people ride the Metrobus every day?", "answer": "850,000"}, {"question": "April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?", "answer": "line 4"}, {"question": "What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?", "answer": "ejes viales"}, {"question": "What is different about the second level roads?", "answer": "tolls are charged"}, {"question": "When were these second level roads opened?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What main road leads to the airport?", "answer": "The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n"}, {"question": "What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?", "answer": "the Superv\u00eda Poniente"}, {"question": "How do people know which days to not drive their car?", "answer": "ending digit of their license plates"}, {"question": "How many cars were still restricted in 2003?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "When were new emisson standards enacted?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?", "answer": "pass regular emissions tests"}, {"question": "What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?", "answer": "ecoParq"}, {"question": "Who operates the parking meters?", "answer": "Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario"}, {"question": "How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?", "answer": "16 million-peso"}, {"question": "What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?", "answer": "8 AM to 8 PM"}, {"question": "How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?", "answer": "721"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?", "answer": "EcoBici"}, {"question": "When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?", "answer": "4,000"}, {"question": "What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?", "answer": "Ciclov\u00edas"}, {"question": "What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?", "answer": "Mexico City International Airport"}, {"question": "What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?", "answer": "MEX"}, {"question": "About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?", "answer": "34 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?", "answer": "Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport"}, {"question": "How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?", "answer": "700,000"}, {"question": "When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many national airlines are there in Mexico?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?", "answer": "Pachuca"}, {"question": "When were the new plans of the airport revealed?", "answer": "September 2, 2014"}, {"question": "When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?", "answer": "2018"}, {"question": "How many runways will be in the new airport?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?", "answer": "120 million"}, {"question": "How much does the new airport cost?", "answer": "$9.15 billion"}, {"question": "When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? ", "answer": "Conquest of Mexico"}, {"question": "When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?", "answer": "pre-Classical period"}, {"question": "What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?", "answer": "National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum"}, {"question": "What are the main artifacts that have survived? ", "answer": "pottery and stone-engraving"}, {"question": "What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?", "answer": "codices"}, {"question": "Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style? ", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City?", "answer": "Juan de Rojas"}, {"question": "\"The Little Horse\" is also known as what?", "answer": "equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain"}, {"question": "Who created \"The Little Horse?\"", "answer": "Manuel Tols\u00e1"}, {"question": "What is the large art school in Mexico City?", "answer": "Academia de San Carlos"}, {"question": "Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured? ", "answer": "Museo Nacional de San Carlos"}, {"question": "Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco"}, {"question": "The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?", "answer": "Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens"}, {"question": "Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas"}, {"question": "When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?", "answer": "Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez"}, {"question": "What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?", "answer": "help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art"}, {"question": "What nationality was Remedios Varas?", "answer": "Catalan"}, {"question": "When was the Museo Tamayo opened?", "answer": "mid-1980s"}, {"question": "Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?", "answer": "Rufino Tamayo"}, {"question": "Where was Rufino Tamayo born?", "answer": "Oaxaca"}, {"question": "What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?", "answer": "avant-garde"}, {"question": "What famous art building was opened in late 2008?", "answer": "University Museum/Contemporary Art"}, {"question": "Who is the Museo Soumaya named after?", "answer": "the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim"}, {"question": "What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?", "answer": "Dal\u00ed"}, {"question": "When did the new design of the museum open?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "answer": "Holocaust"}, {"question": "The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?", "answer": "September 2011"}, {"question": "What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "answer": "discrimination and genocide"}, {"question": "Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?", "answer": "Sala Ollin Yoliztli"}, {"question": "When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?", "answer": "National Symphony Orchestra"}, {"question": "The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony? ", "answer": "National Symphony Orchestra"}, {"question": "What does OFUNAM stand for?", "answer": "Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico"}, {"question": "How many people does the National Auditorium hold?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What main languages are supported by shows at the National Auditorium?", "answer": "Spanish and English"}, {"question": "What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City?", "answer": "giant, high definition screens"}, {"question": "How many sets are in the Teatro Metropolitan?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "The Foro Sol Stadium hols how many people?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City?", "answer": "Carpa Santa Fe"}, {"question": "The Pepsi Center World Trade Center holds how many people?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario?", "answer": "UNAM's main campus"}, {"question": "The CCU holds, in addition to a music theater, what?", "answer": "National Library"}, {"question": "The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007?", "answer": "Tlatelolco"}, {"question": "Where is Tlatelolco located?", "answer": "north-central Mexico City"}, {"question": "What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?", "answer": "world's largest dome screen"}, {"question": "Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?", "answer": "wooded park of Chapultepec"}, {"question": "What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?", "answer": "Six Flags M\u00e9xico"}, {"question": "What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?", "answer": "Tlalpan"}, {"question": "What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Where is the Mexican Film Library located?", "answer": "near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb"}, {"question": "What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library?", "answer": "International Showcase"}, {"question": "What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?", "answer": "Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex"}, {"question": "What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities?", "answer": "IMAX"}, {"question": "How many states does Mexico have?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?", "answer": "Canadian, French, Italian,"}, {"question": "What other specific types of food does the city offer?", "answer": "kosher, vegetarian and vegan"}, {"question": "What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City?", "answer": "Pl\u00e1cido Domingo"}, {"question": "What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "answer": "Alfredo"}, {"question": "What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City?", "answer": "La Mar"}, {"question": "What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "answer": "Suntory"}, {"question": "What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?", "answer": "Azteca Stadium"}, {"question": "How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?", "answer": "91,653"}, {"question": "What is the largest stadium in Latin America?", "answer": "Azteca Stadium"}, {"question": "What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?", "answer": "First"}, {"question": "What year did Mexico City host the olympics?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico?", "answer": "Lucha libre"}, {"question": "What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre?", "answer": "Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo"}, {"question": "What university is the largest of the continent?", "answer": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico"}, {"question": "How many students attend UNAM?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold?", "answer": "74th"}, {"question": "What is the main campus of UNAM called?", "answer": "Ciudad Universitaria"}, {"question": "What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City?", "answer": "National Polytechnic Institute"}, {"question": "What American University has a big campus in Mexico City?", "answer": "University of California"}, {"question": "What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City?", "answer": "Casa de California"}, {"question": "Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located? ", "answer": "Mexico City"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?", "answer": "Secretary of Public Education"}, {"question": "What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?", "answer": "Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal"}, {"question": "Who allocates the funding of the school systems?", "answer": "government of Mexico City"}, {"question": "Who created El Colegio Nacional?", "answer": "Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s"}, {"question": "Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?", "answer": "El Colegio Nacional"}, {"question": "What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?", "answer": "publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events"}, {"question": "What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?", "answer": "College of France"}, {"question": "How many newspaper call Mexico City home?", "answer": "Dozens"}, {"question": "What is one of the main papers of Mexico City?", "answer": "El Universal"}, {"question": "What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City?", "answer": "Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest"}, {"question": "How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City?", "answer": "dozens"}, {"question": "What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?", "answer": "tianguis"}, {"question": "How is the retail market of Mexico City?", "answer": "immense and varied"}, {"question": "What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?", "answer": "in a street dedicated to a certain type of good"}, {"question": "What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?", "answer": "basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods"}, {"question": "What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?", "answer": "mercado"}, {"question": "What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?", "answer": "aguas frescas and atole"}, {"question": "What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets", "answer": "mercado"}, {"question": "The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?", "answer": "omnipresent"}, {"question": "Similar tianguis might set up shop where?", "answer": "plazas comerciales"}, {"question": "What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?", "answer": "tarp or cloth laid on the ground"}, {"question": "Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?", "answer": "non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals"}, {"question": "Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located?", "answer": "Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo"}, {"question": "When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?", "answer": "species that are in danger of extinction"}, {"question": "How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes?", "answer": "27.68-acre (11.2 ha)"}, {"question": "How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes?", "answer": "more than 301 specimens"}, {"question": "Who termed the slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\"", "answer": "Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?", "answer": "Capital en Movimiento"}, {"question": "How is the city commonly abbreviated?", "answer": "CDMX"}, {"question": "When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?", "answer": "Marcelo Ebrard"}, {"question": "What are locals of Mexico City called?", "answer": "chilangos"}, {"question": "What do Mexicans call Mexico City?", "answer": "Chilangolandia"}, {"question": "How do Mexicans take being called \"chilangos?\"", "answer": "proudly"}, {"question": "What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?", "answer": "defe\u00f1os"}, {"question": "What is the \"official\" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?", "answer": "capitalinos"}, {"question": "How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? ", "answer": "average of 478 crimes were reported each day"}, {"question": "Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?", "answer": "most people are reluctant to report crime"}, {"question": "What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? ", "answer": "Marcelo Ebrard"}, {"question": "What is one way the city tried to combat crime?", "answer": "installation of 11,000 security cameras"}, {"question": "What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?", "answer": "one uniformed officer per 100 citizens"}, {"question": "When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?", "answer": "15 August 1769"}, {"question": "What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?", "answer": "5 May 1821"}, {"question": "During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?", "answer": "the French Revolution"}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon born?", "answer": "Corsica"}, {"question": "When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?", "answer": "the Austrians and their Italian allies"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?", "answer": "1798"}, {"question": "Napoleon's political power was secured by his victory at which 1800 battle?", "answer": "the Battle of Marengo"}, {"question": "At the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon restored the religious privileges of what entity? ", "answer": "the Catholic Church"}, {"question": "When did the French Senate declare Napoleon Emperor?", "answer": "1804"}, {"question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle led to the end of the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "the Battle of Austerlitz"}, {"question": "The results of which battle allowed the British to blockade French coasts?", "answer": "the Battle of Trafalgar"}, {"question": "What region did Napoleon invade in an effort to extend the Continental System?", "answer": "Iberia"}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon declare King of Spain in 1808?", "answer": "his brother Joseph"}, {"question": "How long did the Peninsular War last?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "Napoleon's victory at which battle resulted in the destruction of the Fifth Coalition?", "answer": "the Battle of Wagram"}, {"question": "By 1811, what was the population of Napoleon's Empire?", "answer": "over 70 million people"}, {"question": "What nation did Napoleon invade in 1812 to enforce his blockade?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "The 1812 invasion of Russia resulted in the collapse of which military unit?", "answer": "the Grand Army"}, {"question": "In what year was the Sixth Coalition formed?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "In addition to Russia, the Sixth Coalition consisted of forces from which two nations?", "answer": "Prussia and Austria"}, {"question": "In what year did the Allies capture Paris and force Napoleon's abdication?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon's father?", "answer": "Carlo Maria di Buonaparte"}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon's mother?", "answer": "Maria Letizia Ramolino"}, {"question": "On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?", "answer": "Corsica"}, {"question": "What was the name of Napoleon's family home?", "answer": "Casa Buonaparte"}, {"question": "Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?", "answer": "an uncle"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?", "answer": "January 1779"}, {"question": "Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?", "answer": "Brienne-le-Ch\u00e2teau"}, {"question": "What was Napoleon's first language?", "answer": "Corsican"}, {"question": "Why did other students often tease Napoleon?", "answer": "his accent"}, {"question": "According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?", "answer": "mathematics"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon graduate?", "answer": "September 1785"}, {"question": "What commission did Napoleon receive upon his graduation?", "answer": "second lieutenant"}, {"question": "What military unit did Napoleon first serve in after his graduation?", "answer": "La F\u00e8re artillery regiment"}, {"question": "What Corsican leader did Napoleon write in 1789 expressing his nationalist sentiments?", "answer": "Pasquale Paoli"}, {"question": "When did the Revolution begin?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon put under house arrest?", "answer": "Nice"}, {"question": "What historical event brought about the fall of the Robespierres?", "answer": "the Thermidorian Reaction"}, {"question": "When did the Thermidorian Reaction take place?", "answer": "July 1794"}, {"question": "At the time of his house arrest, Napoleon was serving with what military entity?", "answer": "the Army of Italy"}, {"question": "After his house arrest, who was the commissar that Napoleon sent a letter to protesting innocence?", "answer": "Salicetti"}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon become engaged to in 1795?", "answer": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary"}, {"question": "In April 1795, what military organization was Napoleon assigned to?", "answer": "the Army of the West"}, {"question": "At the time of Napoleon's assignment, what military struggle was the Army of the West engaged in?", "answer": "the War in the Vend\u00e9e"}, {"question": "Which older brother of Napoleon's did D\u00e9sir\u00e9e Clary's sister Julie marry?", "answer": "Joseph"}, {"question": "What excuse did Napoleon use to avoid being assigned to an infantry command?", "answer": "poor health"}, {"question": "After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?", "answer": "Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie"}, {"question": "On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vend\u00e9e?", "answer": "15 September"}, {"question": "In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?", "answer": "the Bureau of Topography"}, {"question": "Napoleon's novella \"Clisson et Eug\u00e9nie\" was based on his relationship with whom?", "answer": "D\u00e9sir\u00e9e"}, {"question": "After his marriage, Napoleon left Paris to lead what army?", "answer": "the Army of Italy"}, {"question": "In which series of battles did Napoleon eliminate the forces of Piedmont from the war?", "answer": "the Montenotte Campaign"}, {"question": "When did the French victory at Rivoli occur?", "answer": "January 1797"}, {"question": "Up to how many Austrian soldiers died at Rivoli?", "answer": "14,000"}, {"question": "Around how many casualties did the French suffer at Rivoli?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "In what year were the French defeated in Southern Germany by the Archduke Charles?", "answer": "1796"}, {"question": "After Napoleon's attack, the Archduke pulled back his forces to defend which city?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "What was the first noteworthy confrontation between Napoleon and the Archduke Charles?", "answer": "the Battle of Tarvis"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Tarvis take place?", "answer": "March 1797"}, {"question": "Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?", "answer": "100 km"}, {"question": "What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?", "answer": "envelopment"}, {"question": "How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "answer": "540"}, {"question": "In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?", "answer": "artillery"}, {"question": "How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?", "answer": "170"}, {"question": "For what action during the Italian campaign did the royalists condemn Bonaparte?", "answer": "looting"}, {"question": "About how much money did Napoleon's army take from Italy during the conflict there?", "answer": "$45 million"}, {"question": "Approximately how many valuable paintings and sculpture's did Napoleon's forces loot from Italy during the campaign there?", "answer": "three-hundred"}, {"question": "What was the name of the general sent to Paris by Napoleon to organize a coup against the royalists there?", "answer": "Pierre Augereau"}, {"question": "Napoleon's peace negotiations with Austria brought about what treaty?", "answer": "the Treaty of Campo Formio"}, {"question": "Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?", "answer": "the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?", "answer": "1 July"}, {"question": "What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?", "answer": "the Battle of Shubra Khit"}, {"question": "What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?", "answer": "the Mamluks"}, {"question": "Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?", "answer": "the Battle of the Nile"}, {"question": "Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?", "answer": "Horatio Nelson"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?", "answer": "13,000"}, {"question": "During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?", "answer": "Jaffa"}, {"question": "How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?", "answer": "13,000"}, {"question": "How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?", "answer": "bubonic plague"}, {"question": "To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "Napoleon's ally Roger Ducos was the speaker for what organization?", "answer": "the Council of Five Hundred"}, {"question": "On what date did Napoleon's alliance overthrow the Directory?", "answer": "9 November 1799"}, {"question": "Napoleon's successful coup against the directory resulted in the closure of what organization?", "answer": "the council of five hundred"}, {"question": "After his successful coup against the Directory, what political office did Napoleon assume?", "answer": "\"first consul\""}, {"question": "What was the count of the popular vote in favor of the \"Constitution of the Year VIII\"?", "answer": "3,000,000"}, {"question": "What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?", "answer": "\"dictatorship by plebiscite.\""}, {"question": " What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?", "answer": "the Constitution of the Year VIII"}, {"question": "  After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?", "answer": "the Tuileries."}, {"question": " What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?", "answer": "99.94"}, {"question": " What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon and his troops cross the Swiss Alps and enter Italy?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Who led the French army defending Genoa against the Austrian siege?", "answer": "Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na"}, {"question": " What was the date of the Battle of Marengo?", "answer": "June 14"}, {"question": "Who led the Austrian forces at the Battle of Marengo?", "answer": "General Melas"}, {"question": "How many troops did Napoleon field at the Battle of Marengo?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "From what direction did Napoleon elect to invade Italy?", "answer": "the north"}, {"question": " What direction did French invasions of Italy normally come from?", "answer": "the west"}, {"question": "Around how long did it take Napoleon to push Austria out of Italy in his first experiences there?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "How long did it take Napoleon to drive Austria from Italy in 1800?", "answer": "a month"}, {"question": "According to Alfred von Shlieffen, what was the object of Napoleon's 1800 Italian campaign?", "answer": "the conquest of North Italy"}, {"question": "Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?", "answer": "Marengo"}, {"question": "Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?", "answer": "Lun\u00e9ville"}, {"question": "What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?", "answer": "Moreau"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?", "answer": "the Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville"}, {"question": "Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?", "answer": "Hohenlinden"}, {"question": "What 1802 treaty between Britain and France ended the Revolutionary Wars?", "answer": "the Treaty of Amiens"}, {"question": "What year was the Treaty of Amiens signed?", "answer": "1802"}, {"question": "In what year did French voters approve a constitution making the Consulate permanent?", "answer": "1802"}, {"question": "What percentage of the French vote approved Napoleon's new constitution?", "answer": "over 99%"}, {"question": "What position was Napoleon granted in Article 1 of the new French constitution?", "answer": "First Consul for Life"}, {"question": "During the short peace in Europe, where did Napoleon turn his focus?", "answer": "the French colonies abroad"}, {"question": "During the Revolutionary War, which French colony had moved towards political independence?", "answer": "Saint-Domingue"}, {"question": " Who was the de facto ruler of Saint-Domingue in 1801?", "answer": "Toussaint Louverture"}, {"question": "In February of what year did the national Convention vote to get rid of slavery?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "What was the name of the French general who led the forces that attempted to regain control of Sainte-Domingue?", "answer": "Leclerc"}, {"question": "What was the name of the assassination plot against Napoleon also known as the Infernal Machine?", "answer": "the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise"}, {"question": " When did the Conspiration des poignards take place?", "answer": "October 1800"}, {"question": "What  family was supposed to have supported the January 1804 assassination plot targeting Napoleon?", "answer": "the Bourbon family"}, {"question": " What was another name for the Conspiration des poignards?", "answer": "Dagger plot"}, {"question": "The kidnapping of the Duke of Enghien violated the sovereignty of what locale?", "answer": "Baden"}, {"question": "The imperial system Napoleon created was based on what model?", "answer": "the Roman"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon use to justify his creation of an imperial system?", "answer": "assassination plots"}, {"question": "Napoleon wrote his family's succession into the constitution in an attempt to prevent the restoration of what former ruling family?", "answer": "Bourbon"}, {"question": "Napoleon was elected Emperor of the French by more than what percentage of voters?", "answer": "99%"}, {"question": "About how many voters participated in the election that made Napoleon Emperor of the French?", "answer": "3.6 million"}, {"question": "On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?", "answer": "December 2, 1804"}, {"question": "How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?", "answer": "May 26, 1805"}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?", "answer": "at the Cathedral of Milan"}, {"question": "What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?", "answer": "the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre"}, {"question": "Where in Northern France were the camps of the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre located?", "answer": "Boulogne"}, {"question": "What country was the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre intended to strike at?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What was the name of the later military organization that the Arm\u00e9e d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?", "answer": "La Grande Arm\u00e9e."}, {"question": "How many men were in the Grande Arm\u00e9e by 1805?", "answer": "350,000"}, {"question": "Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?", "answer": "the Royal Navy"}, {"question": " Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?", "answer": "the West Indies."}, {"question": " Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?", "answer": "the Western Approaches"}, {"question": " Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?", "answer": "the Battle of Cape Finisterre"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?", "answer": "July 1805"}, {"question": "By August 1805, Napoleon changed the primary target of his army's efforts from the English Channel to what area?", "answer": "the Rhine"}, {"question": " On what date did French troops begin to cross the Rhine?", "answer": "25 September"}, {"question": "How many French troops were involved in the crossing of the Rhine?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Who was the Austrian commander who led the army at the fortress of Ulm?", "answer": "Karl Mack"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the French suffer at the Battle of Ulm?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "In November, after the Ulm Campaign, what city was captured by French forces?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": " How many muskets did the French capture in the fall of Vienna?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "How many cannons did the French capture when Vienna fell?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?", "answer": "2 December"}, {"question": "In what country was the Battle of Austerlitz fought?", "answer": "Moravia"}, {"question": "The Allied defeat at what location caused Emperor Francis to doubt the chances of the war effort?", "answer": "Austerlitz"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty signed by France and Austria on 26 December?", "answer": "the Treaty of Pressburg"}, {"question": "On what date was the Treaty of Pressburg signed?", "answer": "26 December"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Pressburg resulted in which country leaving the war?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "How much did the Habsburgs have to pay as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg?", "answer": "40 million francs"}, {"question": "Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?", "answer": "Selim III"}, {"question": "In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?", "answer": "1806"}, {"question": "Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?", "answer": "Fat\u2032h-Ali Shah Qajar"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "What is the name of the political body composed of German states established by Napoleon in 1806?", "answer": "the Confederation of the Rhine"}, {"question": "When was the Confederation of the Rhine formed?", "answer": "1806"}, {"question": "The existence of the Confederation of the Rhine brought about the end of which imperial power?", "answer": "the Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": " Which Prussian ruler chose to go to war with France for control of Central Europe?", "answer": "Frederick William III"}, {"question": "What other royal figure strongly influenced Frederick William III's decision to go to war with France?", "answer": "Queen Louise"}, {"question": "How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": " What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?", "answer": "the Saale"}, {"question": "To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?", "answer": "Marshal Soult"}, {"question": " On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?", "answer": "14 October"}, {"question": "How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?", "answer": "140,000"}, {"question": "In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?", "answer": "the Berlin Decree"}, {"question": " What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?", "answer": "The Continental System"}, {"question": "When was the Berlin Decree issued?", "answer": "November 1806"}, {"question": "In what year was the Battle of Eylau?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?", "answer": "the Battle of Friedland"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Duke who pressured Alexander to make peace with Napoleon?", "answer": "Constantine"}, {"question": " Which ocean territories did Napoleon demand Russia cede to France as part of the terms for peace?", "answer": "the Ionian Islands"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new kingdom Napoleon created from Prussian territories?", "answer": "Westphalia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the younger brother who Napoleon appointed as the ruler of Westphalia?", "answer": "J\u00e9r\u00f4me"}, {"question": " What was the name of the series of agreements that ended war for a time and allowed Napoleon to return to France?", "answer": "the Treaties of Tilsit"}, {"question": "Where did the agreements that gave Napoleon time to structure his empire take place?", "answer": "Tilsit"}, {"question": "One of Napoleon's primary goals was to enforce the Continental System against whom?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "Napoleon chose to focus his attention on which country that flouted his trade restrictions?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Portugal"}, {"question": "In what year did Portugal experience defeat in the War of the Oranges?", "answer": "1801"}, {"question": "After the Franco-Spanish loss at Trafalgar, John VI resumed relations with what nation?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal begin?", "answer": "17 October 1807"}, {"question": "How many troops did Napoleon send to begin the invasion of Portugal?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon select to lead the troops sent to invade Portugal?", "answer": "General Junot"}, {"question": "The invasion of Portugal was the beginning of what six-year conflict?", "answer": "the Peninsular War"}, {"question": "How many troops did Marshal Murat lead into Spain?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?", "answer": "the Congress of Erfurt"}, {"question": "In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?", "answer": "1808"}, {"question": "The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Corunna fought?", "answer": "January 1809"}, {"question": "Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?", "answer": "the Austrians"}, {"question": "Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": " In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": "Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?", "answer": "Frederick William"}, {"question": "The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?", "answer": "1809"}, {"question": " Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?", "answer": "Charles"}, {"question": "On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?", "answer": "8 February 1809"}, {"question": "On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?", "answer": "10 April"}, {"question": " Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": " When Napoleon reached Donauw\u00f6rth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Arm\u00e9e separated by?", "answer": "75 miles (121 km)"}, {"question": "What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?", "answer": "Landshut Maneuver"}, {"question": "What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?", "answer": "Battle of Eckm\u00fchl"}, {"question": "On what date did the main Austrian army arrive at the Marchfield?", "answer": "17 May"}, {"question": " Who led the main Austrian army?", "answer": "Charles"}, {"question": "On what date did French forces make their first significant attempt to cross the Danube?", "answer": "21 May"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Charles initially lead against the French at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?", "answer": "110,000"}, {"question": "Around how many casualties did the French experience at the Battle of Aspern-Essling?", "answer": "23,000"}, {"question": "Approximately how long did Napoleon take to prepare another Danube crossing after his defeat at Aspern-Essling?", "answer": "six weeks"}, {"question": "On what date did the French begin the re-crossing of the Danube?", "answer": "30 June"}, {"question": " Approximately how many French troops met Charles at the Battle of Wagram?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": "How many Austrian troops did Charles lead at the Battle of Wagram?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "How long did the Battle of Wagram last?", "answer": "two days"}, {"question": "What was the name of the campaign by the British in Holland that created a second front in the war?", "answer": "the Walcheren Campaign"}, {"question": "The Walcheren Campaign was intended to relieve the military pressure on whom?", "answer": "the Austrians"}, {"question": " On what date did the British army arrive on Walcheren?", "answer": "30 July"}, {"question": "What was the popular name of the disease that caused many casualties during the Walcheren Campaign?", "answer": "\"Walcheren Fever.\""}, {"question": "When did the British withdraw from Walcheren?", "answer": "December 1809"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn signed?", "answer": "October 1809"}, {"question": "The goal of Metternich and Archduke Charles regarding the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn was to attempt the preservation of what?", "answer": "the Habsburg Empire"}, {"question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, what territory was given to the Poles?", "answer": "Galicia"}, {"question": "In the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn, who received the Salzburg area of the Tyrol?", "answer": "the Bavarians"}, {"question": "Approximately how many subjects did Austria lose as the result of the changes brought about by the Treaty of Sch\u00f6nbrunn?", "answer": "three million"}, {"question": "After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?", "answer": "domestic affairs"}, {"question": " When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?", "answer": "January 1810"}, {"question": "After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?", "answer": "Archduchess Marie Louise"}, {"question": "How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": " When did Marie Louise give birth?", "answer": "20 March 1811"}, {"question": "What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?", "answer": "the Congress of Erfurt"}, {"question": "In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?", "answer": "1808"}, {"question": " Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?", "answer": "Tilsit"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?", "answer": "the Continental System"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon name the war with Russia in an effort to garner support from Poland?", "answer": "the Second Polish War"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1768 war that involved the Bar Confederation uprising against Russia?", "answer": "the First Polish War"}, {"question": "Polish nationalists wanted Russian territories in Poland to be joined with which national entity?", "answer": "the Duchy of Warsaw"}, {"question": "Napoleon rejected Polish demands for an independent state because of prior promises to which ally?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "During France's retreat, atrocities were committed against French soldiers by which Russian subjects?", "answer": "serfs"}, {"question": "To avoid direct fighting with Napoleon, the Russians retreated into which country?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Where did the Russians try to resist Napoleon and get defeated?", "answer": "Smolensk"}, {"question": "In what month were the Russians defeated at Smolensk?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What methods used by the Russian army made it hard for the French to find food?", "answer": "scorched earth tactics"}, {"question": "Outside what city did the Battle of Borodino occur?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "On what date did the Battle of Borodino take place?", "answer": "7 September"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Russians were hurt, killed, or captured in the Battle of Borodino?", "answer": "44,000"}, {"question": " Around how many French were killed, injured, or taken prisoner in the Battle of Borodino?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "Who won the Battle of Borodino?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?", "answer": "Feodor Rostopchin"}, {"question": "How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?", "answer": "five weeks"}, {"question": "What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?", "answer": "the Malet coup"}, {"question": "Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "The Allies suggested peace terms in which set of proposals?", "answer": "the Frankfurt proposals"}, {"question": "When were the Frankfurt proposals made?", "answer": "November 1813"}, {"question": "The Frankfurt proposals allowed Napoleon to retain what position in France?", "answer": "Emperor"}, {"question": "The Frankfurt proposals sought to reduce France to what?", "answer": "its \"natural frontiers.\""}, {"question": " Who told Napoleon that the Frankfurt proposals were probably the best terms the Allies would offer?", "answer": "Metternich"}, {"question": "The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?", "answer": "the Frankfurt proposals"}, {"question": "The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?", "answer": "1791"}, {"question": "In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "On what date did Alexander speak to the S\u00e9nat conservateur?", "answer": "1 April"}, {"question": " The S\u00e9nat conservateur became hostile to Napoleon due to whose efforts?", "answer": "Talleyrand's"}, {"question": "What was the act passed by the S\u00e9nat conservateur that deposed Napoleon?", "answer": "the Acte de d\u00e9ch\u00e9ance de l'Empereur"}, {"question": "Where had Napoleon advanced to when he received word that Paris was lost?", "answer": "Fontainebleau"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon's senior officers and marshals do when he suggested they march on Paris?", "answer": "mutinied"}, {"question": "In which treaty was Napoleon exiled?", "answer": "the Treaty of Fontainebleau"}, {"question": "What is the name of the island Napoleon was exiled to?", "answer": "Elba"}, {"question": "In what sea is Elba located?", "answer": "the Mediterranean"}, {"question": "The allies permitted Napoleon to keep what title?", "answer": "Emperor"}, {"question": "When Napoleon was exiled, where did his wife and son go for shelter?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "What military unit was charged with intercepting Napoleon?", "answer": "The 5th Regiment"}, {"question": "On what date was Napoleon contacted by the 5th Regiment?", "answer": "March 7, 1815"}, {"question": " When Napoleon suggested to the 5th Regiment that they kill him, how did they respond?", "answer": "\"Vive L'Empereur!\""}, {"question": " Ney had told Louis XVIII that he would carry Napoleon to Paris in what kind of container?", "answer": "an iron cage"}, {"question": " After fleeing France, where did Louis XVIII go?", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": " On what date did Napoleon abdicate?", "answer": "22 June"}, {"question": " How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?", "answer": "three days"}, {"question": " On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?", "answer": "29 June"}, {"question": " When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?", "answer": "Josephine"}, {"question": "In what year did Louis Philippe I get permission to return Napoleon's remains to France?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": " On what date was a state funeral held for Napoleon?", "answer": "15 December 1840"}, {"question": "At what location did the hearse carrying Napoleon's remains begin its procession?", "answer": "the Arc de Triomphe"}, {"question": " In what building was the cupola where Napoleon's remains were first placed located?", "answer": "St J\u00e9r\u00f4me's Chapel"}, {"question": "In what year was Napoleon's final tomb completed?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What was the name of Napoleon's valet?", "answer": "Louis Marchand"}, {"question": " What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?", "answer": "arsenic poisoning"}, {"question": "In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?", "answer": "Sten Forshufvud"}, {"question": "What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?", "answer": "well preserved"}, {"question": "What substance used in Napoleon's treatment is it suggested prevented his stomach from expelling arsenic compounds?", "answer": "potassium tartrate"}, {"question": "What do those who think Napoleon was poisoned cite as a symptom that would suggest this?", "answer": "his thirst"}, {"question": "According to Patrick Knize, what conclusion does the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair shafts suggest?", "answer": "that he was murdered"}, {"question": "In what year was the article describing the type of arsenic found in Napoleon's hair published?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 dismiss what possible cause of Napoleon's death?", "answer": "arsenic poisoning"}, {"question": "Studies published in 2007 and 2008 support what possible causes of Napoleon's death?", "answer": "peptic ulcer and gastric cancer"}, {"question": " A 2008 study supporting the original autopsy findings related to Napoleon's death analyzed samples of what substance taken from Napoleon and his family?", "answer": "hair"}, {"question": "The 2008 study related to Napoleon's death found that hair collected from Napoleon's hair as well as that of his family and contemporaries, had arsenic levels approximately how many times higher than current averages?", "answer": "100 times"}, {"question": "What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "answer": "civil"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?", "answer": "Pope Pius VI"}, {"question": "Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?", "answer": "Juan Cole"}, {"question": "Napoleon's marriage to Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?", "answer": "2 December 1804"}, {"question": " Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?", "answer": "Notre Dame de Paris"}, {"question": "Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?", "answer": "Pope Pius VII"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?", "answer": "1 April 1810"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?", "answer": "the Spanish Inquisition"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 1801 document that aimed for reconcilliation between revolutionaries and Catholics?", "answer": "the Concordat of 1801"}, {"question": "Along with Napoleon, who signed the Concordat of 1801?", "answer": "Pope Pius VII"}, {"question": "The Concordat of 1801 strengthened the position of which church as the majority church of France?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": " What is the exact date on which the Concordat of 1801 was signed?", "answer": "15 July 1801"}, {"question": "What were the Organic Articles a part of?", "answer": "the Concordat"}, {"question": "The Concodat restored significant power to what position?", "answer": "the papacy"}, {"question": "Despite the Concordat, the balance of the relationship between the church and state had swung in whose favor?", "answer": "Napoleon's"}, {"question": "Other than Napoleon, who else found the Concordat to be of use?", "answer": "the pope"}, {"question": " The children of France were given a catechism that taught them to love and respect whom?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon say that skilled rulers were able to both control and use priests?", "answer": "1801"}, {"question": "How tall was Napoleon, in feet and inches?", "answer": "5 ft 6 in"}, {"question": "How tall was Napoleon in centimeters?", "answer": "168 cm"}, {"question": "How do historians describe Napoleon in his use of France's financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic systems?", "answer": "an innovator"}, {"question": "What is the name of the historian who stresses Napoleon's \"rare combination of will, intellect, and physical vigour?\"", "answer": "George F. E. Rud\u00e9"}, {"question": "How do historians describe Napoleon's impact on people in one-on-one encounters?", "answer": "hypnotic"}, {"question": "According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?", "answer": "luck"}, {"question": " When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?", "answer": "1805-06"}, {"question": " In what year did the Russian campaign take place?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": "Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?", "answer": "Dwyer"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?", "answer": "cheated"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon reorganize to supply the personnel and money required to fight great wars?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Wellington believe Napoleon's presence on the field was worth?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "Who said that Napoleon's presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers?", "answer": "Wellington"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Auerstadt take place?", "answer": "1806"}, {"question": "Who led the Prussian forces that outnumbered Napoleon at the Battle of Auerstadt?", "answer": "King Frederick William III"}, {"question": "Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?", "answer": "the British press"}, {"question": "What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?", "answer": "Boney"}, {"question": "Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?", "answer": "Tory"}, {"question": "What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?", "answer": "5 feet 2 inches"}, {"question": "What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?", "answer": "5 ft 6 in"}, {"question": "After becoming First Consul, Napoleon typically wore the uniform of which rank, rather than general?", "answer": "colonel"}, {"question": " What is the name of the regiment that frequently served as Napoleon's escort?", "answer": "the Chasseur \u00e0 Cheval of the Imperial Guard"}, {"question": "What color was the uniform that Napoleon usually wore on Sundays?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What color stockings did Napoleon usually wear?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": " What color culottes did Napoleon typically wear?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?", "answer": "the Banque de France"}, {"question": "What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?", "answer": "the Concordat of 1801"}, {"question": "What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?", "answer": "the Organic Articles"}, {"question": "What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?", "answer": "public worship"}, {"question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?", "answer": "the Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?", "answer": "the Code Civil"}, {"question": "What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?", "answer": "the Napoleonic Code"}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?", "answer": "Jean Jacques R\u00e9gis de Cambac\u00e9r\u00e8s"}, {"question": "What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?", "answer": "Code of Criminal Instruction"}, {"question": "Who learned from Napoleon's innovations?", "answer": "His opponents"}, {"question": " Napoleon's use of artillery led to its increased importance after what year?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon use as the initial means of breaking down enemy defenses, rather than the traditional reliance on infantry?", "answer": "artillery"}, {"question": "Who rejects the theory that the increased use of artillery by the French was due to declining quality of infantry and numbers of cavalry?", "answer": "McConachy"}, {"question": "When was the metric system officially introduced?", "answer": "September 1799"}, {"question": "What system, introduced in September 1799, was unpopular among much of French society?", "answer": "the metric system"}, {"question": "What year did Napoleon pass legislation that introduced traditional units of measurement for retail trade?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": " How many grams were in the livre metrique?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "How many grams were in the livre du roi?", "answer": "489.5"}, {"question": "What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?", "answer": "Napoleon's educational reforms"}, {"question": "What language did Napoleon make the only official one?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?", "answer": "public support"}, {"question": "What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?", "answer": "lyc\u00e9es"}, {"question": "Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lyc\u00e9es taught?", "answer": "the sciences"}, {"question": "How have many historians described Napoleon's foreign policy ambitions?", "answer": "grandiose"}, {"question": "As late as what year were the Continental powers willing to give Napoleon most of the gains and titles he had acquired?", "answer": "1808"}, {"question": "Who continue to debate whether Napoleon was an enlightened despot, or a megalomaniac?", "answer": "historians"}, {"question": "Some scholars maintain Napoleon's excessive aggression and pushing caused what to collapse?", "answer": "his empire"}, {"question": "Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?", "answer": "slavery"}, {"question": "Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?", "answer": "his opponents"}, {"question": "Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?", "answer": "the Haitian Revolution"}, {"question": "Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?", "answer": "His critics"}, {"question": "What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?", "answer": "plunder"}, {"question": "Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?", "answer": "the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre"}, {"question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?", "answer": "Pieter Geyl"}, {"question": "Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?", "answer": "Claude Ribbe"}, {"question": "In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?", "answer": "David G. Chandler"}, {"question": "Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?", "answer": "Victor Davis Hanson"}, {"question": "Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?", "answer": "McLynn"}, {"question": "Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?", "answer": "Vincent Cronin"}, {"question": "How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?", "answer": "six million"}, {"question": "Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?", "answer": "propaganda"}, {"question": "Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?", "answer": "censorship"}, {"question": "Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?", "answer": "civilian"}, {"question": "Rumors of Napoleon's return from what location were often used as an inspiration for his followers?", "answer": "St. Helena"}, {"question": "Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?", "answer": "royal celebrations"}, {"question": "Destabilization of what regime was the main goal of Napoleon's followers?", "answer": "the Bourbon regime"}, {"question": "Seditious material distributed by Napoleon's followers often displayed the tricolor, and what other design?", "answer": "rosettes"}, {"question": "When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?", "answer": "the late 1880s"}, {"question": "What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-G\u00eane written?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "What year was Maurice Barr\u00e8s's Les D\u00e9racin\u00e9s written?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "In what year was Andr\u00e9 de Lorde and Gyp's Napol\u00e9onette written?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "After the fall of Napoleon, many countries retained what system of law?", "answer": "Napoleonic Code"}, {"question": "Outside Europe, Napoleonic Code has been used as the basis for certain parts of what?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "How can the memory of Napoleon in Poland be characterized as?", "answer": "favorable"}, {"question": "Poland views Napoleon in a positive light partially based on his opposition to what country?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "One reason Poland views Napoleon favorably is due to his abolition of what form of indentured servitude?", "answer": "serfdom"}, {"question": "Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?", "answer": "the Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?", "answer": "less than 50"}, {"question": "How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?", "answer": "15 million dollars"}, {"question": "Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon marry Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "answer": "1796"}, {"question": "How old was Napoleon when he married Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "How old was Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What was the disliked name Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?", "answer": "Rose"}, {"question": "What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?", "answer": "Charles L\u00e9on"}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Charles L\u00e9on?", "answer": "El\u00e9onore Denuelle de La Plaigne"}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?", "answer": "Alexandre Colonna-Walewski"}, {"question": " DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?", "answer": "Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype"}, {"question": "Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?", "answer": "Eugen Megerle von M\u00fchlfeld"}, {"question": "Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? ", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?", "answer": "80 million"}, {"question": "How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?", "answer": "80 million"}, {"question": "what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?", "answer": "between 100 and more than 150 million"}, {"question": "Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?", "answer": "mainly in the South Region of the country"}, {"question": "How many native German speakers in the world are there?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "How many native German speakers consider themselves German?", "answer": "80 million"}, {"question": "How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?", "answer": "100 and more than 150 million"}, {"question": "What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?", "answer": "Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? ", "answer": "12 BC"}, {"question": "The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? ", "answer": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest"}, {"question": "Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? ", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? ", "answer": "Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried"}, {"question": "Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "What religion did Germans adopt?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?", "answer": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r"}, {"question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?", "answer": "Balts and Slavs"}, {"question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?", "answer": "Celts"}, {"question": "The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?", "answer": "AD 260"}, {"question": "Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?", "answer": "the Huns"}, {"question": "What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? ", "answer": "Attila"}, {"question": "When was the Limes Germanicus breached?", "answer": "AD 260"}, {"question": "Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?", "answer": "Celts"}, {"question": "Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?", "answer": "Ostrogoths"}, {"question": "What language did the Huns adopt?", "answer": "East Germanic"}, {"question": "What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?", "answer": "either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans"}, {"question": "how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?", "answer": "five tribes"}, {"question": "In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?", "answer": "German language"}, {"question": "What king united the tribes in the 9th century? ", "answer": "Charlemagne"}, {"question": "What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  ", "answer": "Eastern Germany"}, {"question": "The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?", "answer": "Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?", "answer": "Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii"}, {"question": "What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?", "answer": "Frisians"}, {"question": "Who united the 5 tribes?", "answer": "king Charlemagne"}, {"question": "What century did King Charlemagne reign? ", "answer": "9th"}, {"question": "What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?", "answer": "High Middle Ages"}, {"question": "The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?", "answer": "East Francia"}, {"question": "When was the Title King of the Germans first used?", "answer": "late 11th century"}, {"question": "Who coined the phrase \"king of the Germans\"", "answer": "chancery of Pope Gregory VII,"}, {"question": "Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?", "answer": "Henry IV"}, {"question": "When did a German ethnicity emerge?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?", "answer": "the late 11th century"}, {"question": "Who first used rex teutonicum?", "answer": "Pope Gregory VII"}, {"question": "When is ein diutscher first used?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "What does ein diutscher mean?", "answer": "a German"}, {"question": "The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?", "answer": "Ostsiedlung"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?", "answer": "Catholic German Teutonic Knights"}, {"question": "Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?", "answer": "Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples"}, {"question": "Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?", "answer": "17th or early 18th century"}, {"question": "Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?", "answer": "Karl von Clausewitz"}, {"question": "When was the Prussian language extinct?", "answer": "17th or early 18th century"}, {"question": "What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?", "answer": "were assimilated into German culture"}, {"question": "Who led the German expansion?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers"}, {"question": "What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?", "answer": "Karl von Clausewitz"}, {"question": "What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?", "answer": "Massive German settlement"}, {"question": "German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?", "answer": "naval innovations"}, {"question": "Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?", "answer": "Hanseatic trade stations"}, {"question": "What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?", "answer": "Stadtrecht"}, {"question": "the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?", "answer": "multi-ethnic and multi-lingual"}, {"question": "What helped the Germans dominate trade?", "answer": "naval innovations"}, {"question": "What is the German work for German town law?", "answer": "Stadtrecht"}, {"question": "Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?", "answer": "The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German"}, {"question": "What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?", "answer": "Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish"}, {"question": "By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? ", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?", "answer": "Crusades"}, {"question": "What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? ", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?", "answer": "Judeo-French"}, {"question": "After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?", "answer": "Yiddish."}, {"question": "When did Jewish assimilation end?", "answer": "during the Crusades"}, {"question": "What happened to the Jews during the crusades?", "answer": "forcefully expelled from Germany"}, {"question": "What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?", "answer": "Congress of Vienna"}, {"question": "When was the Crimean War?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "When was Germany's unification? ", "answer": "1860s"}, {"question": "What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?", "answer": "Eduard Lasker"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "The Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?", "answer": "Austria and Prussia"}, {"question": "Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "In what decade was German unification?", "answer": "1860s"}, {"question": "Who was Eduard Lasker?", "answer": "a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?", "answer": "(Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz"}, {"question": "What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?", "answer": "Little Germany"}, {"question": "What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?", "answer": "non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire"}, {"question": "When did Austria and Prussia go to war?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Who won the battle of Koniggratz?", "answer": "Prussia"}, {"question": "What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?", "answer": "Little Germany"}, {"question": "What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??", "answer": "North German Confederation"}, {"question": "When did France attack Prussia? ", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "Who won the Franco-Prussian War?", "answer": "Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany"}, {"question": "When was the German Empire founded?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "What regions was excluded from the German Empire?", "answer": "effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy"}, {"question": "What was the primary religion of Germany?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "When was the German empire created?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "Who was excluded from the German Nation State?", "answer": "Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein"}, {"question": "What religion was a majority in Germany?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What did many people in Germany still want to do?", "answer": "Integrating the Austrians"}, {"question": "What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves \"German\"", "answer": "Adolf Hitler"}, {"question": "Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?", "answer": "The Swiss"}, {"question": "The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?", "answer": "ethnic Germans"}, {"question": "Who headed the Nazis?", "answer": "Adolf Hitler"}, {"question": "Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?", "answer": "The Swiss"}, {"question": "Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "When was the Peace of Westphalia?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?", "answer": "The Nazis"}, {"question": "With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?", "answer": "expelled the Germans"}, {"question": "How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled? ", "answer": "for centuries"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?", "answer": "12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens"}, {"question": "After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?", "answer": "westwards to allied-occupied Germany"}, {"question": "How many Germans were expelled after WWII?", "answer": "Between 12 and 16,5 million"}, {"question": "After what war were Germans expelled from their territories? ", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?", "answer": "allied-occupied Germany"}, {"question": "What is credited with the origins of the German identity?", "answer": "Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "How was early German culture developed?", "answer": "literary and religious figures"}, {"question": "What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?", "answer": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}, {"question": "When did the popularity of the German nation increase?", "answer": "aftermath of the French Revolution"}, {"question": "What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?", "answer": "Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "Who developed the concept of a German Nation?", "answer": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}, {"question": "When did the popularity of a German identity arise?", "answer": "in the aftermath of the French Revolution"}, {"question": "Who was Johann Herder?", "answer": "German philosopher"}, {"question": "Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?", "answer": "most German"}, {"question": "What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?", "answer": "Aussiedler"}, {"question": "What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?", "answer": "Restdeutsche"}, {"question": "What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?", "answer": "Auswanderer"}, {"question": "People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?", "answer": "most German"}, {"question": "Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?", "answer": "Aussiedler"}, {"question": "What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?", "answer": "Restdeutsche"}, {"question": "What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?", "answer": "Auswanderer"}, {"question": "What is the native language of Germans?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What languages is German related to?", "answer": "English and Dutch"}, {"question": "How many natives speak German?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What is the dominant language of science?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "How many German Americans are there?", "answer": "50 million"}, {"question": "How many Germans live in Brazil?", "answer": "5 million"}, {"question": "How many people in the world have German heritage?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?", "answer": "Albertus Magnus"}, {"question": "When was Leibniz an active philosopher?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?", "answer": "Kant"}, {"question": "In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?", "answer": "Engels"}, {"question": "When was the University of Berlin founded?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "Who discovered X-Rays?", "answer": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen"}, {"question": "Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?", "answer": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen"}, {"question": "In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "Where is the Walhalla temple located?", "answer": "Bavaria"}, {"question": "What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?", "answer": "David Hilbert and Max Planck"}, {"question": "From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?", "answer": "Austro-German"}, {"question": "Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?", "answer": "Beethoven"}, {"question": "In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?", "answer": "fourth largest"}, {"question": "What type of music was pioneered in Germany?", "answer": "trance"}, {"question": "What type of music does Kraftwerk make?", "answer": "electronic"}, {"question": "What is the largest music festival in Germany?", "answer": "Rock am Ring"}, {"question": "How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?", "answer": "up to 30,000"}, {"question": "Who was the original German cinematic?", "answer": "Max Skladanowsky"}, {"question": "What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?", "answer": "propaganda"}, {"question": "Who controls film production in the GDR?", "answer": "Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft"}, {"question": "When did German cinema come back internationally?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "In what year was the never ending story made?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?", "answer": "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film"}, {"question": "In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?", "answer": "yearly"}, {"question": "What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?", "answer": "1517"}, {"question": "During what years was the thirty year war?", "answer": "1618\u20131648"}, {"question": "Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism"}, {"question": "Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who was the thirty year war between?", "answer": "Protestants and Catholics"}, {"question": "What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?", "answer": "30.8"}, {"question": "What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?", "answer": "30.3"}, {"question": "What religion is the North and East part of Germany?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "Where is there a non-religious majority?", "answer": "Hamburg and the East German states"}, {"question": "How many Germans are members of sports clubs?", "answer": "27 million"}, {"question": "What is the most popular sport in Germany?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?", "answer": "German Football Federation"}, {"question": "How many members are in the German Football Federation?", "answer": "6.3 million"}, {"question": "What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "what percentage have a negative view of Germany?", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What movement came out of the French Revolution?", "answer": "Nationalism"}, {"question": "Who was threatened by Nationalism?", "answer": "aristocratic regimes"}, {"question": "Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?", "answer": "Romanovs and the Habsburgs"}, {"question": "Where was Johann Tillmann from?", "answer": "East Prussia"}, {"question": "Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?", "answer": "Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire"}, {"question": "When was the German Empire created?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "Who was Wilhelm I?", "answer": "head of a union of German-speaking states"}, {"question": "What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?", "answer": "influence and territory"}, {"question": "Which empire was a multi ethnic state?", "answer": "The Austrian Empire"}, {"question": "What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?", "answer": "treaty of Versailles"}, {"question": "Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Volga Germans"}, {"question": "What name did Rump-Austria adopt?", "answer": "German-Austria"}, {"question": "What is the German translation for German-Austria?", "answer": "Deutsch\u00f6sterreich"}, {"question": "What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?", "answer": "78"}, {"question": "Where does Eugen Buss work?", "answer": "University of Hohenheim"}, {"question": "Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?", "answer": "Radek Sikorski"}, {"question": "What are Germans trying to forget?", "answer": "Nazi past"}, {"question": "What are Germans trying to focus on?", "answer": "Prussian history"}, {"question": "Who is Europe's strongest economy?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?", "answer": "Papua New Guinea"}, {"question": "What does ASEAN mean?", "answer": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"}, {"question": "Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?", "answer": "Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}, {"question": "Which state is not a member of ASEAN?", "answer": "East Timor"}, {"question": "Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?", "answer": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands"}, {"question": "Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?", "answer": "Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India"}, {"question": "Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?", "answer": "Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands"}, {"question": "When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?", "answer": "2000 BC"}, {"question": "Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?", "answer": "coastal areas"}, {"question": "Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?", "answer": "Homo floresiensis"}, {"question": "How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?", "answer": "12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?", "answer": "Jawa Dwipa"}, {"question": "Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?", "answer": "Indian traders"}, {"question": "The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?", "answer": "abundant forest and maritime products"}, {"question": "Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?", "answer": "Hinduism and Buddhism"}, {"question": "Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?", "answer": "merchants from China"}, {"question": "Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?", "answer": "The Majapahit Empire"}, {"question": "Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?", "answer": "Hayam Wuruk"}, {"question": "How long did the Majapahit Empire last?", "answer": "1293 to around 1500"}, {"question": "How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?", "answer": "parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines"}, {"question": "Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?", "answer": "Srivijaya kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?", "answer": "Sangrama Vijayatungavarman"}, {"question": "Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?", "answer": "Phra Ong Mahawangsa"}, {"question": "Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?", "answer": "Hamka"}, {"question": "Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?", "answer": "Admiral Zheng He"}, {"question": "In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?", "answer": "Malacca Sultanate"}, {"question": "Where did the traders from Yemen settle?", "answer": "Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia"}, {"question": "Which missionary helped to spread Islam?", "answer": "The Sufi missionaries"}, {"question": "Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?", "answer": "Imperial Japan"}, {"question": "According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?", "answer": "4 to 10 million"}, {"question": "What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?", "answer": "Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour"}, {"question": "Who defeated Japan during the World War II?", "answer": "The Allied powers"}, {"question": "Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?", "answer": "volcanically active"}, {"question": "What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "tropical\u2013hot and humid"}, {"question": "Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?", "answer": "Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?", "answer": "Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas"}, {"question": "What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?", "answer": "The tropical rain belt"}, {"question": "What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?", "answer": "seasonal shift in winds or monsoon"}, {"question": "Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?", "answer": "Wallace Line"}, {"question": "What region comprises of the Wallacea?", "answer": "The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua"}, {"question": "Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "Which species in Java face extinction?", "answer": "Javan rhinoceros"}, {"question": "What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?", "answer": "impact of human activity on the region's environment."}, {"question": "Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?", "answer": "Raja Ampat"}, {"question": "Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?", "answer": "Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea."}, {"question": "Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?", "answer": "The Coral Triangle"}, {"question": "Name the largest species of fish in the world.", "answer": "The whale shark"}, {"question": "What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "Where has haze been predominant?", "answer": "Sumatra and Borneo"}, {"question": "How is a haze formed?", "answer": "caused by \"slash and burn\" activities"}, {"question": "What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?", "answer": "Transboundary Haze Pollution"}, {"question": "When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "1997 and 2006"}, {"question": "Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?", "answer": "pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg"}, {"question": "Who developed the spice trade initially?", "answer": "Indian and Arab merchants"}, {"question": "Which European traders moved into Indonesia?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?", "answer": "Communist Revolution"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?", "answer": "the bamboo network"}, {"question": "What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "Oil reserves"}, {"question": "Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?", "answer": "Vietnam"}, {"question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?", "answer": "Cambodia"}, {"question": "According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?", "answer": "UNESCO"}, {"question": "Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?", "answer": "Singapore"}, {"question": "From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?", "answer": "4,000,000 km2"}, {"question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?", "answer": "Java"}, {"question": "name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.", "answer": "the Javanese"}, {"question": "Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?", "answer": "Javanese and Sundanese"}, {"question": "The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?", "answer": "Malaysia"}, {"question": "Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "Which is Asia's largest christian nation?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?", "answer": "Thailand and Indonesia"}, {"question": "Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "What is practiced in Vietnam?", "answer": "Vietnam"}, {"question": "Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?", "answer": "Brunei"}, {"question": "Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?", "answer": "Singapore"}, {"question": "Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?", "answer": "into their court"}, {"question": "Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?", "answer": "Apsara Dance"}, {"question": "The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?", "answer": "Indian Hinduism"}, {"question": "What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?", "answer": "Puppetry and shadow plays"}, {"question": "Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "answer": "The wayang kulit"}, {"question": "Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?", "answer": "the life of the gods"}, {"question": "Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?", "answer": "Tai"}, {"question": "According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?", "answer": "life of the peoples themselves"}, {"question": "Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?", "answer": "palm leaf"}, {"question": "What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?", "answer": "abugidas"}, {"question": "What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?", "answer": "copperplate scrolls"}, {"question": "In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?", "answer": "longitudinally"}, {"question": "The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?", "answer": "twine"}, {"question": "How many students attend BYU on campus?", "answer": "29,672"}, {"question": "How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?", "answer": "99 percent"}, {"question": "What portion of students are native Utah residents?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "Where is Brigham Young University?", "answer": "Provo, Utah"}, {"question": "How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?", "answer": "29,672"}, {"question": "Where is BYU's main campus?", "answer": "Provo, Utah"}, {"question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?", "answer": "Approximately 99 percent"}, {"question": "How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?", "answer": "the third largest"}, {"question": "What does LDS stand for?", "answer": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"}, {"question": "Who owns and operates Brigham University?", "answer": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"}, {"question": "For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?", "answer": "to serve as Mormon missionaries"}, {"question": "What is the source of much of BYU's funding?", "answer": "the church's tithing funds"}, {"question": "How many women at BYU do missionary work?", "answer": "33 percent"}, {"question": "What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?", "answer": "two-years"}, {"question": "What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?", "answer": "LDS teachings"}, {"question": "What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?", "answer": "the church's tithing funds"}, {"question": "What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "answer": "88"}, {"question": "What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?", "answer": "less expensive"}, {"question": "What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?", "answer": "drugs and alcohol"}, {"question": "What is BYU's main focal point?", "answer": "undergraduate education"}, {"question": "What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What institution controls BYU?", "answer": "Church Educational System"}, {"question": "Where are BYU's sibling schools located?", "answer": "Hawaii and Idaho"}, {"question": "How many master's programs does BYU have?", "answer": "68"}, {"question": "How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is BYU's parent organization?", "answer": "the Church Educational System (CES)"}, {"question": "Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?", "answer": "Hawaii and Idaho"}, {"question": "When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired?", "answer": "October 16, 1875"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for acquiring BYU's first building?", "answer": "Brigham Young"}, {"question": "Where was Brigham  Young's school originally believed to be located?", "answer": "Draper, Utah"}, {"question": "Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located?", "answer": "Warren Dusenberry"}, {"question": "What year can BYU's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school?", "answer": "Brigham Young"}, {"question": "What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?", "answer": "atheistic"}, {"question": "What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU?", "answer": "children of the Latter-day Saints"}, {"question": "What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?", "answer": "University of Deseret"}, {"question": "When did BYU first open its doors to students?", "answer": "January 3, 1876"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the school for its first few months?", "answer": "Warren Dusenberry"}, {"question": "When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?", "answer": "July 18, 1896"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?", "answer": "Benjamin Cluff, Jr"}, {"question": "Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?", "answer": "University of Deseret"}, {"question": "Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?", "answer": "Karl Maeser"}, {"question": "What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?", "answer": "a university"}, {"question": "Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?", "answer": "members of the community"}, {"question": "What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?", "answer": "\"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\""}, {"question": "In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?", "answer": "Temple Hill"}, {"question": "How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?", "answer": "forty"}, {"question": "What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?", "answer": "evolution"}, {"question": "Who was chosen to head BYU?", "answer": "George H. Brimhall"}, {"question": "In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?", "answer": "Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University"}, {"question": "Who we responsible for the giant \"Y\" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?", "answer": "BY High School class of 1907"}, {"question": "At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?", "answer": "forty"}, {"question": "What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?", "answer": "the theory of evolution"}, {"question": "What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?", "answer": "Temple Hill"}, {"question": "What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?", "answer": "doctoral degree"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?", "answer": "Franklin S. Harris"}, {"question": "What was purchased to accommodate more students?", "answer": "an Air Force Base"}, {"question": "Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?", "answer": "Ernest L. Wilkinson"}, {"question": "How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?", "answer": "nearly five times"}, {"question": "What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?", "answer": "doctoral"}, {"question": "Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?", "answer": "Franklin S. Harris"}, {"question": "What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?", "answer": "the Second World War had just ended"}, {"question": "How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?", "answer": "six times"}, {"question": "How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?", "answer": "Jeffrey R. Holland"}, {"question": "Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?", "answer": "Rex E. Lee"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?", "answer": "Merrill J. Bateman"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?", "answer": "Dallin H. Oaks"}, {"question": "What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?", "answer": "its religious nature"}, {"question": "Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?", "answer": "cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run"}, {"question": "What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?", "answer": "its religious nature"}, {"question": "What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?", "answer": "BYU Jerusalem Center"}, {"question": "What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?", "answer": "the September 11th attacks"}, {"question": "What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?", "answer": "the Western Athletic Conference"}, {"question": "In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "Who replaced Bateman's successor?", "answer": "Kevin J Worthen"}, {"question": "What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?", "answer": "satellite"}, {"question": "What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?", "answer": "led the student body in a prayer for peace"}, {"question": "What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?", "answer": "Harold B. Lee Library"}, {"question": "What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?", "answer": "the Mountain West Conference"}, {"question": "Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?", "answer": "the Western Athletic Conference"}, {"question": "What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?", "answer": "3.82"}, {"question": "What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?", "answer": "78"}, {"question": "What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?", "answer": "26th"}, {"question": "How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?", "answer": "88"}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah?", "answer": "Forbes Magazine"}, {"question": "Who designated BYU as having high research activity?", "answer": "Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching"}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007?", "answer": "The Princeton Review"}, {"question": "Where was BYU  ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?", "answer": "U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup"}, {"question": "In 2008-2009, how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs?", "answer": "No. 10"}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?", "answer": "BusinessWeek"}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?", "answer": "The Wall Street Journal"}, {"question": "Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?", "answer": "No. 3"}, {"question": "Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?", "answer": "Wall Street Journal"}, {"question": "How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?", "answer": "No. 92"}, {"question": "Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?", "answer": "College of Engineering"}, {"question": "What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?", "answer": "the electronic television"}, {"question": "Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?", "answer": "Tracy Hall"}, {"question": "What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?", "answer": "a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press"}, {"question": "Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?", "answer": "Magnetic Lasso"}, {"question": "What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?", "answer": "Over three quarters"}, {"question": "What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?", "answer": "45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church"}, {"question": "How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?", "answer": "over 60"}, {"question": "What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?", "answer": "largest of their kind in the nation"}, {"question": "Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?", "answer": "United States Department of Education"}, {"question": "How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?", "answer": "Nearly 2,000"}, {"question": "How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?", "answer": "number one"}, {"question": "Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?", "answer": "BYU Jerusalem Center"}, {"question": "When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?", "answer": "Winter 2007 semester"}, {"question": "What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?", "answer": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict"}, {"question": "What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?", "answer": "BYU's International Cinema"}, {"question": "What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?", "answer": "Foreign Language Student Residence"}, {"question": "As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?", "answer": "only their chosen foreign language"}, {"question": "How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?", "answer": "at least one"}, {"question": "Which BYU building features films in several languages?", "answer": "International Cinema"}, {"question": "In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what?", "answer": "contradicts or opposes"}, {"question": "What cannot be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "answer": "Honor Code"}, {"question": "How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "answer": "several"}, {"question": "Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por?", "answer": "The American Association of University Professors"}, {"question": "Which system is BYU part of?", "answer": "Church Educational System of LDS Church"}, {"question": "Who acts as chairman of BYU?", "answer": "President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson)"}, {"question": "What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to?", "answer": "Church Board of Education"}, {"question": "When did BYU have a separate board of trustees?", "answer": "Prior to 1939"}, {"question": "How does the President of BYU report to the Board?", "answer": "through the Commissioner of Education"}, {"question": "Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?", "answer": "there is no Spring break"}, {"question": "How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?", "answer": "Juris"}, {"question": "What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?", "answer": "Winter semester ends earlier than most universities"}, {"question": "How many buildings are on BYU's main campus?", "answer": "295"}, {"question": "How many acres are included in BYU's main campus?", "answer": "approximately 560"}, {"question": "Where is BYU's main campus located?", "answer": "Provo, Utah"}, {"question": "How many miles of shelving are in BYU's Harold B. Lee Library?", "answer": "98"}, {"question": "Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost, Utah?", "answer": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower"}, {"question": "Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West?", "answer": "Museum of Art"}, {"question": "How many photographs are in BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU's Museum of Paleontology?", "answer": "BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen"}, {"question": "From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from?", "answer": "Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)"}, {"question": "How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year?", "answer": "about 25,000"}, {"question": "How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?", "answer": "1282"}, {"question": "What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?", "answer": "The Pardoe Theatre"}, {"question": "What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?", "answer": "The Margetts Theatre"}, {"question": "Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?", "answer": "one of BYU's first drama teachers"}, {"question": "What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?", "answer": "experimental"}, {"question": "What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?", "answer": "energy efficiency of its buildings"}, {"question": "Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?", "answer": "BYU Recycles"}, {"question": "How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?", "answer": "zero"}, {"question": "What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?", "answer": "fluorescent"}, {"question": "What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?", "answer": "Ballroom Dance Company"}, {"question": "What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years?", "answer": "NDCA National DanceSport"}, {"question": "How is BYU's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide?", "answer": "the largest"}, {"question": "What types of dancing are performed by BYU's The Living Legends?", "answer": "Latin, Native American, and Polynesian"}, {"question": "How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What is the name of BYU's fight song?", "answer": "Cougar Fight Song"}, {"question": "Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?", "answer": "many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years"}, {"question": "When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?", "answer": "honor code"}, {"question": "What is the stated mission of BYU?", "answer": "\"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\""}, {"question": "What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?", "answer": "the Spirit of God"}, {"question": "What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?", "answer": "religious and secular"}, {"question": "What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?", "answer": "\"The Lord's university\""}, {"question": "Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname \"The Lord's University\" in the past?", "answer": "some students and faculty"}, {"question": "What perception do some feel that the nickname \"The Lord's University\" gives about university officials?", "answer": "always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted"}, {"question": "What do the leaders of BYU say \"The Lord's University\" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?", "answer": "more a goal"}, {"question": "What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?", "answer": "religiously active"}, {"question": "Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?", "answer": "an ecclesiastic leader"}, {"question": "How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?", "answer": "Over 900"}, {"question": "How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?", "answer": "More than 150"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How long is a full-time mission for males?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "How long is a full-time mission for females?", "answer": "18 months"}, {"question": "What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?", "answer": "97"}, {"question": "What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?", "answer": "Domestic Organization"}, {"question": "When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?", "answer": "about 1940"}, {"question": "What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?", "answer": "cases of cheating and academic dishonesty"}, {"question": "In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?", "answer": "all students, faculty, and staff"}, {"question": "How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?", "answer": "14th in the nation"}, {"question": "What parts of the sometimes \"too nice\" BYU culture is often caricatured?", "answer": "marrying early and being very conservative"}, {"question": "What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?", "answer": "amplification of"}, {"question": "What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?", "answer": "emphasizing a \"marriage culture\""}, {"question": "What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?", "answer": "Approximately 51"}, {"question": "What is the national marriage average among college graduates?", "answer": "11 percent"}, {"question": "What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?", "answer": "marriage within the faith"}, {"question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?", "answer": "The Princeton Review"}, {"question": "How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?", "answer": "proud"}, {"question": "How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?", "answer": "about 1/10"}, {"question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?", "answer": "Business Insider"}, {"question": "What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?", "answer": "culturally conservative"}, {"question": "How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?", "answer": "BYU Television International"}, {"question": "Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?", "answer": "BYUtv"}, {"question": "What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?", "answer": "Nobel Prize winner"}, {"question": "What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?", "answer": "the hearing aid"}, {"question": "Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?", "answer": "Gymboree"}, {"question": "What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?", "answer": "two time world's most influential business thinker"}, {"question": "Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Paul D. Boyer"}, {"question": "Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?", "answer": "BYU"}, {"question": "Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes"}, {"question": "Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Jane Clayson Johnson"}, {"question": "Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?", "answer": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes"}, {"question": "Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Art Rascon"}, {"question": "Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107"}, {"question": "Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Ty Detmer"}, {"question": "Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Jim McMahon"}, {"question": "Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?", "answer": "Mike Weir"}, {"question": "Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?", "answer": "Johnny Miller"}, {"question": "What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?", "answer": "clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods"}, {"question": "Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? ", "answer": "discounters"}, {"question": "What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?", "answer": "online stores such as Amazon."}, {"question": "Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?", "answer": "at sales counters within each department."}, {"question": "When did the idea of a \"consumer society\" begin? ", "answer": "at the turn of the 19th century."}, {"question": "What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? ", "answer": "the affluent middle-class"}, {"question": "Who was Josiah Wedgewood?", "answer": "entrepreneurs"}, {"question": "What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?", "answer": "urbanized social group"}, {"question": "What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? ", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? ", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? ", "answer": "Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)"}, {"question": "What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? ", "answer": "House of Fraser"}, {"question": "What year did the Manchester institution begin?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? ", "answer": "Harrods"}, {"question": "Who founded Selfridges in 1909?", "answer": "Harry Gordon Selfridge"}, {"question": "What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? ", "answer": "the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity"}, {"question": "How was the store most often presented to the public? ", "answer": "paid advertising"}, {"question": "What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?", "answer": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits"}, {"question": "What were the origins of the Paris department store? ", "answer": "magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s"}, {"question": "What year was the first Paris department store founded? ", "answer": "1784"}, {"question": "What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?", "answer": "C\u00e9sar Birotteau"}, {"question": "What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? ", "answer": "the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought"}, {"question": "Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?", "answer": "newspapers"}, {"question": "What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? ", "answer": "Au Bon March\u00e9"}, {"question": "Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?", "answer": "Aristide Boucicaut"}, {"question": "What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? ", "answer": "increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860"}, {"question": "What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872", "answer": "Gustave Eiffel"}, {"question": "What was Boucicaut most widely known for? ", "answer": "marketing innovations"}, {"question": "Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? ", "answer": "the northern part of Paris"}, {"question": "What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? ", "answer": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities"}, {"question": "What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? ", "answer": "bourgeois stores"}, {"question": "How were these stores different than most during that time?", "answer": "transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods"}, {"question": "What is recognized as the \"first\" department store in America?", "answer": "Arnold, Constable"}, {"question": "Who founded Arnold, Constable? ", "answer": "Aaron Arnold"}, {"question": "Where was the store moved in 1857?", "answer": "a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House."}, {"question": "What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? ", "answer": "was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis"}, {"question": "When was the \"Palace of Trade\" built? ", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "Where was the \"Marble Palace\" built in 1846?", "answer": "on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets"}, {"question": "What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? ", "answer": "\"free entrance\" to all potential customers."}, {"question": "How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?", "answer": "nineteen"}, {"question": "What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?", "answer": "cash and not credit"}, {"question": "What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? ", "answer": "waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases"}, {"question": "Who opened the original \"modern\" department store in America?", "answer": "John Wanamaker"}, {"question": "What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? ", "answer": "fixed prices marked on every article"}, {"question": "How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? ", "answer": "pneumatic tubes"}, {"question": "When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? ", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "In what state was Wanamakers established? ", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "In what year was Marshall Field and company established? ", "answer": "1852"}, {"question": "When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? ", "answer": "9 September 2006"}, {"question": "What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?", "answer": "exceptional customer service"}, {"question": "Where was Marshall's European buying office located? ", "answer": "Manchester, England"}, {"question": "What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? ", "answer": "personal shopper"}, {"question": "What occupation did David Jones have?", "answer": "merchant"}, {"question": "Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? ", "answer": "in London"}, {"question": "Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?", "answer": "Sydney"}, {"question": "What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? ", "answer": "Appleton & Jones"}, {"question": "When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "What were some of the original Australian department stores? ", "answer": "Grace Bros. and Waltons"}, {"question": "When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? ", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? ", "answer": "Bendigo, Victoria"}, {"question": "What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? ", "answer": "up-market chains"}, {"question": "What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? ", "answer": "Venture"}, {"question": "What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? ", "answer": "the fur trade"}, {"question": "What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?", "answer": "Zellers"}, {"question": "How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? ", "answer": "160"}, {"question": "Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? ", "answer": "Walmart"}, {"question": "What is one type of competition department stores face? ", "answer": "specialist stores"}, {"question": "What types of stores have created even more competition? ", "answer": "superstores"}, {"question": "What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?", "answer": "residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs"}, {"question": "In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What began the influx of Chinese department stores?", "answer": "opening policy in 1979"}, {"question": "What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?", "answer": "Zhejiang province"}, {"question": "What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?", "answer": "Jinying"}, {"question": "How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? ", "answer": "by listing in the financial market."}, {"question": "What year did Lane Crawford open? ", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "Who established Lane Crawford? ", "answer": "Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford"}, {"question": "What was the store's original target customer base?", "answer": "visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families"}, {"question": "Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? ", "answer": "Ma Ying Piu"}, {"question": "What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? ", "answer": "Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906)."}, {"question": "Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? ", "answer": "Magasin"}, {"question": "Where is Magasin's \"flagship\" store located? ", "answer": "Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen"}, {"question": "How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? ", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are two main department stores in France?", "answer": "Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps"}, {"question": "What year was the first department store open in France? ", "answer": "1852"}, {"question": "Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?", "answer": "LVMH"}, {"question": "What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? ", "answer": "La Samaritaine"}, {"question": "What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?", "answer": "BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)"}, {"question": "What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? ", "answer": "London, Paris and New York."}, {"question": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?", "answer": "Karstadt"}, {"question": "What major department store operates in Berlin? ", "answer": "KaDeWe"}, {"question": "What store is a part of the Metro AG?", "answer": "GALERIA Kaufhof"}, {"question": "Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?", "answer": "Singapore and Sogo from Japan"}, {"question": "When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? ", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? ", "answer": "Pacific Place Mall"}, {"question": "Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?", "answer": "PT. Mitra Adiperkasa."}, {"question": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? ", "answer": "Harvey Nichols"}, {"question": "What store did Parkson buy in 2011? ", "answer": "Centro Department Store"}, {"question": "Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?", "answer": "Medan"}, {"question": "Who did Lotte partner with? ", "answer": "Ciputra Group"}, {"question": "Where is the \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" located? ", "answer": "Ciputra World Jakarta complex"}, {"question": "What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? ", "answer": "Lotte Mart"}, {"question": "When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?", "answer": "mid-nineteenth century."}, {"question": "What department store was founded in 1853?", "answer": "Delany's New Mart"}, {"question": "In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? ", "answer": "Dublin"}, {"question": "What was Delany's originally called? ", "answer": "Monster House"}, {"question": "In what year was the store destroyed? ", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?", "answer": "El Palacio de Hierro"}, {"question": "What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? ", "answer": "Sanborns"}, {"question": "What company operates Sears Mexico? ", "answer": "Grupo Carso"}, {"question": "What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? ", "answer": "Coppel and Elektra"}, {"question": "What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? ", "answer": "high-end and luxury items"}, {"question": "What city is Arthur Barnett in? ", "answer": "Dunedin"}, {"question": "Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?", "answer": "Invercargill"}, {"question": "Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? ", "answer": "Southland"}, {"question": "When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? ", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "How did Panama's department stores originally begin? ", "answer": "as textile retailers"}, {"question": "When did Panama's Department stores first start? ", "answer": "at the turn of the nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What department store is often called \"Felix\" by the local population? ", "answer": "Felix B. Maduro"}, {"question": "What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? ", "answer": "Cocos"}, {"question": "When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? ", "answer": "Henry Hoskyn"}, {"question": "Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  ", "answer": "Manila"}, {"question": "What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? ", "answer": "Battle of Manila in 1945"}, {"question": "When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? ", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?", "answer": "La New York"}, {"question": "When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? ", "answer": "March 2015"}, {"question": "How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?", "answer": "100 tenants"}, {"question": "What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? ", "answer": "Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue"}, {"question": "When was Saint Petersburg established? ", "answer": "early 18th century"}, {"question": "Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? ", "answer": "Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor"}, {"question": "What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?", "answer": "Dostoyevsky"}, {"question": "What historical site still operates within the mall? ", "answer": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre"}, {"question": "What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? ", "answer": "State Department Stores (GUM)"}, {"question": "When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? ", "answer": "late 1920s"}, {"question": "Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? ", "answer": "Lenin"}, {"question": "When did they first establish the organization?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "Where is the most notable Russian department store located?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "In what city is the Passage located?", "answer": "St. Petersburg"}, {"question": "What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?", "answer": "Behind Store Window"}, {"question": "When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? ", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What department store chain operates the most stores? ", "answer": "Lotte Department Store"}, {"question": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" most often associated with?", "answer": "South Korea"}, {"question": "What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?", "answer": "Shinsegae department store"}, {"question": "Where is the largest department store in the world located?", "answer": "Centum City, Busan"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first Spanish department store?", "answer": "Almacenes el Siglo"}, {"question": "When was the first Spanish department store opened? ", "answer": "October 1881"}, {"question": "What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? ", "answer": "El Corte Ingl\u00e9s"}, {"question": "When was El Corte Ingles established? ", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? ", "answer": "Bainbridge"}, {"question": "What is the world's oldest department store? ", "answer": "John Lewis Newcastle"}, {"question": "Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? ", "answer": "Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge"}, {"question": "What was the location of the first store? ", "answer": "Market Street, Newcastle"}, {"question": "When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?", "answer": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner"}, {"question": "Where was the store located? ", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "How long did the store operate for? ", "answer": "over 200 years"}, {"question": "Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? ", "answer": "House of Fraser"}, {"question": "When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? ", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? ", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? ", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?", "answer": "1452"}, {"question": "What demographic were most stores focusing on?", "answer": "middle-class audience"}, {"question": "What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?", "answer": "Sears"}, {"question": "How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?", "answer": "595"}, {"question": "In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What was the store called in Southfield? ", "answer": "Northland Center"}, {"question": "In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? ", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?", "answer": "Federated Department Stores"}, {"question": "What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?", "answer": "Macy's"}, {"question": "Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?", "answer": "George Dayton"}, {"question": "In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? ", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "When was the Southdale Center opened? ", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?", "answer": "Mervyn's"}, {"question": "In what year did Horne began doing business?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "In what city did Horne begin their operations?", "answer": "Pittsburgh"}, {"question": "What company purchased Horne's in 1972?", "answer": "Associated Dry Goods"}, {"question": "How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?", "answer": "the North German Confederation"}, {"question": "When was the Paris Convention?", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "When was the Berne Convention?", "answer": "1886"}, {"question": "When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "What name did the merged secretariats adopt?", "answer": "United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property"}, {"question": "When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?", "answer": "October 1845"}, {"question": "Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?", "answer": "Massachusetts Circuit Court"}, {"question": "Who wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property\"?", "answer": "Justice Charles L. Woodbury"}, {"question": "What year did the \"discoveries are property\" concept appear in French law?", "answer": "1791"}, {"question": "When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?", "answer": "Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)"}, {"question": "When did Jewish law recognize copyright?", "answer": "in the 16th century"}, {"question": "When did Sybaris offer patents?", "answer": "500 BCE"}, {"question": "How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "Who grants a patent?", "answer": "the government"}, {"question": "Who is a patent granted to?", "answer": "an inventor"}, {"question": "How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "An invention is a solution to what type of problem?", "answer": "technological"}, {"question": "What is a patent offered in exchange for?", "answer": "public disclosure of the invention"}, {"question": "What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?", "answer": "Promote progress."}, {"question": "What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?", "answer": "create and disclose their work"}, {"question": "Which view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property?", "answer": "absolute protection or full value"}, {"question": "Which recent law stresses international harmonization?", "answer": "America Invents Act"}, {"question": "How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?", "answer": "more than US$5 trillion"}, {"question": "How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?", "answer": "18 million"}, {"question": "Where has IP become a recognised asset class?", "answer": "the UK"}, {"question": "How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?", "answer": "millions"}, {"question": "What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?", "answer": "Patent infringement"}, {"question": "Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?", "answer": "in the US"}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?", "answer": "civil"}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?", "answer": "criminal"}, {"question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?", "answer": "criminal"}, {"question": "When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?", "answer": "May 2011"}, {"question": "Which countries signed ACTA?", "answer": "United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU"}, {"question": "Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?", "answer": "fair use and fair dealing"}, {"question": "What is the common term for copyright infringement?", "answer": "piracy"}, {"question": "What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?", "answer": "Trademark infringement"}, {"question": "What does registering a trademark provide?", "answer": "legal advantages for enforcement"}, {"question": "Where is a trademark protected without registration?", "answer": "In many countries"}, {"question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?", "answer": "civil litigation"}, {"question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?", "answer": "criminal law"}, {"question": "Which type of intellectual property is secret?", "answer": "trade secrets"}, {"question": "What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?", "answer": "Uniform Trade Secrets Act"}, {"question": "What US federal law protects trade secrets?", "answer": "Economic Espionage Act"}, {"question": "Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "answer": "an equitable right"}, {"question": "US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "answer": "a property right"}, {"question": "Which term is criticized as vague?", "answer": "intellectual property"}, {"question": "What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?", "answer": "specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc."}, {"question": "Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?", "answer": "semantic"}, {"question": "Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?", "answer": "intellectual property"}, {"question": "Who founded the Free Software Foundation?", "answer": "Richard Stallman"}, {"question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?", "answer": "Richard Stallman"}, {"question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' \"operates as a catch-all\"?", "answer": "Richard Stallman"}, {"question": "How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?", "answer": "in the singular"}, {"question": "Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?", "answer": "copyright"}, {"question": "What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?", "answer": "the printing press"}, {"question": "What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?", "answer": "copyright"}, {"question": "What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?", "answer": "property rights and free speech"}, {"question": "Who pointed out that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\"?", "answer": "Stallman"}, {"question": "Who is one advocate of copyleft?", "answer": "Lawrence Lessig"}, {"question": "Who has objected to the idea of IP because \"property\" implies scarcity?", "answer": "Stephan Kinsella"}, {"question": "Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?", "answer": "tangible"}, {"question": "How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?", "answer": "indefinitely"}, {"question": "What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?", "answer": "health"}, {"question": "IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?", "answer": "the masses"}, {"question": "Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?", "answer": "the public"}, {"question": "Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?", "answer": "patent"}, {"question": "What type of monopolies does IP create?", "answer": "intellectual"}, {"question": "Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?", "answer": "World Intellectual Property Organization"}, {"question": "When was a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" issued?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\"?", "answer": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"}, {"question": "Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?", "answer": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"}, {"question": "When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?", "answer": "socially valuable"}, {"question": "What is an example of socially valuable goods?", "answer": "life-saving medicines"}, {"question": "What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?", "answer": "the marginal cost of production"}, {"question": "Who might a higher price exclude from the market?", "answer": "anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product"}, {"question": "What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?", "answer": "community creativity"}, {"question": "What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?", "answer": "indigenous cultural \"property\""}, {"question": "Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?", "answer": "written"}, {"question": "What is the American film industry's trade organization?", "answer": "Motion Picture Association of America"}, {"question": "The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?", "answer": "film"}, {"question": "Which country is the world's largest producer of films?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?", "answer": "intellectual-property"}, {"question": "What does the recording industry call piracy?", "answer": "copyright infringement"}, {"question": "What type of company was Napster?", "answer": "file-sharing"}, {"question": "What law enforces digital rights management systems?", "answer": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"}, {"question": "Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?", "answer": "Article 6 and 7"}, {"question": "When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?", "answer": "common law"}, {"question": "What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?", "answer": "trademark"}, {"question": "What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?", "answer": "a trademark"}, {"question": "What does Florida stand for ", "answer": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\")"}, {"question": "What states border Florida ", "answer": "to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida"}, {"question": "What is the state capital of Florida ", "answer": "Tallahassee is the state capital"}, {"question": "Where does Florida rank in US population ", "answer": "the 3rd most populous"}, {"question": "What city has the most people in Florida ", "answer": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida"}, {"question": "What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US ", "answer": "it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles"}, {"question": "What level is most of the land in florida ", "answer": "Much of the state is at or near sea level"}, {"question": "What is the florida climate ", "answer": "The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south"}, {"question": "Some animals and reptiles native to Florida ", "answer": "American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee"}, {"question": "Name a National Park in Florida ", "answer": "Everglades National Park"}, {"question": "What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539 ", "answer": "Hernando de Soto"}, {"question": "Who established early settlements in Florida ", "answer": "Both the Spanish and French established settlements"}, {"question": "Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida ", "answer": "Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano"}, {"question": "What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida ", "answer": "Native ancestors of the Seminole"}, {"question": "What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida ", "answer": "Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more"}, {"question": "What did Spain trade Florida for", "answer": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba"}, {"question": "Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba ", "answer": "Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba"}, {"question": "What road did the British construct ", "answer": "the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia"}, {"question": "What river does the Kings road cross ", "answer": "the St. Johns River"}, {"question": "What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida ", "answer": "British East Florida and British West Florida"}, {"question": "Who was given Florida land grants ", "answer": "officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement"}, {"question": "Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from ", "answer": "coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda"}, {"question": "The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as ", "answer": "what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County"}, {"question": "What did the Colonist cultivate ", "answer": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber"}, {"question": "What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida ", "answer": "British governors were directed to call general assemblies"}, {"question": "Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence ", "answer": "Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence"}, {"question": "Who did Florida side with during the revolution", "answer": "Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution."}, {"question": "What legal system is still used by florida ", "answer": "English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government"}, {"question": "Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from ", "answer": "English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina"}, {"question": "Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as ", "answer": "Florida Crackers"}, {"question": "Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements ", "answer": "Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers"}, {"question": "What led to the rebellion in 1810 ", "answer": "Spanish rule"}, {"question": "What did the rebellion lead to ", "answer": "the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23"}, {"question": "What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag", "answer": "a single white star on a blue field"}, {"question": "What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion", "answer": "Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge"}, {"question": "Where did Seminole Indians raid ", "answer": "Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements"}, {"question": "Who did the Indians offer haven to", "answer": "runaway slaves"}, {"question": "What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now ", "answer": "First Seminole War"}, {"question": "Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary", "answer": "orida had become \"a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage"}, {"question": "Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US ", "answer": "Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US ", "answer": "Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, which took effect in 1821"}, {"question": "Which president was given control of Florida ", "answer": "James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance"}, {"question": "When did East and West Florida Merge ", "answer": "On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory"}, {"question": "What was an issue in the early 1800's ", "answer": "Indian removal was a significant issue"}, {"question": "What did congress pass in 1830 ", "answer": "In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act"}, {"question": "Who did Seminoles harbor ", "answer": "runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty of 1832", "answer": "Treaty of Payne's Landing"}, {"question": "What did Paynes Landing promiss", "answer": "the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time."}, {"question": "What tempers the Florida Climate ", "answer": "somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean"}, {"question": "What divides Florida two climates ", "answer": "Lake Okeechobee"}, {"question": "What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July ", "answer": "Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s"}, {"question": "Low temperatures in Florida average ", "answer": "mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137 \u00b0C) in northern Florida to above 60 \u00b0F (16 \u00b0C) from Miami on southward"}, {"question": "The average daily temperature in Miami", "answer": "With an average daily temperature of 70.7 \u00b0F (21.5 \u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the country"}, {"question": "What is Florida's nickname ", "answer": "Sunshine State"}, {"question": "What is central Florida known as ", "answer": "lightning capital of the United States"}, {"question": "Hours of annual sunshine in florida ", "answer": "2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually"}, {"question": "What posses a threat each year to Florida ", "answer": "Hurricanes pose a severe threat"}, {"question": "What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida ", "answer": "category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas"}, {"question": "How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006 ", "answer": "Florida was struck by 114"}, {"question": "What is found in Florida ", "answer": "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs"}, {"question": "What did the last glacial period provide ", "answer": "lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna."}, {"question": "What are the Everglades ", "answer": "an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula"}, {"question": "How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently ", "answer": "Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010"}, {"question": "What is the population of Florida ", "answer": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015"}, {"question": "Where did florida rank in population growth ", "answer": "Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state"}, {"question": "What is the center of the Florida population", "answer": "Polk County since the 1960 census"}, {"question": "What state did Florida pass in population recently ", "answer": "surpassing the population of the state of New York"}, {"question": "How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws ", "answer": "Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws."}, {"question": "What doe s the law require for criminals ", "answer": "felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges"}, {"question": "Who does this law effect most ", "answer": "this law has disproportionate effects for minorities"}, {"question": "How does it effect elections ", "answer": "one in ten Floridians \u2013 and nearly one in four African-American Floridians \u2013 are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population considers themselves American ", "answer": "6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry"}, {"question": "In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was ", "answer": "largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry"}, {"question": "How far back did some of the Ancestry go ", "answer": "back to the original thirteen colonies."}, {"question": "As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic ", "answer": "those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population"}, {"question": "What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970 ", "answer": "In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population"}, {"question": "What do many white long term floridian families identify with ", "answer": "long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as \"Florida crackers"}, {"question": "Most  white  Florida Immigrants descend from ", "answer": "mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic ", "answer": "Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population"}, {"question": "What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida ", "answer": "Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban"}, {"question": "What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida ", "answer": "Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida"}, {"question": "What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida ", "answer": "the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation"}, {"question": "What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010 ", "answer": "As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population"}, {"question": "what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900's ", "answer": "During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population"}, {"question": "What did many black migrate from florida ", "answer": "response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities"}, {"question": "Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots ", "answer": "African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins"}, {"question": "Voter demographics of florida in the 1950's ", "answer": "1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964"}, {"question": "what did the voting rights act provide for ", "answer": "Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities"}, {"question": "what president signed the voting right act ", "answer": "President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965"}, {"question": "What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960 ", "answer": "1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats"}, {"question": "Does Florida benefit from taxes", "answer": "Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary"}, {"question": "What party political party dominates Florida now ", "answer": "Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party"}, {"question": "How does Florida vote in presidential elections ", "answer": "continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South"}, {"question": "What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge  ", "answer": "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government"}, {"question": "The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida ", "answer": "William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County"}, {"question": "What is Cramer credited for ", "answer": "Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states"}, {"question": "Who was Claude R Kirk ", "answer": "966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election"}, {"question": "Who was Edward j Gurney ", "answer": "968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator"}, {"question": "What did the Democrat party do in the 1970", "answer": "1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years"}, {"question": "What did democrat voters do in 1998 ", "answer": "In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals"}, {"question": "What are snowbirds ", "answer": "white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as \"snowbirds"}, {"question": "What party dominates South Florida and Miami ", "answer": "racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state"}, {"question": "which party dominates most of the rest of florida ", "answer": "Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida"}, {"question": "What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area ", "answer": "Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters"}, {"question": "The area is viewed as what politically", "answer": "The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion"}, {"question": "The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what ", "answer": "the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections"}, {"question": "What has reappointment done to florida ", "answer": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives"}, {"question": "What was challenged in 2012 ", "answer": "The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests"}, {"question": "How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge ", "answer": "Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments"}, {"question": "What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015 ", "answer": "it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}, {"question": "What hapend in the 2000 election ", "answer": "Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates"}, {"question": "How severe is Florida's Disenfranchisement law ", "answer": "Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states"}, {"question": "What did this mean in the 2000 election ", "answer": "if the state\u2019s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida"}, {"question": "Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014 ", "answer": "that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering"}, {"question": "How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015 ", "answer": "lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn"}, {"question": "What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015", "answer": "a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts"}, {"question": "Are there any more changes coming to the map ", "answer": "There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts."}, {"question": "What was Florida's GDP in 2010", "answer": "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion"}, {"question": "Where does Florida's GDP rank ", "answer": "Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States"}, {"question": "What are some major contributors to states output ", "answer": "were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively"}, {"question": "What was Florida named in 2011", "answer": "Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third \"Best State for Business\" in 2011"}, {"question": "What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008 ", "answer": "Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days"}, {"question": "How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009 ", "answer": "300,000 vacant homes in 2009"}, {"question": "What percentage of  personal income was spent of Housing in florida  ", "answer": "Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs"}, {"question": "Where did housing spending ranking nationally ", "answer": "the third highest percentage in the country"}, {"question": "What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do ", "answer": "the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade"}, {"question": "What did Govenor Bush Realize", "answer": "that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely"}, {"question": "What industry was targeted ", "answer": "Medical/Bio-Sciences"}, {"question": "Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida ", "answer": "The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion"}, {"question": "What architectural styles are in Florida ", "answer": "architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style"}, {"question": "What does Florida have the largest collection of ", "answer": "the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami"}, {"question": "When did the art deco area of Miami boom ", "answer": "Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination"}, {"question": "What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2 ", "answer": "Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District."}, {"question": "What train line connects florida to the North ", "answer": "Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada"}, {"question": "Where does the Auto train originate ", "answer": "Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C"}, {"question": "Who does sunset limited service ", "answer": "Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles"}, {"question": "Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida ", "answer": "Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami"}, {"question": "What is headquartered in Daytona ", "answer": "NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February"}, {"question": "Name another race in florida ", "answer": "Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July"}, {"question": "What is the 24 hours of Daytona ", "answer": "The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races"}, {"question": "What does St Pete feature for a race ", "answer": "The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg"}, {"question": "What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?", "answer": "Smile"}, {"question": "What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?", "answer": "Freddie Mercury"}, {"question": "What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?", "answer": "Queen Forever"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?", "answer": "News of the World"}, {"question": "In what year did Freddie Mercury die?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?", "answer": "Humpy Bong"}, {"question": "What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?", "answer": "Ealing Art College"}, {"question": "In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?", "answer": "Freddie"}, {"question": "John Deacon played what instrument?", "answer": "bass"}, {"question": "In what year did John Deacon join Queen?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?", "answer": "My Fairy King"}, {"question": "On what date did Queen play their first show?", "answer": "2 July 1971"}, {"question": "Who designed Queen's logo?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?", "answer": "Virgo"}, {"question": "Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?", "answer": "Leo"}, {"question": "What was Brian May's zodiac sign?", "answer": "Cancer"}, {"question": "The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972?", "answer": "Norman Sheffield"}, {"question": "Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles?", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "What was the name of Trident's subsidiary?", "answer": "Neptune Productions"}, {"question": "Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident?", "answer": "De La Lane Studios"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "In what year was Queen's first album released?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's first album?", "answer": "Queen"}, {"question": "What was the lead single from Queen's first album?", "answer": "Keep Yourself Alive"}, {"question": "Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?", "answer": "Keep Yourself Alive"}, {"question": "Which critic called Queen's debut superb?", "answer": "Gordon Fletcher"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's second LP?", "answer": "Queen II"}, {"question": "What year was Queen's second album released?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Who designed the cover of Queen's second album?", "answer": "Mick Rock"}, {"question": "Who wrote the song Seven Seas of Rhye?", "answer": "Freddie Mercury"}, {"question": "How long is the song The March of the Black Queen?", "answer": "six-minute"}, {"question": "What was Brian May diagnosed with after collapsing in 1974?", "answer": "hepatitis"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's third album?", "answer": "Sheer Heart Attack"}, {"question": "What Queen album was released after Sheer Heart Attack?", "answer": "A Night at the Opera"}, {"question": "Queen's Sheer Heart Attack reached what number on the United Kingdom charts?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the name of the venue where Brian May collapsed?", "answer": "New York's Uris Theatre"}, {"question": "Which song was Queen's first US hit?", "answer": "Killer Queen"}, {"question": "Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?", "answer": "Stone Cold Crazy"}, {"question": "What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?", "answer": "British music hall"}, {"question": "Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour?", "answer": "Zandra Rhodes"}, {"question": "What country did Queen play in for the first time in 1975?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Queen had a bitter split with what management company in 1975?", "answer": "Trident Studios"}, {"question": "What manager of Led Zeppelin tried to sign Queen?", "answer": "Peter Grant"}, {"question": "Whom did Queen eventually sign with after rejecting the Swan Song records contract?", "answer": "John Reid"}, {"question": "Which Queen album was released in 1975?", "answer": "A Night at the Opera"}, {"question": "Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?", "answer": "Marx Brothers"}, {"question": "How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?", "answer": "eight-minute"}, {"question": "Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?", "answer": "Love of My Life"}, {"question": "Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?", "answer": "United States, Japan, and Australia"}, {"question": "What Queen album was released in 1976?", "answer": "A Day at the Races"}, {"question": "What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?", "answer": "Somebody to Love"}, {"question": "Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?", "answer": "Tie Your Mother Down"}, {"question": "Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977? ", "answer": "Groucho Marx"}, {"question": "Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?", "answer": "Mercury, May, and Taylor"}, {"question": "Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976? ", "answer": "Hyde Park, London"}, {"question": "Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976?", "answer": "Richard Branson"}, {"question": "How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977? ", "answer": "Madison Square Garden"}, {"question": "Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?", "answer": "Earls Court"}, {"question": "Queen's sixth album was released in what year?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "How many times platinum did Queen's News of the World go?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Queen's News of the World contained which two rock anthems?", "answer": "\"We Will Rock You\" and the rock ballad \"We Are the Champions\""}, {"question": "Queen's News of the World Tour took place in what year?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen release the album Jazz?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on UK charts?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What were the two hit singles off of Queen's album Jazz?", "answer": "\"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\""}, {"question": "Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978?", "answer": "Wimbledon Stadium"}, {"question": "Who organized the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?", "answer": "Paul McCartney"}, {"question": "In what year was Queen's Live Killers released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "How many times platinum did Queen's Live Killers go in the US?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?", "answer": "Elvis Presley"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen play the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?", "answer": "Madison Square Garden"}, {"question": "Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?", "answer": "Flash Gordon"}, {"question": "What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?", "answer": "Another One Bites the Dust"}, {"question": "Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?", "answer": "The Game"}, {"question": "What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums?", "answer": "Queen"}, {"question": "The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How large was Queen's record audience in Argentina?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "What was the final track on Queen's The Game?", "answer": "Save Me"}, {"question": "What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada?", "answer": "Montreal Forum"}, {"question": "What album did Queen release in 1982? ", "answer": "Hot Space"}, {"question": "Where did Queen record their 1982 album? ", "answer": "Munich"}, {"question": "What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?", "answer": "Paul Prenter"}, {"question": "Queen left what label before signing with EMI?", "answer": "Elektra Records"}, {"question": "On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform?", "answer": "the eighth season"}, {"question": "Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?", "answer": "Spike Edney"}, {"question": "Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?", "answer": "keyboardist"}, {"question": "Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?", "answer": "British Musicians' Union"}, {"question": "Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "What date was Live Aid?", "answer": "13 July 1985"}, {"question": "Where was Live Aid held?", "answer": "Wembley"}, {"question": "How big was Live Aid's TV audience?", "answer": "1.9 billion"}, {"question": "How long was Live Aid's stadium audience?", "answer": "72,000"}, {"question": "Who organized Live Aid?", "answer": "Bob Geldof and Midge Ure"}, {"question": "The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?", "answer": "Radio Ga Ga"}, {"question": "Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?", "answer": "Brian May"}, {"question": "What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?", "answer": "(music) video"}, {"question": "What year was Queen's One Vision released?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How many band members wrote Queen's One Vision?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What was the mid 1980s Queen boxed set called?", "answer": "The Complete Works"}, {"question": "What was Queen's 1984 Christmas song called?", "answer": "Thank God It's Christmas"}, {"question": "Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury?", "answer": "A Kind of Magic"}, {"question": "How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle?", "answer": "95,000"}, {"question": "Who did Freddie Mercury collaborate with in 1988?", "answer": "Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona"}, {"question": "When did Queen release The Miracle?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Which Queen album had more shared writing credits?", "answer": "The Miracle"}, {"question": "When did Queen end their contract with Capitol?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "After leaving Capitol, who did Queen sign with?", "answer": "Disney's Hollywood Records"}, {"question": "What year was Freddie Mercury's final public appearance with Queen?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Which Queen album was released in 1991?", "answer": "Innuendo"}, {"question": "What was one single from Queen's Innuendo that charted in the UK?", "answer": "The Show Must Go On"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen's second greatest hits compilation?", "answer": "Greatest Hits II"}, {"question": "Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time?", "answer": "Greatest Hits II"}, {"question": "Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "Queen's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide?", "answer": "16 million"}, {"question": "When was Freddie Mercury's deathbed confession made?", "answer": "23 November 1991"}, {"question": "What disease did Freddie Mercury disclose he had?", "answer": "AIDS"}, {"question": "What did Freddie Mercury die of?", "answer": "bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS"}, {"question": "Where was Freddie Mercury's funeral service held?", "answer": "Kensal Green, West London"}, {"question": "Which music video contains the last footage of Freddie Mercury?", "answer": "These Are the Days of Our Lives"}, {"question": "Which movie featured Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?", "answer": "Wayne's World"}, {"question": "What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen win an MTV award?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US?", "answer": "three times"}, {"question": "When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?", "answer": "20 April 1992"}, {"question": "Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?", "answer": "London's Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "How many people attended the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert?", "answer": "72,000"}, {"question": "Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about?", "answer": "Queen"}, {"question": "How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?", "answer": "1.2 billion viewers worldwide"}, {"question": "What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?", "answer": "Made in Heaven"}, {"question": "How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?", "answer": "20 million"}, {"question": "In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?", "answer": "Montreux"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen release No-One but You", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who was No-One but You dedicated to?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "Which compilation did Queen release in 1997?", "answer": "Queen Rocks"}, {"question": "Who performed live with Queen on The Show Must Go On in 1997?", "answer": "Elton John and the B\u00e9jart Ballet"}, {"question": "Which Queen member retired in 1997?", "answer": "John Deacon"}, {"question": "Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts?", "answer": "Brian May and Roger Taylor"}, {"question": "Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert?", "answer": "Pavarotti"}, {"question": "Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer?", "answer": "Modena, Italy"}, {"question": "Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?", "answer": "Robbie Williams"}, {"question": "What year was Queen's third greatest hits album released?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Who performed a rap version of Another One Bites The Dust?", "answer": "Wyclef Jean"}, {"question": "Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist?", "answer": "George Michael"}, {"question": "Which artist guested on a live version of Queen's The Show Must Go On?", "answer": "Elton John"}, {"question": "In 2003 Queen performed for what Nelson Mandela hosted benefit?", "answer": "the 46664 Concert"}, {"question": "Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?", "answer": "Free and Bad Company"}, {"question": "Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?", "answer": "John Deacon"}, {"question": "In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Between what years did Queen and Paul Rodgers first embark on a world tour?", "answer": "Between 2005 and 2006"}, {"question": "Where was the first leg of Queen's mid 2000s tour with Paul Rodgers?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What is the name of Queen's drummer?", "answer": "Roger Taylor"}, {"question": "Where did Queen receive the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors?", "answer": "Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas"}, {"question": "Which band performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday?", "answer": "Queen + Paul Rodgers"}, {"question": "When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What was the name of Queen + Paul Rodgers debut album?", "answer": "The Cosmos Rocks"}, {"question": "How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv?", "answer": "350,000"}, {"question": "In 2008 what disease did Queen perform benefit concerts for?", "answer": "HIV/AIDS"}, {"question": "On 20 May 2009 which Queen members performed We are the Champions on American Idol?", "answer": "May and Taylor"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Greatest Hits compilation Queen released after the split from Paul Rodgers?", "answer": "Absolute Greatest"}, {"question": "Which two American idol contestants performed a duet with Queen on American Idol?", "answer": "winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "What day in 2009 was Queen's Absolute Greatest released?", "answer": "16 November"}, {"question": "Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?", "answer": "15 November 2009"}, {"question": "In 2009, what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with?", "answer": "Roger"}, {"question": "Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010?", "answer": "USA"}, {"question": "What record label did May and Taylor leave in 2010?", "answer": "EMI"}, {"question": "What label did Queen join in August 2010?", "answer": "Universal Music"}, {"question": "What program interviewed Queen on 22 September 2010?", "answer": "Hardtalk"}, {"question": "Island records is a subsidiary of what group?", "answer": "Universal Music Group"}, {"question": "Which artist presented the Global Icon Award to Queen in 2011?", "answer": "Katy Perry"}, {"question": "Which artist performed with Queen at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards?", "answer": "Adam Lambert"}, {"question": "Where were the BMI awards held in 2011?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What band was worried Queen would steal their live performance bassist?", "answer": "Jane's Addiction"}, {"question": "Which Queen members were appearing on American Idol in the late 2000s?", "answer": "May and Taylor"}, {"question": "Where was Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury held in 1986?", "answer": "Knebworth"}, {"question": "Queen and Adam Lambert played two shows where in July 2012?", "answer": "Hammersmith Apollo, London"}, {"question": "Elena Pinchuk has what kind of a foundation?", "answer": "ANTIAIDS Foundation"}, {"question": "Where did Queen perform with Adam Lambert on 3 July 2012?", "answer": "Moscow's Olympic Stadium"}, {"question": "When did Queen + Adam Lambert perform at the iHeartRadio Music Festival?", "answer": "20 September 2013"}, {"question": "Where was the iHeartRadio Music Festival held in 2013?", "answer": "MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas"}, {"question": "On what show did Queen announce they would be touring with Adam Lambert?", "answer": "Good Morning America"}, {"question": "When was the first Queen tour with Adam Lambert scheduled?", "answer": "Summer 2014"}, {"question": "Who did Queen members say they were open to making a regular member of the band in 2014?", "answer": "Lambert"}, {"question": "Which guitarist inspired Queen?", "answer": "Jimi Hendrix"}, {"question": "What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration?", "answer": "Aretha Franklin"}, {"question": "Queen's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band?", "answer": "Yes"}, {"question": "What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen?", "answer": "Led Zeppelin"}, {"question": "Which Queen song inspired audience clapping?", "answer": "Radio Ga Ga"}, {"question": "Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind?", "answer": "\"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\""}, {"question": "What kind of metal has Queen been associated with?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?", "answer": "dance/disco"}, {"question": "What was the name of Brian May's signature guitar?", "answer": "Red Special"}, {"question": "What year was Brian May's signature guitar made?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Which producer influenced Queen's feedback heavy sound?", "answer": "Roy Thomas Baker"}, {"question": "What engineer helped with Queen's feedback heavy sound?", "answer": "Mike Stone"}, {"question": "How many vocal overdubs are in Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?", "answer": "over 180"}, {"question": "Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?", "answer": "Michael Jackson"}, {"question": "Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen?", "answer": "Def Leppard"}, {"question": "This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen?", "answer": "Guns N' Roses"}, {"question": "What song was voted the UK's favorite hit of all time in 2002?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "What Queen song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2004?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "Which Queen video was credited with launching the MTV video age?", "answer": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}, {"question": "A 2005 poll stated that which band's performance at Live Aid was the best ever?", "answer": "Queen"}, {"question": "How many number one albums has Queen released?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "How many number one singles did Queen release?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "How many number one DVD's has Queen released?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "How many albums has Queen sold worldwide?", "answer": "over 150 million"}, {"question": "When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?", "answer": "12,225"}, {"question": "Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?", "answer": "number 52"}, {"question": "In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?", "answer": "Saturday, 7 October"}, {"question": "Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?", "answer": "Dominion Theatre"}, {"question": "When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?", "answer": "May 2014"}, {"question": "What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?", "answer": "We Will Rock You"}, {"question": "What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?", "answer": "Grease"}, {"question": "Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?", "answer": "Milton Keynes"}, {"question": "When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "When was the first Queen Bluray released?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?", "answer": "May and Taylor"}, {"question": "Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs?", "answer": "Guitar Hero"}, {"question": "Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game?", "answer": "Brian May"}, {"question": "What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured?", "answer": "Metallica"}, {"question": "Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?", "answer": "Flash Gordon"}, {"question": "Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?", "answer": "Highlander"}, {"question": "In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?", "answer": "Anne Hathaway"}, {"question": "Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?", "answer": "Brittany Murphy"}, {"question": "Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?", "answer": "Moulin Rouge!"}, {"question": "Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?", "answer": "A Knight's Tale"}, {"question": "On what date in 2006 did May and Taylor of Queen appear on American Idol?", "answer": "11 April"}, {"question": "What month and year was the season  finale of American Idol?", "answer": "May 2009"}, {"question": "Who were the season 8 finalists on American Idol?", "answer": "Adam Lambert and Kris Allen"}, {"question": "On what date did Queen's May and Taylor appear on UK X-factor?", "answer": "15 November 2009"}, {"question": "Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee", "answer": "Somebody to Love"}, {"question": "What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?", "answer": "Another One Bites the Dust"}, {"question": "What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee?", "answer": "We Are the Champions"}, {"question": "What Queen song is featured on Glee's The Graduation Album?", "answer": "We Are the Champions"}, {"question": "Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name?", "answer": "Sacha Baron Cohen"}, {"question": "Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name?", "answer": "Ben Whishaw"}, {"question": "Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film?", "answer": "Peter Morgan"}, {"question": "Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?", "answer": "Robert De Niro"}, {"question": "In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to?", "answer": "British Isles"}, {"question": "What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize?", "answer": "sovereignty of God"}, {"question": "Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?", "answer": "Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists"}, {"question": "What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?", "answer": "John Calvin"}, {"question": "In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?", "answer": "1560"}, {"question": "Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?", "answer": "First Book of Discipline"}, {"question": "What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order?", "answer": "Book of Order"}, {"question": "Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible?", "answer": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}, {"question": "What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?", "answer": "Calvinism"}, {"question": "What do Presbyterians put importance into?", "answer": "education and lifelong learning"}, {"question": "What do their studies consist of?", "answer": "scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine"}, {"question": "How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith?", "answer": "by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ."}, {"question": "What is the Presbyterian government known as?", "answer": "councils (known as courts) of elders"}, {"question": "What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors?", "answer": "teaching, worship, and performing sacraments"}, {"question": "When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?", "answer": "local presbytery"}, {"question": "Who elects the ruling elders?", "answer": "the congregation"}, {"question": "In very large congregations, what do the elders delegate?", "answer": "practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry"}, {"question": "There's a group of officers in the congregation, what other names are they also known by?", "answer": "deacons"}, {"question": "Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?", "answer": "presbyteries"}, {"question": "What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?", "answer": "area responsibilities"}, {"question": "What are the area of responsibilities made up of?", "answer": "teaching elders and ruling elders"}, {"question": "In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?", "answer": "Synod"}, {"question": "Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?", "answer": "Synod"}, {"question": "Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?", "answer": "confessional tradition"}, {"question": "Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?", "answer": "confessions of faith"}, {"question": "What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "How is theology carried out in a confessional church?", "answer": "by the community as a whole"}, {"question": "What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?", "answer": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}, {"question": "Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?", "answer": "Westminster Standards"}, {"question": "The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?", "answer": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}, {"question": "To the church of Scotland, what is the sub standard doctrine?", "answer": "The Westminster Confession"}, {"question": "Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience?", "answer": "William Robertson Smith"}, {"question": "The Free Church in Scotland  has something in place that only a few churches have implemented, what is it called?", "answer": "conscience clause"}, {"question": "Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?", "answer": "Book of Confessions"}, {"question": "The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession, what is it called?", "answer": "Westminster Standards"}, {"question": "Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?", "answer": "the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed"}, {"question": "I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?", "answer": "Directory of Public Worship"}, {"question": "When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?", "answer": "1640s"}, {"question": "Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?", "answer": "Scottish Parliament"}, {"question": "What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? ", "answer": "hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments"}, {"question": "What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the \"lords Day\"?", "answer": "hymns, preaching, and congregational participation"}, {"question": "What do reformed Presbyterians practice?", "answer": "cappella exclusive psalmody"}, {"question": "Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?", "answer": "black Geneva gown"}, {"question": "A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?", "answer": "full length Old English style surplice"}, {"question": "Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?", "answer": "Liturgical Renewal Movement"}, {"question": "Presbyterians had to distinguished between \"Church\" and \"Meeting house\" What was \"Church\" referring too?", "answer": "the members"}, {"question": "What did \"Meeting house\" refer to?", "answer": "building"}, {"question": "What were churches called before the 19th century?", "answer": "meeting house"}, {"question": "Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?", "answer": "No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images"}, {"question": "What did Presbyterian churches have in them?", "answer": "communion table"}, {"question": "What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?", "answer": "communion table"}, {"question": "What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?", "answer": "Chancel"}, {"question": "What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?", "answer": "Celtic cross"}, {"question": "What did the Celtic Cross represent?", "answer": "the resurrection"}, {"question": "What year did John Knox past away?", "answer": "1572"}, {"question": "What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?", "answer": "to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines"}, {"question": "The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?", "answer": "Andrew Melville"}, {"question": "In what year was the Government of church reinstated? ", "answer": "1660"}, {"question": "In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?", "answer": "Associate Presbytery"}, {"question": "What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?", "answer": "Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland"}, {"question": "In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?", "answer": "1592"}, {"question": "Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?", "answer": "Thomas Cartwright"}, {"question": "Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?", "answer": "1645 and 1648"}, {"question": "In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?", "answer": "1719"}, {"question": "When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the \"Disruption\"?", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?", "answer": "St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?", "answer": "United Reformed Church"}, {"question": "What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "Presbyterianism"}, {"question": "What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?", "answer": "Anglican Church of Ireland"}, {"question": "How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?", "answer": "1703"}, {"question": "In what city was the first Presbytery formed?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?", "answer": "the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?", "answer": "Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?", "answer": "Korean American Presbyterian Church"}, {"question": "What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?", "answer": "Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church"}, {"question": "Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?", "answer": "1800s"}, {"question": "The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?", "answer": "Catholicism"}, {"question": "Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?", "answer": "Spanish Conquistadors"}, {"question": "What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?", "answer": "Presbyterian Church in Canada"}, {"question": "When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?", "answer": "National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico)"}, {"question": "How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?", "answer": "2,500,000"}, {"question": "When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?", "answer": "1,011,300"}, {"question": "As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?", "answer": "131\u202f000"}, {"question": "When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?", "answer": "The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil"}, {"question": "Which  services to most African Presbyterian churches offer?", "answer": "social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals"}, {"question": "The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries?", "answer": "Malawi and Kenya"}, {"question": "Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states?", "answer": "Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel"}, {"question": "The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?", "answer": "17\u202f000\u201320\u202f000 members"}, {"question": "Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?", "answer": "Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian"}, {"question": "The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?", "answer": "education, health ministries as well as worship"}, {"question": "Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name, what is it?", "answer": "Presbyterian Church of Korea"}, {"question": "What year did the second schism take place?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What was the main reason for the latest schism?", "answer": "whether the PCK should join the WCC"}, {"question": "What year was the Chosun Seminary founded?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea?", "answer": "General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea"}, {"question": "Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan?", "answer": "The Presbyterian Church"}, {"question": "How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination?", "answer": "238,372"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan?", "answer": "James Laidlaw Maxwell"}, {"question": "In what era did The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan experience a large growth in members?", "answer": "era of Guomindang"}, {"question": "What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?", "answer": "Welsh Presbyterians"}, {"question": "Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?", "answer": "Sohra"}, {"question": "How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?", "answer": "The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia"}, {"question": "Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?", "answer": "1859 and 1870, and in 1901"}, {"question": "In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?", "answer": "New South Wales"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?", "answer": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"}, {"question": "From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?", "answer": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"}, {"question": "Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?", "answer": "Penama and Torba"}, {"question": "What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? ", "answer": "Lutheranism"}, {"question": "How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?", "answer": "Today over two thirds of the population"}, {"question": "Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?", "answer": "The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany"}, {"question": "How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?", "answer": "7.8% of the population"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in Thuringia?", "answer": "750 Jews"}, {"question": "Where does the name Thuringia come from?", "answer": "the Germanic tribe Thuringii"}, {"question": "When did Thuringii emerge?", "answer": "the Migration Period"}, {"question": "Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?", "answer": "the Huns"}, {"question": "When were the thuringii first mentioned?", "answer": "around 400"}, {"question": "How long did the Thuringian realm exist?", "answer": "until 531 and later"}, {"question": "Which state was the largest in the region?", "answer": "the Landgraviate of Thuringia"}, {"question": "Where is Thuringia located?", "answer": "the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west."}, {"question": "Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig? ", "answer": "the Ernestine Wettins"}, {"question": "Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?", "answer": "Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen"}, {"question": "When did Thuringia become a landgraviate? ", "answer": "in 1130 AD"}, {"question": "Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?", "answer": "1247\u20131264"}, {"question": "When did the western half of the state become Hesse?", "answer": "1247"}, {"question": "Where was the Wettin dynasty from?", "answer": "Margraviate of Meissen"}, {"question": "Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?", "answer": "the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha"}, {"question": "When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?", "answer": "as early as 1520"}, {"question": "What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?", "answer": "were driven away"}, {"question": "When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?", "answer": "during the German Peasants' War of 1525"}, {"question": "Who was Thomas Muntzer?", "answer": "a leader of some non-peaceful groups"}, {"question": "Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?", "answer": "the Eichsfeld district"}, {"question": "When was the German Mediatisation?", "answer": "1795 to 1814"}, {"question": "When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?", "answer": "The 1815 Congress of Vienna"}, {"question": "Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Prussia"}, {"question": "Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?", "answer": "Prussian-led"}, {"question": "Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? ", "answer": "Weimar"}, {"question": "When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?", "answer": "Wilhelm Frick"}, {"question": "How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?", "answer": "six delegates"}, {"question": "Who did Frick remove from the police force?", "answer": "anyone he suspected of being a republican"}, {"question": "Who did Frick replace republican police with?", "answer": "men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party"}, {"question": "Where are the Harz mountains located?", "answer": "The far north"}, {"question": "What is the landscape of Eichsfeld? ", "answer": "hilly and sometimes forested"}, {"question": "What is Thuringia's highest mountain?", "answer": "Gro\u00dfer Beerberg"}, {"question": "Where is Orlasenke located?", "answer": "in the middle"}, {"question": "How many big rivers flow through Thuringia? ", "answer": "The Saale in the west and the Wei\u00dfe Elster in the east"}, {"question": "Which river in Thuringia is the most important?", "answer": "the Saale"}, {"question": "Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?", "answer": "There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia"}, {"question": "What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?", "answer": "the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam"}, {"question": "Which tributary is located on the southern border? ", "answer": "the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)"}, {"question": "Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?", "answer": "Due to many centuries of intensive settlement"}, {"question": "What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?", "answer": "forest with beech as its predominant species"}, {"question": "What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? ", "answer": "a mixture of beech and spruce"}, {"question": "What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?", "answer": "more natural and tough vegetation"}, {"question": "Where do most landscape problems come from?", "answer": "increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months"}, {"question": "Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?", "answer": "modernizing factories"}, {"question": "What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?", "answer": "Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated"}, {"question": "What are today's big environmental problems?", "answer": "the salination of the Werra river"}, {"question": "What is causing the salination of the Werra river?", "answer": "discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach"}, {"question": "Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the border between Germanic and Slavic territories"}, {"question": "What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?", "answer": "the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule"}, {"question": "When did population growth in Thuringia peak?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?", "answer": "41,000"}, {"question": "What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?", "answer": "24%"}, {"question": "How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?", "answer": "4%"}, {"question": "What is the largest group of foreigners?", "answer": "Russians"}, {"question": "Which towns have the highest immigrant population?", "answer": "Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau"}, {"question": "What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?", "answer": "115 to 120 men per 100 women"}, {"question": "What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?", "answer": "emigration of young women"}, {"question": "How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?", "answer": "more than 30%"}, {"question": "What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?", "answer": "there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually."}, {"question": "How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?", "answer": "+6,700 persons"}, {"question": "How many migrants went to Eisenach? ", "answer": "+1,400"}, {"question": "Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? ", "answer": "The international migration is fluctuating heavily"}, {"question": "How many municipalities are in Thuringia? ", "answer": "850"}, {"question": "How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?", "answer": "126"}, {"question": "How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?", "answer": "the 20th century"}, {"question": "Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?", "answer": "Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district."}, {"question": "What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?", "answer": "Agriculture and forestry"}, {"question": "How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?", "answer": "the large Thuringian Basin"}, {"question": "Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?", "answer": "greenhouses"}, {"question": "Which regions value agriculture most?", "answer": "rural regions"}, {"question": "How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?", "answer": "the mid-19th-century industrialisation"}, {"question": "What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?", "answer": "the closure of most large-scale factories and companies"}, {"question": "Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?", "answer": "Eisenach"}, {"question": "Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?", "answer": "the northern and eastern parts of the Land."}, {"question": "When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?", "answer": "between 1930 and 1990"}, {"question": "Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?", "answer": "Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau"}, {"question": "Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?", "answer": "because the competition from imported metal was too strong"}, {"question": "What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?", "answer": "the S\u00fcdharzrevier"}, {"question": "What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?", "answer": "uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal"}, {"question": "When did the S\u00fcdharzrevier close?", "answer": "After the reunification"}, {"question": "Where is the GDP of Thuringia?", "answer": "below the national average"}, {"question": "For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?", "answer": "Until 2004"}, {"question": "What has helped to improve Thuringia? ", "answer": "The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth"}, {"question": "When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?", "answer": "around 2020"}, {"question": "When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?", "answer": "20% in 2005"}, {"question": "What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? ", "answer": "it has decreased to 7%"}, {"question": "How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?", "answer": "The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria."}, {"question": "What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?", "answer": "working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters"}, {"question": "What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?", "answer": "demographic transition"}, {"question": "When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?", "answer": "During the 1930s"}, {"question": "When were the two motorways expanded?", "answer": "Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990"}, {"question": "When were three additional roads built?", "answer": "during the 1990s and 2000s"}, {"question": "Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?", "answer": "The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71"}, {"question": "  What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?", "answer": "The upgrading of federal highways"}, {"question": "What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?", "answer": "lignite"}, {"question": "Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?", "answer": "mined in the bordering Leipzig region"}, {"question": "How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?", "answer": "carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations"}, {"question": "What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?", "answer": "Wind power and Biomass"}, {"question": "What is Hohenwarte Dam?", "answer": "big pumped storage stations"}, {"question": "Which hospitals are being expanded?", "answer": "bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt"}, {"question": "Why are there too many hospital beds?", "answer": "rationalisation processes in the German health care system"}, {"question": "Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?", "answer": "rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing."}, {"question": "How long is Thuringian primary school?", "answer": "four years"}, {"question": "For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?", "answer": "Since the 1950s"}, {"question": "When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?", "answer": "At the age of ten"}, {"question": "Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? ", "answer": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel"}, {"question": "How many years of school do students attend after primary?", "answer": "eight years"}, {"question": "What is the biggest school in Thuringia?", "answer": "The University of Jena"}, {"question": "How many universities are there in Thuringia?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many students attend The University of Erfurt?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?", "answer": "The Bauhaus University Weimar"}, {"question": "When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?", "answer": "Gotha"}, {"question": "How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "How many schools offer polytechnics?", "answer": "Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden"}, {"question": "What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?", "answer": "life sciences and optics"}, {"question": "Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?", "answer": "Weimar and Gotha"}, {"question": "How is most research in Thuringia funded?", "answer": "publicly funded"}, {"question": "  What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?", "answer": "the optics sector at Jena."}, {"question": "When was Thuringia's first railway built?", "answer": "the 1840s"}, {"question": "When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? ", "answer": "Between 1950 and 2000"}, {"question": "When will the new high speed train be open? ", "answer": "In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,"}, {"question": "What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?", "answer": "direct impact on the prey population"}, {"question": "How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?", "answer": "herbivory"}, {"question": "A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? ", "answer": "absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption"}, {"question": "A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?", "answer": "parasitic species"}, {"question": "How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? ", "answer": "detritivory"}, {"question": "What does an herbivore eat?", "answer": "plants"}, {"question": "Do detritivores have a direct impact on \"donor\" organisms?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?", "answer": "prey"}, {"question": "What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?", "answer": "predation"}, {"question": "What do detritivores eat?", "answer": "dead organic material"}, {"question": "What is the key characteristic of predation?", "answer": "predator's direct impact on the prey population"}, {"question": "How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? ", "answer": "Two factors"}, {"question": "Proximity and the ending of life is called? ", "answer": "true predation"}, {"question": "If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? ", "answer": "parasitoidism"}, {"question": "Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?", "answer": "the way in which they eat"}, {"question": "Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?", "answer": "parasitoidism"}, {"question": "The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?", "answer": "predation"}, {"question": "What do household animals prey upon? ", "answer": "large and small prey"}, {"question": "Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.", "answer": "Baleen whales"}, {"question": "To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?", "answer": "harm their prey in some way"}, {"question": "What requirement must a true predator fulfill?", "answer": "kills and eats another living thing"}, {"question": "What is different about a true predator?", "answer": "Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them"}, {"question": "All types of predators do what?", "answer": "harm their prey in some way"}, {"question": "How do ambush predators hunt?", "answer": "sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance"}, {"question": "What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?", "answer": "venom"}, {"question": "Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be", "answer": "Grazing organisms"}, {"question": "Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?", "answer": "browsing pressure"}, {"question": "Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? ", "answer": "mosquitos"}, {"question": "Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species", "answer": "zooplankton"}, {"question": "What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?", "answer": "female mosquitos"}, {"question": "What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?", "answer": "Starfish"}, {"question": "Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?", "answer": "seldom"}, {"question": "How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?", "answer": "regrows at the base"}, {"question": "Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?", "answer": "Parasites"}, {"question": "Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.", "answer": "mutualism"}, {"question": "Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.", "answer": "elephant"}, {"question": "What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? ", "answer": "mistletoe"}, {"question": "How are parasites distiguished from grazers?", "answer": "close association with their host species"}, {"question": "How many hosts do parasites typically have?", "answer": "one or at most a few in their lifetime"}, {"question": "How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?", "answer": "a continuum"}, {"question": "What does the term symbiosis mean?", "answer": "living together"}, {"question": "This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.", "answer": "ichneumon wasps"}, {"question": "It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? ", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?", "answer": "Parasitoids"}, {"question": "How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?", "answer": "ichneumon"}, {"question": "How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?", "answer": "devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system"}, {"question": "Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? ", "answer": "opportunistic"}, {"question": "Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?", "answer": "equilibrium"}, {"question": "When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?", "answer": "scarce"}, {"question": "What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? ", "answer": "evolution"}, {"question": "What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?", "answer": "humans, leopards, dogs and alligators"}, {"question": "What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?", "answer": "evolutionary arms race"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?", "answer": "keep the populations of both species in equilibrium"}, {"question": "If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?", "answer": "herbivorous"}, {"question": "What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?", "answer": "trophic level"}, {"question": "What is the top predator in an environment called? ", "answer": "apex predator"}, {"question": "When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. ", "answer": "trophic pyramid"}, {"question": "What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? ", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "Which organisms are known as primary consumers?", "answer": "Organisms that feed on autotrophs"}, {"question": "What makes an organism a secondary consumer?", "answer": "feed on heterotrophs"}, {"question": "What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?", "answer": "apex predator"}, {"question": "How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?", "answer": "five or six levels"}, {"question": "In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?", "answer": "the top"}, {"question": "Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?", "answer": "carrion"}, {"question": "Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?", "answer": "eat from multiple levels of the food chain"}, {"question": "What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? ", "answer": "Carnivorous plants"}, {"question": "What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?", "answer": "omnivores"}, {"question": "What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?", "answer": "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain"}, {"question": "Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?", "answer": "producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap"}, {"question": "Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?", "answer": "difficult"}, {"question": "Intraguild species consumer other species within?", "answer": "the same trophic level"}, {"question": "Who proposes the concept of the \"survival machine?\"", "answer": "Richard Dawkins"}, {"question": "The argument of the \"survival machines\" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?", "answer": "both the predator and prey"}, {"question": "Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?", "answer": "potential competitors"}, {"question": "Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?", "answer": "Richard Dawkins"}, {"question": "To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the \"survival machine\"?", "answer": "the body"}, {"question": "What are intraguild predators?", "answer": "those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level"}, {"question": "What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?", "answer": "Intraguild"}, {"question": "Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?", "answer": "gene centered view"}, {"question": "What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?", "answer": "keystone species"}, {"question": "What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?", "answer": "biodiversity"}, {"question": "When a keystone species is lost another species might become?", "answer": "dominant"}, {"question": "What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?", "answer": "biodiversity of communities"}, {"question": "Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?", "answer": "keystone species"}, {"question": "What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?", "answer": "Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density"}, {"question": "What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?", "answer": "beavers"}, {"question": "Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?", "answer": "hydrological features"}, {"question": "Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?", "answer": "channel incision"}, {"question": "The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?", "answer": "wolves"}, {"question": "How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?", "answer": "habitat became territory for grazing."}, {"question": "Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?", "answer": "Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species"}, {"question": "How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?", "answer": "wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon"}, {"question": "At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? ", "answer": "maximum of four stages"}, {"question": "What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?", "answer": "Detection of prey"}, {"question": "How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? ", "answer": "array of adaptations"}, {"question": "Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? ", "answer": "the individuals preyed upon"}, {"question": "How many stages can predation be divided into?", "answer": "maximum of four stages"}, {"question": "What are the four stages of predation?", "answer": "Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption"}, {"question": "What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?", "answer": "obtain food or avoid being eaten"}, {"question": "In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?", "answer": "final"}, {"question": "Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?", "answer": "camouflage"}, {"question": "What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?", "answer": "camouflage"}, {"question": "Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?", "answer": "shape and pattern"}, {"question": "Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?", "answer": "other organisms"}, {"question": "What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?", "answer": "Mimicry"}, {"question": "Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?", "answer": "drone fly"}, {"question": "A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?", "answer": "Mimicry"}, {"question": "What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?", "answer": "startling the predator and giving it time to escape"}, {"question": "How can predators use mimicry?", "answer": "to lure their prey"}, {"question": "What makes predation successful?", "answer": "gain of energy"}, {"question": "Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?", "answer": "optimal foraging theory"}, {"question": "In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?", "answer": "energy gain per unit time"}, {"question": "What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?", "answer": "Social predation"}, {"question": "What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?", "answer": "humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants"}, {"question": "What is a species that does not perform social predation?", "answer": "domestic cats)"}, {"question": "What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?", "answer": "Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas"}, {"question": "Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?", "answer": "mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters"}, {"question": "Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?", "answer": "warmth, companionship, and even protection"}, {"question": "Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?", "answer": "wild ones outside the area"}, {"question": "What are some predators of the electric eel?", "answer": "(anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats"}, {"question": "What defense does a zebra have against predators?", "answer": "strong kick that can maim or kill"}, {"question": "What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?", "answer": "formidable teeth and claws"}, {"question": "The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?", "answer": "to kill prey"}, {"question": "Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?", "answer": "species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack"}, {"question": "Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?", "answer": "Crows"}, {"question": "Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?", "answer": "On occasion"}, {"question": "Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?", "answer": "hawks or larger mammalian predators"}, {"question": "What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?", "answer": "Aposematism"}, {"question": "Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?", "answer": "species as a whole"}, {"question": "How does aposematism help a species population?", "answer": "Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid"}, {"question": "What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?", "answer": "bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns"}, {"question": "What do predators depend on for survival?", "answer": "prey"}, {"question": "Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?", "answer": "carrying capacity"}, {"question": "Predators lower what aspects of their prey?", "answer": "survival and fecundity"}, {"question": "What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?", "answer": "speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength"}, {"question": "For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?", "answer": "well over a million years"}, {"question": "What are humans' primary competitors?", "answer": "other humans"}, {"question": "What is one known istance of cannibalism?", "answer": "the Donner party"}, {"question": "With what species do humans hunt in partnership?", "answer": "domestic dog"}, {"question": "What two apex predators do not have a small population size?", "answer": "humans and dogs"}, {"question": "Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?", "answer": "competitive exclusion principle"}, {"question": "What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?", "answer": "prey abundance"}, {"question": "When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?", "answer": "coextinction"}, {"question": "Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?", "answer": "longer period of time"}, {"question": "The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?", "answer": "boom and bust cycle of economics"}, {"question": "How can natural predators benefit crops?", "answer": "reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides"}, {"question": "How are predators beneficial to agriculture?", "answer": "controlling pests"}, {"question": "If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?", "answer": "keeping its abundance down"}, {"question": "Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?", "answer": "introduced species"}, {"question": "Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?", "answer": "Marvel Universe"}, {"question": "Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?", "answer": "real-life cities"}, {"question": "Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?", "answer": "Hulk"}, {"question": "Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?", "answer": "the Fantastic Four, the Avengers"}, {"question": "Who originally founded Marvel Comics?", "answer": "Martin Goodman"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Marvel Comics?", "answer": "Timely Publications"}, {"question": "When was Marvel founded?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?", "answer": "publisher"}, {"question": "What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?", "answer": "Oct. 1939"}, {"question": "Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?", "answer": "Joe Simon"}, {"question": "Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?", "answer": "Jack Kirby"}, {"question": "What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?", "answer": "the Human Torch"}, {"question": "In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?", "answer": "Marvel Comics #1"}, {"question": "What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?", "answer": "Basil Wolverton"}, {"question": "What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?", "answer": "\"Powerhouse Pepper\""}, {"question": "What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?", "answer": "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal"}, {"question": "What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?", "answer": "Miss America"}, {"question": "The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?", "answer": "\"big three\""}, {"question": "Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?", "answer": "shell companies"}, {"question": "When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?", "answer": "\"A Marvel Magazine\""}, {"question": "Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?", "answer": "Marvel Mystery Comics"}, {"question": "Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?", "answer": "Bill Everett"}, {"question": "What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?", "answer": "Atlas"}, {"question": "What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?", "answer": "Homer the Happy Ghost"}, {"question": "DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?", "answer": "Archie Andrews"}, {"question": "What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?", "answer": "Homer Hooper"}, {"question": "Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?", "answer": "The Fantastic Four"}, {"question": "What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?", "answer": "Nov. 1961"}, {"question": "What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?", "answer": "Stan Lee"}, {"question": "What is Marvel's best-selling comic?", "answer": "The Amazing Spider-Man"}, {"question": "In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?", "answer": "celebrity status"}, {"question": "Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?", "answer": "Jack Kirby"}, {"question": "What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?", "answer": "costumes"}, {"question": "None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?", "answer": "secret identities"}, {"question": "The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?", "answer": "\"superheroes in the real world\""}, {"question": "What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?", "answer": "Esquire"}, {"question": "What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?", "answer": "Spider-Man and the Hulk"}, {"question": "Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?", "answer": "DC Comics"}, {"question": "Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?", "answer": "Pat Boone"}, {"question": "What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan"}, {"question": "What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?", "answer": "New York, Los Angeles and Chicago"}, {"question": "What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?", "answer": "Ant-Man"}, {"question": "The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?", "answer": "the Marvel Universe"}, {"question": "Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?", "answer": "Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four"}, {"question": "How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?", "answer": "50 million"}, {"question": "What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?", "answer": "Independent News"}, {"question": "To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?", "answer": "the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation"}, {"question": "What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?", "answer": "Magazine Management Company"}, {"question": "What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?", "answer": "Curtis Circulation Company"}, {"question": "What government agency asked Marvel to do a series of stories to publicize an issue?", "answer": "United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare"}, {"question": "What issue was Marvel asked to tackle for this agency?", "answer": "drug abuse"}, {"question": "What comic book series did stories related to this issue appear in?", "answer": "Spider-Man"}, {"question": "What industry censorship and standards organization tried to block publication of this series?", "answer": "Comics Code Authority"}, {"question": "What were the issue dates of the three-episode series on this public health issue?", "answer": "May\u2013July 1971"}, {"question": "What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?", "answer": "the updating of the Comics Code"}, {"question": "What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?", "answer": "Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja"}, {"question": "What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?", "answer": "Howard the Duck"}, {"question": "In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?", "answer": "larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint"}, {"question": "What new venture did Marvel's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s?", "answer": "Seaboard Periodicals"}, {"question": "What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive?", "answer": "Atlas Comics"}, {"question": "What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?", "answer": "comic book stores"}, {"question": "How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business?", "answer": "a year and a half"}, {"question": "During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel?", "answer": "the mid-1970s"}, {"question": "What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?", "answer": "Marvelcon"}, {"question": "What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?", "answer": "Jack Kirby"}, {"question": "What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?", "answer": "Captain Britain"}, {"question": "When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?", "answer": "spring 1975"}, {"question": "When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?", "answer": "October 1976"}, {"question": "Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978?", "answer": "Jim Shooter"}, {"question": "What is an example of a bad practice eliminated under Shooter's regime at Marvel?", "answer": "repeatedly missed deadlines"}, {"question": "What noted artist and writer made brought Daredevil to the forefront during the 1980s?", "answer": "Frank Miller"}, {"question": "What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s?", "answer": "Chris Claremont and John Byrne"}, {"question": "Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope?", "answer": "crossover story arcs"}, {"question": "What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?", "answer": "2099 line"}, {"question": "What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?", "answer": "Razorline"}, {"question": "In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?", "answer": "SkyBox International"}, {"question": "What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?", "answer": "overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe"}, {"question": "What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers?", "answer": "Image Comics"}, {"question": "What two Marvel veterans founded Image?", "answer": "Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld"}, {"question": "How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics?", "answer": "a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream"}, {"question": "How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last?", "answer": "a one-year run"}, {"question": "What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?", "answer": "the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil"}, {"question": "What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s?", "answer": "Heroes World Distribution"}, {"question": "When did Marvel purchase this distribution network?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one.", "answer": "Diamond Comic Distributors Inc"}, {"question": "What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond?", "answer": "Marvel's Heroes World"}, {"question": "What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?", "answer": "bankruptcy"}, {"question": "When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?", "answer": "Marvel Rating System"}, {"question": "What was the first book published under this new ratings system?", "answer": "X-Force #119"}, {"question": "What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?", "answer": "MAX"}, {"question": "What entertainment company purchased Marvel at the end of the 2000s?", "answer": "The Walt Disney Company"}, {"question": "When was the sale of Marvel to this entertainment conglomerate announced?", "answer": "August 31, 2009"}, {"question": "What was the sale price of Marvel?", "answer": "$4 billion or $4.2 billion"}, {"question": "What is the readership market share enjoyed by Marvel and DC comics?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "In 2010, Marvel switched to what distributor for bookstore comic book sales?", "answer": "Hachette Distribution Services"}, {"question": "When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?", "answer": "March 2012"}, {"question": "Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?", "answer": "digital comics"}, {"question": "What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?", "answer": "Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men"}, {"question": "Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?", "answer": "Marvel ReEvolution"}, {"question": "What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?", "answer": "augmented reality"}, {"question": "What TV network shares a parent with Marvel?", "answer": "ABC"}, {"question": "What series on this network was given a Marvel graphic novel?", "answer": "Once Upon a Time"}, {"question": "What is the Marvel and Disney line of comics called?", "answer": "\"Disney Kingdoms\""}, {"question": "What was the first title published in that joint line of comics?", "answer": "\"Seekers of the Weird\""}, {"question": "What movie sci-fi franchise returned to Marvel in 2015?", "answer": "Star Wars"}, {"question": "What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?", "answer": "Bantam Books"}, {"question": "What was the first novel published under this deal?", "answer": "The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder"}, {"question": "What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?", "answer": "Marvel Press"}, {"question": "In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?", "answer": "Pocket Books"}, {"question": "Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?", "answer": "Hong Kong Disneyland"}, {"question": "Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?", "answer": "Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney"}, {"question": "The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?", "answer": "Universal Studios"}, {"question": "What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?", "answer": "Guardians of the Galaxy"}, {"question": "What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?", "answer": "Big Hero 6"}, {"question": "The United Kingdom ruled what empire?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Which empire was the largest in history, at its height?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "When did 458 million people live in the British Empire?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "How much of the world's population did the British Empire rule in 1922?", "answer": "one-fifth"}, {"question": "How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922?", "answer": "13,000,000"}, {"question": "In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?", "answer": "15th and 16th centuries"}, {"question": "Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?", "answer": "Portugal and Spain"}, {"question": "Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?", "answer": "England, France, and the Netherlands"}, {"question": "When did England become Great Britain?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?", "answer": "American War of Independence"}, {"question": "In which wars was France defeated?", "answer": "the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What did Pax Britannica mean?", "answer": "British Peace"}, {"question": "When was Britain called the \"workshop of the world\"?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?", "answer": "Germany and the United States"}, {"question": "Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?", "answer": "overseas territories remain under British sovereignty"}, {"question": "How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?", "answer": "Fourteen"}, {"question": "Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?", "answer": "1496"}, {"question": "Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?", "answer": "King Henry VII of England"}, {"question": "Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Where did Cabot make landfall?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?", "answer": "Christopher Columbus"}, {"question": "What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?", "answer": "the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?", "answer": "1562"}, {"question": "Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?", "answer": "off the coast of West Africa"}, {"question": "Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?", "answer": "Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "Which author was the first to use the term \"British Empire\"?", "answer": "John Dee"}, {"question": "When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?", "answer": "1578"}, {"question": "When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?", "answer": "1583"}, {"question": "What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?", "answer": "Walter Raleigh"}, {"question": "What colony did Walter Raleigh found?", "answer": "Roanoke"}, {"question": "What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?", "answer": "James VI, King of Scots"}, {"question": "When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?", "answer": "1604"}, {"question": "Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "In what century did the English East India Company form?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?", "answer": "the \"First British Empire\""}, {"question": "When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?", "answer": "1604"}, {"question": "When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?", "answer": "1605"}, {"question": "When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?", "answer": "1655"}, {"question": "When did England colonize the Bahamas?", "answer": "1666"}, {"question": "What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?", "answer": "to find gold deposits"}, {"question": "When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?", "answer": "1607"}, {"question": "Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?", "answer": "Jamestown"}, {"question": "Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?", "answer": "Captain John Smith"}, {"question": "When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?", "answer": "1615"}, {"question": "What did England rename New Netherland to?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean?", "answer": "Royal African Company"}, {"question": "When was the British slave trade abolished?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "The triangular slave trade was between Africa, the Americas, and which British cities?", "answer": "Bristol and Liverpool"}, {"question": "What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?", "answer": "one in seven"}, {"question": "When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter?", "answer": "1695"}, {"question": "When was Panama colonized by Scotland?", "answer": "1698"}, {"question": "How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?", "answer": "a quarter"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Union?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "When was the British East India Company chartered?", "answer": "1600"}, {"question": "When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?", "answer": "1602"}, {"question": "When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?", "answer": "1720"}, {"question": "How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?", "answer": "spice"}, {"question": "Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "When did England and the Netherlands make peace?", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?", "answer": "Nine Years' War"}, {"question": "In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?", "answer": "Treaty of Utrecht"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?", "answer": "permission to sell slaves in Spanish America"}, {"question": "What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?", "answer": "asiento"}, {"question": "What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?", "answer": "Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Plassey?", "answer": "1757"}, {"question": "Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?", "answer": "Robert Clive"}, {"question": "Where were the Carnatic Wars?", "answer": "British Indian Army"}, {"question": "What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?", "answer": "Indian sepoys"}, {"question": "When was the Seven Years' War?", "answer": "1756\u20131763"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Paris?", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "Which country acquired New France from France?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Which country acquired Louisiana from France?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Which country acquired Florida from Spain?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?", "answer": "the Thirteen Colonies"}, {"question": "What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?", "answer": "\"No taxation without representation\""}, {"question": "When did the US declare independence?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "When did France enter the American Revolution war?", "answer": "1778"}, {"question": "When did Britain recognize American independence?", "answer": "1783"}, {"question": "What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776?", "answer": "Wealth of Nations"}, {"question": "The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views?", "answer": "Smith"}, {"question": "In the 'second' British Empire period, Britain refocused on which areas?", "answer": "Asia, the Pacific and later Africa"}, {"question": "What had been Britain's most populous overseas possession?", "answer": "British America"}, {"question": "Who argued that colonies were redundant?", "answer": "Adam Smith"}, {"question": "How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?", "answer": "between 40,000 and 100,000"}, {"question": "New Brunswick was split off from which province?", "answer": "Nova Scotia"}, {"question": "Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?", "answer": "The Constitutional Act of 1791"}, {"question": "What language did most of Upper Canada speak?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What language did most of Lower Canada speak?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies?", "answer": "one thousand"}, {"question": "Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Who discovered Australia in 1606?", "answer": "Willem Jansz"}, {"question": "What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia?", "answer": "New Holland"}, {"question": "When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "When was New Zealand discovered by the Dutch?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch?", "answer": "Abel Tasman"}, {"question": "When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island?", "answer": "1769"}, {"question": "What is New Zealand's native population called?", "answer": "M\u0101ori"}, {"question": "Who signed a treaty with the Maori?", "answer": "Captain William Hobson"}, {"question": "The British Royal Navy blockaded which ports?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805?", "answer": "Trafalgar"}, {"question": "When were the Netherlands' colonies annexed by Napoleon?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "When was Napoleon finally defeated?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "What abolished the British slave trade?", "answer": "the Slave Trade Act"}, {"question": "Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?", "answer": "Sierra Leone"}, {"question": "What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?", "answer": "The Slavery Abolition Act"}, {"question": "How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?", "answer": "4 to 6 years"}, {"question": "How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?", "answer": "10,000,000"}, {"question": "How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?", "answer": "400 million"}, {"question": "Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?", "answer": "Britain's dominant position in world trade"}, {"question": "Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?", "answer": "Informal Empire"}, {"question": "What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?", "answer": "Qing"}, {"question": "When did China outlaw opium trade?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?", "answer": "1773"}, {"question": "When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?", "answer": "1784"}, {"question": "When did Britain pass the Charter Act?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?", "answer": "Government of India Act"}, {"question": "Who was crowned the Empress of India?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "When did Britain first invade Afghanistan?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "What was the British-Russian rivalry called?", "answer": "the \"Great Game\""}, {"question": "Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Russian victories against which countries increased British fears?", "answer": "Persia and Turkey"}, {"question": "When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What was took place in 1854-1856?", "answer": "Crimean War"}, {"question": "Who lost the Crimean War?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "When did Britain take over Baluchistan?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "Which country took over Kazakhstan?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?", "answer": "1652"}, {"question": "Which entity founded the Cape Colony?", "answer": "The Dutch East India Company"}, {"question": "When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?", "answer": "1806"}, {"question": "What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?", "answer": "Boers"}, {"question": "When did the Second Boer War end?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "When did the Suez Canal open?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?", "answer": "Indian Ocean"}, {"question": "Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?", "answer": "\u00a34 million"}, {"question": "The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?", "answer": "Convention of Constantinople"}, {"question": "Where did France try to invade in 1898?", "answer": "Fashoda"}, {"question": "What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?", "answer": "Mahdist"}, {"question": "When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?", "answer": "1885"}, {"question": "What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?", "answer": "the \"Scramble for Africa\""}, {"question": "Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?", "answer": "Province of Canada"}, {"question": "When was the British North America Act passed?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "When did Australia achieve self-government?", "answer": "after 1900"}, {"question": "When did New Zealand achieve self-government?", "answer": "after 1900"}, {"question": "Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?", "answer": "William Gladstone"}, {"question": "The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "When was the Easter Rising?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "When was a Home Rule bill passed?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?", "answer": "the First World War"}, {"question": "Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "When did the First World War begin?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who took over German New Guinea?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Who took over Samoa?", "answer": "Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement"}, {"question": "The Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement was signed in what year?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "How many people were in the Dominions' armies?", "answer": "Over 2.5 million"}, {"question": "When was the Gallipoli Campaign?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions' contributions in 1917?", "answer": "David Lloyd George"}, {"question": "The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister?", "answer": "Gallipoli Campaign"}, {"question": "The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?", "answer": "1,800,000"}, {"question": "Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?", "answer": "Germany and the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What modern-day country is South-West Africa?", "answer": "Namibia"}, {"question": "How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?", "answer": "13 million"}, {"question": "When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "The Great Depression helped which countries' governments become more militaristic?", "answer": "Japan and Germany"}, {"question": "When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US, which did it choose?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories' independence movements?", "answer": "India and Ireland"}, {"question": "When did Ireland establish their own assembly?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What political party established Ireland's assembly?", "answer": "Sinn F\u00e9in"}, {"question": "When did the Anglo-Irish War end?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War?", "answer": "Anglo-Irish Treaty"}, {"question": "How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "When was the Government of India Act passed?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?", "answer": "the Ghadar Conspiracy"}, {"question": "In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?", "answer": "Punjab"}, {"question": "The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?", "answer": "Non-Co-Operation"}, {"question": "When did Egypt regain formal independence from Britain?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "When did Egypt stop being a British client state?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What treaty was signed in 1936?", "answer": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}, {"question": "When did Iraq gain independence from Britain?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race?", "answer": "Jewish"}, {"question": "When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Which treaty did Canada ignore?", "answer": "Treaty of Lausanne"}, {"question": "When was the Balfour Declaration issued?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "When did Ireland issue a new constitution?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "When was France occupied by Germany?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "When was the Atlantic Charter signed?", "answer": "August 1941"}, {"question": "Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?", "answer": "Churchill"}, {"question": "Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?", "answer": "Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "When was the ANZUS Pact formed?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?", "answer": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"}, {"question": "Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?", "answer": "Singapore"}, {"question": "How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?", "answer": "$US 4.33 billion"}, {"question": "When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "When did the US make a large loan to Britain?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?", "answer": "communism"}, {"question": "How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?", "answer": "700 million"}, {"question": "Who led the British government elected in 1945?", "answer": "Clement Attlee"}, {"question": "What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?", "answer": "the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League"}, {"question": "What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?", "answer": "Pakistan"}, {"question": "When did Burma get its independence?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?", "answer": "Arab"}, {"question": "When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?", "answer": "The UN General Assembly"}, {"question": "Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?", "answer": "Palestine"}, {"question": "When did the Malayan Emergency begin?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What race was the majority of Singapore's population?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "When did Brunei get its independence?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What party regained power in Britain in 1951?", "answer": "Conservative Party"}, {"question": "Which party was Winston Churchill in?", "answer": "Conservative Party"}, {"question": "Who ruled Egypt in 1952?", "answer": "Gamal Abdul Nasser"}, {"question": "When did Sudan receive independence?", "answer": "1 January 1956"}, {"question": "Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "When was the Suez Canal nationalized?", "answer": "July 1956"}, {"question": "Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?", "answer": "Anthony Eden"}, {"question": "Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?", "answer": "Eisenhower"}, {"question": "What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?", "answer": "Israeli"}, {"question": "Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?", "answer": "Suez"}, {"question": "Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"question": "When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "When did Britain withdraw from Aden?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?", "answer": "Denis Healey"}, {"question": "Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?", "answer": "Kuwait"}, {"question": "What was the last British colony remaining in Africa?", "answer": "Southern Rhodesia"}, {"question": "When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?", "answer": "Mau Mau Uprising"}, {"question": "Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?", "answer": "Kenyan"}, {"question": "Which British territory received independence in 1961?", "answer": "Jamaica"}, {"question": "Which British territory received independence in 1962?", "answer": "Trinidad"}, {"question": "When did Barbados get independence?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?", "answer": "Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos"}, {"question": "What was Britain's last American mainland colony?", "answer": "British Honduras"}, {"question": "When was Canada given full control of its constitution?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?", "answer": "British Dependent Territories"}, {"question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?", "answer": "British Overseas Territories"}, {"question": "Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?", "answer": "Falklands War"}, {"question": "Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"question": "Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?", "answer": "Treaty of Nanking"}, {"question": "When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?", "answer": "Falkland Islands"}, {"question": "How many overseas territories does Britain still have?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "How many Commonwealth nations are there?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "What is the population of the Commonwealth?", "answer": "2.2 billion"}, {"question": "How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?", "answer": "Sixteen"}, {"question": "Who is the British Queen?", "answer": "Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?", "answer": "the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand"}, {"question": "Where did many Indians move to?", "answer": "Malaysia and Fiji"}, {"question": "Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?", "answer": "after the Second World War"}, {"question": "What is botany?", "answer": "science of plant life"}, {"question": "What does the word botany mean?", "answer": "\"to feed\" or \"to graze\""}, {"question": "What is  a plant scientist called?", "answer": "A botanist"}, {"question": "Does botany only study plants?", "answer": "included the study of fungi and algae"}, {"question": "What science led to botany?", "answer": "herbalism"}, {"question": "What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?", "answer": "plants of medical importance"}, {"question": "When did universities start growing gardens?", "answer": "1540s onwards"}, {"question": "Why did universities have these gardens?", "answer": "facilitated the academic study of plants"}, {"question": "Why was plant taxonomy developed?", "answer": "to catalogue and describe their collections"}, {"question": "What is are the main themes of present-day botany?", "answer": "molecular genetics and epigenetics"}, {"question": "How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?", "answer": "providing staple foods"}, {"question": "How can botany be applied to the construction industry?", "answer": "synthesis of chemicals and raw materials"}, {"question": "Is botany a narrow science?", "answer": "a broad, multidisciplinary subject"}, {"question": "What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?", "answer": "De Materia Medica"}, {"question": "What was the De Materia Medica written about?", "answer": "herbal medicine"}, {"question": "What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?", "answer": "physician and pharmacologist"}, {"question": "Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?", "answer": "medieval Muslim world"}, {"question": "How long a book is the De Materia Medica?", "answer": "five-volume"}, {"question": "What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?", "answer": "Padua"}, {"question": "Where is the Padua garden?", "answer": "its original location"}, {"question": "Why did monasteries have gardens?", "answer": "for medical use"}, {"question": "What science was botany considered to be a part of?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "Where was the first European botany garden at a university?", "answer": "University of Oxford"}, {"question": "Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?", "answer": "Physician Valerius Cordus"}, {"question": "What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?", "answer": "John Gerard"}, {"question": "Who is considered the father of natural history?", "answer": "Ulisse Aldrovandi"}, {"question": "Who coined the term cells?", "answer": "Robert Hooke"}, {"question": "In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?", "answer": "cork"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?", "answer": "choices between pairs"}, {"question": "What is the term for keys used for identification?", "answer": "diagnostic keys"}, {"question": "Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?", "answer": "newly discovered countries"}, {"question": "What book is still used for nomenclature?", "answer": "Species Plantarum"}, {"question": "How are the plants classified?", "answer": "number of their male sexual organs"}, {"question": "What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?", "answer": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy"}, {"question": "In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?", "answer": "1819"}, {"question": "On what did Candolle base his classification system?", "answer": "morphological complexity"}, {"question": "What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?", "answer": "concept of common descent"}, {"question": "What was the first modern text book?", "answer": "Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik"}, {"question": "What was Schleiden's profession?", "answer": "microscopist"}, {"question": "What theory did Schleiden co-found?", "answer": "cell theory"}, {"question": "What do Fick's laws do?", "answer": "calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion"}, {"question": "What did Warming believe that plants can do?", "answer": "form communities"}, {"question": "What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?", "answer": "climax vegetation"}, {"question": "Who created the concept of ecosystems?", "answer": "Arthur Tansley"}, {"question": "Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?", "answer": "Alphonse de Candolle"}, {"question": "What history did Vavilov write about?", "answer": "history of economic plants"}, {"question": "What is transpiration?", "answer": "the transport of water within plant tissues"}, {"question": "What influences water evaporation on leaves?", "answer": "temperature"}, {"question": "What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?", "answer": "rate of photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What enables the regulation of plant growth?", "answer": "auxin plant hormones"}, {"question": "What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?", "answer": "herbicides"}, {"question": "What enables scientists to better study plants now?", "answer": "modern techniques of organic chemical analysis"}, {"question": "What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?", "answer": "all plant cells are totipotent"}, {"question": "Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?", "answer": "Gottlieb Haberlandt"}, {"question": "What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?", "answer": "phylogenetic"}, {"question": "What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?", "answer": "DNA sequences"}, {"question": "What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?", "answer": "Molecular analysis of DNA"}, {"question": "Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?", "answer": "the major morphological categories"}, {"question": "Why are plants important to human life?", "answer": "oxygen and food"}, {"question": "What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is used to rebuild cells?", "answer": "organic molecules"}, {"question": "What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "What do plant roots prevent?", "answer": "soil erosion"}, {"question": "What is the scientific name for seed plants?", "answer": "gymnosperms"}, {"question": "What is the study of algae called?", "answer": "phycology"}, {"question": "What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?", "answer": "haploid and diploid"}, {"question": "What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?", "answer": "Paleobotanists"}, {"question": "What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?", "answer": "cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "What can scientists learn from the fossil record?", "answer": "evolutionary history of plants"}, {"question": "What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?", "answer": "Cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "Why do food chains start with plants?", "answer": "energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil"}, {"question": "What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?", "answer": "first trophic level"}, {"question": "How can the yield of food plants be increased?", "answer": "plant breeding"}, {"question": "Why would botanists study weeds?", "answer": "problem in agriculture"}, {"question": "what parts of algae are unique to them?", "answer": "chloroplasts"}, {"question": "From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?", "answer": "cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "What color is chlorophyll?", "answer": "blue-green"}, {"question": "What organelles are unique to algae?", "answer": "chloroplasts"}, {"question": "From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?", "answer": "cyanobacteria"}, {"question": "What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?", "answer": "store and transport energy"}, {"question": "When is the raw form of glucose formed?", "answer": "first product of photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is stored in the chloroplast?", "answer": "starch"}, {"question": "What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?", "answer": "fructose"}, {"question": "Why is table sugar produced?", "answer": "for export to the rest of the plant"}, {"question": "What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?", "answer": "lignin"}, {"question": "What weakens cell walls?", "answer": "water stress"}, {"question": "What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?", "answer": "carbon dioxide"}, {"question": "What polymer is found in spores and pollen?", "answer": "Sporopollenin"}, {"question": "What polymer is a major part of wood?", "answer": "Lignin"}, {"question": "What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?", "answer": "Phytochemistry"}, {"question": "Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?", "answer": "toxins"}, {"question": "Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?", "answer": "from plants"}, {"question": "Where did aspirin originally come from?", "answer": "bark of willow trees"}, {"question": "Where does morphine come from?", "answer": "the opium poppy"}, {"question": "How is charcoal made?", "answer": "pyrolysis of wood"}, {"question": "Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?", "answer": "one of the three ingredients of gunpowder"}, {"question": "Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?", "answer": "biodiesel"}, {"question": "Rayon comes from what plant product?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What are plant habitats?", "answer": "environments where they complete their life"}, {"question": "What is the goal of plant ecology?", "answer": "to understand"}, {"question": "What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?", "answer": "Plant ecology"}, {"question": "What do plants do in their environment?", "answer": "interactions with other species"}, {"question": "On what do plants depend in their environment?", "answer": "edaphic (soil) and climatic factors"}, {"question": "How do plants interact with other species in their environment?", "answer": "for resources"}, {"question": "What is the collection of plants in the environment called?", "answer": "vegetation"}, {"question": "What are groupings of similar plants?", "answer": "biomes"}, {"question": "How can historical changes in the environment be detected?", "answer": "plant phenology"}, {"question": "How can climate changes be determined from soil?", "answer": "fossil pollen deposits in sediments"}, {"question": "What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?", "answer": "CO2"}, {"question": "What causes lower growth in plants?", "answer": "Ozone depletion"}, {"question": "What does ozone depletion allow?", "answer": "higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B"}, {"question": "Does inheritance work differently in plants?", "answer": "same fundamental principles of genetics"}, {"question": "What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?", "answer": "Pisum sativum (peas)"}, {"question": "What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?", "answer": "maize"}, {"question": "Are plants and animals genetically the same?", "answer": "distinctive genetic differences"}, {"question": "Are plants able to mate across species?", "answer": "hybrids are often possible"}, {"question": "What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?", "answer": "wheat"}, {"question": "How do some plants avoid cross pollination?", "answer": "pollen either fails to reach the stigma"}, {"question": "Do all plants have male and female parts?", "answer": "separate individuals"}, {"question": "Why do plants develop bulbs?", "answer": "opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare"}, {"question": "What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?", "answer": "replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction"}, {"question": "How different are the children produced by asexual parents?", "answer": "genetically identical to the parent"}, {"question": "What is the term for asexual cloning?", "answer": "Apomixis"}, {"question": "Does apomixis only occur in the parent?", "answer": "can also happen in a seed"}, {"question": "What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?", "answer": "errors in cytokinesis"}, {"question": "Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?", "answer": "often reproduce normally"}, {"question": "Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?", "answer": "unable to cross-breed successfully"}, {"question": "What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?", "answer": "form a new species"}, {"question": "What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?", "answer": "commercial banana"}, {"question": "What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?", "answer": "Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana"}, {"question": "In what year was this genome sequenced?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?", "answer": "one of the smallest genomes"}, {"question": "Why is sequencing done on plants?", "answer": "understanding the genetics"}, {"question": "What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?", "answer": "new knowledge about plant function"}, {"question": "Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?", "answer": "small genomes"}, {"question": "What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?", "answer": "red alga"}, {"question": "What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?", "answer": "Corn"}, {"question": "How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?", "answer": "can attach to plant cells"}, {"question": "How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?", "answer": "introducing the Nif gene"}, {"question": "How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?", "answer": "in the root nodules"}, {"question": "What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?", "answer": "creation of genetically modified crops"}, {"question": "Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?", "answer": "Schell and Van Montagu"}, {"question": "What does epigenetics study?", "answer": "changes in gene function"}, {"question": "How do DNA changes affect plants?", "answer": "express themselves\") differently"}, {"question": "When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?", "answer": "prevent that region of the DNA code"}, {"question": "What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?", "answer": "differences"}, {"question": "Are the changes then presented, permanent?", "answer": "may be temporary"}, {"question": "What process causes changes in plant cells?", "answer": "Epigenetic changes"}, {"question": "What is the original cell of the plant?", "answer": "the zygote"}, {"question": "How are the different cells formed?", "answer": "continues to divide"}, {"question": "How is it determined, which cells will be formed?", "answer": "activation of some genes and inhibition of others"}, {"question": "Does cell division end in plants?", "answer": "remaining totipotent"}, {"question": "What happens when a plant remains totipotent?", "answer": "ability to give rise to a new individual plant"}, {"question": "Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?", "answer": "lack nuclei"}, {"question": "Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?", "answer": "information from the environment"}, {"question": "Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?", "answer": "dead at maturity"}, {"question": "Are all algae different from land plants?", "answer": "some more closely related"}, {"question": "What algae is the ancestor of true plants?", "answer": "Charophyta"}, {"question": "Are all species of algae similar?", "answer": "many differences"}, {"question": "To what species of algae is Charophyta related?", "answer": "Chlorophyta"}, {"question": "What makes mosses different from other land plants?", "answer": "lack the vascular tissues"}, {"question": "What protects the young plant in the seed?", "answer": "one or two sheathing layers"}, {"question": "How does the plant escape the seed?", "answer": "splits to release it"}, {"question": "What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?", "answer": "Gymnosperms"}, {"question": "What event led to the diversification of seed plants?", "answer": "evolution of the seed habit"}, {"question": "What does the plant use for internal processes?", "answer": "Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water"}, {"question": "Where do plants get their energy?", "answer": "sunlight"}, {"question": "How do animals use plants?", "answer": "in the construction of cells and tissues"}, {"question": "Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?", "answer": "opposite of photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is the basis of plant physiology?", "answer": "internal chemical and physical activities"}, {"question": "How is water transported into plants?", "answer": "from roots"}, {"question": "IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?", "answer": "as soluble ions"}, {"question": "From where does the plant get the required minerals?", "answer": "chemical breakdown of soil"}, {"question": "Where is sucrose produced in a plant?", "answer": "the leaves"}, {"question": "How are hormones moved around a plant?", "answer": "by a variety of processes"}, {"question": "When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?", "answer": "the brain of one of the lower animals"}, {"question": "Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?", "answer": "movements of plant shoots"}, {"question": "What do auxins do?", "answer": "promotes cell growth"}, {"question": "What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?", "answer": "form roots and shoots"}, {"question": "What are cytokinins responsible for in plants?", "answer": "control of cell division"}, {"question": "Where are cytokinins produced?", "answer": "in roots"}, {"question": "How is bud development determined?", "answer": "cytokinesis"}, {"question": "How is the height of a plant determined?", "answer": "gibberelins"}, {"question": "What acid slows or stops cell division?", "answer": "Abscisic"}, {"question": "What is the study of the inside of plants?", "answer": "Plant anatomy"}, {"question": "What is the study of the outside of plants?", "answer": "plant morphology"}, {"question": "How are plants different from animals?", "answer": "primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose"}, {"question": "Where do plants store their DNA?", "answer": "in nuclei"}, {"question": "Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?", "answer": "larger"}, {"question": "What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?", "answer": "stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves"}, {"question": "Do roots contain chlorophyll?", "answer": "generally lack chlorophyll"}, {"question": "What makes a plant non-vascular?", "answer": "do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots"}, {"question": "How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?", "answer": "most of the plant"}, {"question": "How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?", "answer": "nonphotosynthetic"}, {"question": "Do the roots and shoots need each other?", "answer": "interdependent"}, {"question": "What do the roots get from the shoots?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "What do the shoots get from the roots?", "answer": "water and minerals"}, {"question": "What are roots used for in beets and carrots?", "answer": "to store food"}, {"question": "What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?", "answer": "can often regrow it"}, {"question": "What are the stems used for in cacti?", "answer": "store water"}, {"question": "For what are leaves used?", "answer": "gather sunlight"}, {"question": "What are angiosperms?", "answer": "plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds"}, {"question": "What kind of plants are gymnosperms?", "answer": "woody plants"}, {"question": "What kind of leaves are large and flat?", "answer": "foliage leaves"}, {"question": "How did Linnaeus group organisms?", "answer": "shared physical characteristics"}, {"question": "How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?", "answer": "by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics"}, {"question": "How are grouping determined currently?", "answer": "DNA sequences"}, {"question": "Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?", "answer": "International Botanical Congress."}, {"question": "What is the main grouping of a plant know as?", "answer": "Kingdom"}, {"question": "What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?", "answer": "Species"}, {"question": "Do different countries refer to plants by different names?", "answer": "single world-wide name"}, {"question": "What part of the name is always capitalized?", "answer": "the genus"}, {"question": "How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?", "answer": "italicised"}, {"question": "What does the phylogeny of a group represent?", "answer": "relationships and heredity"}, {"question": "How are the relationships within the group determined?", "answer": "shared inheritance"}, {"question": "What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?", "answer": "spines produced from areoles"}, {"question": "What are areoles?", "answer": "pad-like structures"}, {"question": "Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?", "answer": "convergent evolution"}, {"question": "How can two different plants acquire the same traits?", "answer": "arisen independently"}, {"question": "What traits show a shared ancestry?", "answer": "derived characters"}, {"question": "How are common ancestries represented for plant families?", "answer": "tree-like diagrams"}, {"question": "What is used now to group plants?", "answer": "DNA sequences"}, {"question": "What was previously used to group plants?", "answer": "morphological characters"}, {"question": "How is DNA grouping superior?", "answer": "genetic code itself is used"}, {"question": "Are fungi more like plants or animals?", "answer": "closely related to animals"}, {"question": "When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?", "answer": "flowering plants"}, {"question": "What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?", "answer": "evolution in plants"}, {"question": "How has technology improved the study of botany?", "answer": "greatly increased the level of detail"}, {"question": "What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?", "answer": "which families represent the earliest branches"}, {"question": "What is Madonna's real name?", "answer": "Madonna Louise Ciccone"}, {"question": "When was Madonna born?", "answer": "August 16, 1958"}, {"question": "Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?", "answer": "Queen of Pop"}, {"question": "Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Where was Madonna born?", "answer": "Bay City, Michigan"}, {"question": "In which year did Madonna move to New York City?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?", "answer": "Sire Records"}, {"question": "What was the name of the album she released in 1983?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?", "answer": "Ray of Light"}, {"question": "Name a film role that Madonna acted in.", "answer": "Desperately Seeking Susan"}, {"question": "Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?", "answer": "Evita"}, {"question": "Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?", "answer": "fashion design"}, {"question": "What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?", "answer": "Maverick"}, {"question": "Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?", "answer": "more than 300 million"}, {"question": "Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?", "answer": "Guinness World Records"}, {"question": "How many certified albums does Madonna have?", "answer": "64.5 million"}, {"question": "Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?", "answer": "$1.31 billion"}, {"question": "Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Madonna was born to which religion?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?", "answer": "Pacentro, Italy"}, {"question": "Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?", "answer": "French-Canadian"}, {"question": "What was Tony's occupation?", "answer": "engineer designer"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?", "answer": "Little Nonni"}, {"question": "Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?", "answer": "Veronica"}, {"question": "Which disease did her mother passed away from?", "answer": "breast cancer"}, {"question": "Where was Madonna raised?", "answer": "Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?", "answer": "cry"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?", "answer": "paternal grandmother"}, {"question": "How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?", "answer": "rebelled"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?", "answer": "Vanity Fair"}, {"question": "Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?", "answer": "unable to sleep unless she was near him"}, {"question": "In 1966, who did Tony married?", "answer": "Joan Gustafson"}, {"question": "Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?", "answer": "Mario"}, {"question": "When was Mario born?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?", "answer": "West Middle School"}, {"question": "Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?", "answer": "high grade point average"}, {"question": "When did Madonna drop out of college?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?", "answer": "Dunkin' Donuts"}, {"question": "Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?", "answer": "Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater"}, {"question": "How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?", "answer": "$35"}, {"question": "What did she also work as for other established artists?", "answer": "backup dancer"}, {"question": "Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?", "answer": "Dan Gilroy"}, {"question": "What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?", "answer": "Breakfast Club"}, {"question": "When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?", "answer": "1980 or 1981"}, {"question": "After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?", "answer": "Stephen Bray"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's debut single called?", "answer": "Everybody"}, {"question": "When was \"Everybody\" released?", "answer": "October 1982"}, {"question": "What was the name of the second single called?", "answer": "Burning Up"}, {"question": "Who produced Madonna's debut album?", "answer": "Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros"}, {"question": "Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the \"Hot Dance Club Songs\" by the Billboard Magazine?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?", "answer": "John \"Jellybean\" Benitez"}, {"question": "Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?", "answer": "Benitez"}, {"question": "Which song was Madonna's first global hit?", "answer": "Holiday"}, {"question": "When was Madonna's album released?", "answer": "July 1983"}, {"question": "Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?", "answer": "young girls and women"}, {"question": "When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?", "answer": "Maripol"}, {"question": "When did Madonna achieve global recognition?", "answer": "November 1984"}, {"question": "How long did \"Like a Virgin\" stayed on the Billboard 100?", "answer": "six consecutive weeks"}, {"question": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?", "answer": "\"Like a Virgin\""}, {"question": "What was Madonna wearing during the performance of \"Like A Virgin\" at the VMA?", "answer": "a wedding dress"}, {"question": "Her video of \"Material Girl\" was an imitation of which singer's song, \"Diamonds are a girl's best friend?\"", "answer": "Marilyn Monroe"}, {"question": "When did Madonna married Sean Penn?", "answer": "on her birthday in 1985"}, {"question": "When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show \"A Chorus Line?\" ", "answer": "February 1984"}, {"question": "When did Madonna enter mainstream films?", "answer": "February 1985"}, {"question": "What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?", "answer": "Vision Quest"}, {"question": "When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?", "answer": "March 1985"}, {"question": "What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?", "answer": "\"Crazy for You\" and \"Gambler\""}, {"question": "What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?", "answer": "\"Into the Groove\""}, {"question": "When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?", "answer": "Beginning in April 1985"}, {"question": "Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?", "answer": "Beastie Boys"}, {"question": "When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?", "answer": "up to $100,000"}, {"question": "When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "When was Madonna's third album released?", "answer": "June 1986"}, {"question": "Who was the album True Blue dedicated to?", "answer": "Sean Penn"}, {"question": "Madonna's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide?", "answer": "28 countries"}, {"question": "What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise?", "answer": "Golden Raspberry Award"}, {"question": "Name a soundtrack in the film Who's That Girl?", "answer": "Causing a Commotion"}, {"question": "When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?", "answer": "January 1989"}, {"question": "With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?", "answer": "canceled her sponsorship contract"}, {"question": "Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?", "answer": "Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray."}, {"question": "How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?", "answer": "15 million copies"}, {"question": "When was Madonna named \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?", "answer": "end of the 1980s"}, {"question": "In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?", "answer": "Breathless Mahoney"}, {"question": "Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?", "answer": "Saturn Award"}, {"question": "Who earned an Academy Award for the song \"Vogue\" and \"Sooner or Later?\" ", "answer": "Stephen Sondheim"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?", "answer": "Beatty"}, {"question": "When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?", "answer": "end of 1990"}, {"question": "What is Madonna's compilation album called?", "answer": "The Immaculate Collection"}, {"question": "How many albums did it sell worldwide?", "answer": "over 30 million copies"}, {"question": "What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?", "answer": "Justify My Love"}, {"question": "Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?", "answer": "too sexually explicit"}, {"question": "Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?", "answer": "number one"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?", "answer": "Mae Mordabito"}, {"question": "What is the film's theme song?", "answer": "This Used to Be My Playground"}, {"question": "When did Madonna open her own entertainment company, Maverick?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?", "answer": "Body of Evidence"}, {"question": "When was The Girlie Show World Tour?", "answer": "September 1993"}, {"question": "What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?", "answer": "whip-cracking dominatrix"}, {"question": "In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?", "answer": "Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?", "answer": "a pair of her panties"}, {"question": "What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?", "answer": "a sexual renegade"}, {"question": "Which biographer described her song \"I'll Remember\" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?", "answer": "J. Randy Taraborrelli"}, {"question": "The song \"I'll Remember\" was recorded for which film?", "answer": "With Honors"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's sixth album named?", "answer": "Bedtime Stories"}, {"question": "The single \"Take A Bow\" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?", "answer": "seven weeks"}, {"question": "Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?", "answer": "Carlos Leon"}, {"question": "In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?", "answer": "Eva Per\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?", "answer": "Alan Parker"}, {"question": "When was Madonna pregnant?", "answer": "During shooting"}, {"question": "After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?", "answer": "vocal training"}, {"question": "Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita?", "answer": "Zach Conner"}, {"question": "What award did Madonna win for the film Evita?", "answer": "Golden Globe Award"}, {"question": "When was Madonna's daughter born?", "answer": "October 14, 1996"}, {"question": "What is the name of Madonna's daughter?", "answer": "Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon"}, {"question": "When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended?", "answer": "May 1997"}, {"question": "What is the name of Madonna's seventh album?", "answer": "Ray of Light"}, {"question": "What year was \"Ray of Light\" released?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light?", "answer": "William Orbit"}, {"question": "Which type of music was popular during the 90s?", "answer": "Techno and rave"}, {"question": "How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who listed Ray of Light as \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?\"", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?", "answer": "16 million copies"}, {"question": "Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?", "answer": "Frozen"}, {"question": "The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?", "answer": "Music of the Heart"}, {"question": "Who was the director of Music of the Heart?", "answer": "Wes Craven"}, {"question": "Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?", "answer": "Beautiful Stranger"}, {"question": "Which award did Madonna win for the single \"Beautiful Stranger?\"", "answer": "Grammy Award"}, {"question": "What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?", "answer": "The Next Best Thing"}, {"question": "What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?", "answer": "Time Stood Still"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's eighth album called?", "answer": "Music"}, {"question": "When was \"Music\" released?", "answer": "September 2000"}, {"question": "How many albums did \"Music\" sell in the first 10 days?", "answer": "four million"}, {"question": "Who is Madonna's second husband?", "answer": "Guy Ritchie"}, {"question": "When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?", "answer": "December 21, 2000."}, {"question": "When was Rocco John Ritchie born?", "answer": "August 11, 2000"}, {"question": "What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth?", "answer": "placenta praevia"}, {"question": "When did Madonna's Drowned World Tour start?", "answer": "June 2001"}, {"question": "Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie?", "answer": "Swept Away"}, {"question": "When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre?", "answer": "May 2002"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's title song for the James Bond movie?", "answer": "Die Another Day"}, {"question": "Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?", "answer": "X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's ninth album called?", "answer": "American Life"}, {"question": "When was American Life released?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "American Life reached which number at the Hot 100?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "How many copies did the album sell worldwide?", "answer": "four million"}, {"question": "Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?", "answer": "Spears and Aguilera"}, {"question": "When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?", "answer": "October 2003"}, {"question": "Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?", "answer": "children's books"}, {"question": "What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?", "answer": "The English Roses,"}, {"question": "When was the The English Roses published?", "answer": "September 2003"}, {"question": "Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?", "answer": "Warner Music Group"}, {"question": "Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?", "answer": "Maverick"}, {"question": "Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?", "answer": "Madonna and Ronnie Dashev"}, {"question": "Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?", "answer": "Warner Music"}, {"question": "When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?", "answer": "mid-2004"}, {"question": "HOw much did the tour earn?", "answer": "around $120 million"}, {"question": "What was Madonna's documentary called?", "answer": "I'm Going to Tell You a Secret"}, {"question": "When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?", "answer": "November 2004"}, {"question": "When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?", "answer": "July 2005."}, {"question": "What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?", "answer": "Confessions on a Dance Floor"}, {"question": "When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?", "answer": "November 2005"}, {"question": "Which award the the album win?", "answer": "Grammy Award"}, {"question": "Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!", "answer": "ABBA"}, {"question": "What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?", "answer": "Sorry"}, {"question": "When did the Confessions Tour start?", "answer": "May 2006"}, {"question": "How much did the Confessions Tour make?", "answer": "over $193.7 million"}, {"question": "Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?", "answer": "used religious symbols"}, {"question": "It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?", "answer": "over 200 million"}, {"question": "What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?", "answer": "Raising Malawi initiative"}, {"question": "When did Madonna adopt David Banda?", "answer": "October 2006"}, {"question": "What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?", "answer": "pneumonia"}, {"question": "What was the name of Banda's biological father?", "answer": "Yohane"}, {"question": "When was the adoption finalized?", "answer": "May 2008"}, {"question": "What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts?", "answer": "Hey You"}, {"question": "Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?", "answer": "Live Nation"}, {"question": "What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?", "answer": "I Am Because We Are"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?", "answer": "Filth and Wisdom"}, {"question": "Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "What was the name of Madonna's eleventh album?", "answer": "Hard Candy"}, {"question": "When was Hard Candy released?", "answer": "April 2008"}, {"question": "Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?", "answer": "thirty seven"}, {"question": "Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?", "answer": "Hard Candy"}, {"question": "Which single was released as the album's lead single?", "answer": "4 Minutes"}, {"question": "Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?", "answer": "Elvis Presley"}, {"question": "4 minutes became Madonna's which number one single in the UK?", "answer": "thirteenth"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?", "answer": "Sticky & Sweet Tour"}, {"question": "How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed?", "answer": "$280 million,"}, {"question": "What is the title of the book by Madonna's brother?", "answer": "Life with My Sister Madonna"}, {"question": "The book debuted at number two on which best seller's list?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie?", "answer": "December 2008"}, {"question": "When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?", "answer": "June 12, 2009"}, {"question": "When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson?", "answer": "September 13, 2009"}, {"question": "When was Mercy adopted?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?", "answer": "David"}, {"question": "Who initially protested the adoption?", "answer": "Mercy's grandmother"}, {"question": "Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?", "answer": "The men"}, {"question": "Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??", "answer": "Mercy's father"}, {"question": "When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now?", "answer": "January 2010"}, {"question": "What album did Madonna released in April 2010?", "answer": "Sticky & Sweet Tour"}, {"question": "Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?", "answer": "Glee"}, {"question": "What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?", "answer": "Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna"}, {"question": "What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?", "answer": "Material Girl"}, {"question": "Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?", "answer": "Macy's"}, {"question": "What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?", "answer": "Hard Candy Fitness"}, {"question": "When did Madonna released her second clothing line?", "answer": "November 2011"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?", "answer": "W.E."}, {"question": "Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How many viewers did the half-time show attract?", "answer": "114 million viewers"}, {"question": "Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?", "answer": "Interscope Records"}, {"question": "What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?", "answer": "MDNA"}, {"question": "When was MDNA released?", "answer": "March 2012"}, {"question": "Where did the MDNA Tour start?", "answer": "Tel Aviv, Israel"}, {"question": "When did MDNA Tour begin?", "answer": "May 2012"}, {"question": "How much did the Tour grossed?", "answer": "$305.2 million"}, {"question": "How many shows were sold out?", "answer": "88"}, {"question": "Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?", "answer": "ten schools"}, {"question": "When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?", "answer": "April 2013"}, {"question": "Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?", "answer": "President of Malawi Joyce Banda"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 17 minute film called?", "answer": "secretprojectrevolution"}, {"question": "Which company was selected to release the film?", "answer": "The BitTorrent company"}, {"question": "When was secretprojectrevolution released?", "answer": "September 24, 2013"}, {"question": "What initiative did Madonna launched with her film?", "answer": "Art for Freedom"}, {"question": "How many submissions does the initiative have?", "answer": "over 3,000"}, {"question": "What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in?", "answer": "56th Annual Grammy Awards"}, {"question": "What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?", "answer": "Open Your Heart"}, {"question": "Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?", "answer": "Miley Cyrus"}, {"question": "When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?", "answer": "February 2014"}, {"question": "Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?", "answer": "December 2014"}, {"question": "What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?", "answer": "Rebel Heart"}, {"question": "When was Rebel Heart released?", "answer": "March 10, 2015"}, {"question": "When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?", "answer": "September 2015"}, {"question": "How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?", "answer": "$169.8 million"}, {"question": "Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?", "answer": "Madonna's"}, {"question": "Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?", "answer": "Robert M. Grant"}, {"question": "Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who writes and creates most of her own music?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who was Madonna's first producer?", "answer": "Mark Kamins"}, {"question": "Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?", "answer": "Madonna's"}, {"question": "Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?", "answer": "2014 and 2016"}, {"question": "Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?", "answer": "Rolling Stone"}, {"question": "Which genre did Madonna started out in?", "answer": "rock music"}, {"question": "When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?", "answer": "12-14"}, {"question": "Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "What is Madonna's second album?", "answer": "Like a Virgin"}, {"question": "Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?", "answer": "True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)"}, {"question": "True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?", "answer": "classical"}, {"question": "Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?", "answer": "Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)"}, {"question": "Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?", "answer": "electronic music"}, {"question": "What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?", "answer": "folk and acoustic"}, {"question": "Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?", "answer": "simple love songs,"}, {"question": "What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?", "answer": "dance songs"}, {"question": "What type of songs does Hard Candy have?", "answer": "urban direction"}, {"question": "MDNA focuses on which type of music?", "answer": "electronic dance music"}, {"question": "Madonna has which vocal range?", "answer": "mezzo-soprano"}, {"question": "What was the title of Madonna's Book?", "answer": "Blonde Ambition"}, {"question": "Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?", "answer": "Tony Sclafani"}, {"question": "When did Madonna take voice lessons?", "answer": "filming of Evita"}, {"question": "Which instruments can Madonna play?", "answer": "drum and guitar"}, {"question": "Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?", "answer": "Dan Gilroy"}, {"question": "What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?", "answer": "guitar"}, {"question": "How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?", "answer": "Monte Pittman"}, {"question": "According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?", "answer": "Taraborrelli,"}, {"question": "Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?", "answer": "Keith Ablow"}, {"question": "Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?", "answer": "Lucy O'Brien"}, {"question": "Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?", "answer": "Madonna and her sisters"}, {"question": "Who does Madonna's mum resemble?", "answer": "poet Anne Sexton"}, {"question": "Who is Madonna's favorite poet?", "answer": "Sylvia Plath"}, {"question": "Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?", "answer": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin"}, {"question": "Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?", "answer": "Nancy Sinatra;"}, {"question": "Whose favorite style is baroque?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who grew up listening to David Bowie?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Name one of Madonna's major influence?", "answer": "Karen Carpenter"}, {"question": "What is Madonna's religious background?", "answer": "Italian-Catholic"}, {"question": "Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?", "answer": "her parents"}, {"question": "In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?", "answer": "La Isla Bonita\""}, {"question": "In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?", "answer": "Open Your Heart"}, {"question": "She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II."}, {"question": "Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by?", "answer": "Marilyn Monroe"}, {"question": "Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?", "answer": "Monroe's"}, {"question": "The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?", "answer": "Metropolis"}, {"question": "Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?", "answer": "Stephanie Zacharek"}, {"question": "Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?", "answer": "Swept Away"}, {"question": "Whose art influence Madonna?", "answer": "Frida Kahlo"}, {"question": "Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?", "answer": "Bedtime Story"}, {"question": "Madonna collects whose painting?", "answer": "Tamara de Lempicka"}, {"question": "Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?", "answer": "Guy Bourdin"}, {"question": "Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?", "answer": "Kabbalah"}, {"question": "Which year did she adopt the name Esther?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?", "answer": "Ray of Light"}, {"question": "Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?", "answer": "Opus Dei center"}, {"question": "Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?", "answer": "Allen Metz and Carol Benson"}, {"question": "Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "What influence did Madonna music video reflects?", "answer": "American and Hispanic mixed street style"}, {"question": "She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?", "answer": "American audience"}, {"question": "Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?", "answer": "Spanish look"}, {"question": "What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?", "answer": "boleros and layered skirts"}, {"question": "Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?", "answer": "Academics"}, {"question": "In which video was it the most obvious?", "answer": "\"Like a Prayer"}, {"question": "Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "When was Madonna awarded the accolade?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who had new standards of showmanship?", "answer": "Madonna and Janet Jackson"}, {"question": "Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "What came as an expense of live singing?", "answer": "highly athletic dancing"}, {"question": "What did Madonna use in her concerts?", "answer": "hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones"}, {"question": "What was the microphone coined as?", "answer": "\"Madonna mic\""}, {"question": "Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?", "answer": "Madonna's"}, {"question": "Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?", "answer": "Laura Barcella"}, {"question": "Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?", "answer": "William Langley from The Daily Telegraph"}, {"question": "Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?", "answer": "Alan McGee from The Guardian"}, {"question": "Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?", "answer": "Howard Kramer"}, {"question": "A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?", "answer": "Madonna,"}, {"question": "Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?", "answer": "Time magazine"}, {"question": "Who is the other woman who earned the title?", "answer": "Aretha Franklin"}, {"question": "Madonna used what to benefit her career?", "answer": "sexual imagery"}, {"question": "Who started a revolution in music with women?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?", "answer": "Professor Sut Jhally"}, {"question": "Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who is an acclaim role model business woman?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?", "answer": "$1.2 billion in"}, {"question": "Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?", "answer": "London Business School academics"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?", "answer": "Morton"}, {"question": "Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?", "answer": "300 million records"}, {"question": "Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?", "answer": "Billboard"}, {"question": "How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?", "answer": "$1.31 billion"}, {"question": "How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?", "answer": "Madonna"}, {"question": "What is the foundation of the United States federal government?", "answer": "United States Constitution"}, {"question": "In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?", "answer": "The Constitution"}, {"question": "What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?", "answer": "The United States Code"}, {"question": "What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?", "answer": "law of the United States"}, {"question": "The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?", "answer": "federal judiciary"}, {"question": "What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?", "answer": "the United States Constitution"}, {"question": "What sets out the boundries of federal law?", "answer": "The Constitution"}, {"question": "What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?", "answer": "codified and uncodified"}, {"question": "What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?", "answer": "The United States Code"}, {"question": "What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?", "answer": "codified and uncodified"}, {"question": "What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?", "answer": "the United States Constitution"}, {"question": "What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "With branch of government deals with new regulations?", "answer": "the executive branch"}, {"question": "Who's responsibility is case law?", "answer": "the federal judiciary"}, {"question": "What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?", "answer": "Federal law and treaties"}, {"question": "Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?", "answer": "federal constitutional rights"}, {"question": "Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?", "answer": "state law"}, {"question": "Does every state have the same laws?", "answer": "vary greatly from one state to the next."}, {"question": "Federal law overrides what laws?", "answer": "conflicting state and territorial laws"}, {"question": "The scope of federal power is not what?", "answer": "universal"}, {"question": "What type of system is American Federalism?", "answer": "dual-sovereign system"}, {"question": "American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?", "answer": "Indian reservations"}, {"question": "States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?", "answer": "the federal Constitution"}, {"question": "Is there anything that trumps state law?", "answer": "Federal law and treaties"}, {"question": "How many state make up the United States?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?", "answer": "as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights"}, {"question": "What is day-to-day, operational law considered?", "answer": "\"living law\""}, {"question": "What is living law mostly made up of?", "answer": "state law"}, {"question": "In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  ", "answer": "a subsequent statute"}, {"question": "What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? ", "answer": "federal and state statutes"}, {"question": "What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? ", "answer": "stare decisis"}, {"question": "Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?", "answer": "the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?", "answer": "it must be deleted"}, {"question": "What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?", "answer": "a subsequent statute"}, {"question": "Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?", "answer": "decades"}, {"question": "What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?", "answer": "the principle of stare decisis"}, {"question": "Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?", "answer": "the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?", "answer": "deleted by a subsequent statute"}, {"question": "What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?", "answer": "no sensible lower court will enforce"}, {"question": "What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?", "answer": "reversed by the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?", "answer": "risk reversal by the Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?", "answer": "constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases"}, {"question": "The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?", "answer": "law of warranty"}, {"question": "In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?", "answer": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"}, {"question": "What was most influential American 20th century tort law?", "answer": "rule of strict liability for defective products"}, {"question": "What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?", "answer": "rule of strict liability for defective products"}, {"question": "Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?", "answer": "Roger J. Traynor"}, {"question": "What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?", "answer": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"}, {"question": "When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?", "answer": "Tort law"}, {"question": "Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?", "answer": "because of its immense size and diversity"}, {"question": "While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?", "answer": "Restatement of Torts"}, {"question": "What covers crimes of human against human?", "answer": "Tort law"}, {"question": "What does tort law overlap with?", "answer": "wrongs also punishable by criminal law"}, {"question": "What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?", "answer": "Restatement of Torts"}, {"question": "What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?", "answer": "many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections"}, {"question": "Why is tort law hard to standardize?", "answer": "immense size and diversity"}, {"question": "A lot of American common law diverged from where?", "answer": "English common law"}, {"question": "When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?", "answer": "there is no American ruling on point"}, {"question": "Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?", "answer": "by each other's rulings"}, {"question": "Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?", "answer": "English common law"}, {"question": "Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?", "answer": "each other's"}, {"question": "What rulings do American courts rarely follow?", "answer": "post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"}, {"question": "What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?", "answer": "there is no American ruling on point"}, {"question": "How close is current American law to English law?", "answer": "diverged significantly"}, {"question": "What differs about American and English law?", "answer": "American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"}, {"question": "When would American law be more likely to follow English law?", "answer": "no American ruling on point"}, {"question": "How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?", "answer": "nearly identical"}, {"question": "Reception statues are generally the same as what law?", "answer": "the common law of England"}, {"question": "Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? ", "answer": "contemporary U.S. courts"}, {"question": "Which US State did not  enact reception statues? ", "answer": "Louisiana"}, {"question": "What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?", "answer": "Louisiana"}, {"question": "What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?", "answer": "common law of England"}, {"question": "Some reception statutes impose what?", "answer": "a specific cutoff date"}, {"question": "Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?", "answer": "pre-Revolution"}, {"question": "What are reception statutes?", "answer": "the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state"}, {"question": "When are reception statutes invaild?", "answer": "repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions"}, {"question": "Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?", "answer": "English law"}, {"question": "Which is the only stste without reception statutes?", "answer": "Louisiana"}, {"question": "What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?", "answer": "pre-Revolution"}, {"question": "early on American courts cited what cases?", "answer": "contemporary English"}, {"question": "What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?", "answer": "over 8,000"}, {"question": "When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?", "answer": "mid-19th century"}, {"question": "How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?", "answer": "8,000"}, {"question": "What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?", "answer": "By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining"}, {"question": "What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?", "answer": "judicial literature"}, {"question": "What does federal law come from?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?", "answer": "The United States Code"}, {"question": "Where are regulations published?", "answer": "in the Federal Register"}, {"question": "Where are regulations codified into?", "answer": "Code of Federal Regulations"}, {"question": "Where does federal law begin?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?", "answer": "The United States Code"}, {"question": "Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?", "answer": "executive branch agencies"}, {"question": "Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?", "answer": "the Code of Federal Regulations"}, {"question": "What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?", "answer": "Commerce and Spending Clauses"}, {"question": "In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?", "answer": "regulating them"}, {"question": "What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?", "answer": "intellectual property"}, {"question": "What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?", "answer": "federal law"}, {"question": "What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?", "answer": "Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution"}, {"question": "When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?", "answer": "start of the 20th century"}, {"question": "What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?", "answer": "McCarran-Ferguson Act"}, {"question": "What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?", "answer": "coexist with each other"}, {"question": "Who signs a bill into a law?", "answer": "the President"}, {"question": "Where does a bill go after it is signed?", "answer": "Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"}, {"question": "What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?", "answer": "a law number"}, {"question": "After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?", "answer": "a slip law"}, {"question": "What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?", "answer": "private laws"}, {"question": "Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?", "answer": "delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"}, {"question": "What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?", "answer": "assigned a law number"}, {"question": "After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?", "answer": "publication as a slip law"}, {"question": "Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?", "answer": "session laws"}, {"question": "What is the United States Statutes at Large?", "answer": "a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted"}, {"question": "What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?", "answer": "statutes"}, {"question": "Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?", "answer": "regulations"}, {"question": "Regulations normally carry the force of what?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?", "answer": "relevant statutes"}, {"question": "What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?", "answer": "broad rulemaking authority"}, {"question": "Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?", "answer": "too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation"}, {"question": "What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?", "answer": "the principle of Chevron"}, {"question": "What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?", "answer": "regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes"}, {"question": "What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?", "answer": "stare decisis"}, {"question": "What is stare decisis?", "answer": "the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself"}, {"question": "Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?", "answer": "an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases"}, {"question": "Who else does stare decisis affect?", "answer": "impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction"}, {"question": "Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?", "answer": "federal judge Alex Kozinski"}, {"question": "Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?", "answer": "reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked"}, {"question": "What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?", "answer": "law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said"}, {"question": "Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?", "answer": "saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law"}, {"question": "Why would one judge reject another's opinion?", "answer": "incorrect statement of the law"}, {"question": "How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?", "answer": "no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law"}, {"question": "What did the missing plenary reception do?", "answer": "granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent"}, {"question": "Where do the federal courts fall?", "answer": "the federal Judiciary Acts"}, {"question": "Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?", "answer": "Article Three"}, {"question": "What does Article Three give federal agencies?", "answer": "implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent"}, {"question": "When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?", "answer": "nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What made binding precedent a possibility?", "answer": "creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing"}, {"question": "What can invalidate the rule of law?", "answer": "hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability"}, {"question": "Why was the rule of precedent allowed?", "answer": "in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided"}, {"question": "How is a court hierarchy established?", "answer": "the Judiciary Acts"}, {"question": "What states that there is no general federal common law?", "answer": "the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins"}, {"question": "When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Why can't federal courts just make up law?", "answer": "lack the plenary power possessed by state courts"}, {"question": "When are states allowed to use plenary power?", "answer": "absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law"}, {"question": "What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?", "answer": "federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue"}, {"question": "What are states not bound by?", "answer": "federal interpretations of state law"}, {"question": "What states that deference is one way only?", "answer": "Erie doctrine"}, {"question": "What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?", "answer": "state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law"}, {"question": "What does each state posess?", "answer": "state constitutions, state governments, and state courts"}, {"question": "What are the 50 states in the Union known as?", "answer": "separate sovereigns"}, {"question": "Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?", "answer": "executive branch"}, {"question": "What branch of government enacts state statutes?", "answer": "legislative branch"}, {"question": "Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?", "answer": "judicial branch"}, {"question": "Where are cases usually argued?", "answer": "state courts"}, {"question": "What types of cases are argued in the state courts?", "answer": "involve claims and defenses under state laws"}, {"question": "How many new cases were filed in 2010?", "answer": "103.5 million"}, {"question": "How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?", "answer": "272,795"}, {"question": "What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?", "answer": "282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases"}, {"question": "What makes up the law of criminal procedure?", "answer": "federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes"}, {"question": "What did the exclusionary rule provide for?", "answer": "inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights"}, {"question": "What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?", "answer": "writ of habeas corpus"}, {"question": "What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/", "answer": "Miranda warning"}, {"question": "What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?", "answer": "Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions"}, {"question": "What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?", "answer": "The law of civil procedure"}, {"question": "What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?", "answer": "code pleading"}, {"question": "What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?", "answer": "modern notice pleading"}, {"question": "When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?", "answer": "The old English division between common law and equity courts"}, {"question": "Which states have not adopted FRCP?", "answer": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant"}, {"question": "How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?", "answer": "codified statutes enacted by the state legislature"}, {"question": "What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?", "answer": "court rules promulgated by the state supreme court"}, {"question": "What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?", "answer": "American civil procedure"}, {"question": "What is a pretrial deposition?", "answer": "summary judgment"}, {"question": "What is an opt-out class action?", "answer": "the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment"}, {"question": "What is an opt-in class action?", "answer": "class members must join into the class"}, {"question": "What is the American Rule?", "answer": "parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees"}, {"question": "What is criminal law?", "answer": "prosecution by the state of wrongful acts"}, {"question": "What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?", "answer": "acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace"}, {"question": "What can result in incarceration?", "answer": "crimes"}, {"question": "Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?", "answer": "state level"}, {"question": "Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?", "answer": "Federal criminal law"}, {"question": "What two levels of crime are there?", "answer": "felonies and misdemeanors"}, {"question": "What is a misdemeanor?", "answer": "minor crimes"}, {"question": "What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?", "answer": "felony convictions"}, {"question": "What usually happens with misdemeanors?", "answer": "a year or less in jail and a substantial fine"}, {"question": "What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?", "answer": "infractions"}, {"question": "What is contract law?", "answer": "obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties"}, {"question": "What standardized contract law?", "answer": "Uniform Commercial Code"}, {"question": "What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?", "answer": "express or implied"}, {"question": "How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?", "answer": "(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline"}, {"question": "How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?", "answer": "51 million people recorded"}, {"question": "What is the land mass of  Myanmar ?", "answer": "Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size"}, {"question": "Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in  Myanmar ?", "answer": "largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?", "answer": "capital city is Naypyidaw"}, {"question": "What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?", "answer": "Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma"}, {"question": "When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? ", "answer": "in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country."}, {"question": "What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?", "answer": "The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged"}, {"question": "Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?", "answer": "Taungoo Dynasty"}, {"question": "When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?", "answer": "In the 16th century"}, {"question": "What major conflict is Myanmar known for?", "answer": "one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars."}, {"question": "What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? ", "answer": "the military junta"}, {"question": "What type of government is now established in Myanmar?", "answer": "a nominally civilian government"}, {"question": "Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?", "answer": "former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country"}, {"question": "Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?", "answer": "Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule."}, {"question": "Where did the name Burma originate from ?", "answer": "names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group"}, {"question": "What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?", "answer": "Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name"}, {"question": "How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?", "answer": "Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0])"}, {"question": "When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?", "answer": "The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century."}, {"question": "By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?", "answer": "Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "How is Burma officially identified in the United States ", "answer": "Burma (Myanmar)"}, {"question": "What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?", "answer": "United Nations uses Myanmar"}, {"question": "What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?", "answer": "Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names"}, {"question": "What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?", "answer": "Homo erectus"}, {"question": "When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?", "answer": "400,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest. ", "answer": "Anyathian"}, {"question": "Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?", "answer": "neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered"}, {"question": "What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?", "answer": "discovered in the form of cave paintings"}, {"question": "By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known?", "answer": "The Bronze Age"}, {"question": "What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?", "answer": "people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice"}, {"question": "What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish?", "answer": "domesticating poultry and pigs"}, {"question": "When did the Age of Iron begin?", "answer": "The Iron Age began around 500 BC"}, {"question": "What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age?", "answer": "with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay"}, {"question": "What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?", "answer": "Around the second century BC"}, {"question": "From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from? ", "answer": "from present-day Yunnan"}, {"question": "Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?", "answer": "The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India"}, {"question": "What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?", "answer": "Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts"}, {"question": "How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?", "answer": "250 years"}, {"question": "Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?", "answer": "Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind"}, {"question": "Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?", "answer": "Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom"}, {"question": "What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? ", "answer": "Kingdom of Mrauk U"}, {"question": "Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?", "answer": "states were all multi-ethnic polities"}, {"question": "During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?", "answer": "This period is considered a golden age"}, {"question": "Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?", "answer": "Hanthawaddy monarchs"}, {"question": "Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar", "answer": "Mrauk U"}, {"question": "Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? ", "answer": "a former vassal state of Ava."}, {"question": "Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?", "answer": "king Tabinshwehti"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?", "answer": "Bayinnaung"}, {"question": "In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?", "answer": "1599"}, {"question": "Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?", "answer": "Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)"}, {"question": "How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?", "answer": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese"}, {"question": "Did the country have lasting monarchs?", "answer": "Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century"}, {"question": "Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?", "answer": "The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley"}, {"question": "In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?", "answer": "In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?", "answer": "the Chinese threat"}, {"question": "In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?", "answer": "1776."}, {"question": "What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?", "answer": "Arakan"}, {"question": "Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan ", "answer": "King Bodawpaya"}, {"question": "What language eventually came to power in the Irrawaddy valley ?", "answer": "Burmese language"}, {"question": "What was the literacy rate for the Burmese people during the big period of artistic growth?", "answer": "half of all males and 5% of females"}, {"question": "Did changes move along at a uniform pace for the Burmese people?", "answer": "pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient"}, {"question": "What country was Burma a colony of ?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What are the kings of the Konbaung monarchy famed for in their rule?", "answer": "Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion"}, {"question": "have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies?", "answer": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s."}, {"question": "What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?", "answer": "Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions"}, {"question": "How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?", "answer": "166-day hunger strike"}, {"question": "Was U Wisara able to survive  the protest?", "answer": "died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike"}, {"question": "Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?", "answer": "to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned."}, {"question": "Was Burma effected by the world wars?", "answer": "Burma was devastated during World War II"}, {"question": "Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII?", "answer": "the British administration had collapsed"}, {"question": "Where groups from Burma an advantage to the Allies during WWII?", "answer": "British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders"}, {"question": "How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?", "answer": "the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma"}, {"question": "When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma?", "answer": "the end of Japanese rule in July 1945"}, {"question": "Who negotiated the agreement that Burma would be free from forgien rule ?", "answer": "Aung San"}, {"question": "What is the name of the agreement that guarantee Burma's freedom from foreign rule ?", "answer": "the Panglong Agreement"}, {"question": "What leaders were present during the negotiations made for freedom of the Burmese people?", "answer": "Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe"}, {"question": "What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government?", "answer": "Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar"}, {"question": "When did and how did Aung San pass away ?", "answer": "July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San"}, {"question": "What are the 1988 demonstrations in Burma called?", "answer": "8888 Uprising"}, {"question": "Who lead the government coup in 1988 ?", "answer": "General Saw Maung"}, {"question": "Why was marshal law declared in Burma in 1989?", "answer": "declared martial law after widespread protests."}, {"question": "What was the official name of Burma changed to by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)", "answer": "Union of Myanmar"}, {"question": "Have elections been held in Burma since the military coup in 1988 ?", "answer": "The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989"}, {"question": "What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?", "answer": "an increase in the price of diesel and petrol"}, {"question": "What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks?", "answer": "Saffron Revolution"}, {"question": "Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?", "answer": "an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government."}, {"question": "How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?", "answer": "The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions"}, {"question": "What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?  ", "answer": "Cyclone Nargis"}, {"question": "What is the main crop of the delta of the Irrawaddy section of Burma?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?", "answer": "estimated 200,000 people dead or missing"}, {"question": "How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?", "answer": "10 billion US Dollars"}, {"question": "Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance?", "answer": "Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts"}, {"question": "In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma? ", "answer": "the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar"}, {"question": "Were any religious groups involved in the scrimmages ? ", "answer": "Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army a"}, {"question": "Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ? ", "answer": "al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger?", "answer": "Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing \"what they can to rescue you\"."}, {"question": "Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda? ", "answer": "the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland."}, {"question": "What country was Burma involved with in 2015", "answer": "Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces"}, {"question": "Were there any refuges that resulted from the Burmese conflict in 2015?", "answer": "The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter"}, {"question": "What was the government of China accused of during the Kokang offensive ?", "answer": "China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels."}, {"question": "Is China an affect on the government in Burma ?", "answer": "Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese"}, {"question": "To what benefit of China has its interest in the Burmese government brought about ?", "answer": "creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?", "answer": "allegations of polling station irregularities were raised"}, {"question": "Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?", "answer": "the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent."}, {"question": "What is the name that Burma held before 2010? ", "answer": "Union of Myanmar"}, {"question": "Why was the referendum in 2008 ?", "answer": "the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\""}, {"question": "Is Burma now a democratic nation?", "answer": "Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway"}, {"question": "Does the military still have a government presence in Burma ?", "answer": "the military's presence continues"}, {"question": "What type of government does Burma operate under ?", "answer": "'disciplined democracy"}, {"question": "Does the military presence interfere with the day to day running of the government ?", "answer": "reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests"}, {"question": "In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?", "answer": "reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy"}, {"question": "What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?", "answer": "a mixed economy"}, {"question": "Where was  Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?", "answer": "house arrest"}, {"question": "What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?", "answer": "granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners"}, {"question": "Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?", "answer": "new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes"}, {"question": "Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? ", "answer": "approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"}, {"question": "Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?", "answer": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"}, {"question": "How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?", "answer": "more than fifty years"}, {"question": "What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?", "answer": "National League for Democracy (NLD) party"}, {"question": "Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?", "answer": "43 of the 45 available seats"}, {"question": "Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?", "answer": "The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar"}, {"question": "Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?", "answer": "the Freedom House organisation raised concerns"}, {"question": "Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?", "answer": "Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)"}, {"question": "Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? ", "answer": "some other political prisoners have not been released"}, {"question": "What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma?", "answer": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram"}, {"question": "What sea is an integral part of the Burma landscape ?", "answer": "Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter."}, {"question": "How many miles of uninterrupted coastline does Burma encompass?", "answer": "1,200 mi"}, {"question": "What is the name of the bay along the southwest coast of Burma ?", "answer": "Bay of Bengal"}, {"question": "What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?", "answer": "the Tibet Autonomous Region"}, {"question": "Where does the majority of the Burmese country fall on the globe ?", "answer": "Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator"}, {"question": "How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?", "answer": "5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually"}, {"question": "What is the expected rainfall in the zone considered to be dry in Burma ?", "answer": "1,000 mm (39.4 in"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature of the coldest  part of Burma and where is it located ?", "answer": "The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)."}, {"question": "How warm does it get at the height of summer along the in the delta and coastal regions of Burma?", "answer": "Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 \u00b0C (89.6 \u00b0F)."}, {"question": "What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?", "answer": "the lumber industry"}, {"question": "What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?", "answer": "elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals"}, {"question": "What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?", "answer": "The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species"}, {"question": "What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?", "answer": "Hundreds of species of freshwater fish"}, {"question": "Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ? ", "answer": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar"}, {"question": "What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?", "answer": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party"}, {"question": "Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ? ", "answer": "Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections."}, {"question": "What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?", "answer": "One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it"}, {"question": "What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?", "answer": "the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal"}, {"question": "How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ? ", "answer": "relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections."}, {"question": "What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ? ", "answer": "the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations"}, {"question": "What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?", "answer": "sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid."}, {"question": "How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ? ", "answer": "years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions"}, {"question": "How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?", "answer": "Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts"}, {"question": "What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ? ", "answer": "the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies"}, {"question": "Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?", "answer": "British Prime Minister David Cameron"}, {"question": "What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?", "answer": "the Burmese parliament"}, {"question": "How do Asian countries feel about the European attitude towards Burma ?", "answer": "Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments"}, {"question": "What is a popular business for international Asian countries in Burma ?", "answer": "natural resource extraction."}, {"question": "What two countries does Burma have Superior relationships with ?", "answer": "India and China"}, {"question": "What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the  India Look East policy ?", "answer": "fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction"}, {"question": "Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?", "answer": "over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta"}, {"question": "Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it's relations in Burma ?", "answer": "it has preserved extensive commercial ties"}, {"question": "Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma?", "answer": "Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila"}, {"question": "What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India ", "answer": "the capital, Naypyidaw"}, {"question": "Who is the first official Burmese delegate to visit the white house following the 2010 elections in Burma ?", "answer": "Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years"}, {"question": "When was the most prior visit from a Burmese representative to the  United States prior to 2010 ? ", "answer": "the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966"}, {"question": "Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010?", "answer": "Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar"}, {"question": "Did the visit to the United States result in the release of political prisoners in Burma ? ", "answer": "leaders discussed to release more political prisoners"}, {"question": "What agreements were made in the visit to the United States by the Burmese in the 21 century ?", "answer": "to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013."}, {"question": "What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?", "answer": "Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China"}, {"question": "How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?", "answer": "Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997"}, {"question": "What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference?", "answer": "hosted the summit in 2014"}, {"question": "What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?", "answer": "natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal"}, {"question": "What is the name of the military in Burma ?", "answer": "Tatmadaw"}, {"question": "How large is the military of Burma ? ", "answer": "numbers 488,000"}, {"question": "Which traditional branches of the military does Burma have?", "answer": "Army, the Navy, and the Air Force"}, {"question": "What ranking does Burma hold for the number of troops currently serving on active military duty ?", "answer": "The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service."}, {"question": "From where does Burma receive most of its military artillery ?", "answer": "Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India."}, {"question": "What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?", "answer": "Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus."}, {"question": "What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?", "answer": "voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights."}, {"question": "What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?", "answer": "vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar"}, {"question": "What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "What is the general view of Burma ?", "answer": "military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes"}, {"question": "Who is Samantha Power?", "answer": "Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights"}, {"question": "What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?", "answer": "\"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children"}, {"question": "What are the names of some of the  human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations. ", "answer": "Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science"}, {"question": "In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military?", "answer": "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity"}, {"question": "How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes?", "answer": "In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held"}, {"question": "How are children used in the conflicts in Burma?", "answer": "Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements."}, {"question": "How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ? ", "answer": "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol"}, {"question": "How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?", "answer": "the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers"}, {"question": "What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?", "answer": "The Rohingya people"}, {"question": "When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?", "answer": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"}, {"question": "What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma?", "answer": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee"}, {"question": "What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?", "answer": "Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"}, {"question": "When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?", "answer": "the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law"}, {"question": "How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?", "answer": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"}, {"question": "What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ? ", "answer": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee."}, {"question": "How can one prove their race in Burma ?", "answer": "prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"}, {"question": "How many of the  Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ? ", "answer": "expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,"}, {"question": "What is believed to be one of the potential religious instigators for the stiff in Burma against a certain race ?", "answer": "suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws"}, {"question": "Who occupied Burma during the Second World War ?", "answer": "the Japanese"}, {"question": "What system of militaristic management exists in Burma?", "answer": "the Tatmadaw"}, {"question": "What may have caused negative feeling to still linger among the different races of the Burmese people ?", "answer": "lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation"}, {"question": "Who did the British choose to back in Burma during WWII ?", "answer": "British allied themselves with the Rohingya"}, {"question": "Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?", "answer": "Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee"}, {"question": "Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?", "answer": "unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence"}, {"question": "What news company  discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?", "answer": "BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers"}, {"question": "Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident?", "answer": "footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila"}, {"question": "Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?", "answer": "used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013."}, {"question": "What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?", "answer": "many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine"}, {"question": "How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?", "answer": "It displaced more than 52,000 people"}, {"question": "Who is the president of the BROUK's UK division?", "answer": "Tun Khin"}, {"question": "How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?", "answer": "1,200 are missing"}, {"question": "How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?", "answer": "The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions"}, {"question": "What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?", "answer": "On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region"}, {"question": "What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?", "answer": "The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence"}, {"question": "How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?", "answer": "monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya"}, {"question": "Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?", "answer": "Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012"}, {"question": "If communications restrictions have changed how so?", "answer": "The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication."}, {"question": "What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma?", "answer": "The Irrawaddy"}, {"question": "What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?", "answer": "journalists \"are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes"}, {"question": "What did demonstrators wear during the media rally?", "answer": "wore shirts demanding that the government \"Stop Killing the Press."}, {"question": "What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?", "answer": "the Crisis Group"}, {"question": "Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?", "answer": "the country's human rights record has been improving"}, {"question": "What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?", "answer": "Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom"}, {"question": "What was the previous rating for Burma?", "answer": "lowest rating of 7"}, {"question": "What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?", "answer": "improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions."}, {"question": "What did the government bring together ?", "answer": "National Human Rights Commission"}, {"question": "Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?", "answer": "consists of 15 members from various backgrounds"}, {"question": "Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?", "answer": "invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development."}, {"question": "Who extended the offer to the activists ?", "answer": "President Thein Sein"}, {"question": "Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar's behalf in the fall 2011 ?", "answer": "Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin"}, {"question": "Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?", "answer": "has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive."}, {"question": "Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?", "answer": "several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked."}, {"question": "Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?", "answer": "international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)"}, {"question": "Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?", "answer": "ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it."}, {"question": "What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?", "answer": "Thein Sein"}, {"question": "Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?", "answer": "Prime Minister David Cameron,"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the meeting ?", "answer": "Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013"}, {"question": "Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?", "answer": "at Chatham House"}, {"question": "What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?", "answer": "a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces"}, {"question": "In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?", "answer": "Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia."}, {"question": "What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?", "answer": "Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world."}, {"question": "What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?", "answer": "75% of the world's teak"}, {"question": "What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?", "answer": "a highly literate population"}, {"question": "How did world war two affect Burmese business and economy ?", "answer": "British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese."}, {"question": "How was the Burma framework affected by WWII ?", "answer": "the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed."}, {"question": "What lead to the architectural changes in Myanmar ?", "answer": "bombed extensively"}, {"question": "Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war's effects ?", "answer": "bombed extensively by both sides"}, {"question": "When was Myanmar given sovereignty to rule it's own nation ?", "answer": "1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land."}, {"question": "What is the major farming production crop in Burma? ", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What percentage of  the countries's farm-able land is used for the major farming production crop in Burma? ", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What category does the major farming production crop in Burma fall into ? ", "answer": "food grain production"}, {"question": "How is production in the category tallied ?", "answer": "by weight"}, {"question": "How many novel types of this crop did Burma develop as of 1997 ?", "answer": "52 modern rice varieties"}, {"question": "What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?", "answer": "US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based"}, {"question": "Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry  ?", "answer": "reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines."}, {"question": "Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?", "answer": "Human Rights Watch"}, {"question": "What did the group advised based on the information's results ?", "answer": "encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based"}, {"question": "Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ? ", "answer": "the ruling junta"}, {"question": "Name two of the metropolitan areas that are enjoyed most frequently by tourist in Myanmar  ?", "answer": "Yangon and Mandalay"}, {"question": "What are two of the top spiritual destination that Myanmar offers ?", "answer": "Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An"}, {"question": "Does Myanmar offer any destinations  that might be good for outside enthusiasts ?", "answer": "nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin"}, {"question": "Are there any edifice points of interest that may be of note to visitors of Burma?", "answer": "ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui."}, {"question": "Can visitors travel unrestricted through the country ?", "answer": "much of the country is off-limits to tourists"}, {"question": "How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ?", "answer": "by air"}, {"question": "Is Myanmar convenient to other countries in South East Asia ? ", "answer": "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across"}, {"question": "Are there any cruise travel destinations for Myanmar ?", "answer": "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river."}, {"question": "How long have bus tours been available to tourist of Myanmar ?", "answer": "one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013."}, {"question": "How far are the people from Taiwan ,but not actually citizens of Taiwan, allowed to venture into the Myanmar territory ?", "answer": "Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar"}, {"question": "Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Flights are available from most countries"}, {"question": "Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?", "answer": "direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines"}, {"question": "Has the travel industry considered making changes to fight plans for Myanmar ?", "answer": "5 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."}, {"question": "What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ? ", "answer": "Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline\"."}, {"question": "What occurred in the winter of 2014 of significance for Myanmar ?", "answer": "December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange"}, {"question": "What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd"}, {"question": "W is set to to be the major stock holder of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent"}, {"question": "Did other countries actively participate in business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent."}, {"question": "What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers?", "answer": "Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016."}, {"question": "How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?", "answer": "provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420"}, {"question": "Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?", "answer": "an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted."}, {"question": "How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?", "answer": "600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand"}, {"question": "How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization ", "answer": "millions more work illegally"}, {"question": "What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?", "answer": "80% of Thailand's migrant workers"}, {"question": "What is the largest percentage of  the Burmese populace ?", "answer": "Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population"}, {"question": "What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?", "answer": "Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population"}, {"question": "What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?", "answer": "ethnic nationality"}, {"question": "What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?", "answer": "the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures."}, {"question": "What percentage of the population is of the  Rakhine descendant line ?", "answer": "Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer. ", "answer": "2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer"}, {"question": "Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?", "answer": "Anglo-Burmese"}, {"question": "When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?", "answer": "1958 onwards"}, {"question": "Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?", "answer": "principally to Australia and the UK"}, {"question": "What are the four categories for the most prolific dialects used in Burma ?", "answer": "Sino-Tibetan, Tai\u2013Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European."}, {"question": "What are the primary languages of Europe that are used in Burma ?", "answer": "Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English"}, {"question": "How many different types of dictionaries could you potentially need to cover all the languages spoken in Myanmar ", "answer": "there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar"}, {"question": "Are the languages of Myanmar widely used by other nations  ?", "answer": "many of them are known only within small tribes around the country"}, {"question": "What is the preferred lingo for the Tai\u2013Kadai language?", "answer": "The primary Tai\u2013Kadai language is Shan"}, {"question": "What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries' standard vernacular ?", "answer": "Burmese"}, {"question": "Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language?", "answer": "Tibetan and Chinese language"}, {"question": "How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ? ", "answer": "It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters"}, {"question": "On what is the visual display of the language a subset of  ? ", "answer": "the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century"}, {"question": "From when are the  first impressions of the visually displayed language ?", "answer": "The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century."}, {"question": "Does Burma have more than one religion ?", "answer": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar"}, {"question": "Are public displays allowed for the celebration of religion in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Festivals can be held on a grand scale."}, {"question": "Are all welcomed to practice faith openly in Burma ", "answer": "Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution"}, {"question": "Can anyone in Burma Join the military forces in Burma ?", "answer": "it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army"}, {"question": "What are the best routes for career achievement in Burma ?", "answer": "join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country."}, {"question": "What part of the populace does not  identify with conformists religious  majority?", "answer": "7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions"}, {"question": "Are these percentages an accurate estimate of nonconformists religious  groups ?", "answer": "international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population."}, {"question": "How many dwelling are dedicated to the worship of the faith Jehovah's Witnesses ?", "answer": "80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon"}, {"question": "How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?", "answer": "16 languages"}, {"question": "What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?", "answer": "a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services"}, {"question": "Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?", "answer": "the Ministry of Education"}, {"question": "What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?", "answer": "United Kingdom's"}, {"question": "Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?", "answer": "due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar."}, {"question": "Are there any alternatives to the public school system in Burma ?", "answer": "privately funded English language schoo"}, {"question": "Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?", "answer": "Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school"}, {"question": "What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?", "answer": "the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar."}, {"question": "Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?", "answer": "Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries"}, {"question": "What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?", "answer": "The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?", "answer": "Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats."}, {"question": "Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?", "answer": "In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life."}, {"question": "What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ? ", "answer": "A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu"}, {"question": "What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?", "answer": "Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time."}, {"question": "What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?", "answer": "the most important being the pagoda festival"}, {"question": "What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?", "answer": "Many villages have a guardian nat"}, {"question": "What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?", "answer": "Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities"}, {"question": "What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group?", "answer": "ethnic groups constitute 32%"}, {"question": "Do opinions differ on the numbers for that population is considered not a part of the mainstream", "answer": "exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report)."}, {"question": "What is the name of the group that reported the information regarding the populace in Burma ?", "answer": "The World Factbook"}, {"question": "What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?", "answer": "Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish"}, {"question": "What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?", "answer": "Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities"}, {"question": "Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?", "answer": "landlocked cities"}, {"question": "What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?", "answer": "Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein"}, {"question": "What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?", "answer": "fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed."}, {"question": "What was the first motion picture about someone's life filmed in Myanmar ?", "answer": "Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein"}, {"question": "Why was this film relevant enough to be the first ?", "answer": "Tun Shein \u2014 a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London."}, {"question": "Before the advent of talking pictures, what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?", "answer": "first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920"}, {"question": "Following the end of the second World War, what was a still a popular theme among films makers in Burma ?", "answer": "After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes"}, {"question": "Where any of the Burmese films ever used as an instrument to influence the people ?", "answer": "Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them."}, {"question": "Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?", "answer": "Israelites"}, {"question": "What were incoming nomadic groups known as?", "answer": "Hebrews"}, {"question": "When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?", "answer": "during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel"}, {"question": "What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?", "answer": "The Merneptah Stele"}, {"question": "What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?", "answer": "43%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S.?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in Europe?", "answer": "1.4 million"}, {"question": "What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine?", "answer": "issues with census methodology"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word Yiddish?", "answer": "Jude"}, {"question": "What is another word to describe a Jew?", "answer": "Ebreo"}, {"question": "What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?", "answer": "\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, Yevrey"}, {"question": "Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?", "answer": "Abraham"}, {"question": "Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?", "answer": "Ancient Egypt"}, {"question": "Who led the Exodus?", "answer": "Moses"}, {"question": "Who was Jacob's son?", "answer": "Joseph"}, {"question": "Who was Joseph's father?", "answer": "Jacob"}, {"question": "Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?", "answer": "Israelite"}, {"question": "What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?", "answer": "Yahweh"}, {"question": "The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?", "answer": "Iron Age"}, {"question": "What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?", "answer": "Israelites"}, {"question": "When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?", "answer": "after the 720s BCE"}, {"question": "From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?", "answer": "Israelite tribes of Judah"}, {"question": "How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? ", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "From where did the term Jews originate?", "answer": "Roman \"Judean"}, {"question": "When was land divided into Israel and Judah?", "answer": "After the fall of the United Monarchy"}, {"question": "Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "When did the Babylonian exile end?", "answer": "539 BCE"}, {"question": "Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?", "answer": "Fertile Crescent"}, {"question": "How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?", "answer": "4,000 years"}, {"question": "Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?", "answer": "The Hebrew Bible"}, {"question": "What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?", "answer": "Abrahamic religions"}, {"question": "What is the Hebrew Bible?", "answer": "a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews"}, {"question": "In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? ", "answer": "whether a religious or national approach to identity is used"}, {"question": "Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?", "answer": "Judaism"}, {"question": "What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?", "answer": "halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions"}, {"question": "Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?", "answer": "200 CE"}, {"question": "What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?", "answer": "Jewish sages"}, {"question": "Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?", "answer": "Shaye J. D. Cohen"}, {"question": "What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?", "answer": "Roman law"}, {"question": "What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?", "answer": "the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures"}, {"question": "Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?", "answer": "Babylonia"}, {"question": "Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?", "answer": "200 CE \u2013 500 CE"}, {"question": "Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?", "answer": "conversion"}, {"question": "What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?", "answer": "The Fiscus Judaicus"}, {"question": "When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?", "answer": "96 CE"}, {"question": "Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?", "answer": "illegality of male conversion to Judaism"}, {"question": "What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?", "answer": "An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another"}, {"question": "Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?", "answer": "religious interpretations"}, {"question": "Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?", "answer": "culinary preferences"}, {"question": "Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.", "answer": "Ashkenazim"}, {"question": "Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?", "answer": "Sephardim"}, {"question": "What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?", "answer": "Mizrahim"}, {"question": "What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?", "answer": "due to similar styles of liturgy"}, {"question": "When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?", "answer": "the 1490s"}, {"question": "Where are the Teimanim from?", "answer": "Yemen"}, {"question": "What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?", "answer": "Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?", "answer": "Ashkenazi Jews"}, {"question": "Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?", "answer": "As a result of their emigration from Europe"}, {"question": "In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What is the liturgical language of Judaism?", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, \"the holy tongue?\"", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "What are the Hebrew scriptures called?", "answer": "Tanakh"}, {"question": "What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?", "answer": "Hebrew and Aramaic"}, {"question": "What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?", "answer": "Aramaic"}, {"question": "What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?", "answer": "Ladino"}, {"question": "Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?", "answer": "Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries"}, {"question": "What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue?", "answer": "North Africans"}, {"question": "What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today?", "answer": "Hebrew, English, and Russian"}, {"question": "South African Jews adopted which language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?", "answer": "Jewish and Middle Eastern groups"}, {"question": "Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?", "answer": "Middle East"}, {"question": "Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?", "answer": "maternal lineages"}, {"question": "What looks at the entire DNA mixture?", "answer": "autosomal DNA"}, {"question": "What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?", "answer": "autosomal DNA"}, {"question": "Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?", "answer": "Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans"}, {"question": "What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?", "answer": "descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism"}, {"question": "Who are descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism?", "answer": "Sephardic Bnei Anusim"}, {"question": "What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?", "answer": "19.8%"}, {"question": "What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million?", "answer": "1948 and 1958"}, {"question": "What is the population of Israel?", "answer": "6 million"}, {"question": "Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel?", "answer": "227,258"}, {"question": "More than half of the Jews live where?", "answer": "Diaspora"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in Canada?", "answer": "315,000"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in Argentina?", "answer": "180,000-300,000"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in Brazil?", "answer": "196,000-600,000"}, {"question": "Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "How many Jews live in France?", "answer": "between 483,000 and 500,000"}, {"question": "What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "292,000"}, {"question": "Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?", "answer": "800,000"}, {"question": "When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?", "answer": "early decades of the 20th century"}, {"question": "The only substantial aliyah came from where?", "answer": "Yemen and Syria"}, {"question": "When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?", "answer": "growing trend of assimilation"}, {"question": "Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?", "answer": "Kaifeng Jews of China"}, {"question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States?", "answer": "just under 50%"}, {"question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "53%"}, {"question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico?", "answer": "as low as 10%"}, {"question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?", "answer": "as low as 10%"}, {"question": "When did the Papal States exist?", "answer": "until 1870"}, {"question": "In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?", "answer": "ghettos"}, {"question": "What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?", "answer": "bad antisemitism"}, {"question": "What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?", "answer": "dhimmis"}, {"question": "What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?", "answer": "jizya"}, {"question": "Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?", "answer": "Dhimmis"}, {"question": "What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as \"most degrading?\"", "answer": "requirement of distinctive clothing"}, {"question": "What were walled quarters known as?", "answer": "mellahs"}, {"question": "Who was forced into confinement in mellahs?", "answer": "Moroccan Jews"}, {"question": "When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin?", "answer": "15th century"}, {"question": "What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?", "answer": "expulsion"}, {"question": "What resulted in the massacre of Jews?", "answer": "First Crusade"}, {"question": "Who led the Spanish Inquisition?", "answer": "Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada"}, {"question": "According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?", "answer": "19.8%"}, {"question": "How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?", "answer": "approximately 6 million"}, {"question": "Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?", "answer": "15 million"}, {"question": "What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?", "answer": "The Holocaust"}, {"question": "In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?", "answer": "more than a third"}, {"question": "What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?", "answer": "pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity"}, {"question": "What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?", "answer": "the Baal Teshuva movement"}, {"question": "Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?", "answer": "Orthodox"}, {"question": "What is the most frequent use of cotton?", "answer": "fabric"}, {"question": "To what date has cotton been dated?", "answer": "5000 BC"}, {"question": "Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?", "answer": "Indus Valley"}, {"question": "In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?", "answer": "cotton gin"}, {"question": "Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?", "answer": "Mehrgarh, Pakistan"}, {"question": "To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?", "answer": "Neolithic"}, {"question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?", "answer": "3300 and 1300 BCE"}, {"question": "Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?", "answer": "industrialization"}, {"question": "During what time did cotton become widely used in India?", "answer": "2000 and 1000 BC"}, {"question": "Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period?", "answer": "Achaemenid era"}, {"question": "When was the Achaemenid era?", "answer": "5th century BC"}, {"question": "In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran?", "answer": "Persian poets' poems"}, {"question": "What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia?", "answer": "Marco Polo"}, {"question": "What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia?", "answer": "John Chardin"}, {"question": "When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?", "answer": "1820's,"}, {"question": "What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?", "answer": "M. Jumel"}, {"question": "Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?", "answer": "Mohamed Ali Pasha"}, {"question": "How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?", "answer": "$56 million"}, {"question": "How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?", "answer": "1.2 million bales a year"}, {"question": "In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?", "answer": "imported fiber"}, {"question": "What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?", "answer": "Herodotus"}, {"question": "What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?", "answer": "John Mandeville"}, {"question": "By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?", "answer": "similarities to wool"}, {"question": "How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?", "answer": "declined"}, {"question": "During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?", "answer": "late 18th and early 19th"}, {"question": "What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?", "answer": "raw cotton"}, {"question": "If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?", "answer": "Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?", "answer": "1738"}, {"question": "What device did James Hargreaves invent?", "answer": "spinning jenny"}, {"question": "What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?", "answer": "spinning mule"}, {"question": "Whic British city was nicknamed \"Cottonopolis\" because of its cotton production?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?", "answer": "cotton gin"}, {"question": "What American invented the cotton gin?", "answer": "Eli Whitney"}, {"question": "Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?", "answer": "by hand"}, {"question": "What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?", "answer": "commercial chain"}, {"question": "From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?", "answer": "colonial markets"}, {"question": "What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?", "answer": "longer, stronger fibers"}, {"question": "In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?", "answer": "Caribbean"}, {"question": "By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?", "answer": "mid-19th century"}, {"question": "What was cotton called in the 19th century?", "answer": "King Cotton"}, {"question": "When did the American cotton industry fail?", "answer": "American Civil War"}, {"question": "What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?", "answer": "Union blockade"}, {"question": "To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?", "answer": "Egyptian"}, {"question": "What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?", "answer": "cheap"}, {"question": "What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?", "answer": "bankruptcy"}, {"question": "What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits? ", "answer": "sharecropping"}, {"question": "What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force?", "answer": "hand-pick"}, {"question": "Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton?", "answer": "children"}, {"question": "What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton?", "answer": "split vacations"}, {"question": "What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers?", "answer": "landless"}, {"question": "What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?", "answer": "600 to 1,200 mm"}, {"question": "In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?", "answer": "heavy"}, {"question": "Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?", "answer": "control pests"}, {"question": "Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?", "answer": "South Plains"}, {"question": "What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?", "answer": "salt and drought"}, {"question": "To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?", "answer": "pesticides"}, {"question": "What form of cotton is GM?", "answer": "Genetically modified"}, {"question": "What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?", "answer": "Bacillus thuringiensis"}, {"question": "What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?", "answer": "noninsecticide"}, {"question": "What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?", "answer": "larvae"}, {"question": "In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?", "answer": "temperature and rainfall"}, {"question": "What did a 2012 study suggest  was halved by the use of GM plants?", "answer": "pesticides"}, {"question": "What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?", "answer": "ladybirds, lacewings and spiders"}, {"question": "How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?", "answer": "10.6 million hectares"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011?", "answer": "88%"}, {"question": "Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was GM in 2009?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What are organic plants understood to be?", "answer": "not genetically modified"}, {"question": "Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ? ", "answer": "synthetic agricultural chemicals"}, {"question": "What is meant by synthetic chemicals?", "answer": "fertilizers or pesticides"}, {"question": "What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture?", "answer": "National Organic Program"}, {"question": "How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?", "answer": "265,517 bales"}, {"question": "What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?", "answer": "boll weevil"}, {"question": "What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?", "answer": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"}, {"question": "What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?", "answer": "US Department of Agriculture"}, {"question": "What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?", "answer": "Bt cotton"}, {"question": "On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?", "answer": "synthetic insecticides."}, {"question": "How is most cotton harvested?", "answer": "mechanically"}, {"question": "What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?", "answer": "cotton picker"}, {"question": "What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?", "answer": "cotton stripper"}, {"question": "What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?", "answer": "windy"}, {"question": "What type of plant is cotton?", "answer": "perennial"}, {"question": "What was the first manufactured fiber?", "answer": "rayon"}, {"question": "When was rayon first made in France?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?", "answer": "chemicals industry"}, {"question": "What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?", "answer": "Nylon"}, {"question": "What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?", "answer": "DuPont"}, {"question": "What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?", "answer": "decline in market share"}, {"question": "What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?", "answer": "Cotton Research and Promotion Act"}, {"question": "What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?", "answer": "synthetic competitors"}, {"question": "Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?", "answer": "markets for cotton"}, {"question": "For what is cotton used to make?", "answer": "textile products"}, {"question": "Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?", "answer": "recycled or recovered cotton"}, {"question": "With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?", "answer": "synthetic fibers"}, {"question": "What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?", "answer": "knitted or woven"}, {"question": "For what can cotton yarn be used?", "answer": "crochet and knitting"}, {"question": "For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?", "answer": "cottonseed oil"}, {"question": "What product is processed cottonseed oil?", "answer": "vegetable oil."}, {"question": "What is cottonseed meal used for feed?", "answer": "ruminant livestock"}, {"question": "For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?", "answer": "roughage"}, {"question": "As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?", "answer": "poisonous pigment"}, {"question": "What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?", "answer": "Cotton linters"}, {"question": "What do cotton linters look like?", "answer": "fine, silky fibers"}, {"question": "What are cotton linters called in the UK?", "answer": "cotton wool"}, {"question": "What is cotton wool called in the US?", "answer": "absorbent cotton"}, {"question": "What individual first used cotton wool medically?", "answer": "Sampson Gamgee"}, {"question": "What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?", "answer": "Cotton lisle"}, {"question": "What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?", "answer": "strong and durable"}, {"question": "What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?", "answer": "single thread"}, {"question": "Where was the lisle thread originally made?", "answer": "Lisle, France"}, {"question": "How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? ", "answer": "more brilliant"}, {"question": "In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?", "answer": "China and India"}, {"question": "How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?", "answer": "largest exporters"}, {"question": "What is the combined international trade in cotton?", "answer": "$12 billion"}, {"question": "What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?", "answer": "Dunavant Enterprises"}, {"question": "Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?", "answer": "Memphis, Tennessee"}, {"question": "How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?", "answer": "$2 billion per year"}, {"question": "What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?", "answer": "former British colonies"}, {"question": "What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?", "answer": "heavily subsidized"}, {"question": "What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?", "answer": "Cotton-4"}, {"question": "What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?", "answer": "leading protagonist"}, {"question": "What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?", "answer": "reduction"}, {"question": "What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?", "answer": "WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism"}, {"question": "What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?", "answer": "child"}, {"question": "What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? ", "answer": "exposure to pesticides"}, {"question": "What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?", "answer": "Uzbekistan"}, {"question": "Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?", "answer": "fair trade"}, {"question": "What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?", "answer": "tetraploid cotton"}, {"question": "What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? ", "answer": "Tetraploid"}, {"question": "When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?", "answer": "diploid"}, {"question": "In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?", "answer": "diploid counterparts"}, {"question": "What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?", "answer": "Monsanto and Illumina"}, {"question": "When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?", "answer": "donate"}, {"question": "What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?", "answer": "public relations"}, {"question": "What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?", "answer": "cultivated varieties"}, {"question": "What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?", "answer": "data compression"}, {"question": "What can be either lossy or lossless?", "answer": "Compression"}, {"question": "What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? ", "answer": "Lossless compression"}, {"question": "What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?", "answer": "data compression"}, {"question": "What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?", "answer": "source coding"}, {"question": "What helps reduce resource usage?", "answer": "Compression"}, {"question": "What must be decompressed? ", "answer": "compressed data"}, {"question": "What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? ", "answer": "Data compression"}, {"question": "What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?", "answer": "data compression"}, {"question": "What usually exploits statistical redundancy?", "answer": "Lossless data compression algorithms"}, {"question": "What represents statistical redundancy?", "answer": "Lossless compression"}, {"question": "What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?", "answer": "an image"}, {"question": "What compression methods are among the most popular?", "answer": "Lempel\u2013Ziv (LZ)"}, {"question": "What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?", "answer": "DEFLATE"}, {"question": "What serves as the basis of the Zip method?", "answer": "LZR"}, {"question": "What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?", "answer": "Brotli"}, {"question": "What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?", "answer": "LZX"}, {"question": "What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?", "answer": "statistical estimates"}, {"question": "What can achieve superior compression?", "answer": "Arithmetic coding"}, {"question": "What uses an internal memory state?", "answer": "Huffman algorithm"}, {"question": "What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?", "answer": "Lossy"}, {"question": "What can save storage space?", "answer": "Dropping nonessential detail from the data source"}, {"question": "What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?", "answer": "JPEG image compression"}, {"question": "What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals?", "answer": "psychoacoustics"}, {"question": "What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?", "answer": "human speech"}, {"question": "What is used in internet telephony? ", "answer": "Voice compression"}, {"question": "What is used for CD ripping?", "answer": "audio compression"}, {"question": "What is encoded by audio players?", "answer": "audio compression"}, {"question": "What is Machine learning closely related to?", "answer": "compression"}, {"question": "What type of compressor can be used for prediction?", "answer": "optimal"}, {"question": "What has been used as a benchmark for \"general intelligence\"?", "answer": "data compression"}, {"question": "What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? ", "answer": "Data compression"}, {"question": "What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?", "answer": "Data differencing"}, {"question": "What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?", "answer": "data compression"}, {"question": "What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data?", "answer": "Audio data compression"}, {"question": "What is inserted in software as audio codecs?", "answer": "Audio compression algorithms"}, {"question": "What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity?", "answer": "Lossy"}, {"question": "What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?", "answer": "Lossless audio compression"}, {"question": "What are around 50-60% of the original size?", "answer": "Compression ratios"}, {"question": "What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?", "answer": "Lossless"}, {"question": "What compression is used in a lot of applications?", "answer": "Lossy"}, {"question": "What is used in most video DVDs?", "answer": "digitally compressed audio streams"}, {"question": "What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? ", "answer": "Lossy"}, {"question": "What may be used to weight the importance of components?", "answer": "Equal-loudness contours"}, {"question": "What are often called psychoacoustic models?", "answer": "Models of the human ear-brain"}, {"question": "What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?", "answer": "temporal masking"}, {"question": "What is the coding called that is used with speech?", "answer": "linear predictive coding"}, {"question": "What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?", "answer": "linear predictive coding"}, {"question": "What uses a model of the sound's generator? ", "answer": "source-based coders"}, {"question": "What results from methods used to encode and decode data?", "answer": "Latency"}, {"question": "What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?", "answer": "codecs"}, {"question": "What creates segments called a \"frame\"?", "answer": "codecs"}, {"question": "What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?", "answer": "latency"}, {"question": "What has zero samples in a minimum case?", "answer": "latency"}, {"question": "What often has low latencies?", "answer": "LPC"}, {"question": "What varies with time?", "answer": "voltage"}, {"question": "What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? ", "answer": "data"}, {"question": "What does \"A/D\" stand for?", "answer": "analog-to-digital"}, {"question": "What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?", "answer": "literature compendium"}, {"question": "What did the literature compendium document?", "answer": "finished, working audio coders"}, {"question": "Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?", "answer": "MPEG-1 Audio committee"}, {"question": "Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?", "answer": "Oscar Bonello"}, {"question": "Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?", "answer": "Oscar Bonello"}, {"question": "What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?", "answer": "broadcast automation system"}, {"question": "What all mostly use lossy compression?", "answer": "video compression algorithms"}, {"question": "What requires a high data rate?", "answer": "Uncompressed video"}, {"question": "What may present visible or distracting artifacts?", "answer": "Highly compressed video"}, {"question": "What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?", "answer": "video"}, {"question": "What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?", "answer": "macroblocks"}, {"question": "What does high-frequency detail lead to?", "answer": "variable bitrate"}, {"question": "What may be represented as a series of still image frames?", "answer": "Video data"}, {"question": "What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?", "answer": "Compression algorithms"}, {"question": "What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?", "answer": "color"}, {"question": "What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?", "answer": "longer command"}, {"question": "What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?", "answer": "the system simply issues a short command"}, {"question": "What is a sequence that can be edited?", "answer": "video"}, {"question": "What copies data from one frame to another?", "answer": "interframe compression"}, {"question": "What is a type of video format?", "answer": "DV"}, {"question": "What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?", "answer": "Making 'cuts'"}, {"question": "What do all commonly used video compression methods use?", "answer": "discrete cosine transform"}, {"question": "What does a DCT do?", "answer": "spatial redundancy reduction"}, {"question": "What is not used in practical products? ", "answer": "fractal compression"}, {"question": "What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? ", "answer": "Genetics"}, {"question": "What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?", "answer": "MAFE"}, {"question": "What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?", "answer": "DNAZip and GenomeZip"}, {"question": "Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?", "answer": "Daily Mail"}, {"question": "What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?", "answer": "2.2 million copies"}, {"question": "What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?", "answer": "C2DE demographic"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?", "answer": "Approximately 41%"}, {"question": "What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?", "answer": "1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster"}, {"question": "Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?", "answer": "News of the World"}, {"question": "In what year was The Sun's look changed?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?", "answer": "1,686,840"}, {"question": "When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?", "answer": "May 2015"}, {"question": "When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?", "answer": "during 2016"}, {"question": "Who ordered research on the Herald?", "answer": "Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University"}, {"question": "What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?", "answer": "demographic changes"}, {"question": "What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?", "answer": "'social radicals'"}, {"question": "What was the advertising budget of the new paper?", "answer": "\u00a3400,000"}, {"question": "What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?", "answer": "fewer redundancies"}, {"question": "How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?", "answer": "a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\""}, {"question": "Which party would the newspaper endorse?", "answer": "Labour"}, {"question": "What was the price paid for the newspaper?", "answer": "\u00a3800,000"}, {"question": "Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?", "answer": "Maxwell's offer"}, {"question": "What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?", "answer": "editor"}, {"question": "What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?", "answer": "scathing"}, {"question": "What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?", "answer": "its sales"}, {"question": "What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?", "answer": "senior sub-editor"}, {"question": "How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?", "answer": "about 125"}, {"question": "What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?", "answer": "Sex"}, {"question": "When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?", "answer": "17 November 1970"}, {"question": "Who was the first Page 3 topless model?", "answer": "Stephanie Rahn"}, {"question": "Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?", "answer": "A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire"}, {"question": "When was the library ban reversed?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?", "answer": "nominally Labour"}, {"question": "Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?", "answer": "Harold Wilson"}, {"question": "Who did the Sun support in 1974?", "answer": "Edward Heath"}, {"question": "Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?", "answer": "James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins"}, {"question": "What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?", "answer": "any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat"}, {"question": "Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?", "answer": "Bernard Shrimsley"}, {"question": "What was Shrimsley's political background?", "answer": "middle-class uncommitted Conservative."}, {"question": "Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?", "answer": "Christopher Timothy"}, {"question": "Where did Murdoch begin expanding?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?", "answer": "The Daily Star"}, {"question": "By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?", "answer": "Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price"}, {"question": "Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?", "answer": "Kelvin MacKenzie"}, {"question": "What impact was Mackenzie said to have?", "answer": "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\""}, {"question": "What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?", "answer": "a British missile"}, {"question": "What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?", "answer": "\"Here It Comes, Senors...\""}, {"question": "Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?", "answer": "Argentinian forces"}, {"question": "How did troops react to the missile?", "answer": "it was not well received"}, {"question": "What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?", "answer": "Tony Snow"}, {"question": "What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?", "answer": "\"GOTCHA\""}, {"question": "Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?", "answer": "the General Belgrano"}, {"question": "Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?", "answer": "the extent of Argentinian casualties became known"}, {"question": "Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?", "answer": "John Shirley"}, {"question": "What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?", "answer": "HMS Fearless"}, {"question": "Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?", "answer": "HMS Sheffield"}, {"question": "Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?", "answer": "The Daily Mirror and The Guardian"}, {"question": "Who was lead writer of The Sun?", "answer": "Ronald Spark"}, {"question": "Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?", "answer": "Peter Snow"}, {"question": "What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?", "answer": "treason"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?", "answer": "Michael Foot"}, {"question": "Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?", "answer": "Labour Party"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?", "answer": "Ronald Reagan"}, {"question": "How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?", "answer": "\"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\""}, {"question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?", "answer": "the police and the Thatcher government"}, {"question": "Who was president of the Miners' union?", "answer": "Arthur Scargill"}, {"question": "What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?", "answer": "giving a Nazi salute"}, {"question": "How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?", "answer": "strongly supported the April 1986 bombing"}, {"question": "Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?", "answer": "Clare Short"}, {"question": "How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?", "answer": "\"snobs\" who want to \"impose their tastes on everyone else\""}, {"question": "What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?", "answer": "they are \"giving the public what they want\""}, {"question": "Who is one critic of The Sun?", "answer": "John Pilger"}, {"question": "What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?", "answer": "the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia"}, {"question": "What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?", "answer": "the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country"}, {"question": "Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?", "answer": "Clifford and Angela Levin"}, {"question": "Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?", "answer": "Starr"}, {"question": "Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?", "answer": "Max Clifford"}, {"question": "How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?", "answer": "the attention helped to revive his career"}, {"question": "What was the name of Starr's autobiography?", "answer": "Unwrapped"}, {"question": "How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?", "answer": "rent boys"}, {"question": "What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?", "answer": "John Blake"}, {"question": "What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?", "answer": "Rottweiler"}, {"question": "Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?", "answer": "the sexuality of male pop stars"}, {"question": "Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?", "answer": "Daily Mirror and of The Sun"}, {"question": "Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?", "answer": "EastEnders"}, {"question": "Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?", "answer": "Colin Russell and Guido Smith"}, {"question": "Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?", "answer": "Bizarre pop column"}, {"question": "What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?", "answer": "\"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS \u2013 OFFICIAL.\""}, {"question": "Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?", "answer": "Lord Kilbracken"}, {"question": "Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?", "answer": "homosexuals and recreational drug users"}, {"question": "With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?", "answer": "All Parliamentary Group on AIDS"}, {"question": "How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?", "answer": "none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism"}, {"question": "What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?", "answer": "The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection"}, {"question": "What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?", "answer": "Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story"}, {"question": "Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?", "answer": "The Press Council"}, {"question": "What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?", "answer": "The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history"}, {"question": "In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?", "answer": "The Universal Journalist"}, {"question": "What did the paper report that some fans did?", "answer": "picked the pockets of crushed victims"}, {"question": "Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?", "answer": "a police constable"}, {"question": "Who wrote the headline \"The Truth\"?", "answer": "Kelvin MacKenzie"}, {"question": "Who wrote the actual story?", "answer": "Harry Arnold"}, {"question": "What was the story based on?", "answer": "allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said"}, {"question": "Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?", "answer": "around 12,000"}, {"question": "What documentary aired in 2008?", "answer": "Alexei Sayle's Liverpool"}, {"question": "What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?", "answer": "simply burn or tear it up"}, {"question": "What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?", "answer": "The Scum'"}, {"question": "Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool? ", "answer": "Wayne Rooney"}, {"question": "What team did Rooney transfer to?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?", "answer": "three years old"}, {"question": "Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?", "answer": "Graham Dudman"}, {"question": "How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?", "answer": "\"the worst mistake in our history\""}, {"question": "When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?", "answer": "November 1990"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Community Charge?", "answer": "Poll tax"}, {"question": "Who took over for Thatcher?", "answer": "John Major"}, {"question": "Who opposed the poll tax?", "answer": "Conservative MPs"}, {"question": "How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?", "answer": "was vociferously supported by the newspaper"}, {"question": "What types of policies did The Sun support?", "answer": "Thatcherite policies"}, {"question": "What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?", "answer": "Royal Mail privatisation"}, {"question": "What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?", "answer": "The paper showed hostility"}, {"question": "What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?", "answer": "promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet"}, {"question": "What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?", "answer": "opposition"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?", "answer": "Labour party"}, {"question": "Who became Prime Minister in 1997?", "answer": "Tony Blair"}, {"question": "Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?", "answer": "Minimum Wage and Devolution"}, {"question": "How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?", "answer": "\"tired, divided and rudderless\""}, {"question": "Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?", "answer": "Blair"}, {"question": "What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch?", "answer": "not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism"}, {"question": "Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?", "answer": "Peter Mandelson"}, {"question": "What happened on BBC's Newsnight in 1998?", "answer": "Peter Mandelson was \"outed\" by Matthew Parris"}, {"question": "Who was editor of The Sun in 1998?", "answer": "David Yelland"}, {"question": "What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual's sexuality would be moving forward?", "answer": "The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of \"overwhelming public interest\""}, {"question": "What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003?", "answer": "racism"}, {"question": "Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun?", "answer": "Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett"}, {"question": "What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim?", "answer": "asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans"}, {"question": "From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem?", "answer": "immigration"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005?", "answer": "Prince Harry"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election?", "answer": "Blair and Labour"}, {"question": "What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed?", "answer": "failure to control immigration"}, {"question": "Who was leading the Conservatives at this time?", "answer": "Michael Howard"}, {"question": "What did Blair state about the 2005 election?", "answer": "it would be his last as prime minister"}, {"question": "What was the result of the 2005 election?", "answer": "Labour's third successive win"}, {"question": "What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?", "answer": "mental health"}, {"question": "Who was featured in the article on mental health?", "answer": "Frank Bruno"}, {"question": "What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?", "answer": "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up"}, {"question": "What was the headline changed to after public backlash?", "answer": "Sad Bruno In Mental Home"}, {"question": "What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?", "answer": "had been admitted to hospital"}, {"question": "Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards?", "answer": "French and Germans"}, {"question": "What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?", "answer": "\"frogs\", \"krauts\" or \"hun\""}, {"question": "What is the paper's stance on the EU?", "answer": "opposed"}, {"question": "How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?", "answer": "le Worm"}, {"question": "Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun?", "answer": "Angela Merkel"}, {"question": "What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun?", "answer": "a British Muslim internet forum"}, {"question": "Who was said to be targeted in The Sun's front page story?", "answer": "a \"hate hit list\" of British Jews"}, {"question": "What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum?", "answer": "Private Eye"}, {"question": "According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?", "answer": "Glen Jenvey"}, {"question": "Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website?", "answer": "UK's Press Complaints Commission"}, {"question": "What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story?", "answer": "Granada Television in Manchester"}, {"question": "What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack?", "answer": "Coronation Street"}, {"question": "What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks?", "answer": "categorically denied having \"been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.\""}, {"question": "Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story?", "answer": "the Press Complaints Commission"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks?", "answer": "Anders Behring Breivik,"}, {"question": "When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?", "answer": "January 2008"}, {"question": "Where was London printing of The Sun moved to?", "answer": "Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire"}, {"question": "How many presses were there at the new printing facility?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Where had northern printing been moved to?", "answer": "Knowsley on Merseyside"}, {"question": "How much had been invested in the new printing locations?", "answer": "\u00a3600 million"}, {"question": "Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?", "answer": "Gordon Brown"}, {"question": "Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?", "answer": "David Cameron"}, {"question": "What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?", "answer": "News Corporation"}, {"question": "What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?", "answer": "media ownership and the news"}, {"question": "On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?", "answer": "which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe"}, {"question": "Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?", "answer": "James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade"}, {"question": "Who was the editor of the Independent?", "answer": "Simon Kelner"}, {"question": "What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?", "answer": "its own YouGov poll result"}, {"question": "Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?", "answer": "Rupert Murdoch"}, {"question": "What year was the United Kingdom general election?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election?", "answer": "David Cameron"}, {"question": "What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party?", "answer": "disaster"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the general election?", "answer": "hung parliament"}, {"question": "Which party came to power after the election?", "answer": "Tories"}, {"question": "Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?", "answer": "Liberal Democrats"}, {"question": "Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012?", "answer": "as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information"}, {"question": "What was the charge against those arrested?", "answer": "suspicion of corruption"}, {"question": "What greater scandal was this investigation a part of?", "answer": "the News of the World scandal"}, {"question": "Which Sun staffers were arrested?", "answer": "crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman"}, {"question": "What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor?", "answer": "columnist and media writer"}, {"question": "Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?", "answer": "David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband"}, {"question": "Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?", "answer": "Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson"}, {"question": "How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?", "answer": "promoting England's bid to win the World Cup"}, {"question": "Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?", "answer": "Joe Anderson"}, {"question": "What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?", "answer": "anger"}, {"question": "Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story?", "answer": "Tulisa Contostavlos"}, {"question": "Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?", "answer": "Mahzer Mahmood"}, {"question": "What was the main allegation in The Sun's story on Contostavlos?", "answer": "that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a \u00a3800 deal"}, {"question": "What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe?", "answer": "that she was being considered for a role in an \u00a38 million Bollywood film"}, {"question": "What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos?", "answer": "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"}, {"question": "How did the case against Tulisa fare?", "answer": "collapsed"}, {"question": "What did the judge in the case state?", "answer": "Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa"}, {"question": "What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying?", "answer": "Class A drugs"}, {"question": "What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?", "answer": "suspended"}, {"question": "When was the case against Tulisa tried?", "answer": "July 2014"}, {"question": "What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?", "answer": "conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office"}, {"question": "What was at issue in the 2014 trial?", "answer": "illegal payments allegedly made to public officials"}, {"question": "Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?", "answer": "the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates"}, {"question": "Who was the judge in this particular case?", "answer": "Richard Marks"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?", "answer": "failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges"}, {"question": "Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?", "answer": "Charles Wide"}, {"question": "In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?", "answer": "The Guardian"}, {"question": "Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?", "answer": "Nigel Rumfitt QC"}, {"question": "What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?", "answer": "why Marks was being replaced by Wide"}, {"question": "What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?", "answer": "take the decision to judicial review"}, {"question": "Who was found guilty in 2015?", "answer": "Anthony France"}, {"question": "Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?", "answer": "Anthony France"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?", "answer": "London Metropolitan Police"}, {"question": "How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?", "answer": "more than \u00a322,000"}, {"question": "Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?", "answer": "Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs"}, {"question": "How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?", "answer": "\"long-term, corrupt relationship\""}, {"question": "Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?", "answer": "prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time"}, {"question": "Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?", "answer": "Timothy Pontius"}, {"question": "Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?", "answer": "News International"}, {"question": "Who was News International considering bringing a case against?", "answer": "the London Metropolitan Police Service"}, {"question": "What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?", "answer": "featuring topless models on Page 3"}, {"question": "What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?", "answer": "the edition of 16 January"}, {"question": "Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "What happened on 22 January 2015?", "answer": "Page 3 returned to its usual format"}, {"question": "What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?", "answer": "the reputed end of Page 3 had been \"speculation\" only"}, {"question": "Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?", "answer": "Katie Hopkins"}, {"question": "What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?", "answer": "\"cockroaches\" and \"feral humans\" and said they were \"spreading like the norovirus\""}, {"question": "Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?", "answer": "the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights"}, {"question": "Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?", "answer": "Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein"}, {"question": "What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?", "answer": "that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide"}, {"question": "On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?", "answer": "Russell Brand"}, {"question": "Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?", "answer": "Simon Usborne"}, {"question": "With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?", "answer": "previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators"}, {"question": "Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?", "answer": "Zoe Williams"}, {"question": "What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?", "answer": "I\u2019m not saying gag her: I\u2019m saying fight her"}, {"question": "What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?", "answer": "Brexit"}, {"question": "Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?", "answer": "Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg"}, {"question": "With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?", "answer": "Independent Press Standards Organisation"}, {"question": "What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?", "answer": "pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a pesticide?", "answer": "Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest"}, {"question": "What are pesticides most commonly used for?", "answer": "The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products"}, {"question": "What can pesticides protect plants from?", "answer": "protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects"}, {"question": "What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?", "answer": "sanitizer"}, {"question": "What are three pests pesticides target?", "answer": "plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks"}, {"question": "Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?", "answer": "a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent"}, {"question": "What are possible cons of pesticides?", "answer": "potential toxicity to humans and other species"}, {"question": "What are pesticides meant to prevent?", "answer": "destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors"}, {"question": "What is one way to group pesticides?", "answer": "chemical structure"}, {"question": "Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.", "answer": "herbicides, insecticides, fungicides"}, {"question": "What are the two types of biopesticides?", "answer": "microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides"}, {"question": "Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?", "answer": "Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals"}, {"question": "Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?", "answer": "sodium/potassium"}, {"question": "Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?", "answer": "because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate"}, {"question": "What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?", "answer": "Phenoxy compounds"}, {"question": "What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?", "answer": "weakness or paralysis"}, {"question": "What is one way you could group pesticides?", "answer": "application method"}, {"question": "What is the main way that peticides perform their function?", "answer": "by poisoning pests"}, {"question": "In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?", "answer": "movement is usually upward"}, {"question": "Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?", "answer": "pollen and nectar in the flowers"}, {"question": "Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?", "answer": "West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria"}, {"question": "What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?", "answer": "Herbicides"}, {"question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?", "answer": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"}, {"question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?", "answer": "Pest Management Regulatory Agency"}, {"question": "What kind of pesticide is DDT?", "answer": "an organochlorine"}, {"question": "Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?", "answer": "persistence in the environment and human toxicity"}, {"question": "Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?", "answer": "DDT use is not always effective"}, {"question": "How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?", "answer": "nineteen"}, {"question": "On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?", "answer": "approximately 2.4"}, {"question": "What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": " Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?", "answer": "more than 1,055"}, {"question": "How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?", "answer": "over 20,000"}, {"question": "What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?", "answer": "$40 billion"}, {"question": "What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?", "answer": "$10 billion"}, {"question": "How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?", "answer": "vast quantities of produce available year-round"}, {"question": "In which area do pesticides creat jobs?", "answer": "agrichemical sector"}, {"question": "How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?", "answer": "control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses"}, {"question": "Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?", "answer": "cause acute and delayed health effects"}, {"question": "What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?", "answer": "cancer"}, {"question": "What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?", "answer": "organophosphate insecticide exposures"}, {"question": "How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?", "answer": "18,000"}, {"question": "What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?", "answer": "groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators"}, {"question": "In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?", "answer": "as 25 million"}, {"question": "Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?", "answer": "inadequate regulation"}, {"question": "What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?", "answer": "Over 98%"}, {"question": "What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?", "answer": "non-target species, air, water and soil"}, {"question": "What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?", "answer": "Pesticide drift"}, {"question": "Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?", "answer": "water pollution"}, {"question": "What is the effect of pesticide drift?", "answer": "potentially contaminating"}, {"question": "Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?", "answer": "dissolve in fats"}, {"question": "How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?", "answer": "Biological magnification"}, {"question": "The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?", "answer": "Global distillation"}, {"question": "How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?", "answer": "the wind"}, {"question": "What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?", "answer": "that pesticides be degradable"}, {"question": "How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?", "answer": "quickly deactivated in the environment"}, {"question": "What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?", "answer": "presence of halogens"}, {"question": "What may slow pesticide movement?", "answer": "Adsorption to soil"}, {"question": "What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?", "answer": "methods of cultivation"}, {"question": "What natural product can be used to control pests?", "answer": "composted yard waste"}, {"question": "Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?", "answer": "safer than traditional chemical pesticides"}, {"question": "What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?", "answer": "EPA"}, {"question": "What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?", "answer": "interfering with insect breeding"}, {"question": "What does IPM stand for?", "answer": "integrated pest management"}, {"question": "How can the location and amount of insects be changed?", "answer": "behavior-modifying stimuli"}, {"question": "What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?", "answer": "food additives"}, {"question": "What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. ", "answer": "Push-Pull"}, {"question": "How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?", "answer": "halved its use"}, {"question": "What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?", "answer": "Indonesia"}, {"question": "What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields", "answer": "carbon to nitrogen"}, {"question": "What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?", "answer": "10% to 212%"}, {"question": "What is one type of pesticide?", "answer": "biodegradable"}, {"question": "How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?", "answer": "months or years"}, {"question": "What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?", "answer": "persistence"}, {"question": "What is one way to classify pesticides?", "answer": "type of pest they control"}, {"question": "What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?", "answer": "weed control"}, {"question": "Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?", "answer": "broad-spectrum herbicides"}, {"question": "The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?", "answer": "acetolactate synthase"}, {"question": "The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?", "answer": "traded across international borders"}, {"question": "What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?", "answer": "United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization"}, {"question": "When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?", "answer": "United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission"}, {"question": "What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?", "answer": "prior informed consent"}, {"question": "Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?", "answer": "initiatives operate on a voluntary basis"}, {"question": "What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?", "answer": "pesticide applicator regulation"}, {"question": "What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?", "answer": "choosing less toxic pesticides"}, {"question": "What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?", "answer": "reduce health and environmental risks"}, {"question": "Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?", "answer": "applicators"}, {"question": "What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?", "answer": "material is safe to use and the effectiveness"}, {"question": "Who is protected by EPA regulations?", "answer": "humans or the environment"}, {"question": "Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.", "answer": "before November 1984"}, {"question": "How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?", "answer": "every 15 years"}, {"question": "How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?", "answer": "label"}, {"question": "What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?", "answer": "restricted use pesticides"}, {"question": "What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?", "answer": "an exam"}, {"question": " The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?", "answer": "Records of sales and use"}, {"question": "Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?", "answer": "state or territorial"}, {"question": "What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?", "answer": "before 2000 BC"}, {"question": "What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?", "answer": "nicotine sulfate"}, {"question": "What decade did herbicides become common?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?", "answer": "Paul M\u00fcller"}, {"question": "What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?", "answer": "tobacco leaves"}, {"question": "When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?", "answer": "pesticide era"}, {"question": "When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?", "answer": "Seventy-five percent"}, {"question": "Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?", "answer": "USA"}, {"question": "What type of region is somerset", "answer": "Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills"}, {"question": "What are some areas of Somerset county", "answer": "Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels"}, {"question": "How far back was the county populated ", "answer": "There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods"}, {"question": "What Kings rise did the county play part in ", "answer": "a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion"}, {"question": "What is the city of Bath famous for ", "answer": "substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site"}, {"question": "What are the people of somerset mentioned in ", "answer": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845"}, {"question": "What archaic name was mentioned in 878 ", "answer": "The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878"}, {"question": "When did the county stop using Somersetshire ", "answer": "it went out of fashion in the late 19th century"}, {"question": "What was superfluous ", "answer": "As with other counties not ending in \"shire,\" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town"}, {"question": "Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left ", "answer": "Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples"}, {"question": "It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area ", "answer": "by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset"}, {"question": "What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for ", "answer": "was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot"}, {"question": "What prison does somerset county contain ", "answer": "HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610"}, {"question": "What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 ", "answer": "Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset"}, {"question": "What ended Somersets cottage industry ", "answer": "The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries"}, {"question": "What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion", "answer": "Farming continued to flourish"}, {"question": "What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset", "answer": "Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset"}, {"question": "What did the west somerset mineral way transport ", "answer": "iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale"}, {"question": "How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1", "answer": "Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties"}, {"question": "How many counties had no casualties in WW1 ", "answer": "only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed"}, {"question": "The county was base for what in WW2", "answer": "for troops preparing for the D-Day landings"}, {"question": "What is the Tauton stop line ", "answer": "The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion"}, {"question": "Why were decoy towns used in WW2", "answer": "decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night"}, {"question": "What did the decoy towns mimic ", "answer": "mimic the geometry of \"blacked out\" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets"}, {"question": "Who layed out  Beacon Batch ", "answer": "Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights"}, {"question": "What decoy city was hit ", "answer": "The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941"}, {"question": "How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant ", "answer": "are largely unaltered from medieval times"}, {"question": "What river forms the border of Somerset ", "answer": "The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum"}, {"question": "What did king Edward the 3 do ", "answer": "Edward III proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset"}, {"question": "When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town ", "answer": "in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366"}, {"question": "How many cities and towns in Somerset ", "answer": "The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns"}, {"question": "The largest populations of the county ", "answer": "in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater"}, {"question": "What was the strategic purpose to settle this area ", "answer": "strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills"}, {"question": "Most Southernly town of somerset", "answer": "Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest"}, {"question": "What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels ", "answer": "the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills"}, {"question": "What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty ", "answer": "Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956"}, {"question": "What is the name of the coal field ", "answer": "The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire"}, {"question": "What area support dairy farming ", "answer": "on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels."}, {"question": "What's the name of the cave system ", "answer": "an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole"}, {"question": "Name 2 of the county gorges ", "answer": "and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge"}, {"question": "Name some of the county rivers ", "answer": "the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo"}, {"question": "What did King charles levy on river boats ", "answer": "King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge."}, {"question": "What are the Somerset levels ", "answer": "are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills"}, {"question": "what do the Somerset levels consist of ", "answer": "marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors"}, {"question": "what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels", "answer": "the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue"}, {"question": "What is the total area of the levels ", "answer": "The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)"}, {"question": "who started drainage of the Somerset levels ", "answer": "the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons"}, {"question": "What are the main coastal towns ", "answer": "Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead"}, {"question": "what is the name of the natural reserve area ", "answer": "Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve"}, {"question": "what does the western coastline look like ", "answer": "the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls."}, {"question": "What is the somerset climate like ", "answer": "a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country"}, {"question": "The annual sunshine rate of somerset ", "answer": "Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours"}, {"question": "How many days of snow on average ", "answer": "About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical"}, {"question": "The average rainfall level of somerset ", "answer": "Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)"}, {"question": "What is the leading port of somerset ", "answer": "Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port"}, {"question": "what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century", "answer": "was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped"}, {"question": "The good motor system presently allows for ", "answer": "Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice"}, {"question": "where are aircraft manufactured ", "answer": "AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems"}, {"question": "What do many towns encourage ", "answer": "Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers"}, {"question": "What is Somerset an important supplier of ", "answer": "defence equipment and technology."}, {"question": "What type of factory was built in Somerset ", "answer": "A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington"}, {"question": "What other high tech industry is in Somerset ", "answer": "Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster"}, {"question": "What area is home to royal marines ", "answer": "Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines"}, {"question": "What is yeovilton home to ", "answer": "The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters"}, {"question": "What area employs 15000 people in the couinty", "answer": "Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people"}, {"question": "What type of orchids used to be pleantiful ", "answer": "Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider"}, {"question": "What area is important to the fruit juice industry ", "answer": "Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as \"Sunny Delight\" and \"Ocean Spray"}, {"question": "What area is PDO ", "answer": "Cheddar cheese\u2014some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)."}, {"question": "Where is willow growing still practiced ", "answer": "Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels"}, {"question": "What is pollarding ", "answer": "The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem"}, {"question": "What did plastic bags result in ", "answer": "Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s"}, {"question": "The somerset level is the only area left  to commercially grow what ", "answer": "The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially."}, {"question": "What towns grew around the weaving Industry ", "answer": "Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry"}, {"question": "Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area ", "answer": "the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia"}, {"question": "What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset ", "answer": "Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group"}, {"question": "What type of stone was supplied in the county ", "answer": "supplying freestone and building stone"}, {"question": "Who promoted the use of stone from the  Bath area", "answer": "Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century"}, {"question": "What are some uses for Blue Lias", "answer": "Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement"}, {"question": "What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's ", "answer": "the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates"}, {"question": "Tourism supports how many people in the County ", "answer": "estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people"}, {"question": "Some of the county attractions are ", "answer": "the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton"}, {"question": "What does Glastonbury have associations with ", "answer": "mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur"}, {"question": "What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for ", "answer": "Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton"}, {"question": "What type of cheese is the county famous for ", "answer": "locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar"}, {"question": "What is Hinkley point C ", "answer": "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station"}, {"question": "What was Stop Hinkley ", "answer": "Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site"}, {"question": "What did the European Commission review ", "answer": "opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules"}, {"question": "How did the Commission vote turn out ", "answer": "the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision."}, {"question": "What is the population growth rate of Somerset county ", "answer": "Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981"}, {"question": "The unemployment rate of the county ", "answer": "the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average."}, {"question": "What percentage of the population is economically active ", "answer": "is higher than the regional and national average"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population is native ", "answer": "Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "The largest ethnic group in somerset county is ", "answer": "Chinese is the largest ethnic group"}, {"question": "Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population", "answer": "Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil"}, {"question": "How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset", "answer": "Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year"}, {"question": "How many tiers  does somerset county consist of ", "answer": "The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county"}, {"question": "What are the 5 districts of Somerset ", "answer": "The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor"}, {"question": "What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996 ", "answer": "North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset"}, {"question": "What police force covers the ceremonial county ", "answer": "Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire"}, {"question": "What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007 ", "answer": "The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service"}, {"question": "What area does South western Ambulance  Service cover ", "answer": "covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset"}, {"question": "What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service ", "answer": "The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance"}, {"question": "Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place ", "answer": "takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet"}, {"question": "who holds a literature festival each summer ", "answer": "The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county"}, {"question": "The annual Carnival is held when and where ", "answer": "The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn"}, {"question": "What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury", "answer": "Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen"}, {"question": "What is built in Avalon ", "answer": "the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World\" situated \"in the mystical land of Avalon"}, {"question": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where ", "answer": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey"}, {"question": "Where is St Greggorys abbey", "answer": "is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford"}, {"question": "What some of the Museums in Bath", "answer": "American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths"}, {"question": "What are some other attractions ", "answer": "Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare"}, {"question": "Where is the Museum of Somerset ", "answer": "in Taunton"}, {"question": "What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury ", "answer": "the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury"}, {"question": "How many listed buildings in Somerset ", "answer": "Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings"}, {"question": "How many monuments on Somerset ", "answer": "523 scheduled monuments"}, {"question": "What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset ", "answer": "its medieval church towers"}, {"question": "Name some historic private houses in the county ", "answer": "Halswell House and Marston Bigot."}, {"question": "Where does the rugby team play ", "answer": "Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath"}, {"question": "The county's first football team is ", "answer": "Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions"}, {"question": "When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league ", "answer": "Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final"}, {"question": "Where are the horse races held ", "answer": "Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton"}, {"question": "Why was the Somerset county Canal built ", "answer": "to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce"}, {"question": "What was in use along the canal ", "answer": "several tramways"}, {"question": "What was never built ", "answer": "A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built"}, {"question": "What was laid on the path to Midford ", "answer": "in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path"}, {"question": "Who purchased the tramway in 1871", "answer": "In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s"}, {"question": "How long were canals used ", "answer": "usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation"}, {"question": "What was built int the 19th century ", "answer": "19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset"}, {"question": "How many railways served the county ", "answer": "The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies"}, {"question": "Were any of the railways  electrified ", "answer": "None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified."}, {"question": "What railways lines are still in use today ", "answer": "The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe"}, {"question": "What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's ", "answer": "the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell"}, {"question": "What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for ", "answer": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods"}, {"question": "What is the shortest pier in the UK ", "answer": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK"}, {"question": "What was constructed in the 1970's ", "answer": "In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol"}, {"question": "What are the  state schools in somerset ", "answer": "Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council"}, {"question": "What are the 3 tiers of school ", "answer": "a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset"}, {"question": "How many state and independent secondary  schools in Somerset ", "answer": "Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools"}, {"question": "What schools can trace their origins back ", "answer": "Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School", "answer": "started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School"}, {"question": "In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole ", "answer": "In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England)."}, {"question": "What school in Bruton was given royal  foundation status ", "answer": "King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later"}, {"question": "What are some prepatory schools for younger students ", "answer": "such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School"}, {"question": "What is one of the Musical schools ", "answer": "Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain"}, {"question": "What is a roman catholic school ", "answer": "Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse"}, {"question": "What University are in Bath ", "answer": "The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county"}, {"question": "When did the university of Bath gain royal charter ", "answer": "The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School"}, {"question": "Bath school of pharmacy founded in ", "answer": "Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907"}, {"question": "When did Bath Spa Gain University status", "answer": "achieved university status in 2005"}, {"question": "When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?", "answer": "1718"}, {"question": "Why was the school named Yale College?", "answer": "recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale"}, {"question": "When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?", "answer": "by 1777"}, {"question": "When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "How many schools is Yale composed of?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "How much is Yale's endowment worth?", "answer": "$25.6 billion"}, {"question": "How many books are in the Yale University Library?", "answer": "15 million"}, {"question": "Who runs Yale College?", "answer": "Yale Corporation"}, {"question": "Where is the main Yale campus?", "answer": "downtown New Haven"}, {"question": "When was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" approved?", "answer": "October 9, 1701"}, {"question": "Who voted on \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\"?", "answer": "General Court of the Colony of Connecticut"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?", "answer": "The Founders"}, {"question": "Why was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" proposed?", "answer": "to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut"}, {"question": "Where did \"The Founders\" go to school?", "answer": "Harvard"}, {"question": "Where did Elihu Yale grow up?", "answer": "Wales"}, {"question": "Where was Elihu Yale born?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What was Elihu Yale's father's name?", "answer": "David"}, {"question": "Who suggested the new name of Yale?", "answer": "Cotton Mather"}, {"question": "How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?", "answer": "1778 to 1795"}, {"question": "What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?", "answer": "Hebrew"}, {"question": "When did the British threaten to take over the college?", "answer": "July 1779"}, {"question": "Who saved Yale from the British raid?", "answer": "Edmund Fanning"}, {"question": "What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?", "answer": "an honorary degree LL.D"}, {"question": "When did William Graham Sumner teach?", "answer": "1872 to 1909"}, {"question": "What did William Graham Sumner teach?", "answer": "economics and sociology"}, {"question": "Why was The Yale Report established?", "answer": "the classics would not be abandoned"}, {"question": "What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?", "answer": "developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations"}, {"question": "What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?", "answer": "Victorian culture"}, {"question": "What was Nathan Hale famous for?", "answer": "Revolutionary War soldier"}, {"question": "What profession did Frederic Remington hold?", "answer": "artist"}, {"question": "What was the name of the protagonist of \"Stover at Yale\"?", "answer": "Frank Stover"}, {"question": "What turned into the goal of the student body?", "answer": "winning the big game"}, {"question": "What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?", "answer": "heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West"}, {"question": "In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "How were debates shown to the college students?", "answer": "front pages of college newspapers"}, {"question": "What did members of the debate team get for their service?", "answer": "the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets"}, {"question": "Why do debates not have a distinct winner?", "answer": "scoring is subjective"}, {"question": "Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?", "answer": "the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton"}, {"question": "What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?", "answer": "Intercollegiate Athletic Association"}, {"question": "Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?", "answer": "Arthur Hadley"}, {"question": "Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?", "answer": "A. Lawrence Lowell"}, {"question": "Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?", "answer": "Woodrow Wilson"}, {"question": "When was the Yale School of Medicine established?", "answer": "1810"}, {"question": "When was Yale Divinity School established?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "When was Yale Law School created?", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?", "answer": "(1847"}, {"question": "When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "When was Noah Porter president of Yale?", "answer": "1871 to 1886"}, {"question": "What idea did Noah Porter strike down?", "answer": "new research university"}, {"question": "What did many historians think of Noah Porter?", "answer": "simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition"}, {"question": "What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?", "answer": "an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education"}, {"question": "What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?", "answer": "Expansion"}, {"question": "How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?", "answer": "about $7 million"}, {"question": "What was the $7 million used for?", "answer": "behavioral science research"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the behavioral research?", "answer": "improve mankind"}, {"question": "Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?", "answer": "President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes"}, {"question": "What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?", "answer": "chimpanzee"}, {"question": "Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?", "answer": "Harrison's group"}, {"question": "Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?", "answer": "Pickford's and Hutchinson's"}, {"question": "What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?", "answer": "departmental or institutional position or power"}, {"question": "What did Hutchinson's group research?", "answer": "diverse areas of ecology"}, {"question": "What information did Hutchinson's model provide?", "answer": "new models for research groups are needed"}, {"question": "Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?", "answer": "Milton Winternitz"}, {"question": "What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?", "answer": "social medicine"}, {"question": "What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?", "answer": "Yale System"}, {"question": "What is the Yale System?", "answer": "few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system"}, {"question": "What programs did Milton Winternitz create?", "answer": "graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department"}, {"question": "Who was the first professor for the American studies program?", "answer": "Norman Holmes Pearson"}, {"question": "Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?", "answer": "Office of Strategic Studies in London"}, {"question": "What did the American studies program hope to instruct?", "answer": "fundamentals of American civilization"}, {"question": "Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?", "answer": "William Robertson Coe"}, {"question": "Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?", "answer": "to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States"}, {"question": "What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?", "answer": "Vassar College"}, {"question": "Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?", "answer": "Amy Solomon"}, {"question": "What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?", "answer": "St. Anthony Hall"}, {"question": "What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?", "answer": "Vanderbilt Hall"}, {"question": "What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?", "answer": "Alexander v. Yale"}, {"question": "When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?", "answer": "March 2011"}, {"question": "What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?", "answer": "Broad Recognition"}, {"question": "What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?", "answer": "the university had a hostile sexual climate"}, {"question": "What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?", "answer": "formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct"}, {"question": "Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?", "answer": "exemption from local property taxes"}, {"question": "Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?", "answer": "President Levin"}, {"question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?", "answer": "economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success"}, {"question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?", "answer": "decline in the local economy"}, {"question": "What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?", "answer": "\"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\""}, {"question": "Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?", "answer": "Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush"}, {"question": "What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?", "answer": "Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992)."}, {"question": "What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?", "answer": "John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)"}, {"question": "How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004", "answer": "every"}, {"question": "Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?", "answer": "Yale\u2019s focus on creating \"a laboratory for future leaders,\""}, {"question": "Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?", "answer": "very strong tradition of volunteerism"}, {"question": "Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?", "answer": "an ethos of organized activity"}, {"question": "Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?", "answer": "\"son and grandson of alumni\", and for a \"member of a politically influential family.\""}, {"question": "What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?", "answer": "the culture of community and cooperation"}, {"question": "In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?", "answer": "Harvard Yard's boutique"}, {"question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?", "answer": "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol"}, {"question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?", "answer": "liberalism and elitism"}, {"question": "Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?", "answer": "first class to have women in it"}, {"question": "Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?", "answer": "Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara"}, {"question": "As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?", "answer": "former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo"}, {"question": "What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?", "answer": "Howard Dean"}, {"question": "What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?", "answer": "Understanding Politics and Politicians"}, {"question": "What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?", "answer": "University College London"}, {"question": "Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?", "answer": "Hanna Holborn Gray"}, {"question": "Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?", "answer": "University of Chicago"}, {"question": "In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?", "answer": "Alison Richard"}, {"question": "What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?", "answer": "Yale Police Benevolent Association"}, {"question": "What union do Yale security guards belong to?", "answer": "International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America"}, {"question": "What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?", "answer": "Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)"}, {"question": "What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?", "answer": "Local 34 of UNITE HERE"}, {"question": "What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?", "answer": "Local 35 of the same international"}, {"question": "How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?", "answer": "at least eight"}, {"question": "What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?", "answer": "the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S."}, {"question": "What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?", "answer": "Professor David Graeber"}, {"question": "Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?", "answer": "he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues."}, {"question": "What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?", "answer": "Yale's unusually large endowment"}, {"question": "Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?", "answer": "western New Haven"}, {"question": "What campus did Yale buy in 2008?", "answer": "former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus"}, {"question": "What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?", "answer": "laboratory and research space"}, {"question": "How many forests does Yale own?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?", "answer": "7,840-acre"}, {"question": "Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?", "answer": "Charles Dickens"}, {"question": "Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?", "answer": "Travel+Leisure"}, {"question": "What is Yale largely known for?", "answer": "Collegiate Gothic campus"}, {"question": "When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931", "answer": "Edward S. Harkness"}, {"question": "What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?", "answer": "a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading"}, {"question": "What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?", "answer": "contemporary scenes"}, {"question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?", "answer": "splashing the walls with acid"}, {"question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?", "answer": "breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?", "answer": "Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis"}, {"question": "What is the largest residential college?", "answer": "Silliman College"}, {"question": "Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?", "answer": "Sheffield Scientific School"}, {"question": "What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?", "answer": "neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic"}, {"question": "Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?", "answer": "Alumnus Eero Saarinen"}, {"question": "What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?", "answer": "Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal"}, {"question": "What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?", "answer": "the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano"}, {"question": "What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?", "answer": "fortress-like stone towers"}, {"question": "Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?", "answer": "Finnish-American"}, {"question": "Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?", "answer": "Yale's Office of Sustainability"}, {"question": "By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?", "answer": "Eleven"}, {"question": "What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?", "answer": "Yale Sustainable Food Project"}, {"question": "What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?", "answer": "B+"}, {"question": "What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?", "answer": "tombs"}, {"question": "Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?", "answer": "Benedict Arnold"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?", "answer": "Dan Kniley"}, {"question": "Who was the architect for St. Elmo?", "answer": "Kenneth M. Murchison"}, {"question": "Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?", "answer": "King Lui-Wu"}, {"question": "When were the first campus police formed at Yale?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "Who were the the first campus police composed of?", "answer": "city police officers"}, {"question": "Why was the campus police established?", "answer": "quell unrest between students and city residents"}, {"question": "What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?", "answer": "blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service."}, {"question": "What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?", "answer": "need-based"}, {"question": "How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?", "answer": "grants and scholarships"}, {"question": "What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?", "answer": "$46,395"}, {"question": "What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?", "answer": "$13,000"}, {"question": "Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?", "answer": "The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library"}, {"question": "What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?", "answer": "The Lewis Walpole Library"}, {"question": "Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? ", "answer": "The Elizabethan Club"}, {"question": "What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?", "answer": "The Beinecke Rare Book Library"}, {"question": "What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?", "answer": "The Yale University Art Gallery"}, {"question": "How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?", "answer": "more than 180,000"}, {"question": "Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?", "answer": "The Yale Center for British Art"}, {"question": "Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?", "answer": "Paul Mellon"}, {"question": "Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?", "answer": "Louis Kahn"}, {"question": "Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?", "answer": "Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks"}, {"question": "Who is known as the father of deconstruction?", "answer": "Jacques Derrida"}, {"question": "Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?", "answer": "Department of Comparative Literature"}, {"question": "Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?", "answer": "David Montgomery"}, {"question": "When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "When was Yale's residential college system established?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "Who established Yale's residential college system?", "answer": "Edward S. Harkness"}, {"question": "Who runs Yale's residential colleges?", "answer": "The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean"}, {"question": "Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?", "answer": "do not contain programs of study or academic departments"}, {"question": "Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?", "answer": "Faculty of Arts and Sciences"}, {"question": "In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?", "answer": "Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic"}, {"question": "Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?", "answer": "Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges"}, {"question": "What are Yale's colleges encircling?", "answer": "a courtyard"}, {"question": "Who are the Yale colleges named after?", "answer": "important alumni or significant places in university history"}, {"question": "In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?", "answer": "2017"}, {"question": "Who was Calhoun college named for?", "answer": "John C. Calhoun"}, {"question": "Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?", "answer": "a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?", "answer": "the title of \u201cmaster\u201d for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to \u201chead of college\u201d"}, {"question": "What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?", "answer": "it would \"obscure\" his \"legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.\""}, {"question": "Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?", "answer": "Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?", "answer": "The Yale Record"}, {"question": "What year was The Yale Record first published?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "In what year was the Yale Daily News established?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "When was the Yale Herald established?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What is the name of the campus radio station?", "answer": "WYBC Yale Radio"}, {"question": "What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?", "answer": "clay pipes"}, {"question": "What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?", "answer": "bubble pipes"}, {"question": "What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?", "answer": "Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus"}, {"question": "What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?", "answer": "the toe"}, {"question": "What game was created, to later be banned by administration?", "answer": "Bladderball"}, {"question": "What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?", "answer": "Yale Bowl"}, {"question": "What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?", "answer": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?", "answer": "Payne Whitney Gymnasium"}, {"question": "On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?", "answer": "October 21, 2000"}, {"question": "How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?", "answer": "$7.5 million"}, {"question": "How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?", "answer": "$250 million"}, {"question": "How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?", "answer": "$70 million"}, {"question": "Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?", "answer": "Richard Gilder"}, {"question": "What royalty has attended Yale?", "answer": "Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo"}, {"question": "What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?", "answer": "Mario Monti"}, {"question": "What Mexican president attended Yale?", "answer": "Ernesto Zedillo"}, {"question": "Who was the father of American football?", "answer": "Walter Camp"}, {"question": "What Time magazine founder attended Yale?", "answer": "Henry Luce"}, {"question": "Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?", "answer": "Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell"}, {"question": "What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?", "answer": "The Great Gatsby"}, {"question": "What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?", "answer": "Nick Carraway"}, {"question": "What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?", "answer": "Tom Buchanan"}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?", "answer": "Owen Johnson"}, {"question": "What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?", "answer": "the Western Schism"}, {"question": "What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?", "answer": "the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages"}, {"question": "In what years was the Great Famine?", "answer": "1315\u20131317"}, {"question": "Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?", "answer": "France and England"}, {"question": "What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "Hundred Years' War"}, {"question": "An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?", "answer": "Greek and Roman"}, {"question": "Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?", "answer": "the Crusades"}, {"question": "Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "Who captured Constantinople?", "answer": "Ottoman Turks"}, {"question": "What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?", "answer": "printing"}, {"question": "In what year did Constantinople fall?", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?", "answer": "1498"}, {"question": "In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?", "answer": "dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning"}, {"question": "Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages"}, {"question": "When was Leonardo Bruni's \"History of the Florentine People\" published?", "answer": "1442"}, {"question": "What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?", "answer": "tripartite periodization"}, {"question": "Who was the author of \"Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire", "answer": "Flavio Biondo"}, {"question": "What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?", "answer": "Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period"}, {"question": "What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?", "answer": "economic and demographic"}, {"question": "Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?", "answer": "Johan Huizinga"}, {"question": "What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?", "answer": "The Autumn of the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?", "answer": "France and the Low Countries"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?", "answer": "Belgian"}, {"question": "What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "the nation state"}, {"question": "Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "intellectual, cultural, or artistic"}, {"question": "Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "early 14th century up until \u2013 and sometimes including \u2013 the 16th century"}, {"question": "What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?", "answer": "the end of western religious unity"}, {"question": "When was the Kalmar Union formed?", "answer": "1397"}, {"question": "Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?", "answer": "King Christian II"}, {"question": "In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?", "answer": "1523"}, {"question": "Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?", "answer": "1520"}, {"question": "In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?", "answer": "1806"}, {"question": "In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?", "answer": "1356"}, {"question": "The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?", "answer": "financial"}, {"question": "In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?", "answer": "the Habsburgs"}, {"question": "In what year did Louis die?", "answer": "1382"}, {"question": "Who did Louis name as his heir?", "answer": "Sigismund of Luxemburg"}, {"question": "How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?", "answer": "Buda and Visegr\u00e1d"}, {"question": "What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?", "answer": "internal war"}, {"question": "In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?", "answer": "1521"}, {"question": "Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?", "answer": "Lazar Hrebljevanovic"}, {"question": "In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?", "answer": "1389"}, {"question": "What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?", "answer": "Battle of Velbazhd"}, {"question": "Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?", "answer": "Albania"}, {"question": "What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?", "answer": "Avignon"}, {"question": "In what year did the papacy return to Rome?", "answer": "1378"}, {"question": "What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?", "answer": "The War of the Sicilian Vespers"}, {"question": "What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?", "answer": "Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples"}, {"question": "In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?", "answer": "1442"}, {"question": "In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?", "answer": "1469"}, {"question": "When was modern-day Spain created?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?", "answer": "Granada"}, {"question": "Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?", "answer": "Vasco da Gama"}, {"question": "In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?", "answer": "the Little Ice Age"}, {"question": "What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?", "answer": "sixty percent"}, {"question": "What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?", "answer": "Hundred Years' War"}, {"question": "When did the Medieval Warm Period end?", "answer": "Around 1300\u20131350"}, {"question": "What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?", "answer": "agricultural crises"}, {"question": "When did the French Jacquerie take place?", "answer": "1358"}, {"question": "What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?", "answer": "Statute of Laborers"}, {"question": "In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?", "answer": "1351"}, {"question": "In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?", "answer": "1381"}, {"question": "Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?", "answer": "serfdom"}, {"question": "Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?", "answer": "Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople"}, {"question": "How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?", "answer": "Twenty-two"}, {"question": "What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?", "answer": "the Black Death"}, {"question": "Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?", "answer": "Hundred Years' War"}, {"question": "The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?", "answer": "national or feudal levy"}, {"question": "Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?", "answer": "Swiss"}, {"question": "Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?", "answer": "Edward III"}, {"question": "What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?", "answer": "Order of the Garter"}, {"question": "Who founded the Order of St. George?", "answer": "Charles I of Hungary"}, {"question": "In what year was the Order of St. George founded?", "answer": "1325"}, {"question": "What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?", "answer": "chivalry"}, {"question": "In what year was the Order of the Garter established?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?", "answer": "Papal Schism"}, {"question": "Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?", "answer": "Avignon"}, {"question": "In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?", "answer": "1377"}, {"question": "What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?", "answer": "1378\u20131417"}, {"question": "Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?", "answer": "France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms"}, {"question": "Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?", "answer": "John Wycliffe"}, {"question": "What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?", "answer": "the Lollards"}, {"question": "What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?", "answer": "the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?", "answer": "transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences"}, {"question": "Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?", "answer": "John of Gaunt"}, {"question": "In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?", "answer": "1415"}, {"question": "Who did Richard II of England marry?", "answer": "Anne of Bohemia"}, {"question": "Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?", "answer": "John Wycliffe"}, {"question": "What were the followers of Jan Hus called?", "answer": "Hussites"}, {"question": "What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?", "answer": "Hussite Wars"}, {"question": "Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?", "answer": "95 theses"}, {"question": "In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?", "answer": "1517"}, {"question": "What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?", "answer": "he refused"}, {"question": "Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?", "answer": "Frederick the Wise"}, {"question": "What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?", "answer": "double-entry bookkeeping"}, {"question": "In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?", "answer": "reducing the risk of commercial ventures"}, {"question": "Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?", "answer": "usury"}, {"question": "What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?", "answer": "better oversight and accuracy"}, {"question": "What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?", "answer": "monopolies"}, {"question": "Which families financed the wars of kings?", "answer": "the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England"}, {"question": "Which economic associations gained power in the towns?", "answer": "guilds"}, {"question": "Where was Jacques Couer from?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?", "answer": "demographic crisis"}, {"question": "What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?", "answer": "depression of the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?", "answer": "statistical"}, {"question": "What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?", "answer": "greater opulence"}, {"question": "Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?", "answer": "Thomistic"}, {"question": "Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?", "answer": "University of Paris"}, {"question": "Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?", "answer": "William of Ockham"}, {"question": "What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?", "answer": "Occam's razor"}, {"question": "On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?", "answer": "heretical"}, {"question": "What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?", "answer": "the theory of impetus"}, {"question": "What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?", "answer": "Aristotelian"}, {"question": "What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?", "answer": "Nicolaus Copernicus"}, {"question": "Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?", "answer": "Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators"}, {"question": "Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?", "answer": "inertia"}, {"question": "Who invented the movable printing press?", "answer": "Gutenberg"}, {"question": "What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?", "answer": "the Reformation"}, {"question": "Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?", "answer": "eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock"}, {"question": "Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?", "answer": "gunpowder"}, {"question": "Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?", "answer": "shipbuilding"}, {"question": "Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?", "answer": "Donatello"}, {"question": "Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?", "answer": "linear perspective"}, {"question": "Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?", "answer": "Michelangelo and Raphael"}, {"question": "What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?", "answer": "Greater realism"}, {"question": "What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?", "answer": "classical models"}, {"question": "What was the focus of paintings in Italy?", "answer": "idealized compositions"}, {"question": "Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?", "answer": "the Netherlands"}, {"question": "What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?", "answer": "Jan van Eyck"}, {"question": "Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?", "answer": "great realism and minute detail"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Divine Comedy?", "answer": "Dante Alighieri"}, {"question": "In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?", "answer": "Latin as well as Italian"}, {"question": "Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?", "answer": "Tuscan"}, {"question": "What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?", "answer": "Decameron"}, {"question": "Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?", "answer": "Petrarch"}, {"question": "What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?", "answer": "the motet"}, {"question": "What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?", "answer": "polyphonic"}, {"question": "Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?", "answer": "Proven\u00e7al"}, {"question": "What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?", "answer": "the quadrivium"}, {"question": "Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?", "answer": "John Kukuzelis"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "ars nova"}, {"question": "Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?", "answer": "ars antiqua"}, {"question": "Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?", "answer": "Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini"}, {"question": "Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?", "answer": "Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?", "answer": "Everyman"}, {"question": "Which dramatic form was created around 1400?", "answer": "Morality plays"}, {"question": "What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?", "answer": "Good Deeds"}, {"question": "Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?", "answer": "The Castle of Perseverance"}, {"question": "In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?", "answer": "Death"}, {"question": "Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?", "answer": "Richard III and Henry VII"}, {"question": "Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?", "answer": "Mummers"}, {"question": "In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?", "answer": "1545"}, {"question": "What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?", "answer": "House of Revels"}, {"question": "In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?", "answer": "the Great Hall"}, {"question": "What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?", "answer": "religious plays"}, {"question": "In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?", "answer": "1558"}, {"question": "In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?", "answer": "1539"}, {"question": "What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?", "answer": "secular"}, {"question": "Where were religious plays banned in 1548?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?", "answer": "democratized learning"}, {"question": "Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?", "answer": "Africa and India"}, {"question": "What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?", "answer": "strengthened the economy and power"}, {"question": "What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?", "answer": "new trading routes"}, {"question": "Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?", "answer": "1444"}, {"question": "Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?", "answer": "Vladislaus I"}, {"question": "Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?", "answer": "count John Hunyadi"}, {"question": "Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?", "answer": "Pope Pius II"}, {"question": "Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?", "answer": "Saint John of Capistrano"}, {"question": "In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?", "answer": "1456"}, {"question": "Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?", "answer": "Matthias"}, {"question": "Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?", "answer": "Pannonia"}, {"question": "How did Louis II of Hungary die?", "answer": "drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?", "answer": "P\u00e1l Tomori"}, {"question": "In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?", "answer": "1458\u20131490"}, {"question": "Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?", "answer": "Hussite Protestants"}, {"question": "Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?", "answer": "the forces of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?", "answer": "classical antiquity"}, {"question": "What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?", "answer": "modern history and early modern Europe"}, {"question": "When was Ann Arbor founded?", "answer": "1824"}, {"question": "Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?", "answer": "University of Michigan"}, {"question": "During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?", "answer": "center for left-wing politics"}, {"question": "Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?", "answer": "Bur Oak"}, {"question": "Who founded Ann Arbor?", "answer": "John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey"}, {"question": "What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?", "answer": "land speculators"}, {"question": "Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?", "answer": "Ojibwa"}, {"question": "For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?", "answer": "$800"}, {"question": "What were the names of the founders wives?", "answer": "Ann"}, {"question": "Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?", "answer": "University of Michigan"}, {"question": "Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?", "answer": "Ann Arbor"}, {"question": "Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?", "answer": "Beth Israel Congregation"}, {"question": "When was the Thomas More Law center established?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was the Thomas More law group?", "answer": "a religious-conservative advocacy group"}, {"question": "During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?", "answer": "Human Rights Party"}, {"question": "Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?", "answer": "sharply rising land values"}, {"question": "What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?", "answer": "greenbelt plan"}, {"question": "On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?", "answer": "Huron"}, {"question": "What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?", "answer": "hills and valleys"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's airport?", "answer": "Ann Arbor Municipal Airport"}, {"question": "What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?", "answer": "Tree Town"}, {"question": "How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "157"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?", "answer": "Nichols Arboretum"}, {"question": "How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?", "answer": "300 acres"}, {"question": "Which district has the farmers market in the city?", "answer": "Kerrytown district"}, {"question": "Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?", "answer": "commercial districts"}, {"question": "Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "Which century does the Kit houses belong to?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?", "answer": "student renters"}, {"question": "Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Tower Plaza"}, {"question": "When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "What is the average snowfall for the city?", "answer": "58 inches"}, {"question": "What is the population density of the city?", "answer": "4,270.33 people per square mile"}, {"question": "What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?", "answer": "73.0%"}, {"question": "Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?", "answer": "Oak Park and Ferndale"}, {"question": "What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "2.22"}, {"question": "What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "2.90"}, {"question": "What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor", "answer": "General Motors and Visteon"}, {"question": "What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "Nam the major components for the City's growth.", "answer": "High tech, health services and biotechnology"}, {"question": "Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?", "answer": "Argus camera company"}, {"question": "Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?", "answer": "Barracuda Networks"}, {"question": "International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?", "answer": "AC/DC radio"}, {"question": "Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Google"}, {"question": "Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.", "answer": "All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo"}, {"question": "What company is Merit network?", "answer": "education computer network"}, {"question": "Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?", "answer": "Pfizer"}, {"question": "Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "National Sanitation Foundation International"}, {"question": "How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Tom and Louis Borders"}, {"question": "Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Domino's Pizza's"}, {"question": "Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?", "answer": "Flint Ink Corp"}, {"question": "Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "aviation fuels"}, {"question": "When was the University Musical Society founded?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?", "answer": "over 60"}, {"question": "When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.", "answer": "Ann Arbor Civic Ballet"}, {"question": "Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?", "answer": "The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum"}, {"question": "Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?", "answer": "books"}, {"question": "Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library"}, {"question": "What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?", "answer": "juried fairs"}, {"question": "What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Ann Arbor Film Festival"}, {"question": "How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?", "answer": "2,500"}, {"question": "What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "medical marijuana dispensaries"}, {"question": "What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?", "answer": "People's Co-op"}, {"question": "What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?", "answer": "annual Hash Bash"}, {"question": "Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?", "answer": "University of Michigan"}, {"question": "Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?", "answer": "Michigan Stadium"}, {"question": "What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?", "answer": "The Big House"}, {"question": "What is a person from Ann Arbor called?", "answer": "Ann Arborite"}, {"question": "In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?", "answer": "gentrified"}, {"question": "Which city is referred to as the \"People's Republic of Ann Arbor\"?", "answer": "Ann Arbor"}, {"question": "What form of government does Ann Arbor have?", "answer": "council-manager"}, {"question": "How many voting members are there in the city- council?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?", "answer": "two-year"}, {"question": "Who is elected every even numbered year?", "answer": "mayor"}, {"question": "How many council members are elected for the city's ward?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Debbie Dingell"}, {"question": "On a state level the city is part of which district number?", "answer": "18th district"}, {"question": "Who represents the city in Michigan senate?", "answer": "Rebekah Warren"}, {"question": "Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?", "answer": "charter"}, {"question": "What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?", "answer": "Left-wing politics"}, {"question": "Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?", "answer": "instant-runoff"}, {"question": "Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.", "answer": "Cleary University"}, {"question": "Who founded Domino's pizza?", "answer": "Tom Monaghan"}, {"question": "Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?", "answer": "Thomas M. Cooley Law School"}, {"question": "Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?", "answer": "Ann Arbor Open School"}, {"question": "In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?", "answer": "16,539"}, {"question": "Who owns Ann Arbor news?", "answer": "Booth Newspapers"}, {"question": "When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?", "answer": "Ann Arbor"}, {"question": "What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?", "answer": "Ann Arbor Business Review"}, {"question": "Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?", "answer": "Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine"}, {"question": "Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?", "answer": "Michigan Daily student newspaper"}, {"question": "What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?", "answer": "WAAM 1600"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?", "answer": "WUOM 91.7"}, {"question": "What is the name of the local free community college radio?", "answer": "WCBN-FM 88.3"}, {"question": "WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?", "answer": "ION"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation of CTN?", "answer": "Community Television Network"}, {"question": "What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?", "answer": "late medieval period"}, {"question": "What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?", "answer": "Romanesque architecture"}, {"question": "What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?", "answer": "Renaissance architecture"}, {"question": "Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?", "answer": "private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms"}, {"question": "What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?", "answer": "churches and cathedrals"}, {"question": "Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from? ", "answer": "faith or from civic pride"}, {"question": "A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?", "answer": "ecclesiastical"}, {"question": "With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?", "answer": "UNESCO"}, {"question": "Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?", "answer": "larger churches are considered priceless works of art"}, {"question": "What type of description did the term \"Gothic architecture\" originate as?", "answer": "a pejorative description"}, {"question": "Who used the term \"barbarous German style\" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?", "answer": "Giorgio Vasari"}, {"question": "Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?", "answer": "\"the Goths\""}, {"question": "How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?", "answer": "a century"}, {"question": "In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived? ", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?", "answer": "churches"}, {"question": "What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "answer": "Northern France"}, {"question": "What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "answer": "the Low Countries"}, {"question": "What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?", "answer": "the end of the 12th century"}, {"question": "What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?", "answer": "the Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?", "answer": "modern France"}, {"question": "Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?", "answer": "the Hanseatic League"}, {"question": "What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?", "answer": "Angevin kings"}, {"question": "Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?", "answer": "trade"}, {"question": "What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?", "answer": "Civic building"}, {"question": "What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What church was widespread across Europe at this time?", "answer": "The Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Who were bishops appointed by?", "answer": "by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)"}, {"question": "Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism? ", "answer": "The early Medieval periods"}, {"question": "What types of church were the Benedictines known for?", "answer": "great abbey churches"}, {"question": "What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?", "answer": "Cistercian Orders"}, {"question": "During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?", "answer": "10th to the 13th century"}, {"question": "What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?", "answer": "Croatia"}, {"question": "Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?", "answer": "proximity of some regions"}, {"question": "During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?", "answer": "the Gothic"}, {"question": "England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?", "answer": "brick"}, {"question": "What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?", "answer": "Brick Gothic, is called \"Backsteingotik\""}, {"question": "What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?", "answer": "\"Backsteingotik\""}, {"question": "Why were many buildings covered with marble?", "answer": "Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble"}, {"question": "With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?", "answer": "undecorated fa\u00e7ade"}, {"question": "What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?", "answer": "Norman architecture"}, {"question": "By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?", "answer": "the 12th century"}, {"question": "The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?", "answer": "the Medieval period"}, {"question": "What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?", "answer": "the cathedral church"}, {"question": "What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?", "answer": "the palace"}, {"question": "What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque? ", "answer": "the pointed arch"}, {"question": "What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?", "answer": "the flying buttresses"}, {"question": "What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?", "answer": "traceried windows"}, {"question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?", "answer": "Durham Cathedral"}, {"question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?", "answer": "Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9"}, {"question": "What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?", "answer": "The pointed arch"}, {"question": "Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?", "answer": "Islamic architecture"}, {"question": "What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?", "answer": "Sassanian architecture"}, {"question": "The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?", "answer": "secular structures"}, {"question": "Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?", "answer": "palace and sacred construction"}, {"question": "What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?", "answer": "cultural contacts with the Muslim world"}, {"question": "What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?", "answer": "the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily"}, {"question": "In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?", "answer": "those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control"}, {"question": "What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?", "answer": "Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals"}, {"question": "What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?", "answer": "Teruel Cathedral"}, {"question": "The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?", "answer": "Romanesque"}, {"question": "Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?", "answer": "Romanesque architecture"}, {"question": "What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames?", "answer": "ribbed vaults"}, {"question": "When was Durham Cathedral constructed?", "answer": "from 1128 to 1133"}, {"question": "What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults? ", "answer": "Durham Cathedral in England"}, {"question": "What is considered the first truly Gothic building?", "answer": "The Basilica of Saint Denis"}, {"question": "Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?", "answer": "Noyon Cathedral"}, {"question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?", "answer": "ribbed vaulting"}, {"question": "What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?", "answer": "Abbey Saint-Denis"}, {"question": "When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?", "answer": "in 1175"}, {"question": "Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?", "answer": "Adam Locke"}, {"question": "Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?", "answer": "Wells Cathedral"}, {"question": "What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?", "answer": "Notre Dame de Paris"}, {"question": "Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?", "answer": "Suger"}, {"question": "Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?", "answer": "the West Front"}, {"question": "The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?", "answer": "the Roman Arch of Constantine"}, {"question": "Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?", "answer": "to ease the problem of congestion"}, {"question": "The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?", "answer": "pointed arches of the Gothic style"}, {"question": "When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?", "answer": "in 1140"}, {"question": "What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front? ", "answer": "the eastern end"}, {"question": "What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?", "answer": "the Carolingian nave"}, {"question": "What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?", "answer": "clustered columns"}, {"question": "What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?", "answer": "the flying buttresses"}, {"question": "What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?", "answer": "cathedrals and great churches"}, {"question": "Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?", "answer": "the landmark building"}, {"question": "What is another name for the pointed arch?", "answer": "the ogival"}, {"question": "What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?", "answer": "the ribbed vault"}, {"question": "What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?", "answer": "the buttress"}, {"question": "In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?", "answer": "The eastern arm"}, {"question": "Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?", "answer": "the Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?", "answer": "polygonal"}, {"question": "What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?", "answer": "chevet"}, {"question": "In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?", "answer": "the sanctuary"}, {"question": "The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?", "answer": "the diffusionist theory"}, {"question": "At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?", "answer": "Durham Cathedral"}, {"question": "In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?", "answer": "Romanesque"}, {"question": "When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?", "answer": "points"}, {"question": "Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs?", "answer": "The Gothic vault"}, {"question": "What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?", "answer": "channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle"}, {"question": "What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety?", "answer": "vaults"}, {"question": "What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch?", "answer": "more vertical visual character"}, {"question": "What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?", "answer": "towers"}, {"question": "What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?", "answer": "spires"}, {"question": "How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?", "answer": "two towers"}, {"question": "In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?", "answer": "just one tower"}, {"question": "What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction? ", "answer": "the towers and spires"}, {"question": "What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?", "answer": "The roofline"}, {"question": "What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?", "answer": "gable ends"}, {"question": "Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?", "answer": "Milan Cathedral"}, {"question": "What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?", "answer": "buttresses"}, {"question": "What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?", "answer": "attached shafts"}, {"question": "Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?", "answer": "the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces"}, {"question": "What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?", "answer": "a strongly unifying feature"}, {"question": "What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?", "answer": "horizontal divisions of the interior structure"}, {"question": "What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?", "answer": "Expansive interior light"}, {"question": "Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?", "answer": "Pseudo-Dionysius"}, {"question": "What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?", "answer": "The Celestial Hierarchy"}, {"question": "Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?", "answer": "the Abbot Suger"}, {"question": "Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?", "answer": "Pseudo-Dionysius"}, {"question": "What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?", "answer": "a large window"}, {"question": "What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?", "answer": "a rose window"}, {"question": "Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?", "answer": "any English Cathedrals"}, {"question": "What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?", "answer": "The gable"}, {"question": "Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?", "answer": "Orvieto Cathedral"}, {"question": "What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?", "answer": "their impression of verticality"}, {"question": "How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?", "answer": "three portals"}, {"question": "How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?", "answer": "two large towers"}, {"question": "What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?", "answer": "The east end is polygonal"}, {"question": "What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?", "answer": "transepts"}, {"question": "What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?", "answer": "their extreme length"}, {"question": "What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature? ", "answer": "double transepts"}, {"question": "What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?", "answer": "very large"}, {"question": "Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?", "answer": "the transept gables"}, {"question": "On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?", "answer": "at the crossing"}, {"question": "In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?", "answer": "modular nature"}, {"question": "What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?", "answer": "the French formula"}, {"question": "What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?", "answer": "follows the French form"}, {"question": "What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?", "answer": "their breadth and openness"}, {"question": "What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?", "answer": "Hallenkirchen"}, {"question": "What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula? ", "answer": "their spatial complexity"}, {"question": "What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?", "answer": "very tall arcades"}, {"question": "What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula? ", "answer": "Islamic architecture"}, {"question": "What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?", "answer": "a French west front"}, {"question": "What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?", "answer": "German style"}, {"question": "What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?", "answer": "the use of polychrome decoration"}, {"question": "What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?", "answer": "the columns may be painted red"}, {"question": "What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?", "answer": "they loved flamboyant arches"}, {"question": "Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?", "answer": "occular or wheel windows"}, {"question": "What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?", "answer": "the fresco"}, {"question": "Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?", "answer": "the kings of Navarre"}, {"question": "Who was the Malbork Castle built for?", "answer": "the master of the Teutonic order"}, {"question": "What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?", "answer": "Brick Gothic architecture"}, {"question": "What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?", "answer": "the famous Conciergerie"}, {"question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?", "answer": "built in the 15th century"}, {"question": "What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?", "answer": "Stralsund town halls"}, {"question": "When was Brussels Town Hall built?", "answer": "built during the 15th century"}, {"question": "What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?", "answer": "the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?", "answer": "the Palazzo Pubblico"}, {"question": "Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?", "answer": "Florence"}, {"question": "In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?", "answer": "the late Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?", "answer": "the Collegio di Spagna"}, {"question": "What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?", "answer": "the Collegium Carolinum"}, {"question": "What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain? ", "answer": "the Escuelas mayores"}, {"question": "What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Poland?", "answer": "the Collegium Maius"}, {"question": "What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ", "answer": "Bruges"}, {"question": "What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ", "answer": "Siena"}, {"question": "What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures?", "answer": "flat-topped with mullions"}, {"question": "Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures?", "answer": "a few focal points"}, {"question": "What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England? ", "answer": "Mont Saint-Michel"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?", "answer": "Lambeth Palace"}, {"question": "In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?", "answer": "In 1663"}, {"question": "In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?", "answer": "the late 17th century"}, {"question": "Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?", "answer": "Christopher Wren"}, {"question": "When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?", "answer": "during the second quarter of the 19th century"}, {"question": "In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?", "answer": "Victorian Gothic"}, {"question": "During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?", "answer": "1855\u20131885"}, {"question": "What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas? ", "answer": "the Oxford Movement"}, {"question": "Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?", "answer": "institutional architecture"}, {"question": "Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament?", "answer": "Sir Charles Barry"}, {"question": "Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament?", "answer": "Augustus Welby Pugin"}, {"question": "What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify?", "answer": "the Gothic revival style"}, {"question": "Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?", "answer": "George Gilbert Scott"}, {"question": "Who designed the chapel at Keble College, Oxford?", "answer": "William Butterfield"}, {"question": "Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?", "answer": "Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc"}, {"question": "What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?", "answer": "the Abbey of Saint-Denis"}, {"question": "What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?", "answer": "cast iron"}, {"question": "In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?", "answer": "Carcassonne"}, {"question": "What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?", "answer": "Notre Dame de Paris"}, {"question": "Name the 8 peopl who began the movement", "answer": "Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger and Juan Gris."}, {"question": "Which person  was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?", "answer": "Paul C\u00e9zanne"}, {"question": "What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.", "answer": "1905 and 1906"}, {"question": "What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France?", "answer": "Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism"}, {"question": "What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France?", "answer": "Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl"}, {"question": "Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism?", "answer": "Futurist"}, {"question": "Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso? ", "answer": "Constructivism"}, {"question": "Between what years did cubism begin? ", "answer": "1907 and 1911"}, {"question": "In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?", "answer": "Salle 41"}, {"question": "Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings? ", "answer": "Gertrude Stein"}, {"question": "In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What was the first phase of Cubism known as? ", "answer": "Analytic Cubism"}, {"question": "Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim? ", "answer": "Juan Gris"}, {"question": "What was the second phase of Cubism called? ", "answer": "Synthetic Cubism"}, {"question": "From what years did High Cubism take place? ", "answer": "1909 to 1914"}, {"question": "From what years did Late Cubism take place? ", "answer": "1914 to 1921"}, {"question": "Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism? ", "answer": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"}, {"question": "In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?", "answer": "early as 1920"}, {"question": "When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?", "answer": "1950s and 1960s,"}, {"question": "Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism? ", "answer": "Clement Greenberg."}, {"question": "Who's work undermined Douglass  Coopers terms describing Cubism?", "answer": "Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger"}, {"question": "Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?", "answer": "Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso"}, {"question": "What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?", "answer": "stark power and simplicity"}, {"question": "Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism? ", "answer": "Gertrude Stein,"}, {"question": "What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by? ", "answer": "Protocubism"}, {"question": "Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?", "answer": "Paul Gauguin and Paul C\u00e9zanne"}, {"question": "What does Cooper say is the first  Cubist picture? ", "answer": "The Demoiselles"}, {"question": "Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles? ", "answer": "although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist."}, {"question": "What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?", "answer": "such deductions are unhistorical"}, {"question": "During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?", "answer": "1905 and 1908,"}, {"question": "Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?", "answer": "Les Nabis and the Symbolists"}, {"question": "Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?", "answer": "double point of view"}, {"question": "Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?", "answer": "in the two distinct tendencies of C\u00e9zanne's later work"}, {"question": "Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?", "answer": "C\u00e9zanne"}, {"question": "Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how? ", "answer": "all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time."}, {"question": "When did the historical study of Cubism begin?", "answer": "in the late 1920s"}, {"question": "On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?", "answer": "Guillaume Apollinaire"}, {"question": "On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?", "answer": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus"}, {"question": "Understanding who's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on?", "answer": "Braque and Picasso"}, {"question": "Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake?", "answer": "Daniel Robbins"}, {"question": "What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?", "answer": "Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier"}, {"question": "What year did the term Cubism become used more?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism? ", "answer": "Guillaume Apollinaire"}, {"question": "The artists of Passy included which two people?", "answer": "Picabia and the Duchamp brothers"}, {"question": "Where did Picassos work until 1912? ", "answer": "Montmartre"}, {"question": "Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?", "answer": "Montmartre"}, {"question": "Where was Leger based around 1912? ", "answer": "Montparnasse"}, {"question": "Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?", "answer": "Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger"}, {"question": "Where was Fauconnier's studio located? ", "answer": "Boulevard de Montparnasse"}, {"question": "What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?", "answer": "research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color."}, {"question": "In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne?", "answer": "October 8, 1911"}, {"question": "What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism?", "answer": "Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do"}, {"question": "List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne? ", "answer": "Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac and Franti\u0161ek Kupka"}, {"question": "Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?", "answer": "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2"}, {"question": " Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?", "answer": "caused a scandal"}, {"question": "What were one of  Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants? ", "answer": "La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912"}, {"question": "Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation? ", "answer": "Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9"}, {"question": "Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?", "answer": "Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat."}, {"question": "Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards? ", "answer": "the use of government owned buildings,"}, {"question": "What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du \"Cubsime\"? ", "answer": "public anger"}, {"question": "Who published Du \"Cubisme\"?", "answer": "Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re"}, {"question": "In what year was  Du \"Cubisme\" published? ", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne? ", "answer": "Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude"}, {"question": "What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912? ", "answer": "Simultaneous Windows,"}, {"question": "During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms? ", "answer": "1913\u201314"}, {"question": "By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist? ", "answer": "Apollinaire"}, {"question": "What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913? ", "answer": "a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool"}, {"question": "What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself? ", "answer": "bottle-drying rack"}, {"question": "How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie in Paris, October 1912?", "answer": "Over 200"}, {"question": "What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?", "answer": "indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience"}, {"question": "What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?", "answer": "It is by no means clear, in any case"}, {"question": "Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? ", "answer": "large public"}, {"question": "In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? ", "answer": "Henri Bergson"}, {"question": "The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?", "answer": "The Salon Cubists"}, {"question": "What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?", "answer": "relative motion)"}, {"question": "Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?", "answer": "L\u00e9ger"}, {"question": "Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? ", "answer": "Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)"}, {"question": "What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?", "answer": "Armory Show"}, {"question": "In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? ", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ", "answer": "Les Arbres"}, {"question": "What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ", "answer": "La Femme aux phlox"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?", "answer": "Head of a Woman"}, {"question": "What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?", "answer": "The first true Cubist sculpture"}, {"question": "Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?", "answer": "Woman Walking"}, {"question": "What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?", "answer": "'crystal' Cubism"}, {"question": "Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? ", "answer": "Henri Bergson's"}, {"question": "What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?", "answer": "1914 and 1916"}, {"question": "What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?", "answer": "between 1917 and 1920"}, {"question": "Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? ", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?", "answer": "L\u00e9once Rosenberg"}, {"question": "In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "In which city did Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne take place? ", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.", "answer": "Gris, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes"}, {"question": "Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.", "answer": "Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"}, {"question": "In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?", "answer": "conservatism"}, {"question": "What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?", "answer": "art and architecture."}, {"question": "What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?", "answer": "faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity."}, {"question": "In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?", "answer": "France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?", "answer": "the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form"}, {"question": "Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? ", "answer": "Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare"}, {"question": "Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?", "answer": "glass"}, {"question": "The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?", "answer": "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti"}, {"question": "The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?", "answer": "Neo-plasticism"}, {"question": "Who developed Neo Plasticism? ", "answer": "Piet Mondrian"}, {"question": "Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? ", "answer": "Gino Severini"}, {"question": "Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?", "answer": "his cousin Jeanneret"}, {"question": "What was La Maison Cubiste ?", "answer": "a fully furnished house"}, {"question": "Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?", "answer": "Woman with a Fan"}, {"question": "How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? ", "answer": "10-by-3-meter"}, {"question": "Is original Cubist architecture rare?", "answer": "Cubist architecture is very rare"}, {"question": "Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?", "answer": "Bohemia (today Czech Republic"}, {"question": "What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?", "answer": "Rondo-Cubism"}, {"question": "What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? ", "answer": "dynamism"}, {"question": "What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? ", "answer": "hexagonal"}, {"question": "What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?", "answer": "dynamism and expressive plasticity"}, {"question": "Who were the leading Cubist architects? ", "answer": "Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek and Josef Chochol"}, {"question": "Where did the leading Cubist architects work?", "answer": "Prague"}, {"question": "What is the best known Cubist architecture building? ", "answer": "House of the Black Madonna"}, {"question": "Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? ", "answer": "Old Town of Prague"}, {"question": "Who built the House of the Black Madonna?", "answer": "Vlastislav Hofman"}, {"question": "Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?", "answer": "The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,"}, {"question": "Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?", "answer": "Gertrude Stein"}, {"question": "What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?", "answer": "Leo"}, {"question": "What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?", "answer": "The Making of Americans"}, {"question": "Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?", "answer": "Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon and Pierre Reverdy"}, {"question": "What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?", "answer": "Kenneth Rexroth"}, {"question": "Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?", "answer": "John Ashbery and Ron Padgett"}, {"question": "What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? ", "answer": "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"}, {"question": "What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?", "answer": "Chinese political philosophy"}, {"question": "Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?", "answer": "6th century BC"}, {"question": "Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?", "answer": "the social and political breakdown of the country"}, {"question": "What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?", "answer": "Mohism"}, {"question": "Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?", "answer": "ancient Greece"}, {"question": "What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?", "answer": "philosophy of ancient Greece"}, {"question": "Ancient Greece was dominated by what?", "answer": "city-states"}, {"question": "What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?", "answer": "Indian political philosophy"}, {"question": "What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?", "answer": "The institutions of state"}, {"question": "What was the governing body of the Hindu states?", "answer": "Mantranga"}, {"question": "Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?", "answer": "Chanakya"}, {"question": "What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?", "answer": "The Arthashastra"}, {"question": "What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?", "answer": "the Manusm\u1e5bti or Laws of Manu"}, {"question": "Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?", "answer": "Plato"}, {"question": "What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?", "answer": "the moderatation of the Stoicism"}, {"question": "Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?", "answer": "Augustine"}, {"question": "What does Civitas terrena mean?", "answer": "City of Man"}, {"question": "What does Civitas Dei mean?", "answer": "City of God"}, {"question": "What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?", "answer": "The rise of Islam"}, {"question": "What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?", "answer": "Early Islamic philosophy"}, {"question": "Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?", "answer": "the \"rationalist\" Mutazilite philosophers"}, {"question": "What type of views did the \"rationalist\" Mutaziite philosophers hold?", "answer": "Hellenic view"}, {"question": "The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? ", "answer": "political"}, {"question": "Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? ", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What is taken as the basis of an analysis?", "answer": "The political conceptions of Islam"}, {"question": "What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?", "answer": "Medieval political philosophy in Europe"}, {"question": "Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?", "answer": "Mutazalite Islamic thinking"}, {"question": "Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? ", "answer": "St. Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "What was one of the most influential works during the period? ", "answer": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince"}, {"question": "When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? ", "answer": "1532"}, {"question": "Who wrote The  Prince?", "answer": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli"}, {"question": "Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes"}, {"question": "What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? ", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?", "answer": "the physical world"}, {"question": "The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?", "answer": "free trade"}, {"question": "What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?", "answer": "Protestant churches"}, {"question": "The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?", "answer": "Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire"}, {"question": "In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?", "answer": "The Iroquois philosophy"}, {"question": "Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "Locke refuted whose political theory?", "answer": "Sir Robert Filmer"}, {"question": "According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?", "answer": "unnecessary"}, {"question": "Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?", "answer": "Friedrich Engels"}, {"question": "What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?", "answer": "The Marxist critique of capitalism"}, {"question": "What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?", "answer": "The industrial revolution"}, {"question": "What was a watershed event in human history?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "When was The Russian Revolution?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What brought communism?", "answer": "The Russian Revolution of 1917"}, {"question": "What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run?", "answer": "a group of central European economists"}, {"question": "Who published A Theory of Justice? ", "answer": "John Rawls"}, {"question": "What did John Rawls publish?", "answer": "A Theory of Justice"}, {"question": "What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?", "answer": "revolutionary ideology"}, {"question": "What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s?", "answer": "Communism"}, {"question": "There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?", "answer": "pragmatic approach"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Racial Contract?", "answer": "Charles W. Mills"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Sexual Contract?", "answer": "Carole Patemen"}, {"question": "What did John Rawsl publish?", "answer": "A Theory of Justice"}, {"question": "Who Published A Theory of Justice?", "answer": "John Rawls"}, {"question": "When was A Theory of Justice published?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?", "answer": "Robert Nozick"}, {"question": "Herbert Marcuse was from what school?", "answer": "Frankfurt School,"}, {"question": "Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?", "answer": "Freudian"}, {"question": "Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? ", "answer": "Guy Debord"}, {"question": "What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? ", "answer": "The liberal-communitarian debate"}, {"question": "What type of control do communitarians tend to support?", "answer": "greater local control"}, {"question": "What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?", "answer": "policies which encourage the growth of social capital"}, {"question": "When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?", "answer": "the end of the 20th century"}, {"question": "What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?", "answer": "The resurgent republican movement"}, {"question": "Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?", "answer": "The capability approach"}, {"question": "What is an alloy?", "answer": "a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element"}, {"question": "What are alloys defined by?", "answer": "metallic bonding character"}, {"question": "When are Zintl considered alloys?", "answer": "depending on bond types"}, {"question": "What is solid solution metal elements classified as?", "answer": "a single phase"}, {"question": "What kind of substance is an alloy?", "answer": "impure"}, {"question": "What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?", "answer": "they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture"}, {"question": "What is an alloy composed of?", "answer": "two or more elements"}, {"question": "What other metal is impure like alloy?", "answer": "wrought iron"}, {"question": "How is steel produced?", "answer": "Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron"}, {"question": "What kind of metal is soft like copper?", "answer": "aluminium"}, {"question": "What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?", "answer": "chromium"}, {"question": "What is superior to pure iron?", "answer": "steel"}, {"question": "What is another word for when alloys solidify?", "answer": "crystallizes"}, {"question": "What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?", "answer": "If the metals remain soluble when solid"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?", "answer": "to reinforce the crystals internally"}, {"question": "What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?", "answer": "intermetallic alloys"}, {"question": "What is electrum made of?", "answer": "silver and gold"}, {"question": "What alloy is formed naturally? ", "answer": "electrum"}, {"question": "Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?", "answer": "bronze"}, {"question": "What metal is made by combining tin and copper?", "answer": "bronze"}, {"question": "Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?", "answer": "1900s"}, {"question": "The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?", "answer": "The primary metal"}, {"question": "What is another name for solutes?", "answer": "The secondary constituents"}, {"question": "What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?", "answer": "quaternary alloy"}, {"question": "A five-part alloy is known as?", "answer": "ternary alloy"}, {"question": "What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?", "answer": "very brittle"}, {"question": "What makes pure metals impure metals?", "answer": "unwanted impurities"}, {"question": "What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?", "answer": "Lithium, sodium and calcium"}, {"question": "Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?", "answer": "remove excess impurities"}, {"question": "What is the name of a common alloy?", "answer": "Steel"}, {"question": "What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?", "answer": "automobile wheels"}, {"question": "Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?", "answer": "alloys"}, {"question": "What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?", "answer": "combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals"}, {"question": "Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?", "answer": "alloys"}, {"question": "When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?", "answer": "Bronze"}, {"question": "When was the bronze age?", "answer": "prehistoric period"}, {"question": "Copper and zinc combine to make what?", "answer": "Brass"}, {"question": "What kind of treatment can be made to alter it's properties?", "answer": "heat treatment"}, {"question": "Softening metals can be achieved by?", "answer": "annealing"}, {"question": "Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?", "answer": "heat treatment"}, {"question": "Annealling softens metals by achieving what?", "answer": "recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects"}, {"question": "What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?", "answer": "heterogeneous"}, {"question": "What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?", "answer": "carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite"}, {"question": "What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?", "answer": "very hard and brittle"}, {"question": "Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?", "answer": "If the steel is cooled slowly"}, {"question": "Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?", "answer": "1,500 \u00b0F (820 \u00b0C) and 1,600 \u00b0F (870 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?", "answer": "steel"}, {"question": "Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?", "answer": "heat-treatable alloys"}, {"question": "What makes alloys more softer than normal?", "answer": "When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly"}, {"question": "Bronze and brass are examples of what?", "answer": "substitutional alloys"}, {"question": "Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?", "answer": "substitutional alloys"}, {"question": "What is the name of one interstitial alloy?", "answer": "Steel"}, {"question": "Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?", "answer": "interstitial and substitutional"}, {"question": "What was one of the first alloys used by humans?", "answer": "meteoric iron"}, {"question": "What is meteoric iron composed of?", "answer": "nickel and iron"}, {"question": "What can forged meteoric iron make?", "answer": "tools, weapons, and nails"}, {"question": "Where does meteoric iron come from?", "answer": "iron meteorites"}, {"question": "How does meteoric iron come to earth?", "answer": "occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space"}, {"question": "Where is the only iron deposit on earth?", "answer": "Greenland"}, {"question": "Around what time did bronze start being formed?", "answer": "2500 BC"}, {"question": "What does copper and zinc form to make?", "answer": "brass"}, {"question": "Where is tin mostly found?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?", "answer": "Copper"}, {"question": "What does mercury make most metals do?", "answer": "dissolves"}, {"question": "Since when have Amalgams been used?", "answer": "200 BC"}, {"question": "What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?", "answer": "mercury-tin amalgams"}, {"question": "Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?", "answer": "purely aesthetic purposes"}, {"question": "Red gold is made by combining gold with?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": " Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?", "answer": "250 BC"}, {"question": "Who shouted \"Eureka!\" while checking the purity of a crown?", "answer": "Archimedes"}, {"question": "Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?", "answer": "less valuable substances"}, {"question": "Pewter is mostly made up of?", "answer": "tin"}, {"question": "Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?", "answer": "too soft"}, {"question": "During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?", "answer": "tin"}, {"question": "What was done to tin to make it stronger?", "answer": "alloyed with other metals"}, {"question": "What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?", "answer": "lead, antimony, bismuth or copper"}, {"question": "Where did smelting of iron begin?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "When did the smelting of iron first begin?", "answer": "around 1800 BC"}, {"question": "When did iron making technology begin in Japan?", "answer": "around 700 AD"}, {"question": "Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": "What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?", "answer": "lower melting point"}, {"question": "Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?", "answer": "1100 BC"}, {"question": "When did iron start to become melted by people?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?", "answer": "Benjamin Huntsman"}, {"question": "When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible", "answer": "1740"}, {"question": "What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?", "answer": "produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron"}, {"question": "By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?", "answer": "steel"}, {"question": "When did puddling start occurring?", "answer": "1700s"}, {"question": "When was the Bessemer process developed?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "Steel and manganese combines form to make what?", "answer": "Mangalloy"}, {"question": "Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?", "answer": "Alfred Wilm"}, {"question": "When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?", "answer": "harden over time"}, {"question": "One of the first \"age hardening\" alloys used were called?", "answer": "duralumin"}, {"question": "What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?", "answer": "duralumin"}, {"question": "In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "about 900 kilometres (560 mi)"}, {"question": "What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Kingston"}, {"question": "How many people live on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "1,796"}, {"question": "How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?", "answer": "1,412 kilometres (877 mi)"}, {"question": "Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?", "answer": "East Polynesians"}, {"question": "What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?", "answer": "a convict penal settlement"}, {"question": "What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?", "answer": "8 June 1856"}, {"question": "Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?", "answer": "Pitcairn Island"}, {"question": "In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?", "answer": "John Call"}, {"question": "In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?", "answer": "New South Wales"}, {"question": "What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Empress Catherine II of Russia"}, {"question": "Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?", "answer": "it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain"}, {"question": "When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?", "answer": "February 1805"}, {"question": "By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?", "answer": "to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings"}, {"question": "Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "the British government"}, {"question": "What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?", "answer": "Its remoteness"}, {"question": "What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?", "answer": "the gallows"}, {"question": "How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?", "answer": "6,458"}, {"question": "What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?", "answer": "Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers"}, {"question": "Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?", "answer": "the Pitcairn Islands"}, {"question": "On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?", "answer": "193"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Morayshire"}, {"question": "What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "farming and whaling industries"}, {"question": "When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?", "answer": "Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen"}, {"question": "Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?", "answer": "February 1944"}, {"question": " What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?", "answer": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism"}, {"question": "What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?", "answer": "greater welfare benefits"}, {"question": "What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?", "answer": "islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare"}, {"question": "An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?", "answer": "replace self-government with a local council"}, {"question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?", "answer": "68%"}, {"question": "What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?", "answer": "east"}, {"question": "What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?", "answer": "29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?", "answer": "Mount Bates"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Phillip Island"}, {"question": "What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?", "answer": "cliff faces"}, {"question": "Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?", "answer": "Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay"}, {"question": "How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "by ship"}, {"question": "Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Cascade Bay"}, {"question": "Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Anson and Ball Bays"}, {"question": "How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "51"}, {"question": "How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?", "answer": "Norfolk Island National Park"}, {"question": "What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?", "answer": "subtropical rain forest"}, {"question": "How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?", "answer": "5 km2"}, {"question": "What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?", "answer": "land"}, {"question": "What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?", "answer": "massive clearance of the island's native vegetation"}, {"question": "What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?", "answer": "hunting and persecution as agricultural pests"}, {"question": "What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?", "answer": "mammals"}, {"question": "What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?", "answer": "common blackbirds and crimson rosellas"}, {"question": "What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?", "answer": "Nepean Island"}, {"question": "What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?", "answer": "The providence petrel"}, {"question": "Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Phillip Island"}, {"question": "What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?", "answer": "the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel"}, {"question": "What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "the whale bird"}, {"question": "What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Cetaceans"}, {"question": "When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?", "answer": "humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale"}, {"question": "What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "dolphins"}, {"question": "What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?", "answer": "Southern right whales"}, {"question": "Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Sixty-two percent"}, {"question": "Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Rev G. H. Nobbs"}, {"question": "What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?", "answer": "a Methodist church"}, {"question": "Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? ", "answer": "one of Nobbs' sons"}, {"question": "Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?", "answer": "English and a creole language known as Norfuk"}, {"question": "What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?", "answer": "18th-century English and Tahitian"}, {"question": "The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?", "answer": "descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island"}, {"question": "What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "The Norfuk language"}, {"question": "What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?", "answer": "under three-quarters"}, {"question": "What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?", "answer": "Norfolk Island"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?", "answer": "The Norfolk Island Act 1979"}, {"question": "What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?", "answer": "the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015"}, {"question": "Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Gary Hardgrave"}, {"question": "During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?", "answer": "a \"weighted first past the post system\""}, {"question": "Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Executive"}, {"question": "Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Lisle Snell"}, {"question": "What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development"}, {"question": "How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?", "answer": "a local council"}, {"question": "When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "December 2006"}, {"question": "The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?", "answer": "significant disruption"}, {"question": "When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?", "answer": "19 March 2015"}, {"question": "What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?", "answer": "a local council"}, {"question": "From what state did the proposed council come from?", "answer": "New South Wales"}, {"question": "What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?", "answer": "they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare"}, {"question": "What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?", "answer": "Australian income tax"}, {"question": "When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?", "answer": "8 May 2015"}, {"question": "How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?", "answer": "912"}, {"question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?", "answer": "68%"}, {"question": "Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?", "answer": "Lisle Snell"}, {"question": "According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?", "answer": "overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island"}, {"question": "Norfolk Island was originally a what?", "answer": "colony acquired by settlement"}, {"question": "Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?", "answer": "the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)"}, {"question": "Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?", "answer": "High Court of Australia"}, {"question": "What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Australian citizenship"}, {"question": "What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?", "answer": "immigration"}, {"question": "When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens"}, {"question": "What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? ", "answer": "pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme"}, {"question": "When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?", "answer": "1 July 2016"}, {"question": "What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?", "answer": "automatic right of residence"}, {"question": "What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "either a passport or a Document of Identity"}, {"question": "What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "a passport"}, {"question": "When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?", "answer": "Australian Migration Zone"}, {"question": "What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? ", "answer": "the visa will have ceased"}, {"question": "What Act declares Non-Australian residents \"outside of Australia\" while they are on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "the Migration Act"}, {"question": "What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?", "answer": "a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa"}, {"question": "As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?", "answer": "count as time spent in Australia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Norfolk Island Hospital"}, {"question": "What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?", "answer": "travel insurance"}, {"question": "Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?", "answer": "mainland Australia"}, {"question": "Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "the Royal Australian Air Force"}, {"question": "Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "St John Ambulance Australia volunteers"}, {"question": "What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?", "answer": "health and infrastructure"}, {"question": "What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?", "answer": "fish"}, {"question": "What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?", "answer": "the Box"}, {"question": "What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?", "answer": "oil and gas deposits"}, {"question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?", "answer": "Australian federal taxes"}, {"question": "Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?", "answer": "David Buffett"}, {"question": "What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?", "answer": "for a financial bailout from the federal government"}, {"question": "When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "July 1, 2016"}, {"question": "What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?", "answer": "social"}, {"question": "How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?", "answer": "2532"}, {"question": "How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?", "answer": "2500"}, {"question": "How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? ", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?", "answer": "Norfolk TV"}, {"question": "What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?", "answer": ".nf"}, {"question": "Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Kingston and Cascade"}, {"question": "How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? ", "answer": "by whaleboats towed by launches"}, {"question": "What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?", "answer": "the prevailing weather on the day"}, {"question": "Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?", "answer": "on the leeward side of the island"}, {"question": "Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?", "answer": "Visitors"}, {"question": "Where was Burke born?", "answer": "Dublin, Ireland"}, {"question": "What was Burke's mother's maiden name?", "answer": "Nagle"}, {"question": "When did Burke's mother die?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "When did Burke's father die?", "answer": "1761"}, {"question": "When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?", "answer": "1185"}, {"question": "When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?", "answer": "1744"}, {"question": "What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?", "answer": "1747"}, {"question": "What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?", "answer": "TCD's Historical Club"}, {"question": "When did Edmund Burke graduate?", "answer": "1748"}, {"question": "Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?", "answer": "Bishop Warburton"}, {"question": "Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?", "answer": "Lord Chesterfield"}, {"question": "When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?", "answer": "1757"}, {"question": "Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?", "answer": "in the preface to the second edition"}, {"question": "Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?", "answer": "Richard Hurd"}, {"question": "Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?", "answer": "political reasons"}, {"question": "Whose principles did Burke imitate?", "answer": "L. Bol."}, {"question": "When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?", "answer": "25 February 1757"}, {"question": "How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?", "answer": "nearly 400,000"}, {"question": "How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?", "answer": "640 pages"}, {"question": "When was Burke's history of England published?", "answer": "1812"}, {"question": "Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?", "answer": "David Hume"}, {"question": "What publication did Burke found?", "answer": "Annual Register"}, {"question": "The Annual Register covered international events of what type?", "answer": "political"}, {"question": "Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?", "answer": "1766"}, {"question": "Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Who wrote a biography of Burke?", "answer": "Philip Magnus"}, {"question": "What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?", "answer": "Single-speech Hamilton"}, {"question": "Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?", "answer": "Burke"}, {"question": "When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?", "answer": "1765"}, {"question": "Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?", "answer": "Charles, Marquess of Rockingham"}, {"question": "What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?", "answer": "the king"}, {"question": "What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?", "answer": "political parties"}, {"question": "What type of group were the \"king's friends\"?", "answer": "neo-Tory"}, {"question": "What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?", "answer": "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770"}, {"question": "What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "What city did Burke represent in parliament?", "answer": "Bristol"}, {"question": "When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?", "answer": "May 1778"}, {"question": "What was Bristol's most important industry?", "answer": "trading"}, {"question": "Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?", "answer": "America"}, {"question": "How many reasons against violence did Burke present?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?", "answer": "thousands of miles"}, {"question": "What area could the American colonists retreat to?", "answer": "the mountains"}, {"question": "When did Lord Bathurst die?", "answer": "1775"}, {"question": "When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?", "answer": "1704"}, {"question": "What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?", "answer": "Whiggism"}, {"question": "When was Lord Bathurst born?", "answer": "1684"}, {"question": "In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?", "answer": "the devil"}, {"question": "When did Lord North take office?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "When did Lord North leave office?", "answer": "1782"}, {"question": "Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?", "answer": "New York and Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?", "answer": "appalled"}, {"question": "When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?", "answer": "HM Treasury"}, {"question": "After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?", "answer": "the Bank of England"}, {"question": "Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?", "answer": "Shelburne"}, {"question": "When was the Paymaster General Act passed?", "answer": "1782"}, {"question": "What type of government did Burke think would be inept?", "answer": "democratic"}, {"question": "For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?", "answer": "demagogues"}, {"question": "What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?", "answer": "authoritarian"}, {"question": "Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?", "answer": "the upper classes"}, {"question": "When was Warren Hastings impeached?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "Where was Hastings formerly the governor?", "answer": "Bengal"}, {"question": "How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?", "answer": "two decades"}, {"question": "What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?", "answer": "the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs"}, {"question": "When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?", "answer": "empire"}, {"question": "When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?", "answer": "4 April 1786"}, {"question": "What was the impeachment formally called?", "answer": "Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors"}, {"question": "Which house acquitted Hastings?", "answer": "House of Lords"}, {"question": "Which house impeached Hastings?", "answer": "House of Commons"}, {"question": "Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?", "answer": "ravenous vulture"}, {"question": "Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?", "answer": "King Louis XVI"}, {"question": "What was Burke's son's name?", "answer": "Richard Burke"}, {"question": "Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?", "answer": "Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont"}, {"question": "When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?", "answer": "9 February 1790"}, {"question": "When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?", "answer": "4 November 1789"}, {"question": "What was the Revolution Society commemorating?", "answer": "the Glorious Revolution of 1688"}, {"question": "Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?", "answer": "Englishmen"}, {"question": "What philosophy did Price support?", "answer": "universal \"Rights of Men\""}, {"question": "Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?", "answer": "Reflections on the Revolution in France"}, {"question": "When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?", "answer": "17,500"}, {"question": "Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?", "answer": "Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont"}, {"question": "When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?", "answer": "June 1791"}, {"question": "Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?", "answer": "kings"}, {"question": "Who did Burke say we look to with affection?", "answer": "parliaments"}, {"question": "Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?", "answer": "priests"}, {"question": "How did Burke say we look towards nobility?", "answer": "with respect"}, {"question": "How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?", "answer": "duty"}, {"question": "Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?", "answer": "Marie-Antoinette"}, {"question": "Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?", "answer": "Philip Francis"}, {"question": "Who adored Burke's chivalry?", "answer": "Edward Gibbon"}, {"question": "How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?", "answer": "she burst into tears"}, {"question": "Who re-translated the Reflections into French?", "answer": "Louis XVI"}, {"question": "Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?", "answer": "Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox"}, {"question": "What political party was Charles James Fox?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?", "answer": "Whigs"}, {"question": "What political party was Richard Sheridan?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?", "answer": "Thomas Paine"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?", "answer": "Mary Wollstonecraft"}, {"question": "Who said the Reflections were \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\"?", "answer": "James Mackintosh"}, {"question": "Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?", "answer": "Lord Bacon and Cicero"}, {"question": "What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?", "answer": "political and moral"}, {"question": "Who asked Burke for more \"very refreshing mental food\"?", "answer": "Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville"}, {"question": "When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?", "answer": "April 1791"}, {"question": "Which French philosopher did Burke attack?", "answer": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}, {"question": "When did Rousseau visit Britain?", "answer": "1766\u20137"}, {"question": "Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?", "answer": "David Hume"}, {"question": "Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?", "answer": "hereditary"}, {"question": "Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?", "answer": "fourteen and fifteen years"}, {"question": "When did Burke leave the Whig party?", "answer": "5 June 1791"}, {"question": "Who did Burke turn down money from?", "answer": "Fitzwilliam"}, {"question": "What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?", "answer": "French constitution"}, {"question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?", "answer": "Burke"}, {"question": "What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?", "answer": "the French Revolution"}, {"question": "What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?", "answer": "Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs"}, {"question": "Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?", "answer": "the Whig party"}, {"question": "Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?", "answer": "the French Revolution"}, {"question": "Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?", "answer": "Portland and Fitzwilliam"}, {"question": "Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?", "answer": "Francis Basset"}, {"question": "What was Francis Basset's political party?", "answer": "Whig"}, {"question": "How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?", "answer": "galled"}, {"question": "Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?", "answer": "Charles Burney"}, {"question": "Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?", "answer": "William Windham"}, {"question": "Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?", "answer": "royalist"}, {"question": "Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?", "answer": "Henry Dundas"}, {"question": "Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What did Burke support Britain fighting against?", "answer": "revolutionary France"}, {"question": "When did Prince Charles write to Burke?", "answer": "23 October"}, {"question": "How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?", "answer": "La Vend\u00e9e"}, {"question": "What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?", "answer": "Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France"}, {"question": "When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?", "answer": "20 June 1794"}, {"question": "When did Burke's son die?", "answer": "August 1794"}, {"question": "What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?", "answer": "Beaconsfield"}, {"question": "How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?", "answer": "\u00a32,500"}, {"question": "Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?", "answer": "Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale"}, {"question": "What was Burke's final publication?", "answer": "Letters on a Regicide Peace"}, {"question": "When was Burke's final publication?", "answer": "October 1796"}, {"question": "What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?", "answer": "Individuality"}, {"question": "What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?", "answer": "dominion and conquest"}, {"question": "What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?", "answer": "negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government"}, {"question": "What did Burke think the war with France was against?", "answer": "an \"armed doctrine\""}, {"question": "Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?", "answer": "universal"}, {"question": "Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?", "answer": "the revolutionaries governing her"}, {"question": "Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?", "answer": "Pitt"}, {"question": "Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?", "answer": "Samuel Whitbread"}, {"question": "Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?", "answer": "Arthur Young"}, {"question": "Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?", "answer": "Thoughts and Details on Scarcity"}, {"question": "When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?", "answer": "Indianism"}, {"question": "Which continent did Jacobinism affect?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?", "answer": "March 1796"}, {"question": "What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?", "answer": "Jacobinism"}, {"question": "What did Burke think was crucial for human life?", "answer": "property"}, {"question": "What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?", "answer": "property"}, {"question": "Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?", "answer": "all subjects"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Burke \"appealed to property owners\"?", "answer": "Christopher Hitchens"}, {"question": "What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?", "answer": "the ancestral and the immemorial"}, {"question": "Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?", "answer": "Philip Francis"}, {"question": "What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?", "answer": "passion"}, {"question": "Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?", "answer": "William Windham"}, {"question": "When did Windham speak against peace with France?", "answer": "1801"}, {"question": "When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "What political party was Gladstone in?", "answer": "Liberal"}, {"question": "What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?", "answer": "Ireland and America"}, {"question": "What was Cobden an activist against?", "answer": "Corn Law"}, {"question": "Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?", "answer": "Milton"}, {"question": "Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?", "answer": "Francis Hirst"}, {"question": "Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?", "answer": "Piers Brendon"}, {"question": "What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?", "answer": "a plan of freedom"}, {"question": "What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?", "answer": "opium trade"}, {"question": "What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?", "answer": "opium trade"}, {"question": "Which church did Burke most defend?", "answer": "Anglican"}, {"question": "What did Burke think was the foundation of society?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "What religion was Burke's mother?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What religion was Burke's father?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?", "answer": "political arrangements"}, {"question": "What was Samoa's old name?", "answer": "Western Samoa"}, {"question": "How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What's the name of Samoa's capital?", "answer": "Apia"}, {"question": "About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?", "answer": "3,500 years"}, {"question": "In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?", "answer": "anthropology"}, {"question": "One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?", "answer": "Austronesian"}, {"question": "What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?", "answer": "1,500 BCE"}, {"question": "Who was the first missionary in Samoa?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "What English organization did John Williams belong to?", "answer": "London Missionary Society"}, {"question": "What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?", "answer": "headhunting"}, {"question": "What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans \"gentle people\"?", "answer": "Robert Louis Stevenson"}, {"question": "In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many contenders were vying for power in the war?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?", "answer": "March 1889"}, {"question": "What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?", "answer": "A massive storm"}, {"question": "What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?", "answer": "1918\u20131919"}, {"question": "What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?", "answer": "the Department of External Affairs"}, {"question": "What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?", "answer": "Department of Island Territories"}, {"question": "About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?", "answer": "one fifth"}, {"question": "What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?", "answer": "Olaf Frederick Nelson"}, {"question": "What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?", "answer": "non-violent philosophy"}, {"question": "What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?", "answer": "High Chief"}, {"question": "On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?", "answer": "28 December 1929"}, {"question": "What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?", "answer": "Lewis machine gun"}, {"question": "Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?", "answer": "killed"}, {"question": "What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?", "answer": "\"Peace, Samoa\""}, {"question": "Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?", "answer": "Ten"}, {"question": "What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?", "answer": "Black Saturday"}, {"question": "What act gave Samoa independence?", "answer": "New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961"}, {"question": "What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?", "answer": "1 January 1962"}, {"question": "What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?", "answer": "Trusteeship Agreement"}, {"question": "Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?", "answer": "1 June"}, {"question": "What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?", "answer": "life"}, {"question": "What year did the first of the two heads of state die?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?", "answer": "Malietoa Tanumafili II"}, {"question": "Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?", "answer": "constitutional monarchy"}, {"question": "What do Samoans call their legislative body?", "answer": "the Fono"}, {"question": "How many Fono members are there?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?", "answer": "Forty-seven"}, {"question": "What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "What district is Leulumoega the capital of?", "answer": "A'ana"}, {"question": "What is the Samoan word for the \"House of Nine\" in Leulumoega?", "answer": "Faleiva"}, {"question": "What is A'ana's paramount title?", "answer": "the TuiA'ana"}, {"question": "What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?", "answer": "Malietoa"}, {"question": "In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?", "answer": "Afega"}, {"question": "What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?", "answer": "vulcanism"}, {"question": "Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?", "answer": "Savai'i"}, {"question": "What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?", "answer": "Mt Silisili,"}, {"question": "How many meters is 6,096 feet?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?", "answer": "Mt Matavanu"}, {"question": "What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?", "answer": "Central Bank of Samoa"}, {"question": "In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?", "answer": "fishing"}, {"question": "What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?", "answer": "noni"}, {"question": "What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What kind of oil does Samoa export?", "answer": "coconut"}, {"question": "In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?", "answer": "financial"}, {"question": "The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?", "answer": "the labour market"}, {"question": "What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?", "answer": "hotel infrastructure"}, {"question": "What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?", "answer": "Virgin Samoa"}, {"question": "Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?", "answer": "helped"}, {"question": "What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?", "answer": "copra"}, {"question": "What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?", "answer": "natural rubber"}, {"question": "What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?", "answer": "bananas"}, {"question": "Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What is copra?", "answer": "dried coconut meat"}, {"question": "How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?", "answer": "13,000 to 15,000"}, {"question": "What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?", "answer": "rhinoceros beetle"}, {"question": "Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?", "answer": "high quality"}, {"question": "What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?", "answer": "WSTEC"}, {"question": "What's the most popular church in Samoa?", "answer": "Christian Congregational Church of Samoa"}, {"question": "What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?", "answer": "7.6%"}, {"question": "Where is the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed place of worship located in Samoa?", "answer": "Tiapapata"}, {"question": "What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed House of Worship?", "answer": "His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II"}, {"question": "What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?", "answer": "v\u0101fealoa'i"}, {"question": "What word is used in Samoa to mean \"respect\"?", "answer": "fa'aaloalo"}, {"question": "What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "What does \"siva\" mean in Samoan?", "answer": "dance"}, {"question": "What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?", "answer": "sasa"}, {"question": "What are pates?", "answer": "wooden drums"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?", "answer": "fa'ataupati"}, {"question": "The \"slap dance\" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?", "answer": "Albert Wendt"}, {"question": "In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?", "answer": "Sons for the Return Home"}, {"question": "Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book \"Where We Once Belonged\"?", "answer": "Sia Figiel"}, {"question": "What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?", "answer": "The Five Stars"}, {"question": "What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?", "answer": "Sweet Inspiration"}, {"question": "What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?", "answer": "New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award"}, {"question": "Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?", "answer": "Tha Feelstyle"}, {"question": "What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?", "answer": "MAU"}, {"question": "What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?", "answer": "Hip hop"}, {"question": "What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?", "answer": "Neil Ieremia"}, {"question": "What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?", "answer": "Katerina Martina Teaiwa"}, {"question": "Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?", "answer": "youths"}, {"question": "Who made the film O Tamaiti?", "answer": "Sima Urale"}, {"question": "What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?", "answer": "Apron Strings"}, {"question": "What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?", "answer": "The Orator"}, {"question": "Who wrote and directed The Orator?", "answer": "Tusi Tamasese"}, {"question": "In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?", "answer": "Manu Samoa"}, {"question": "The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?", "answer": "Samoa Rugby Football Union"}, {"question": "What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?", "answer": "Rugby League World Cup"}, {"question": "Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?", "answer": "Setima Sa"}, {"question": "How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?", "answer": "St Helens"}, {"question": "On What date was Pope Paul VI born?", "answer": "26 September 1897"}, {"question": "On what date did Pope Paul VI die?", "answer": "6 August 1978)"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?", "answer": "21 June 1963"}, {"question": "What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?", "answer": "Giovanni"}, {"question": "What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?", "answer": "Marian"}, {"question": "What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?", "answer": "\"Paul\""}, {"question": "In what year was the name \"Paul\" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?", "answer": "1605"}, {"question": "What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?", "answer": "the Second Vatican Council"}, {"question": "What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?", "answer": "encyclical Humanae vitae"}, {"question": "In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?", "answer": "Brescia, Lombardy"}, {"question": "In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?", "answer": "Concesio"}, {"question": "What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?", "answer": "Italian Parliament"}, {"question": "How many brothers did Giovanni have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was Giovanni's mother descended from?", "answer": "rural nobility"}, {"question": "In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?", "answer": "Canon Law"}, {"question": "In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?", "answer": "twenty-five"}, {"question": "Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?", "answer": "Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici"}, {"question": "What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?", "answer": "excessive nationalism"}, {"question": "How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?", "answer": "treats foreigners as enemies"}, {"question": "What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?", "answer": "common frontiers"}, {"question": "What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?", "answer": "Peace"}, {"question": "Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?", "answer": "organisational skills"}, {"question": "When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?", "answer": "Pacelli"}, {"question": "Where did Montini teach history?", "answer": "Papal Academy for Diplomats"}, {"question": "Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?", "answer": "Giuseppe Pizzardo"}, {"question": "What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?", "answer": "ordinary affairs"}, {"question": "What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?", "answer": "Vatican's State Department"}, {"question": "What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?", "answer": "Private Secretary"}, {"question": "What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?", "answer": "letters"}, {"question": "During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?", "answer": "war years"}, {"question": "In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?", "answer": "ten million"}, {"question": "What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?", "answer": "politician"}, {"question": "With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?", "answer": "Pope Pius XII"}, {"question": "What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?", "answer": "Mussolini"}, {"question": "Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?", "answer": "Pius XII"}, {"question": "What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?", "answer": "refugees"}, {"question": "How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?", "answer": "Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza"}, {"question": "What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?", "answer": "Church Asylum"}, {"question": "In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?", "answer": "5 January"}, {"question": "To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?", "answer": "his sick-bed"}, {"question": "What group did Montini oppose reforming?", "answer": "Ecumenical Council"}, {"question": "In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission? ", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?", "answer": "Vatican"}, {"question": "What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?", "answer": "debates"}, {"question": "What illness had the Pope contracted?", "answer": "cancer"}, {"question": "What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?", "answer": "progressive"}, {"question": "What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?", "answer": "pastoral care"}, {"question": "What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?", "answer": "posters"}, {"question": "How many \"voices\" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?", "answer": "1,000"}, {"question": "From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?", "answer": "Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate"}, {"question": "According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?", "answer": "love"}, {"question": "How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?", "answer": "58"}, {"question": "When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?", "answer": "pope"}, {"question": "What had Montini yet to become?", "answer": "a cardinal,"}, {"question": "Who was elected pope in 1958?", "answer": "Angelo Roncalli"}, {"question": "When did Montini finally become a cardinal?", "answer": "15 December 1958"}, {"question": "What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?", "answer": "Ss. Silvestro e Martino"}, {"question": "What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "In what year did Montini visit the United States?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?", "answer": "Engelberg Abbey"}, {"question": "What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?", "answer": "reformer"}, {"question": "What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?", "answer": "Second Vatican Council"}, {"question": "What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII", "answer": "stomach cancer"}, {"question": "In what year did Pope John XXIII die?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?", "answer": "pope"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?", "answer": "Papal Tiara"}, {"question": "What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?", "answer": "Archdiocese of Milan"}, {"question": "Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?", "answer": "Washington, DC"}, {"question": "Who was the last pope to be crowned?", "answer": "Paul VI"}, {"question": "What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?", "answer": "Papal Coronation"}, {"question": "Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?", "answer": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?", "answer": "Council language"}, {"question": "Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?", "answer": "Pope John XXIII"}, {"question": "Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?", "answer": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}, {"question": "Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?", "answer": "Vatican II"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?", "answer": "a dialogue"}, {"question": "How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "On what date was Vatican II re convened?", "answer": "29 September"}, {"question": "Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? ", "answer": "Vatican II"}, {"question": "What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?", "answer": "Canon Law"}, {"question": "What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?", "answer": "Mystici corporis"}, {"question": "How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?", "answer": "mystical"}, {"question": "What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?", "answer": "simple"}, {"question": "From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?", "answer": "the east"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?", "answer": "separation"}, {"question": "What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?", "answer": "Church"}, {"question": "Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?", "answer": "papacy"}, {"question": "What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?", "answer": "religious freedom"}, {"question": "What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?", "answer": "Mary"}, {"question": "In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?", "answer": "reforms"}, {"question": "What does the Catholic church considered \"mixed\" in a \"mixed marriage\"?", "answer": "faiths"}, {"question": "What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? ", "answer": "the Feast of the Immaculate Conception."}, {"question": "In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?", "answer": "bishops"}, {"question": "For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?", "answer": "Roman Curia"}, {"question": "In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?", "answer": "Pontificalis Domus"}, {"question": "What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?", "answer": "bureaucracy"}, {"question": "Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?", "answer": "non-Italians"}, {"question": "At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?", "answer": "eighty"}, {"question": "At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?", "answer": "papal elections"}, {"question": "When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What were revised between 1951 and 1955?", "answer": "Easter liturgies"}, {"question": "What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?", "answer": "Easter Triduum"}, {"question": "What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?", "answer": "Mass"}, {"question": "How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?", "answer": "vernacular"}, {"question": "How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?", "answer": "400-year"}, {"question": "What type of music was used in traditional mass?", "answer": "Gregorian Chant"}, {"question": "Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?", "answer": "Pope Benedict XVI"}, {"question": "In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? ", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?", "answer": "Secretariat for non-Christians"}, {"question": "What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?", "answer": "Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue"}, {"question": "What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?", "answer": "Andrei Gromyko"}, {"question": "What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?", "answer": "peace day"}, {"question": "In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?", "answer": "Montini"}, {"question": "Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?", "answer": "Roger Peyrefitte"}, {"question": "Who was Montini's alleged lover?", "answer": "Paolo Carlini"}, {"question": "On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?", "answer": "April 18"}, {"question": "How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?", "answer": "the Pilgrim Pope"}, {"question": "In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?", "answer": "Manila"}, {"question": "Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?", "answer": "Msgr. Paul Marcinkus"}, {"question": "What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "Who was the first pope to visit the United States?", "answer": "Pope Paul VI"}, {"question": "To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?", "answer": "peace"}, {"question": "What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?", "answer": "President Johnson"}, {"question": "What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?", "answer": "foreign embassies"}, {"question": "Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?", "answer": "nations"}, {"question": "What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?", "answer": "Gaudium et spes"}, {"question": "Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?", "answer": "bishops"}, {"question": "What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?", "answer": "Vatican II"}, {"question": "What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?", "answer": "Ecclesiam suam"}, {"question": "What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?", "answer": "Lumen Gentium"}, {"question": "What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?", "answer": "Feast of the Transfiguration"}, {"question": "On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?", "answer": "6 August"}, {"question": "In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?", "answer": "Celibacy"}, {"question": "What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?", "answer": "Celibacy"}, {"question": "What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?", "answer": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus"}, {"question": "What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?", "answer": "Canon"}, {"question": "In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?", "answer": "Humanae vitae"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?", "answer": "artificial birth control"}, {"question": "What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?", "answer": "artificial"}, {"question": "How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What does Humanae Vitae mean?", "answer": "Of Human Life"}, {"question": "According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What does God contribute to a married couple's child?", "answer": "soul"}, {"question": "Who is considered to be love?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "From whom is married love generated?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?", "answer": "marital"}, {"question": "Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?", "answer": "Robert McNamara"}, {"question": "What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?", "answer": "birth control"}, {"question": "In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies \"insulting\"?", "answer": "Bolivia"}, {"question": "Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?", "answer": "Cardinal archbishop An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque"}, {"question": "What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?", "answer": "Colombia"}, {"question": "To whom did Paul VI tell \"not to be afraid\" when the church released its statement on birth control?", "answer": "Edouard Gagnon"}, {"question": "What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?", "answer": "prophet"}, {"question": "To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?", "answer": "the encyclical"}, {"question": "In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?", "answer": "whole person"}, {"question": "How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?", "answer": "whole"}, {"question": "To what historical figure can the words \"Do you love me more\" be attributed?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?", "answer": "Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965"}, {"question": "In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?", "answer": "Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III"}, {"question": "How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?", "answer": "Paul VI"}, {"question": "Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?", "answer": "Michael Ramsey"}, {"question": "How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?", "answer": "Anglican Centre"}, {"question": "In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?", "answer": "Christian Unity"}, {"question": "What group condemned mixed faith marriages?", "answer": "Congregation of Faith"}, {"question": "To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?", "answer": "Anglican"}, {"question": "Which church did Paul VI call \"our beloved sister church\"?", "answer": "Anglican Church"}, {"question": "Who described the Anglican church as \"our beloved sister Church\"?", "answer": "Paul VI"}, {"question": "In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?", "answer": "Vatican"}, {"question": "Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?", "answer": "Lutherans"}, {"question": "In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?", "answer": "Fredrik A. Schiotz"}, {"question": "To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?", "answer": "Protestant Bible societies"}, {"question": "Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?", "answer": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}, {"question": "In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?", "answer": "Joseph Ratzinger"}, {"question": "What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?", "answer": "Karol Wojty\u0142a"}, {"question": "In what year did Paul VI die?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?", "answer": "John Paul I"}, {"question": "Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?", "answer": "Castel Gandolfo"}, {"question": "What was considered to be the papal summer residence?", "answer": "Castel Gandolfo"}, {"question": "Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?", "answer": "Sandro Pertini"}, {"question": "For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?", "answer": "two hours"}, {"question": "What animals did Paul VI consider to be \"the most beautiful animals God ever created\"?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "In what year was Paul VI beautified?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "On what day was Paul VI born?", "answer": "26 September"}, {"question": "Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?", "answer": "Paul VI"}, {"question": "On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?", "answer": "19 October"}, {"question": "What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?", "answer": "A miracle"}, {"question": "According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?", "answer": "pontiff"}, {"question": "Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?", "answer": "Pope Francis"}, {"question": "What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?", "answer": "Congregation for the Causes of Saints"}, {"question": "What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?", "answer": "beatification"}, {"question": "What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?", "answer": "Credere"}, {"question": "What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?", "answer": "healing"}, {"question": "What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?", "answer": "The Congregation for the Causes of Saints"}, {"question": "Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?", "answer": "pope"}, {"question": "Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?", "answer": "Pope Francis"}, {"question": "What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?", "answer": "Holocaust"}, {"question": "Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?", "answer": "Pius XII"}, {"question": "What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?", "answer": "reform"}, {"question": "On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae? ", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?", "answer": "John XXIII"}, {"question": "Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?", "answer": "opponents"}, {"question": "What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?", "answer": "controversial"}, {"question": "To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?", "answer": "theological freedoms"}, {"question": "What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?", "answer": "taboo"}, {"question": "How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?", "answer": "National Bishop Conferences"}, {"question": "What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?", "answer": "Communism"}, {"question": "The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?", "answer": "Bishops"}, {"question": "How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?", "answer": "three hours"}, {"question": "At what time did Paul VI die?", "answer": "21:41"}, {"question": "On what day did Paul VI die?", "answer": "6 August"}, {"question": "From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?", "answer": "bed"}, {"question": "What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?", "answer": "Castel Gandolfo"}, {"question": "How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?", "answer": "Roman Curia"}, {"question": "What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?", "answer": "regal vestments"}, {"question": "What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?", "answer": "army"}, {"question": "Who was the first pope to visit five continents?", "answer": "Paul VI"}, {"question": "Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?", "answer": "world"}, {"question": "What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?", "answer": "bishops"}, {"question": "What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?", "answer": "motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane"}, {"question": "What is the largest rating of an electric motor?", "answer": "100 megawatts"}, {"question": "What is the main example of a DC power source?", "answer": "batteries"}, {"question": "What does AC stand for?", "answer": "alternating current"}, {"question": "What does DC stand for?", "answer": "direct current"}, {"question": "In what device are small motors commonly found?", "answer": "electric watches"}, {"question": "Who created the first electrostatic device?", "answer": "Andrew Gordon"}, {"question": "Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?", "answer": "Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re"}, {"question": "In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?", "answer": "mercury"}, {"question": "In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?", "answer": "rotor"}, {"question": "What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?", "answer": "electromagnetic self-rotors"}, {"question": "What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?", "answer": "commutator"}, {"question": "What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?", "answer": "permanent magnets"}, {"question": "When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?", "answer": "1839/40"}, {"question": "What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?", "answer": "boat"}, {"question": "Who created the first real electric motor?", "answer": "Moritz von Jacobi"}, {"question": "Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?", "answer": "Jacobi himself"}, {"question": "How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?", "answer": "four years"}, {"question": "Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?", "answer": "William Sturgeon"}, {"question": "Which inventor went bankrupt?", "answer": "Thomas Davenport"}, {"question": "What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?", "answer": "the high cost of primary battery power"}, {"question": "What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?", "answer": "electricity distribution"}, {"question": "How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?", "answer": "600 revolutions per minute"}, {"question": "What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?", "answer": "non-fluctuating current"}, {"question": "Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?", "answer": "Z\u00e9nobe Gramme"}, {"question": "How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?", "answer": "2 km"}, {"question": "Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?", "answer": "generator"}, {"question": "In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?", "answer": "Vienna and Philadelphia"}, {"question": "What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?", "answer": "small air gap"}, {"question": "Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?", "answer": "Frank Julian Sprague"}, {"question": "What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?", "answer": "electric trolley system"}, {"question": "What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?", "answer": "South Side Elevated Railway"}, {"question": "Who did Sprague work for early in his career?", "answer": "Thomas Edison"}, {"question": "How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?", "answer": "hydraulic pressure"}, {"question": "Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?", "answer": "in the home"}, {"question": "Who built the first induction motor?", "answer": "Walter Baily"}, {"question": "What type of power were early motors unable to use?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "Who bought Tesla's patents?", "answer": "George Westinghouse"}, {"question": "For what application was Tesla's motor first used?", "answer": "mining"}, {"question": "What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor?", "answer": "squirrel-cage"}, {"question": "What would a rotor do without current reversal?", "answer": "brake to a stop"}, {"question": "What switches the input of most DC motors?", "answer": "commutator"}, {"question": "From where is current to the motor supplied?", "answer": "stationary brushes"}, {"question": "What two motor types are ascendant today?", "answer": "externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet"}, {"question": "What does the communicator do?", "answer": "reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings"}, {"question": "What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "Where do brushes get their power?", "answer": "external"}, {"question": "What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?", "answer": "rotating"}, {"question": "Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?", "answer": "electromagnet"}, {"question": "What rotates the motor shaft?", "answer": "force between the two magnetic fields"}, {"question": "What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?", "answer": "commutator"}, {"question": "What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?", "answer": "compass"}, {"question": "How is RFI generated?", "answer": "sparking"}, {"question": "What do brushes need to be in contact with?", "answer": "commutator"}, {"question": "What is created by contact between parts of the motor?", "answer": "friction"}, {"question": "What does sparking limit?", "answer": "maximum speed"}, {"question": "What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? ", "answer": "Brushes"}, {"question": "What are large brushes favorable for?", "answer": "motor output"}, {"question": "Whate are small brushes favorable for?", "answer": "speed"}, {"question": "What type of brushes are cheapest?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "How can the speed of larger brushes be increased?", "answer": "Stiffer brush springs"}, {"question": "Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs?", "answer": "lower efficiency"}, {"question": "What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?", "answer": "speed control"}, {"question": "What is another name for PM fields?", "answer": "stators"}, {"question": "What design feature does a PM motor lack?", "answer": "field winding"}, {"question": "What do field windings provide?", "answer": "flux"}, {"question": "Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?", "answer": "To minimize overall weight and size"}, {"question": "What are high energy magnets typically made of?", "answer": "neodymium-iron-boron alloy"}, {"question": "What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?", "answer": "steel tube"}, {"question": "How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?", "answer": "least competitive"}, {"question": "What is the typical maximum range of universal motors?", "answer": "1000 watts"}, {"question": "What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications?", "answer": "universal"}, {"question": "What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor?", "answer": "efficiency losses"}, {"question": "What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from?", "answer": "solid (un-laminated) iron"}, {"question": "What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC?", "answer": "universal"}, {"question": "What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail?", "answer": "commutator"}, {"question": "When is torque most important in universal motor applications?", "answer": "starting"}, {"question": "Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how?", "answer": "forwards and in reverse"}, {"question": "How is stepped speed control achieved?", "answer": "Multiple taps on the field coil provide"}, {"question": "At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?", "answer": "SCIMs"}, {"question": "What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?", "answer": "high speed and light weight"}, {"question": "What determines the properties of speed and torque?", "answer": "shape of the rotor bars"}, {"question": "At high speed, where is the most current?", "answer": "interior of the winding"}, {"question": "Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "Changing the shapes of the bars creates what?", "answer": "variable resistance"}, {"question": "Where can variable resistance be created?", "answer": "rotor circuit"}, {"question": "Where might a resistor be attached?", "answer": "rotor circuit"}, {"question": "What can a resistor control?", "answer": "motor speed"}, {"question": "How might wasted power be salvaged?", "answer": "inverter or separate motor-generator"}, {"question": "From where may a converter be fed?", "answer": "rotor circuit"}, {"question": "What will a motor do if the load is reduced?", "answer": "speed up"}, {"question": "What will a motor do if the load is increased?", "answer": "slow down"}, {"question": "Where are slip losses dissipated?", "answer": "secondary resistors"}, {"question": "How efficient is such a design?", "answer": "very poor"}, {"question": "How are torque motors used in computer gaming?", "answer": "feedback steering wheels"}, {"question": "A torque motor at low voltage provides what?", "answer": "constant light tension"}, {"question": "A torque motor at high voltage provides what?", "answer": "higher torque"}, {"question": "In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?", "answer": "gears or clutches"}, {"question": "What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?", "answer": "electrical pulses"}, {"question": "What is a governor connected to?", "answer": "return spring"}, {"question": "What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?", "answer": "reduce the current being applied to the motor"}, {"question": "How much slip does a synchronous motor have?", "answer": "zero"}, {"question": "How does an induction motor produce torque?", "answer": "slip"}, {"question": "Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?", "answer": "manually"}, {"question": "How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?", "answer": "DC field"}, {"question": "How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?", "answer": "Slip rings and brushes"}, {"question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?", "answer": "becomes temporarily magnetized"}, {"question": "When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?", "answer": "stay in place"}, {"question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?", "answer": "induction motors"}, {"question": "How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?", "answer": "a smooth cylinder"}, {"question": "What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?", "answer": "PMSM"}, {"question": "What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?", "answer": "Doubly fed electric motors"}, {"question": "What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have?", "answer": "contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process"}, {"question": "What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?", "answer": "variable speed operation"}, {"question": "Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed?", "answer": "twice the constant torque speed range"}, {"question": "A coreless DC motor is distinguished by what?", "answer": "rapid acceleration"}, {"question": "What is absent in a coreless DC motor?", "answer": "iron core"}, {"question": "What forms can the rotor take?", "answer": "winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure"}, {"question": "What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors?", "answer": "Overheating"}, {"question": "How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?", "answer": "lighter"}, {"question": "What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?", "answer": "accelerate much more rapidly"}, {"question": "How is a coreless motor cooled?", "answer": "forced air"}, {"question": "The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?", "answer": "heat sink"}, {"question": "What was the original purpose for pancake motors?", "answer": "drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives"}, {"question": "What are advantages of pancake motors?", "answer": "minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance"}, {"question": "For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?", "answer": "high temperature"}, {"question": "What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?", "answer": "high-performance"}, {"question": "What may servo motors be used for?", "answer": "machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems"}, {"question": "What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?", "answer": "speed, torque, and power"}, {"question": "What factors limit performance of servo motors?", "answer": "winding inductance and rotor inertia"}, {"question": "Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?", "answer": "conventional AC or DC motors"}, {"question": "When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?", "answer": "As dynamic response requirements increase"}, {"question": "How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?", "answer": "position feedback is continuous"}, {"question": "How does a stepper system achieve stability?", "answer": "a \"home\" switch"}, {"question": "What makes a printer home switch work?", "answer": "position sensor"}, {"question": "What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?", "answer": "bidirectional"}, {"question": "A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?", "answer": "miss steps"}, {"question": "When are stepper motors most useful?", "answer": "when precise rotations are required"}, {"question": "What two devices can describe a stepper motor?", "answer": "DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid"}, {"question": "What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?", "answer": "magnetic field produced by the energized field winding"}, {"question": "How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?", "answer": "the stepper motor may not rotate continuously"}, {"question": "What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?", "answer": "forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down"}, {"question": "What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?", "answer": "proportionally control the power to the field windings"}, {"question": "What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?", "answer": "rotate extremely smoothly"}, {"question": "What is another name for smooth rotation?", "answer": "microstepping"}, {"question": "With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?", "answer": "digital servo-controlled system"}, {"question": "Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?", "answer": "precision and speed limitations"}, {"question": "What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?", "answer": "voice coil-based head actuator systems"}, {"question": "In what direction do modern coil actuators move?", "answer": "perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force"}, {"question": "To what device does the term, \"voice coil\" historically refer?", "answer": "the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker"}, {"question": "List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.", "answer": "linear stepper motors or servomotors"}, {"question": "In scanners, what do stepper motors move?", "answer": "optical scanning element"}, {"question": "In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?", "answer": "print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers"}, {"question": "Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?", "answer": "back electromotive force"}, {"question": "EMP is proportional to what?", "answer": "the running speed of the motor"}, {"question": "Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?", "answer": "back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance"}, {"question": "If load increases, what happens to current drawn?", "answer": "more current is drawn from the supply"}, {"question": "What needs to be known to calculate torque?", "answer": "fields in the air gap"}, {"question": "How are the many calculations to determine torque done?", "answer": "FEA"}, {"question": "How is torque determined?", "answer": "from the vector product of the interacting fields"}, {"question": "What is the formulia to determine torque?", "answer": "the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector"}, {"question": "What are factors that determine shaft torque?", "answer": "torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density"}, {"question": "Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?", "answer": "air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth"}, {"question": "What limits excessive torque?", "answer": "magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage"}, {"question": "What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?", "answer": "brushless wound-rotor"}, {"question": "What is a brushless wound-rotor?", "answer": "both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port"}, {"question": "How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?", "answer": "a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set"}, {"question": "What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?", "answer": "eight times operating torque"}, {"question": "What determines continuous torque density?", "answer": "size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth"}, {"question": "What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?", "answer": "power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation"}, {"question": "What does continuous torque density refer to?", "answer": "method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating"}, {"question": "How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?", "answer": "virtually the same"}, {"question": "What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?", "answer": "electrostatic"}, {"question": "What are electrostatic motors like two of?", "answer": "conventional coil-based motors"}, {"question": "What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?", "answer": "high-voltage"}, {"question": "What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon"}, {"question": "Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?", "answer": "electrostatic motor"}, {"question": "What is the official name of Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss Confederation"}, {"question": "What type of government does Switzerland have?", "answer": "a federal directorial republic"}, {"question": "How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?", "answer": "the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura"}, {"question": "What is the population of Switzerland?", "answer": "approximately 8 million"}, {"question": "What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?", "answer": "1 August 1291"}, {"question": "What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?", "answer": "Swiss National Day"}, {"question": "Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?", "answer": "German, French, Italian and Romansh"}, {"question": "What is the predominant language in Switzerland?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?", "answer": "Suisse"}, {"question": "What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?", "answer": "Schweiz"}, {"question": "What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?", "answer": "Svizzera"}, {"question": "How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?", "answer": "top or close to the top"}, {"question": "Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?", "answer": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva"}, {"question": "What assets are included in nominal wealth?", "answer": "financial and non-financial"}, {"question": "What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?", "answer": "eighth-highest"}, {"question": "What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?", "answer": "Switzer"}, {"question": "Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?", "answer": "French Suisse"}, {"question": "Where did the name Switzer originate from?", "answer": "the Alemannic Schwiizer"}, {"question": "What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?", "answer": "the Old Swiss Confederacy"}, {"question": "In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?", "answer": "972"}, {"question": "At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?", "answer": "after the Swabian War of 1499"}, {"question": "What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?", "answer": "Schwiiz"}, {"question": "What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?", "answer": "the Confederation"}, {"question": "What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?", "answer": "Hallstatt and La T\u00e8ne"}, {"question": "Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?", "answer": "La T\u00e8ne"}, {"question": "Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?", "answer": "the Helvetii"}, {"question": "In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?", "answer": "15 BC"}, {"question": "What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?", "answer": "Vindonissa"}, {"question": "In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?", "answer": "about 260 AD"}, {"question": "In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?", "answer": "raids by the Alamanni tribes"}, {"question": "What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?", "answer": "the linear defence concept"}, {"question": "What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?", "answer": "German tribes"}, {"question": "From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?", "answer": "the Kings of the Burgundians"}, {"question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?", "answer": "the Swiss plateau"}, {"question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?", "answer": "valleys of the Alps"}, {"question": "In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?", "answer": "Alemannia and Burgundy"}, {"question": "What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?", "answer": "Frankish Empire"}, {"question": "In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?", "answer": "the Swiss plateau"}, {"question": "In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?", "answer": "extinction of its male line in 1263"}, {"question": "Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?", "answer": "the Habsburgs"}, {"question": "Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?", "answer": "King Rudolph I"}, {"question": "What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?", "answer": "Waldst\u00e4tten"}, {"question": "In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states?", "answer": "By 1353"}, {"question": "Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?", "answer": "end of the 15th century"}, {"question": "What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?", "answer": "increased power and wealth"}, {"question": "By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?", "answer": "the confederates"}, {"question": "Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "Swabian War"}, {"question": "Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?", "answer": "Battle of Marignano"}, {"question": "What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?", "answer": "1529 and 1531"}, {"question": "Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?", "answer": "European countries"}, {"question": "Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?", "answer": "the revolutionary French government"}, {"question": "What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?", "answer": "a new unified constitution"}, {"question": "What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?", "answer": "the cantons"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?", "answer": "Helvetic Republic"}, {"question": "Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?", "answer": "Helvetic"}, {"question": "During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?", "answer": "Russian and Austrian"}, {"question": "Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?", "answer": "The Swiss"}, {"question": "What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?", "answer": "Act of Mediation"}, {"question": "What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?", "answer": "Swiss autonomy"}, {"question": "How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?", "answer": "a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)"}, {"question": "What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?", "answer": "friendly fire"}, {"question": "How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?", "answer": "less than a month"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?", "answer": "the Sonderbundskrieg"}, {"question": "How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?", "answer": "major"}, {"question": "What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?", "answer": "local issues"}, {"question": "How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?", "answer": "Council of States"}, {"question": "What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?", "answer": "National Council"}, {"question": "Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?", "answer": "General Henri Guisan"}, {"question": "What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?", "answer": "armed forces"}, {"question": "What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?", "answer": "protect the economic heartland"}, {"question": "What were the Reduit?", "answer": "strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps"}, {"question": "Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?", "answer": "by both the Allies and by the Axis"}, {"question": "What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?", "answer": "a crucial rail link through Vichy France"}, {"question": "How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?", "answer": "over 300,000"}, {"question": "When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?", "answer": "end of the 20th century"}, {"question": "Where was the International Red Cross based?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?", "answer": "Elisabeth Kopp"}, {"question": "Who was Switzerland's first female president?", "answer": "Ruth Dreifuss"}, {"question": "In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?", "answer": "Schengen treaty"}, {"question": "What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?", "answer": "European Economic Area"}, {"question": "What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?", "answer": "the EU"}, {"question": "How large is Switzerland?", "answer": "41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What is the average population density of Switzerland?", "answer": "195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)"}, {"question": "What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?", "answer": "27 /km\u00b2 (70 /sq mi)"}, {"question": "Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?", "answer": "Alps"}, {"question": "Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss Alps"}, {"question": "Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss Plateau"}, {"question": "Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?", "answer": "Jura mountains"}, {"question": "How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What is the largest lake in Switzerland?", "answer": "Lake Geneva"}, {"question": "What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?", "answer": "Monte Rosa"}, {"question": "What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?", "answer": "Matterhorn"}, {"question": "How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?", "answer": "Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais"}, {"question": "Where are Switzerland's glacial conditions located?", "answer": "mountaintops"}, {"question": "What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?", "answer": "warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall"}, {"question": "What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?", "answer": "sun"}, {"question": "What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?", "answer": "f\u00f6hn"}, {"question": "At what time of year can the fohn occur?", "answer": "all times"}, {"question": "Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?", "answer": "crossing the mountains"}, {"question": "What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?", "answer": "wine"}, {"question": "During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?", "answer": "the south"}, {"question": "What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?", "answer": "first among 132 nations"}, {"question": "What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?", "answer": "plants not found at other altitudes"}, {"question": "What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?", "answer": "renewable"}, {"question": "When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?", "answer": "bicameral parliament"}, {"question": "What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?", "answer": "Federal Council"}, {"question": "How many members are on the National Council?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?", "answer": "4 years"}, {"question": "What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?", "answer": "Federal Assembly"}, {"question": "What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?", "answer": "referendums"}, {"question": "What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?", "answer": "initiatives"}, {"question": "What serves as the collective Head of State?", "answer": "The Federal Council"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Federal Council?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who elects the members of the Federal Council?", "answer": "Federal Assembly"}, {"question": "What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?", "answer": "one-year"}, {"question": "Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?", "answer": "the Assembly"}, {"question": "How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?", "answer": "commune, canton and federal levels"}, {"question": "What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?", "answer": "direct"}, {"question": "What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?", "answer": "a constitutional initiative and a referendum"}, {"question": "What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?", "answer": "Direct democracy and federalism"}, {"question": "How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?", "answer": "18 months"}, {"question": "What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?", "answer": "a counter-proposal"}, {"question": "What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?", "answer": "indicate a preference"}, {"question": "How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?", "answer": "a double majority"}, {"question": "According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?", "answer": "all 26"}, {"question": "What are the two major differences between cantons?", "answer": "population and geographical area"}, {"question": "What is the population of the largest canton?", "answer": "1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich)"}, {"question": "What is the population of the smallest canton?", "answer": "15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)"}, {"question": "How large is the smallest canton?", "answer": "37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)"}, {"question": "When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?", "answer": "Congress of Vienna in 1815"}, {"question": "What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?", "answer": "referendum"}, {"question": "What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?", "answer": "since the end of its expansion in 1515"}, {"question": "How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?", "answer": "avoids"}, {"question": "How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?", "answer": "since 2006"}, {"question": "What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?", "answer": "Palace of Nations in Geneva"}, {"question": "Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "Where is the League of Nations located?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?", "answer": "Swiss Confederation"}, {"question": "What does the ILO stand for?", "answer": "International Labour Organization"}, {"question": "What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?", "answer": "important issues facing the world, including health and the environment"}, {"question": "What does BIS stand for?", "answer": "Bank for International Settlements"}, {"question": "What does UNHCR stand for?", "answer": "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees"}, {"question": "Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?", "answer": "at home"}, {"question": "Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?", "answer": "all male Swiss citizens"}, {"question": "Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What replaced Army 95 in 2003?", "answer": "Army XXI"}, {"question": "In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?", "answer": "nineteenth largest"}, {"question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?", "answer": "thirty-sixth largest"}, {"question": "What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?", "answer": "8th in the world"}, {"question": "Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?", "answer": "highest European rating"}, {"question": "What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?", "answer": "the most competitive in the world"}, {"question": "What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?", "answer": "137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity"}, {"question": "What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?", "answer": "95,824 USD"}, {"question": "How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?", "answer": "Europe's most innovative country"}, {"question": "What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "answer": "chemicals"}, {"question": "What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "answer": "machines/electronics"}, {"question": "What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "answer": "precision instruments/watches"}, {"question": "What percentage of exports are exported services?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?", "answer": "about 25%"}, {"question": "How many people work in Switzerland?", "answer": "Around 3.8 million"}, {"question": "What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?", "answer": "3.2%"}, {"question": "What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?", "answer": "21.8%"}, {"question": "What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?", "answer": "4.4%"}, {"question": "How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?", "answer": "about 37%"}, {"question": "How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?", "answer": "62.8 billion Swiss francs"}, {"question": "What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?", "answer": "value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)"}, {"question": "Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?", "answer": "social welfare and finance & tax"}, {"question": "Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?", "answer": "agriculture and national defense"}, {"question": "How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?", "answer": "from 26.5% in to 12.4%"}, {"question": "What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?", "answer": "Agricultural protectionism"}, {"question": "What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "What is the EFTA?", "answer": "European Free Trade Association"}, {"question": "What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?", "answer": "one of the best"}, {"question": "According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?", "answer": "Product market liberalisation"}, {"question": "Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?", "answer": "the cantons"}, {"question": "What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?", "answer": "children's school"}, {"question": "When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How long does primary school continue?", "answer": "until grade four, five or six"}, {"question": "How many universities are in Switzerland?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "When was the first university in Switzerland founded?", "answer": "1460"}, {"question": "What is the biggest university in Switzerland?", "answer": "University of Zurich"}, {"question": "How many students attend the University of Zurich?", "answer": "nearly 25,000"}, {"question": "What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?", "answer": "Albert Einstein"}, {"question": "How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?", "answer": "113"}, {"question": "How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What is the world's largest laboratory?", "answer": "CERN"}, {"question": "Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "What research is CERN dedicated to?", "answer": "particle physics"}, {"question": "What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?", "answer": "scanning tunneling microscope"}, {"question": "Who invented the pressurized balloon?", "answer": "Auguste Piccard"}, {"question": "How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?", "answer": "through bilateral agreements"}, {"question": "In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?", "answer": "the EU"}, {"question": "What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?", "answer": "international competitiveness"}, {"question": "How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?", "answer": "SVP party"}, {"question": "How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?", "answer": "free movement of persons"}, {"question": "When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?", "answer": "has since been ratified"}, {"question": "What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?", "answer": "Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe"}, {"question": "In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?", "answer": "poorer Southern and Central European countries"}, {"question": "What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?", "answer": "secrecy"}, {"question": "What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?", "answer": "raise tax rates to parity with the EU"}, {"question": "In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?", "answer": "immigration"}, {"question": "What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?", "answer": "a quota system"}, {"question": "Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?", "answer": "metropolitan"}, {"question": "What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?", "answer": "58.5%"}, {"question": "What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?", "answer": "bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons"}, {"question": "What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?", "answer": "a citizens' initiative"}, {"question": "What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?", "answer": "Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011"}, {"question": "What does SFOE stand for?", "answer": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy"}, {"question": "What does DETEC stand for?", "answer": "Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications"}, {"question": "What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?", "answer": "the nation's energy use"}, {"question": "In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?", "answer": "2 or 3 decades"}, {"question": "What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?", "answer": "to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy"}, {"question": "When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?", "answer": "2019"}, {"question": "When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?", "answer": "2034"}, {"question": "Who is the Doris Leuthard?", "answer": "Energy Minister"}, {"question": "How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?", "answer": "over 350 million"}, {"question": "In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?", "answer": "2,258"}, {"question": "Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?", "answer": "Federal Railways"}, {"question": "What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?", "answer": "north and south"}, {"question": "Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?", "answer": "road tolls and vehicle taxes"}, {"question": "How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?", "answer": "40 Swiss francs"}, {"question": "Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?", "answer": "Z\u00fcrich"}, {"question": "What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss International Air Lines"}, {"question": "How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?", "answer": "22.8 million"}, {"question": "When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?", "answer": "Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)"}, {"question": "What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?", "answer": "66% to 96%"}, {"question": "How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?", "answer": "among the top 10 green economies in the world"}, {"question": "What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?", "answer": "Rubbish"}, {"question": "What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?", "answer": "from CHF 200\u2013500"}, {"question": "What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?", "answer": "23.3%"}, {"question": "Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?", "answer": "Italians"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?", "answer": "34.7%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?", "answer": "one fifth"}, {"question": "In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?", "answer": "increase in xenophobia"}, {"question": "How many official languages does Switzerland have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the principal official language in Switzerland?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?", "answer": "Romansh"}, {"question": "How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?", "answer": "Swiss German"}, {"question": "What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?", "answer": "have almost disappeared"}, {"question": "Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?", "answer": "family settings and casual conversation"}, {"question": "What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?", "answer": "Helvetisms"}, {"question": "Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?", "answer": "vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation"}, {"question": "What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?", "answer": "Helvetisms"}, {"question": "Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?", "answer": "private insurance companies"}, {"question": "Who are private insurance companies required to accept?", "answer": "every applicant"}, {"question": "In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?", "answer": "highest"}, {"question": "What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?", "answer": "ageing"}, {"question": "What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?", "answer": "high costs of the services provided"}, {"question": "How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?", "answer": "Between two thirds and three quarters"}, {"question": "From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What is the population density of the plateau?", "answer": "450 people per km2"}, {"question": "Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?", "answer": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva"}, {"question": "What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? ", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What religion has immigration brought by 2%?", "answer": "Eastern Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?", "answer": "38.21%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012?", "answer": "21.4%"}, {"question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal?", "answer": "0.28%"}, {"question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Jehova's Witnesses?", "answer": "0.28%"}, {"question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists?", "answer": "0.29%"}, {"question": "When did Geneva convert to Protestantism?", "answer": "1536"}, {"question": "How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848?", "answer": "allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants"}, {"question": "When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980?", "answer": "78.9%"}, {"question": "What culture is linguistically isolated from the rest of Switzerland?", "answer": "Romansh"}, {"question": "Where is the Romansh culture located?", "answer": "in Graub\u00fcnden in eastern Switzerland"}, {"question": "How many of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?", "answer": "Alpine"}, {"question": "What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?", "answer": "ski resort culture"}, {"question": "What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?", "answer": "alphorn"}, {"question": "What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?", "answer": "farmer and herder culture"}, {"question": "What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?", "answer": "finance and licensing"}, {"question": "Where are television programs produced?", "answer": "Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Lugano"}, {"question": "What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?", "answer": "SRG SSR"}, {"question": "What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?", "answer": "Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering"}, {"question": "Where was the bobsleigh invented?", "answer": "St. Moritz"}, {"question": "When were the first ski championships held in Murren?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?", "answer": "St. Moritz"}, {"question": "What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team?", "answer": "Nati"}, {"question": "What does FIFA stand for?", "answer": "International Federation of Association Football"}, {"question": "Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Where is the FIFA located?", "answer": "Z\u00fcrich"}, {"question": "Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?", "answer": "IIHF World Championship"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?", "answer": "Alinghi"}, {"question": "Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?", "answer": "Claudio Castagnoli"}, {"question": "Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?", "answer": "Alinghi"}, {"question": "What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?", "answer": "Motorsport racecourses and events"}, {"question": "Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?", "answer": "Swiss National Council"}, {"question": "Who rejected the  2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?", "answer": "Swiss Council of States"}, {"question": "Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?", "answer": "Alain Menu"}, {"question": "Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?", "answer": "Thomas L\u00fcthi"}, {"question": "Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf?", "answer": "Hornussen"}, {"question": "Which old, traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss?", "answer": "Swiss wrestling or \"Schwingen\""}, {"question": "What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen?", "answer": "a heavy stone"}, {"question": "Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times?", "answer": "alpine"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805?", "answer": "Unspunnenstein"}, {"question": "What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?", "answer": "western Switzerland"}, {"question": "What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?", "answer": "Gruy\u00e8re"}, {"question": "What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?", "answer": "climate and languages"}, {"question": "What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?", "answer": "Emmental"}, {"question": "How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?", "answer": "similar"}, {"question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland?", "answer": "wine"}, {"question": "When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland?", "answer": "Roman era"}, {"question": "What type of wine comprises a small majority of wine produced in Switzerland?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What are the two most widespread varieties of wines in Switzerland?", "answer": "Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir"}, {"question": "What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown?", "answer": "specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light"}, {"question": "Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali?", "answer": "Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa"}, {"question": "What is Mali's capital named?", "answer": "Bamako"}, {"question": "What are two major rivers located inside of Mali?", "answer": "Niger and Senegal rivers"}, {"question": "Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?", "answer": "prominent natural resources include gold"}, {"question": "More than half of the population is what religion?", "answer": "(55%) are non-denominational Muslims"}, {"question": "In the latter part of the 19th century what country took control of Mali?", "answer": "France seized control of Mali"}, {"question": "What year did Mali gain independence as the Mali Federation?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Along with a new constitution, Mali became what type of state in 1991?", "answer": "Mali as a democratic, multi-party state"}, {"question": "Mali was once part of how many West African empires?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Empire that the country is now named after?", "answer": "Mali Empire (for which Mali is named)"}, {"question": "What area of Mali did conflict arise in January of 2012?", "answer": "northern Mali"}, {"question": "What were the rebels named in the conflict of 2012?", "answer": "Tuareg rebels"}, {"question": "What was the name that the rebels declared as a new state?", "answer": "new state, Azawad"}, {"question": "What country sent military in response to terrorism in 2013?", "answer": "French military"}, {"question": "On July 28 2013 what type of elections were held?", "answer": "Presidential elections"}, {"question": "The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?", "answer": "Moroccan invasion in 1591"}, {"question": "What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?", "answer": "Saharan trade routes lost significance."}, {"question": "What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? ", "answer": "Judar Pasha"}, {"question": "What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?", "answer": "establishment of sea routes"}, {"question": "What regime was overthrown in 1968?", "answer": "Ke\u00efta regime"}, {"question": "Who led the military on what is now celebrated Liberation Day?", "answer": "Moussa Traor\u00e9"}, {"question": "What position did Moussa Traor\u00e9 take on as a result of his success?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "Between what years did famine and drought afflict the country?", "answer": "1968 to 1974"}, {"question": "In the 1970's how many attempts were there the overthrow the govenment?", "answer": "three coup attempts"}, {"question": "In what year did Mali get a new constitution? ", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?", "answer": "student protests"}, {"question": "What type of administration did general Mousa Traor\u00e9 have?", "answer": "dictatorial regime"}, {"question": "Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?", "answer": "International Monetary Fund"}, {"question": "It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? ", "answer": "growing wealth"}, {"question": "What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?", "answer": "pro-democracy"}, {"question": "There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what?", "answer": "March Revolution"}, {"question": "After the president declared a state of emergency, what type of curfew was placed on the country?", "answer": "nightly"}, {"question": "How many people died over the course of four days?", "answer": "300 lives"}, {"question": "After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued? ", "answer": "nonviolent"}, {"question": "Who was president during the March protests?", "answer": "Moussa Traor\u00e9"}, {"question": "How many people aside from the president received a death sentence? ", "answer": "three associates"}, {"question": "What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traor\u00e9?", "answer": "26 March"}, {"question": "All four men were convicted and received what as punishment?", "answer": "death sentence"}, {"question": "Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what?", "answer": "their part in the decision-making"}, {"question": "Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?", "answer": "Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9"}, {"question": "Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?", "answer": "pro-democracy"}, {"question": "The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?", "answer": "refusal of soldiers to fire"}, {"question": "Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws?", "answer": "constitution"}, {"question": "What group was to approve the new democratic constitution?", "answer": "a national referendum"}, {"question": "What rebellion began in January of 2012?", "answer": "Tuareg rebellion"}, {"question": "In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali?", "answer": "Amadou Sanogo"}, {"question": "What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?", "answer": "National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad"}, {"question": "The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment? ", "answer": "sanctions"}, {"question": "What group declared independence as Asawad?", "answer": "MNLA"}, {"question": "Mali is located in what Zone?", "answer": "torrid"}, {"question": "What months are have a rainy season in the South?", "answer": "June to early December"}, {"question": "Flooding of what river is typical during these months?", "answer": "Niger River"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause?", "answer": "Inner Niger"}, {"question": "What part of the country has the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification of (BWh)?", "answer": "northern desert"}, {"question": "What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?", "answer": "the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government"}, {"question": "How many years is one presidential term for?", "answer": "five-year"}, {"question": "How many total terms can a president be elected for?", "answer": "two terms"}, {"question": "Executive power is given to what person within the government?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "What group is Mali's sole legislative party?", "answer": "The unicameral National Assembly"}, {"question": "The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?", "answer": "113"}, {"question": "How many legislative assemblies are  held each year?", "answer": "two regular sessions"}, {"question": "Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?", "answer": "prime minister"}, {"question": "What is Mali's highest court?", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What controls do the supreme court have?", "answer": "both judicial and administrative powers"}, {"question": "Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?", "answer": "judicial review"}, {"question": "Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?", "answer": "election"}, {"question": "Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?", "answer": "village chiefs and elders"}, {"question": "In what year did Mali start economic changes?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes?", "answer": "World Bank and the International Monetary Fund"}, {"question": "In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises?", "answer": "1988 to 1996"}, {"question": "How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement?", "answer": "sixteen enterprises"}, {"question": "How many companies were completely liquidated?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?", "answer": "6.4 children"}, {"question": "In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people?", "answer": "16.5"}, {"question": "Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality?", "answer": "infant"}, {"question": "For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years?", "answer": "53.06"}, {"question": "Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?", "answer": "800,000"}, {"question": "What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?", "answer": "Arabic population"}, {"question": "The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?", "answer": "Tamasheq"}, {"question": "What region of the country is historical slavery well known?", "answer": "far north"}, {"question": "Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?", "answer": "Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs"}, {"question": "Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?", "answer": "Malian government"}, {"question": "What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?", "answer": "radical Islamists"}, {"question": "What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?", "answer": "servitude and bondage"}, {"question": "Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?", "answer": "discrimination"}, {"question": "What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?", "answer": "poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation"}, {"question": "How does Malian Health and development rank globally?", "answer": "among the worst in the world"}, {"question": "As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?", "answer": "Life expectancy"}, {"question": "In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?", "answer": "62\u201365"}, {"question": "In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?", "answer": "69"}, {"question": "What does ICRISTAT stand for?", "answer": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}, {"question": "What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?", "answer": "improve nutrition"}, {"question": "The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?", "answer": "recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8"}, {"question": "ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?", "answer": "equinut"}, {"question": "What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?", "answer": "peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour"}, {"question": "What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?", "answer": "cholera and tuberculosis"}, {"question": "what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?", "answer": "Malaria"}, {"question": "According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?", "answer": "85\u201391"}, {"question": "What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?", "answer": "HIV/AIDS"}, {"question": "Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?", "answer": "immunization"}, {"question": "What is the translation or meaning of a griot?", "answer": "Keepers of Memories"}, {"question": "Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?", "answer": "Dance"}, {"question": "What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?", "answer": "mask"}, {"question": "What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?", "answer": "Ali Farka Tour\u00e9"}, {"question": "What is a well known Afro-pop artist?", "answer": "Salif Keita"}, {"question": "What state is Raleigh the capital of?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What is the biggest city in NC?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "Who is it named after?", "answer": "Sir Walter Raleigh"}, {"question": "What county is Raleigh in?", "answer": "Dare"}, {"question": "What is the population of the city?", "answer": "439,896"}, {"question": "What is the MSA of Raleigh?", "answer": "1,214,516"}, {"question": "What is the Triangle?", "answer": "Research Triangle area"}, {"question": "What is another university in the triangle?", "answer": "Duke"}, {"question": "When was the Triangle created?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What kind of city is Raleigh?", "answer": "planned"}, {"question": "What year was it incorporated?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "What happened in the 20th century?", "answer": "Research Triangle Park"}, {"question": "What war was near the city?", "answer": "Civil War"}, {"question": "What type of community is it?", "answer": "fastest growing"}, {"question": "What energy center is downtown?", "answer": "Duke"}, {"question": "What university is in Raleigh?", "answer": "North Carolina State University,"}, {"question": "What is the first historically black university?", "answer": "Shaw"}, {"question": "What president was born in Raleigh?", "answer": "Andrew Johnson"}, {"question": "What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?", "answer": "Walnut Creek Amphitheatre"}, {"question": "How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?", "answer": "state legislators."}, {"question": "What was Raleigh as a city?", "answer": "planned"}, {"question": "What were the original boundaries?", "answer": "the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets"}, {"question": "What city was the plan based on?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "Who was the governor during the Civil War?", "answer": "Zebulon Baird Vance"}, {"question": "What did the governor order constructed?", "answer": "breastworks"}, {"question": "What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?", "answer": "Union cavalry"}, {"question": "Who led the cavalry in the capture?", "answer": "Hugh Judson Kilpatrick"}, {"question": "Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?", "answer": "a state economy based on agriculture,"}, {"question": "What year did the News and the Observer merge?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?", "answer": "The News & Observer"}, {"question": "What was North Carolina State called before?", "answer": "The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,"}, {"question": "What year was the college founded?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "When did Merideth College open?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "What happened in 1900?", "answer": "the state legislature passed a new constitution"}, {"question": "When did blacks lose the right to vote?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "When did black regain the right to vote?", "answer": "mid-1960s"}, {"question": "When was the Great Depression?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What did the city provide during the Great Depression?", "answer": "recreational and educational programs"}, {"question": "What was dedicated in 1932?", "answer": "Raleigh Memorial Auditorium"}, {"question": "What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "What was charted in 1939?", "answer": "Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,"}, {"question": "Where is Raleigh located?", "answer": "northeast central region of North Carolina"}, {"question": "What is the area known as?", "answer": "\"fall line\""}, {"question": "What type of geography is in Raleigh?", "answer": "gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain."}, {"question": "How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?", "answer": "two hours"}, {"question": "How far is Raleigh from Richmond?", "answer": "155"}, {"question": "What historic hotel is downtown?", "answer": "Fayetteville Street downtown business district,"}, {"question": "What is in the Fayetteville business district?", "answer": "PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center"}, {"question": "What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh?", "answer": "Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,"}, {"question": "Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000's?", "answer": "Downtown Raleigh Alliance"}, {"question": "What are some common names in the area?", "answer": "Warehouse, Fayetteville Street"}, {"question": "Where is Midtown Raleigh?", "answer": "North of the I-440 Beltline"}, {"question": "What frames Midtown Raleigh?", "answer": "Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road"}, {"question": "Where is the North Hills Shopping center?", "answer": "Midtown Raleigh"}, {"question": "Who was the area developer?", "answer": "John Kane"}, {"question": "When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?", "answer": "July 25, 2011"}, {"question": "Where is West Raleigh?", "answer": "along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard."}, {"question": "What is West Raleigh the home of?", "answer": "North Carolina State University"}, {"question": "What arena is in the area?", "answer": "PNC Arena"}, {"question": "What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?", "answer": "Rex Hospital."}, {"question": "How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?", "answer": "2 miles"}, {"question": "What are in the area?", "answer": "large shopping areas."}, {"question": "What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh?", "answer": "Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park"}, {"question": "What are the means of transportation in the area?", "answer": "U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,"}, {"question": "What type of area is North Raleigh?", "answer": "expansive, diverse, and fast-growing"}, {"question": "Where is South Raleigh?", "answer": "along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina"}, {"question": "What is different about South Raleigh?", "answer": "least developed and least dense"}, {"question": "What borders South Raleigh to the west?", "answer": "Cary,"}, {"question": "Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?", "answer": "southwest"}, {"question": "What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?", "answer": "Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek"}, {"question": "What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "What areas are in Southeast Raleigh?", "answer": "Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue"}, {"question": "What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have?", "answer": "Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,"}, {"question": "What concert venue is in the area?", "answer": "Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"}, {"question": "What university is in this part of Raleigh?", "answer": "Shaw University"}, {"question": "What is the climate of Raleigh?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "How many seasons are there in Raleigh?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?", "answer": "69 nights per year"}, {"question": "What month has the most precipitation? ", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?", "answer": "105"}, {"question": "How much snow does Raleigh get?", "answer": "6.0 inches"}, {"question": "When was the greatest snowfall?", "answer": "January 24\u201325, 2000"}, {"question": "How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?", "answer": "20.3 inches"}, {"question": "What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?", "answer": "cold air damming"}, {"question": "What mountains are the city near?", "answer": "Appalachian Mountains."}, {"question": "What does the area experience?", "answer": "drought"}, {"question": "How does drought effect the city?", "answer": "restricted water use"}, {"question": "When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?", "answer": "late summer and early fall"}, {"question": "What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?", "answer": "Isabel"}, {"question": "How big was the tornado in 2011?", "answer": "F3"}, {"question": "How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000?", "answer": "61,371"}, {"question": "What is the population density of Raleigh?", "answer": "2,409.2 people per square mile"}, {"question": "How many housing units were in Raleigh?", "answer": "120,699 housing"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?", "answer": "63.31%"}, {"question": "How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh?", "answer": "0.04%"}, {"question": "What percent of households had children in 2000?", "answer": "26.5%"}, {"question": "39.5% of the households comprised of what?", "answer": "married couples living together"}, {"question": "How many people lived alone in 2000?", "answer": "33.1%"}, {"question": "How many households had someone 65 or older?", "answer": "6.2%"}, {"question": "What was the average family size?", "answer": "2.97 persons."}, {"question": "How many people are affiliated with religion?", "answer": "46.41% of people"}, {"question": "What is the main religion of Raleigh?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?", "answer": "10.85"}, {"question": "What other denominations are there in Raleigh?", "answer": "Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,"}, {"question": "How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?", "answer": "1.06%"}, {"question": "What is the main industrial area of Raleigh?", "answer": "banking/financial services;"}, {"question": "What is Raleigh part of?", "answer": "North Carolina's Research Triangle"}, {"question": "What does the Research Triangle do?", "answer": "high-tech and biotech research"}, {"question": "Is the city concerned with shipping?", "answer": "The city is a major retail shipping point"}, {"question": "What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for?", "answer": "grocery"}, {"question": "Where are major touring acts hosted in the city?", "answer": "The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"}, {"question": "What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called?", "answer": "Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater"}, {"question": "What event plaza is in Cary?", "answer": "Koka Booth Amphitheatre"}, {"question": "Where is the North Carolina State Fair?", "answer": "Dorton Arena"}, {"question": "What is the Lincoln Theater downtown?", "answer": "one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts"}, {"question": "Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium?", "answer": "Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts"}, {"question": "What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center?", "answer": "Fletcher Opera Theater"}, {"question": "When did the Meymandi Theater open?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Where else can one see a theater performance?", "answer": "Raleigh Little Theatre"}, {"question": "What theaters are at North Carolina State University?", "answer": "Stewart and Thompson Theaters"}, {"question": "What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?", "answer": "North Carolina State Fairgrounds"}, {"question": "What type of art is in the Museum of Art?", "answer": "American Art, European Art and ancient art,"}, {"question": "When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How many people attended the Monet exhibit?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "How did the museum get the artworks they have?", "answer": "public funds"}, {"question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?", "answer": "Greensboro Coliseum"}, {"question": "What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?", "answer": "PNC Arena"}, {"question": "What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?", "answer": "National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes"}, {"question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What sports teams have been in Raleigh?", "answer": "Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991\u20131998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football"}, {"question": "What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?", "answer": "Raleigh Bullfrogs"}, {"question": "When did the Raleigh Cougars play?", "answer": "1997\u20131999"}, {"question": "What type of team was the Carolina Courage?", "answer": "Women's United Soccer"}, {"question": "What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Where is North Carolina State University?", "answer": "southwest Raleigh"}, {"question": "What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?", "answer": "Wolfpack"}, {"question": "Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?", "answer": "Carter-Finley Stadium"}, {"question": "How big is Carter Finley Stadium?", "answer": "third largest football stadium in North Carolina"}, {"question": "Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?", "answer": "Reynolds Coliseum"}, {"question": "How many sites are throughout Raleigh?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?", "answer": "park land,"}, {"question": "What type of race track is in Raleigh?", "answer": "BMX championship-caliber"}, {"question": "How many public lakes are in Raleigh?", "answer": "5 public lakes,"}, {"question": "What is the name of the arboretum?", "answer": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum"}, {"question": "How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?", "answer": "1,740"}, {"question": "What were there 12,995 of in 2010?", "answer": "property crime"}, {"question": "How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?", "answer": "far below both the national average"}, {"question": "How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?", "answer": "870"}, {"question": "Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?", "answer": "Wake County Public School System"}, {"question": "What is the school system praised for?", "answer": "innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system"}, {"question": "How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?", "answer": "International Baccalaureate"}, {"question": "Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?", "answer": "Raleigh also has two alternative high schools."}, {"question": "What is the area's primary airport?", "answer": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport,"}, {"question": "Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?", "answer": "Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham"}, {"question": "How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?", "answer": "passengers"}, {"question": "What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?", "answer": "Terminal C"}, {"question": "What was Triangle Transit called before?", "answer": "Triangle Transit Authority,"}, {"question": "What does Triangle Transit offer?", "answer": "scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service"}, {"question": "Where else does Triangle Transit go to?", "answer": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park"}, {"question": "Does Triangle Transit have a van service?", "answer": "Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool"}, {"question": "Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?", "answer": "rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers"}, {"question": "What does RDN stand for?", "answer": "Registered dietitian nutritionists"}, {"question": "Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?", "answer": "Certified Clinical Nutritionists"}, {"question": "For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?", "answer": "RDN"}, {"question": "Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?", "answer": "Certified Nutrition Specialist"}, {"question": "In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?", "answer": "6th century BC"}, {"question": "What is the European equivalent of \"Qi\"?", "answer": "pneuma"}, {"question": "What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?", "answer": "hot"}, {"question": "What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?", "answer": "emaciation"}, {"question": "What does the Book of Daniel contain?", "answer": "first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects"}, {"question": "Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?", "answer": "court servants"}, {"question": "How long did the trial diet last?", "answer": "10 days"}, {"question": "What is another term for vegetables that was used?", "answer": "pulses"}, {"question": "How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?", "answer": "1500 years"}, {"question": "Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?", "answer": "Marcus Aurelius"}, {"question": "Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?", "answer": "Benedictine monks"}, {"question": "What did Galen believe that pneuma was?", "answer": "the source of life"}, {"question": "What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?", "answer": "four humours"}, {"question": "Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?", "answer": "Paracelsus"}, {"question": "What was a burning candle comparable to?", "answer": "metabolism"}, {"question": "Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?", "answer": "Leonardo da Vinci"}, {"question": "Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?", "answer": "carbon dioxide"}, {"question": "Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?", "answer": "Herman Boerhaave"}, {"question": "When was the first nutrition experiment performed?", "answer": "1747"}, {"question": "What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?", "answer": "James Lind"}, {"question": "The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?", "answer": "lime"}, {"question": "How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?", "answer": "two million"}, {"question": "Which nickname was given to the British sailors?", "answer": "limeys"}, {"question": "Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?", "answer": "protein"}, {"question": "Who first began dividing foods into categories?", "answer": "William Prout"}, {"question": "Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?", "answer": "Jean-Baptiste Dumas"}, {"question": "Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?", "answer": "animal physiology"}, {"question": "What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?", "answer": "body fat"}, {"question": "What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?", "answer": "white rice"}, {"question": "What is the scientific term for beriberi?", "answer": "endemic neuritis"}, {"question": "What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?", "answer": "paralysis"}, {"question": "Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?", "answer": "Kanehiro Takaki"}, {"question": "What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?", "answer": "thiamine"}, {"question": "What element can be found in thyroid glands?", "answer": "iodine"}, {"question": "What group of natives suffered from beriberi?", "answer": "Java"}, {"question": "Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?", "answer": "Christiaan Eijkman"}, {"question": "What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?", "answer": "unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact"}, {"question": "How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?", "answer": "two decades"}, {"question": "What was measured in the early 20th century?", "answer": "caloric energy expenditure"}, {"question": "What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?", "answer": "principles of physics"}, {"question": "Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?", "answer": "tryptophan"}, {"question": "What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?", "answer": "unsuspected dietetic factors"}, {"question": "Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?", "answer": "single-grain experiment"}, {"question": "What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?", "answer": "fat-soluble"}, {"question": "Which property was vitamin B found to have?", "answer": "water-soluble"}, {"question": "Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?", "answer": "scurvy"}, {"question": "What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?", "answer": "rickets"}, {"question": "What was referred to as \"food factor X\"?", "answer": "vitamin E"}, {"question": "Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?", "answer": "Marion Nestle"}, {"question": "What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?", "answer": "macro-nutrients"}, {"question": "What is notable about cellulose in humans?", "answer": "non-digestible"}, {"question": "What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?", "answer": "phytochemicals"}, {"question": "In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?", "answer": "macronutrients"}, {"question": "What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?", "answer": "structural material"}, {"question": "What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?", "answer": "Joules"}, {"question": "Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?", "answer": "fats"}, {"question": "Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?", "answer": "provide energy"}, {"question": "Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?", "answer": "carbohydrates"}, {"question": "If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?", "answer": "complex polysaccharides"}, {"question": "What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?", "answer": "triglycerides"}, {"question": "What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?", "answer": "cannot be synthesized in the body"}, {"question": "Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?", "answer": "nitrogen"}, {"question": "What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?", "answer": "simple carbohydrates"}, {"question": "What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?", "answer": "fructose"}, {"question": "When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?", "answer": "glucose"}, {"question": "What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?", "answer": "production of insulin"}, {"question": "Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?", "answer": "pancreas"}, {"question": "What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?", "answer": "Dietary fiber"}, {"question": "How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?", "answer": "cellulose"}, {"question": "What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?", "answer": "constipation"}, {"question": "What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?", "answer": "slow the absorption of sugar"}, {"question": "Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?", "answer": "glycerol"}, {"question": "How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?", "answer": "the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved"}, {"question": "Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?", "answer": "hydrogen"}, {"question": "What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?", "answer": "unsaturated fat"}, {"question": "Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?", "answer": "animal sources"}, {"question": "Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?", "answer": "Unsaturated fats"}, {"question": "Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?", "answer": "trans fats"}, {"question": "What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?", "answer": "liquids"}, {"question": "Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?", "answer": "rancidity resistance"}, {"question": "What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?", "answer": "the body can produce them as needed"}, {"question": "At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What does EPA stand for?", "answer": "eicosapentaenoic acid"}, {"question": "Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?", "answer": "omega-6 linoleic acid"}, {"question": "What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?", "answer": "processed vegetable oils"}, {"question": "What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?", "answer": "Omega-3 EPA"}, {"question": "The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?", "answer": "the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2"}, {"question": "What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?", "answer": "desaturation"}, {"question": "What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?", "answer": "glucagon"}, {"question": "What is the scientific name for cell division?", "answer": "mitosis"}, {"question": "What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?", "answer": "Proteins"}, {"question": "What is the primary component of every protein?", "answer": "amino acids"}, {"question": "What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?", "answer": "protein retention"}, {"question": "When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?", "answer": "urine"}, {"question": "Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?", "answer": "two incomplete protein sources"}, {"question": "Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?", "answer": "beans"}, {"question": "What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?", "answer": "Excess amino acids"}, {"question": "What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?", "answer": "gluconeogenesis"}, {"question": "What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?", "answer": "discarded"}, {"question": "What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?", "answer": "6\u20138 glasses of water daily"}, {"question": "Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?", "answer": "Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council"}, {"question": "How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?", "answer": "1 milliliter"}, {"question": "What does ADI stand for?", "answer": "adequate daily intakes"}, {"question": "Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?", "answer": "the elderly"}, {"question": "Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?", "answer": "Pregnant"}, {"question": "How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?", "answer": "300 mL/day"}, {"question": "Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?", "answer": "To compensate for additional fluid output"}, {"question": "How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?", "answer": "700 mL/day"}, {"question": "What kind of element are dietary minerals?", "answer": "inorganic chemical elements"}, {"question": "What was the term \"mineral\" originally meant to describe?", "answer": "the less common elements in the diet"}, {"question": "In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?", "answer": "ions"}, {"question": "In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?", "answer": "ionic forms"}, {"question": "What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?", "answer": "iodine"}, {"question": "Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?", "answer": "Vitamin D"}, {"question": "What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?", "answer": "UVB radiation"}, {"question": "What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?", "answer": "carnitine"}, {"question": "What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?", "answer": "phytochemicals"}, {"question": "What is choline not an example of?", "answer": "vitamins"}, {"question": "What is another term that can be used to describe \"potentially damaging\" compounds?", "answer": "mutation causing"}, {"question": "What are oxidizers?", "answer": "acceptors of electrons"}, {"question": "In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?", "answer": "antioxidant compounds"}, {"question": "What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?", "answer": "polyphenols"}, {"question": "Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?", "answer": "fat areas"}, {"question": "Where could one find a large population of gut flora?", "answer": "Animal intestines"}, {"question": "What term collectively describes \"Firmicutes\" and \"Bacteroidetes\" among others?", "answer": "phyla"}, {"question": "What is the importance of having phyla in the body?", "answer": "essential to digestion"}, {"question": "What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?", "answer": "breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food"}, {"question": "Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?", "answer": "vitamin B12"}, {"question": "Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?", "answer": "\"Western\" diseases"}, {"question": "In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How much of an increase in presence of \"Western\" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?", "answer": "100-fold"}, {"question": "Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?", "answer": "dairy"}, {"question": "What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?", "answer": "cancers"}, {"question": "Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?", "answer": "United Healthcare/Pacificare"}, {"question": "Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?", "answer": "National Geographic"}, {"question": "In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?", "answer": "whole grains"}, {"question": "Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": "What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?", "answer": "5% to 10%"}, {"question": "What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?", "answer": "bacterial fermentation"}, {"question": "Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?", "answer": "starch"}, {"question": "Where can fatty acids be found?", "answer": "lipids"}, {"question": "Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?", "answer": "bloodstream"}, {"question": "In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?", "answer": "unborn fetus"}, {"question": "What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?", "answer": "Digestive juices"}, {"question": "Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?", "answer": "digestive processes"}, {"question": "Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?", "answer": "feces"}, {"question": "What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?", "answer": "urine"}, {"question": "Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?", "answer": "expensive"}, {"question": "At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?", "answer": "slowly"}, {"question": "How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?", "answer": "through their roots"}, {"question": "Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?", "answer": "air"}, {"question": "What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?", "answer": "cation exchange"}, {"question": "What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?", "answer": "stomata"}, {"question": "What can environmental depletion lead to?", "answer": "crucial nutrition-related health problems"}, {"question": "Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?", "answer": "contamination"}, {"question": "Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?", "answer": "the ecosystem"}, {"question": "If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?", "answer": "diet habits"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?", "answer": "LD"}, {"question": "Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?", "answer": "Commission for Dietetic Registration"}, {"question": "Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?", "answer": "nutritionist"}, {"question": "Which state has started to regulate the word \"nutritionist\"?", "answer": "Florida"}, {"question": "What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?", "answer": "disclosure/labeling requirements"}, {"question": "Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?", "answer": "US Department of Health and Human Services"}, {"question": "Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?", "answer": "USDA"}, {"question": "What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?", "answer": "MyPlate"}, {"question": "The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?", "answer": "Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee"}, {"question": "On which channel are committee meetings often shown?", "answer": "C-SPAN"}, {"question": "Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "What is the goal of Smart Bodies?", "answer": "to promote nutrition literacy"}, {"question": "The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?", "answer": "Louisiana State Agricultural Center"}, {"question": "When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What does the initiative specifically target?", "answer": "childhood obesity"}, {"question": "In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?", "answer": "Wales"}, {"question": "What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?", "answer": "Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula"}, {"question": "What does FCS stand for?", "answer": "Family and Consumer Science"}, {"question": "Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?", "answer": "how to read nutrition labels on packaging"}, {"question": "In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?", "answer": "National Assessment of Adult Literacy"}, {"question": "How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?", "answer": "level of poverty"}, {"question": "What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?", "answer": "methodological differences"}, {"question": "Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?", "answer": "Zoellner"}, {"question": "For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?", "answer": "nutrition literacy"}, {"question": "What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?", "answer": "nutritional information"}, {"question": "The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?", "answer": "healthful foods"}, {"question": "What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?", "answer": "socioeconomic"}, {"question": "Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?", "answer": "low levels of education"}, {"question": "An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?", "answer": "Malnutrition"}, {"question": "In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?", "answer": "developed"}, {"question": "Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?", "answer": "poor access to a range of nutritious foods"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?", "answer": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}, {"question": "What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?", "answer": "di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8"}, {"question": "What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?", "answer": "Nutritionism"}, {"question": "Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?", "answer": "Gyorgy Scrinis"}, {"question": "Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?", "answer": "Michael Pollan"}, {"question": "Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?", "answer": "policy makers"}, {"question": "Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?", "answer": "Western World"}, {"question": "What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?", "answer": "school cafeterias"}, {"question": "Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?", "answer": "managed foodservice contractors"}, {"question": "What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?", "answer": "overall educational success"}, {"question": "What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?", "answer": "mice"}, {"question": "Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?", "answer": "Cancer"}, {"question": "Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?", "answer": "International Agency for Research on Cancer"}, {"question": "What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?", "answer": "consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods"}, {"question": "The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?", "answer": "tobacco"}, {"question": "Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?", "answer": "insulin resistance"}, {"question": "Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?", "answer": "lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia"}, {"question": "Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?", "answer": "chronic inflammation"}, {"question": "The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?", "answer": "insulin resistance"}, {"question": "Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?", "answer": "prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2"}, {"question": "Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?", "answer": "obesity"}, {"question": "If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?", "answer": "type 2"}, {"question": "Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?", "answer": "marked insulin resistance"}, {"question": "Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?", "answer": "reverse insulin resistance"}, {"question": "Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?", "answer": "leptin"}, {"question": "In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?", "answer": "insulin/leptin resistance"}, {"question": "A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?", "answer": "insulin/leptin"}, {"question": "What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?", "answer": "satiety signals to the hypothalamus"}, {"question": "What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?", "answer": "reduce this signal"}, {"question": "The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?", "answer": "to what extent"}, {"question": "Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?", "answer": "high glycemic index"}, {"question": "What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?", "answer": "metabolic syndrome epidemic"}, {"question": "Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?", "answer": "Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts"}, {"question": "In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?", "answer": "water-drinking"}, {"question": "In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?", "answer": "long-distance endurance"}, {"question": "When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?", "answer": "swelling of the brain"}, {"question": "Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?", "answer": "osmosis"}, {"question": "The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?", "answer": "sugar"}, {"question": "What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?", "answer": "more than doubled"}, {"question": "What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?", "answer": "quadrupled"}, {"question": "What does the term LDL stand for?", "answer": "Low-density lipoprotein"}, {"question": "When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?", "answer": "two hundred years ago"}, {"question": "Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?", "answer": "keep foods fresh longer"}, {"question": "Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?", "answer": "Cooling"}, {"question": "Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?", "answer": "last longer without becoming spoiled"}, {"question": "Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?", "answer": "heating"}, {"question": "Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?", "answer": "Modern separation techniques"}, {"question": "An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?", "answer": "nutritional content"}, {"question": "What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?", "answer": "reduced"}, {"question": "What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?", "answer": "enriched"}, {"question": "Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?", "answer": "trans fatty acids"}, {"question": "What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?", "answer": "polished rice"}, {"question": "What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?", "answer": "thiamine"}, {"question": "Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?", "answer": "scurvy"}, {"question": "What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?", "answer": "Pasteurisation"}, {"question": "What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?", "answer": "vitamin C"}, {"question": "What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?", "answer": "widespread application of some modern food processing technologies"}, {"question": "Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?", "answer": "nutritional recommendations"}, {"question": "What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?", "answer": "effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life"}, {"question": "The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?", "answer": "superior"}, {"question": "Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?", "answer": "more convenient"}, {"question": "What year did the Crimean War begin?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What year did the Crimean War end?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?", "answer": "The French"}, {"question": "Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?", "answer": "Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?", "answer": "Nicholas"}, {"question": "Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?", "answer": "Ottomans"}, {"question": "What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "Where did the war begin?", "answer": "Balkans"}, {"question": "Russian troops took over which provinces first?", "answer": "modern Romania"}, {"question": "Who were the Ottomans led by?", "answer": "Omar Pasha"}, {"question": "When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?", "answer": "Sinop"}, {"question": "Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?", "answer": "France and the UK"}, {"question": "Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?", "answer": "Black Sea"}, {"question": "In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?", "answer": "Omar Pasha"}, {"question": "The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?", "answer": "Sevastopol"}, {"question": "How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?", "answer": "eleven months"}, {"question": "Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?", "answer": "Treaty of Paris"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "answer": "30 March 1856"}, {"question": "Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?", "answer": "Orthodox church"}, {"question": "What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?", "answer": "explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs"}, {"question": "Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?", "answer": "Florence Nightingale"}, {"question": "The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?", "answer": "written reports and photographs"}, {"question": "In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "Who disbanded the Janissary corps?", "answer": "Sultan Mahmud II"}, {"question": "In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?", "answer": "the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet"}, {"question": "In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "In what year did France move into Alger?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt"}, {"question": "Who wanted to take over Constantinople?", "answer": "Egyptians"}, {"question": "What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?", "answer": "10 000"}, {"question": "In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?", "answer": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt"}, {"question": "Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?", "answer": "Egyptians"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? ", "answer": "Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia"}, {"question": "In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "Who operated as the \"police of Europe\"?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What treaty was signing in 1815?", "answer": "Treaty of Vienna"}, {"question": "In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?", "answer": "Wild Fields"}, {"question": "Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?", "answer": "to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy"}, {"question": "Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?", "answer": "Ukrainian Cossacks"}, {"question": "Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?", "answer": "Orthodox Christians"}, {"question": "During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?", "answer": "New Russia"}, {"question": "What did Russia fail to build south?", "answer": "railroad network"}, {"question": "What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?", "answer": "parades"}, {"question": "What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?", "answer": "pocketed their men's pay"}, {"question": "In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?", "answer": "Charles de La Valette"}, {"question": "Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?", "answer": "clerical party"}, {"question": "What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?", "answer": "ambassador to the Porte"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?", "answer": "Charlemagne"}, {"question": "Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?", "answer": "London Straits Convention"}, {"question": "Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?", "answer": "Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I"}, {"question": "Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?", "answer": "Greek Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I agreed to the new treaty?", "answer": "France and the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Who was the British ambassador in 1853?", "answer": "George Hamilton Seymour"}, {"question": "Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?", "answer": "Nicholas"}, {"question": "Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?", "answer": "Prince Menshikov"}, {"question": "In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?", "answer": "Menshikov"}, {"question": "Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?", "answer": "Lord Aberdeen"}, {"question": "Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?", "answer": "Stratford Canning"}, {"question": "Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?", "answer": "Colonel Rose"}, {"question": "After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?", "answer": "Sultan"}, {"question": "Who sent armies across the Pruth River?", "answer": "the Tsar"}, {"question": "Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?", "answer": "Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov"}, {"question": "Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?", "answer": "sickness"}, {"question": "Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's"}, {"question": "Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?", "answer": "Nicholas"}, {"question": "What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?", "answer": "United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia"}, {"question": "Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?", "answer": "Count Karl von Buol"}, {"question": "In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?", "answer": "Abd\u00fclmecid I"}, {"question": "Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?", "answer": "Nicholas I"}, {"question": "What battle took place on November 30, 1853?", "answer": "Battle of Sinop"}, {"question": "What did the Russian send to Sinop?", "answer": "a fleet"}, {"question": "While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?", "answer": "a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes"}, {"question": "What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?", "answer": "cause for war"}, {"question": "When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?", "answer": "28 March 1854"}, {"question": "Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "Who sent men to the Dardanelles?", "answer": "The Corps of Royal Engineers"}, {"question": "As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?", "answer": "British Ambassador and the French Emperor"}, {"question": "Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?", "answer": "Lord Cowley"}, {"question": "In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?", "answer": "Nicholas"}, {"question": "Who did Austria feel threatened by?", "answer": "Russian troops in the Balkans"}, {"question": "Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?", "answer": "the United Kingdom and France"}, {"question": "Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?", "answer": "Russia's rejection of the ultimatum"}, {"question": "The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?", "answer": "Omar Pasha"}, {"question": "After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?", "answer": "Calafat"}, {"question": "After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?", "answer": "Olteni\u021ba"}, {"question": "What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?", "answer": "Chetatea or Cetate"}, {"question": "Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?", "answer": "the Russians"}, {"question": "What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?", "answer": "Danube River"}, {"question": "How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?", "answer": "60,000 troops"}, {"question": "When did the siege of Silistra end?", "answer": "23 June 1854"}, {"question": "Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?", "answer": "lack of equipment"}, {"question": "Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?", "answer": "Austrian forces"}, {"question": "How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?", "answer": "280,000"}, {"question": "What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?", "answer": "River Pruth"}, {"question": "Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?", "answer": "Orthodox Christians"}, {"question": "After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?", "answer": "western coast"}, {"question": "Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?", "answer": "Omar Pasha"}, {"question": "In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?", "answer": "Giurgiu"}, {"question": "The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?", "answer": "Tsar Nicholas I"}, {"question": "At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?", "answer": "harbour at Sinop"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?", "answer": "Furious"}, {"question": "Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?", "answer": "an Anglo-French fleet"}, {"question": "After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?", "answer": "HMS Retribution"}, {"question": "Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?", "answer": "Sevastopol"}, {"question": "What did the Russians turn their warships into?", "answer": "blockships"}, {"question": "Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?", "answer": "to reinforce batteries on shore"}, {"question": "How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?", "answer": "UK and France"}, {"question": "Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?", "answer": "Parliament"}, {"question": "In what year did the Crimean campaign open?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "360 ships landed in what bay?", "answer": "bay of Eupatoria"}, {"question": "How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? ", "answer": "500 Marines"}, {"question": "What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?", "answer": "Calamita Bay"}, {"question": "The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?", "answer": "Katcha"}, {"question": "How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?", "answer": "6000 men"}, {"question": "Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?", "answer": "Alma river"}, {"question": "How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?", "answer": "three hours"}, {"question": "How many allies were lost during the battle?", "answer": "3,300"}, {"question": "Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? ", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "When did the army march to the southeast?  ", "answer": "25 September"}, {"question": "Where did the Russians retreat to? ", "answer": "into the city."}, {"question": "Who was the engineer adviser? ", "answer": "Sir John Burgoyne"}, {"question": "Who were the joint commanders? ", "answer": "Raglan and St Arnaud"}, {"question": "When did the continuous attack start?", "answer": "17 October"}, {"question": "When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?", "answer": "126 guns"}, {"question": "Who was not ready to start the attack?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?", "answer": "the allies"}, {"question": "Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?", "answer": "The British"}, {"question": "Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?", "answer": "93rd Highlanders"}, {"question": "Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?", "answer": "Kadikoi"}, {"question": "Who led the 93rd Highlanders?", "answer": "Sir Colin Campbell"}, {"question": "What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?", "answer": "Minie rifles"}, {"question": "What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? ", "answer": "a single line, two men deep"}, {"question": "Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?", "answer": "Heavy Brigade"}, {"question": "Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?", "answer": "local commanders"}, {"question": "Who sent the order to have them advance their position?", "answer": "Lord Raglan"}, {"question": "Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?", "answer": "The local commanders"}, {"question": "Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?", "answer": "Cardigan"}, {"question": "Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?", "answer": "Russian batteries"}, {"question": "How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  ", "answer": "278"}, {"question": "Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? ", "answer": "Alfred Lord Tennyson"}, {"question": "What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?", "answer": "The Charge of the Light Brigade"}, {"question": "What stopped ground operations during the winter?", "answer": "a deteriorating supply situation"}, {"question": "What caused the HMS Prince to sink?", "answer": "a storm"}, {"question": "What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?", "answer": "a cargo of winter clothing"}, {"question": "What arrived in January with an engineering crew?", "answer": "A tramroad"}, {"question": "What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?", "answer": "the frozen ground"}, {"question": "What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?", "answer": "the Malakoff"}, {"question": "Where was the Russians building a new fort?", "answer": "Mamelon"}, {"question": "Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?", "answer": "Malakoff"}, {"question": "After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?", "answer": "the Mamelon"}, {"question": "Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?", "answer": "Admiral Nakhimov"}, {"question": "What figure died on June 28th 1855?", "answer": "Raglan"}, {"question": "What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?", "answer": "the base at Balaclava"}, {"question": "Who defended the base at Balaclava?", "answer": "newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops"}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?", "answer": "the Russians"}, {"question": "What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?", "answer": "forward rifle pits and defensive positions"}, {"question": "What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "Who captured Malakoff?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "Who failed to take back Malakoff?", "answer": "the Russian defences"}, {"question": "Who took control of the Great Redan?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?", "answer": "Anglo-French naval squadron"}, {"question": "What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?", "answer": "Azov Sea"}, {"question": "Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?", "answer": "the Kerch Strait"}, {"question": "What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?", "answer": "the seaport of Taganrog"}, {"question": "The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?", "answer": "Rostov on Don"}, {"question": "What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?", "answer": "a fisherman who moved buoys"}, {"question": "Who blew up the HMS Jasper?", "answer": "The Cossacks"}, {"question": "During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?", "answer": "19\u201331 August"}, {"question": "The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?", "answer": "2nd September"}, {"question": "Why did the third siege attempt fail?", "answer": "the city was already fortified"}, {"question": "Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?", "answer": "the Turks"}, {"question": "How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?", "answer": "20000 troops"}, {"question": "After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?", "answer": "Marani"}, {"question": "How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?", "answer": "30000"}, {"question": "What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?", "answer": "reinforcements"}, {"question": "Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?", "answer": "Eristov"}, {"question": "Who occupied Bayazit?", "answer": "Wrangel"}, {"question": "Where did the main forces stand?", "answer": "Kars and Gyumri"}, {"question": "On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? ", "answer": "the Russians"}, {"question": "Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?", "answer": "the Persians"}, {"question": "What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?", "answer": "disease"}, {"question": "How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? ", "answer": "75,000"}, {"question": "Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?", "answer": "The local Armenian population"}, {"question": "What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?", "answer": "starve them out"}, {"question": "What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?", "answer": "Erzerum"}, {"question": "Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?", "answer": "the western powers"}, {"question": "In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?", "answer": "8000"}, {"question": "When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?", "answer": "Sukhum Kale"}, {"question": "What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?", "answer": "the Ingur River"}, {"question": "What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?", "answer": "the Tskhenis-dzqali"}, {"question": "What is the Russian capital?", "answer": "Saint Petersburg"}, {"question": "Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?", "answer": "The Baltic"}, {"question": "Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?", "answer": "Anglo-French fleet"}, {"question": "When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?", "answer": "April 1854"}, {"question": "Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?", "answer": "British and French fleet"}, {"question": "When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?", "answer": "August 1855"}, {"question": "Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?", "answer": "\u00c5land Islands"}, {"question": "Who led the ship Rossiya?", "answer": "Captain Viktor Poplonsky"}, {"question": "What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? ", "answer": "entrance to the harbor"}, {"question": "What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?", "answer": "newly invented blockade mines"}, {"question": "Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?", "answer": "Immanuel Nobel"}, {"question": "Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?", "answer": "industrial explosives"}, {"question": "Who named the torpedo mines?", "answer": "Fulton"}, {"question": "What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?", "answer": "Alfred Nobel"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?", "answer": "Rear Admiral David Price"}, {"question": "The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?", "answer": "snow"}, {"question": "Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?", "answer": "the Kamchatka Peninsula"}, {"question": "Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?", "answer": "Victor Emmanuel II"}, {"question": "Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?", "answer": "General Alfonso La Marmora"}, {"question": "The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?", "answer": "Piedmont-Sardinia"}, {"question": "When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?", "answer": "King Otto of Greece"}, {"question": "When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?", "answer": "Thessaly and Epirus"}, {"question": "From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?", "answer": "Greek port at Piraeus"}, {"question": "In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?", "answer": "Trafalgar Square"}, {"question": "How did troops stop the riot?", "answer": "with truncheons"}, {"question": "What were the people using during the protest?", "answer": "snowballs"}, {"question": "Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?", "answer": "Aberdeen"}, {"question": "What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?", "answer": "Foreign Secretary"}, {"question": "Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "answer": "the Congress of Paris"}, {"question": "What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?", "answer": "the Tsar and the Sultan"}, {"question": "Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?", "answer": "The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey"}, {"question": "What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "In what war was France defeated by Prussia?", "answer": "Franco-Prussian War"}, {"question": "Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?", "answer": "1870\u20131871"}, {"question": "Napoleon III was removed to form what?", "answer": "a Third French Republic"}, {"question": "Who renounced the Black Sea clause?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?", "answer": "Austro-Prussian War"}, {"question": "Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?", "answer": "Kingdom of Sardinia"}, {"question": "France rose to power after what war?", "answer": "The Crimean War"}, {"question": "What empire declined after the Crimean War?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?", "answer": "Concert of Europe"}, {"question": "Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?", "answer": "A. W, Kinglake"}, {"question": "What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?", "answer": "as victims"}, {"question": "Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?", "answer": "Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart"}, {"question": "What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?", "answer": "British Columbia"}, {"question": "What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?", "answer": "British Columbia"}, {"question": "Who made the call to sell Alaska?", "answer": "Alexander II"}, {"question": "Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "Who is Russia's largest regional rival?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Who provided notable documentation of the war?", "answer": "William Howard Russell"}, {"question": " William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?", "answer": "Roger Fenton"}, {"question": "Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?", "answer": "two days"}, {"question": "Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?", "answer": "the newspapers"}, {"question": "The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?", "answer": "Charge of the Light Brigade"}, {"question": "The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?", "answer": "The Crimean War"}, {"question": "Who gave the first live war report?", "answer": "William Howard Russell"}, {"question": "Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?", "answer": "prompting the resignation of the sitting British government"}, {"question": "What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?", "answer": "the telegraph"}, {"question": "What was the first European war to be photographed?", "answer": "The Crimean War"}, {"question": "What is the definition of a non-profit organization?", "answer": "purposes are other than making a profit"}, {"question": "What is an NPO also known as?", "answer": "non-business entity"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of an NPO?", "answer": "furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view"}, {"question": "What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?", "answer": "further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit"}, {"question": "What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?", "answer": "distribution constraint"}, {"question": "What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?", "answer": "charitable"}, {"question": "Who does an NPO usually serve?", "answer": "member-serving or community-serving"}, {"question": "What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?", "answer": "providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally"}, {"question": "What are member serving NPOs really focused on?", "answer": "by directly supporting them"}, {"question": "What are community serving NPOs focused on?", "answer": "a helping service for fellow citizens"}, {"question": "How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?", "answer": "they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans"}, {"question": "Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?", "answer": "controlling members or a board of directors"}, {"question": "How do NPOs handle staffing?", "answer": "Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation"}, {"question": "What are token fees used for?", "answer": "to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization"}, {"question": "How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?", "answer": "profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally"}, {"question": "What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?", "answer": "a supporting organization"}, {"question": " What is a major function of a foundation?", "answer": "giving value to the groups of people they administer to"}, {"question": "What are the two top types of NPOs?", "answer": "membership and board-only"}, {"question": "How is a membership organization run?", "answer": "elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws"}, {"question": "How is a board only organization run?", "answer": "self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board"}, {"question": "What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?", "answer": "financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned"}, {"question": "What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?", "answer": "Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation"}, {"question": "How are NPOs classified in Canada?", "answer": "incorporated or unincorporated"}, {"question": "How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?", "answer": "nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations"}, {"question": "How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?", "answer": "formal approval by the appropriate government"}, {"question": "How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?", "answer": "by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association"}, {"question": "How is incorporation handled in Ontario?", "answer": "Letters Patent"}, {"question": "When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?", "answer": "incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation"}, {"question": "When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?", "answer": "1 July 2013"}, {"question": "When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?", "answer": "10 October 2011"}, {"question": "Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?", "answer": "Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)"}, {"question": "What are donors to receive from a NPO?", "answer": "income tax receipts"}, {"question": "How does an NPO keep their charitable status?", "answer": "file annual reports"}, {"question": "How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?", "answer": "a common law test to its stated objects and activities"}, {"question": "What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?", "answer": "cash, investments and fixed assets"}, {"question": "What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?", "answer": "a tax certificate"}, {"question": "What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?", "answer": "a tax deduction by the donor"}, {"question": "Where are South Africian NPOs registered?", "answer": "Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)"}, {"question": "Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?", "answer": "Master of the High Court"}, {"question": "Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?", "answer": "South Africa Revenue Services \"SARS\""}, {"question": "What is the definition of a charity?", "answer": "nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances"}, {"question": "Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?", "answer": "Charity Commission"}, {"question": "Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?", "answer": "Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator"}, {"question": "What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?", "answer": "generally not allowed to pay its Trustees"}, {"question": "Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?", "answer": "not regarded as \"charities\" in the technical sense"}, {"question": "How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?", "answer": "applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"}, {"question": "What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?", "answer": "purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity"}, {"question": "Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?", "answer": "must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose"}, {"question": "What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?", "answer": "losing its tax exempt status"}, {"question": "Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?", "answer": "Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"}, {"question": "What can states or cities offer to NPOs?", "answer": "exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax"}, {"question": "What form must an NPO make available to the public?", "answer": "990 forms"}, {"question": "Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?", "answer": "generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements"}, {"question": "What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?", "answer": "IRS Form 990"}, {"question": "What is one example of an NPO in the United States?", "answer": "Project Vote Smart"}, {"question": "Who is in control of the organization?", "answer": "board of directors"}, {"question": "Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?", "answer": "executive director"}, {"question": "How is the board of directors most often chosen?", "answer": "self-perpetuating"}, {"question": "How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?", "answer": "elected by a membership"}, {"question": "Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?", "answer": "Part VI, section A, question 7a"}, {"question": "What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?", "answer": "government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations"}, {"question": "What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?", "answer": "external funding"}, {"question": "What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?", "answer": "unreliable funding, long hours and low pay"}, {"question": "What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?", "answer": "Nonprofit Capacity Building Program"}, {"question": "When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?", "answer": "a purpose relating to a public good"}, {"question": "When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?", "answer": "incorporated association"}, {"question": "Who covers incorporated associations or councils?", "answer": "Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act"}, {"question": "What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?", "answer": "minimal or nonexistent"}, {"question": "Why is marketing harder for NPOs?", "answer": "taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations"}, {"question": "What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?", "answer": "an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy"}, {"question": "What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?", "answer": "leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public"}, {"question": "What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?", "answer": "Resource mismanagement"}, {"question": "How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?", "answer": "employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization"}, {"question": "How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?", "answer": "strict controls"}, {"question": "What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?", "answer": "Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization"}, {"question": "What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?", "answer": "alter the NPO's functions"}, {"question": "What problems with employment do Non Profits face?", "answer": "Competition for employees with the public and private sector"}, {"question": "What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?", "answer": "management"}, {"question": "How important do NPOs consider hiring?", "answer": "secondary priority"}, {"question": "What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?", "answer": "wage and benefits package"}, {"question": "How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?", "answer": "stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away"}, {"question": "What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?", "answer": "higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work"}, {"question": "What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?", "answer": "mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause"}, {"question": "What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?", "answer": "do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally"}, {"question": "Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?", "answer": "more stable employment"}, {"question": "Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?", "answer": "will never be able to match the pay"}, {"question": "What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?", "answer": "benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments"}, {"question": "What is better than having high pay at an NPO?", "answer": "Pleasurable work conditions"}, {"question": "How much should an NPO pay employees?", "answer": "as much as they are able"}, {"question": "What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?", "answer": "generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours"}, {"question": "What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?", "answer": "Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}, {"question": "What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?", "answer": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute"}, {"question": "How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?", "answer": "US$38 billion"}, {"question": "How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?", "answer": "$14.8 billion"}, {"question": "What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?", "answer": "British Wellcome Trust"}, {"question": "What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?", "answer": "Habitat for Humanity"}, {"question": "What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?", "answer": "Rotary International"}, {"question": "What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?", "answer": "United Way"}, {"question": "Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?", "answer": "Red Cross and Red Crescent"}, {"question": "Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?", "answer": "World Wide Fund for Nature"}, {"question": "What does .org on a URL mean?", "answer": "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else"}, {"question": "Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?", "answer": "not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status"}, {"question": "What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?", "answer": "encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category"}, {"question": "Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?", "answer": "Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org"}, {"question": "What new domain designation should a museum use?", "answer": ".museum"}, {"question": "What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?", "answer": "\"non\" words"}, {"question": "What type of language are organizations being directed towards?", "answer": "new, positive-sounding terminology"}, {"question": "What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?", "answer": "civil society organization"}, {"question": "What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?", "answer": "citizen sector organization"}, {"question": "What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?", "answer": "Social Benefit Organization"}, {"question": "What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?", "answer": "deemed to have artistic or intellectual value"}, {"question": "What are two major divisions of literature?", "answer": "fiction or non-fiction"}, {"question": "Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?", "answer": "poetry or prose"}, {"question": "Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?", "answer": "the novel, short story or drama"}, {"question": "What words are the Latin roots of the word \"literature?\"", "answer": "literatura/litteratura"}, {"question": "The changing nature of the meaning of the term \"literature\" can be described as what?", "answer": "a \"culturally relative definition\""}, {"question": "In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?", "answer": "all books and writing"}, {"question": "During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?", "answer": "the Romantic period"}, {"question": "During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?", "answer": "it began to demarcate \"imaginative\" literature"}, {"question": "What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?", "answer": "writing that possesses high quality or distinction"}, {"question": "What French term for value-based literature literally translates as \"fine writing?\"", "answer": "belles-lettres"}, {"question": "Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?", "answer": "\"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\""}, {"question": "What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?", "answer": "anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded"}, {"question": "A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?", "answer": "formalist"}, {"question": "What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?", "answer": "journalism"}, {"question": "What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?", "answer": "\"ordinary language\""}, {"question": "What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?", "answer": "an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history"}, {"question": "The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?", "answer": "must use language according to particular standards"}, {"question": "What elements of language make for poetic literature?", "answer": "aesthetic and rhythmic qualities"}, {"question": "Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?", "answer": "verse"}, {"question": "If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?", "answer": "lines"}, {"question": "Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?", "answer": "the nineteenth century"}, {"question": "The structure of poetry may have existed before what?", "answer": "literacy"}, {"question": "Literature intended for performance is what?", "answer": "Drama"}, {"question": "Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?", "answer": "music and dance"}, {"question": "What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?", "answer": "opera and musical theatre"}, {"question": "Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?", "answer": "A play"}, {"question": "What do we call the author of a play?", "answer": "a playwright"}, {"question": "The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?", "answer": "performance associated with religious and civic festivals"}, {"question": "A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?", "answer": "historical or mythological themes"}, {"question": "What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?", "answer": "radio"}, {"question": "In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?", "answer": "written records"}, {"question": "We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?", "answer": "our history"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I\"?", "answer": "Lord Byron"}, {"question": "Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?", "answer": "once we began to write it down"}, {"question": "Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?", "answer": "Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments"}, {"question": "What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?", "answer": "Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome"}, {"question": "Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?", "answer": "a covert moral or didactic purpose"}, {"question": "What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?", "answer": "urban culture"}, {"question": "From what settings did lyric poetry derive?", "answer": "courts and aristocratic circles"}, {"question": "What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?", "answer": "the Shijing or Book of Songs"}, {"question": "Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?", "answer": "philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry"}, {"question": "What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?", "answer": "modern paper making and woodblock printing"}, {"question": "What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?", "answer": "the Hundred Schools of Thought period"}, {"question": "What classic work of war science originated during this period?", "answer": "The Art of War"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Art Of War?", "answer": "Sun Tzu"}, {"question": "What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?", "answer": "drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry"}, {"question": "An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?", "answer": "The Vedas"}, {"question": "The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?", "answer": "the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE"}, {"question": "The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?", "answer": "the Iron Age"}, {"question": "What two epic narratives were written by Homer?", "answer": "the Iliad and the Odyssey"}, {"question": "Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?", "answer": "Hesiod"}, {"question": "Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?", "answer": "philosophical texts"}, {"question": "Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?", "answer": "Sappho and Pindar"}, {"question": "The two great ancient Greek historians were?", "answer": "Herodotus and Thucydides"}, {"question": "Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the romance"}, {"question": "What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?", "answer": "an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative"}, {"question": "What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?", "answer": "the invention of printing"}, {"question": "What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?", "answer": "the German Faust books"}, {"question": "What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?", "answer": "Romanticism"}, {"question": "What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?", "answer": "realism and naturalism"}, {"question": "What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?", "answer": "individual experience and emotion"}, {"question": "How did naturalism effect the greater world?", "answer": "influenced social and political change"}, {"question": "20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?", "answer": "the subjective"}, {"question": "What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?", "answer": "Genre fiction"}, {"question": "Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?", "answer": "science fiction"}, {"question": "Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?", "answer": "William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson"}, {"question": "By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?", "answer": "strong subjective statements"}, {"question": "Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?", "answer": "post-modern"}, {"question": "What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?", "answer": "advances and specialization"}, {"question": "The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?", "answer": "journals"}, {"question": "The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?", "answer": "Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton"}, {"question": "In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?", "answer": "\"history of science\" programmes"}, {"question": "What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?", "answer": "Philosophy"}, {"question": "Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?", "answer": "academic journals"}, {"question": "Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?", "answer": "Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche"}, {"question": "What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?", "answer": "logic"}, {"question": "Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?", "answer": "mathematics"}, {"question": "Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?", "answer": "intimate emotional aspects"}, {"question": "How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?", "answer": "It benefits the psychological development and understanding"}, {"question": "What writer's entry in \"The English Journal\" was concerned with young adult fiction?", "answer": "D. Mitchell"}, {"question": "Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?", "answer": "to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child"}, {"question": "How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?", "answer": "\u201cwonder\u201d"}, {"question": "How does literature unite members of a society?", "answer": "by provoking universal emotions"}, {"question": "How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?", "answer": "allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to"}, {"question": "What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?", "answer": "what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe"}, {"question": "What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?", "answer": "literary devices"}, {"question": "Who conceived of \"The Third Force Psychology Theory?\"", "answer": "Maslow"}, {"question": "The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?", "answer": "a nature within them that demonstrates their true \u201cself\u201d"}, {"question": "The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?", "answer": "the reason for living"}, {"question": "What causes a person to become separated from their \"true self\"?", "answer": "neurological development"}, {"question": "What author espoused the theory of the \"pristine unconscious?\"", "answer": "D.H Lawrence"}, {"question": "What is literary historical writing sometimes called?", "answer": "creative nonfiction"}, {"question": "Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?", "answer": "literary journalism"}, {"question": "What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?", "answer": "to record data or convey immediate information"}, {"question": "Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?", "answer": "Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius"}, {"question": "What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?", "answer": "Hammurabi"}, {"question": "What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?", "answer": "the Bible"}, {"question": "Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?", "answer": "the Corpus Juris Civilis"}, {"question": "Under what Emperor did this group sit?", "answer": "Justinian I"}, {"question": "What empire did Justinian preside over?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Literary devices are employed for what reason?", "answer": "produce specific effects"}, {"question": "What is one form of narration in literature?", "answer": "first-person"}, {"question": "What are two types of narrative structure in literature?", "answer": "linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative"}, {"question": "Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?", "answer": "to surprise the reader"}, {"question": "In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?", "answer": "a conventional murder-mystery novel"}, {"question": "What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?", "answer": "the Islamic Golden Age"}, {"question": "What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "the Kindi school"}, {"question": "What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?", "answer": "the Buyid dynasty"}, {"question": "What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "Al-Farabi"}, {"question": "What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?", "answer": "Hamadan"}, {"question": "Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?", "answer": "Al-Biruni"}, {"question": "What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?", "answer": "the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar"}, {"question": "What present-day country was Avicenna born in?", "answer": "Uzbekistan"}, {"question": "What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?", "answer": "Bukhara"}, {"question": "What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What was Avicenna's mother's name?", "answer": "Setareh"}, {"question": "By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?", "answer": "the Brethren of Purity"}, {"question": "Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?", "answer": "Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b"}, {"question": "What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?", "answer": "Nurullah Shushtari"}, {"question": "What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?", "answer": "Jules J. Janssens"}, {"question": "What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?", "answer": "\u0621Mahmoud Massahi"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?", "answer": "Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)"}, {"question": "What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?", "answer": "Euclid's Elements"}, {"question": "What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?", "answer": "Abu Abdullah Nateli"}, {"question": "What text could Avicenna not understand?", "answer": "the Metaphysics of Aristotle"}, {"question": "What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?", "answer": "al-Farabi's commentary"}, {"question": "How long did Avicenna study philosophy?", "answer": "year and a half"}, {"question": "How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?", "answer": "Forty times"}, {"question": "How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?", "answer": "three dirhams"}, {"question": "At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?", "answer": "mathematics"}, {"question": "Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?", "answer": "the emir, Nuh II"}, {"question": "What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?", "answer": "access to the royal library of the Samanids"}, {"question": "Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?", "answer": "to conceal the sources of his knowledge"}, {"question": "Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?", "answer": "997"}, {"question": "At what age did Avicenna lose his father?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "What dynasty ended in December 1004?", "answer": "The Samanid dynasty"}, {"question": "What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?", "answer": "Turkmenistan"}, {"question": "What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?", "answer": "Nishapur"}, {"question": "Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?", "answer": "Mahmud of Ghazni"}, {"question": "What city did Ibn Sina settle in?", "answer": "Rey"}, {"question": "What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?", "answer": "Tehran"}, {"question": "How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?", "answer": "thirty"}, {"question": "Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?", "answer": "Hamad\u00e3n"}, {"question": "What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?", "answer": "office of vizier"}, {"question": "Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?", "answer": "city of Isfahan"}, {"question": "What two cities were at war during this time?", "answer": "Isfahan and Hamad\u00e3n"}, {"question": "What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?", "answer": "1024"}, {"question": "What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?", "answer": "the Tajik"}, {"question": "How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?", "answer": "in the dress of a Sufi ascetic"}, {"question": "In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?", "answer": "ethics"}, {"question": "Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?", "answer": "Metaphysics"}, {"question": "Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?", "answer": "Sufficientia"}, {"question": "Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?", "answer": "essence and existence"}, {"question": "Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?", "answer": "al-Farabi"}, {"question": "What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?", "answer": "Islamic theology"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?", "answer": "the question of being"}, {"question": "What two points did he write about?", "answer": "essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)"}, {"question": "Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?", "answer": "al-Farabi"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for existence?", "answer": "Wujud"}, {"question": "Mahiat is Arabic for what?", "answer": "essence"}, {"question": "What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?", "answer": "necessity"}, {"question": "According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?", "answer": "contingency-in-itself"}, {"question": "What is the necessary according to Avicenna?", "answer": "the source of its own being without borrowed existence"}, {"question": "According to Avicenna, what always exists?", "answer": "The necessary"}, {"question": "If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?", "answer": "false in itself"}, {"question": "The necessary exists due to what?", "answer": "Its-Self"}, {"question": "What is something that the necessary does not have?", "answer": "a definition"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic for situation?", "answer": "wad"}, {"question": "What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?", "answer": "time"}, {"question": "What religion was Avicenna?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?", "answer": "rational philosophy"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?", "answer": "prove the existence of God"}, {"question": "Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?", "answer": "the prophets"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?", "answer": "philosophy"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?", "answer": "the political implications of such a theory"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?", "answer": "epistemological matters"}, {"question": "Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?", "answer": "al-Razi"}, {"question": "Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?", "answer": "al-Ghazali"}, {"question": "Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?", "answer": "al-Tusi"}, {"question": "What are Islamic schools also known as?", "answer": "madrasahs"}, {"question": "Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?", "answer": "the castle of Fardajan"}, {"question": "What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?", "answer": "\"Floating Man\""}, {"question": "What was the soul according to Avicenna?", "answer": "a substance"}, {"question": "How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\"?", "answer": "intellectually"}, {"question": "How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?", "answer": "suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations"}, {"question": "Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?", "answer": "the brain"}, {"question": "What is the universal agent?", "answer": "Intellect"}, {"question": "In Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\", what is the core of a human being?", "answer": "the knowledge that \"I am\""}, {"question": "What is the body's perfection?", "answer": "the soul"}, {"question": "In Avicenna's \"Floating Man\", what could the essence of a person not be?", "answer": "the body"}, {"question": "What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?", "answer": "Posterior Analytics"}, {"question": "What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?", "answer": "Aristotelian induction"}, {"question": "What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?", "answer": "temporal logic"}, {"question": "Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?", "answer": "Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b"}, {"question": "What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?", "answer": "Avicennian logic"}, {"question": "What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?", "answer": "Albertus Magnus"}, {"question": "Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?", "answer": "Kitab al-shifa"}, {"question": "What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?", "answer": "classical psychology"}, {"question": "In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?", "answer": "quantitative extension"}, {"question": "Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?", "answer": "Descartes"}, {"question": "What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?", "answer": "De Anima"}, {"question": "What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?", "answer": "physiology"}, {"question": "According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?", "answer": "strong enough"}, {"question": "How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?", "answer": "his understanding of perception"}, {"question": "How does man first perceive features of an object?", "answer": "external senses"}, {"question": "The body and soul's interaction takes place where?", "answer": "the physical body"}, {"question": "What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?", "answer": "Al-Biruni"}, {"question": "What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?", "answer": "mathematical astronomy"}, {"question": "What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?", "answer": "Venus"}, {"question": "Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?", "answer": "below the Sun"}, {"question": "What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?", "answer": "Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae"}, {"question": "What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?", "answer": "the Declaratio"}, {"question": "What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?", "answer": "The Book of Minerals"}, {"question": "What is the kitab al-Shifa?", "answer": "Book of the Remedy"}, {"question": "What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?", "answer": "minerals"}, {"question": "Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?", "answer": "George Sarton"}, {"question": "What did George Sarton write?", "answer": "The History of Science"}, {"question": "Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?", "answer": "Abulcasis"}, {"question": "During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?", "answer": "early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries"}, {"question": "In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?", "answer": "the Bukhara museum"}, {"question": "Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?", "answer": "Hamadan"}, {"question": "In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?", "answer": "the University of Paris"}, {"question": "What plant genus is named after Avicenna?", "answer": "Avicennia"}, {"question": "What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What was Avicenna's birthplace?", "answer": "Bukhara"}, {"question": "A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?", "answer": "thousand"}, {"question": "Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?", "answer": "a bust"}, {"question": "When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?", "answer": "March 2008"}, {"question": "What does the Avicenna Directories contain?", "answer": "where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated"}, {"question": "What was Avicenna known for?", "answer": "his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west"}, {"question": "What is Avicenna's name needed for?", "answer": "worldwide partnership"}, {"question": "What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?", "answer": "Youth of Genius"}, {"question": "What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?", "answer": "alchemy"}, {"question": "On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?", "answer": "Physics"}, {"question": "What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?", "answer": "Aristotelian doctrine"}, {"question": "According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?", "answer": "\"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy"}, {"question": "Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?", "answer": "Schmoelders"}, {"question": "What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? ", "answer": "Al-Shifa'"}, {"question": "Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?", "answer": "the Bodleian Library"}, {"question": "What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?", "answer": "the An-najat"}, {"question": "What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?", "answer": "Logic and Metaphysics"}, {"question": "What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?", "answer": "Hanzi"}, {"question": "What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What number in the tens of thousands?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?", "answer": "literacy in written Chinese"}, {"question": "Which are identical to Chinese forms?", "answer": "ky\u016bjitai"}, {"question": "What use the traditional radical-based character index?", "answer": "modern Chinese dictionaries"}, {"question": "What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?", "answer": "character's entry"}, {"question": "What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?", "answer": "traditional radical-based character index"}, {"question": "What are most words in Old Chinese?", "answer": "monosyllabic"}, {"question": "What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?", "answer": "character"}, {"question": "What is written with two characters?", "answer": "bisyllabic morphemes"}, {"question": "What has many homophones?", "answer": "Modern Chinese"}, {"question": "What may have a wide range of meanings?", "answer": "single character"}, {"question": "What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?", "answer": "Sino-Xenic pronunciations"}, {"question": "What represent words of the language using several strategies?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What are some words expressed in?", "answer": "compound ideograms"}, {"question": "What were most words written in?", "answer": "rebus principle"}, {"question": "What are the most numerous characters?", "answer": "Semantic-phonetic compounds"}, {"question": "What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?", "answer": "semantic indicator"}, {"question": "What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? ", "answer": "semantic indicator"}, {"question": "What side is a phonetic indicator located on?", "answer": "right-hand side"}, {"question": "What is the process of historical phonetic change?", "answer": "phonetic indicator"}, {"question": "What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?", "answer": "phonetic change"}, {"question": "What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?", "answer": "bisyllabic word"}, {"question": "What is also a fruit?", "answer": "pipa"}, {"question": "What may share a radical without being meaningful?", "answer": "compound word"}, {"question": "What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? ", "answer": "series of inscribed graphs and pictures"}, {"question": "What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?", "answer": "Yellow"}, {"question": "What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?", "answer": "oracle bones"}, {"question": "Where were the symbols carved on?", "answer": "pieces of bone and turtle shell"}, {"question": "Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?", "answer": "village near Anyang in Henan Province"}, {"question": "What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?", "answer": "oracle-bone script"}, {"question": "What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?", "answer": "bamboo books"}, {"question": "What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?", "answer": "bamboo books"}, {"question": "What has evolved over time?", "answer": "scripts"}, {"question": "What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?", "answer": "decorative"}, {"question": "What is guwen considered as?", "answer": "ancient forms"}, {"question": "What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?", "answer": "Seal script"}, {"question": "What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?", "answer": "clerical"}, {"question": "What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?", "answer": "clerical script"}, {"question": "Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?", "answer": "there were in fact multiple scripts in use"}, {"question": "What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?", "answer": "b\u0101f\u0113n"}, {"question": "What name stood for \"orderly\"?", "answer": "zh\u0101ng"}, {"question": "What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?", "answer": "early form of semi-cursive script"}, {"question": "What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?", "answer": "semi-cursive"}, {"question": "Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?", "answer": "Qiu"}, {"question": "What had been linked to Zhong Yao?", "answer": "Regular script"}, {"question": "What was Zhong Yao known for?", "answer": "father of regular script"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Wang Zishi?", "answer": "Wang Xianzhi"}, {"question": "What were the North and South considered as?", "answer": "dynasties"}, {"question": "What continued to evolve stylistically?", "answer": "regular script"}, {"question": "What script saw no more stages of evolution?", "answer": "mainstream"}, {"question": "What contains four strokes?", "answer": "right half of the character"}, {"question": "What do some dictionaries have?", "answer": "sub-index"}, {"question": "What gives remaining stroke numbers?", "answer": "sub-index"}, {"question": "What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?", "answer": "Chinese character dictionaries"}, {"question": "What lists Chinese characters in radical order?", "answer": "Korean dictionaries"}, {"question": "What is grouped together by radicals?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What can be easily coined by writing on paper?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What can be difficult to represent on a computer?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?", "answer": "symbols"}, {"question": "What can be coined at any time?", "answer": "New characters"}, {"question": "What may not be adopted?", "answer": "new words"}, {"question": "What are also known as Japanese-coinages?", "answer": "kokuji"}, {"question": "What are not used in formal written Chinese?", "answer": "dialect characters"}, {"question": "What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "What was the preference for all mainland regions?", "answer": "Mandarin"}, {"question": "What supports 48,027 characters?", "answer": "the official national encoding standard"}, {"question": "What supports 13,053 characters?", "answer": "BIG-5"}, {"question": "What area uses traditional Chinese characters?", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "What country uses simplified Chinese characters?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What lists 2,500 common characters?", "answer": "Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese"}, {"question": "What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?", "answer": "GB2312"}, {"question": "What is written in modern usage?", "answer": "new characters"}, {"question": "What is one consequence of modifying radicals?", "answer": "fossilization"}, {"question": "What combines \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\"?", "answer": "\"harmony, peace\""}, {"question": "What does not include characters in the Chinese family?", "answer": "Zhonghua Zihai"}, {"question": "What is formed by Chinese principles? ", "answer": "Characters"}, {"question": "What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?", "answer": "Tangut script"}, {"question": "What remains unknowable?", "answer": "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present"}, {"question": "What becomes developed all the time?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?", "answer": "number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries"}, {"question": "What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?", "answer": "U+9F49"}, {"question": "What features 33 strokes?", "answer": "xi\u0101n"}, {"question": "What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? ", "answer": "y\u00f9"}, {"question": "What have become more rare?", "answer": "complex characters"}, {"question": "What is the most complex Chinese character?", "answer": "zh\u00e9"}, {"question": "What is one 64-stroke character?", "answer": "zh\u00e8ng"}, {"question": "Who is a Taiwanese politician?", "answer": "Yu Shyi-kun"}, {"question": "What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?", "answer": "movie posters"}, {"question": "What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?", "answer": "Japanese newspapers"}, {"question": "What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?", "answer": "CPC"}, {"question": "What is sometimes written as a single character?", "answer": "bodhisattva"}, {"question": "What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?", "answer": "SI units"}, {"question": "What is a less systematic example?", "answer": "t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen"}, {"question": "What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?", "answer": "socialism"}, {"question": "What characters are often non-standard?", "answer": "polysyllabic"}, {"question": "What is a commonly seen example?", "answer": "double happiness symbol"}, {"question": "What is formed as a ligature?", "answer": "double happiness symbol"}, {"question": "What may be contracted into single characters?", "answer": "compound words and set phrases"}, {"question": "What can be considered as set phrases?", "answer": "single characters"}, {"question": "What are logograms?", "answer": "characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes"}, {"question": "What are primarily morphosyllabic?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What are written with a single character?", "answer": "Chinese morphemes"}, {"question": "What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?", "answer": "\u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa"}, {"question": "What are written with very precise rules?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What has standardized character forms?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?", "answer": "characters"}, {"question": "What have a characteristic shape?", "answer": "Roman letters"}, {"question": "What occupy a more or less space area?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?", "answer": "Square-Block Characters"}, {"question": "What are commonly used?", "answer": "Regular script typefaces"}, {"question": "What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?", "answer": "Regular script typefaces"}, {"question": "What resembles an actual person's handwriting?", "answer": "handwriting of Ouyang Xun"}, {"question": "What is the art of writing Chinese characters?", "answer": "Chinese calligraphy"}, {"question": "What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?", "answer": "Chinese calligraphy"}, {"question": "What is not required?", "answer": "strict regularity"}, {"question": "What script is used informally?", "answer": "cursive"}, {"question": "What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?", "answer": "basic character shapes"}, {"question": "What script is derived from the cursive script?", "answer": "Japanese hiragana script"}, {"question": "What script is only used in artistic seals?", "answer": "seal"}, {"question": "What script is the oldest and still in use today?", "answer": "Seal"}, {"question": "Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?", "answer": "calligraphers"}, {"question": "What are also known as \"traditional\"?", "answer": "characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary"}, {"question": "What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?", "answer": "j\u014dy\u014d kanji"}, {"question": "What is commonly used in Taiwan?", "answer": "Table of General Standard Chinese Characters"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese government institute? ", "answer": "series of orthographic reforms"}, {"question": "What was restricted?", "answer": "The number of characters in common use"}, {"question": "When was the 2136 character reformed?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?", "answer": "majority of simplified characters"}, {"question": "What was written with the structure in the clerical script?", "answer": "orthodox character"}, {"question": "What script uses one fewer stroke?", "answer": "clerical script"}, {"question": "Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?", "answer": "The People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "When was a second round announced?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "How was the second round received?", "answer": "poorly"}, {"question": "What almost always includes character simplification?", "answer": "Caoshu"}, {"question": "What is Caoshu?", "answer": "cursive written text"}, {"question": "When did discussions of character simplification take place?", "answer": "In the 1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "What varies greatly?", "answer": "The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What were mandatory in printed works?", "answer": "Orthodox variants"}, {"question": "What were adopted for use in mainland China?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "Who is John Gulick?", "answer": "Rev"}, {"question": "Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?", "answer": "Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese"}, {"question": "Who have followed this method?", "answer": "Muslims from Arabia and Persia"}, {"question": "What is now limited to ceremonial uses?", "answer": "Chinese characters in Vietnam"}, {"question": "What were once in widespread use?", "answer": "Chinese characters in Vietnam"}, {"question": "What was used in schooling?", "answer": "Literary Chinese"}, {"question": "When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?", "answer": "December 2011"}, {"question": "Who stepped up after 2011?", "answer": "Kim Jong Un"}, {"question": "Who began moderating the use of Hanja?", "answer": "Kim Jong Un"}, {"question": "What are students taught to memorize?", "answer": "native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning"}, {"question": "What is name of the hanja?", "answer": "mul-su"}, {"question": "What is the Korean pronunciation of water?", "answer": "mul"}, {"question": "What is still being used according to experts?", "answer": "Hanja"}, {"question": "What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?", "answer": "Hanja"}, {"question": "What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?", "answer": "weddings"}, {"question": "What was the dominant form of written communication?", "answer": "Literary Chinese"}, {"question": "What is treated as being conservative and confucian?", "answer": "Chinese characters"}, {"question": "What comes directly from China?", "answer": "science and sociology"}, {"question": "What also includes a pair of syllabaries?", "answer": "Written Japanese"}, {"question": "Why do the syllabaries differ?", "answer": "they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable"}, {"question": "What uses a composite system?", "answer": "Modern Japanese writing"}, {"question": "What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?", "answer": "literacy"}, {"question": "Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who issued the first round of official characters?", "answer": "The People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?", "answer": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}, {"question": "What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?", "answer": "pigs"}, {"question": "What company permanently settled Bermuda?", "answer": "the English Virginia Company"}, {"question": "Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?", "answer": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}, {"question": "In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?", "answer": "1503"}, {"question": "How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?", "answer": "pigs"}, {"question": "In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?", "answer": "1609"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Bermuda?", "answer": "St. George's"}, {"question": "What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?", "answer": "Somers Isles Company"}, {"question": "In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?", "answer": "the Somers Isles Company"}, {"question": "In what year did the islands become a British colony?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?", "answer": "Newfoundland became part of Canada"}, {"question": "What was Bermuda's first capital?", "answer": "St. George"}, {"question": "What two business drive Bermuda's economy?", "answer": "offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"}, {"question": "What type of climate does Bermuda have?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?", "answer": "Bermuda Triangle"}, {"question": "What protects the island from storms?", "answer": "coral reef that surrounds the island"}, {"question": "What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?", "answer": "insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"}, {"question": "What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?", "answer": "global recession"}, {"question": "Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?", "answer": "a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances."}, {"question": "Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?", "answer": "protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island."}, {"question": "What is the climate of Bermuda?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "Bermuda is located in what ocean?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?", "answer": "Sargasso Sea"}, {"question": "Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "answer": "due east"}, {"question": "What natural features compose Bermuda?", "answer": "low-forming volcanoes"}, {"question": "In what major ocean is Bermuda located?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?", "answer": "Miami"}, {"question": "Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?", "answer": "marine organisms"}, {"question": "During the ice age, what area of land was above water?", "answer": "approximately two hundred square miles"}, {"question": "Has the seamount always been above sealevel?", "answer": "The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence"}, {"question": "What type of volcano forms the archipelago?", "answer": "a submarine volcano"}, {"question": "Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?", "answer": "periods of complete submergence,"}, {"question": "What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?", "answer": "an island"}, {"question": "The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?", "answer": "the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"}, {"question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named \"Long Island\"?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Horseshoe Bay\"?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Long Bay\"?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Where can St. George's Town be found?", "answer": "St George's Island within St George's Parish"}, {"question": "What are three of the bays named?", "answer": "Long Bay"}, {"question": "What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?", "answer": "Horseshoe"}, {"question": "St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?", "answer": "St George's"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?", "answer": "Hamilton Parish"}, {"question": "What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?", "answer": "the south shore of the island"}, {"question": "Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?", "answer": "Scuba"}, {"question": "Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?", "answer": "World Heritage Site"}, {"question": "What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?", "answer": "pink"}, {"question": "What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?", "answer": "pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters"}, {"question": "Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?", "answer": "south shore of the island"}, {"question": "What has St. George been designated as?", "answer": "World Heritage Site"}, {"question": "Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?", "answer": "numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water"}, {"question": "Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?", "answer": "Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore"}, {"question": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?", "answer": "bats"}, {"question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermuda petrel or cahow"}, {"question": "What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermuda rock skink"}, {"question": "What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?", "answer": "diamondback terrapin"}, {"question": "What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?", "answer": "bats"}, {"question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermuda petrel or cahow"}, {"question": "Why is the National bird of importance?", "answer": "example of a Lazarus species"}, {"question": "What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?", "answer": "Bermuda rock skink"}, {"question": "Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?", "answer": "this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds"}, {"question": "When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?", "answer": "20th century, especially after the Second World War."}, {"question": "Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?", "answer": "Bermudian"}, {"question": "Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?", "answer": "black and white"}, {"question": "Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?", "answer": "white Protestants of English heritage"}, {"question": "Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?", "answer": "coloured"}, {"question": "Why is it problematic that the \"coloured\" population of Bermuda is now referred to as \"black\" or \"African heritage\"?", "answer": "obscures their non-African heritage"}, {"question": "There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?", "answer": "Asian"}, {"question": "What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermudian blacks"}, {"question": "Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?", "answer": "conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate"}, {"question": "Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion"}, {"question": "What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?", "answer": "the source of the African ancestry"}, {"question": "Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?", "answer": "The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies"}, {"question": "Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?", "answer": "South-West Africa"}, {"question": "What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?", "answer": "Genetic studies"}, {"question": "What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?", "answer": "St David's Islanders"}, {"question": "During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?", "answer": "colonial period"}, {"question": "Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?", "answer": "exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery"}, {"question": "What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?", "answer": "British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean"}, {"question": "Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?", "answer": "Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots"}, {"question": "What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?", "answer": "The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian"}, {"question": "What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?", "answer": "thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire"}, {"question": "The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?", "answer": "scholarly"}, {"question": "Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?", "answer": "Angela Barry"}, {"question": "What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?", "answer": "watercolours"}, {"question": "What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?", "answer": "Hand-carved cedar sculptures"}, {"question": "What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?", "answer": "the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835"}, {"question": "Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?", "answer": "Alfred Birdsey"}, {"question": "Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?", "answer": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}, {"question": "What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?", "answer": "a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water"}, {"question": "What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?", "answer": "spirits and devils,"}, {"question": "Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?", "answer": "Isle of Devils"}, {"question": "Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?", "answer": "relieve the colony of Jamestown"}, {"question": "The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?", "answer": "William Shakespeare"}, {"question": "How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?", "answer": "10 months"}, {"question": "Who did Sommer's claim the island for?", "answer": "the English Crown"}, {"question": "Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.", "answer": "John Rolfe"}, {"question": "What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?", "answer": "married Pocahontas"}, {"question": "When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?", "answer": "1612,"}, {"question": "What is St. George credited with?", "answer": "oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World."}, {"question": "What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?", "answer": "limited land area,"}, {"question": "What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?", "answer": "steady human emigration"}, {"question": "Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?", "answer": "the Southern United States"}, {"question": "Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?", "answer": "seafaring the only real industry"}, {"question": "Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?", "answer": "needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land"}, {"question": "Why wasn't agriculture successful?", "answer": "colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced"}, {"question": "What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?", "answer": "turn to maritime trades"}, {"question": "Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?", "answer": "islanders demanding"}, {"question": "What event caused major changes in Bermuda?", "answer": "end of the war"}, {"question": "Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?", "answer": "buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,"}, {"question": "How does the British crown view Bermuda?", "answer": "a base more than a colony"}, {"question": "What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?", "answer": "the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished"}, {"question": "Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?", "answer": "American colonies"}, {"question": "What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?", "answer": "deforestation"}, {"question": "Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?", "answer": "it did not have raw materials"}, {"question": "Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?", "answer": "Americans developed their own sources"}, {"question": "Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?", "answer": "most famous escapee"}, {"question": "After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?", "answer": "stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland"}, {"question": "After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?", "answer": "became a spy for Germany in both World Wars"}, {"question": "When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?", "answer": "once because of darkness and again to refuel"}, {"question": "What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?", "answer": "Navigation and weather forecasting"}, {"question": "Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?", "answer": "Luft Hansa"}, {"question": "What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?", "answer": "flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda"}, {"question": "What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?", "answer": "regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes"}, {"question": "What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?", "answer": "international business"}, {"question": "The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?", "answer": "the monarch"}, {"question": "Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?", "answer": "the Queen on the advice of the British Government."}, {"question": "Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?", "answer": "George Fergusson"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What is Bermuda officially classified as?", "answer": "British Overseas Territory"}, {"question": "When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?", "answer": "1 June 1967"}, {"question": "Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?", "answer": "it was amended in 1989 and 2003"}, {"question": "What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?", "answer": "the premier"}, {"question": "What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?", "answer": "Westminster system."}, {"question": "What does the population get to vote for?", "answer": "The House of Assembly, or lower house"}, {"question": "Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?", "answer": "The United States"}, {"question": "Who is the current US Consul General?", "answer": "Robert Settje"}, {"question": "Why is the US so important to Bermuda?", "answer": "The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner"}, {"question": "What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?", "answer": "United States Guant\u00e1namo Bay detention camp"}, {"question": "What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?", "answer": "refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan"}, {"question": "What were the Ugyhurs accused of?", "answer": "training to assist the Taliban's military."}, {"question": "Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?", "answer": "the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights."}, {"question": "When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?", "answer": "May 1994."}, {"question": "What occurred in February of 2016?", "answer": "The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions"}, {"question": "What did the Chief Justice decide?", "answer": "same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights."}, {"question": "Who has \"observer status\" to CARICOM?", "answer": "US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?", "answer": "they would seek ties with CARICOM"}, {"question": "Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?", "answer": "primarily to strengthen cultural links."}, {"question": "Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?", "answer": "an extension of Virginia"}, {"question": "What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?", "answer": "West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands"}, {"question": "Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?", "answer": "they lacked British citizenship"}, {"question": "When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?", "answer": "accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades."}, {"question": "What cultural group has dominated the PLP?", "answer": "West Indians and their descendants."}, {"question": "Who are two prominent members of the PLP?", "answer": "Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans"}, {"question": "What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?", "answer": "Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies"}, {"question": "Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?", "answer": "Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies"}, {"question": "Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?", "answer": "the Gibraltar of the West\" and \"Fortress Bermuda\""}, {"question": "What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?", "answer": "turned to privateering"}, {"question": "What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?", "answer": "Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy."}, {"question": "When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?", "answer": "following the War of 1812"}, {"question": "How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?", "answer": "raised volunteer units to form a reserve"}, {"question": "What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940?", "answer": "base rights in Bermuda"}, {"question": "What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do?", "answer": "granted the US base rights in Bermuda"}, {"question": "What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda?", "answer": "the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK"}, {"question": "Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "What did the US begin building in 1941?", "answer": "two airbases"}, {"question": "Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?", "answer": "US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft"}, {"question": "What was the navy patrolling for?", "answer": "enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet"}, {"question": "What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?", "answer": "Kindley Air Force Base"}, {"question": "What is the Naval Air Station used for?", "answer": "host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft."}, {"question": "What was the NAS primarily a base for?", "answer": "seaplane"}, {"question": "What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?", "answer": "anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels"}, {"question": "What is located west of the NAS Annex?", "answer": "additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda"}, {"question": "What happened at the end of the Cold War?", "answer": "US forces withdrew"}, {"question": "When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces?", "answer": "World War I and World War II"}, {"question": "Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment?", "answer": "Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert"}, {"question": "Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier?", "answer": "Brigadier Harvey"}, {"question": "What is the site for Bermuda's Remembrance Day?", "answer": "Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building"}, {"question": "What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?", "answer": "Bermudian dollar"}, {"question": "The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?", "answer": "US dollar"}, {"question": "Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II."}, {"question": "Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?", "answer": "Bermuda Monetary Authority"}, {"question": "Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?", "answer": "Royal Naval Dockyard Museum"}, {"question": "Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?", "answer": "minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income"}, {"question": "What does it do in place of an income tax system?", "answer": "taxes all imports"}, {"question": "What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?", "answer": "funds government and infrastructure expenditures"}, {"question": "What three things does the tax system depend on?", "answer": "import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes"}, {"question": "What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?", "answer": "United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal"}, {"question": "What does the Exchange specialize in?", "answer": "listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds"}, {"question": "What is the BSX a member of?", "answer": "the World Federation of Exchanges"}, {"question": "Where is the BSX located?", "answer": "an OECD member nation"}, {"question": "Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?", "answer": "British Public schools and universities in the 19th century"}, {"question": "Why were sports important in these schools?", "answer": "sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team"}, {"question": "Who founded organizations like the FA?", "answer": "Former public schoolboys"}, {"question": "What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?", "answer": "association of football with the working classes"}, {"question": "What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?", "answer": "professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys"}, {"question": "How were sports introduced in Bermuda?", "answer": "Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,"}, {"question": "Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?", "answer": "rowing"}, {"question": "Which sport was quickly adopted?", "answer": "sail racing"}, {"question": "What Bermuda sport team participated in the 2007 world cup?", "answer": "national cricket team"}, {"question": "Who is Bermuda's most popular Cricket player?", "answer": "Dwayne Leverock"}, {"question": "Who defeated Bermuda?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What began in 1872 when the game of cricket was introduced to Bermuda?", "answer": "annual \"Cup Match\""}, {"question": "Why is there an East End/West End rivalry?", "answer": "rivalry resulted from the locations"}, {"question": "What events did Bermuda compete in at the 2004 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events"}, {"question": "What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do?", "answer": "made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games."}, {"question": "What is the only medal Bermuda has ever won?", "answer": "bronze medal in boxing."}, {"question": "What is the Olympic tradition for Bermuda, regardless of season?", "answer": "march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts"}, {"question": "Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?", "answer": "The Bermuda Rugby Union team"}, {"question": "How many clubs are on the island?", "answer": "There are four clubs on the island"}, {"question": "Who are the reigning league champions?", "answer": "Police (Men)"}, {"question": "Where are the Women's games played?", "answer": "Warwick Academy."}, {"question": "What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?", "answer": "2010 Caribbean Championships"}, {"question": "When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Which country is called the 'Giant of Africa'?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "How many people live in Nigeria?", "answer": "182 million"}, {"question": "How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "How many languages are spoken by Nigerians?", "answer": "over 500"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's official language?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?", "answer": "$500 billion"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?", "answer": "$1 trillion"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What is the largest economy in Africa?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio? ", "answer": "11 percent"}, {"question": "When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Who is the President of Nigeria?", "answer": "Goodluck Jonathan"}, {"question": "How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014?", "answer": "at least 12,000"}, {"question": "How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap?", "answer": "276"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria named after?", "answer": "the Niger River"}, {"question": "Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?", "answer": "Flora Shaw"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?", "answer": "Central Sudan"}, {"question": "What language does the name of the Niger River come from?", "answer": "Tuareg"}, {"question": "Which river reaches Timbuktu?", "answer": "Niger"}, {"question": "Which tribe ran the city of Nri?", "answer": "Igbo"}, {"question": "When was Nri taken over by the British?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?", "answer": "lost-wax"}, {"question": "Who ruled Nri?", "answer": "the Eze Nri"}, {"question": "Which clan is Nri in the territory of?", "answer": "Umeuri"}, {"question": "What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?", "answer": "Spanish and Portuguese"}, {"question": "Calabar is on which historical Bight?", "answer": "Biafra"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?", "answer": "Bight of Bonny"}, {"question": "Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?", "answer": "Oyo Empire"}, {"question": "When did Britain outlaw slave trade?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?", "answer": "Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?", "answer": "Freetown"}, {"question": "Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?", "answer": "Lagos"}, {"question": "Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?", "answer": "Oba Kosoko"}, {"question": "Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?", "answer": "the Berlin Conference"}, {"question": "What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?", "answer": "Royal Niger Company"}, {"question": "When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?", "answer": "1 January 1901"}, {"question": "Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?", "answer": "Benin"}, {"question": "What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria receive independence?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?", "answer": "a Commonwealth Realm"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?", "answer": "Nigerian People's Congress"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?", "answer": "National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons"}, {"question": "Who led the NCNC party?", "answer": "Nnamdi Azikiwe"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?", "answer": "Obafemi Awolowo"}, {"question": "In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "Which group led the first 1966 coup?", "answer": "Igbo soldiers"}, {"question": "Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "answer": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"}, {"question": "Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "answer": "Ahmadu Bello"}, {"question": "Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "answer": "Ladoke Akintola"}, {"question": "What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?", "answer": "Republic of Biafra"}, {"question": "When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?", "answer": "May 1967"}, {"question": "Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?", "answer": "Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu"}, {"question": "How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?", "answer": "between 1 and 3 million"}, {"question": "Which oil group did Nigeria join?", "answer": "OPEC"}, {"question": "Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?", "answer": "the military administration"}, {"question": "Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?", "answer": "federalism"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?", "answer": "Olusegun Obasanjo"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?", "answer": "Shehu Shagari"}, {"question": "How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?", "answer": "corrupt and incompetent"}, {"question": "Who led a military coup against Shagari?", "answer": "Muhammadu Buhari"}, {"question": "When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?", "answer": "Ibrahim Babangida"}, {"question": "What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?", "answer": "International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program"}, {"question": "What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?", "answer": "debt"}, {"question": "What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?", "answer": "Organisation of the Islamic Conference"}, {"question": "To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?", "answer": "12 June 1993"}, {"question": "Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?", "answer": "Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola"}, {"question": "Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?", "answer": "weeks"}, {"question": "Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?", "answer": "Ernest Shonekan"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria regain democracy?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?", "answer": "Olusegun Obasanjo"}, {"question": "Nigeria was under military rule for how long?", "answer": "almost 33 years"}, {"question": "How was the 1999 election regarded?", "answer": "unfree and unfair"}, {"question": "How was the 2003 election regarded?", "answer": "unfree and unfair"}, {"question": "Who won the 2011 election?", "answer": "Goodluck Jonathan"}, {"question": "How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?", "answer": "22,495,187"}, {"question": "What was the main opposition political party in 2011?", "answer": "Congress for Progressive Change"}, {"question": "Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?", "answer": "Muhammadu Buhari"}, {"question": "How many votes did Buhari get?", "answer": "12,214,853"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's form of government?", "answer": "Federal Republic"}, {"question": "What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?", "answer": "upper and lower"}, {"question": "How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?", "answer": "two 4-year terms"}, {"question": "Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?", "answer": "General Muhammadu Buhari"}, {"question": "Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?", "answer": "Goodluck Jonathan"}, {"question": "What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?", "answer": "Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria get independence?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What major secession movement has Nigeria had?", "answer": "MASSOB"}, {"question": "What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?", "answer": "Oodua Peoples Congress"}, {"question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?", "answer": "223"}, {"question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the House?", "answer": "96"}, {"question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?", "answer": "About twenty"}, {"question": "What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?", "answer": "African National Congress"}, {"question": "What group was Nigeria a founding member of?", "answer": "Organisation for African Unity"}, {"question": "What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?", "answer": "the African Union"}, {"question": "Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?", "answer": "the Economic Community of West African States"}, {"question": "How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?", "answer": "60 to 80 inches"}, {"question": "What type of climate is southern Nigeria?", "answer": "tropical rainforest"}, {"question": "What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?", "answer": "southeast"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?", "answer": "rain forest"}, {"question": "What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?", "answer": "butterflies"}, {"question": "Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?", "answer": "grassland"}, {"question": "What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?", "answer": "the drill monkey"}, {"question": "What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?", "answer": "Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests"}, {"question": "Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?", "answer": "development and harvesting by increased population"}, {"question": "What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?", "answer": "savannah"}, {"question": "How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year?", "answer": "between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)"}, {"question": "How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year?", "answer": "less than 500 millimetres (20 in)"}, {"question": "Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria?", "answer": "Sahara"}, {"question": "What is the largest Nigerian city?", "answer": "Lagos"}, {"question": "What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?", "answer": "municipal councils"}, {"question": "What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?", "answer": "Kubwa Community"}, {"question": "What territory is Kubwa Community in?", "answer": "Federal Capital Territory"}, {"question": "How many states does Nigeria have?", "answer": "thirty-six"}, {"question": "What non-state area does Nigeria have?", "answer": "Federal Capital Territory"}, {"question": "How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?", "answer": "774"}, {"question": "What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?", "answer": "Local Government Areas"}, {"question": "How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Where did Nigeria's 2012 GDP rank?", "answer": "30th in the world"}, {"question": "Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "How much of the US's oil comes from Nigeria?", "answer": "a fifth"}, {"question": "How much of the US's oil imports come from Nigeria?", "answer": "11%"}, {"question": "How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria's economy to have in 2009?", "answer": "8.3%"}, {"question": "When was the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field found?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What is the depth of the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?", "answer": "2\u20134 km"}, {"question": "What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?", "answer": "middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap"}, {"question": "How long have international oil companies been in Nigeria?", "answer": "decades"}, {"question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2004?", "answer": "USD 2.3 billion"}, {"question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2007?", "answer": "17.9 billion"}, {"question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the second-most money home?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which Asian country has Nigerians sending the most money home?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's local vehicle manufacturer?", "answer": "Innoson Motors"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's branded electronics manufacturer?", "answer": "Zinox"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria change its import policies to encourage local manufacturers?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What city is Nigeria's main industrial area?", "answer": "Ogun"}, {"question": "What city is Nigeria's secondary industrial area?", "answer": "Lagos"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria launch its first satellite?", "answer": "27 September 2003"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's first satellite called?", "answer": "Nigeriasat-1"}, {"question": "Where did Nigeria launch its first satellite?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "How many satellites has the Nigerian government commissioned?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's second satellite called?", "answer": "NigeriaSat-2"}, {"question": "Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?", "answer": "Surrey Space Technology Limited"}, {"question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?", "answer": "Abuja"}, {"question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's third satellite called?", "answer": "NigComSat-1"}, {"question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite built?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite launched?", "answer": "13 May 2007"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria's third satellite run out of power?", "answer": "11 November 2008"}, {"question": "where was Nigeria's third satellite launched?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?", "answer": "December 19, 2011"}, {"question": "Where was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?", "answer": "the insurance policy on NigComSat-1"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's fourth satellite called?", "answer": "NigComSat-1R"}, {"question": "What satellite did Nigeria's fourth satellite replace?", "answer": "NigComSat-1"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's population in 2009?", "answer": "154,729,000"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was rural?", "answer": "51.7%"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was urban?", "answer": "48.3%"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's population density in 2009?", "answer": "167.5 people per square kilometre"}, {"question": "When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth?", "answer": "June 2012"}, {"question": "What is the official language of Nigeria?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language?", "answer": "a small minority of the country's urban elite"}, {"question": "What is the most popular language in Nigeria?", "answer": "Hausa"}, {"question": "What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria?", "answer": "Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba"}, {"question": "What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?", "answer": "'Pidgin' or 'Broken'"}, {"question": "What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?", "answer": "Niger Delta Regions"}, {"question": "What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "What are the most popular religions in Nigeria?", "answer": "Islam and Christianity"}, {"question": "What religions does Nigeria have besides the top two?", "answer": "a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Muslim?", "answer": "over 40%"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Christian?", "answer": "58%"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Animist and other religions?", "answer": "1.4%"}, {"question": "What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?", "answer": "Maliki school of jurisprudence"}, {"question": "What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?", "answer": "Sharia"}, {"question": "What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?", "answer": "Kano"}, {"question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?", "answer": "about 50%"}, {"question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population followed local religions?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?", "answer": "48.8 percent"}, {"question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?", "answer": "49.3 percent"}, {"question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?", "answer": "74%"}, {"question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?", "answer": "Hausa"}, {"question": "Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?", "answer": "Igbos"}, {"question": "When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?", "answer": "Since the 1990s"}, {"question": "What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?", "answer": "the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion"}, {"question": "What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?", "answer": "the Nigerian Baptist Convention"}, {"question": "When did the Bamako Initiative begin?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system?", "answer": "user fees"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria has HIV as of 2012?", "answer": "3.1 percent"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's life expectancy?", "answer": "52.62 years"}, {"question": "How much of the Nigerian population has access to clean water?", "answer": "just over half"}, {"question": "What was Nigeria's infant mortality rate as of 2010?", "answer": "8.4 deaths per 1000 live births"}, {"question": "What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?", "answer": "Nigeria"}, {"question": "When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?", "answer": "December 2014"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?", "answer": "the University of Nigeria"}, {"question": "Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?", "answer": "bone marrow transplant"}, {"question": "What department runs Nigeria's schools?", "answer": "the Ministry of Education"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria improve its tertiary education?", "answer": "After the 1970s oil boom"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's population can read?", "answer": "68%"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's male population can read?", "answer": "75.7%"}, {"question": "How much of Nigeria's female population can read?", "answer": "60.6%"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's most popular organized-crime activity?", "answer": "drug trafficking"}, {"question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America?", "answer": "heroin"}, {"question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa?", "answer": "cocaine"}, {"question": "How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?", "answer": "273"}, {"question": "How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?", "answer": "84"}, {"question": "What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?", "answer": "Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code"}, {"question": "What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?", "answer": "the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission"}, {"question": "When was the Nigerian EFCC created?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What type of scam is the 419 scam?", "answer": "advance fee fraud"}, {"question": "What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?", "answer": "bank"}, {"question": "In 2011 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?", "answer": "143 out of 182 countries"}, {"question": "In 2014 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?", "answer": "136th position"}, {"question": "How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999?", "answer": "More than $400 billion"}, {"question": "The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government?", "answer": "US$20 billion"}, {"question": "In a corrected audit, the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government?", "answer": "US$1.48billion"}, {"question": "When did the Nigerian film industry begin?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "Which African country has the continent's largest movie industry?", "answer": "Nigerian"}, {"question": "Which cities are Nigeria's movie studios located in?", "answer": "Lagos, Kano and Enugu"}, {"question": "What is the nickname for Nigeria's movie industry?", "answer": "Nollywood"}, {"question": "Where does Nigeria's movie industry rank worldwide?", "answer": "2nd-largest"}, {"question": "Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?", "answer": "1980, 1994, and 2013"}, {"question": "When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?", "answer": "football"}, {"question": "What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "What is Nigeria's national football team called?", "answer": "Super Eagles"}, {"question": "Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice?", "answer": "African Footballer of the year"}, {"question": "Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league?", "answer": "European Champions League"}, {"question": "What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on?", "answer": "Inter Milan, Arsenal"}, {"question": "How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?", "answer": "rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment"}, {"question": "What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?", "answer": "harsh and life\u2011threatening"}, {"question": "How are children mistreated in Nigeria?", "answer": "child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation"}, {"question": "What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?", "answer": "sex, ethnicity, region and religion"}, {"question": "How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back", "answer": "inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)"}, {"question": " What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide ", "answer": "Claudius decided the empire should not expand north."}, {"question": "What was built along the Rhine ", "answer": "To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did the fortress hold ", "answer": "These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers"}, {"question": "Who settled near the fort ", "answer": "Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children"}, {"question": "Who raided German territories regularly ", "answer": "Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories."}, {"question": "When did the Romans leave Utrecht", "answer": "Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned"}, {"question": "What happens between 275 and 650", "answer": "Little is known about the next period 270\u2013650."}, {"question": "What was built in the 7th century ", "answer": "a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress"}, {"question": "How was the the church destroyed ", "answer": "In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed."}, {"question": "Who tried to convert Frisians", "answer": "English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians"}, {"question": "Who did the pope appoint Bishop", "answer": "The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians"}, {"question": "What did Charles Martel do ", "answer": "Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops"}, {"question": "What year did Utrecht gain in power ", "answer": "After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands"}, {"question": "What showed the importance of Utrecht", "answer": "Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522"}, {"question": "What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism", "answer": "the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops"}, {"question": "What was part of the territory of bishopric ", "answer": "not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast"}, {"question": "What conflict affected Utrecht", "answer": "The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht"}, {"question": "Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric ", "answer": "the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders"}, {"question": "What region was seized ", "answer": "The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders"}, {"question": "What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht", "answer": "The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress"}, {"question": "What began in 1254 ", "answer": "The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire"}, {"question": "Was the cathedral finished ", "answer": "the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished"}, {"question": "How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral", "answer": "Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht"}, {"question": "What else was housed in the city ", "answer": "the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"question": "What did Utrecht's location allow ", "answer": "allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands."}, {"question": "Who granted Utrecht city rights ", "answer": "Henry V in 1122"}, {"question": "What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht", "answer": "the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy"}, {"question": "What Industry did the bishop hurt ", "answer": "The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding"}, {"question": "What year did the bishop lose power ", "answer": "In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht \u2013 which included the city of Utrecht \u2013 to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"}, {"question": "What did Charles V combine ", "answer": "Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union"}, {"question": "What did the loss of power end ", "answer": "the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop"}, {"question": "What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to ", "answer": "In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces"}, {"question": "Why was the transition to a new union difficult ", "answer": "Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the castle ", "answer": "The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city"}, {"question": "How long did the castle last ", "answer": "The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt"}, {"question": "What was signed in 1579 ", "answer": "the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule"}, {"question": "What is this union seen as ", "answer": "The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic"}, {"question": "What became the dominant province ", "answer": "towards its dominant province Holland"}, {"question": "What was the state of Utrecht ", "answer": "Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups"}, {"question": "Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 ", "answer": "temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht"}, {"question": "In 1674 what hit Utrecht ", "answer": "the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado"}, {"question": "What collapsed during the tornado ", "answer": "The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral"}, {"question": "What did Utrecht host in 1713 ", "answer": "In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession"}, {"question": "Since 1723 what has Utrecht become ", "answer": "Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world"}, {"question": "What hapend in the early 19th century", "answer": "the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete"}, {"question": "In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht ", "answer": "a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened"}, {"question": "What was reinstated in 1853 ", "answer": "the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism"}, {"question": "what was built in the 1920's and 1930's ", "answer": "New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built"}, {"question": "What was railway area developed into ", "answer": "were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style"}, {"question": "What mall was constructed ", "answer": "the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne"}, {"question": "What happened in the early 21 st century ", "answer": "In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped"}, {"question": "What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face ", "answer": "About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare"}, {"question": "percentage of population that's dutch ", "answer": "About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry"}, {"question": "What boroughs are known for high crime ", "answer": "Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate"}, {"question": "What does the dense population make difficult ", "answer": "which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary."}, {"question": "Least populates areas of Utrecht ", "answer": "smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen"}, {"question": "More populated areas include ", "answer": "The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants"}, {"question": "what dominates the cityscape", "answer": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin"}, {"question": "What is being debated in Utrecht", "answer": "An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)"}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium ", "answer": "the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)"}, {"question": "What is a landmark in the city ", "answer": "the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city"}, {"question": "What does the inner city look like ", "answer": "The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact"}, {"question": "What surrounds the mid-evil inner city ", "answer": "Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out"}, {"question": "What part of the city remains open ", "answer": "The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open"}, {"question": "What is the main railway station ", "answer": "Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht"}, {"question": "Does the rail station provide 24 hour service", "answer": "Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service"}, {"question": "Are there rail services to Germany ", "answer": "International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal"}, {"question": "where to regular local trains provide service ", "answer": "local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations"}, {"question": "Where is the bus station located ", "answer": "The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances"}, {"question": "renovations are causing what changes ", "answer": "large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently"}, {"question": "what is qbuzz", "answer": "Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz \u2013 its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district"}, {"question": "What is one of Europes cleanest ", "answer": "The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport"}, {"question": "What does Utrecht provide for cyclist ", "answer": "Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle"}, {"question": "What is a barrow bikes use ", "answer": "There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children"}, {"question": "utrecht built the worlds largest what ?", "answer": "in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station"}, {"question": "Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system", "answer": "well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:"}, {"question": "What countries do the A12 and A2 connect", "answer": "A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany"}, {"question": "What does traffic elevate ", "answer": "increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants"}, {"question": "What does Utrecht's economy  depend on ", "answer": "The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city"}, {"question": "what is centered in Utrecht ", "answer": "It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen"}, {"question": "What bank is head quartered in Utrecht ", "answer": "Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht."}, {"question": "What is the name of the large shopping center ", "answer": "Hoog Catharijne"}, {"question": "how are the shopping center corridors treated ", "answer": "The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night"}, {"question": "What is being recreated ", "answer": "Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated"}, {"question": "what is located on the west side of the rail station", "answer": "The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station"}, {"question": "What is the largest University in the city ", "answer": "The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students"}, {"question": "what is shanghai jiaotong rated ", "answer": "According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world"}, {"question": "What smaller university is in Utrecht", "answer": "Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students."}, {"question": "Cultural life in Utrecht is second to ", "answer": "Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam"}, {"question": "What music festival does Utrecht host ", "answer": "Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival"}, {"question": "What is the name of the music hall ", "answer": "The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg"}, {"question": "Where are music students educated ", "answer": "Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts"}, {"question": "Where are young artist trained ", "answer": "Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts"}, {"question": "Is street art legal ", "answer": "Although street art is illegal in Utrecht"}, {"question": "What is considered landmark Architecture ", "answer": "1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites"}, {"question": "What does the city host on Sundays ", "answer": "To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays"}, {"question": "What happens on Cultural Sunday ", "answer": "thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee"}, {"question": "What does the city subsidise", "answer": "an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten"}, {"question": "What type of coupon does the city provide the poor ", "answer": "The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives."}, {"question": "What football team is Utrecht home to", "answer": "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht"}, {"question": "What Utrecht waterways host to ", "answer": "Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs"}, {"question": "What is kampong ", "answer": "Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)"}, {"question": "What sports does Kampong support ", "answer": "Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules."}, {"question": "The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?", "answer": "Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland"}, {"question": "Who invaded Poland after the Nazi\u2019s?", "answer": "Soviet"}, {"question": "Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?", "answer": "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania"}, {"question": "Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Salla is located in what country?", "answer": "Finland"}, {"question": "The regions of Bia\u0142ystok, Galicia and Przemy\u015bl were returned to what country after world war II?", "answer": "Polish state"}, {"question": "What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation"}, {"question": "After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?", "answer": "Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza"}, {"question": "Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?", "answer": "Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland."}, {"question": "What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?", "answer": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"}, {"question": "When did the russian civil war take place?", "answer": "1917\u201322"}, {"question": "Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?", "answer": "ethnic Jews"}, {"question": "What reduced Germany\u2019s need for Soviet goods?", "answer": "Treaty of Versailles"}, {"question": "Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?", "answer": "Nazi Party"}, {"question": "What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?", "answer": "UK and France"}, {"question": "Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia", "answer": "Chamberlain"}, {"question": "The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?", "answer": "put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany"}, {"question": "During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?", "answer": "British blockade"}, {"question": "Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? ", "answer": "military machinery"}, {"question": "Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? ", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?", "answer": "capitalist encirclements"}, {"question": "Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn\u2019t partake in another world war?", "answer": "Great Purge"}, {"question": "What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?", "answer": "mid-June"}, {"question": "Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?", "answer": "the Soviets"}, {"question": "Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?", "answer": "Maxim Litvinov"}, {"question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930\u2019s treaty with each other?", "answer": "Soviet and German"}, {"question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?", "answer": "Germany and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?", "answer": "once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave."}, {"question": "In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?", "answer": "Vistula river"}, {"question": "How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?", "answer": "Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia"}, {"question": "Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? ", "answer": "Ribbentrop"}, {"question": "How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?", "answer": "10-year"}, {"question": "Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?", "answer": "either went to war against a third power"}, {"question": "What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? ", "answer": "Lithuania"}, {"question": "What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?", "answer": "Lithuania"}, {"question": "What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?", "answer": "Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers"}, {"question": "Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?", "answer": "Hans von Herwarth"}, {"question": "Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?", "answer": "place for months"}, {"question": "Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?", "answer": "Molotov"}, {"question": "How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?", "answer": "a decade"}, {"question": "A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?", "answer": "Hitler"}, {"question": "What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?", "answer": "no useful purpose"}, {"question": "Who should accept the annexation of Poland?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?", "answer": "facing a two front war"}, {"question": "How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?", "answer": "signals broadcast by the Soviet radio"}, {"question": "What day did German invade Poland?", "answer": "1 September"}, {"question": "How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? ", "answer": "month"}, {"question": "Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?", "answer": "legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland"}, {"question": "Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?", "answer": "Brest-Litovsk"}, {"question": "Where were cooperative military parades held?", "answer": "Lvov and Brest-Litovsk"}, {"question": "After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What was the amended joint agreement called?", "answer": "German\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation"}, {"question": "How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?", "answer": "Eleven days"}, {"question": "The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?", "answer": "Finnish Democratic Republic"}, {"question": "How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?", "answer": "over three months"}, {"question": "Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?", "answer": "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "How many Finnish people lost their homes?", "answer": "422,000"}, {"question": "Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? ", "answer": "Soviet NKVD"}, {"question": "What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?", "answer": "Scheschupe area"}, {"question": "Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?", "answer": "Latvia"}, {"question": "How did these countries become part of the USSR?", "answer": "Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates"}, {"question": "How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What month did France sue for peace?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?", "answer": "Two days"}, {"question": "Who were the \u201cintelligentia?\u201d ", "answer": "Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists"}, {"question": "How long did liquidation occur?", "answer": "fall of 1939 till spring of 1940"}, {"question": " How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?", "answer": "16,000 members"}, {"question": "How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? ", "answer": "380,000"}, {"question": "How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?", "answer": "43,000"}, {"question": "Which group of people were considered inferior?", "answer": "Poles and other Slavs"}, {"question": "How many Polish people were used in labor camps?", "answer": "Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens"}, {"question": "How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?", "answer": "1.1 million people"}, {"question": "How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?", "answer": "7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)"}, {"question": "How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?", "answer": "two and a half months"}, {"question": "How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?", "answer": "two and a half months"}, {"question": "How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?", "answer": "until August 1, 1942"}, {"question": "Who was part of Hollywood Ten?", "answer": "Herbert Biberman"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the American communist party?", "answer": "Earl Browder"}, {"question": "Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?", "answer": "Western Communists"}, {"question": "The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? ", "answer": "the war was unjust and imperialist"}, {"question": "The western communists claimed the war was what?", "answer": "the war was unjust and imperialist"}, {"question": "French communists voted for what?", "answer": "war credits"}, {"question": "Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?", "answer": "fled to Russia"}, {"question": "Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?", "answer": "English\u2013French war bloc"}, {"question": "Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union", "answer": "German government"}, {"question": "The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?", "answer": "the most reactionary force in the world"}, {"question": "Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?", "answer": "Britain and France"}, {"question": "Why was the west creating a war?", "answer": "to maintain the Versailles system."}, {"question": "Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?", "answer": "Molotov"}, {"question": "What was the title of Molotov\u2019s report called?", "answer": "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?", "answer": "extermination of Hitlerism"}, {"question": "Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?", "answer": "defending democracy"}, {"question": "How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?", "answer": "was over four times larger"}, {"question": "What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?", "answer": "occupied Polish territories"}, {"question": "Where were the soybeans coming from?", "answer": "Manchuria"}, {"question": " What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?", "answer": "the battleship Bismarck"}, {"question": "How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?", "answer": "thirty"}, {"question": "What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?", "answer": "a submarine base"}, {"question": "Where was the sub base located?", "answer": "northern Soviet Union near Murmansk"}, {"question": "Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?", "answer": "both the Atlantic and the Pacific"}, {"question": "Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?", "answer": "Ribbentrop"}, {"question": "Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?", "answer": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant"}, {"question": "What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?", "answer": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin"}, {"question": "Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?", "answer": "Hungarian and Romanian borders"}, {"question": "Who started refining Romanian oil?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?", "answer": "Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy"}, {"question": "Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?", "answer": "Ribbentrop"}, {"question": "Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?", "answer": "Britain and the USA"}, {"question": "Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Hitler"}, {"question": "Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Why did Stalin sign the pact? ", "answer": "reinforce a public affection for Germany"}, {"question": "Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?", "answer": "Soviet positions in eastern Poland"}, {"question": "How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?", "answer": "4.3 million casualties"}, {"question": "How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?", "answer": "three million Soviet prisoners"}, {"question": "How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?", "answer": "matter of weeks"}, {"question": "How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?", "answer": "9,800 pages"}, {"question": "Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?", "answer": "Thuringia"}, {"question": "What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?", "answer": "Exploitation German Archives"}, {"question": "Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?", "answer": "personal insurance for his future well-being"}, {"question": "Where was Karl von L\u00f6esch transferred to after he turned over the documents?", "answer": "the American zone"}, {"question": "Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?", "answer": "the Manchester Guardian"}, {"question": "Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?", "answer": "President Truman"}, {"question": "What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?", "answer": "flat-footed"}, {"question": "Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?", "answer": "Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie"}, {"question": "What year was Joseph Stalin\u2019s version of the pact published?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication", "answer": "Falsifiers of History"}, {"question": "How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?", "answer": "until the Soviet Union's dissolution"}, {"question": "Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?", "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev"}, {"question": "Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?", "answer": "Both successor-states of the pact parties"}, {"question": "Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?", "answer": "Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?", "answer": "Molotov"}, {"question": "Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?", "answer": "Derek Watson"}, {"question": "Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?", "answer": "Geoffrey Roberts"}, {"question": "Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?", "answer": "the Western Powers would already be involved"}, {"question": "Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?", "answer": "Historian Werner Maser"}, {"question": "The pact according to Edward Carr\u2019s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?", "answer": "a line of defense against"}, {"question": "Who was skeptical of Stalin\u2019s policies?", "answer": "Viktor Suvorov"}, {"question": "What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?", "answer": "a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\""}, {"question": "Who doesn\u2019t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?", "answer": "David Glantz"}, {"question": "What was a capacitor originally known as?", "answer": "a condenser"}, {"question": "How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?", "answer": "two electrical conductors"}, {"question": "What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?", "answer": "a dielectric"}, {"question": "In what form does a capacitor store energy?", "answer": "the form of an electrostatic field"}, {"question": "Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?", "answer": "between its plates"}, {"question": "When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?", "answer": "When there is a potential difference across the conductors"}, {"question": "Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?", "answer": "if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads"}, {"question": "What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? ", "answer": "when a capacitor is attached across a battery"}, {"question": "What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?", "answer": "no current can flow through the capacitor"}, {"question": "How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?", "answer": "positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge \u2212Q to collect on the other"}, {"question": "Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?", "answer": "Ewald Georg von Kleist"}, {"question": "When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?", "answer": "In October 1745"}, {"question": "In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? ", "answer": "a hand-held glass jar"}, {"question": "Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?", "answer": "the water acted as conductors"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?", "answer": "Pieter van Musschenbroek"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?", "answer": "Daniel Gralath"}, {"question": "Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?", "answer": "stored on the glass"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"battery\"?", "answer": "Benjamin Franklin"}, {"question": "How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? ", "answer": "1.11 nanofarads"}, {"question": "Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?", "answer": "to prevent arcing between the foils"}, {"question": "Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? ", "answer": "glass"}, {"question": "For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?", "answer": "as the dielectric"}, {"question": "What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?", "answer": "strip of impregnated paper"}, {"question": "When were paper capacitors first manufactured?", "answer": "in 1876"}, {"question": "What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?", "answer": "as decoupling capacitors"}, {"question": "Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?", "answer": "Charles Pollak"}, {"question": "In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?", "answer": "a neutral or alkaline electrolyte"}, {"question": "In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?", "answer": "In 1896"}, {"question": "What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?", "answer": "Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors"}, {"question": "Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?", "answer": "to complement their newly invented transistor"}, {"question": "What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?", "answer": "Supercapacitors"}, {"question": "When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?", "answer": "In 1957"}, {"question": "Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?", "answer": "H. Becker"}, {"question": "In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?", "answer": "in the carbon pores"}, {"question": "In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?", "answer": "the pores of the etched foils"}, {"question": "What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?", "answer": "a non-conductive region"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?", "answer": "the dielectric"}, {"question": "What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?", "answer": "no net electric charge"}, {"question": "What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?", "answer": "equal and opposite charges"}, {"question": "What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?", "answer": "the dielectric"}, {"question": "What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?", "answer": "the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it"}, {"question": "For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?", "answer": "one electron accumulates on the negative plate"}, {"question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?", "answer": "the integral of the current"}, {"question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?", "answer": "proportional to the voltage"}, {"question": "When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?", "answer": "the initial voltage V(t0)"}, {"question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?", "answer": "permittivity \u03b5"}, {"question": "What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?", "answer": "\u00b1\u03c1 = \u00b1Q/A"}, {"question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?", "answer": "much greater than their separation d"}, {"question": "Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?", "answer": "E = \u03c1/\u03b5"}, {"question": "What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?", "answer": "The voltage"}, {"question": "What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?", "answer": "The maximum energy"}, {"question": "If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? ", "answer": "no change of the maximum amount of energy"}, {"question": "In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?", "answer": "fringing fields outside the dielectric"}, {"question": "When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?", "answer": "will increase the effective capacitance"}, {"question": "When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?", "answer": "negligibly small"}, {"question": "What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?", "answer": "can be assumed to be linear"}, {"question": "What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?", "answer": "virtual components"}, {"question": "Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?", "answer": "The usual methods of network analysis"}, {"question": "What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?", "answer": "normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used"}, {"question": "What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?", "answer": "temperature dependence"}, {"question": "What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?", "answer": "of the order 2 to 5 MV/m"}, {"question": "Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?", "answer": "100 to 300 MV/m"}, {"question": "In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?", "answer": "The dielectric is used in very thin layers"}, {"question": "What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?", "answer": "the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts"}, {"question": "What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?", "answer": "the dielectric must be thicker"}, {"question": "What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?", "answer": "Ripple current"}, {"question": "What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?", "answer": "changing field strength"}, {"question": "What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?", "answer": "current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?", "answer": "equivalent series resistance (ESR)"}, {"question": "What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?", "answer": "aluminum electrolytic capacitors"}, {"question": "What value of some capacitors decreases with age?", "answer": "The capacitance"}, {"question": "What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?", "answer": "degradation of the dielectric"}, {"question": "What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors?", "answer": "The type of dielectric"}, {"question": "What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?", "answer": "ambient operating and storage temperatures"}, {"question": "At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond?", "answer": "the Curie point"}, {"question": "What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?", "answer": "microphonic effect"}, {"question": "What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? ", "answer": "the capacitance"}, {"question": "What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?", "answer": "AC current"}, {"question": "In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?", "answer": "audio applications"}, {"question": "What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?", "answer": "the reverse microphonic effect"}, {"question": "What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?", "answer": "DC circuits"}, {"question": "What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?", "answer": "pulsed circuits"}, {"question": "Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?", "answer": "under-damped"}, {"question": "What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?", "answer": "a harmonic oscillator"}, {"question": "When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?", "answer": "a voltage reversal"}, {"question": "What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?", "answer": "100% voltage reversal"}, {"question": "What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?", "answer": "excess electric fields"}, {"question": "What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?", "answer": "less than 100%"}, {"question": "What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?", "answer": "heating of both the dielectric and the conductors"}, {"question": "When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?", "answer": "Reversal ratings"}, {"question": "After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?", "answer": "hysteresis in the dielectric"}, {"question": "What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?", "answer": "time-dependent"}, {"question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? ", "answer": "very high absorption"}, {"question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?", "answer": "very small levels of absorption"}, {"question": "What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? ", "answer": "over 10 joules of energy"}, {"question": "With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?", "answer": "Leakage"}, {"question": "What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?", "answer": "Constant exposure to heat"}, {"question": "What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?", "answer": "interstage coupling capacitors"}, {"question": "What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?", "answer": "A leaky capacitor"}, {"question": "If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?", "answer": "cause the plates to glow red"}, {"question": "What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?", "answer": "a dielectric spacer"}, {"question": "What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?", "answer": "a vacuum"}, {"question": "What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?", "answer": "Variable capacitors"}, {"question": "How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? ", "answer": "use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates"}, {"question": "What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?", "answer": "no significant air space"}, {"question": "What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors?", "answer": "relatively high voltage performance"}, {"question": "What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?", "answer": "plastic film capacitors"}, {"question": "What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?", "answer": "timer circuits"}, {"question": "What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?", "answer": "Glass"}, {"question": "What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?", "answer": "mica capacitors"}, {"question": "What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?", "answer": "aluminum"}, {"question": "What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?", "answer": "an oxide dielectric layer"}, {"question": "What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?", "answer": "drops at low temperatures"}, {"question": "How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?", "answer": "by gradually applying the operating voltage"}, {"question": "Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?", "answer": "these produce full output voltage even with reduced input"}, {"question": "What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?", "answer": "Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy"}, {"question": "What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed?", "answer": "carbon nanotubes"}, {"question": "As of 2010, what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?", "answer": "up to 5 kF"}, {"question": "What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits?", "answer": "Alternating current capacitors"}, {"question": "How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?", "answer": "at least five times the maximum AC voltage"}, {"question": "Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?", "answer": "driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly"}, {"question": "What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?", "answer": "the internal microscopic dipoles"}, {"question": "What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?", "answer": "dielectric dispersion"}, {"question": "What regulates dielectric dispersion?", "answer": "dielectric relaxation processes"}, {"question": "What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?", "answer": "Debye relaxation"}, {"question": "How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?", "answer": "Z(\u03c9)"}, {"question": "How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?", "answer": "C0"}, {"question": "Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?", "answer": "even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior"}, {"question": "Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?", "answer": "in terrestrial vacuum"}, {"question": "How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?", "answer": "Ccmplx(\u03c9)"}, {"question": "What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?", "answer": "microfarads and less"}, {"question": "How are larger value capacitors often constructed?", "answer": "multiple stacks of plates and disks"}, {"question": "What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?", "answer": "impregnated paper or plastic \u2013 these are rolled up to save space"}, {"question": "Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?", "answer": "To reduce the series resistance and inductance"}, {"question": "How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?", "answer": "metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film"}, {"question": "What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?", "answer": "axially"}, {"question": "What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?", "answer": "radially"}, {"question": "Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?", "answer": "Radial"}, {"question": "How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?", "answer": "on a common axis"}, {"question": "How could radial leads be more correctly described?", "answer": "as tandem"}, {"question": "Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?", "answer": "the 1930s"}, {"question": "Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?", "answer": "the 1980s"}, {"question": "What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?", "answer": "connecting leads"}, {"question": "What is one benefit of using surface mount components?", "answer": "simplify automated assembly"}, {"question": "What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?", "answer": "manual handling is made difficult due to their small size"}, {"question": "What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?", "answer": "the plate spacing"}, {"question": "How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?", "answer": "with a screw"}, {"question": "Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?", "answer": "reverse-biased semiconductor diodes"}, {"question": "What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?", "answer": "depletion region"}, {"question": "What is an application of varactors?", "answer": "phase-locked loops"}, {"question": "How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?", "answer": "display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 \u03bcF)"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?", "answer": "three numeric digits and a letter"}, {"question": "What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?", "answer": "the digits indicate the capacitance"}, {"question": "What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?", "answer": "the letter indicates the tolerance"}, {"question": "In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?", "answer": "in pF"}, {"question": "Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?", "answer": "to provide a \"clean\" power supply for signal or control circuits"}, {"question": "How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?", "answer": "as a local reserve for the DC power source"}, {"question": "What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?", "answer": "the inductance"}, {"question": "What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?", "answer": "resistance"}, {"question": "What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver \"clean\" power for control circuits?", "answer": "conceal current fluctuations"}, {"question": "In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?", "answer": "In electric power distribution"}, {"question": "How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?", "answer": "as three capacitors connected as a three phase load"}, {"question": "In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?", "answer": "reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)"}, {"question": "What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?", "answer": "to counteract inductive loading"}, {"question": "How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?", "answer": "at a load center within a building"}, {"question": "What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?", "answer": "the current through the inductance collapses quickly"}, {"question": "What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?", "answer": "a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch"}, {"question": "What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?", "answer": "A snubber capacitor"}, {"question": "What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?", "answer": "contact breaker ignition systems"}, {"question": "What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?", "answer": "a filter capacitor"}, {"question": "What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?", "answer": "a rotational motion on the rotor"}, {"question": "What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?", "answer": "series non-polarized starting capacitor"}, {"question": "What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?", "answer": "introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current"}, {"question": "What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?", "answer": "disconnects the capacitor"}, {"question": "Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?", "answer": "to the side of the motor housing"}, {"question": "How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?", "answer": "over 15 joules of energy"}, {"question": "To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?", "answer": "over 300 volts"}, {"question": "What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?", "answer": "a Brinkley stick"}, {"question": "How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?", "answer": "with the terminals shorted"}, {"question": "What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?", "answer": "from static charges"}, {"question": "What could cause the failure of a capacitor?", "answer": "when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating"}, {"question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?", "answer": "overheat"}, {"question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?", "answer": "violently explode"}, {"question": "What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?", "answer": "High voltage vacuum capacitors"}, {"question": "What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?", "answer": "preventive maintenance"}, {"question": "What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?", "answer": "The history of science"}, {"question": "What is the history of arts and humanities called?", "answer": "the history of scholarship"}, {"question": "What kind of phenomena does science study?", "answer": "real world"}, {"question": "Intellectual history and social history are used in what?", "answer": "Historiography of science"}, {"question": "Who coined the word \"scientist\"?", "answer": "William Whewell"}, {"question": "When was the word \"scientist\" created?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What are people who study nature called?", "answer": "natural philosophers"}, {"question": "Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?", "answer": "the scientific revolution"}, {"question": "What replaced false beliefs?", "answer": "true theories"}, {"question": "Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?", "answer": "Thomas Kuhn"}, {"question": "What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?", "answer": "competing paradigms"}, {"question": "The advancement of agriculture made what possible?", "answer": "a surplus of food"}, {"question": "Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?", "answer": "food production"}, {"question": "Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?", "answer": "work towards bare survival"}, {"question": "What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?", "answer": "The development of writing"}, {"question": "Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?", "answer": "community"}, {"question": "Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?", "answer": "Ancient Egypt"}, {"question": "What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?", "answer": "geometry"}, {"question": "What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?", "answer": "The 3-4-5 right triangle"}, {"question": "What research was Egypt known for?", "answer": "alchemy"}, {"question": "What is the name of the earliest medical document?", "answer": "The Edwin Smith papyrus"}, {"question": "Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?", "answer": "Sumer"}, {"question": "How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?", "answer": "3500 BC"}, {"question": "What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?", "answer": "numerical data"}, {"question": "What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?", "answer": "18th century BC"}, {"question": "Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?", "answer": "Plimpton 322"}, {"question": "Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?", "answer": "scribes"}, {"question": "Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?", "answer": "in Western calendars"}, {"question": "Who was Kidinnu?", "answer": "a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician"}, {"question": "Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?", "answer": "A. Aaboe"}, {"question": "Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?", "answer": "today's calendars"}, {"question": "Which era was marked by investigating the universe?", "answer": "Classical Antiquity"}, {"question": "What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?", "answer": "natural philosophy"}, {"question": "What is an example of skilled professionals?", "answer": "physicians"}, {"question": "What is an example of religious devotee?", "answer": "temple healers"}, {"question": "What would the first scientists have been considered?", "answer": "natural philosophers"}, {"question": "What are early Greek philosophers known as?", "answer": "pre-Socratics"}, {"question": "What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?", "answer": "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?"}, {"question": "Who was named \"the father of science\"?", "answer": "Thales"}, {"question": "Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?", "answer": "Poseidon"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?", "answer": "Samos"}, {"question": "Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?", "answer": "natural philosophy"}, {"question": "What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?", "answer": "deductive reasoning"}, {"question": "What year was the Platonic Academy founded?", "answer": "387 BC"}, {"question": "Aristotle introduced what theory?", "answer": "empiricism"}, {"question": "How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?", "answer": "540"}, {"question": "Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?", "answer": "factual knowledge"}, {"question": "What era utilized Greek theories?", "answer": "the Hellenistic age"}, {"question": "What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?", "answer": "the Socratic method"}, {"question": "Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?", "answer": "the Ancient Greeks"}, {"question": "Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?", "answer": "deliberate empirical research"}, {"question": "Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?", "answer": "Aristarchus of Samos"}, {"question": "Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?", "answer": "Eratosthenes"}, {"question": "Who made the first catalog of stars?", "answer": "Hipparchus"}, {"question": "What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?", "answer": "the Antikythera mechanism"}, {"question": "When was the Antikythera mechanism used?", "answer": "150-100 BC"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Elements?", "answer": "Euclid"}, {"question": "What was contained within the book Elements?", "answer": "the foundations of mathematical rigor"}, {"question": "Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?", "answer": "Archimedes"}, {"question": "What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?", "answer": "exhaustion"}, {"question": "Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?", "answer": "Pi"}, {"question": "What classification guide did Theophrastus create?", "answer": "the first taxonomy"}, {"question": "In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?", "answer": "77 AD"}, {"question": "What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?", "answer": "the octahedral shape"}, {"question": "Who do engravers use diamond dust for?", "answer": "to cut and polish other gems"}, {"question": "What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?", "answer": "was a fossilized resin"}, {"question": "The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?", "answer": "mathematical knowledge"}, {"question": "What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?", "answer": "4:2:1"}, {"question": "What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?", "answer": "stability"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ruler that they created?", "answer": "the Mohenjo-daro ruler"}, {"question": "How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?", "answer": "1.32 inches"}, {"question": "When did Aryabhata live?", "answer": "476-550"}, {"question": "What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?", "answer": "sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine"}, {"question": "What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?", "answer": "gravity was a force of attraction"}, {"question": "What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?", "answer": "a placeholder and a decimal digit"}, {"question": "What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?", "answer": "the Vedas"}, {"question": "Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?", "answer": "Bh\u0101skara"}, {"question": "In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?", "answer": "the nature of the sphere"}, {"question": "Where are the Neolithic graveyards?", "answer": "Pakistan"}, {"question": "What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?", "answer": "proto-dentistry"}, {"question": "What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?", "answer": "Ayurveda"}, {"question": "What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?", "answer": "Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta"}, {"question": "What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?", "answer": "surgical procedures"}, {"question": "What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?", "answer": "a positional decimal system on counting boards"}, {"question": "One rod in the second box from the right is what number?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?", "answer": "1st century BC"}, {"question": "What text includes Horner's method?", "answer": "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"}, {"question": "What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?", "answer": "Cubic equations"}, {"question": "What observations in astronomy did China record?", "answer": "sunspots"}, {"question": "What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?", "answer": "eclipses"}, {"question": "Who made predictions in 1601?", "answer": "Jesuit Matteo Ricci"}, {"question": "What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?", "answer": "635"}, {"question": "How many records of sunspots are there?", "answer": "112"}, {"question": "What was invented in 132 CE?", "answer": "a seismometer"}, {"question": "What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?", "answer": "an earthquake"}, {"question": "What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?", "answer": "Houfeng didong yi"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?", "answer": "enormous compression of trapped air"}, {"question": "What was Luoyang renamed to?", "answer": "Gansu"}, {"question": "Who discovered the idea of true north?", "answer": "Shen Kuo"}, {"question": "When was Shen Kuo alive?", "answer": "1031\u20131095"}, {"question": "What are drydocks used for?", "answer": "to repair boats"}, {"question": "What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?", "answer": "geomorphology"}, {"question": "What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?", "answer": "petrified bamboo"}, {"question": "Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?", "answer": "Joseph Needham"}, {"question": "What type of bridge originated in China?", "answer": "suspension"}, {"question": "What type of map originated in China?", "answer": "raised-relief"}, {"question": "What type of fan originated in China?", "answer": "rotary"}, {"question": "What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?", "answer": "water-powered celestial"}, {"question": "What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?", "answer": "the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past"}, {"question": "Where was support found for Greek philosophy?", "answer": "Arab Empire"}, {"question": "What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?", "answer": "the 7th and 8th centuries"}, {"question": "How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?", "answer": "until the 13th century"}, {"question": "What language did Muslim philosophers speak?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?", "answer": "experiment"}, {"question": "What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?", "answer": "Book of Optics"}, {"question": "What law did the Persians know of?", "answer": "The law of refraction of light"}, {"question": "What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?", "answer": "the father of optics"}, {"question": "What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?", "answer": "the intromission theory of light"}, {"question": "What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?", "answer": "mathematician"}, {"question": "Where does the word \"algebra\" come from?", "answer": "al-jabr"}, {"question": "Where did Arabic numerals originate?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?", "answer": "decimal point notation"}, {"question": "What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?", "answer": "chemistry and medicine"}, {"question": "Whose work did Al-Battani improve?", "answer": "Hipparchus"}, {"question": "What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?", "answer": "The great treatise"}, {"question": "Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?", "answer": "the Earth's axis"}, {"question": "The geocentric model is similar to what other model?", "answer": "Copernican heliocentric model"}, {"question": "Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?", "answer": "Ibn Sina"}, {"question": "What method did Ibn Sina introduce?", "answer": "clinical trials"}, {"question": "What does Kitab al-shifa mean?", "answer": "Book of Healing"}, {"question": "The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?", "answer": "standard medicinal texts"}, {"question": "What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?", "answer": "contagious"}, {"question": "When were medieval universities created?", "answer": "the 12th century"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?", "answer": "Raymond of Toledo"}, {"question": "At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?", "answer": "Michael Scotus"}, {"question": "What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Who favored empirical methods?", "answer": "Bacon"}, {"question": "Who favored mathematics?", "answer": "Grosseteste"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?", "answer": "Pierre Duhem"}, {"question": "What era was important for scientific advancements?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Who pioneered parsimony?", "answer": "William of Ockham"}, {"question": "What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?", "answer": "impetus"}, {"question": "What theory did impetus pave the way for?", "answer": "inertia"}, {"question": "What did the Oxford Calculators measure?", "answer": "the kinematics of motion"}, {"question": "What year did the Black Death occur?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?", "answer": "the Fall of Constantinople in 1453"}, {"question": "The invention of printing improved which society?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "Printed word enabled what?", "answer": "a faster propagation of new ideas"}, {"question": "What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?", "answer": "Algebra"}, {"question": "The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?", "answer": "Scholasticism"}, {"question": "What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?", "answer": "the Black Death"}, {"question": "Which era came after Scholasticism?", "answer": "Italian Renaissance"}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?", "answer": "chemistry and the biological sciences"}, {"question": "Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?", "answer": "Vesalius"}, {"question": "What was the Scientific Revolution?", "answer": "a period of major scientific advancements"}, {"question": "What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?", "answer": "1543"}, {"question": "What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?", "answer": "De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)"}, {"question": "What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?", "answer": "the Earth moved around the Sun"}, {"question": "What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?", "answer": "Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "The Age of Reason made way for which movement?", "answer": "Age of Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?", "answer": "the French Revolution of 1789"}, {"question": "What book did Denis Diderot write?", "answer": "Encyclop\u00e9die"}, {"question": "Which movement took place during the 19th century?", "answer": "The Romantic Movement"}, {"question": "What theory did Darwin introduce?", "answer": "theory of evolution"}, {"question": "Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?", "answer": "electromagnetism"}, {"question": "What caused Romanticism to end?", "answer": "Positivism"}, {"question": "What year did Positivism end?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?", "answer": "The scientific revolution"}, {"question": "Who made the heliocentric model popular?", "answer": "Nicolaus Copernicus"}, {"question": "Johannes Kepler created a model of what?", "answer": "planetary motion"}, {"question": "What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?", "answer": "the planets follow elliptical orbits"}, {"question": "What was Galileo's nickname?", "answer": "Father of Modern Physics"}, {"question": "What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?", "answer": "the Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?", "answer": "the fundamental force of gravity"}, {"question": "What are Maxwell's equations about?", "answer": "electromagnetism"}, {"question": "What science subject explains anomalous results?", "answer": "quantum theories"}, {"question": "What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?", "answer": "quantum mechanics"}, {"question": "Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?", "answer": "Edwin Hubble"}, {"question": "Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?", "answer": "the Big Bang theory"}, {"question": "Who discovered nuclear fission?", "answer": "Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann"}, {"question": "Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?", "answer": "Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler"}, {"question": "What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?", "answer": "Big Science"}, {"question": "What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?", "answer": "inconsistent with each other"}, {"question": "When did modern chemistry come into existence?", "answer": "the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries"}, {"question": "Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?", "answer": "Robert Boyle"}, {"question": "What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?", "answer": "The Sceptical Chymist"}, {"question": "What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?", "answer": "Father of Modern Chemistry"}, {"question": "Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?", "answer": "phlogiston theory"}, {"question": "What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?", "answer": "The synthesis of urea"}, {"question": "What scientific field did Wohler discover?", "answer": "organic chemistry"}, {"question": "Late 19th century is marked by what event?", "answer": "the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals"}, {"question": "Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?", "answer": "physiological chemistry"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?", "answer": "Linus Pauling"}, {"question": "What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?", "answer": "Peri lith\u014dn"}, {"question": "When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?", "answer": "the Scientific Revolution"}, {"question": "When did Shen Kua live?", "answer": "1031\u20131095"}, {"question": "What science did Shen Kua observe?", "answer": "land formation"}, {"question": "What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?", "answer": "individual theorists made important contributions"}, {"question": "What did Robert Hooke study?", "answer": "earthquakes"}, {"question": "What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?", "answer": "the theory of superposition"}, {"question": "What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?", "answer": "Sacred Theory of the Earth"}, {"question": "What text did Burnet base his work off of?", "answer": "the Bible"}, {"question": "How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?", "answer": "6,000 years"}, {"question": "Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?", "answer": "the first geological maps"}, {"question": "In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?", "answer": "comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals"}, {"question": "What are used to create geological maps?", "answer": "index fossils"}, {"question": "What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?", "answer": "layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained"}, {"question": "What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?", "answer": "shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed"}, {"question": "The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?", "answer": "Louis Agassiz"}, {"question": "What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?", "answer": "fluvialists"}, {"question": "What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?", "answer": "were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them"}, {"question": "What happened after radioactivity was realized?", "answer": "radiometric dating methods were developed"}, {"question": "What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?", "answer": "physician"}, {"question": "How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?", "answer": "requiring physicians to wash their hands"}, {"question": "What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?", "answer": "the germ theory of disease"}, {"question": "What did Joseph Lister prove?", "answer": "antisepsis"}, {"question": "Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?", "answer": "Louis Pasteur"}, {"question": "Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?", "answer": "On the Origin of Species"}, {"question": "What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?", "answer": "both opposition and support from different parts of society"}, {"question": "Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?", "answer": "Moravian monk Gregor Mendel"}, {"question": "What was the major break through for the study of genetics?", "answer": "the basic structure of DNA"}, {"question": "The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?", "answer": "Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography"}, {"question": "What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?", "answer": "the cycle of life concept"}, {"question": "Who came up with the word \"ecology\"?", "answer": "Ernst Haeckel"}, {"question": "When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?", "answer": "in the 1960s"}, {"question": "What movement occurred during the 1970s?", "answer": "Deep Ecology"}, {"question": "What larger group does political science belong to?", "answer": "social sciences"}, {"question": "Where did the ideas of political science begin?", "answer": "prehistory"}, {"question": "In history, where could you find someone studying politics?", "answer": "in almost every geographic area"}, {"question": "Where did studying politics originate?", "answer": "Ancient Greece"}, {"question": "What did Plato study?", "answer": "political systems"}, {"question": "What method did Plato use to understand political systems?", "answer": "philosophy"}, {"question": "What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?", "answer": "historical empirical evidence"}, {"question": "Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?", "answer": "Ch\u0101\u1e47akya"}, {"question": "What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?", "answer": "brutal measures"}, {"question": "When was Chanakya alive?", "answer": "350\u2013-283 BCE"}, {"question": "What allowed political studies to spread?", "answer": "the fall of the Western Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?", "answer": "monotheism"}, {"question": "Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "churches and courts"}, {"question": "Who wrote The City of God?", "answer": "Augustine of Hippo"}, {"question": "What did The City of God change?", "answer": "the borders between what was religious and what was political"}, {"question": "What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?", "answer": "Historical linguistics"}, {"question": "Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?", "answer": "Sir William Jones"}, {"question": "What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?", "answer": "catalog all languages of the world"}, {"question": "What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?", "answer": "the development of generative linguistics"}, {"question": "What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?", "answer": "a mathematical model of language"}, {"question": "Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?", "answer": "Adam Smith"}, {"question": "What did Adam Smith's work cover?", "answer": "The basis for classical economics"}, {"question": "What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?", "answer": "mercantilism"}, {"question": "What idea did Adam Smith propose?", "answer": "an \"invisible hand\""}, {"question": "Who is Marxian economics named after?", "answer": "Karl Marx"}, {"question": "What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?", "answer": "microeconomics and macroeconomics"}, {"question": "What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?", "answer": "monetarism"}, {"question": "How did monaterism aim to control the economy?", "answer": "using the supply and demand of money"}, {"question": "In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?", "answer": "supply-side economics"}, {"question": "How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?", "answer": "reducing taxes"}, {"question": "When was Wealth of Nations written?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?", "answer": "frequently"}, {"question": "What happens in a market when there is competition?", "answer": "lower prices"}, {"question": "What is the most important part of \"Wealth\"?", "answer": "the division of labour"}, {"question": "What was the beginning of psychology classified as?", "answer": "a scientific enterprise"}, {"question": "What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?", "answer": "Wilhelm Wundt"}, {"question": "What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?", "answer": "memory studies"}, {"question": "What was Ivan Pavlov known for?", "answer": "classical conditioning"}, {"question": "What is the group that human psychology belongs to?", "answer": "cognitive science"}, {"question": "What is investigated in cognitive science?", "answer": "the mind"}, {"question": "What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?", "answer": "PET scans and CAT scans"}, {"question": "What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?", "answer": "scientific systematic sociologist"}, {"question": "When did modern sociology surface?", "answer": "early 19th century"}, {"question": "What is the main goal of sociology?", "answer": "understanding the cohesion of social groups"}, {"question": "How did Max Weber view rationalization?", "answer": "he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\""}, {"question": "Who was the major proponent of American sociology?", "answer": "Talcott Parsons"}, {"question": "What did Parsons believe made a functional society?", "answer": "structural integration"}, {"question": "What was the problem with the views of Parsons?", "answer": "inequalities present in the status quo"}, {"question": "What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?", "answer": "conflict theory"}, {"question": "What is the main belief of conflict theory?", "answer": "different groups compete for control over resources"}, {"question": "What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?", "answer": "Computer science"}, {"question": "How has computer science helped science as a whole?", "answer": "by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data"}, {"question": "What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?", "answer": "emphasising mathematical 'theory'"}, {"question": "What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?", "answer": "History of the Inductive Sciences"}, {"question": "Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?", "answer": "George Sarton's"}, {"question": "What was the history of science during the 20th century?", "answer": "the history of great men and great ideas"}, {"question": "How could Sarton's ideas be described?", "answer": "Whiggish"}, {"question": "Who studied the history of science?", "answer": "interested scientists and physicians"}, {"question": "What is the large question that the history of science answers?", "answer": "what science is"}, {"question": "What did sociology in science explain?", "answer": "the ways in which scientists work"}, {"question": "What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?", "answer": "to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge"}, {"question": "What did Humboldtian science aim to do?", "answer": "combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals"}, {"question": "Who was the model for Humboldtian science?", "answer": "Alexander von Humboldt"}, {"question": "What idea did positivism provide?", "answer": "the only valid knowledge is scientific"}, {"question": "Where did the social aspect of science originate?", "answer": "Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962"}, {"question": "What idea did social science add to science as a whole?", "answer": "positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science"}, {"question": "How did Kuhn view the history of science?", "answer": "competing paradigms or conceptual systems"}, {"question": "What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?", "answer": "a social construct"}, {"question": "What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?", "answer": "The Science wars"}, {"question": "What was positivism called after it was revived?", "answer": "scientism"}, {"question": "What did scientism aim to do?", "answer": "settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies"}, {"question": "What does Digimon stand for?", "answer": "Digital Monsters"}, {"question": "What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?", "answer": "virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game"}, {"question": "What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?", "answer": "a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks"}, {"question": "What are the people who raise Digimon called?", "answer": "\"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\""}, {"question": "What are the Digimon villians main goals?", "answer": "trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world"}, {"question": "When did Digimon first appear?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Name the original Digimon anime.", "answer": "Digimon Adventure"}, {"question": "Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.", "answer": "Digimon World"}, {"question": "Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.", "answer": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"}, {"question": "When was the Digimon series created?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What influenced the look of the Digimons?", "answer": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"}, {"question": "In what year was the Digimon video game released?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What kind of toy were the original Digimon?", "answer": "virtual pet toy"}, {"question": "What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?", "answer": "dinosaurs"}, {"question": "What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?", "answer": "stronger and \"cool.\""}, {"question": "Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?", "answer": "Kenji Watanabe"}, {"question": "What was the name of the original Digimon character?", "answer": "Tyrannomon"}, {"question": "What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?", "answer": "16 by 16 pixels"}, {"question": "What animals were the digimon based off of?", "answer": "dinosaurs"}, {"question": "Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?", "answer": "Kenji Watanabe"}, {"question": "How did Watanabe get his influence?", "answer": "American comics"}, {"question": "How do digimon evolve?", "answer": "Digimental"}, {"question": "How are digimon born?", "answer": "Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs"}, {"question": "What is the process of aging called for digimon?", "answer": "Digivolution"}, {"question": "What effect does digivolution have on digimon?", "answer": "changes their appearance and increases their powers"}, {"question": "Are digimon all mindless monsters?", "answer": "Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech"}, {"question": "What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?", "answer": "Digi-Eggs"}, {"question": "What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?", "answer": "Digimental"}, {"question": "What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?", "answer": "Digivolution"}, {"question": "What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? ", "answer": "Digivices"}, {"question": "Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?", "answer": "if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die"}, {"question": "What typically happens when digimon are killed?", "answer": "Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"}, {"question": "What are digimon made of?", "answer": "reconfigurable data"}, {"question": "How is a digimon reborn?", "answer": "The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently"}, {"question": "When was the digimon life cycle first described?", "answer": "The first Digimon anime"}, {"question": "What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?", "answer": "Digimon life cycle"}, {"question": "What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?", "answer": "dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"}, {"question": "What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?", "answer": "goes through its life cycle again"}, {"question": "What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?", "answer": "they will die"}, {"question": "What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?", "answer": "planned by WiZ and released by Bandai"}, {"question": "What made digimon different from similar digital pets?", "answer": "being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets"}, {"question": "What year was the second generation of digimon released?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?", "answer": "Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners"}, {"question": "Who was the main market for the original digimon?", "answer": "mainly for boys"}, {"question": "What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?", "answer": "Digital Monsters"}, {"question": "When was the Digimon released by WiZ?", "answer": "June 26, 1997"}, {"question": "In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "What year was the third edition released?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What is the world in which the digimon live?", "answer": "a manifestation of Earth's communication network"}, {"question": "What happens to a digimon after they evolve?", "answer": "the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well"}, {"question": "Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world?", "answer": "a group of mostly pre-teens"}, {"question": "Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same?", "answer": "The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series"}, {"question": "What is the world of the digimon called?", "answer": "DigiWorld"}, {"question": "Where are Digimon the inhabitants of?", "answer": "DigiWorld"}, {"question": "What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?", "answer": "mostly pre-teens"}, {"question": "What is the process called when Digimon get stronger?", "answer": "Digivolve"}, {"question": "How many series have aired since 2011?", "answer": "six series"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second Digimon series?", "answer": "Digimon Adventure 02"}, {"question": "When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released?", "answer": "January 3, 2005"}, {"question": "When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?", "answer": "March 7, 1999 in Japan"}, {"question": "When did Digimon begin airing in America?", "answer": "August 14, 1999"}, {"question": "What was the premise of Digimon?", "answer": "travel to the Digital World"}, {"question": "How many people are in the original Digimon?", "answer": "seven original characters"}, {"question": "When did the second series of Digimon air?", "answer": "April 2, 2000"}, {"question": "What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?", "answer": "Digimon Kaiser"}, {"question": "What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?", "answer": "joins the DigiDestined"}, {"question": "When did the third Digimon series begin?", "answer": "April 1, 2001"}, {"question": "What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?", "answer": "slide game cards through their \"Digivices"}, {"question": "What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?", "answer": "Digi-Modify"}, {"question": "When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?", "answer": "April 7, 2002"}, {"question": "What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?", "answer": "Spirit Evolution"}, {"question": "What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?", "answer": "D-Tectors"}, {"question": "After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?", "answer": "Legendary Warriors"}, {"question": "How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning?", "answer": "three-year hiatus"}, {"question": "What year did the fifth  series start?", "answer": "April 2, 2006"}, {"question": "What was the main focus of the 5th season?", "answer": "D.A.T.S. (\"Digital Accident Tactics Squad\")"}, {"question": "What age group did the season target with its darker theme?", "answer": "ages 16 to 21"}, {"question": "What was the original target age for the Digimon series?", "answer": "children aged 6 to 10"}, {"question": "How long after the 5th season did the next one start?", "answer": "Three and a quarter years"}, {"question": "When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?", "answer": "July 6, 2010"}, {"question": "Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?", "answer": "Mikey Kud\u014d"}, {"question": "Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?", "answer": "Blue Flare"}, {"question": "When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?", "answer": "September 7, 2013"}, {"question": "When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?", "answer": "August 17, 2011"}, {"question": "What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?", "answer": "October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012"}, {"question": "Who was the main character in the third arc series?", "answer": "Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon"}, {"question": "What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?", "answer": "DigiQuartz"}, {"question": "How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?", "answer": "30 months"}, {"question": "When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?", "answer": "August 2014"}, {"question": "Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?", "answer": "6-part theatrical film series"}, {"question": "Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?", "answer": "Crunchyroll and Hulu"}, {"question": "How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken?", "answer": "Alphamon"}, {"question": "What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series?", "answer": "the Mega level"}, {"question": "How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?", "answer": "nine Digimon movies"}, {"question": "How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?", "answer": "October 6, 2000"}, {"question": "What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?", "answer": "UK comics"}, {"question": "What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?", "answer": "Adventure 02"}, {"question": "What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?", "answer": "both magazines were cancelled"}, {"question": "What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?", "answer": "video games"}, {"question": "What were the first two North American games released?", "answer": "Digimon World, Digimon World 2"}, {"question": "Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?", "answer": "strategy"}, {"question": "In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How long does it take glaciers to form?", "answer": "many years, often centuries"}, {"question": "Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?", "answer": "only on land"}, {"question": "Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?", "answer": "sea ice and lake ice"}, {"question": "What causes glaciers to deform and flow?", "answer": "stresses induced by their weight"}, {"question": "What are some distinguishing glacial features?", "answer": "crevasses, seracs"}, {"question": "How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?", "answer": "99%"}, {"question": "Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?", "answer": "about 10 percent"}, {"question": "What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?", "answer": "2,100 m (7,000 ft)"}, {"question": "What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?", "answer": "98 percent"}, {"question": "Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?", "answer": "glaciers"}, {"question": "What causes glaciers to release meltwater?", "answer": "warmer summer temperatures"}, {"question": "In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?", "answer": "Antarctic environments"}, {"question": "Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?", "answer": "when other sources may be scant"}, {"question": "At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?", "answer": "50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)"}, {"question": "How many extant ice sheets exist?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?", "answer": "70 m (230 ft)"}, {"question": "What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?", "answer": "nunataks"}, {"question": "Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?", "answer": "ice streams"}, {"question": "What are glaciers called that end in the sea?", "answer": "Tidewater glaciers"}, {"question": "Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?", "answer": "Tidewater glaciers"}, {"question": "Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?", "answer": "much less"}, {"question": "Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?", "answer": "above"}, {"question": "How are icebergs formed?", "answer": "As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve"}, {"question": "From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?", "answer": "base alone"}, {"question": "Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?", "answer": "warm-based glacier"}, {"question": "What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?", "answer": "partly cold-based and partly warm-based"}, {"question": "What temperature determines a polar glacier?", "answer": "always below freezing point from the surface to its base"}, {"question": "What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?", "answer": "melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base"}, {"question": "Under what circumstances do glaciers form?", "answer": "where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"}, {"question": "What is a cirque?", "answer": "The area in which a glacier forms"}, {"question": "What shape is a cirque, generally?", "answer": "armchair-shaped"}, {"question": "How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?", "answer": "15 m (50 ft)"}, {"question": "What characteristics determine glacial zones?", "answer": "surface snowpack and melt conditions"}, {"question": "Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?", "answer": "ablation zone"}, {"question": "What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?", "answer": "equilibrium line"}, {"question": "How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?", "answer": "60\u201370%"}, {"question": "Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?", "answer": "they are under low pressure"}, {"question": "Which zone is the top of the glaciers?", "answer": "fracture zone"}, {"question": "Why are glacial crevices formed?", "answer": "differences in glacier velocity"}, {"question": "What are seracs?", "answer": "isolated peaks in the ice"}, {"question": "Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?", "answer": "46 m (150 ft)"}, {"question": "Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?", "answer": "Marginal crevasses"}, {"question": "Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?", "answer": "reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls"}, {"question": "What do bergschrunds resemble?", "answer": "crevasses"}, {"question": "How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?", "answer": "singular features at a glacier's margins"}, {"question": "Where do transverse crevasses form?", "answer": "where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate"}, {"question": "In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?", "answer": "Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6"}, {"question": "Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?", "answer": "Velocity"}, {"question": "How far do glaciers generally move per day?", "answer": "1 m (3 ft)"}, {"question": "Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?", "answer": "trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits"}, {"question": "What is a glacial surge?", "answer": "periods of very rapid advancement"}, {"question": "What failure causes surges?", "answer": "failure of the underlying bedrock"}, {"question": "At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?", "answer": "90 m (300 ft) per day"}, {"question": "How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?", "answer": "one km per year"}, {"question": "How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?", "answer": "6.1"}, {"question": "Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?", "answer": "increasing"}, {"question": "During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?", "answer": "July, August and September"}, {"question": "In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What are ogives?", "answer": "alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces"}, {"question": "What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?", "answer": "annual movement of the glacier"}, {"question": "How are ogives formed?", "answer": "when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer"}, {"question": "Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?", "answer": "consist only of undulations or color bands"}, {"question": "How many countries contain glaciers?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "Which continent contains glaciers?", "answer": "every continent"}, {"question": "Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?", "answer": "Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps"}, {"question": "Where are glaciers in Africa located?", "answer": "Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains"}, {"question": "Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?", "answer": "Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet"}, {"question": "Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?", "answer": "permanent snow cover"}, {"question": "Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?", "answer": "20\u00b0 to 27\u00b0 north"}, {"question": "Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?", "answer": "19\u02daN and 19\u02daS"}, {"question": "Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?", "answer": "precipitation is higher"}, {"question": "Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?", "answer": "Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys"}, {"question": "Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?", "answer": "they receive little snowfall"}, {"question": "Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?", "answer": "warm air"}, {"question": "What cause glacial stiations?", "answer": "large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock"}, {"question": "What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?", "answer": "direction of the glacier's movement"}, {"question": "What are chatter marks?", "answer": "lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier"}, {"question": "How are chatter marks formed?", "answer": "abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released"}, {"question": "When are glacial moraines visible?", "answer": "after the glacier has retreated"}, {"question": "How are glacial moraines formed?", "answer": "deposition of material from a glacier"}, {"question": "Where are lateral moraines found?", "answer": "sides of the glacier"}, {"question": "How are medial moraines formed?", "answer": "when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier"}, {"question": "What are ground moraines also called?", "answer": "glacial drift"}, {"question": "What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?", "answer": "characteristic \"V\" shape"}, {"question": "What gives mountain vallys their characteristic \"V\" shape before glacation?", "answer": "eroding water"}, {"question": "How is a fjord formed?", "answer": "a glacial valley runs into a large body of water"}, {"question": "What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?", "answer": "\"U\"-shaped"}, {"question": "On which side is a cirque opened?", "answer": "the side that descends into the valley"}, {"question": "Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?", "answer": "Cirques"}, {"question": "What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?", "answer": "ar\u00eate"}, {"question": "What are extremely steep cirques called?", "answer": "horns"}, {"question": "How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?", "answer": "three sides"}, {"question": "What is another name for roche moutonnee?", "answer": "\"sheepback\" rock"}, {"question": "What are roche moutonnee?", "answer": "elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion"}, {"question": "How large are roche moutonnee?", "answer": "less than a meter to several hundred meters long"}, {"question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"up\" side?", "answer": "gentle slope"}, {"question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"down\" side?", "answer": "steep to vertical face"}, {"question": "Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?", "answer": "Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America."}, {"question": "What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?", "answer": "Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers"}, {"question": "With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?", "answer": "very slowly"}, {"question": "How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?", "answer": "a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness"}, {"question": "What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue?", "answer": "Comcast Corporation"}, {"question": "What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world?", "answer": "AT&T-DirecTV"}, {"question": "Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?", "answer": "Internet service provider"}, {"question": "In what areas of the US does Comcast operate?", "answer": "40 states and the District of Columbia"}, {"question": "Where is Comcast company headquarters?", "answer": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?", "answer": "E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN"}, {"question": "What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast?", "answer": "NBC and Telemundo"}, {"question": "Comcast owns what movie studio?", "answer": "Universal Pictures"}, {"question": "What company did Comcast propose a merger with?", "answer": "Time Warner Cable"}, {"question": "What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?", "answer": "April 24, 2015"}, {"question": "What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast", "answer": "customer satisfaction"}, {"question": "It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? ", "answer": "has violated net neutrality practices"}, {"question": "What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?", "answer": "a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area"}, {"question": "What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?", "answer": "\"The Worst Company in America\""}, {"question": "How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?", "answer": "often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry"}, {"question": "Who is the current head of Comcast?", "answer": "Brian L. Roberts"}, {"question": "Who co-founded Comcast?", "answer": "Ralph Roberts"}, {"question": "In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?", "answer": "about $31 million"}, {"question": "What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?", "answer": "\"undilutable 33% voting power over the company\""}, {"question": "Besides customer problems, what other area is Comcast often criticized over?", "answer": "employee relations"}, {"question": "What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014?", "answer": "The Verge"}, {"question": "How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention?", "answer": "Cracked"}, {"question": "What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called?", "answer": "\"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\""}, {"question": "What is Comcast's stance on organized labor?", "answer": "anti-union"}, {"question": "A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?", "answer": "Beaverton, Oregon"}, {"question": "What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do?", "answer": "attend anti-union meetings"}, {"question": "What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011?", "answer": "Writers Guild of America"}, {"question": "In what internal publication was Comcast's union stance formally enumerated?", "answer": "one of the company's training manuals"}, {"question": "What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?", "answer": "CableFAX"}, {"question": "What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?", "answer": "Comcast-Spectacor"}, {"question": "What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?", "answer": "The Boston Globe"}, {"question": "In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?", "answer": "workforce diversity"}, {"question": "What was Comcast's share value in 1999?", "answer": "$8.19"}, {"question": "What was Comcast's share value in 2009?", "answer": "$15"}, {"question": "Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?", "answer": "$36 billion"}, {"question": "What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?", "answer": "8.4%"}, {"question": "What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?", "answer": "increase in high-speed internet customers"}, {"question": "What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?", "answer": "$18.8 million"}, {"question": "Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?", "answer": "seventh largest"}, {"question": "What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?", "answer": "The National Cable & Telecommunications Association"}, {"question": "What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?", "answer": "Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee"}, {"question": "How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?", "answer": "$3.7 million"}, {"question": "When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Who were Roberts' business partners in this purchase?", "answer": "Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky"}, {"question": "What company did this partnership purchase?", "answer": "American Cable Systems"}, {"question": "What city did American Cable Systems do business in?", "answer": "Tupelo, Mississippi"}, {"question": "How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "How many paying customers did Comcast have in 1994?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "Comcast's customer base in 1994 was good enough for what national ranking among its competition?", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "What sports network was Comcast a founding investor of?", "answer": "The Golf Channel"}, {"question": "In what year did Comcast take over a majority interest in QVC?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004?", "answer": "Liberty Media"}, {"question": "What was Comcast's telecommunication business prior to 1999?", "answer": "Comcast Cellular"}, {"question": "What company did Comcast sell their telecommunications company to?", "answer": "SBC Communications"}, {"question": "How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999?", "answer": "$400 million"}, {"question": "What internet commerce company did Comcast invest in?", "answer": "VeriSign"}, {"question": "MediaOne merged with what telecommunications company?", "answer": "AT&T Corporation"}, {"question": "When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What did Comcast pay for this subsidiary?", "answer": "$44.5 billion"}, {"question": "What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be?", "answer": "AT&T Comcast"}, {"question": "When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband, how many customers did they service?", "answer": "22 million"}, {"question": "Comcast's advertising and commercial production branch was called what?", "answer": "Comcast Spotlight"}, {"question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast try to buy in 2004?", "answer": "The Walt Disney Company"}, {"question": "How much money did Comcast offer for this company?", "answer": "$54 billion"}, {"question": "What month in 2004 did Comcast drop it's bid for this company?", "answer": "April"}, {"question": "Comcast dropped their bid to focus on acquiring what sports network?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "Besides offering money, what else did Comcast include in their proposal to buy Disney?", "answer": "taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt"}, {"question": "Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005?", "answer": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}, {"question": "What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?", "answer": "MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists"}, {"question": "What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?", "answer": "Susquehanna Communications"}, {"question": "When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider?", "answer": "October 31, 2005"}, {"question": "How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider?", "answer": "$775 million cash"}, {"question": "What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007?", "answer": "a dashboard called SmartZone"}, {"question": "What company designed this interface?", "answer": "Hewlett-Packard"}, {"question": "Smartzone used what company's antivirus protection?", "answer": "Trend Micro"}, {"question": "The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what?", "answer": "Comcast Plaxo software"}, {"question": "When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?", "answer": "September 2008"}, {"question": "What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005?", "answer": "Adelphia Cable"}, {"question": "Who was Comcast's partner in the deal for Adelphia?", "answer": "Time Warner Cable"}, {"question": "What was the price to take over Adelphia?", "answer": "$17.6 billion"}, {"question": "What government organization investigated details of this acquisition?", "answer": "the U.S. Federal Communications Commission"}, {"question": "When was this deal finalized?", "answer": "second quarter of 2006"}, {"question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?", "answer": "NBCUniversal"}, {"question": "What was NBC's parent company in 2009?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?", "answer": "51%"}, {"question": "What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?", "answer": "Vivendi"}, {"question": "What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?", "answer": "Time Warner"}, {"question": "On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in NBCUniversal reported?", "answer": "December 3, 2009"}, {"question": "What did Comcast pay for their stake in NBC?", "answer": "$6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming"}, {"question": "How did the FCC vote approval of the Comcast-NBC deal?", "answer": "4 to 1"}, {"question": "On what date was the sale finally completed?", "answer": "January 28, 2011"}, {"question": "On what date did Comcast buy out the remaining stake of General Electric in NBC?", "answer": "March 19, 2013"}, {"question": "What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and Time Warner?", "answer": "the Los Angeles Times"}, {"question": "What was the value of the deal reported to be at the time?", "answer": "$45.2 billion"}, {"question": "When did Comcast hope to complete its deal for Time Warner?", "answer": "by the end of 2014"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable?", "answer": "Tom Wheeler"}, {"question": "What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC?", "answer": "National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association"}, {"question": "What Senate group held hearings on the purchase?", "answer": "US Senate Judiciary Committee"}, {"question": "What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds?", "answer": "United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division"}, {"question": "Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015?", "answer": "Jonathan Sallet"}, {"question": "Disney and Comcast joined forces to allow Comcast to air what sports networks?", "answer": "ESPNU and ESPN3"}, {"question": "What network was proposed by Comcast and the US Olympic Committee?", "answer": "The U.S. Olympic Network"}, {"question": "What city hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics?", "answer": "Vancouver"}, {"question": "What happened to the U.S. Olympic Network?", "answer": "The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans"}, {"question": "What is the name of Comcast's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets?", "answer": "Comcast Network"}, {"question": "What is the name of Comcast's subscriber channel in Colorado?", "answer": "Comcast Entertainment Television"}, {"question": "In what year did Comcast Entertainment take over operation of Colorado's Emergency Alert System?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What New York area sports channel did Comcast help found in 2006", "answer": "SportsNet New York"}, {"question": "What baseball team was Comcast's partner in their New York sports network?", "answer": "New York Mets"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator?", "answer": "Ed Snider"}, {"question": "Comcast's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia?", "answer": "the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team"}, {"question": "What was the original name of NBCSN?", "answer": "Outdoor Life Network"}, {"question": "What was the second name NBCSN was known as?", "answer": "Versus"}, {"question": "Comcast bought naming rights for what college's basketball arena?", "answer": "the University of Maryland"}, {"question": "What organization rated Comcast's customer service the worst in the country in 2004 and 2007?", "answer": "American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)"}, {"question": "Comcast's customer service was rated worse than what government organization?", "answer": "the Internal Revenue Service"}, {"question": "When did the ACSI begin doing customer satisfaction surveys?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "When Comcast's customer service rating fell 7%, what happened to its revenues?", "answer": "increased by 12%"}, {"question": "What prime factor did the ACSI use to explain this anomaly?", "answer": "most cable companies have little competition at the local level"}, {"question": "What organization gave Comcast an \"F\" rating in 2010?", "answer": "Corporate Library"}, {"question": "In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?", "answer": "over 70 years of age"}, {"question": "How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?", "answer": "$40 million"}, {"question": "What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?", "answer": "several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it"}, {"question": "What name was listed on Comcast customer Ricardo Brown's invoice in January, 2015?", "answer": "\"Asshole Brown\""}, {"question": "What consumer advocate took over the Brown's case?", "answer": "Christopher Elliott"}, {"question": "What was the amount of disputed money that Comcast eventually returned to the Browns?", "answer": "$60"}, {"question": "Comcast eventually refunded how much service time to the Browns?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change?", "answer": "promise to track down and fire the responsible employee"}, {"question": "What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?", "answer": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?", "answer": "lungs"}, {"question": "Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?", "answer": "consumption"}, {"question": "Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?", "answer": "fever"}, {"question": "How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?", "answer": "One-third"}, {"question": "How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?", "answer": "9.6 million"}, {"question": "In 2014, how many people died from TB?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?", "answer": "developing countries"}, {"question": "Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?", "answer": "decreased"}, {"question": "Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?", "answer": "upper lung lobes"}, {"question": "What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?", "answer": "massive bleeding"}, {"question": "What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?", "answer": "scarring"}, {"question": "Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?", "answer": "extrapulmonary tuberculosis"}, {"question": "At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?", "answer": "young children"}, {"question": "If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?", "answer": "tuberculous meningitis"}, {"question": "What's the other name for \"disseminated tuberculosis\"?", "answer": "miliary tuberculosis"}, {"question": "The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?", "answer": "lipid"}, {"question": "Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?", "answer": "slow"}, {"question": "In nature, what \"helper\" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?", "answer": "a host organism"}, {"question": "How long is the period between division of MTB cells?", "answer": "16 to 20 hours"}, {"question": "How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?", "answer": "less than an hour"}, {"question": "What's another word for \"sputum\"?", "answer": "phlegm"}, {"question": "One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?", "answer": "Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain"}, {"question": "What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?", "answer": "bright red"}, {"question": "What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?", "answer": "acid-fast"}, {"question": "If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?", "answer": "fluorescence"}, {"question": "Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?", "answer": "M. bovis"}, {"question": "Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?", "answer": "M. canetti"}, {"question": "Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?", "answer": "M. microti"}, {"question": "What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?", "answer": "M. africanum"}, {"question": "If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?", "answer": "22%"}, {"question": "Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?", "answer": "10\u201315"}, {"question": "About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?", "answer": "two weeks"}, {"question": "If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?", "answer": "three to four weeks"}, {"question": "What term is interchangeable with \"active\" when talking about tuberculosis infection?", "answer": "overt"}, {"question": "What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?", "answer": "pulmonary alveoli"}, {"question": "What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?", "answer": "phagocytosis"}, {"question": "What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?", "answer": "a phagolysosome"}, {"question": "What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?", "answer": "mycolic acid capsule"}, {"question": "What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?", "answer": "phagosome"}, {"question": "What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?", "answer": "Ghon focus"}, {"question": "If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?", "answer": "Simon focus"}, {"question": "In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?", "answer": "the top"}, {"question": "What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?", "answer": "hematogenous"}, {"question": "Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?", "answer": "pancreas"}, {"question": "What specific type of disease is TB?", "answer": "granulomatous inflammatory"}, {"question": "What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?", "answer": "lymphocytes"}, {"question": "What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?", "answer": "multinucleated"}, {"question": "What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?", "answer": "necrosis"}, {"question": "What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?", "answer": "immune response"}, {"question": "What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?", "answer": "scarring"}, {"question": "What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?", "answer": "caseous necrotic material"}, {"question": "What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?", "answer": "antibiotics"}, {"question": "Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?", "answer": "living"}, {"question": "Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?", "answer": "difficult"}, {"question": "If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?", "answer": "two weeks"}, {"question": "What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?", "answer": "chest"}, {"question": "What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?", "answer": "acid-fast bacilli"}, {"question": "Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?", "answer": "tuberculin skin tests"}, {"question": "What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?", "answer": "false-positive"}, {"question": "What does \"IGRAs\" stand for?", "answer": "Interferon gamma release assays"}, {"question": "In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?", "answer": "IGRAs"}, {"question": "What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?", "answer": "blood"}, {"question": "For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?", "answer": "ten years"}, {"question": "What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?", "answer": "uncommon"}, {"question": "In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?", "answer": "high risk"}, {"question": "What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?", "answer": "Stop TB Partnership"}, {"question": "In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a \"global health emergency\"?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?", "answer": "14 million"}, {"question": "Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?", "answer": "HIV-associated tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?", "answer": "American Thoracic Society"}, {"question": "What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?", "answer": "wall"}, {"question": "Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?", "answer": "rifampicin"}, {"question": "What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?", "answer": "antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?", "answer": "Directly observed therapy"}, {"question": "What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?", "answer": "WHO"}, {"question": "If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?", "answer": "MDR-TB"}, {"question": "What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as \"extensively drug-resistant\"?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?", "answer": "Bedaquiline"}, {"question": "Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? ", "answer": "reactivation"}, {"question": "What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?", "answer": "HIV"}, {"question": "If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other \"re-\" word?", "answer": "reinfection"}, {"question": "At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?", "answer": "8.6 million"}, {"question": "How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?", "answer": "8.8 million"}, {"question": "About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?", "answer": "0.35 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?", "answer": "HIV/AIDS"}, {"question": "When did new cases of TB infection start going down?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents?", "answer": "aboriginal"}, {"question": "What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?", "answer": "84%"}, {"question": "What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?", "answer": "bison"}, {"question": "What does MTBC stand for?", "answer": "M. tuberculosis complex"}, {"question": "During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?", "answer": "Neolithic Revolution"}, {"question": "In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?", "answer": "Wyoming"}, {"question": "Who discovered M. tuberculosis?", "answer": "Robert Koch"}, {"question": "What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?", "answer": "milk"}, {"question": "What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?", "answer": "tuberculin"}, {"question": "What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?", "answer": "World Tuberculosis Day"}, {"question": "What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?", "answer": "consumption"}, {"question": "How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?", "answer": "spitting"}, {"question": "What were the \"treatment\" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?", "answer": "sanatoria"}, {"question": "When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?", "answer": "1800s"}, {"question": "When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?", "answer": "Medical Research Council"}, {"question": "What year was the Medical Research Council created?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a \"pandemic\"?", "answer": "Mark Dybul"}, {"question": "What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?", "answer": "World Bank"}, {"question": "What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?", "answer": "rural migrants"}, {"question": "What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?", "answer": "regulations"}, {"question": "What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?", "answer": "TB clubs"}, {"question": "Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?", "answer": "increasing treatment adherence"}, {"question": "What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?", "answer": "the stigma"}, {"question": "What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?", "answer": "healthcare providers"}, {"question": "As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?", "answer": "BCG"}, {"question": "What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?", "answer": "I and II"}, {"question": "What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? ", "answer": "subunit vaccine"}, {"question": "What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?", "answer": "MVA85A"}, {"question": "What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?", "answer": "vaccinia"}, {"question": "What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?", "answer": "Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation"}, {"question": "Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?", "answer": "prizes"}, {"question": "What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?", "answer": "South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative"}, {"question": "What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?", "answer": "Stop TB Partnership"}, {"question": "What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?", "answer": "Bedaquiline"}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?", "answer": "five times"}, {"question": "Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?", "answer": "physicians"}, {"question": "What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?", "answer": "medical journal"}, {"question": "Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women?", "answer": "racial minorities"}, {"question": "Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people?", "answer": "whites and males"}, {"question": "Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field?", "answer": "are more representative of the populations they serve"}, {"question": "What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions?", "answer": "gender quotas"}, {"question": "Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?", "answer": "reverse"}, {"question": "What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional?", "answer": "Gratz v. Bollinger"}, {"question": "In which time period did discrimination policies originate from?", "answer": "Reconstruction Era"}, {"question": "What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring?", "answer": "achievement"}, {"question": "When did the Reconstruction Era end?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?", "answer": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"}, {"question": "What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?", "answer": "Forty acres and a mule"}, {"question": "Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?", "answer": "Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to utilize the term \"affirmative action\"?", "answer": "President John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "In which document did the term \"affirmative action\" first appear?", "answer": "National Labor Relations Act"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?", "answer": "Senator Robert F. Wagner"}, {"question": "Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?", "answer": "employees associated with unions"}, {"question": "Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?", "answer": "National Labor Relations Board"}, {"question": "Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?", "answer": "minorities"}, {"question": "Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action?", "answer": "Harold L. Ickes"}, {"question": "What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold?", "answer": "Interior Secretary"}, {"question": "The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what?", "answer": "employ a fixed percentage of Black workers"}, {"question": "Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government?", "answer": "Executive Order 8802"}, {"question": "What does the FEPC stand for?", "answer": "Fair Employment Practices Committee"}, {"question": "What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?", "answer": "President's Committee on Civil Rights"}, {"question": "What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?", "answer": "Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident"}, {"question": "In which year were the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings published?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?", "answer": "the state of race relations"}, {"question": "Who in the generation following the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "The \"To Secure These Rights\" findings wanted desegregation of which institution?", "answer": "Armed Forces"}, {"question": "Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services?", "answer": "surrenders some of the rights and privileges"}, {"question": "Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?", "answer": "a humiliating badge of inferiority"}, {"question": "Who was the first President to address the NAACP?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "Where did Truman's historic speech take place?", "answer": "Lincoln Memorial"}, {"question": "During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?", "answer": "equality of opportunity"}, {"question": "Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?", "answer": "federal"}, {"question": "What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?", "answer": "July 26"}, {"question": "How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?", "answer": "Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment"}, {"question": "Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?", "answer": "Fair Employment Officer"}, {"question": "What name was given to Executive Order 9981?", "answer": "Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services"}, {"question": "Which year was Eisenhower elected President?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?", "answer": "the states"}, {"question": "What was established in 1953?", "answer": "Government Contract Committee"}, {"question": "What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?", "answer": "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors"}, {"question": "Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?", "answer": "Vice President Richard Nixon"}, {"question": "Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?", "answer": "not ending discrimination in federally supported housing"}, {"question": "Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?", "answer": "Executive Order 10925"}, {"question": "What does PCEEO stand for?", "answer": "President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"}, {"question": "What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?", "answer": "contract cancellation"}, {"question": "When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?", "answer": "June 1963"}, {"question": "What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?", "answer": "elimination of discrimination in employment"}, {"question": "What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?", "answer": "comply to the government's policies on affirmative action"}, {"question": "Which Executive Order first contained the phrase \"affirmative action\"?", "answer": "Executive Order 10925"}, {"question": "Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?", "answer": "Vice President Johnson"}, {"question": "Who co - authored the executive order?", "answer": "Hobart Taylor Jr."}, {"question": "What was the alternative phrase to \"affirmative action\" that was being considered?", "answer": "positive action"}, {"question": "What was the main reason that \"affirmative action\" was chosen over \"positive action\"?", "answer": "alliterative quality"}, {"question": "Who had issues with JFK's proposal?", "answer": "NAACP"}, {"question": "Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?", "answer": "NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill"}, {"question": "Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?", "answer": "Lockheed Aircraft Corporation"}, {"question": "Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?", "answer": "Vice President Johnson"}, {"question": "Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?", "answer": "Jim Crow"}, {"question": "Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?", "answer": "Civil Rights Act"}, {"question": "Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?", "answer": "integrate public facilities"}, {"question": "Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?", "answer": "11114"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?", "answer": "to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?", "answer": "ending discrimination in the nation's workplace"}, {"question": "Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?", "answer": "Title VII"}, {"question": "What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?", "answer": "a de facto quota system"}, {"question": "Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?", "answer": "Hubert Humphrey"}, {"question": "Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?", "answer": "Everett Dirksen"}, {"question": "What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?", "answer": "Senate Minority Leader"}, {"question": "Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?", "answer": "his successor Nixon"}, {"question": "Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?", "answer": "Philadelphia Order"}, {"question": "Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?", "answer": "construction"}, {"question": "Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?", "answer": "craft unions"}, {"question": "Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?", "answer": "Arthur Fletcher"}, {"question": "In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?", "answer": "became less prevalent"}, {"question": "What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?", "answer": "there were other areas that needed focus"}, {"question": "Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?", "answer": "Ford"}, {"question": "What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?", "answer": "necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest"}, {"question": "Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?", "answer": "U.S. Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?", "answer": "Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co."}, {"question": "Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?", "answer": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}, {"question": "Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?", "answer": "New Haven, Connecticut"}, {"question": "How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?", "answer": "5-4"}, {"question": "Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?", "answer": "Kennedy"}, {"question": "Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?", "answer": "Executive Order 10925"}, {"question": "What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?", "answer": "Federal Government and on government contracts"}, {"question": "Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?", "answer": "class"}, {"question": "Which organization believed in the class based argument?", "answer": "African American Policy Forum"}, {"question": "What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?", "answer": "African American middle class"}, {"question": "What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?", "answer": "non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination"}, {"question": "What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?", "answer": "to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success"}, {"question": "What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?", "answer": "end of World War II"}, {"question": "What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?", "answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill"}, {"question": "What did returning black veterans not receive?", "answer": "loans at the same rate as whites"}, {"question": "How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?", "answer": "Nearly 8 million"}, {"question": "What opportunities were few for black veterans?", "answer": "higher educational"}, {"question": "Who conducted a study about the origins of \"Latinos\"?", "answer": "Dr. Paul Brest"}, {"question": "How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?", "answer": "least well educated"}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?", "answer": "3.1%"}, {"question": "Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?", "answer": "people who lived in North America before European settlement"}, {"question": "When did the Native Americans lose their land?", "answer": "During the U.S. government's westward expansion"}, {"question": "Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?", "answer": "reservations"}, {"question": "How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?", "answer": "52 million acres"}, {"question": "In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?", "answer": "more than triple"}, {"question": "What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?", "answer": "not having the ability to become naturalized citizens"}, {"question": "What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?", "answer": "school segregation"}, {"question": "Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?", "answer": "Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882"}, {"question": "Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?", "answer": "Immigration Act of 1924"}, {"question": "According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?", "answer": "communication skills and personality"}, {"question": "What is one of the issues with affirmative action?", "answer": "inherently unequal"}, {"question": "How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?", "answer": "an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice"}, {"question": "What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?", "answer": "overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion"}, {"question": "What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?", "answer": "make special efforts at inclusion"}, {"question": "Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?", "answer": "Bill Clinton"}, {"question": "How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?", "answer": "two and a half years"}, {"question": "Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?", "answer": "President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\""}, {"question": "What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?", "answer": "just outlawing discrimination"}, {"question": "What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.", "answer": "the policy was not the source of their problems"}, {"question": "Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?", "answer": "Washington D.C."}, {"question": "What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?", "answer": "help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education"}, {"question": "What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?", "answer": "actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace"}, {"question": "Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?", "answer": "draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population"}, {"question": "Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?", "answer": "U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"}, {"question": "What does AAUP stand for?", "answer": "American Association of University Professors"}, {"question": "What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?", "answer": "positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students"}, {"question": "What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?", "answer": "helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education"}, {"question": "Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?", "answer": "Caucasian students"}, {"question": "In which year did the AAUP release their study?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?", "answer": "Richard Sander"}, {"question": "What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?", "answer": "high dropout rates"}, {"question": "Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?", "answer": "bottom 20 percent"}, {"question": "What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?", "answer": "four times"}, {"question": "Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?", "answer": "class inequality"}, {"question": "Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?", "answer": "Hispanic Americans"}, {"question": "At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?", "answer": "lower-class European Americans"}, {"question": "What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?", "answer": "class-based affirmative action"}, {"question": "Who primarily makes up America's poor group?", "answer": "people of color"}, {"question": "Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?", "answer": "City University of New York"}, {"question": "Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?", "answer": "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study"}, {"question": "Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?", "answer": "to take advantage of group preference policies"}, {"question": "What book did Frederick Lynch author?", "answer": "Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action"}, {"question": "What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?", "answer": "reverse discrimination"}, {"question": "What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?", "answer": "against affirmative action"}, {"question": "What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?", "answer": "enforcing equal opportunity"}, {"question": "Which book did Terry Eastland write?", "answer": "From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice"}, {"question": "Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?", "answer": "remedying past discrimination"}, {"question": "What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?", "answer": "how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it"}, {"question": "Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?", "answer": "because doing so is unnecessary"}, {"question": "What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?", "answer": "because it can prove futile"}, {"question": "What is a definition of reverse discrimination?", "answer": "a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority"}, {"question": "What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?", "answer": "these policies are just another form of discrimination"}, {"question": "Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?", "answer": "Ward Connerly"}, {"question": "What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?", "answer": "merit"}, {"question": "An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?", "answer": "mediocrity and incompetence"}, {"question": "What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?", "answer": "compensation argument"}, {"question": "In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?", "answer": "society today should compensate for the injuries"}, {"question": "Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?", "answer": "preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical"}, {"question": "In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?", "answer": "whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over"}, {"question": "According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?", "answer": "people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices"}, {"question": "Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?", "answer": "undesirable side-effects"}, {"question": "Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?", "answer": "may increase racial tension"}, {"question": "When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?", "answer": "Grutter v. Bollinger"}, {"question": "Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?", "answer": "admission to universities and other forms of higher education"}, {"question": "What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?", "answer": "legacy admissions"}, {"question": "Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?", "answer": "Bakke v. Regents"}, {"question": "What are public universities not allowed to do?", "answer": "set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment"}, {"question": "Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?", "answer": "\"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set"}, {"question": "What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?", "answer": "competing notions of the mission of colleges"}, {"question": "What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?", "answer": "a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities"}, {"question": "What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?", "answer": "a way to advance the mission as each university defines it"}, {"question": "When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?", "answer": "If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate"}, {"question": "What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?", "answer": "banning any use of race in school admissions"}, {"question": "What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?", "answer": "entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class"}, {"question": "Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?", "answer": "California"}, {"question": "What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?", "answer": "class rank"}, {"question": "After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?", "answer": "returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels"}, {"question": "What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?", "answer": "a panel discussion"}, {"question": "What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?", "answer": "an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard"}, {"question": "What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?", "answer": "a third"}, {"question": "What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?", "answer": "the descendants"}, {"question": "Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?", "answer": "possible remedies"}, {"question": "To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?", "answer": "UCLA"}, {"question": "In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?", "answer": "Stanford Law Review"}, {"question": "What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?", "answer": "half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school"}, {"question": "How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?", "answer": "eight percent"}, {"question": "Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?", "answer": "Proposition 209"}, {"question": "What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?", "answer": "economics"}, {"question": "In which year did Long publish his study?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?", "answer": "increasing minority enrollment in high schools"}, {"question": "Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?", "answer": "white students"}, {"question": "What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?", "answer": "Office for Civil Rights"}, {"question": "Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?", "answer": "Princeton University"}, {"question": "Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?", "answer": "Janet Rapelye"}, {"question": "What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?", "answer": "many others had far better qualifications"}, {"question": "Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?", "answer": "placement on the waitlist"}, {"question": "Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?", "answer": "University of Texas"}, {"question": "What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?", "answer": "race-conscious policy"}, {"question": "What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?", "answer": "their civil and constitutional rights"}, {"question": "Who concluded that the University maintained a \"holistic\" approach to affirmative action?", "answer": "US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit"}, {"question": "When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?", "answer": "June 2016"}, {"question": "On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?", "answer": "November 17, 2014"}, {"question": "Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?", "answer": "Students for Fair Admissions"}, {"question": "Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?", "answer": "Project on Fair Representation"}, {"question": "What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?", "answer": "until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law"}, {"question": "How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?", "answer": "more than 60"}, {"question": "Who did the organizations file the complaints with?", "answer": "Education and Justice Departments"}, {"question": "Who was the target of the filing?", "answer": "Harvard University"}, {"question": "What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?", "answer": "top-one-percent grade point averages"}, {"question": "Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?", "answer": "the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations"}, {"question": "Who is the competition open too?", "answer": "any eligible club"}, {"question": "How many clubs competed in 20011-12?", "answer": "763 clubs"}, {"question": "How many rounds in the tournament?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many games are needed to win?", "answer": "six to fourteen"}, {"question": "What league can compete?", "answer": "Premier League and Football League"}, {"question": "What rounds are the qualifiers?", "answer": "first six rounds"}, {"question": "How many teams in the first round? ", "answer": "92 professional teams."}, {"question": "What league enters in the third round?", "answer": "Premier League and Championship clubs"}, {"question": "In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??", "answer": "never reached the quarter finals"}, {"question": "Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?", "answer": "Level 2 have never reached the final."}, {"question": "What do winners receive? ", "answer": "the FA Cup trophy"}, {"question": "How many FA cup designs have there been?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many FA cups have there been?", "answer": "five actual cups"}, {"question": "When was the latest design intoduced?", "answer": "2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911"}, {"question": "When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "Who was the FA secretary in 1871?", "answer": "C. W. Alcock"}, {"question": "When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?", "answer": "November 1871"}, {"question": "Who won the first and second cups? ", "answer": "Wanderers were crowned the winners"}, {"question": "When was the modern cup established? ", "answer": "modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888\u201389 season,"}, {"question": "Was competition suspended due to the first world war? ", "answer": "competition was suspended due to the First World War"}, {"question": "what year did competition resume after world war 1?", "answer": "1919\u201320."}, {"question": "When did Wembly stadium open? ", "answer": "1922\u201323"}, {"question": "What was Webly stadium called at that time? ", "answer": "Empire Stadium"}, {"question": "When did the competition celebrate its centennial? ", "answer": "didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980\u201381"}, {"question": "Is the competition open to anyone? ", "answer": "The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system"}, {"question": "Is there anyone automatically eligible? ", "answer": ". All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible"}, {"question": "Who else can play? ", "answer": "Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions"}, {"question": "Can new clubs play too? ", "answer": "Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season."}, {"question": "Do I need a stadium to compete? ", "answer": "All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium."}, {"question": "Does anyone ever miss a tournament? ", "answer": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition"}, {"question": "What clubs have missed the competition? ", "answer": "Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup,"}, {"question": "Why did they miss that competition? ", "answer": "The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side."}, {"question": "How did people feel about Manchester's decision? ", "answer": "drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige"}, {"question": "Did the club later regret their choice? ", "answer": "Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation."}, {"question": "May Welsh clubs enter the competition? ", "answer": "Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,"}, {"question": "Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? ", "answer": "Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)"}, {"question": "Have any other countries ever competed? ", "answer": "other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,"}, {"question": "Why can't those countries compete? ", "answer": "barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association."}, {"question": "Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? ", "answer": "Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time."}, {"question": "Has the number of entrants stayed the same? ", "answer": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years"}, {"question": "How many clubs entered in 2004-05?", "answer": "660 clubs entered the competition"}, {"question": "How many clubs entered in 2005-06?", "answer": "674"}, {"question": "How many clubs entered in 2006-07?", "answer": "687"}, {"question": "How many clubs entered in 2007-08?", "answer": "731"}, {"question": "When is the final?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "When do clubs above 9 enter? ", "answer": "clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages"}, {"question": "Is there seeding?", "answer": "There is no seeding,"}, {"question": "What happens in the event of a tie?", "answer": "fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only"}, {"question": "What are the first 6 rounds? ", "answer": "The first six rounds are qualifiers"}, {"question": "When does the final take place? ", "answer": "The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May."}, {"question": "Was there a time this was not the case? ", "answer": "in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999\u20132000"}, {"question": "Why was that? ", "answer": "most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment"}, {"question": "Did that ever happen again? ", "answer": "2010\u201311 and 2012\u201313"}, {"question": "What happened during those years? ", "answer": "the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final"}, {"question": "Do clubs replay each other?", "answer": "Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious."}, {"question": "What is the most games played a team to reach the final?", "answer": "12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final"}, {"question": "When are replays played?", "answer": ". Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991\u201392 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice."}, {"question": "When was the first penalty kick?", "answer": "penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991"}, {"question": "What clubs were playing during the first penalty?", "answer": "Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United."}, {"question": "Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?", "answer": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League"}, {"question": "Did that used to have a different name?", "answer": "formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998"}, {"question": "What is the cup called now?", "answer": "Cup Winners' Cup"}, {"question": "Does the loser of the cup gain anything?", "answer": "the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place"}, {"question": "what about the FA Cup winner?", "answer": "FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage."}, {"question": "Where are the semi finals played?", "answer": "e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "Is there a name for the specific venue? ", "answer": "Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue"}, {"question": "Where did the semi finals take place before then? ", "answer": "semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England"}, {"question": "What was the top most used venue?", "answer": "Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)"}, {"question": "Where was the cup held in 2005?", "answer": "In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium."}, {"question": "Where is the FA cup held today?", "answer": "In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals"}, {"question": "Why is it held at Webly Stadium? ", "answer": "to recoup debts in financing the new stadium."}, {"question": "Do the people of London agree with this action?", "answer": "the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London"}, {"question": "Has the game ever fail to sell out? ", "answer": "the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out."}, {"question": "Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium?", "answer": "86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals."}, {"question": "Where is the final played now? ", "answer": "The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "When did this stadium open? ", "answer": "it opened, in 2007."}, {"question": "Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built? ", "answer": "between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium"}, {"question": "Where is Millennium Stadium located? ", "answer": "Cardiff in Wales"}, {"question": "Was it always held in Millennium Stadium? ", "answer": "Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place? ", "answer": "predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace."}, {"question": "How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?", "answer": ". It was played 22 times in the Oval"}, {"question": "What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup? ", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup? ", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many replays took place at the Oval? ", "answer": "8 replays"}, {"question": "Is the use of artificial turf allowed? ", "answer": "The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014\u201315 edition and beyond."}, {"question": "What is the required quality of the pitch? ", "answer": "the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs."}, {"question": "How many professional clubs are there? ", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "What happens if the pitch is not up to par? ", "answer": "they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch."}, {"question": "Where was the first #G surface game played? ", "answer": "first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015."}, {"question": "How many parts does the trophy come in? ", "answer": "The trophy comes in three parts"}, {"question": "What is the  parts of the trophy? ", "answer": "- the cup itself, plus a lid and a base"}, {"question": "How many trophy designs have there bee? ", "answer": "There have been two designs of trophy in use"}, {"question": "How many physical trophies have been presented? ", "answer": "five physical trophies have been presented"}, {"question": "When was the first design changed? ", "answer": ". The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,"}, {"question": "Is the cup engraved for the winner? ", "answer": "The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base"}, {"question": "When does the engraving take place? ", "answer": "as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony."}, {"question": "how long does the engraved have from start to finish? ", "answer": "the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,"}, {"question": "Is the trophy decorated? ", "answer": "the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game."}, {"question": "Where is he cup presentation made? ", "answer": ", the presentation is made at the Royal Box"}, {"question": "When did people start presenting the trophy after the game? ", "answer": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final"}, {"question": "when was the first trophy presented? ", "answer": "the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later"}, {"question": "Where was the first trophy presented? ", "answer": "the Pall Mall Restaurant in London"}, {"question": "What happens to multiple cup winners? ", "answer": "the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,"}, {"question": "Did that ever happen? ", "answer": "inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final"}, {"question": "How claims to have stolen the FA cup? ", "answer": "80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft"}, {"question": "Did he act alone? ", "answer": "He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men"}, {"question": "How long go did this crime take place? ", "answer": "60 years"}, {"question": "What did Burge do with the cup? ", "answer": "the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins"}, {"question": "What did they do with those coins? ", "answer": "stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse"}, {"question": "Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup?", "answer": "Lord Kinnaird"}, {"question": "What year did Lord Kinnard die? ", "answer": "Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923,"}, {"question": "Was the cup lost during that time? ", "answer": "his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005"}, {"question": "Where did it sell? ", "answer": "Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for \u00a3420,000 (\u00a3478,400 including auction fees and taxes)"}, {"question": "Who won the bid? ", "answer": "David Gold"}, {"question": "is the Fa cup sponsered? ", "answer": "Since the start of the 1994\u201395 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored."}, {"question": "How long does the sponsor remain? ", "answer": "Sponsorship deals run for four years"}, {"question": "Can they extend their deal? ", "answer": "one-year extensions may be agreed"}, {"question": "Who is the current sponsor? ", "answer": "Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018"}, {"question": "What is the competition called now? ", "answer": "The Emirates FA Cup"}, {"question": "Do people look forward to Cinderella matches? ", "answer": "where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as \"giant killings\", is much anticipated by the public"}, {"question": "What do people think about giant killers? ", "answer": "is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition"}, {"question": "Does giant killing happen often? ", "answer": "Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history"}, {"question": "Does the media showcase giant killers? ", "answer": ". It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club"}, {"question": "What is a giant killer? ", "answer": "unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition"}, {"question": "When was the football league founded? ", "answer": "The Football League was founded in 1888"}, {"question": "Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?", "answer": "Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league \"giant-killer\" to win the Cup"}, {"question": "What year did they win the cup? ", "answer": "1901"}, {"question": "Who did they delete for the cup? ", "answer": "Sheffield United"}, {"question": "How many clubs where in the football league? ", "answer": "36 clubs in the Football League"}, {"question": "Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?", "answer": "Chasetown"}, {"question": "What level where they? ", "answer": "playing at Level 8 of English football"}, {"question": "How many teams competed that year? ", "answer": "731 teams entered that season"}, {"question": "What place did Chasetown come in?", "answer": "final 64"}, {"question": "What FA cup season did this take place in? ", "answer": "2007\u201308 competition"}, {"question": "How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "answer": "Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double"}, {"question": "Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "answer": "Preston North End (1889)"}, {"question": "Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "answer": "Chelsea (2010)"}, {"question": "Has any club won both in a same season? ", "answer": "Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season"}, {"question": "Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions? ", "answer": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division"}, {"question": "Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions? ", "answer": "there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight"}, {"question": "Who was the first outside club to win? ", "answer": "Notts County"}, {"question": "What year did that take place? ", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "How many second tier have made the finals? ", "answer": "only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier"}, {"question": "Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio? ", "answer": "the BBC"}, {"question": "What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast? ", "answer": "The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926"}, {"question": "What clubs competed in the match? ", "answer": "Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City"}, {"question": "Wa the game broadcast in both cities? ", "answer": "this was only broadcast in Manchester"}, {"question": "So when was the firs national broadcast? ", "answer": "the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927"}, {"question": "Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997?", "answer": "From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup"}, {"question": "How are the games broadcast now? ", "answer": ", FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "Does anyone refuse to show them? ", "answer": "STV refusing to show them"}, {"question": "Has a woman ever broadcast a match? ", "answer": "Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK."}, {"question": "What year did rebecca host the match? ", "answer": "for the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 season"}, {"question": "Who took over the package from Sentana?", "answer": "ESPN took over the package Setanta"}, {"question": "Who show the 2011 final? ", "answer": "The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN"}, {"question": "Does ESPN still hold the contract? ", "answer": "Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport"}, {"question": "What year did this take place? ", "answer": "the 2013\u201314 season"}, {"question": "Who took over after ESPN? ", "answer": "BT Sport"}, {"question": "In which US state is New Haven located?", "answer": "Connecticut"}, {"question": "New Haven Harbor is located on the northern shore of what waterway? ", "answer": "Long Island Sound"}, {"question": "In what county is New Haven located?", "answer": "New Haven County"}, {"question": "What is the population of New Haven according to the 2010 United States Census?", "answer": "129,779"}, {"question": "New Haven County makes up the outer limits of what major metropolitan area?", "answer": "New York metropolitan area"}, {"question": "What is the population of New Haven City in 2010?", "answer": "129,779"}, {"question": "What is Connecticut's biggest city?", "answer": "Bridgeport"}, {"question": "In what county is New Haven located in?", "answer": "New Haven County,"}, {"question": "The population of the Greater New Haven in 2010?", "answer": "862,477"}, {"question": "What is the metropolitan next to New Haven County, Connecticut? ", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "1637"}, {"question": "From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?", "answer": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"}, {"question": "Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?", "answer": "Reverend John Davenport"}, {"question": "In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?", "answer": "1638"}, {"question": "From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?", "answer": "Quinnipiacs"}, {"question": "What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "1638"}, {"question": "Where did the settlers came from?", "answer": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?", "answer": "Quinnipiacs,"}, {"question": "In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "better theological community"}, {"question": "Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "Reverend John Davenport"}, {"question": "What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?", "answer": "theocratic government"}, {"question": "By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?", "answer": "1640"}, {"question": "In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?", "answer": "1678"}, {"question": "What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?", "answer": "Connecticut Colony"}, {"question": "What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?", "answer": "other churches to be established"}, {"question": "In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?", "answer": "Hamden"}, {"question": "New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?", "answer": "Hartford"}, {"question": "What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?", "answer": "an intolerant theocracy"}, {"question": "Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?", "answer": "Quinnipiac"}, {"question": "Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer?", "answer": "General David Wooster"}, {"question": "What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven?", "answer": "23 April 1775"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British?", "answer": "Governor's Foot Guard"}, {"question": "Under whose leadership did the Governor's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves?", "answer": "Captain Benedict Arnold"}, {"question": "Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident?", "answer": "Cambridge, Massachusetts"}, {"question": "Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven?", "answer": "23 April"}, {"question": "What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day? ", "answer": "Benedict Arnold"}, {"question": "Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven?", "answer": "Cambridge"}, {"question": "What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day?", "answer": "Governor's Foot Guard"}, {"question": "Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies?", "answer": "uniforms."}, {"question": "Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place?", "answer": "General William Tryon"}, {"question": "The students of what New Haven university formed an ad-hoc militia to confront the Redcoats?", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "Who was the professor of Yale Divinity School that led the student militia to confront the Redcoats?", "answer": "Naphtali Daggett"}, {"question": "On what date did the loyalists and Redcoats land in New Haven Harbor to commence a raid on New Haven?", "answer": "July 5, 1779"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Yale that provided diary accounts expressing disbelief over the commencement of the revolution in New Haven?", "answer": "Ezra Stiles"}, {"question": "What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "William Tryon"}, {"question": "At the time what was the population of New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "3,500"}, {"question": "A group of militia from a very famous modern town in Connecticut came to fought in the Harbor, what was the name of their town?", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "The militia that fought in New Haven was lead by who? ", "answer": "Naphtali Daggett"}, {"question": "After the battle were New Haven historical features lost or torched?", "answer": "town's colonial features were preserved."}, {"question": "Who is the Yale graduate, inventor, and arms manufacturer that had a large positive impact on the New Haven economy in the late 18th century?", "answer": "Eli Whitney"}, {"question": "What invention, for which he is primarily known, did Eli Whitney develop in New Haven?", "answer": "the cotton gin"}, {"question": "What is the area near Hamden that was renamed for Eli Whitney?", "answer": "Whitneyville"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to Connecticut due to the large number of arms manufacturers that arose in the state? ", "answer": "\"The Arsenal of America\""}, {"question": "In 1836, who invented the automatic revolver in Eli Whitney's gun manufacturing plant?", "answer": "Samuel Colt"}, {"question": "What is the name of the inventor that created the cotton gin in New Haven?", "answer": "Eli Whitney"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main road that connects New Haven to Hamden?", "answer": "Whitney Avenue"}, {"question": "What was the company that was responsible Connecticut rise as a manufacturing economy? ", "answer": "A. C. Gilbert"}, {"question": "The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name?", "answer": "The Arsenal of America"}, {"question": "In what year was the first automatic revolver invented?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "What tribesman were being transported  as slaves on a ship by the Spanish?", "answer": "Mende"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Spanish slave ship used to transport the Mende tribesmen?", "answer": "Amistad"}, {"question": "Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven?", "answer": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9"}, {"question": "In 1860, what notable U.S. president gave a speech on slavery in New Haven?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "Amistad"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839", "answer": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9"}, {"question": "What famous president made a speech in New Haven in 1860?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship?", "answer": "Mende tribesmen"}, {"question": "What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company?", "answer": "American Civil War"}, {"question": "What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed?", "answer": "Winchester Repeating Arms Company"}, {"question": "The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven, West Haven and North Haven?", "answer": "Italian-American"}, {"question": "What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community?", "answer": "Westville"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven Arms Company"}, {"question": "In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity?", "answer": "Italian-American"}, {"question": "The Civil War had many effects after the war, what was the main effect for New Haven?", "answer": "population grew and doubled"}, {"question": "What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? ", "answer": "Richard C. Lee"}, {"question": "What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?", "answer": "Interstate 95"}, {"question": "What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?", "answer": "The Oak Street Connector"}, {"question": "What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?", "answer": "the city's western suburbs"}, {"question": "What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?", "answer": "a boulevard"}, {"question": "What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?", "answer": "Richard C. Lee"}, {"question": "What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?", "answer": "construction of Interstate 95"}, {"question": "During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?", "answer": "becoming a boulevard"}, {"question": "In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century?", "answer": "the area surrounding the New Haven Green"}, {"question": "What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years?", "answer": "retail"}, {"question": "In addition to Stop & Shop, what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population?", "answer": "Elm City Market"}, {"question": "In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail?", "answer": "the opening of new stores"}, {"question": "How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area?", "answer": "positive press from various periodicals."}, {"question": "What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s?", "answer": "experienced an influx of apartments"}, {"question": "Including to the growth, what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven?", "answer": "Stop & Shop"}, {"question": "What multi-use project in New Haven is the largest residential building in Connecticut?", "answer": "360 State Street"}, {"question": "What park is anticipated to extend to downtown New Haven?", "answer": "Farmington Canal Trail"}, {"question": "For what area are a new boathouse and dock being planned?", "answer": "New Haven Harbor"}, {"question": "What is the city landmark demolished in 2007 that the city ultimately wish to redevelop?", "answer": "New Haven Coliseum"}, {"question": "What is the name of building project is taking place in Gateway Community College downtown?", "answer": "360 State Street."}, {"question": "The New Haven Harbor is receiving what kind of adjustment?", "answer": "dock is planned"}, {"question": "The city of New Haven wants to redevelop/build what sort of structure?", "answer": "New Haven Coliseum"}, {"question": "In terms of infrastructure, what is being develop in the downtown area?", "answer": "linear park Farmington Canal Trail"}, {"question": "What type of bridge is replacing the old Q Bridge?", "answer": "an extradosed bridge"}, {"question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?", "answer": "reverse discrimination"}, {"question": "What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion? ", "answer": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}, {"question": "In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?", "answer": "to ignore the test results"}, {"question": "The Court case was involve between which two parties?", "answer": "firefighters against the city"}, {"question": "What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?", "answer": "no one would be promoted"}, {"question": "Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?", "answer": "14 of the white firefighters"}, {"question": "Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?", "answer": "Hartford Line"}, {"question": "At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?", "answer": "Union Station"}, {"question": "What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?", "answer": "Springfield's Union Station"}, {"question": "What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield? ", "answer": "Knowledge Corridor"}, {"question": "In what year was the \"Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail\" slated for construction?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?", "answer": "Hartford Line"}, {"question": "Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven's Union Station"}, {"question": "The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?", "answer": "Vermont"}, {"question": "When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?", "answer": "in 2013"}, {"question": "Generally how fast are these trains?", "answer": "180 km/h"}, {"question": "In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?", "answer": "basalt trap rock ridges"}, {"question": "Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?", "answer": "West Rock"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as \"The Three Judges?\"", "answer": "\"Regicides\""}, {"question": "What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?", "answer": "Soldiers and Sailors"}, {"question": "What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?", "answer": "\"Great/Giant Steps\""}, {"question": "What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?", "answer": "large deep harbor"}, {"question": "In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?", "answer": "as extensive parks"}, {"question": "The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?", "answer": "highway tunnel"}, {"question": "What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?", "answer": "war monument"}, {"question": "By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?", "answer": "West River"}, {"question": "Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge? ", "answer": "New Haven Harbor"}, {"question": "Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments?", "answer": "Long Island Sound"}, {"question": "What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?", "answer": "the West"}, {"question": "The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven, what is the name?", "answer": "Quinnipiac"}, {"question": "The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor?", "answer": "New Haven Harbor"}, {"question": "These two harbors are part of what estuary?", "answer": "Long Island Sound."}, {"question": "Are all of New Haven's smaller stream active through all four seasons?", "answer": "Not all of these small streams"}, {"question": "Though harboring transitive properties, what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize?", "answer": "Dfa"}, {"question": "What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven?", "answer": "Summers"}, {"question": "What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?", "answer": "90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven?", "answer": "moderate"}, {"question": "New Haven's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "The New Haven's area closesly resemble which type of climate?", "answer": "humid continental climate"}, {"question": "Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?", "answer": "7\u20138 days per year"}, {"question": "Due to being a coastal city, how much snow does the city gets?", "answer": "moderate snowfall"}, {"question": "What is the main effects  in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?", "answer": "differences in temperature between areas"}, {"question": "On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area?", "answer": "grid plan of nine square blocks"}, {"question": "For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known, primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America?", "answer": "public tree planting program"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century?", "answer": "\"Elm City\""}, {"question": "What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven?", "answer": "Dutch Elm disease"}, {"question": "What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970?", "answer": "New Haven Green"}, {"question": "What was New Haven's nickname?", "answer": "Elm City\""}, {"question": "Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what?", "answer": "New Haven Green"}, {"question": "In what year did it became recognize as a landmark?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "In the original plans of the city, how many city block were designed?", "answer": "nine square blocks"}, {"question": "Because of it's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US?", "answer": "public tree planting program"}, {"question": "Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven?", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times, Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine?", "answer": "Ibiza"}, {"question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city?", "answer": "about half"}, {"question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "How many people live in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "7,000 residents"}, {"question": "In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what?", "answer": "half of the city's jobs"}, {"question": "Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?", "answer": "new upscale restaurants"}, {"question": "What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area?", "answer": "thousands of apartments and condominium"}, {"question": "What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven?", "answer": "City Point"}, {"question": "What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans?", "answer": "Wooster Square"}, {"question": "What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers, and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community?", "answer": "Fair Haven"}, {"question": "What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city?", "answer": "Long Wharf"}, {"question": "Though the Green is the popular center of the city, there is another district, what's the name?", "answer": "central business district"}, {"question": "If you were to go northern part of New Haven, what district would you find?", "answer": "Newhallville"}, {"question": "Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is?", "answer": "Fair Haven"}, {"question": "Wooster Square is known for what roots?", "answer": "Italian-American"}, {"question": "What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven?", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Haven's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education?", "answer": "56%"}, {"question": "What is the second largest employer in New Haven?", "answer": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"}, {"question": "What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven? ", "answer": "Alexion"}, {"question": "New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector?", "answer": "entire Northeast was affected"}, {"question": "In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?", "answer": "over half (56%)"}, {"question": "What institution has largest impact on the city's job market?", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "What Fortune 1000 company, also the largest Catholic service organization in the world, is based in New Haven?", "answer": "The Knights of Columbus"}, {"question": "What prominent producer of electrical equipment, also a Fortune 1000 company, is based in Greater New Haven? ", "answer": "Hubbell"}, {"question": "What publicly traded bank, also the second largest in Connecticut, is based in New Haven?", "answer": "NewAlliance"}, {"question": "What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society?", "answer": "Russell Trust Association"}, {"question": "In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company, formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven, establish operations in the area? ", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world, it's name?", "answer": "Knights of Columbus"}, {"question": "Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange, the name of the company?", "answer": "Hubbell"}, {"question": "What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?", "answer": "NewAlliance Bank"}, {"question": "As one of the oldest telephone companies, the SNET started in what year?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven?", "answer": "subsidiary of AT&T"}, {"question": "How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report?", "answer": "47,094"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White?", "answer": "42.6%"}, {"question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American?", "answer": "35.4%"}, {"question": "What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth?", "answer": "Latino"}, {"question": "What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010?", "answer": "129,779"}, {"question": "In terms of population density, what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven?", "answer": "2,648.6/km\u00b2"}, {"question": "In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city? ", "answer": "0.5%"}, {"question": "New Haven has a large immigrant population, what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century?", "answer": "postwar"}, {"question": "In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?", "answer": "down from 69.6% in 1970"}, {"question": "What is the most prominent religion in New Haven?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall?", "answer": "Archdiocese of Hartford"}, {"question": "How many yeshivas are located in New Haven?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate?", "answer": "Pentecostals"}, {"question": "In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?", "answer": "Black Baptists"}, {"question": "In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? ", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics, one of which is popular among African Americans being?", "answer": "Baptists"}, {"question": "However Christianity can be found within the city, particularly which neighborhoods?", "answer": "working-class"}, {"question": "What former U.S. president was born in New Haven?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "What New Haven institution did former U.S. president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton both attend?", "answer": "Yale Law School"}, {"question": "What former U.S. vice president graduated from Yale University?", "answer": "John C. Calhoun"}, {"question": "Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Who was the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1801 that was native to New Haven?", "answer": "James Hillhouse"}, {"question": "Which former U.S. president have been born in New Haven?", "answer": "George W. Bush"}, {"question": "Multiple president have studied at this popular college, you can guess the name of the university?", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "Serving in President Obama's cabinet, this man has also studied at Yale, can you guess who?", "answer": "John Kerry"}, {"question": "Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What is the title of the political science book, written by a Yale professor, that explores New Haven politics and history throughout the 1950's?", "answer": "Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City"}, {"question": "Who is the author of \"Who Governs? Democracy an Power in An American City\"", "answer": "Robert A. Dahl"}, {"question": "What penultimate work by Alexis de Tocqueville makes mention of New Haven's original theocratic government?", "answer": "Democracy in America"}, {"question": "To which prominent conservative, that authored God and Man at Yale, did New Haven provide residence in 1951?", "answer": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}, {"question": "Who is the author of The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society?", "answer": "William Lee Miller"}, {"question": "What is the name of popular book discussing the politics of New Haven published in the 50s?", "answer": "Democracy and Power in An American City"}, {"question": "What famous french historian mention the city within his book Democracy in America?", "answer": "Alexis de Tocqueville"}, {"question": "New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was?", "answer": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}, {"question": "What is the name of the book published in 1966 that had focus on the city politics in relations with President Johnson's policies?", "answer": "the Great Society"}, {"question": "What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut?", "answer": "New Haven Black Panther trials"}, {"question": "In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?", "answer": "Bobby Seale"}, {"question": "What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials? ", "answer": "May Day"}, {"question": "In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate?", "answer": "New Haven Green"}, {"question": "What political movement group is known in within city among non whites?", "answer": "Black Panther"}, {"question": "How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "The protest of trial result in what specifically?", "answer": "Violent confrontations"}, {"question": "The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration?", "answer": "the Nixon Administration"}, {"question": "What was the name of one of the party's leader that also happen to be on trial?", "answer": "Bobby Seale"}, {"question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters?", "answer": "reverse discrimination"}, {"question": "In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?", "answer": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}, {"question": "Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven? ", "answer": "Sonia Sotomayor"}, {"question": "The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who?", "answer": "20 white and Hispanic firefighters"}, {"question": "What was the date of the final ruling?", "answer": "29 June 2009"}, {"question": "The actual name for the case was what?", "answer": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}, {"question": "The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case?", "answer": "Sonia Sotomayor"}, {"question": "Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what?", "answer": "because of their race"}, {"question": "Who is the famous comic strip author of Doonesbury that attended Yale University in New Haven?", "answer": "Garry Trudeau"}, {"question": "For which long-time New Haven resident and former Yale student is Doonesbury named?", "answer": "Charles Pillsbury"}, {"question": "What was the Charles Pillsbury's nickname during college?", "answer": "\"The Doones\""}, {"question": "What is the name of the international law theory, grounded in jurisprudence framed by a sociological normative approach?", "answer": "the New Haven Approach"}, {"question": "What sitting Connecticut U.S. senator graduated from Yale University in New Haven?", "answer": "Richard Blumenthal"}, {"question": "Which past U.S. senator had lived in New Haven and graduated from Yale?", "answer": "Joe Lieberman"}, {"question": "The term, the New Haven Approach was what exactly?", "answer": "A theory of international law,"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Green party member that also studied at Yale?", "answer": "Charles Pillsbury"}, {"question": "Analysis by what organization detailed that municipality-based rankings may be inaccurate? ", "answer": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"}, {"question": "What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas?", "answer": "identical population"}, {"question": "Neighborhoods and blocks, as opposed to municipalities, are both examples of what?", "answer": "standard methodologies"}, {"question": "What research organization did an city analysis on New Haven?", "answer": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"}, {"question": "The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what?", "answer": "based on municipalities"}, {"question": "According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city?  ", "answer": "cities of identical population"}, {"question": "What private university is located in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "Yale University"}, {"question": "What community college is located in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "Gateway Community College"}, {"question": "What state university is located in New Haven?", "answer": "Southern Connecticut State University"}, {"question": "What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven?", "answer": "Yale University"}, {"question": "In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Where is Yale University located.", "answer": "heart of downtown"}, {"question": "What the name of a state university also located in the city?", "answer": "Southern Connecticut State University"}, {"question": "Other than Yale, New Haven has another private college in the city, it's name?", "answer": "Albertus Magnus College"}, {"question": "Before relocating to downtown area, New Haven has a community college that used to be located where?", "answer": "Long Wharf district"}, {"question": "When was the new Gateway Community College open?", "answer": "Fall 2012"}, {"question": "What private school, with the notable distinction of being the fifth-oldest educational institution in the U.S., was founded in New Haven?", "answer": "Hopkins School"}, {"question": "In what year was Hopkins School founded in New Haven?", "answer": "1660"}, {"question": "What is the name of the environmental charter school located in New Haven?", "answer": "Common Ground"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two Achievement First charter schools located in New Haven?", "answer": "Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep"}, {"question": "What magnet school in New Haven is centered around arts education?", "answer": "ACES Educational Center for the Arts"}, {"question": "As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660, what is it's name?", "answer": "Hopkins School"}, {"question": "In terms of schools how old is it historically compare to others?", "answer": "fifth-oldest"}, {"question": "How many charters schools are available in New Haven?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria?", "answer": "New Haven Promise"}, {"question": "What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?", "answer": "3.0"}, {"question": "How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?", "answer": "40 hours"}, {"question": "What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship?", "answer": "90-percent"}, {"question": "In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated? ", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale?", "answer": "New Haven Promise"}, {"question": "In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply?", "answer": "40 hours of service to the city."}, {"question": "When did the scholar project begin?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Currently how many students total have been approve by the program?", "answer": "more than 500 Scholars"}, {"question": "What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com?", "answer": "Best Foodie City"}, {"question": "How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants?", "answer": "New Haven"}, {"question": "How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green?", "answer": "More than 120"}, {"question": "What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city's food?", "answer": "Livability.com"}, {"question": "How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven's city?", "answer": "More than 120 restaurants"}, {"question": "There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines?", "answer": "various foreign foods."}, {"question": "What dish is commonly considered to be penultimate culinary achievement in New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven-style pizza"}, {"question": "What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza?", "answer": "\"apizza\""}, {"question": "At what New Haven establishment did \"apizza\" make it's inaugural appearance in 1925? ", "answer": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"}, {"question": "What ingredient is notably absent from a New Haven-style pizza when ordered plain?", "answer": "mozzarella cheese"}, {"question": "In what section of New Haven would one expect to find an outstanding white clam pie pizza on Wooster Street?", "answer": "Little Italy"}, {"question": "New Haven, in terms of food is best known for what?", "answer": "pizza"}, {"question": "Where did New Haven pizza style originated from?", "answer": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"}, {"question": "In general what are \"apizza\" known for?", "answer": "its thin crust"}, {"question": "White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?", "answer": "Wooster Street in the Little Italy section"}, {"question": "In what year was New Haven-style pizza found?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?", "answer": "Louis' Lunch"}, {"question": "In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?", "answer": "Louis Lassen"}, {"question": "What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?", "answer": "Library of Congress"}, {"question": "Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?", "answer": "Luigi Pieragostini"}, {"question": "Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?", "answer": "the hamburger"}, {"question": "What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?", "answer": "1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons"}, {"question": "When was Louis's Lunch found?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "At what cross streets, marking the center of the Hospital Green of Yale - New Haven Hospital, do food carts congregate on weekdays?", "answer": "Cedar and York streets"}, {"question": "What college of Yale is located at Elm and York Streets in New Haven? ", "answer": "Trumbull College"}, {"question": "What school of Yale is located nearest the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets?", "answer": "Yale School of Management"}, {"question": "What New Haven non-profit manages the farmer's markets that service various neighborhoods weekly throughout the area?", "answer": "CitySeed"}, {"question": "How many lunch carts are there in Yale's Campus during lunchtime?", "answer": "over 150"}, {"question": "Who manages New Haven's farmers' market?", "answer": "Fair Haven,"}, {"question": "New Haven Hospital is located at where in Hospital Green?", "answer": "Cedar and York streets"}, {"question": "In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre, what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven?", "answer": "Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre"}, {"question": "What is the name of the student-run group at Yale University provides theatrical productions in New Haven?", "answer": "Yale Cabaret"}, {"question": "What New Haven performance venue is hosted by Southern Connecticut State University?", "answer": "Lyman Center for the Performing Arts"}, {"question": "What was the original name of the College Street Music Hall?", "answer": "Palace Theatre"}, {"question": "In what year did the newly renovated College Street Music Hall reopen? ", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What theater sits on Yale's campus?", "answer": "Yale University Theatre"}, {"question": "The Southern Connecticut State University has it own theater as while, it's name?", "answer": "Lyman Center"}, {"question": "What theater is currently under renovation in the city?", "answer": "The shuttered Palace Theatre"}, {"question": "What school in New Haven is known for it's theater being used by both students and church?", "answer": "Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School"}, {"question": "Yale also has a theater managed by its' own student, then name?", "answer": "Yale Cabaret."}, {"question": "At what New Haven museum is an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible housed? ", "answer": "Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library"}, {"question": "What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum?", "answer": "Yale University Art Gallery"}, {"question": "What New Haven museum offers the largest collection of British art available outside of the UK?", "answer": "Yale Center for British Art"}, {"question": "What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor?", "answer": "Eli Whitney Museum"}, {"question": "With what major university are the majority of museums in New Haven associated? ", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "Which museum feature the original copy of the Gutenberg Bible?", "answer": "The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript"}, {"question": "Yale claim to have the oldest college art museum in the United States, what is the name of the place?", "answer": "Yale University Art Gallery"}, {"question": "There is a museum on Whitney Avenue that contain a variety of historical treasure, what is its' name?", "answer": "New Haven Museum and Historical Society"}, {"question": "What is the name of the museum that specifically focus on a single inventor located the city?", "answer": "the Eli Whitney Museum"}, {"question": "What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven?", "answer": "Artspace"}, {"question": "What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery"}, {"question": "In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel, Jennider Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye Gallery located? ", "answer": "Westville"}, {"question": "What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood? ", "answer": "Parachute Factory"}, {"question": "For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? ", "answer": "City-Wide Open Studios"}, {"question": "What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world?", "answer": "Artspace"}, {"question": "This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye, what is name of the place?", "answer": "Westville galleries"}, {"question": "The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where?", "answer": "Fair Haven neighborhood houses"}, {"question": "During which month is the complex particularly active? ", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer?", "answer": "New Haven Green"}, {"question": "What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven Jazz Festival"}, {"question": "In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled, thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S.?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival?", "answer": "Jazz Haven"}, {"question": "What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July?", "answer": "July Free Concerts"}, {"question": "What popular events that place in New Haven Green area?", "answer": "free music concerts"}, {"question": "When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "In general how many people attend these music concerts?", "answer": "30,000 to 50,000 fans"}, {"question": "After being cancel in 2007, what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival?", "answer": "Jazz Haven"}, {"question": "To what annual art festival is the city of New Haven home?", "answer": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"}, {"question": "What was the inaugural year of the New Haven St. Patrick's Day parade?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "In what historic New Haven neighborhood does the St. Andrew the Apostle Italian festival take place?", "answer": "Wooster Square"}, {"question": "What annual festival, celebrated on New Haven Green, memorializes the New Haven's passage into the Revolutionary War?", "answer": "Powder House Day"}, {"question": "In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What international event celebrating art is hosted in New Haven?", "answer": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"}, {"question": "As one of the oldest and largest traditions, how long have the city been celebrating Saint Patrick's Day?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "Which event takes place every year in Wooster Square since the beginning of the 20th century?", "answer": "St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival"}, {"question": "What organization was responsible for the planting of several cherry blossom trees in 1973?", "answer": "New Haven Historic Commission"}, {"question": "In general how many people attend  the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival?", "answer": "over 5,000 visitors"}, {"question": "What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven Register"}, {"question": "What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven? ", "answer": "Design New Haven"}, {"question": "What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?", "answer": "PLAY magazine"}, {"question": "Channel 65 is New Haven's home to what PBS affiliate? ", "answer": "Connecticut Public Television"}, {"question": "What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University? ", "answer": "Yale Herald"}, {"question": "What is the main newspaper company for New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven Register"}, {"question": "The other newspaper, New Haven Advocate is run by which company?", "answer": "Tribune"}, {"question": "There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly, it's name ?", "answer": "Grand News Community Newspaper"}, {"question": "What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students?", "answer": "Rumpus Magazine"}, {"question": "In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities?", "answer": "All New York City news and sports"}, {"question": "What NFL team played at the Yale Bowl from 1973-1974?", "answer": "New York Giants"}, {"question": "In what year was the New Haven Arena demolished?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "At what currently defunct New Haven venues did minor league hockey and baseball teams play throughout the latter half of the 20th century?", "answer": "New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002)"}, {"question": "In what year was Yale field established in New Haven?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "The city of New Haven has been known for it various sport teams for how long?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What famous NFL team played in New Haven own stadium in the 70s?", "answer": "New York Giants"}, {"question": "The city has couple of sport stadium which one of them was torn down in 20th century?", "answer": "New Haven Arena"}, {"question": "In modern day which of the stadiums have continue to host minor sport leagues?", "answer": "Yale Field"}, {"question": "How long has  Yale Field been open and active?", "answer": "1928\u2013present"}, {"question": "What 1995 mayor of New Haven sought to reinvent the area into a northeastern hub of art and culture?", "answer": "John DeStefano, Jr."}, {"question": "What sports complex was shuttered in New Haven by the DeStefano administration in 2002? ", "answer": "New Haven Coliseum"}, {"question": "What was New Haven's last professional sports team?", "answer": "New Haven County Cutters"}, {"question": "What indoor sporting complex in New Haven was constructed by the DeStefano administration in 1998?", "answer": "New Haven Athletic Center"}, {"question": "What is the approximate seating capacity of the New Haven Athletic Center?", "answer": "over 3,000"}, {"question": "Who was the mayor for the city in the late 90s?", "answer": "John DeStefano, Jr"}, {"question": "Due to the heavy upkeep, DeStefano decided to close what major infrastructure in the city?", "answer": "New Haven Coliseum"}, {"question": "When was the last time New Haven had a professional sport team?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center?", "answer": "over 3,000"}, {"question": "In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven?", "answer": "Pilot Pen International"}, {"question": "What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?", "answer": "Connecticut Tennis Center"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven?", "answer": "\"The Game\""}, {"question": "What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "The city also host a large international tennis event, when does it usually take place?", "answer": "every August"}, {"question": "\"The Game\" is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges?", "answer": "college football"}, {"question": "What is the name of major road race that places within the city?", "answer": "USA 20K Championship"}, {"question": "New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects?", "answer": "Ithiel Town and Henry Austin"}, {"question": "What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy?", "answer": "The Yale School of Architecture"}, {"question": "Who is the notable artist of the Beaux-Arts school responsible for designing both New Haven's Union Station and New Haven Public Library?", "answer": "Cass Gilbert"}, {"question": "In what year did New Haven commission the City Beautiful plan?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for designing Ingalls Rink at Yale University in New Haven? ", "answer": "Eero Saarinen"}, {"question": "New Haven is also known for a very notable architecture institution, it's name?", "answer": "Yale School of Architecture"}, {"question": "Who was the architect that design the New Haven Free Public Library?", "answer": "Cass Gilbert"}, {"question": "What was the name of the building that was feature in America's Favorite Architecture list of 2007?", "answer": "Ingalls Rink"}, {"question": "How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places? ", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be \"the most beautiful street in America?\"", "answer": "Charles Dickens"}, {"question": "Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green, which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt?", "answer": "Center Church on-the-Green"}, {"question": "What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green?", "answer": "Benedict Arnold"}, {"question": "What structure of Yale University, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus?", "answer": "Connecticut Hall"}, {"question": "According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven? ", "answer": "59"}, {"question": "In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded?", "answer": "1638"}, {"question": "What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?", "answer": "a 17th-century crypt"}, {"question": "Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus, the name of it?", "answer": "Hillhouse Avenue"}, {"question": "What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?", "answer": "Black Rock Fort"}, {"question": "In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated? ", "answer": "1779"}, {"question": "After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?", "answer": "Nathan Hale"}, {"question": "What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?", "answer": "bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat"}, {"question": "In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?", "answer": "the American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?", "answer": "Revolutionary War hero"}, {"question": "During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?", "answer": "a second Fort Hale was built"}, {"question": "The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What cemetery in New Haven is situated next to the campus of Yale University and has been designated a National Historic Landmark? ", "answer": "Grove Street"}, {"question": "In what architectural style is the gateway of Grove Street Cemetery notably designed?  ", "answer": "Egyptian Revival"}, {"question": "What Beaux Arts structure on New Haven's Chapel Street was built on the site believed to formerly feature the home of Roger Sherman?", "answer": "The Union League Club of New Haven building"}, {"question": "What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman?", "answer": "George Washington"}, {"question": "Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?", "answer": "Eli Whitney"}, {"question": "What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale's campus?", "answer": "Grove Street Cemetery"}, {"question": "What is Grove Street Cemetery famously known for?", "answer": "Egyptian Revival gateway"}, {"question": "Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place?", "answer": "Union League Club"}, {"question": "George Washington once paid visit to Sherman's house, what year was this?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Throughout the Roaring Twenties, what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists?", "answer": "Lighthouse Point Park"}, {"question": "Which famed professional baseball player is known to have visited at Lighthouse Point Park in New Haven during the 1920's?", "answer": "Babe Ruth"}, {"question": "What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park?", "answer": "Five Mile Point Lighthouse"}, {"question": "In what year was New Haven's Lighthouse Point carousel constructed? ", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "In what year was Five Mile Point Lighthouse decommissioned upon construction of Southwest Ledge Lighthouse? ", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "What popular tourist site was particularly active during the 20s?", "answer": "Lighthouse Point Park"}, {"question": "In 1847, a new landmark was constructed at the park, what exactly was it?", "answer": "Lighthouse"}, {"question": "After 1877 another lighthouse was build to replace File Mile Point, what was its' name?", "answer": "Southwest Ledge Light"}, {"question": "Is Southwest Ledge Light still active today?", "answer": "in service to this day"}, {"question": "How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?", "answer": "Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express"}, {"question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?", "answer": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"}, {"question": "With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?", "answer": "United Airlines"}, {"question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?", "answer": "the Vermonter"}, {"question": "What is the name of the train station within New Haven?", "answer": "Union Station"}, {"question": "The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?", "answer": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"}, {"question": "In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?", "answer": "United Airlines"}, {"question": "What form of public transportation preceded the current New Haven Division bus routes?", "answer": "trolley service"}, {"question": "What decade ushered in the operation of horse-drawn carriages in New Haven? ", "answer": "the 1860s"}, {"question": "What advancement was made to New Haven trolley lines in the mid 1890's?", "answer": "all the lines had become electric"}, {"question": "What mode of public transportation in New Haven phased out the trolley service in the 1920's and 1930's?", "answer": "bus lines"}, {"question": "In what year was the final trolley route in New Haven converted to a bus line? ", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Buses in New Haven uses what kind of route for their service?", "answer": "trolley"}, {"question": "Before 20th century, what was the form of public transportation in the city?", "answer": "Horse-drawn steetcars"}, {"question": "In what year were trolleys finally replaced completely by buses?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What further ideas for public transportation is the city currently considering?", "answer": "streetcar (light-rail) service"}, {"question": "What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton, Massachusetts? ", "answer": "The Farmington Canal Trail"}, {"question": "What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow? ", "answer": "New Haven and Northampton Company"}, {"question": "What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail?", "answer": "Farmington Canal"}, {"question": "What proposed bike path, projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard, is part of the Farmington Canal Trail?", "answer": "East Coast Greenway"}, {"question": "What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts?", "answer": "Farmington Canal Trail"}, {"question": "Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation? ", "answer": "bicycle"}, {"question": "Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail?", "answer": "East Coast Greenway"}, {"question": "In terms of length, how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida?", "answer": "3,000-mile"}, {"question": "In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "For which New Haven neighborhood did the Orange Street bike lane provide a connection to downtown? ", "answer": "East Rock"}, {"question": "In addition to Orange Street, what is a bike route recommended for use by the city of New Haven?", "answer": "Canal Trail"}, {"question": "In what year were bike lanes added on Dixwell Avenue and Howard Avenue? ", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven? ", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "The lane stretch from East Rock park to what part of the city?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "What year did New Haven finally integrated bike lanes to most of the city?", "answer": "end of 2012"}, {"question": "How is it possible to located the direction of bike lanes within the city?", "answer": "bike map of the city"}, {"question": "What major interstate provides access between New Haven and New York City?", "answer": "Interstate 95"}, {"question": "What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts, Vermont, and eventually reaches the Canadian border?", "answer": "Interstate 91"}, {"question": "Over which New Haven river does 1-95 cross on the east side?", "answer": "Quinnipiac River"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to the Pearl Harbor Memorial? ", "answer": "\"Q Bridge\""}, {"question": "Which New Haven interstate is less congested throughout times designated as peak travel?", "answer": "I-91"}, {"question": "New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway?", "answer": "Interstate 95"}, {"question": "Which of the nearby highway would take you north to Massachusetts?", "answer": "Interstate 91"}, {"question": "Interstate 95 is also infamous for what exactly?", "answer": "traffic jams"}, {"question": "What river crosses path with I-95?", "answer": "Quinnipiac River"}, {"question": "Is I-91 similar to I-95 in terms of bad traffic?", "answer": "is relatively less congested"}, {"question": "What downtown New Haven expressway spur intersects at exit 1 of 1-91?", "answer": "The Oak Street Connector"}, {"question": "What is another name for Connecticut Route 15, which provides an alternate route from traveling on 1-95/1/91?", "answer": "The Wilbur Cross Parkway"}, {"question": "What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?", "answer": "Route 15"}, {"question": "What is the name of the highway tunnel on Route 15 in New Haven? ", "answer": "Heroes Tunnel"}, {"question": "Through what neighborhood in New Haven does Route 15 run? ", "answer": "West Rock"}, {"question": "Oak Street Connect crosses which interstate highway?", "answer": "I-91 at exit 1"}, {"question": "Connecticut Route 15 is next to which highway?", "answer": "I-95 west of New Haven,"}, {"question": "What is the name of the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?", "answer": "Route 15"}, {"question": "What east-west artery in New Haven serves Union Station? ", "answer": "U.S. Route 1"}, {"question": "What road leading northwest from downtown New Haven comprises both Route 10 and Route 63 at various points?", "answer": "Whalley Avenue"}, {"question": "What two major thoroughfares lie to the north of New Haven towards Hamden? ", "answer": "Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue"}, {"question": "What northeast avenue in New Haven is signed as Route 17?", "answer": "Middletown"}, {"question": "What western road provides access from New Haven to the city of Derby?", "answer": "Route 34"}, {"question": "Where does U.S. Route 1 runs in terms of direction within the city?", "answer": "east-west direction"}, {"question": "What is the name of the route that heads north of downtown?", "answer": "Whalley Avenue"}, {"question": "What city does the western route 34 leads to?", "answer": "Derby"}, {"question": "What is another surface arteries that is located west of downtown New Haven?", "answer": "Ella Grasso Boulevard"}, {"question": "In what harbor is the Port of New Haven located?", "answer": "New Haven Harbor"}, {"question": "How many trucks does the Port of New Haven have the daily capacity to load?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo?", "answer": "loading docks"}, {"question": "Approximately how many square feet of interior storage is available at the Port of New Haven?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "Approximately how many acres of outside storage does the Port of New Haven offer?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "The name of New Haven harbor?", "answer": "Port of New Haven"}, {"question": "In terms of scale how big is the harbor?", "answer": "400,000 square feet"}, {"question": "How many forklift are available for use in it everyday production?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "How many transport vehicle can the harbor actually hold?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "How many major medical centers are located in downtown New Haven?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What overarching New Haven medical center is the Smilow Cancer Hospital a part of?", "answer": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"}, {"question": "What hospital in New Haven provides notable cardiac emergency care? ", "answer": "Hospital of Saint Raphael"}, {"question": "How many pavilions comprise Yale -- New Haven Hospital?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the mental health facility is located in New Haven?", "answer": "Connecticut Mental Health Center"}, {"question": "How many pavilion are part of New Haven Hospital?", "answer": "four pavilions"}, {"question": "What hospital is located nearby a working class district within the city?", "answer": "Hill Health Center,"}, {"question": "What is the hospital located north of New Haven in Meriden?", "answer": "MidState Medical Center"}, {"question": "What is the name of the well known hospital specializes in young children patients?", "answer": "New Haven Children's Hospital"}, {"question": "What nearby city would you go to for war related injuries?", "answer": "West Haven"}, {"question": "Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?", "answer": "medical and biotechnology"}, {"question": "What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?", "answer": "Science Park"}, {"question": "To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?", "answer": "Winchester's and Olin"}, {"question": "In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?", "answer": "biotech"}, {"question": "What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? ", "answer": "Science Park"}, {"question": "The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?", "answer": "45 large-scale factory buildings"}, {"question": "Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?", "answer": "parking lots or abandoned structures"}, {"question": "On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?", "answer": "Frontage"}, {"question": "What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?", "answer": "Route 34 extension"}, {"question": "What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?", "answer": "Pfizer"}, {"question": "What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?", "answer": "lab space"}, {"question": "Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?", "answer": "Frontage Road"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?", "answer": "SNET telephone building"}, {"question": "When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?", "answer": "late 2009"}, {"question": "What static inverter plant lies near New Haven? ", "answer": "HVDC Cross Sound Cable"}, {"question": "How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade?", "answer": "$1 million"}, {"question": "What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city? ", "answer": "ClearEdge Power"}, {"question": "The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven?", "answer": "static inverter plant"}, {"question": "How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city?", "answer": "UTC Power"}, {"question": "In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?", "answer": "$1 million in energy costs"}, {"question": "At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950's classic, All About Eve, filmed?", "answer": "Taft Hotel"}, {"question": "What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as \"tryouts\" for Broadway?", "answer": "The Band Wagon"}, {"question": "What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?", "answer": "Amistad"}, {"question": "What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven? ", "answer": "The Skulls"}, {"question": "What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven?", "answer": "Taft Apartments"}, {"question": "What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets?", "answer": "All About Eve (1950)"}, {"question": "The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie, who was the director of Amistad?", "answer": "Steven Spielberg"}, {"question": "New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories? ", "answer": "The Skulls (2000)"}, {"question": "What 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts was filmed in New Haven?", "answer": "Mona Lisa Smile"}, {"question": "What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008?", "answer": "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"}, {"question": "What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "How many New Haven locals were cast as extras throughout filming of the Crystal Skull?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie, Everybody's Fine, filmed?", "answer": "Union Station"}, {"question": "What was the name of popular movie film in New Haven featuring Julia Roberts?", "answer": "Mona Lisa Smile (2003)"}, {"question": "The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "Union Station was as a part of a set on a film, what was the name of the movie?", "answer": "Everybody's Fine (2009)"}, {"question": "In what Fitzgerald classic does the fictional protagonist make repeated references to New Haven?", "answer": "The Great Gatsby"}, {"question": "Who is the fictional Yale University alumnus, and ostensible former resident of New Haven, featured on The Simpsons? ", "answer": "C. Montgomery Burns"}, {"question": "What fictional New Haven resident is featured in the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Iceland Flock?", "answer": "Alex Welch"}, {"question": "At what New Haven university is The Gilmore Girls hypothetically set, at least in part? ", "answer": "Yale"}, {"question": "The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was?", "answer": "The Great Gatsby"}, {"question": "The Simpson has a character that was set to graduated from Yale University, can you guess his name?", "answer": "Montgomery Burns"}, {"question": "What relations does the television show Gilmore Girls have to New Haven city?", "answer": "is set (but not filmed) in New Haven"}, {"question": "What infamous Doors frontman was once arrested in New Haven?", "answer": "Jim Morrison"}, {"question": "At what venue was Jim Morrison arrested in New Haven?", "answer": "New Haven Arena"}, {"question": "What Morrison song pays homage to his New Haven arrest while mentioning the town by name?", "answer": "\"Peace Frog\""}, {"question": "What 1991 film depicts the 1979 Morrison arrest in New Haven?", "answer": "The Doors"}, {"question": "A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven, which result in an accident with one of it member, the man name was?", "answer": "Jim Morrison"}, {"question": "What was the song sung that lead to the arrest of Morrison?", "answer": "\"Peace Frog\""}, {"question": "The event in 1967 later lead to inspiration of what movie in 1991? ", "answer": "The Doors"}, {"question": "The movie The Doors however did not film at New Haven, instead where did they film the reenactment? ", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?", "answer": "4 January 1798"}, {"question": "What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?", "answer": "1871\u20131918"}, {"question": "Which other country had control over Alsace?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?", "answer": "four times"}, {"question": "Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?", "answer": "Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss"}, {"question": "Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?", "answer": "Clovis' Merovingian"}, {"question": "What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?", "answer": "Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843"}, {"question": "In what year did Lothar past away?", "answer": "855"}, {"question": "What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships"}, {"question": "Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?", "answer": "Hohenstaufen emperors"}, {"question": "Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?", "answer": "Landgericht"}, {"question": "What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England", "answer": "Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route"}, {"question": "Which other two cities also started to grow economically?", "answer": "Colmar and Hagenau"}, {"question": "About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?", "answer": "harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death"}, {"question": "Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?", "answer": "blamed on Jews"}, {"question": "What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?", "answer": "accused of poisoning the wells with plague"}, {"question": "When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?", "answer": "1356,"}, {"question": "What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?", "answer": "Rh\u00f4ne and Meuse"}, {"question": "The French proposed a marriage between which two people?", "answer": "Blanche and Albert"}, {"question": "What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?", "answer": "the Hundred Years' War"}, {"question": "In what year did the French reach Alsace?", "answer": "1444"}, {"question": "In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?", "answer": "1469"}, {"question": "Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?", "answer": "to gain back full control of Upper Alsace"}, {"question": "When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?", "answer": "1515"}, {"question": "When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?", "answer": "1523"}, {"question": "Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?", "answer": "Martin Bucer"}, {"question": "What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?", "answer": "Catholic and Protestant"}, {"question": "When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?", "answer": "1646"}, {"question": "How much did France pay for Sundgau?", "answer": "1.2 million Thalers"}, {"question": "In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?", "answer": "the suppression of French Protestantism"}, {"question": "In what year did the division of Alsace take place?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?", "answer": "La Marseillaise"}, {"question": "Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?", "answer": "Kellermann"}, {"question": "Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?", "answer": "Austria and Prussia"}, {"question": "What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home?", "answer": "lands and homes had been confiscated"}, {"question": "What was the name of the poem by Goethe?", "answer": "Hermann and Dorothea"}, {"question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1846?", "answer": "1,067,000"}, {"question": "What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?", "answer": "hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people"}, {"question": "Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?", "answer": "1820 to 1850"}, {"question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1790?", "answer": "22,500"}, {"question": "Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?", "answer": "in villages"}, {"question": "in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?", "answer": "full emancipation"}, {"question": "Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Which country defeated the French in 1871?", "answer": "Kingdom of Prussia"}, {"question": "The end of the war led to which companies unification?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?", "answer": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?", "answer": "served as sailors"}, {"question": "Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?", "answer": "Jacques Peirotes"}, {"question": "Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? ", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?", "answer": "Treaty of Versailles"}, {"question": "What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?", "answer": "130,000"}, {"question": "Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?", "answer": "malgr\u00e9-nous"}, {"question": "Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?", "answer": "Nicolas Sarkozy"}, {"question": "Who is the president of the regional counsel?", "answer": "Philippe Richert"}, {"question": "Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?", "answer": "European Constitution in 2005"}, {"question": "Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?", "answer": "UEPAL"}, {"question": "What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?", "answer": "local lords"}, {"question": "Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?", "answer": "Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists"}, {"question": "Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?", "answer": "Amish"}, {"question": "What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?", "answer": "Rot-un-Wiss"}, {"question": "What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?", "answer": "Union jack-like\" flag"}, {"question": "What does the \"Union jack-like\" flag represent?", "answer": "the union of the two d\u00e9prtements"}, {"question": "Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?", "answer": "middle classes began to speak and write French"}, {"question": "What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?", "answer": "standard German"}, {"question": "Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?", "answer": "1940\u20131945"}, {"question": "What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?", "answer": "names were Germanized."}, {"question": "When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?", "answer": "Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace"}, {"question": "What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?", "answer": "Circulaire Savary"}, {"question": "What did the Circulair Savary introduce?", "answer": "introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities"}, {"question": "Which two dialects were banned from public life?", "answer": "Alsatian and Standard German"}, {"question": "What did the banning of the two dialects  include?", "answer": "street and city names, official administration, and educational system"}, {"question": "Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?", "answer": "Sundgau region"}, {"question": "What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?", "answer": "Yiddish"}, {"question": "What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?", "answer": "French alone is the official language"}, {"question": "How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?", "answer": "548,000"}, {"question": "With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?", "answer": "one in ten children"}, {"question": "In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?", "answer": "sour cabbage"}, {"question": "What can Sauerkraut be served with?", "answer": "poultry, pork, sausage or even fish"}, {"question": "What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?", "answer": "Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montb\u00e9liard sausages"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?", "answer": "a lawless place\" or \"a place under no jurisdiction"}, {"question": "What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?", "answer": "ramshackle marketplace"}, {"question": "Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace \"ramshackle marketplace\" as of 2007?", "answer": "English and Australian"}, {"question": "What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? ", "answer": "new dual carriageway"}, {"question": "What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?", "answer": "reduce the buildup of traffic in that area"}, {"question": "What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?", "answer": "Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn"}, {"question": "The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?", "answer": "H\u0153rdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest"}, {"question": "What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?", "answer": "Carnival"}, {"question": "When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "Who is the Carnival open to?", "answer": "public"}, {"question": "What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?", "answer": "social unity"}, {"question": "What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What country no longer celebrates Carnival?", "answer": "the Philippines"}, {"question": "The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?", "answer": "Fastelavn"}, {"question": "What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?", "answer": "Maslenitsa"}, {"question": "Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?", "answer": "food shortage at the end of the winter"}, {"question": "What was one limited to during the winter?", "answer": "the minimum necessary"}, {"question": "What does \"vastenavond\" mean?", "answer": "the days before fasting)"}, {"question": "Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?", "answer": "it would soon start to rot and decay"}, {"question": "When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?", "answer": "the returning of the daylight"}, {"question": "How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?", "answer": "on wheels"}, {"question": "Why was the winter driven out?", "answer": "to make sure that fertility could return in spring"}, {"question": "What is Nerthus the goddess of?", "answer": "fertility"}, {"question": "How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?", "answer": "be consummated"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Germania?", "answer": "Tacitus"}, {"question": "What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?", "answer": "walls"}, {"question": "Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?", "answer": "human"}, {"question": "When is the car used in the ritual purified? ", "answer": "Afterwards"}, {"question": "Where is the divinity herself purified? ", "answer": "a secret lake"}, {"question": "What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?", "answer": "sexual"}, {"question": "All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?", "answer": "Lent"}, {"question": "The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?", "answer": "Carnival"}, {"question": "How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?", "answer": "six weeks"}, {"question": "What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?", "answer": "meat, dairy, fat and sugar"}, {"question": "What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?", "answer": "corpus christi"}, {"question": "Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?", "answer": "Christmas"}, {"question": "Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?", "answer": "outlet for their daily frustrations"}, {"question": "In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?", "answer": "743"}, {"question": "In what month did the excesses occur?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?", "answer": "Confession"}, {"question": "What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?", "answer": "an animal or old woman"}, {"question": "What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?", "answer": "the opposite gender"}, {"question": "Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?", "answer": "Saturnalia and Bacchanalia"}, {"question": "The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?", "answer": "Dionysia"}, {"question": "On which month and day did Saturnalia start?", "answer": "December 17"}, {"question": "What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?", "answer": "horribly murdered"}, {"question": "What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?", "answer": "evidence"}, {"question": "What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?", "answer": "Saturnalia"}, {"question": "How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?", "answer": "with their deaths"}, {"question": "What is the gift of King Carnival?", "answer": "acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life"}, {"question": "Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?", "answer": "Venice"}, {"question": "What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?", "answer": "New France"}, {"question": "What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?", "answer": "foolish guise"}, {"question": "Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?", "answer": "Pope Gregory XVI"}, {"question": "What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?", "answer": "a yearly prize"}, {"question": "Three groups in S\u00e3o Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? ", "answer": "a painted float"}, {"question": "Over how many days is S\u00e3o Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? ", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?", "answer": "Goa"}, {"question": "What does the Indian word \"Intruz\" mean?", "answer": "swindler"}, {"question": "The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?", "answer": "Panjim"}, {"question": "What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?", "answer": "crepes"}, {"question": "What legendary king eventually takes over the state?", "answer": "Momo"}, {"question": "Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarm\u00ea?", "answer": "Malmedy"}, {"question": "Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?", "answer": "in the street"}, {"question": "What do disguised people pass through during the festival?", "answer": "the crowd"}, {"question": "What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?", "answer": "Carnivals"}, {"question": "What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?", "answer": "the Carnival de la Laetare"}, {"question": "What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?", "answer": "Blancs-Moussis"}, {"question": "What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?", "answer": "Laetare Sunday"}, {"question": "What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? ", "answer": "Carnival Parade of Maaseik"}, {"question": "Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?", "answer": "Kvarner"}, {"question": "What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?", "answer": "a man-like doll"}, {"question": "Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?", "answer": "Jure Pi\u0161kanac"}, {"question": "What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?", "answer": "their areas of origin"}, {"question": "What is the traditional Carnival food?", "answer": "fritule"}, {"question": "How long has Carnival been celebrated?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?", "answer": "Venetian"}, {"question": "Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? ", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?", "answer": "twentieth"}, {"question": "What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?", "answer": "Limassol"}, {"question": "How many parades take place during Carnival?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "Who rides through the city on a carriage?", "answer": "the \"Carnival King"}, {"question": "Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?", "answer": "The second"}, {"question": "What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?", "answer": "costume"}, {"question": "Who are the last two parades open for participation by?", "answer": "anyone who wishes to participate"}, {"question": "Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?", "answer": "in the old Freemasons lodge"}, {"question": "Who composed the song \"Karneval in Paris\"?", "answer": "Johan Svendsens"}, {"question": "What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?", "answer": "T\u00e5rnseilerne"}, {"question": "When do the processions occur after?", "answer": "an opera performance"}, {"question": "Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?", "answer": "The \"Rheinische\""}, {"question": "Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?", "answer": "famous"}, {"question": "What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?", "answer": "N\u00fcrnberg. On Carnival Thursday"}, {"question": "Who revolted in 1824?", "answer": "washer-women"}, {"question": "What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?", "answer": "kiss"}, {"question": "What is the Greece Carnival also called?", "answer": "the Apokri\u00e9s"}, {"question": "What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?", "answer": "the liturgical book used by the church"}, {"question": "What is one of the festival season's high points?", "answer": "Tsiknopempti"}, {"question": "What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?", "answer": "roast beef"}, {"question": "What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?", "answer": "pranks and revelry"}, {"question": "Who holds an annual Phallus festival?", "answer": "Tyrnavos"}, {"question": "What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?", "answer": "papier mach\u00e9"}, {"question": "What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?", "answer": "a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit"}, {"question": "What is the ancient celebration for?", "answer": "nature's rebirth"}, {"question": "In what square do the bands all play at once?", "answer": "Ntoltso"}, {"question": "In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?", "answer": "Ash"}, {"question": "What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?", "answer": "traditions"}, {"question": "What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?", "answer": "herring"}, {"question": "What is dutch for \"Peasant Wedding\"?", "answer": "boerenbruiloft"}, {"question": "How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?", "answer": "since at least 1670"}, {"question": "What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?", "answer": "Turkish"}, {"question": "Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?", "answer": "masked people"}, {"question": "What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?", "answer": "Tuesday"}, {"question": "What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?", "answer": "Slovenian"}, {"question": "Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?", "answer": "fluffy"}, {"question": "Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?", "answer": "Ptuj"}, {"question": "Who are magical creatures from another world?", "answer": "the Kurents"}, {"question": "What do the Kurents try to banish?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?", "answer": "groups"}, {"question": "What do the chirigotas sing about?", "answer": "politics, new times and household topics"}, {"question": "How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?", "answer": "the whole year"}, {"question": "Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?", "answer": "The Choirs"}, {"question": "Who has the most elaborated polyphony?", "answer": "The comparsas"}, {"question": "Where do people dress in masks and costume?", "answer": "Catalonia"}, {"question": "What are raced as part of the festivities? ", "answer": "bed"}, {"question": "What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?", "answer": "Princep etern de Cornudella"}, {"question": "Who has a lovely breast?", "answer": "Marqu\u00e8s"}, {"question": "Who is upon the bed?", "answer": "the Artist of Honor"}, {"question": "When may conventional social rules be broken?", "answer": "a period of misrule"}, {"question": "Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?", "answer": "The King"}, {"question": "What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?", "answer": "cercavila"}, {"question": "Fat Thursday is also known as what day?", "answer": "omelette day"}, {"question": "Who is typically burned on a pyre?", "answer": "King Carnival"}, {"question": "What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?", "answer": "Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa"}, {"question": "What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?", "answer": "\"thighs and feathers\""}, {"question": "In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?", "answer": "Les Comparses"}, {"question": "What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?", "answer": "current events or public figures"}, {"question": "What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?", "answer": "Merengada"}, {"question": "What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?", "answer": "meringue"}, {"question": "Who throws insults at the crowd?", "answer": "the Xerraire"}, {"question": "What behavior scandalizes the town?", "answer": "sexual"}, {"question": "Who creates sparks and explosions?", "answer": "ritual crew of devils"}, {"question": "Who is the children's King?", "answer": "Caramel"}, {"question": "What do people dress in for the King's funeral?", "answer": "elaborate mourning costume"}, {"question": "Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?", "answer": "cross-dressing men"}, {"question": "Who weeps around the body of the King?", "answer": "concubines"}, {"question": "What type of eulogy is provided for the King?", "answer": "satiric"}, {"question": "What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?", "answer": "communion"}, {"question": "What is one of the longest free events in the streets?", "answer": "Carnaval de Solsona"}, {"question": "How long can the nightly concerts run for?", "answer": "more than a week"}, {"question": "What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?", "answer": "the tower bell"}, {"question": "How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?", "answer": "water pump"}, {"question": "What does \"matarrucs\" mean?", "answer": "donkey killers"}, {"question": "Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?", "answer": "Tarragona"}, {"question": "What do the events of Tarragona start with?", "answer": "building of a huge barrel"}, {"question": "On what day does the main parade take place?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?", "answer": "elegance"}, {"question": "About how many people are members of the various parade groups?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "What contagiously throbs during the week of events?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?", "answer": "a month"}, {"question": "What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?", "answer": "flamboyant"}, {"question": "What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?", "answer": "Street parades"}, {"question": "When is King Mom symbolically burnt?", "answer": "On the evening before Lent"}, {"question": "What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?", "answer": "Crop Over"}, {"question": "Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?", "answer": "sugar cane plantations"}, {"question": "What year did Crop Over begin?", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "What activity is done using a greased pole?", "answer": "climbing"}, {"question": "What is the finale of Crop Over called?", "answer": "The Grand Kadooment"}, {"question": "What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?", "answer": "calypso"}, {"question": "Where did Calypso music originate?", "answer": "Trinidad"}, {"question": "Who perform biting social commentaries?", "answer": "musicians"}, {"question": "What do the musical groups compete for?", "answer": "the Calypso Monarch Award"}, {"question": "What is the climax of the festival called?", "answer": "Kadooment Day"}, {"question": "What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?", "answer": "a Carrosa"}, {"question": "What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?", "answer": "a given saint or deity"}, {"question": "Who are usually included the group comparsa?", "answer": "notable men from the community"}, {"question": "What is used in some of the festive fights?", "answer": "flour"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the Carnival painters?", "answer": "to paint as many people as you can"}, {"question": "What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?", "answer": "1804"}, {"question": "What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?", "answer": "declaration of independence"}, {"question": "What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?", "answer": "Kanaval"}, {"question": "What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?", "answer": "kompa"}, {"question": "What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?", "answer": "song"}, {"question": "When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?", "answer": "before dawn"}, {"question": "What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?", "answer": "current affairs,"}, {"question": "What is \"Clean Mud\"?", "answer": "clay"}, {"question": "What are \"jab-jabs\"?", "answer": "devils"}, {"question": "How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?", "answer": "based on their witty political/social messages"}, {"question": "On what day is full costume worn?", "answer": "Carnival Tuesday"}, {"question": "What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?", "answer": "\"Mas Boots\""}, {"question": "What does each band base their costume presentation on?", "answer": "theme"}, {"question": "What do the mas bands eventually converge on?", "answer": "the Queen's Park Savannah"}, {"question": "Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?", "answer": "The singer of the most played song"}, {"question": "About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?", "answer": "225"}, {"question": "What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?", "answer": "level of European influence"}, {"question": "Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?", "answer": "Huejotzingo, Puebla"}, {"question": "What is the mock combat roughly based on?", "answer": "the Battle of Puebla"}, {"question": "Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?", "answer": "local traditions"}, {"question": "What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?", "answer": "Fat Tuesday"}, {"question": "Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?", "answer": "Gulf Coast area"}, {"question": "What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?", "answer": "Customs"}, {"question": "What has been part of the celebrations for many years?", "answer": "street parades and masked balls"}, {"question": "Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?", "answer": "celebrations"}, {"question": "Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?", "answer": "Brooklyn"}, {"question": "What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?", "answer": "Labor Day"}, {"question": "What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?", "answer": "Trinidad"}, {"question": "Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?", "answer": "Crown Heights"}, {"question": "Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?", "answer": "Murga"}, {"question": "What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?", "answer": "Gualeguaych\u00fa"}, {"question": "What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?", "answer": "Carnival"}, {"question": "What is Chamame?", "answer": "popular musical style."}, {"question": "Where is Carnival celebrated? ", "answer": "In all major cities and many towns throughout the country"}, {"question": "Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?", "answer": "La Diablada"}, {"question": "Who is the miners' patron saint?", "answer": "V\u00edrgen de Socavon"}, {"question": "Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? ", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "How many hours a day does the parade run?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?", "answer": "a Brazilian-type Carnival"}, {"question": "How many members do Samba Schools have?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?", "answer": "$500\u2013950"}, {"question": "What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?", "answer": "Blocos"}, {"question": "About how many Samba schools are in Rio?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?", "answer": "1 billion"}, {"question": "Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?", "answer": "in small/unimportant towns"}, {"question": "The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?", "answer": "one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity"}, {"question": "How many days does the non-stop festival go?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogot\u00e1?", "answer": "the government"}, {"question": "Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?", "answer": "Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province"}, {"question": "What are the festivities known as in Ambato?", "answer": "Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas"}, {"question": "Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?", "answer": "Imbabura"}, {"question": "What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?", "answer": "afro-Ecuadorian"}, {"question": "What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?", "answer": "bomba del chota"}, {"question": "What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?", "answer": "touloulous"}, {"question": "Why are Touloulous given free condoms?", "answer": "in the interest of the sexual health"}, {"question": "What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?", "answer": "pay admittance"}, {"question": "What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?", "answer": "refuse"}, {"question": "Why do the women drink through a straw? ", "answer": "protect their anonymity"}, {"question": "What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?", "answer": "violence"}, {"question": "Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?", "answer": "because it is the rainy season"}, {"question": "When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?", "answer": "second half of the 20th century"}, {"question": "What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?", "answer": "sexual assaults on women"}, {"question": "How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?", "answer": "more than 40"}, {"question": "What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?", "answer": "slaves"}, {"question": "What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?", "answer": "two colorful parades"}, {"question": "What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?", "answer": "candombe"}, {"question": "What are built in many places through the cities?", "answer": "tablados"}, {"question": "What do the different Carnival groups perform together?", "answer": "opera"}, {"question": "What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?", "answer": "the social and political situation"}, {"question": "What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?", "answer": "candombe"}, {"question": "What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?", "answer": "sensual"}, {"question": "What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?", "answer": "Baptists"}, {"question": "Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?", "answer": "tenets of Baptist churches"}, {"question": "What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?", "answer": "elders and deacons"}, {"question": "Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?", "answer": "Protestant churches"}, {"question": "When was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?", "answer": "1609"}, {"question": "Where was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\"?", "answer": "John Smyth"}, {"question": "Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?", "answer": "Particular Baptists"}, {"question": "When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?", "answer": "1638"}, {"question": "Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?", "answer": "Bruce Gourley"}, {"question": "Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?", "answer": "Anabaptist traditions"}, {"question": "What does the perpetuity view assume?", "answer": "that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ"}, {"question": "What does the successionist view assume?", "answer": "that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ."}, {"question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?", "answer": "English Separatist movement"}, {"question": "Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?", "answer": "minimal"}, {"question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?", "answer": "original Protestant denominations"}, {"question": "When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "During the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Puritans are described by Gourley as what?", "answer": "cousins of the English Separatists"}, {"question": "Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?", "answer": "Separatists"}, {"question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?", "answer": "1609"}, {"question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?", "answer": "John Smyth"}, {"question": "John Smyth broke his ties with what church?", "answer": "Church of England"}, {"question": "Where did John Smyth go into exile?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "Smyth wrote a tract titled what?", "answer": "\"The Character of the Beast,\" or \"The False Constitution of the Church.\""}, {"question": "What was his first proposition?", "answer": "infants are not to be baptized"}, {"question": "What was his second proposition?", "answer": "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism"}, {"question": "Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?", "answer": "baptized on a personal confession of faith"}, {"question": "What is paedobaptism?", "answer": "infant baptism"}, {"question": "Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?", "answer": "Smyth"}, {"question": "Smyth applied for membership with who?", "answer": "the Mennonites"}, {"question": "What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?", "answer": "The modern Baptist denomination"}, {"question": "What name did Baptists reject?", "answer": "Anabaptist"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly\u2014though falsely\u2014called Anabaptists?\"", "answer": "McBeth"}, {"question": "When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?", "answer": "1638"}, {"question": "Who promoted strict immersion baptism?", "answer": "John Spilsbury"}, {"question": "Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?", "answer": "Southern Baptist Theological Seminary"}, {"question": "What was Tom Nettles a professor of?", "answer": "historical theology"}, {"question": "Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?", "answer": "early seventeenth-century Baptists"}, {"question": "Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?", "answer": "continental Anabaptists"}, {"question": "General Baptists shared similarities with who?", "answer": "Dutch Waterlander Mennonites"}, {"question": "Who are two representative writers?", "answer": "A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley"}, {"question": "What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?", "answer": "one of many Anabaptist groups"}, {"question": "Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?", "answer": "Roger Williams and John Clarke"}, {"question": "When was the first American Baptist church established?", "answer": "1639"}, {"question": "Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?", "answer": "Providence, Rhode Island"}, {"question": "Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?", "answer": "Newport, Rhode Island"}, {"question": "Clarke was what to Williams?", "answer": "his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom"}, {"question": "Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?", "answer": "Nova Scotia"}, {"question": "When did missionary work begin in Canada?", "answer": "1760s"}, {"question": "What was the first Baptist church in Canada?", "answer": "Horton Baptist Church"}, {"question": "Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?", "answer": "Wolfville, Nova Scotia"}, {"question": "When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?", "answer": "29 October 1778"}, {"question": "When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?", "answer": "May 1845"}, {"question": "Why did American Baptist congregations split?", "answer": "over slavery and missions"}, {"question": "Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?", "answer": "missionaries"}, {"question": "Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?", "answer": "Home Mission Society"}, {"question": "Northern congregations formed what organization?", "answer": "American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)"}, {"question": "What is the largest fellowship without control?", "answer": "Southern Baptist Convention"}, {"question": "It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?", "answer": "independent and self-governing"}, {"question": "What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?", "answer": "Baptist denomination"}, {"question": "Baptists are defined by what?", "answer": "doctrine"}, {"question": "Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?", "answer": "confessions of faith"}, {"question": "Most Baptists are what in doctrine?", "answer": "evangelical"}, {"question": "Baptists have played a key role in what?", "answer": "encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state."}, {"question": "Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?", "answer": "Shared doctrines"}, {"question": "When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?", "answer": "1689"}, {"question": "When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?", "answer": "1742"}, {"question": "When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?", "answer": "1833"}, {"question": "\"Crisis\" comes from a Greek word meaning what?", "answer": "to decide"}, {"question": "Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be \"positive and highly productive?\"", "answer": "Walter Shurden"}, {"question": "What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?", "answer": "controversies that have shaped Baptists"}, {"question": "What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?", "answer": "\"missions crisis\", the \"slavery crisis\", the \"landmark crisis\", and the \"modernist crisis\""}, {"question": "When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?", "answer": "Leading up to the American Civil War"}, {"question": "When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?", "answer": "the First Great Awakening"}, {"question": "They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?", "answer": "paternalistic institution"}, {"question": "What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?", "answer": "The Baptists"}, {"question": "What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?", "answer": "the Home Mission Society"}, {"question": "When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?", "answer": "As early as the late 18th century"}, {"question": "Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?", "answer": "freedmen"}, {"question": "Who wanted to be free from white submission?", "answer": "freedmen"}, {"question": "What states setup black conventions?", "answer": "Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky"}, {"question": "What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?", "answer": "45%"}, {"question": "Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?", "answer": "the Caribbean"}, {"question": "Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?", "answer": "William Knibb"}, {"question": "Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?", "answer": "the British West Indies"}, {"question": "Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?", "answer": "Free Villages"}, {"question": "What was named after the slave port of Calabar?", "answer": "Jamaica's Calabar High School"}, {"question": "When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?", "answer": "20 June 1995"}, {"question": "How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?", "answer": "More than 20,000"}, {"question": "SBC delegates are called what?", "answer": "messengers"}, {"question": "What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?", "answer": "Southern Baptist Landmarkism"}, {"question": "Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?", "answer": "James Robinson Graves"}, {"question": "When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?", "answer": "In 2005"}, {"question": "The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?", "answer": "conservative theology"}, {"question": "What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?", "answer": "the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991"}, {"question": "When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Conservative theology was the official position of what?", "answer": "Southern Baptist Convention"}, {"question": "What does child labour deprive children of?", "answer": "deprives children of their childhood"}, {"question": "Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?", "answer": "exceptions include work by child artists"}, {"question": "Is work done by Amish children an exception?", "answer": "work such as those by Amish children"}, {"question": "Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?", "answer": "Legislation across the world"}, {"question": "Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?", "answer": "These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour"}, {"question": "What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What is the largest employer of child labour?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "Who are children predominantly employed by?", "answer": "their parents"}, {"question": "Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour", "answer": "Poverty"}, {"question": "Was there a period when child labour was essential?", "answer": "pre-industrial societies"}, {"question": "Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?", "answer": "little need for children to attend school"}, {"question": "Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?", "answer": "competent adults"}, {"question": "Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?", "answer": "short life expectancy"}, {"question": "On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?", "answer": "over 120,000"}, {"question": "What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many hours did builders work in the winter?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "Were children able to take on apprenticeships?", "answer": "Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades"}, {"question": "How many families were without a bread winner?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?", "answer": "143"}, {"question": "Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? ", "answer": "high number"}, {"question": "Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?", "answer": "blacking factory"}, {"question": "During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?", "answer": "economic hardship"}, {"question": "During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?", "answer": "Lord Shaftesbury"}, {"question": "In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?", "answer": "children under the age of nine"}, {"question": "What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?", "answer": "child labour began to decline"}, {"question": "What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?", "answer": "1803"}, {"question": "When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?", "answer": "they are exposed to this heat"}, {"question": "Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?", "answer": "paid by the piece"}, {"question": "Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?", "answer": "factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age"}, {"question": "Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?", "answer": "National Child Labor Committee"}, {"question": "What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What did children roll in a factory?", "answer": "cigarettes"}, {"question": "What did child do in textile mills in the US?", "answer": "bobbin doffers"}, {"question": "Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?", "answer": "because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties."}, {"question": "Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?", "answer": "mines"}, {"question": "What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?", "answer": "year round"}, {"question": "Who did the children work beside?", "answer": "parents"}, {"question": "Where were rural children employed?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?", "answer": "unhealthy and insanitary"}, {"question": "In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?", "answer": "Frieda Miller"}, {"question": "Does child labour exist in the 21st century?", "answer": "Child labour is still common"}, {"question": "Where does child labour currently occur the most?", "answer": "rural areas"}, {"question": "How many children in today's world work beside their parents?", "answer": "Two out of three child"}, {"question": "Some child work as guides for whom?", "answer": "tourists"}, {"question": "What country has the highest percentage of child labour?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "In Asia how many millions of children are employed?", "answer": "114"}, {"question": "Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?", "answer": "Latin America"}, {"question": "Where is present day child labour stats unclear?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?", "answer": "data sources"}, {"question": "Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?", "answer": "garments"}, {"question": "According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?", "answer": "North Korea"}, {"question": "What was the Phillipines ranked as?", "answer": "25th"}, {"question": "Was Brazil on the list?", "answer": "Brazil 54th"}, {"question": "What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?", "answer": "nothing better to do"}, {"question": "Do the poor families put a value on education?", "answer": "parents wonder if going to school is really worth it."}, {"question": "What community has the most prevalency for child labour?", "answer": "rural areas"}, {"question": "Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?", "answer": "Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children"}, {"question": "Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?", "answer": "girls"}, {"question": "For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?", "answer": "learn and practice that trade from a very early age"}, {"question": "Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?", "answer": "education of girls is less valued"}, {"question": "Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?", "answer": "Thailand"}, {"question": "Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?", "answer": "not a new problem"}, {"question": "Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?", "answer": "demand"}, {"question": "What encourages child labour across the globe?", "answer": "Macroeconomic"}, {"question": "How many children were employed on colonial plantations?", "answer": "Millions"}, {"question": "Were young apprentices hired for pay?", "answer": "without pay"}, {"question": "Was child labour common in European colonies?", "answer": "child labour was common place in the colonies of European"}, {"question": "What was the age range of colonial child workers?", "answer": "5\u201314"}, {"question": "What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "What schools required child labour?", "answer": "Christian mission schools"}, {"question": "Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?", "answer": "provided religious education"}, {"question": "What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?", "answer": "stipulated jail terms"}, {"question": "Where do African children find their first jobs?", "answer": "home"}, {"question": "What do African children do primarily while working at home?", "answer": "help their parents run the family farm"}, {"question": "How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?", "answer": "estimated five million"}, {"question": "How many children in Africa pick coffee?", "answer": "30 percent"}, {"question": "How many children work year round in Africa?", "answer": "estimated 25,000"}, {"question": "Where did children from urban areas primarily work?", "answer": "street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers"}, {"question": "Where did children from rural areas work?", "answer": "farms"}, {"question": "When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?", "answer": "physical and emotional abuse"}, {"question": "What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?", "answer": "unclear definition of adolescence"}, {"question": "In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?", "answer": "children helping run the family business."}, {"question": "In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?", "answer": "compulsorry schooling"}, {"question": "Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?", "answer": "Child labour was not as excessive in Australia"}, {"question": "When did industrailization take off in Australia?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "When was Brazil colonized?", "answer": "April 22, 1550"}, {"question": "Who colonized Brazil?", "answer": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral"}, {"question": "Who were the victims of industrial accidents?", "answer": "Boys and girls"}, {"question": "When was child labour first documented in Brazil?", "answer": "during the time of indigenous societies"}, {"question": "How did Armando Dias die?", "answer": "electric shock"}, {"question": "What is the min working age in Brazil?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Is there underage children working in Brazil?", "answer": "there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil"}, {"question": "In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?", "answer": "almost nine million"}, {"question": "In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?", "answer": "2.55 million"}, {"question": "What do drug cartels do with child workers?", "answer": "sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances"}, {"question": "What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?", "answer": "physical and psychological implications"}, {"question": "Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?", "answer": "an increase"}, {"question": "If not forced why did children work?", "answer": "to help feed and support the family"}, {"question": "What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?", "answer": "between the ages of ten and fourteen"}, {"question": "Why was this age range important?", "answer": "they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families"}, {"question": "How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "What type of support did child give to their families by working?", "answer": "financially"}, {"question": "What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?", "answer": "cotton textiles"}, {"question": "Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?", "answer": "large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture"}, {"question": "What became an issue for the working child?", "answer": "illiteracy"}, {"question": "Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?", "answer": "many parents developed a change of opinion"}, {"question": "What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?", "answer": "financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation"}, {"question": "When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What did this act due?", "answer": "legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14"}, {"question": "When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What did it help do to?", "answer": "helped to reduce the exploitation of children"}, {"question": "When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?", "answer": "23 June 1757"}, {"question": "Who was the master of the east of India?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Why were many children employed?", "answer": "increasing need of cheap labour"}, {"question": "What was the primary reason for India children being employed?", "answer": "lack knowledge of their basic rights"}, {"question": "How did India child workers act?", "answer": "they did not cause trouble or complain"}, {"question": "How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?", "answer": "one-fourth"}, {"question": "How many Asian child workers are from India?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?", "answer": "extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children."}, {"question": "When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What did the international acts do?", "answer": "encouraged major changes to the workforce"}, {"question": "What is the age limit now in India for child workers?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What child working conditions are they protected from?", "answer": "hazardous conditions"}, {"question": "When were students used as workers?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?", "answer": "21 days"}, {"question": "Did they need parental consent?", "answer": "this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission"}, {"question": "What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?", "answer": "Uzbekistan"}, {"question": "What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?", "answer": "cotton harvesting"}, {"question": "Did they have daily quotas for cotton?", "answer": "daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton"}, {"question": "What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?", "answer": "2.7 million"}, {"question": "What is Kaminfegerkinder?", "answer": "chimney sweep children"}, {"question": "What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?", "answer": "spinning mills, factories and in agriculture"}, {"question": "Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?", "answer": "poor farmers who needed cheap labour"}, {"question": "What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?", "answer": "children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money"}, {"question": "In 1930s how many indentured children were there?", "answer": "35,000"}, {"question": "How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?", "answer": "151"}, {"question": "What types of child labour does this prohibit?", "answer": "all forms of slavery"}, {"question": "What other international laws deal with child labour?", "answer": "Minimum Age Convention (C138)"}, {"question": "What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?", "answer": "International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)"}, {"question": "What is the aim of this?", "answer": "progressively eliminate child labour"}, {"question": "What are some of the target countries?", "answer": "Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt"}, {"question": "What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?", "answer": "universal primary school"}, {"question": "What did the United States pass in 2004?", "answer": "amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938"}, {"question": "What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?", "answer": "aged 14\u201318"}, {"question": "What culture in the US benefits from this Act?", "answer": "Amish"}, {"question": "What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?", "answer": "eighth grade"}, {"question": "What happened in the European Union in 1996?", "answer": "agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws"}, {"question": "What age were children allowed to do light labour?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What age were children able to take part in European training programs?", "answer": "aged 14 years or over"}, {"question": "What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?", "answer": "babysitting"}, {"question": "What does child labour do for adults?", "answer": "leads to poor labour standards"}, {"question": "What happens to the wages of adults?", "answer": "depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries"}, {"question": "What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?", "answer": "low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports"}, {"question": "Does ending child labour have a global value?", "answer": "there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour"}, {"question": "What do some scholars agress is the \"disease\" of child labour?", "answer": "poverty"}, {"question": "Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?", "answer": "These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour"}, {"question": "What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?", "answer": "only option for survival"}, {"question": "What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?", "answer": "economic development"}, {"question": "What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?", "answer": "economic reforms"}, {"question": "What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?", "answer": "emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world"}, {"question": "What do international actions do according to these scholars?", "answer": "increase child labour"}, {"question": "Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?", "answer": "UNICEF"}, {"question": "What do child labourers work on in West Africa?", "answer": "production of cocoa"}, {"question": "How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?", "answer": "Malian"}, {"question": "After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?", "answer": "stopped paying their employees"}, {"question": "Where did the children mainly come from?", "answer": "slums"}, {"question": "Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?", "answer": "bus stations"}, {"question": "What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?", "answer": "cocoa industry"}, {"question": "Who dismissed the allegations?", "answer": "European Cocoa Association"}, {"question": "What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?", "answer": "700,000"}, {"question": "Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?", "answer": "ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?", "answer": "voluntary"}, {"question": "What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?", "answer": "International Cocoa Initiative"}, {"question": "How many active programs does the foundation have? ", "answer": "290"}, {"question": "What happened to the 2005 deadlines?", "answer": "have not yet been met"}, {"question": "Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?", "answer": "Congo"}, {"question": "What are child creuseurs?", "answer": "they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs"}, {"question": "What percent of materials go to China?", "answer": "90 percent"}, {"question": "What is the cobalt used for?", "answer": "lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide"}, {"question": "What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?", "answer": "mining and smelting operations of Africa"}, {"question": "What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?", "answer": "denied"}, {"question": "What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?", "answer": "being aware of child miners"}, {"question": "What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?", "answer": "Mali"}, {"question": "Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?", "answer": "it is the second largest earner of its export revenue"}, {"question": "What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?", "answer": "primary and sometimes the only source of income"}, {"question": "How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?", "answer": "57"}, {"question": "What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?", "answer": "claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations"}, {"question": "When did the CEO go on trial?", "answer": "4 May 2010"}, {"question": "What was the verdict?", "answer": "not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010."}, {"question": "Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?", "answer": "Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)"}, {"question": "Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?", "answer": "Zara"}, {"question": "What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?", "answer": "Bangladesh"}, {"question": "What are activists trying to get implemented?", "answer": "\"track and trace\" systems"}, {"question": "Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?", "answer": "Primark"}, {"question": "What does Primark produce?", "answer": "clothing"}, {"question": "What did the BBC program make their viewers question?", "answer": "\"Why am I only paying \u00a34 for a hand embroidered top?"}, {"question": "What else did the BBC expose?", "answer": "the violent side of the child labour industry"}, {"question": "How many years was Primark investigated for?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "What did they claim about the BBC report?", "answer": "fake"}, {"question": "What did the BBC do?", "answer": "apologised for faking footage"}, {"question": "What happened to the reward the BBC received?", "answer": "returned the television award"}, {"question": "What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?", "answer": "may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution"}, {"question": "What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?", "answer": "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution\""}, {"question": "What does the study say in regards to boycotts?", "answer": "that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.\""}, {"question": "Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "How many children worked?", "answer": "virtually all"}, {"question": "Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?", "answer": "factory work"}, {"question": "What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?", "answer": "send their children to school instead of work"}, {"question": "Where is Thomas DeGregori from?", "answer": "University of Houston"}, {"question": "What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?", "answer": "Bangladesh"}, {"question": "What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?", "answer": "political obstacles"}, {"question": "What is benefical work for children?", "answer": "Domestic work"}, {"question": "What can children do in countries were trading is involved?", "answer": "children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers"}, {"question": "All but what type of children must learn to clean?", "answer": "rich"}, {"question": "What is a natural process of child development?", "answer": "Work"}, {"question": "What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?", "answer": "Work"}, {"question": "What are children able to do during intense work situations?", "answer": "children often find ways to combine their work with play"}, {"question": "What hinders schooling for child labourers?", "answer": "full-time work"}, {"question": "What can relieve tension for children at work?", "answer": "Good relations with a supervisor"}, {"question": "What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?", "answer": "school may impede the learning of skills"}, {"question": "How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?", "answer": "Atlantic Coastal Plain"}, {"question": "What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?", "answer": "the Piedmont region"}, {"question": "Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?", "answer": "Outer Banks"}, {"question": "What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?", "answer": "Atlantic Seaboard fall line"}, {"question": "At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?", "answer": "along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line"}, {"question": "What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?", "answer": "The Piedmont region"}, {"question": "Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?", "answer": "Piedmont"}, {"question": "What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?", "answer": "1,000 feet"}, {"question": "The weatern part of North Carolina is part of what mountain range?", "answer": "Appalachian Mountain range"}, {"question": "The Great Smokey Mountains and the Black Moutains are subranges of what mountains?", "answer": "Appalachians"}, {"question": "What mountains are the highest in the eastern United States?", "answer": "The Black Mountains"}, {"question": "What is the name of the highest point east of the Mississippi river?", "answer": "Mount Mitchell"}, {"question": "How high is Mt. Mitchell?", "answer": "6,684 feet"}, {"question": "What ocean influinces the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain?", "answer": "Atlantic"}, {"question": "What is the climate of the coastal plain in the winter?", "answer": "mild"}, {"question": "What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer?", "answer": "moderate, although humid"}, {"question": "What is the average high North Carolina coastal temperature on the plains in the summer?", "answer": "89 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "How often do temperatures on the coastal plain of NC drop below freezing at night?", "answer": "occasionally"}, {"question": "What region of North Carolina has hotter summers and colder winters than the coast?", "answer": "Piedmont"}, {"question": "In summer, daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region?", "answer": "90 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Temperatures over 100 degrees will typically be found in what elevation of the Piedmont?", "answer": "."}, {"question": "What type of influence of the Atlantic Ocean makes the temperatures fluctuate more than on the coast?", "answer": "weaker"}, {"question": "The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?", "answer": "upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?", "answer": "below the freezing point"}, {"question": "What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?", "answer": "3\u20135 in"}, {"question": "What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?", "answer": "sleet and freezing rain"}, {"question": "What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina?", "answer": "The Appalachian Mountains"}, {"question": "What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians?", "answer": "low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians?", "answer": "low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower"}, {"question": "Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians?", "answer": "80 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina?", "answer": "once a decade"}, {"question": "Floyd, Fran, and Hazel are examples of what that hit the state of North Carolina?", "answer": "hurricanes"}, {"question": "What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina?", "answer": "Hurricane Hazel"}, {"question": "What category of hurricane was Hazel?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What year did Hurrican Hazel hit North Carolina?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?", "answer": "fewer than 20"}, {"question": "Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?", "answer": "tornadoes"}, {"question": "What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?", "answer": "mountains"}, {"question": "What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?", "answer": "cold air damming"}, {"question": "During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?", "answer": "Before A.D. 200"}, {"question": "By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?", "answer": "ancient Mississippian culture"}, {"question": "About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?", "answer": "500\u2013700 years"}, {"question": "Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?", "answer": "Algonquian-speaking tribes"}, {"question": "Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?", "answer": "the coastal areas"}, {"question": "What was another name for Blackbeard?", "answer": "Edward Teach"}, {"question": "What was the name of blackbeards ship?", "answer": "the Queen Anne's Revenge"}, {"question": "Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?", "answer": "Beaufort Inlet"}, {"question": "What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?", "answer": "1718"}, {"question": "What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?", "answer": "the Province of Carolina"}, {"question": "What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?", "answer": "small farmers"}, {"question": "What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?", "answer": "Pirates"}, {"question": "By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?", "answer": "1718"}, {"question": "What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722?", "answer": "Edenton"}, {"question": "What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766?", "answer": "New Bern"}, {"question": "Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767?", "answer": "William Tryon"}, {"question": "What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon?", "answer": "Tryon Palace"}, {"question": "What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788?", "answer": "Raleigh"}, {"question": "What state made the smallest contribution to the revolutionary war of any state?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "How many men from NC joined the continental army?", "answer": "7,800"}, {"question": "Who led the continental army?", "answer": "General George Washington"}, {"question": "What years were the highest concentration of military action in NC during the revolutionary war?", "answer": "1780\u201381"}, {"question": "Frontiersmen from the Carolinas moved west into what area that is now known as Tennessee?", "answer": "Washington District"}, {"question": "After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?", "answer": "After 1800"}, {"question": "The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society?", "answer": "the Tidewater region"}, {"question": "Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system?", "answer": "the frontier"}, {"question": "By 1810, what percentage of the free population was black?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What year was the confederacy defeated?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?", "answer": "Reconstruction Era"}, {"question": "The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?", "answer": "compensation"}, {"question": "When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?", "answer": "black voting"}, {"question": "What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?", "answer": "Populists"}, {"question": "What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "In the 19th century, how many african american congressmen were elected?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?", "answer": "a new constitution"}, {"question": "What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?", "answer": "poll taxes"}, {"question": "What did the new constitution require for voter registration?", "answer": "literacy tests"}, {"question": "Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?", "answer": "voting"}, {"question": "What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?", "answer": "tobacco, cotton and agriculture"}, {"question": "When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?", "answer": "western counties of the Piedmont"}, {"question": "What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?", "answer": "cotton mills"}, {"question": "What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?", "answer": "New Deal programs"}, {"question": "Who did the new deal programs benefit?", "answer": "farmers"}, {"question": "What crops was the New Deal Program made for?", "answer": "cotton and tobacco"}, {"question": "After what war did the states economy improve?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "In the 1990's what NC city became a national banking center?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?", "answer": "prehistoric indigenous cultures"}, {"question": "Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?", "answer": "earthwork"}, {"question": "Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?", "answer": "Succeeding peoples"}, {"question": "Before European contact, who built large cities and regional trading networks?", "answer": "Mississippian culture"}, {"question": "What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact?", "answer": "Cahokia"}, {"question": "In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?", "answer": "Joara"}, {"question": "What is Joara?", "answer": "a regional chiefdom"}, {"question": "Where would present day Joara be?", "answer": "near present-day Morganton"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?", "answer": "Hernando de Soto"}, {"question": "What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?", "answer": "1540"}, {"question": "Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?", "answer": "Sir Walter Raleigh"}, {"question": "Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?", "answer": "Elizabeth I"}, {"question": "What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?", "answer": "1584"}, {"question": "What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?", "answer": "Virginia"}, {"question": "What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?", "answer": "1663"}, {"question": "What did King Charles II's charter establish?", "answer": "North Carolina's borders"}, {"question": "Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?", "answer": "Charles I"}, {"question": "What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?", "answer": "1665"}, {"question": "After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?", "answer": "English colonists"}, {"question": "Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?", "answer": "Virginia"}, {"question": "The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?", "answer": "less available"}, {"question": "Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?", "answer": "Nathaniel Batts"}, {"question": "What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?", "answer": "1655"}, {"question": "Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?", "answer": "Low Country"}, {"question": "Western North carolina is also known as what?", "answer": "uplands"}, {"question": "Where was The Tidewater located?", "answer": "eastern North Carolina"}, {"question": "Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?", "answer": "The Tidewater"}, {"question": "Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?", "answer": "the British Crown"}, {"question": "Most English colonists arrived as what?", "answer": "indentured servants"}, {"question": "Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?", "answer": "laborers"}, {"question": "What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?", "answer": "passage"}, {"question": "Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?", "answer": "African slaves"}, {"question": "As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?", "answer": "slaves"}, {"question": "What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?", "answer": "the British Crown"}, {"question": "What year was Americas Victory at King's Mountain?", "answer": "1780"}, {"question": "How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King's Mountain?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "How many British troops fought at king's Mountain?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "Who met the British army as they moved north?", "answer": "the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia"}, {"question": "Who lost the battle of Cowpens?", "answer": "the British Cavalry"}, {"question": "Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?", "answer": "Commander Banastre Tarleton"}, {"question": "What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?", "answer": "January 17, 1781"}, {"question": "What is another name for the race to the Dan?", "answer": "The Race for the River"}, {"question": "The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?", "answer": "Catawba"}, {"question": "What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?", "answer": "1781"}, {"question": "What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?", "answer": "Greensboro"}, {"question": "After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?", "answer": "Virginia coastline"}, {"question": "What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?", "answer": "to get reinforcements"}, {"question": "North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?", "answer": "November 21, 1789"}, {"question": "What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "Where was the capitol building completed in 1840?", "answer": "Raleigh"}, {"question": "What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?", "answer": "Virginia"}, {"question": "After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?", "answer": "free their slaves"}, {"question": "What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?", "answer": "rose"}, {"question": "What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?", "answer": "Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad"}, {"question": "The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?", "answer": "Raleigh"}, {"question": "In 1849, what railroad was created?", "answer": "North Carolina Railroad"}, {"question": "What direction did the North carolina railroad extend?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war?", "answer": "Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch"}, {"question": "In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?", "answer": "eastern Tidewater"}, {"question": "What type of land did the slaves live on?", "answer": "plantations"}, {"question": "How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?", "answer": "30,463"}, {"question": "Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?", "answer": "eastern coastal plain"}, {"question": "What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "When was North Carolinas official secession?", "answer": "May 20"}, {"question": "When was Tennessees informal secession?", "answer": "May 7, 1861"}, {"question": "When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?", "answer": "June 8, 1861"}, {"question": "Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession?", "answer": "the Confederacy"}, {"question": "Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war?", "answer": "yeoman"}, {"question": "Where were the yoeman farmers that remained neutral during the civil war located?", "answer": "in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region"}, {"question": "How many North Carolinians from the west fought for the union Army?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina?", "answer": "1862 and 1863"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?", "answer": "Army of Northern Virginia"}, {"question": "How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?", "answer": "virtually all"}, {"question": "What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?", "answer": "Bentonville"}, {"question": "What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?", "answer": "General Joseph Johnston"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?", "answer": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"}, {"question": "Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?", "answer": "Private Henry Wyatt"}, {"question": "Where was henry Wyatt from?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?", "answer": "in the Battle of Big Bethel"}, {"question": "When did Henry Wyatt die?", "answer": "June 1861"}, {"question": "When was the battle of Gettysburg?", "answer": "July 1863"}, {"question": "What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?", "answer": "Bible Belt"}, {"question": "What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?", "answer": "Baptists"}, {"question": "What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?", "answer": "Southern Baptist"}, {"question": "What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?", "answer": "United Methodist Church"}, {"question": "What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what?", "answer": "ethnic and religious diversity"}, {"question": "What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "What is the second largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina?", "answer": "Methodism"}, {"question": "What county in Piedmont is methodism especially strong in?", "answer": "Guilford"}, {"question": "What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?", "answer": "Old North State"}, {"question": "Science, Technology, energy, and math industries have risen what percent since 2001?", "answer": "17.9"}, {"question": "What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the 51 largest metro areas in the country?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "What was North Carolinas gross state product in 2010?", "answer": "$424.9 billion"}, {"question": "What was North Carolinas state debt in 2012?", "answer": "$2.4bn"}, {"question": "North carolina voters have leaned republican since what year?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What year did North Carolina voters once again vote for a Democrat?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What year did Bill Clinton lose North Carolina?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Where was the 2012 democratic national Convention held?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?", "answer": "Pat McCrory"}, {"question": "What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012?", "answer": "Dan Forest"}, {"question": "What political party does Dan Forest belong to?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014?", "answer": "David Rouzer"}, {"question": "What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?", "answer": "North Carolina Department of Public Instruction"}, {"question": "Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?", "answer": "the board"}, {"question": "What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How many public school systems does North Carolina have?", "answer": "115"}, {"question": "What is the largest school system in North Carolina?", "answer": "Wake County Public School System"}, {"question": "What state opened the first public university in the United States?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What year was the first public university opened in the United States?", "answer": "1795"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?", "answer": "University of North Carolina"}, {"question": "What is the largest University in North Carolina?", "answer": "North Carolina State University"}, {"question": "How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?", "answer": "34,000"}, {"question": "Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "What was the first black college in the south?", "answer": "Shaw University"}, {"question": "What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas?", "answer": "Belmont Abbey College"}, {"question": "What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina?", "answer": "Lenoir-Rhyne University"}, {"question": "How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league?", "answer": "National Football League"}, {"question": "The Charlotte Hornets belong to what league?", "answer": "National Basketball Association"}, {"question": "The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what league?", "answer": "National Hockey League"}, {"question": "What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship?", "answer": "The Hurricanes"}, {"question": "What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?", "answer": "Charlotte Motor Speedway"}, {"question": "Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?", "answer": "Concord"}, {"question": "What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams?", "answer": "Concord"}, {"question": "How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Where is the ACC headquarters?", "answer": "Greensboro"}, {"question": "Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?", "answer": "Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium"}, {"question": "How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?", "answer": "several million"}, {"question": "What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range?", "answer": "Appalachian"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013?", "answer": "over 25 million"}, {"question": "What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States?", "answer": "Asheville"}, {"question": "What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?", "answer": "Carolina Hurricanes"}, {"question": "What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?", "answer": "NHL"}, {"question": "What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?", "answer": "North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame"}, {"question": "What arboretum is located in Raleigh?", "answer": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum"}, {"question": "What is the center of North Carolina called?", "answer": "The Piedmont Triad"}, {"question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?", "answer": "The Piedmont Triad"}, {"question": "What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?", "answer": "Asheboro"}, {"question": "How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest?", "answer": "Wilkesboro"}, {"question": "Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?", "answer": "recreational"}, {"question": "In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?", "answer": "fall colors"}, {"question": "What is another name for caving?", "answer": "spelunking"}, {"question": "Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "How many national parks are in North Carolina?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?", "answer": "central North Carolina"}, {"question": "Where is Croatan National Forest located?", "answer": "Eastern North Carolina"}, {"question": "Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park?", "answer": "Greensboro"}, {"question": "What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?", "answer": "nonprofit arts and culture"}, {"question": "How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?", "answer": "43,600"}, {"question": "How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government?", "answer": "$119 million"}, {"question": "What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature?", "answer": "North Carolina Museum of Art"}, {"question": "How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate?", "answer": "millions"}, {"question": "Where is SouthPark Mall located?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "What is the largest mall in the carolinas?", "answer": "SouthPark Mall"}, {"question": "How big is SouthPark Mall?", "answer": "2.0 million square feet"}, {"question": "Where is the hanes Mall located?", "answer": "Winston-Salem"}, {"question": "Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?", "answer": "Greensboro"}, {"question": "What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?", "answer": "pork barbecue"}, {"question": "What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?", "answer": "Boston butt"}, {"question": "What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?", "answer": "pork shoulder"}, {"question": "What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?", "answer": "Lexington barbecue"}, {"question": "How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?", "answer": "over 100,000"}, {"question": "Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?", "answer": "doughnut"}, {"question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?", "answer": "Winston-Salem"}, {"question": "When was pepsi-Cola first produced?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "Where was pepsi first produced?", "answer": "New Bern"}, {"question": "What city was Cheerwine created and based in?", "answer": "Salisbury"}, {"question": "What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?", "answer": "Noni Bacca Winery"}, {"question": "What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?", "answer": "Ashe County"}, {"question": "Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?", "answer": "grape"}, {"question": "North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?", "answer": "15%."}, {"question": "What city was named Beer City USA?", "answer": "Asheville"}, {"question": "What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?", "answer": "Tobacco"}, {"question": "The invention of cigarettes made what popular?", "answer": "Tobacco"}, {"question": "Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?", "answer": "R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company"}, {"question": "What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?", "answer": "425 million"}, {"question": "Where is Camp Lejeune located?", "answer": "Jacksonville"}, {"question": "What is Camp Lejeune?", "answer": "Marine Corps Base Camp"}, {"question": "Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?", "answer": "Jacksonville"}, {"question": "Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?", "answer": "Goldsboro"}, {"question": "Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?", "answer": "Southport"}, {"question": "What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?", "answer": "Heian"}, {"question": "The Heian period is named after what city?", "answer": "Heian-ky\u014d"}, {"question": "What does heian mean in Japanese?", "answer": "peace"}, {"question": "What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?", "answer": "Fujiwara"}, {"question": "The Heian period was known for what types of art?", "answer": "poetry and literature"}, {"question": "What was the name of the period before the Heian era?", "answer": "Nara"}, {"question": "The Heian period began in what year?", "answer": "794 A.D"}, {"question": "What warrior class rose during the Heian era?", "answer": "samurai"}, {"question": "Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?", "answer": "Ky\u014dto"}, {"question": "What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?", "answer": "Kanmu"}, {"question": "What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?", "answer": "Fujiwara"}, {"question": "Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?", "answer": "Taira no Masakado"}, {"question": "Masakado led an uprising in what province?", "answer": "Hitachi"}, {"question": "What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?", "answer": "Fujiwara no Sumitomo"}, {"question": "In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?", "answer": "939 A.D"}, {"question": "Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?", "answer": "1,000"}, {"question": "Nara was the former capital for how many years?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What time period was the early Heian era?", "answer": "784\u2013967"}, {"question": "Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?", "answer": "Tang"}, {"question": "What was the name of the possible descendants of J\u014dmon?", "answer": "Emishi"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?", "answer": "Sakanoue no Tamuramaro"}, {"question": "What was Tamuramaro's military title?", "answer": "Sei-i Taish\u014dgun"}, {"question": "The Emishi were defeated in what year?", "answer": "801"}, {"question": "The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?", "answer": "Honsh\u016b"}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?", "answer": "806"}, {"question": "What office replaced the imperial guards?", "answer": "Metropolitan Police Board"}, {"question": "What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?", "answer": "Emperor's Private Office"}, {"question": "Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?", "answer": "838"}, {"question": "In what century did the Soga family take the throne?", "answer": "sixth"}, {"question": "A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?", "answer": "Fujiwara"}, {"question": "Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?", "answer": "Daigo"}, {"question": "Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?", "answer": "897-930"}, {"question": "What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?", "answer": "sh\u014den"}, {"question": "Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?", "answer": "a share of the harvest"}, {"question": "The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?", "answer": "early tenth century"}, {"question": "What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?", "answer": "katakana"}, {"question": "What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?", "answer": "hiragana"}, {"question": "Who is the author of The Pillow Book?", "answer": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon"}, {"question": "Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?", "answer": "Murasaki Shikibu"}, {"question": "What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?", "answer": "yamato-e"}, {"question": "What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?", "answer": "Land management"}, {"question": "What grew during the second phase of shoen development?", "answer": "\"house governments,\""}, {"question": "What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?", "answer": "Taih\u014d Code"}, {"question": "Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?", "answer": "Fujiwara"}, {"question": "The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?", "answer": "792"}, {"question": "Warriors appointed to a province were called what?", "answer": "oryoshi"}, {"question": "Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?", "answer": "tsuibushi"}, {"question": "Where did final authority over the military lie?", "answer": "imperial court"}, {"question": "Who had increased access to better military technology?", "answer": "Sh\u014den holders"}, {"question": "Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?", "answer": "civil and religious"}, {"question": "Which class became a new military elite?", "answer": "provincial upper class"}, {"question": "What does the word \"bushi\" mean?", "answer": "warrior"}, {"question": "Bushi formed new associations in what century?", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "How did military families gain prestige?", "answer": "connections to the imperial court"}, {"question": "Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?", "answer": "Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan"}, {"question": "Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?", "answer": "Go-Sanj\u014d"}, {"question": "Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?", "answer": "Go-Sanj\u014d"}, {"question": "What term was used for behind the scenes governance?", "answer": "insei"}, {"question": "The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?", "answer": "In-no-cho"}, {"question": "The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?", "answer": "Minamoto"}, {"question": "What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?", "answer": "insei system"}, {"question": "The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?", "answer": "1086 to 1156"}, {"question": "What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?", "answer": "Fujiwara no Yorinaga"}, {"question": "What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?", "answer": "H\u014dgen Rebellion"}, {"question": "What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?", "answer": "Taira and Minamoto"}, {"question": "In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?", "answer": "1159"}, {"question": "After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?", "answer": "Taira"}, {"question": "What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?", "answer": "Taira Kiyomori"}, {"question": "How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "What was the name of Takakura's successor?", "answer": "Antoku"}, {"question": "Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?", "answer": "Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji"}, {"question": "What was the term used to describe military governors?", "answer": "daimyos"}, {"question": "What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?", "answer": "jito"}, {"question": "What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?", "answer": "Go-Toba"}, {"question": "What religion spread during the Heian period?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?", "answer": "Tendai and Shingon"}, {"question": "Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?", "answer": "K\u016bkai"}, {"question": "Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?", "answer": "every creature"}, {"question": "What artform became a mark of status in the courts?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?", "answer": "handwriting"}, {"question": "What was said to show low status or \"poor breeding\"?", "answer": "poor or hasty writing"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?", "answer": "Kimi ga Yo"}, {"question": "What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?", "answer": "Iroha"}, {"question": "The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?", "answer": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon"}, {"question": "What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?", "answer": "Ry\u014dmin"}, {"question": "Currency gradually disappeared around what year?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "What crop became the primary unit of exchange?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?", "answer": "Heian-ky\u014d and Nara"}, {"question": "Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?", "answer": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces"}, {"question": "The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?", "answer": "organizational dynamism"}, {"question": "Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?", "answer": "Shogun 2"}, {"question": "What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?", "answer": "Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara"}, {"question": "The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?", "answer": "Gempei War"}, {"question": "When was the Origin of Species published?", "answer": "24 November 1859"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Origin of Species?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?", "answer": "evolutionary biology"}, {"question": "What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?", "answer": "Beagle expedition"}, {"question": "How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?", "answer": "through a process of natural selection"}, {"question": "Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?", "answer": "dissident anatomists"}, {"question": "Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?", "answer": "Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"}, {"question": "How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?", "answer": "that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."}, {"question": "Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?", "answer": "natural theology"}, {"question": "What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?", "answer": "non-specialist readers"}, {"question": "Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?", "answer": "T. H. Huxley"}, {"question": "What was T.H. Huxley promoting?", "answer": "scientific naturalism"}, {"question": "What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?", "answer": "\"the eclipse of Darwinism\""}, {"question": "When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?", "answer": "in the 1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?", "answer": "Greek philosopher Empedocles"}, {"question": "How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?", "answer": "allegorically"}, {"question": "What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?", "answer": "monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."}, {"question": "Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?", "answer": "the Royal Society"}, {"question": "Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?", "answer": "John Ray"}, {"question": "Who created a biological classification in 1735?", "answer": "Carl Linnaeus"}, {"question": "When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?", "answer": "4004 BC"}, {"question": "Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?", "answer": "James Hutton"}, {"question": "What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?", "answer": "Erasmus Darwin"}, {"question": "What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?", "answer": "hypothesis of transmutation of species"}, {"question": "What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?", "answer": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"}, {"question": "What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?", "answer": "Lamarckism"}, {"question": "Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?", "answer": "Georges Cuvier"}, {"question": "Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?", "answer": "William Paley's"}, {"question": "What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? ", "answer": "Natural Theology"}, {"question": "What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?", "answer": "Church of England"}, {"question": "How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?", "answer": "a threat to divinely appointed social order."}, {"question": "How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?", "answer": "adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"}, {"question": "When did Darwin begin attending university?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "What university did Darwin attend?", "answer": "Edinburgh University"}, {"question": "What was Darwin originally studying at university?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?", "answer": "Robert Grant"}, {"question": "With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?", "answer": "Adam Sedgwick"}, {"question": "What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?", "answer": "Beagle expedition"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Principles of Geology?", "answer": "Charles Lyell"}, {"question": "Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?", "answer": "St. Jago"}, {"question": "What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?", "answer": "huge armadillos"}, {"question": "What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?", "answer": "their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""}, {"question": "Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?", "answer": "Richard Owen"}, {"question": "What did John Gould announce in 1837?", "answer": "Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"}, {"question": "How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?", "answer": "three separate species"}, {"question": "What type of scientist was John Gould?", "answer": "ornithologist"}, {"question": "Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?", "answer": "an ape"}, {"question": "Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?", "answer": "An Essay on the Principle of Population"}, {"question": "What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?", "answer": "breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"}, {"question": "Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?", "answer": "plants"}, {"question": "What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?", "answer": "\"warring of the species\""}, {"question": "What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?", "answer": "\"Pencil Sketch\""}, {"question": "Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?", "answer": "Joseph Dalton Hooker"}, {"question": "How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?", "answer": "230-page"}, {"question": "What information was Darwin's essay based on?", "answer": "scientific results of the Beagle voyage"}, {"question": "Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?", "answer": "Lyell"}, {"question": "What was the name of the anonymously published science book?", "answer": "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"}, {"question": "What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?", "answer": "a linear progression"}, {"question": "Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?", "answer": "Robert Chambers"}, {"question": "What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?", "answer": "that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."}, {"question": "Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?", "answer": "Herbert Spencer"}, {"question": "What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?", "answer": "barnacle"}, {"question": "In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?", "answer": "fancy pigeon"}, {"question": "By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>", "answer": "plant seeds and animals"}, {"question": "When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?", "answer": "Alfred Russel Wallace"}, {"question": "How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?", "answer": "if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"}, {"question": "Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?", "answer": "Charles Lyell"}, {"question": "When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?", "answer": "1\u20132 May 1856"}, {"question": "Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?", "answer": "\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"}, {"question": "What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?", "answer": "twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"}, {"question": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?", "answer": "Darwin"}, {"question": "What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?", "answer": "Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."}, {"question": "What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?", "answer": "\"an abstract of my whole work\"."}, {"question": "Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?", "answer": "John Murray III"}, {"question": "What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?", "answer": "2\u20443 of the profits"}, {"question": "What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?", "answer": "6th edition"}, {"question": "How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?", "answer": "nearly \u00a33000"}, {"question": "What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?", "answer": "On the Origin of Species"}, {"question": "What had Darwin wanted to name his book?", "answer": "An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection"}, {"question": "Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?", "answer": "Murray"}, {"question": "What does the word \"races\" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?", "answer": "an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races"}, {"question": "What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?", "answer": "by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"}, {"question": "By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?", "answer": "fear of religious persecution or social disgrace"}, {"question": "Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?", "answer": "Glen Roy"}, {"question": "Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?", "answer": "his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma."}, {"question": "What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?", "answer": "Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's process on writing his books?", "answer": "Darwin always finished one book before starting another"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?", "answer": "John van Wyhe"}, {"question": "What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "fifteen shillings"}, {"question": "How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?", "answer": "1250 copies"}, {"question": "Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?", "answer": "Murray's autumn sale"}, {"question": "How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?", "answer": "six editions"}, {"question": "Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?", "answer": "Mudie's Library"}, {"question": "What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?", "answer": "claimed it included false metaphysics"}, {"question": "Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?", "answer": "George Jackson Mivart"}, {"question": "When did Charles Darwin first use the word \"evolution\" in On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "the sixth edition"}, {"question": "What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?", "answer": "added a new chapter VII,"}, {"question": "What was chapter VII entitled?", "answer": "Miscellaneous objections"}, {"question": "Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin"}, {"question": "How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "a 5% royalty"}, {"question": "When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?", "answer": "mid January 1860"}, {"question": "What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "asked Gray to keep any profits"}, {"question": "What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "2,500 copies"}, {"question": "Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "Heinrich Georg Bronn,"}, {"question": "What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted."}, {"question": "What did Bronn change \"Favoured Races\" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "\"perfected races\""}, {"question": "Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?", "answer": "Julius Victor Carus"}, {"question": "Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?", "answer": "numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed"}, {"question": "What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?", "answer": "a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos"}, {"question": "Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?", "answer": "Joseph Butler"}, {"question": "Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?", "answer": "John Herschel"}, {"question": "In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?", "answer": "the second edition"}, {"question": "How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?", "answer": "ancient Egypt"}, {"question": "What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?", "answer": "fancy pigeon breeding"}, {"question": "From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?", "answer": "one species of rock pigeon"}, {"question": "Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?", "answer": "the small changes"}, {"question": "What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?", "answer": "is arbitrary"}, {"question": "What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?", "answer": "\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\""}, {"question": "What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?", "answer": "variation among individuals of the same species"}, {"question": "What did Darwin say that a \"well marked variety\" could be called?", "answer": "incipient species\""}, {"question": "What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?", "answer": "generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species"}, {"question": "What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?", "answer": "doctrine of Malthus"}, {"question": "Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\"", "answer": "\"a large and metaphorical sense"}, {"question": "What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?", "answer": "all organisms are exposed to severe competition"}, {"question": "When is competition strongest in the natural world?", "answer": "competition is most severe between closely related forms"}, {"question": "Why is competition so fierce between related species?", "answer": "fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\"."}, {"question": "What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?", "answer": "sharp divergence in character between breeds,"}, {"question": "What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?", "answer": "extinction of some species"}, {"question": "What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?", "answer": "descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions"}, {"question": "What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?", "answer": "sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates"}, {"question": "Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?", "answer": "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"}, {"question": "What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?", "answer": "no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings"}, {"question": "What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?", "answer": "a tree diagram and calculations"}, {"question": "What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?", "answer": "Lamarckism"}, {"question": "What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?", "answer": "use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them"}, {"question": "What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?", "answer": "environmental factors"}, {"question": "What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "\"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\""}, {"question": "What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?", "answer": "breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection"}, {"question": "When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?", "answer": "hypothesis of pangenesis."}, {"question": "While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?", "answer": "Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable"}, {"question": "When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?", "answer": "in the 1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?", "answer": "Neo Darwinian Evolution"}, {"question": "What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?", "answer": "often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found"}, {"question": "Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?", "answer": "why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?"}, {"question": "What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?", "answer": "the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms."}, {"question": "What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?", "answer": "flying squirrels, and flying lemurs"}, {"question": "What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?", "answer": "simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment"}, {"question": "How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?", "answer": "any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."}, {"question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?", "answer": "He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps."}, {"question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?", "answer": "He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax"}, {"question": "What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?", "answer": "some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others"}, {"question": "Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?", "answer": "in order to preserve separately created species"}, {"question": "What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?", "answer": "the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants"}, {"question": "What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?", "answer": "support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties"}, {"question": "Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?", "answer": "to respond to criticisms of earlier editions"}, {"question": "What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection"}, {"question": "Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?", "answer": "Fertilisation of Orchids"}, {"question": "Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "George Jackson Mivart"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?", "answer": "Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}, {"question": "Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?", "answer": "Charles Lyell"}, {"question": "Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?", "answer": "Principles of Geology"}, {"question": "What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?", "answer": "that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms"}, {"question": "How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?", "answer": "300 million years"}, {"question": "What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?", "answer": "the Cambrian explosion"}, {"question": "How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?", "answer": "slowly, but not at the same rate"}, {"question": "What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?", "answer": "variability and change in the environment"}, {"question": "Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?", "answer": "Richard Owen"}, {"question": "What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?", "answer": "Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras"}, {"question": "Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?", "answer": "South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals"}, {"question": "What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?", "answer": "barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions."}, {"question": "What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?", "answer": "His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification."}, {"question": "What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?", "answer": "morphology"}, {"question": "What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?", "answer": "the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat"}, {"question": "What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?", "answer": "animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos"}, {"question": "What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?", "answer": "e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes"}, {"question": "What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?", "answer": "that his theory might produce revolutionary changes"}, {"question": "Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?", "answer": "so as not to prejudice readers against his theory"}, {"question": "What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?", "answer": "that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\""}, {"question": "What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?", "answer": "to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change"}, {"question": "What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?", "answer": "the concept of transmutation of species"}, {"question": "How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism."}, {"question": "What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?", "answer": "the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation."}, {"question": "What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?", "answer": "Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines"}, {"question": "Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?", "answer": "John Herschel"}, {"question": "What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?", "answer": "its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations"}, {"question": "What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?", "answer": "its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction."}, {"question": "What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?", "answer": "it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation"}, {"question": "What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?", "answer": "Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics"}, {"question": "Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?", "answer": "because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay"}, {"question": "Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?", "answer": "would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail"}, {"question": "Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?", "answer": "no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications"}, {"question": "Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?", "answer": "Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science"}, {"question": "What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?", "answer": "social reform"}, {"question": "What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?", "answer": "Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms"}, {"question": "What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?", "answer": "Darwinism"}, {"question": "What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?", "answer": "the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour"}, {"question": "What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?", "answer": "natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible."}, {"question": "Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?", "answer": "the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences"}, {"question": "Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?", "answer": "the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"}, {"question": "Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?", "answer": "Henry Walter Bates"}, {"question": "Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?", "answer": "Thomas Henry Huxley"}, {"question": "What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?", "answer": "scientific naturalism over natural theology"}, {"question": "Why did Huxley coin the name \"Darwinism?\"", "answer": "as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science"}, {"question": "What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?", "answer": "that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies"}, {"question": "Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?", "answer": "Richard Owen,"}, {"question": "How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?", "answer": "bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\""}, {"question": "What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?", "answer": "Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class"}, {"question": "What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?", "answer": "legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate"}, {"question": "When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?", "answer": "Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)"}, {"question": "While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?", "answer": "natural selection"}, {"question": "What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?", "answer": "Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"}, {"question": "Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "political radicals"}, {"question": "Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie"}, {"question": "What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?", "answer": "Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism"}, {"question": "What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?", "answer": "The intelligentsia in Russia"}, {"question": "Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?", "answer": "the Malthusian aspects"}, {"question": "Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?", "answer": "Leo Tolstoy"}, {"question": "What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von N\u00e4gel give?", "answer": "insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's concession to Karl von N\u00e4gel's objections?", "answer": "Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics"}, {"question": "Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?", "answer": "William Thomson"}, {"question": "What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?", "answer": "calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years"}, {"question": "When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?", "answer": "in the 20th century"}, {"question": "Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?", "answer": "they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive."}, {"question": "What was meant by the term saltationism?", "answer": "new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation"}, {"question": "What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?", "answer": "orthogenesis"}, {"question": "What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?", "answer": "neo-Darwinism"}, {"question": "What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?", "answer": "Mendelian inheritance"}, {"question": "Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?", "answer": "Alfred Russel Wallace"}, {"question": "Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?", "answer": "Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)"}, {"question": "Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?", "answer": "to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism"}, {"question": "What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?", "answer": "to justify military aggression and unethical business practices"}, {"question": "What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?", "answer": "he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry."}, {"question": "What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "strongly opposed to the ideas in the book"}, {"question": "What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?", "answer": "interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design"}, {"question": "What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? ", "answer": "Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence,"}, {"question": "What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?", "answer": "some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted"}, {"question": "What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?", "answer": "Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature"}, {"question": "What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\""}, {"question": "What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?", "answer": "defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology."}, {"question": "What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?", "answer": "Theistic evolution became a popular compromise"}, {"question": "What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?", "answer": "supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"}, {"question": "How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?", "answer": "by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans"}, {"question": "Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?", "answer": "Charles Hodge"}, {"question": "What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?", "answer": "the American creation\u2013evolution controversy"}, {"question": "What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?", "answer": "The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching."}, {"question": "What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?", "answer": "Darwin's theory of evolution"}, {"question": "What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?", "answer": "The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment."}, {"question": "In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?", "answer": "medicine and agriculture"}, {"question": "What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?", "answer": "a religion-based political controversy"}, {"question": "What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?", "answer": "scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work."}, {"question": "What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "a variorum"}, {"question": "What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?", "answer": "Worldwide commemorations"}, {"question": "What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?", "answer": "They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."}, {"question": "On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?", "answer": "December 26, 1991"}, {"question": "What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Commonwealth of Independent States"}, {"question": "Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?", "answer": "Mikhail Gorbachev,"}, {"question": "Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?", "answer": "pre-revolutionary Russian flag."}, {"question": "Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?", "answer": "Konstantin Chernenko"}, {"question": "What caused Chernenko to leave office?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? ", "answer": "54"}, {"question": "What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?", "answer": "Politburo"}, {"question": "To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? ", "answer": "Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,"}, {"question": "What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?", "answer": "nationalist movements and ethnic disputes"}, {"question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "What party did Gorbachev belong to?", "answer": "Communist Party"}, {"question": "What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?", "answer": "Congress of People's Deputies"}, {"question": "When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?", "answer": "May 1985"}, {"question": "Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?", "answer": "rationing"}, {"question": "What was censored?", "answer": "drinking scenes from old movies"}, {"question": "Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?", "answer": "Tsar Nicholas II"}, {"question": "When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?", "answer": "during World War I,"}, {"question": "When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?", "answer": "July 1, 1985"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?", "answer": "Gorbachev"}, {"question": "Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?", "answer": "Andrei Gromyko"}, {"question": "What was Gromyko's western nickname?", "answer": "\"Mr Nyet\""}, {"question": "Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?", "answer": "Grigory Romanov"}, {"question": "Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?", "answer": "Nikolai Ryzhkov"}, {"question": "Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?", "answer": "Nikolai Tikhonov"}, {"question": "How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?", "answer": "79-year-old"}, {"question": "What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?", "answer": "chairman of the State Planning Committee"}, {"question": "Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?", "answer": "Nikolai Talyzin"}, {"question": "Who created the CTAG?", "answer": "Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss."}, {"question": "What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?", "answer": "Helsinki-86"}, {"question": "What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?", "answer": "Communist"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?", "answer": "Dinmukhamed Konayev"}, {"question": "What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?", "answer": "First Secretary of the Communist Party"}, {"question": "Who took the place of Konayev?", "answer": "Gennady Kolbin"}, {"question": "When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?", "answer": "December 17, 1986"}, {"question": "Who was demonstrating?", "answer": "Kazakh students"}, {"question": "How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?", "answer": "30,000 to 40,000"}, {"question": "How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?", "answer": "blows to the head"}, {"question": "Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?", "answer": "Mukhtar Shakhanov"}, {"question": "Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?", "answer": "the people's"}, {"question": "What party was Gorbachev in charge of?", "answer": "Communist"}, {"question": "What group wanted to stop reforms?", "answer": "\"conservatives.\""}, {"question": "When were the prisoners set free?", "answer": "February 7, 1987,"}, {"question": "What sort of prisoners were released?", "answer": "political"}, {"question": "Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?", "answer": "Crimean Tatars"}, {"question": "Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?", "answer": "mid-1950s."}, {"question": "Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?", "answer": "Khrushchev's"}, {"question": "Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?", "answer": "Yegor Ligachev"}, {"question": "Who resigned in September of 1987?", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?", "answer": "stunned"}, {"question": "What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?", "answer": "slow pace"}, {"question": "Who took Yeltsin's side?", "answer": "No one"}, {"question": "Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?", "answer": "Freedom Monument"}, {"question": "Where is Freedom Monument?", "answer": "Riga"}, {"question": "What did the protesters do?", "answer": "laid flowers"}, {"question": "Who were the protesters remembering?", "answer": "Latvians"}, {"question": "Where did further protests take place?", "answer": "Baltic States"}, {"question": "What was being protested in Estonia?", "answer": "new phosphate mines"}, {"question": "When did the phosphate mine protests begin?", "answer": "spring 1987"}, {"question": "What group was started by ex-political prisoners?", "answer": "MRP-AEG group"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?", "answer": "Tiit Madisson"}, {"question": "What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?", "answer": "autonomy"}, {"question": "When was the Yerevan demonstration?", "answer": "October 17, 1987"}, {"question": "How many people demonstrated?", "answer": "about 3,000"}, {"question": "What was the demonstrators' nationality?", "answer": "Armenians"}, {"question": "The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water?", "answer": "Lake Sevan"}, {"question": "Where did the protest march start?", "answer": "Opera Plaza"}, {"question": "What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?", "answer": "July 1, 1988"}, {"question": "What did Gorbachev hope to create?", "answer": "new supreme legislative body"}, {"question": "What was Gorbachev trying to separate?", "answer": "party and state"}, {"question": "What was the proposed legislative body called?", "answer": "Congress of People's Deputies"}, {"question": "What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?", "answer": "conservative"}, {"question": "Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?", "answer": "Estonian"}, {"question": "Who claimed Estonia's national resources?", "answer": "Estonia's parliament"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?", "answer": "the Popular Front"}, {"question": "How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When was the Askeran clash?", "answer": "February 22, 1988"}, {"question": "Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?", "answer": "Karabakh police."}, {"question": "What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths?", "answer": "Sumgait Pogrom"}, {"question": "How many were killed in the ensuing riots?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?", "answer": "Abdulrahman Vezirov"}, {"question": "Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?", "answer": "Kamran Baghirov"}, {"question": "How many soldiers died on September 17?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?", "answer": "Armenian"}, {"question": "How long did the Lenin Square protest last?", "answer": "18 days"}, {"question": "Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?", "answer": "Yerevan"}, {"question": "What is the capitol of Armenia?", "answer": "Yerevan"}, {"question": "How many people protested on February 23?", "answer": "300,000,"}, {"question": "What sort of strike was called?", "answer": "transport"}, {"question": "What percentage of Armenia's total population protested on February 25?", "answer": "about a quarter"}, {"question": "How many protesters died in the airport violence?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?", "answer": "Nationalists"}, {"question": "Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?", "answer": "Armenians"}, {"question": "Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?", "answer": "a military commandant"}, {"question": "When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?", "answer": "February 1988"}, {"question": "Which monument was a popular meeting place?", "answer": "Stephen the Great Monument"}, {"question": "Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?", "answer": "Chi\u015fin\u0103u"}, {"question": "What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?", "answer": "Romanian"}, {"question": "What was Moldova's previous name?", "answer": "Moldavia"}, {"question": "What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?", "answer": "Ukrainian Cultural Club"}, {"question": "Where did the march happen?", "answer": "Kiev's Khreschatyk Street"}, {"question": "What did the marchers wish to commemorate? ", "answer": "Chernobyl nuclear disaster,"}, {"question": "Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations?", "answer": "Ukrainian Catholics"}, {"question": "In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration?", "answer": "Kiev"}, {"question": "How many people attended the Lviv rally?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Where was the dispersal attempt made?", "answer": "in front of Druzhba Stadium"}, {"question": "Who tried to stop the rally?", "answer": "Authorities"}, {"question": "Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?", "answer": "Pavlo Vasylyk"}, {"question": "Who wanted to break up the celebration?", "answer": "militia"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?", "answer": "Green World"}, {"question": "What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?", "answer": "ecological"}, {"question": "What sort of organization is Spadschnyna? ", "answer": "cultural heritage"}, {"question": "What did people gather to observe on December 10th?", "answer": "International Human Rights Day"}, {"question": "When did The Partyja BDF start?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who found mass graves?", "answer": "Zianon Pazniak"}, {"question": "What is Pazniak's occupation?", "answer": "historian"}, {"question": "Where were the graves found?", "answer": "Kurapaty"}, {"question": "In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?", "answer": "KGB"}, {"question": "What was elected in 1989?", "answer": "new Congress of People's Deputies"}, {"question": "Who was questioned on live TV?", "answer": "Communist leadership"}, {"question": "Where was the Communist government overthrown first?", "answer": "Warsaw"}, {"question": "When did the Berlin Wall get torn down?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?", "answer": "abandon it"}, {"question": "What percentage of people voted on March 26?", "answer": "89.8%"}, {"question": "How many constituencies had run-off elections?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?", "answer": "more than 300"}, {"question": "Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize?", "answer": "reformers"}, {"question": "Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group?", "answer": "Russian nationalists and liberals."}, {"question": "When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on the Supreme Soviet?", "answer": "May 29"}, {"question": "What did the Communist Party lose on October 25, 1989 with regards to elections?", "answer": "special seats"}, {"question": "Who voted to get rid of the special seats?", "answer": "the Supreme Soviet"}, {"question": "When did congress meet to ratify the amendment to remove special election seats?", "answer": "December 12\u201325"}, {"question": "What year did the Prague Spring take place?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?", "answer": "suppressed by military force"}, {"question": "Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?", "answer": "Brezhnev Doctrine"}, {"question": "Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?", "answer": "oppressive"}, {"question": "What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?", "answer": "Sinatra Doctrine"}, {"question": "How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain?", "answer": "estimated 2 million"}, {"question": "How long was the chain?", "answer": "600 kilometres"}, {"question": "What states did the chain extend over?", "answer": "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania"}, {"question": "What anniversary did the chain take place on?", "answer": "50th anniversary of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact"}, {"question": "What part of Europe was split up by the pact?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989", "answer": "Algirdas Brazauskas"}, {"question": "What party did  Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?", "answer": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the loyalist faction?", "answer": "Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius,"}, {"question": "What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split?", "answer": "Moscow's"}, {"question": "Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party?", "answer": "Gorbachev"}, {"question": "When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front?", "answer": "July 16, 1989"}, {"question": "How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th?", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "What did the protesters want?", "answer": "release of political prisoners"}, {"question": "What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?", "answer": "blockade"}, {"question": "What shortages were caused by the blockade?", "answer": "petrol and food"}, {"question": "How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan? ", "answer": "85 percent"}, {"question": "When was the sovereignty law passed?", "answer": "September 25"}, {"question": "What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front?", "answer": "local party offices"}, {"question": "What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?", "answer": "Abkhazia"}, {"question": "How many people died in the April 9 attack?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack?", "answer": "radicalized"}, {"question": "What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?", "answer": "Ukrainian Independence Day"}, {"question": "What is a moleben?", "answer": "religious service"}, {"question": "Where was the moleben held?", "answer": "in front of St. George's Cathedral."}, {"question": "What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?", "answer": "election laws"}, {"question": "Who did the protesters want to resign? ", "answer": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky"}, {"question": "What was Scherbytsky's nickname?", "answer": "the mastodon of stagnation"}, {"question": "Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place?", "answer": "Gorbachev"}, {"question": "How many people attended the service in Lviv?", "answer": "between 20,000 and 30,000"}, {"question": "What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?", "answer": "Stalinism"}, {"question": "How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?", "answer": "nearly 300"}, {"question": "Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People's Deputies?", "answer": "conservatives"}, {"question": "How many deputies were elected?", "answer": "225"}, {"question": "How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "How long did the warning strike last?", "answer": "one-hour"}, {"question": "Where did the strike take place?", "answer": "eight local factories and institutions"}, {"question": "Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held?", "answer": "mass grave"}, {"question": "What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?", "answer": "plight of their Church."}, {"question": "When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?", "answer": "May 27, 1989"}, {"question": "How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?", "answer": "an estimated 100,000"}, {"question": "What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?", "answer": "draft election law"}, {"question": "How many protesters were there in Lviv?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?", "answer": "Ivan Drach"}, {"question": "Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?", "answer": "Kiev"}, {"question": "How many people demonstrated on October 1?", "answer": "10,000 to 15,000"}, {"question": "Who attacked the protest?", "answer": "militia"}, {"question": "Where did the attack occur?", "answer": "in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium"}, {"question": "What was happening in the stadium at the time?", "answer": "concert"}, {"question": "Prior to the October 20 synod, when was the last one held in Lviv?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "How many factories had strikes on October 26?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "Where were the strikes?", "answer": "Lviv"}, {"question": "What were the strikes in protest against?", "answer": "police brutality"}, {"question": "What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?", "answer": "Ukrainian"}, {"question": "Who decided Ukraine's official language?", "answer": "Ukrainian Supreme Soviet"}, {"question": "For what reason would the Russian be spoken?", "answer": "communication between ethnic groups"}, {"question": "Where was the January 2 memorial service?", "answer": "Demianiv Laz"}, {"question": "When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?", "answer": "mid-November"}, {"question": "The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?", "answer": "Gulag Camp No. 36"}, {"question": "Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?", "answer": "Perm in the Ural Mountains"}, {"question": "Where were the activists reburied?", "answer": "Baikove Cemetery."}, {"question": "Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?", "answer": "Chernobyl disaster site"}, {"question": "Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?", "answer": "Ukraine"}, {"question": "When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?", "answer": "radioactivity symbols"}, {"question": "How was the weather during the protest?", "answer": "torrential rain"}, {"question": "Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?", "answer": "Soviet troops"}, {"question": "Where is the Fergana Valley located?", "answer": "southeast of the Uzbek capital"}, {"question": "Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?", "answer": "members of the Meskhetian minority"}, {"question": "Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? ", "answer": "Rafiq Nishonov"}, {"question": "Who replaced Nishonov?", "answer": "Karimov"}, {"question": "Where was the fatal June 19th riots?", "answer": "Zhanaozen"}, {"question": "Who were the rioters?", "answer": "young men"}, {"question": "What did the rioters try to take over?", "answer": "police station and a water-supply station"}, {"question": "How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was attacked in Mangishlak?", "answer": "police station"}, {"question": "Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?", "answer": "Armenians and Azerbaijanis"}, {"question": "Who was killed in the January 9 riots?", "answer": "four Soviet soldiers"}, {"question": "How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?", "answer": "more than 130"}, {"question": "What were the January incidents called?", "answer": "Black January"}, {"question": "How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?", "answer": "26,000"}, {"question": "What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?", "answer": "Popular Front"}, {"question": "How many members were from opposition parties?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "How many total members were there?", "answer": "350"}, {"question": "Who was elected to be Chairman in May?", "answer": "Mutalibov"}, {"question": "How many miles long was the human chain?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "Who organized this chain?", "answer": "Rukh"}, {"question": "What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?", "answer": "Ukrainian"}, {"question": "When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?", "answer": "the Democratic Bloc"}, {"question": "Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?", "answer": "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?", "answer": "Ukrainian Republican Party"}, {"question": "What was the first day that the new parliament met?", "answer": "May 15"}, {"question": "Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?", "answer": "Metropolitan Mstyslav"}, {"question": "Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?", "answer": "Volodymyr Ivashko"}, {"question": "How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?", "answer": "a week"}, {"question": "How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?", "answer": "Leonid Kravchuk"}, {"question": "What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?", "answer": "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant"}, {"question": "Where was the August 9 liturgy held?", "answer": "St. George Cathedral."}, {"question": "Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "Where was the UAOC protest held?", "answer": "near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral"}, {"question": "Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?", "answer": "Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret"}, {"question": "What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?", "answer": "liturgy"}, {"question": "What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?", "answer": "Vilnius TV Tower"}, {"question": "Where was the TV Tower located?", "answer": "Lithuania"}, {"question": "What were the Soviets hoping to stop?", "answer": "independence movement"}, {"question": "How many civilians died in the attack?", "answer": "Fourteen"}, {"question": "What was attacked by Russians on July 31?", "answer": "Lithuanian border post in Medininkai"}, {"question": "What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? ", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What was supposed to be signed on August 20?", "answer": "New Union Treaty"}, {"question": "Who supported the treaty?", "answer": "Central Asian republics,"}, {"question": "What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?", "answer": "Communist Party"}, {"question": "What did radicals want to change the economy to?", "answer": "market economy"}, {"question": "What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?", "answer": "disintegration"}, {"question": "What was Yeltsin president of?", "answer": "the Russian Federation,"}, {"question": "Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?", "answer": "Moscow\u2019s"}, {"question": "Who arrived to protect the White House?", "answer": "Muscovites"}, {"question": "Who did the organizers want to arrest?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "Where was Yeltsin during the coup?", "answer": "atop a tank"}, {"question": "What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?", "answer": "speech-making"}, {"question": "What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?", "answer": "CNN"}, {"question": "Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?", "answer": "Belarus"}, {"question": "What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?", "answer": "Belavezha Accords"}, {"question": "When was the meeting held?", "answer": "December 8"}, {"question": "What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?", "answer": "the Commonwealth of Independent States"}, {"question": "What was coming to an end?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?", "answer": "December 12"}, {"question": "Who ratified the Accords?", "answer": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"}, {"question": "Who was recalled?", "answer": "Russian deputies"}, {"question": "Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?", "answer": "Gorbachev"}, {"question": "Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What did the Protocol establish?", "answer": "CIS"}, {"question": "What was dissolved by the Protocol?", "answer": "Union"}, {"question": "Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? ", "answer": "CBS"}, {"question": "When did Gorbachev resign?", "answer": "December 25, 1991"}, {"question": "Who was given control after Gorbachev left?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "What was Russia's new legal name?", "answer": "Russian Federation"}, {"question": "What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?", "answer": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?", "answer": "Soviet flag"}, {"question": "What replaced the Soviet flag?", "answer": "Russian tricolor"}, {"question": "When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?", "answer": "December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time"}, {"question": "What was declared as having ceased to exist?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?", "answer": "upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,"}, {"question": "Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?", "answer": "Alma-Ata Protocol"}, {"question": "Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?", "answer": "Yeltsin"}, {"question": "What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?", "answer": "December 24, 1991"}, {"question": "When did the UN accept the statement?", "answer": "December 31, 1991"}, {"question": "Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?", "answer": "Mstyslav"}, {"question": "Who gave Mstyslav this title?", "answer": "Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?", "answer": "Nestor Gayowsky"}, {"question": "What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?", "answer": "10-year"}, {"question": "Who was the person that tried Jesus?", "answer": "Pontius Pilate"}, {"question": "How long was Jesus hung for?", "answer": "six hours"}, {"question": "What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?", "answer": "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"}, {"question": "What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?", "answer": "they pierced his side with a spear"}, {"question": "How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?", "answer": "seven statements"}, {"question": "What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?", "answer": "baptism of Jesus"}, {"question": "Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?", "answer": "the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be"}, {"question": "Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?", "answer": "the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine"}, {"question": "Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.", "answer": "Eddy"}, {"question": "Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?", "answer": "James Dunn"}, {"question": "Are all sources of the crucification literary?", "answer": "almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary"}, {"question": "What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?", "answer": "the 1968 archeological discovery"}, {"question": "Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?", "answer": "ben Hagkol"}, {"question": "When was Ben Hagkol crucified?", "answer": "about 70 AD"}, {"question": "What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?", "answer": "Israel Museum"}, {"question": "What holds the records of the death of Jesus?", "answer": "four canonical gospels"}, {"question": "What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?", "answer": "New Testament epistles"}, {"question": "How many times did Jesus predict his own death?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?", "answer": "Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection"}, {"question": "How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?", "answer": "hour-by-hour account"}, {"question": "Where was Jesus arrested?", "answer": "Gethsemane"}, {"question": "What did Jesus do before he was arrested?", "answer": "the Last Supper"}, {"question": "How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?", "answer": "Twelve Apostles"}, {"question": "How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?", "answer": "flogged"}, {"question": "What was placed on Jesus' head?", "answer": "crowned with thorns"}, {"question": "What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?", "answer": "wine mixed with gall"}, {"question": "How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?", "answer": "six hours"}, {"question": "How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?", "answer": "seven statements altogether"}, {"question": "Who removed Jesus from the cross?", "answer": "Joseph of Arimathea"}, {"question": "What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?", "answer": "an earthquake"}, {"question": "Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?", "answer": "Mark"}, {"question": "Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?", "answer": "words to the women who were mourning"}, {"question": "What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?", "answer": "Old Testament prophecy"}, {"question": "Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?", "answer": "First Epistle to the Corinthians"}, {"question": "Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?", "answer": "canonical Gospels"}, {"question": "How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?", "answer": "forty days"}, {"question": "What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?", "answer": "Easter Sunday"}, {"question": "Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?", "answer": "St. Luke"}, {"question": "Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?", "answer": "two rebels"}, {"question": "How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?", "answer": "Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies"}, {"question": "what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?", "answer": "an earthquake"}, {"question": "What does Luke say one of the rebels does?", "answer": "promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise"}, {"question": "How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?", "answer": "impassive"}, {"question": "Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?", "answer": "Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son"}, {"question": "What is the author of the letter assumed to be?", "answer": "pagan"}, {"question": "What does the letter reference?", "answer": "retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men"}, {"question": "Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?", "answer": "Socrates"}, {"question": "Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?", "answer": "others place less value in the letter"}, {"question": "What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?", "answer": "Friday"}, {"question": "Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?", "answer": "a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath"}, {"question": "Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?", "answer": "on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew"}, {"question": "How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?", "answer": "three days and three nights"}, {"question": "Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?", "answer": "references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights"}, {"question": "What time was the crucifiction per Mark?", "answer": "9 a.m."}, {"question": "What time did Jesus die per Mark?", "answer": "3 p.m."}, {"question": "Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?", "answer": "based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark"}, {"question": "What is another reason the times differ so much?", "answer": "no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available"}, {"question": "How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?", "answer": "approximated to the closest three-hour period"}, {"question": "Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?", "answer": "Luke's gospel"}, {"question": "What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?", "answer": "do not weep for me"}, {"question": "Where are the words found in the Gospel?", "answer": "Lk. 23:28-31"}, {"question": "What followed Jesus around?", "answer": "crowd of mourners"}, {"question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?", "answer": "Calvary"}, {"question": "Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?", "answer": "all four Gospels"}, {"question": "What was one reason Calvary was chosen?", "answer": "a place of public execution"}, {"question": "What is rumored to be found in Calvary?", "answer": "skulls of abandoned victims"}, {"question": "What is a reason the place was called Calvary?", "answer": "the name was derived from the physical contour"}, {"question": "Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?", "answer": "many women"}, {"question": "The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?", "answer": "the chief priests"}, {"question": "How many people were crucified with Jesus?", "answer": "two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left"}, {"question": "Who kept watch over Jesus?", "answer": "the soldiers"}, {"question": "Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?", "answer": "acquaintances"}, {"question": "What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?", "answer": "traditional two-beamed cross"}, {"question": "What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?", "answer": "single upright stake"}, {"question": "What causes the different accounts of the cross used?", "answer": "The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous"}, {"question": "What latin word was used to describe the cross used?", "answer": "crux"}, {"question": "Why was there doubt about the Latin word?", "answer": "crux was also applied to objects other than a cross"}, {"question": "What Epistle described the cross?", "answer": "Epistle of Barnabas"}, {"question": "Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?", "answer": "Justin Martyr"}, {"question": "Why was that type of cross important?", "answer": "a symbol of the suffering"}, {"question": "How many ends did the cross supposedly have?", "answer": "five extremities"}, {"question": "How is one attached to the cross?", "answer": "fixed by the nails"}, {"question": "How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?", "answer": "three nails"}, {"question": "According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?", "answer": "14 nails"}, {"question": "What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?", "answer": "artistic depictions of the crucifixion"}, {"question": "What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?", "answer": "Nails are almost always depicted"}, {"question": "Jesuits claim how many nails were used?", "answer": "three nails"}, {"question": "Where were the nails placed?", "answer": "the hands, or the wrists"}, {"question": "Who claims the hands were pierced?", "answer": "the Greek"}, {"question": "The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?", "answer": "without fracturing any bones"}, {"question": "What other location is offered by the Greek?", "answer": "forearm"}, {"question": "What other way to affix to the cross is there?", "answer": "Ropes"}, {"question": "What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?", "answer": "a hypopodium"}, {"question": "Why was a platform used?", "answer": "the hands may not have been able to support the weight"}, {"question": "Who considered this topic in the 17th century?", "answer": "Rasmus Bartholin"}, {"question": "Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?", "answer": "Frederick Zugibe"}, {"question": "Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?", "answer": "Nazis"}, {"question": "What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?", "answer": "Psalm 22"}, {"question": "What contradiction is found in this Psalm?", "answer": "verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew"}, {"question": "What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?", "answer": "a proverbial saying in common usage"}, {"question": "How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?", "answer": "theologically correct and reassuring"}, {"question": "How does the sentence appear to historians?", "answer": "a genuine cry"}, {"question": "As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?", "answer": "a solar eclipse"}, {"question": "Why was a solar eclipse impossible?", "answer": "the full moon"}, {"question": "Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?", "answer": "Greek historian Phlegon"}, {"question": "Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?", "answer": "Tiberius Caesar"}, {"question": "What other event supposedly took place that shook people?", "answer": "earthquakes"}, {"question": "Which historian was referenced for the reports?", "answer": "Thallus"}, {"question": "What event did Thallus describe?", "answer": "an eclipse of the sun"}, {"question": "What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?", "answer": "the 14th day"}, {"question": "When does the passion of Jesus fall?", "answer": "the day before the passover"}, {"question": "Where were these events documented?", "answer": "the Roman archives"}, {"question": "What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?", "answer": "lunar"}, {"question": "How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?", "answer": "thirty minutes"}, {"question": "What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?", "answer": "a scribe wrongly amending a text"}, {"question": "Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?", "answer": "David Henige"}, {"question": "What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?", "answer": "the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours"}, {"question": "Who created the account of Jesus?", "answer": "author of the Mark Gospel"}, {"question": "Who amended the account at a later date?", "answer": "Luke"}, {"question": "What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?", "answer": "the death of kings and other major figures"}, {"question": "What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?", "answer": "Jewish"}, {"question": "Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?", "answer": "G\u00e9za Vermes"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?", "answer": "Frederick Zugibe"}, {"question": "What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?", "answer": "the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus"}, {"question": "How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?", "answer": "carried out a number of experiments over several years"}, {"question": "What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?", "answer": "experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging"}, {"question": "What specifics were recorded in his experiments?", "answer": "amount of pull and the corresponding pain"}, {"question": "What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?", "answer": "instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God"}, {"question": "How are people united with God?", "answer": "through faith in Jesus\u2019 substitutionary death"}, {"question": "What specific fact do Christians believe about death?", "answer": "eternal life in heaven after the body\u2019s death"}, {"question": "Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?", "answer": "confidence of eternal life"}, {"question": "What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?", "answer": "joy"}, {"question": "What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?", "answer": "agent Christology"}, {"question": "Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.", "answer": "sake of eventual victory"}, {"question": "What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?", "answer": "salvific theme"}, {"question": "How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?", "answer": "lamb slain but standing"}, {"question": "What is another name for Jesus given?", "answer": "The Lamb of God"}, {"question": "Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?", "answer": "Paul's Christology"}, {"question": "How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?", "answer": "directly related"}, {"question": "What term does Paul use for the Gospels?", "answer": "the cross of Christ"}, {"question": "Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?", "answer": "based on the plan of God"}, {"question": "How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?", "answer": "power of the cross"}, {"question": "What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?", "answer": "successfully argued for his innocence"}, {"question": "Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?", "answer": "obedience to the Father"}, {"question": "The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?", "answer": "\"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father"}, {"question": "What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?", "answer": "redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam"}, {"question": "What is the blood of the lamb?", "answer": "had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water"}, {"question": "What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?", "answer": "how salvation is granted to humanity"}, {"question": "How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?", "answer": "central importance"}, {"question": "Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?", "answer": "Jesus willingly sacrificed himself"}, {"question": "Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?", "answer": "an act of perfect obedience"}, {"question": "What church is the sacrifice important to?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic church"}, {"question": "Who was present under the cross?", "answer": "Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What symbol is popular in Marian Art?", "answer": "Marian Cross"}, {"question": "Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.", "answer": "Raphael"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the art names \"His Entombment\"?", "answer": "Caravaggio"}, {"question": "What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?", "answer": "Civil law states"}, {"question": "What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?", "answer": "the High Court of Australia"}, {"question": "To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?", "answer": "the Privy Council"}, {"question": "What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?", "answer": "the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories"}, {"question": "Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?", "answer": "different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law"}, {"question": "What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?", "answer": "the Supreme Court of the United States"}, {"question": "What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?", "answer": "Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa"}, {"question": "A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?", "answer": "a civil law system"}, {"question": "What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?", "answer": "stare decisis"}, {"question": "What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?", "answer": "civil law jurisdictions"}, {"question": "In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?", "answer": "the immediate case before it"}, {"question": "Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?", "answer": "a very strong precedent"}, {"question": "What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?", "answer": "jurisprudence constante"}, {"question": "When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?", "answer": "The court's decisions are final and binding"}, {"question": "Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?", "answer": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council"}, {"question": "When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?", "answer": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)"}, {"question": "Where is the JCPC located?", "answer": "London, United Kingdom"}, {"question": "When was the Court of Final Appeal established?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "On what date was India's Supreme Court established?", "answer": "January 28, 1950"}, {"question": "What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?", "answer": "Article 141"}, {"question": "India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?", "answer": "judicial review"}, {"question": "In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?", "answer": "local bylaws"}, {"question": "What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?", "answer": "The Supreme Court"}, {"question": "Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?", "answer": "the constitution"}, {"question": "Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?", "answer": "the Chief Justice"}, {"question": "Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?", "answer": "seven other judges"}, {"question": "Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?", "answer": "the Four Courts in Dublin"}, {"question": "Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?", "answer": "both an appellate court and the high court of justice"}, {"question": "Israel's legislative body is called what?", "answer": "the Knesset"}, {"question": "Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?", "answer": "a panel of three or more justices"}, {"question": "A retrial is also called what?", "answer": "\"trial de novo\""}, {"question": "When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?", "answer": "purely appellate"}, {"question": "What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?", "answer": "Court of Appeal of New Zealand"}, {"question": "New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?", "answer": "the High Court"}, {"question": "Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?", "answer": "the District Court"}, {"question": "What are some of the territories within Pakistan?", "answer": "FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)"}, {"question": "What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?", "answer": "appeals only of a constitutional nature"}, {"question": "What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?", "answer": "Azad Kashmir"}, {"question": "What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?", "answer": "does not apply to it"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?", "answer": "England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland"}, {"question": "What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?", "answer": "the High Court of Justiciary"}, {"question": "What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?", "answer": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005"}, {"question": "When did this act go into affect?", "answer": "1 October 2009"}, {"question": "What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?", "answer": "House of Lords"}, {"question": "What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?", "answer": "titles of state supreme court vary"}, {"question": "The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?", "answer": "New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia"}, {"question": "What is West Virginia's highest court called?", "answer": "Supreme Court of Appeals"}, {"question": "What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?", "answer": "trial courts of general jurisdiction"}, {"question": "What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?", "answer": "the Austrian Constitution of 1920"}, {"question": "What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?", "answer": "Constitutional Court"}, {"question": "What is the German word for this constitutional high court?", "answer": "Verfassungsgerichtshof"}, {"question": "What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?", "answer": "the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?", "answer": "Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)"}, {"question": "What is the highest court in Brazil?", "answer": "Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)"}, {"question": "What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?", "answer": "cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases"}, {"question": "Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?", "answer": "cases involving members of congress, senators"}, {"question": "What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?", "answer": "ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic"}, {"question": "What is Brazil's high court for labor law?", "answer": "The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)"}, {"question": "What is Germany's constitution called?", "answer": "the Grundgesetz"}, {"question": "What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?", "answer": "Bundesverfassungsgericht"}, {"question": "The english translation of this court and its duties is what?", "answer": "Federal Constitutional Court"}, {"question": "What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?", "answer": "the power and authority to outlaw political parties"}, {"question": "Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?", "answer": "it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution"}, {"question": "The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?", "answer": "civil and criminal cases"}, {"question": "What court has supremacy for matters of social security?", "answer": "Bundessozialgericht"}, {"question": "What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?", "answer": "Bundesarbeitsgericht"}, {"question": "Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?", "answer": "Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe"}, {"question": "Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?", "answer": "arresten"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?", "answer": "legislation against the constitution"}, {"question": "What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?", "answer": "legislation against some treaties"}, {"question": "Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?", "answer": "administrative law"}, {"question": "The high court for administrative law is also known as what?", "answer": "Council of State (Raad van State)"}, {"question": "What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?", "answer": "a civil law nation"}, {"question": "The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?", "answer": "the American Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?", "answer": "1987 Philippine Constitution"}, {"question": "How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?", "answer": "1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices"}, {"question": "When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?", "answer": "en banc"}, {"question": "The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?", "answer": "private and public"}, {"question": "What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?", "answer": "those cases related to human rights"}, {"question": "What is the other power of this latter court?", "answer": "decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution"}, {"question": "High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?", "answer": "binding precedents"}, {"question": "In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?", "answer": "lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations"}, {"question": "Sweden's two high courts are what?", "answer": "the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court"}, {"question": "What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?", "answer": "cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs"}, {"question": "The Supreme Court hears what?", "answer": "all other cases"}, {"question": "How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?", "answer": "appointed by the Government"}, {"question": "The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?", "answer": "pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd"}, {"question": "When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?", "answer": "all lower Courts"}, {"question": "Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?", "answer": "common-law and civil-law"}, {"question": "What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?", "answer": "2/3"}, {"question": "South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?", "answer": "\"two apex\""}, {"question": "When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?", "answer": "the Constitutional Court"}, {"question": "When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?", "answer": "August 2013"}, {"question": "What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?", "answer": "Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)"}, {"question": "Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?", "answer": "cases which have already been decided"}, {"question": "Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?", "answer": "common law"}, {"question": "Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?", "answer": "Portuguese-based legal system"}, {"question": "What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?", "answer": "a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document"}, {"question": "What is the proper name for textual scholarship?", "answer": "philology"}, {"question": "Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?", "answer": "Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand"}, {"question": "What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?", "answer": "recensions"}, {"question": "Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?", "answer": "Qur'an"}, {"question": "Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?", "answer": "biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original"}, {"question": "Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?", "answer": "the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed"}, {"question": "What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an", "answer": "Sana'a manuscripts"}, {"question": "When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?", "answer": "possibly date back to the 7\u20138th centuries."}, {"question": "What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?", "answer": "the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,"}, {"question": "Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?", "answer": "Bible"}, {"question": "Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.", "answer": "Mesopotamia and Egypt"}, {"question": "Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?", "answer": "is, to the devout, taboo."}, {"question": "Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?", "answer": "a period of about five millennia"}, {"question": "What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?", "answer": "identification of the first exemplar"}, {"question": "Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?", "answer": "split in the tradition"}, {"question": "The exemplar is otherwise known as what?", "answer": "the archetype"}, {"question": "The final product of reconstruction is known as what?", "answer": "the constitutio"}, {"question": "What is included in or accompanies in \"critical edition\"?", "answer": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?", "answer": "presents the author's work in three parts"}, {"question": "What is the goal of the textual critic?", "answer": "a \"critical edition\""}, {"question": "A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?", "answer": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus."}, {"question": "What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?", "answer": "a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)"}, {"question": "What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?", "answer": "the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)"}, {"question": "What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?", "answer": "a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)"}, {"question": "Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?", "answer": "literature was copied by hand"}, {"question": "Are printed editions immune to variation?", "answer": "not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph"}, {"question": "How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?", "answer": "a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph"}, {"question": "An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?", "answer": "eclectic."}, {"question": "Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?", "answer": "witnesses"}, {"question": "What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?", "answer": "variant readings, or simply variants or readings."}, {"question": "How or why do variations enter a witness text?", "answer": "either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)"}, {"question": "As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?", "answer": "document variant readings"}, {"question": "Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?", "answer": "so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition."}, {"question": "What is a variorum?", "answer": "The collation of all known variants of a text"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a variorum?", "answer": "so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication"}, {"question": "Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.", "answer": "Edward Fitzgerald"}, {"question": "Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.", "answer": "The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare"}, {"question": "What is often included in an eclectic reading?", "answer": "an impression of the number of witnesses"}, {"question": "Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?", "answer": "a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions"}, {"question": "Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?", "answer": "textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition."}, {"question": "What is external evidence?", "answer": "evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses."}, {"question": "Why are older manuscripts preferred?", "answer": "Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors."}, {"question": "What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?", "answer": "geographically diverse"}, {"question": "What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?", "answer": "more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one"}, {"question": "Define \"lectio brevior\"", "answer": "shorter reading"}, {"question": "Define \"lectio difficilior\"", "answer": "more difficult reading"}, {"question": "What is the main principle of lectio brevior?", "answer": "scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit"}, {"question": "What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?", "answer": "the tendency for harmonization\u2014resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text."}, {"question": "Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?", "answer": "Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original."}, {"question": "How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?", "answer": "They proposed nine critical rules"}, {"question": "What is Bengel's rule?", "answer": "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties."}, {"question": "Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?", "answer": "\"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\""}, {"question": "What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?", "answer": "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses"}, {"question": "What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?", "answer": "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."}, {"question": "Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?", "answer": "justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda"}, {"question": "When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?", "answer": "The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images"}, {"question": "What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?", "answer": "the depth of research of the critic"}, {"question": "What is stemmatics?", "answer": "a rigorous approach to textual criticism"}, {"question": "What is a cladogram?", "answer": "The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram."}, {"question": "What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?", "answer": "it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source"}, {"question": "What is a hyparchetype?", "answer": "a common intermediate source"}, {"question": "What is recension?", "answer": "The process of constructing the stemma"}, {"question": "Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?", "answer": "examinatio and emendatio"}, {"question": "What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?", "answer": "copy text editing"}, {"question": "What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?", "answer": "eclecticism"}, {"question": "What was Joseph B\u00e9dier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?", "answer": "critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches."}, {"question": "Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?", "answer": "the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses."}, {"question": "To what did Joseph B\u00e9dier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?", "answer": "editors tended to favor trees with two branches"}, {"question": "Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?", "answer": "this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment"}, {"question": "What was the final implication of Joseph B\u00e9dier's analysis of the stemmatic method?", "answer": "the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed."}, {"question": "What is the last step in the stemmatic method?", "answer": "emendatio"}, {"question": "At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?", "answer": "the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process"}, {"question": "Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?", "answer": ", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading"}, {"question": "When was the term copy-text introduced?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "What was the initial definition of copy-text?", "answer": "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine"}, {"question": "Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method", "answer": "choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt."}, {"question": "Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?", "answer": "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\""}, {"question": "How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?", "answer": "inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\""}, {"question": "What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?", "answer": "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints"}, {"question": "What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?", "answer": "Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare"}, {"question": "Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?", "answer": "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced"}, {"question": "What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?", "answer": "if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand."}, {"question": "What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?", "answer": "indifferent"}, {"question": "Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?", "answer": "The principle is sound without regard for the literary period."}, {"question": "What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?", "answer": "the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text"}, {"question": "What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?", "answer": "English Renaissance drama"}, {"question": "What is the main criticism of Greg's work?", "answer": "works where an author's manuscript survived"}, {"question": "What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?", "answer": "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state"}, {"question": "If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?", "answer": "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy"}, {"question": "What did Bower's say about Greg's method?", "answer": "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions"}, {"question": "What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?", "answer": "has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author"}, {"question": "Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?", "answer": "Bowers and Tanselle"}, {"question": "Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?", "answer": "Tanselle"}, {"question": "Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?", "answer": "a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former"}, {"question": "What idea did Tanselle champion?", "answer": "unconstrained authorial intention"}, {"question": "What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?", "answer": "remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"}, {"question": "What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?", "answer": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896"}, {"question": "What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?", "answer": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own"}, {"question": "What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?", "answer": "his judgment"}, {"question": "I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?", "answer": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,"}, {"question": "What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?", "answer": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention"}, {"question": "What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?", "answer": "to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"}, {"question": "When was Maggie first published?", "answer": "1893"}, {"question": "Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?", "answer": "appendices that are difficult to use,"}, {"question": "Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?", "answer": "suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves"}, {"question": "How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?", "answer": "notes at the foot of the text page"}, {"question": "Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?", "answer": "appendices"}, {"question": "What is the biological basis for Cladistics?", "answer": "to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species"}, {"question": "How is evolution applied to textual criticism?", "answer": "manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics"}, {"question": "How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?", "answer": "cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree"}, {"question": "What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?", "answer": "does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\""}, {"question": "When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?", "answer": "the early 1970s"}, {"question": "What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?", "answer": "digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes"}, {"question": "How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?", "answer": "applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts"}, {"question": "When did Larson finish his project?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?", "answer": "Larson"}, {"question": "What is FARMS?", "answer": "Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies"}, {"question": "Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?", "answer": "Robert F. Smith"}, {"question": "How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?", "answer": "the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987"}, {"question": "Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?", "answer": "The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work"}, {"question": "Who is the head of FARMS?", "answer": "Professor John W. Welch"}, {"question": "When was phase one completed?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who took over after the preliminary phase?", "answer": "Professor Skousen"}, {"question": "Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?", "answer": "to obtain fine readings"}, {"question": "What process what used to study the gathered fragments?", "answer": "advanced photographic techniques"}, {"question": "On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants?", "answer": "Printer\u2019s Manuscript"}, {"question": "How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?", "answer": "extremely rare"}, {"question": "To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?", "answer": "hardly affect any doctrine"}, {"question": "Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?", "answer": "Professor Douglas Stuart"}, {"question": "How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning?", "answer": "virtually every possible alternative reading"}, {"question": "Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?", "answer": "There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible"}, {"question": "What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?", "answer": "within 200 years"}, {"question": "What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?", "answer": "about a millennium after their composition"}, {"question": "How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?", "answer": "a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text."}, {"question": "What is the criteria for copyright?", "answer": "if enough creativity/originality is provided"}, {"question": "What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?", "answer": "The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct"}, {"question": "Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?", "answer": "All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable"}, {"question": "What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?", "answer": "the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works"}, {"question": "What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?", "answer": "long playing"}, {"question": "What are common diameters found in phonograph records?", "answer": "12\", 10\", 7\""}, {"question": "What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?", "answer": "analogue sound storage medium"}, {"question": "Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?", "answer": "near the periphery"}, {"question": "In what method is the rotational speed measured in?", "answer": "rpm"}, {"question": "What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?", "answer": "music reproduction"}, {"question": "Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?", "answer": "disc jockeys (DJ)s"}, {"question": "Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?", "answer": "9.2 million"}, {"question": "What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?", "answer": "audiophiles"}, {"question": "What was the original intent of the phonautograph?", "answer": "visual analysis"}, {"question": "In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "By whom was the phonautograms patented?", "answer": "L\u00e9on Scott"}, {"question": "In what year was phonautograms patented?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?", "answer": "capable of both recording and reproducing sound"}, {"question": "What was unique about Einsteins invention?", "answer": "reproducing sound"}, {"question": "At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "What is the name of lateral cut disc records?", "answer": "gramophone"}, {"question": "What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? ", "answer": "poor sound quality"}, {"question": "Where were lateral cut disc records developed?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?", "answer": "RCA Victor"}, {"question": "Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?", "answer": "Montreal"}, {"question": "What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?", "answer": "Blue Amberol cylinders"}, {"question": "What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?", "answer": "digital compact disc"}, {"question": "What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?", "answer": "Amberol cylinder"}, {"question": "What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?", "answer": "celluloid"}, {"question": "What were two drawback of early recordings?", "answer": "Sensitivity and frequency range were poor"}, {"question": "How would one make to early recordings?", "answer": "face in the recording horn"}, {"question": "What types of violins worked best with early recordings?", "answer": "Stroh violins"}, {"question": "What instruments did not record well?", "answer": "Lower-pitched orchestral instruments"}, {"question": "How was the frequency response in early recordings?", "answer": "very irregular"}, {"question": "What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?", "answer": "moveable platform"}, {"question": "Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?", "answer": "farthest away from the collecting horn"}, {"question": "How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?", "answer": "fifteen feet"}, {"question": "Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?", "answer": "drums could be effectively used"}, {"question": "What was the item called that recorded the sounds?", "answer": "collecting horn"}, {"question": "What was an early took used to amplify sounds?", "answer": "vacuum tubes"}, {"question": "What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?", "answer": "Western Electric"}, {"question": "How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?", "answer": "microphone"}, {"question": "How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?", "answer": "fuller, clearer and more natural"}, {"question": "What was a drawback of early home recording systems?", "answer": "high cost"}, {"question": "What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?", "answer": "US$95 to US$300"}, {"question": "What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?", "answer": "$20"}, {"question": "What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?", "answer": "cabinetry"}, {"question": "What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?", "answer": "hard rubber"}, {"question": "What was the standard material for discs around 1895?", "answer": "a shellac-based compound"}, {"question": "What company was known for laminate construction of discs?", "answer": "Columbia Records"}, {"question": "What material give the vinyl records their known black color?", "answer": "carbon"}, {"question": "What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?", "answer": "lubricant"}, {"question": "What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?", "answer": "Great Depression"}, {"question": "What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "What are most 78 rpm records made of?", "answer": "shellac compounds"}, {"question": "What was a common problem found in early flexible records?", "answer": "surface noise"}, {"question": "What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?", "answer": "Durium"}, {"question": "What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?", "answer": "vinyl-based Victrolac compound"}, {"question": "What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?", "answer": "children's records"}, {"question": "What year was the Victrolac compound released?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?", "answer": "light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise"}, {"question": "What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?", "answer": "higher cost"}, {"question": "What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?", "answer": "10-inch"}, {"question": "How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?", "answer": "four to five minutes of music per side"}, {"question": "How small were the earliest discs released?", "answer": "12.5 cm"}, {"question": "What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?", "answer": "modification of the equipment"}, {"question": "Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?", "answer": "10-inch"}, {"question": "What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?", "answer": "turntable speed and the groove spacing"}, {"question": "What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?", "answer": "two minutes"}, {"question": "How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What was the normal size disc for popular music?", "answer": "10-inch"}, {"question": "What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?", "answer": "three and a half minutes"}, {"question": "On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?", "answer": "Columbia's Masterwork label"}, {"question": "What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?", "answer": "about 3:30"}, {"question": "What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?", "answer": "release a set of records"}, {"question": "How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?", "answer": "two sides"}, {"question": "What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?", "answer": "4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package"}, {"question": "What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?", "answer": "The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)"}, {"question": "When were albums said to be pioneered?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What was one of the very first albums released?", "answer": "Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky"}, {"question": "When could record album covers first be found?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What were early record album covers made of?", "answer": "empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover"}, {"question": "What sizes were record album covers available in?", "answer": "10-inch and 12-inch sizes"}, {"question": "How were record album covers intended to be stored?", "answer": "upright"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of record album covers?", "answer": "protecting them"}, {"question": "When were albums as we currently know them widely released?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What is typically found on the front cover of an album?", "answer": "artwork"}, {"question": "How may records were commonly found in an album?", "answer": "three or four"}, {"question": "When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "How many songs did most albums contain?", "answer": "six or eight"}, {"question": "What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?", "answer": "collectable or nostalgia purposes"}, {"question": "What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?", "answer": "higher-quality audio playback"}, {"question": "Who released 7\" microgrooved records in the 1950s?", "answer": "Bell Records"}, {"question": "What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?", "answer": "wider range of audio"}, {"question": "Who founded Audiophile Records?", "answer": "Ewing Dunbar Nunn"}, {"question": "In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?", "answer": "Think It's Going to Rain Today"}, {"question": "What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format?", "answer": "Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone"}, {"question": "What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?", "answer": "Stiff Records"}, {"question": "Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl?", "answer": "lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest"}, {"question": "When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?", "answer": "they were destroyed"}, {"question": "What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?", "answer": "lightweight tone arms and jewel needles"}, {"question": "For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?", "answer": "owners of vintage jukeboxes"}, {"question": "How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?", "answer": "bad reputation"}, {"question": "What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?", "answer": "ten minutes playing time per side"}, {"question": "How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?", "answer": "commercial failure"}, {"question": "When did RCA Victor release long play discs?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "Who released the first commercial long play discs?", "answer": "RCA Victor"}, {"question": "By when were long play records discontinued?", "answer": "early 1933"}, {"question": "What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?", "answer": "lower surface noise"}, {"question": "By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?", "answer": "vinyl"}, {"question": "What was a factor in shellac availability?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?", "answer": "vinyl"}, {"question": "What material were most mailed records made of?", "answer": "vinyl"}, {"question": "What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Who released the 12 inch LP?", "answer": "Columbia Record Company"}, {"question": "On what date was the 12 inch LP released?", "answer": "June 18, 1948"}, {"question": "In what city was the 12 in LP released?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?", "answer": "about eight years"}, {"question": "What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?", "answer": "The 45 rpm player"}, {"question": "What materials were 45 rpm records made of?", "answer": "vinyl or polystyrene"}, {"question": "What was the play time of a 45 rpm", "answer": "eight minutes"}, {"question": "What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?", "answer": "7 inches"}, {"question": "Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?", "answer": "World Records"}, {"question": "What caused the constant linear velocity?", "answer": "Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device"}, {"question": "What was a unique feature of World Records records?", "answer": "played from the outside to the inside"}, {"question": "What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?", "answer": "Philips Laser Disc"}, {"question": "What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?", "answer": "46:1"}, {"question": "In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?", "answer": "3600 rpm"}, {"question": "Why are these records known as '78s'?", "answer": "to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats"}, {"question": "When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?", "answer": "teenagers"}, {"question": "At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?", "answer": "about 1960"}, {"question": "On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?", "answer": "November 1, 1954."}, {"question": "What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What percentage of Elvis Presley's single sales were of 78s?", "answer": "less than 10%"}, {"question": "What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?", "answer": "A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend"}, {"question": "Why did Elvis sales of 78s perform so well in the Southern States?", "answer": "45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time"}, {"question": "On which label did Elvis release his early singles?", "answer": "Sun Records"}, {"question": "What was the last Elvis Presley single released on 78?", "answer": "I Got Stung/One Night"}, {"question": "What two formats replaced the 78?", "answer": "33 1\u20443 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm"}, {"question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?", "answer": "Columbia Records"}, {"question": "When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?", "answer": "June 1948"}, {"question": "When did RCA release their 45 rpm format?", "answer": "March 1949"}, {"question": "When were RIAA standards established?", "answer": "mid-1950s"}, {"question": "What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?", "answer": "narrated publications"}, {"question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?", "answer": "Peter Goldmark"}, {"question": "What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?", "answer": "Highway Hi-Fi 16 2\u20443 rpm record"}, {"question": "Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?", "answer": "poor performance"}, {"question": "To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Which two companies were involved in the \"War of the Speeds\"?", "answer": "RCA Victor and Columbia Records"}, {"question": "Over which years did the \"War of the Speeds\" last? ", "answer": "1948 to 1950"}, {"question": "Which company lost the \"War of the Speeds\"?", "answer": "RCA"}, {"question": "What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?", "answer": "45 rpm"}, {"question": "By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?", "answer": "200 million"}, {"question": "What format of LPs was discontinued?", "answer": "10-inch"}, {"question": "What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?", "answer": "The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP"}, {"question": "In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side?", "answer": "12-inch LP"}, {"question": "Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?", "answer": "12-inch LP"}, {"question": "What do the initials EP stand for?", "answer": "extended play"}, {"question": "Why were 45s more popular with jukeboxes?", "answer": "The large center hole"}, {"question": "What format was phased out by the end of the 1950s?", "answer": "EPs"}, {"question": "What was a benefit of EPs over LPs?", "answer": "EP discs were cheaper"}, {"question": "What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950's?", "answer": "78, 45, 33 1\u20443"}, {"question": "What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos?", "answer": "larger center hole."}, {"question": "What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records?", "answer": "changer"}, {"question": "What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos?", "answer": "16 2\u20443 rpm"}, {"question": "Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?", "answer": "for use in jukeboxes"}, {"question": "What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?", "answer": "spider"}, {"question": "What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce?", "answer": "spider"}, {"question": "Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by?", "answer": "RCA president David Sarnoff"}, {"question": "How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays?", "answer": "tens of millions per year"}, {"question": "What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?", "answer": "high fidelity"}, {"question": "What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?", "answer": "High Fidelity and Audio"}, {"question": "What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?", "answer": "variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies"}, {"question": "During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?", "answer": "1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?", "answer": "high fidelity"}, {"question": "What did Alan Blumlein event?", "answer": "stereophonic record system"}, {"question": "When did EMI create the first stereo discs?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?", "answer": "more natural listening experience"}, {"question": "What year was stereo sound patented? ", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?", "answer": "was not exploited commercially until much later."}, {"question": "What did quadraphonic recording feature?", "answer": "recorded four separate sound signals."}, {"question": "What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?", "answer": "development of quadraphonic records"}, {"question": "How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?", "answer": "commercially unsuccessful"}, {"question": "What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?", "answer": "later surround-sound systems"}, {"question": "What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?", "answer": "no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information"}, {"question": "How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? ", "answer": "even less successful than the two matrixed formats"}, {"question": "What format was less successful than quadraphonic?", "answer": "CD-4"}, {"question": "What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?", "answer": "reduced distortion and greater headroom"}, {"question": "Who created the CD-4 format?", "answer": "RCA"}, {"question": "For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?", "answer": "Mercury Records"}, {"question": "What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?", "answer": "prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response"}, {"question": "Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?", "answer": "Mercury"}, {"question": "Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?", "answer": "The center"}, {"question": "In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?", "answer": "CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering"}, {"question": "Who developed the Dynagroove format?", "answer": "RCA Victor"}, {"question": "Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming? ", "answer": "unnatural side effects"}, {"question": "What did closer groove spacing result in?", "answer": "Lower recorded volume"}, {"question": "What would be found with higher recorded volumes?", "answer": "wider spacing"}, {"question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?", "answer": "visual cue to DJs mixing the records"}, {"question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?", "answer": "only contain one track each side"}, {"question": "When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed?", "answer": "late 1970s"}, {"question": "What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?", "answer": "a \"purist\" transcription"}, {"question": "When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released?", "answer": "late 1970s"}, {"question": "What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?", "answer": "automatic gain control"}, {"question": "When were DBX recordings released?", "answer": "mid-1970s"}, {"question": "How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies?", "answer": "completely incompatible with"}, {"question": "What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings?", "answer": "reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages"}, {"question": "What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?", "answer": "\"CX\" noise reduction"}, {"question": "What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?", "answer": "ELPJ"}, {"question": "What was a benedit of laser read discs?", "answer": "eliminates record wear"}, {"question": "What was a drawback of laser read discs?", "answer": "degrade the sound"}, {"question": "What was the primary use of laser read discs?", "answer": "archiving of analog records"}, {"question": "What was a major issue for laser read discs?", "answer": "dust"}, {"question": "Who is Irene?", "answer": "scanning machine for disc records"}, {"question": "Where was IRENE developed?", "answer": "Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories"}, {"question": "What is the primary use of IRENE?", "answer": "retrieve the information"}, {"question": "Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?", "answer": "cannot read vertically modulated information"}, {"question": "Does IRENE require the  ability to touch the media?", "answer": "without touching the medium"}, {"question": "What terms are used for recording with more than one track?", "answer": "long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP"}, {"question": "What is a typical max playing time of an LP?", "answer": "forty-five minutes"}, {"question": "Which format is cheaper, LP or EP?", "answer": "LPs"}, {"question": "Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes?", "answer": "7-inch EP"}, {"question": "What was a normal play time per side for LPs?", "answer": "22 minutes"}, {"question": "Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?", "answer": "yellow and deep red"}, {"question": "PeeWee the Piccolo was what?", "answer": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"}, {"question": "What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold?", "answer": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"}, {"question": "How many colors were 45s available in when first released?", "answer": "seven colors"}, {"question": "When did RCA release the 45?", "answer": "March 1949"}, {"question": "In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?", "answer": "outside edge towards the center"}, {"question": "How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?", "answer": "by fine variations"}, {"question": "Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?", "answer": "correct speed"}, {"question": "Do all grooves bear data?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What is a 'lead out'?", "answer": "wide-pitched section"}, {"question": "What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle?", "answer": "lock groove"}, {"question": "Do turntables play music on lock grooves?", "answer": "most automatic turntables are incapable"}, {"question": "What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove?", "answer": "lift the arm"}, {"question": "Where do you find a lead out?", "answer": "Towards the center, at the end of the groove"}, {"question": "Where were records made with raised label areas?", "answer": "reducing the risk of damage"}, {"question": "Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems?", "answer": "interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms"}, {"question": "Do grooves on records touch when stacked?", "answer": "allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact"}, {"question": "Do records touch when in auto changers?", "answer": "Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack"}, {"question": "What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases?", "answer": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl"}, {"question": "What is the material preference of collectors?", "answer": "heavyweight vinyl"}, {"question": "How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl?", "answer": "Manufacturing processes are identical"}, {"question": "Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record?", "answer": "grinding or scratching sound"}, {"question": "Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail, lightweight or heavyweight?", "answer": "lightweight records requires more care"}, {"question": "What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?", "answer": "The \"orange peel\" effect"}, {"question": "What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?", "answer": "mirror-like"}, {"question": "What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?", "answer": "there is no ill effect"}, {"question": "On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?", "answer": "lower frequency range"}, {"question": "What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What is the two step process?", "answer": "\"father\" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper"}, {"question": "What is the limitation of the two step process?", "answer": "limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings"}, {"question": "Which is preferred the two step or three step process?", "answer": "three-step"}, {"question": "Which have stronger structures the father or son mold?", "answer": "sons"}, {"question": "What can increase the output of a stamper mold?", "answer": "quality of the vinyl is high"}, {"question": "What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?", "answer": "Breakage was very common"}, {"question": "In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening\" record get broken?", "answer": "John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra"}, {"question": "In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made?", "answer": "teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed"}, {"question": "What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?", "answer": "Dust and scratches"}, {"question": "What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?", "answer": "Dust and scratches"}, {"question": "Where does the saying \"Like a broken record\" originate?", "answer": "locked groove"}, {"question": "How easily do vinyl records break?", "answer": "Vinyl records do not break easily"}, {"question": "What is a common damage to vinyl records?", "answer": "easily scratched."}, {"question": "What causes warping in vinyl records?", "answer": "heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects"}, {"question": "What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?", "answer": "warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered"}, {"question": "What method was used to protect a vinyl record?", "answer": "place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover"}, {"question": "What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?", "answer": "Singles"}, {"question": "What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?", "answer": "A small degree of warp was common,"}, {"question": "When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?", "answer": "Distortion towards the end of the side"}, {"question": "What happens as a record wears?", "answer": "Distortion"}, {"question": "What is a drawback of using gramophones?", "answer": "fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses"}, {"question": "How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?", "answer": "510 mm"}, {"question": "Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?", "answer": "ending of the groove"}, {"question": "What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening?", "answer": "warped disk"}, {"question": "What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises?", "answer": "subsonic filter"}, {"question": "What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional.", "answer": "Tonearm skating"}, {"question": "Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating?", "answer": "frequencies below about 20 Hz"}, {"question": "Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record?", "answer": "cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking"}, {"question": "What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?", "answer": "limiting the playing time"}, {"question": "What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?", "answer": "hiss, pops, and ticks"}, {"question": "What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?", "answer": "amplitude of low frequencies is reduced"}, {"question": "What is a benefit of using equalization devices?", "answer": "problems can be reduced"}, {"question": "What is done to high frequency  sounds to lessen sound issues?", "answer": "amplitude at high frequencies is increased"}, {"question": "Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?", "answer": "G. H. Miller"}, {"question": "What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?", "answer": "reproduction was more realistic"}, {"question": "When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?", "answer": "recording amplitude decreased"}, {"question": "What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?", "answer": "recording amplitude increased"}, {"question": "Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?", "answer": "P. G. A. H. Voigt"}, {"question": "How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?", "answer": "pre-emphasis in the recording"}, {"question": "When was a pre-emphasis most useful?", "answer": "above 1,000 Hz"}, {"question": "On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s?", "answer": "78 rpm and 33 1\u20443 rpm"}, {"question": "In which Era was this finding most significant?", "answer": "1925 era"}, {"question": "What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?", "answer": "there was no industry standard"}, {"question": "In which country was the treble roll off greater?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was the industry standard on equalization practices?", "answer": "there was no industry standard"}, {"question": "Which country used the most varied equalization practices?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "How was standardization prior to 1942?", "answer": "considered a proprietary art"}, {"question": "Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings?", "answer": "1942\u20131949"}, {"question": "Who made the move to standardize recordings?", "answer": "National Association of Broadcasters"}, {"question": "When were recording standards officially released?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": " Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?", "answer": "laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions."}, {"question": "What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?", "answer": "Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording"}, {"question": "What is the NAB?", "answer": "National Association of Broadcasters"}, {"question": "What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?", "answer": "programming sounded more lifelike."}, {"question": "How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?", "answer": "remarkably similar"}, {"question": "What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?", "answer": "below 100 Hz"}, {"question": "What helped cause the most life like sound?", "answer": "using a complementary inverse curve"}, {"question": "How far back could these recording practices be traced?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What were the recording standards based off from?", "answer": "long-held recording practices"}, {"question": "What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve?", "answer": "New Orthophonic curve"}, {"question": "Who developed the New Orthophonic curve?", "answer": "RCA Victor"}, {"question": "Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve?", "answer": "R.C. Moyer"}, {"question": "What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?", "answer": "many fine examples"}, {"question": "What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?", "answer": "acoustic limitations"}, {"question": "Why do photos show take on horns?", "answer": "help mute these resonances"}, {"question": "How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?", "answer": "like it was recorded through a horn"}, {"question": "What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss?", "answer": "took a lot of sound energy"}, {"question": "What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?", "answer": "Western Electric licensed recording method"}, {"question": "At at time was radio gaining popularity?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?", "answer": "carbon microphones used,"}, {"question": "What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?", "answer": "brilliant midrange"}, {"question": "What was a benefit of early radio recordings?", "answer": "microphones and amplifiers"}, {"question": "What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?", "answer": "Victor Orthophonic phonograph"}, {"question": "What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?", "answer": "folded horn with an exponential taper"}, {"question": "What adjustments were made to the orthophonic  to accommodate electric recordings?", "answer": "mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type"}, {"question": "Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?", "answer": "not unusual"}, {"question": "How similar was the sound of a orthodontic  record to a radio?", "answer": "sounded like"}, {"question": "What are two examples of high quality microphones?", "answer": "moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone"}, {"question": "What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?", "answer": "Magnetic pickups"}, {"question": "When would you have first found the moving coil microphone?", "answer": "around 1930"}, {"question": "What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?", "answer": "Crystal pickups"}, {"question": "In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically?", "answer": "1930s and 1940s"}, {"question": "What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?", "answer": "high quality cuts"}, {"question": "In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?", "answer": "large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers"}, {"question": "How similar were live and recorded versions?", "answer": "harder to tell the difference"}, {"question": "When was the Western Electric System introduced?", "answer": "early 1930s"}, {"question": "What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?", "answer": "Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric"}, {"question": "What system was used by Warner Brothers?", "answer": "Western Electric system"}, {"question": "What speed was used in the Western Electric System?", "answer": "33 1\u20443 rpm"}, {"question": "What was the Western Electric System believed to do?", "answer": "improve the overall quality"}, {"question": "What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?", "answer": "longer playback time"}, {"question": "What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?", "answer": "inner groove distortion"}, {"question": "How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?", "answer": "didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing"}, {"question": "How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?", "answer": "override noise in playback"}, {"question": "How was wax used to improve recordings?", "answer": "avoiding the microscopic irregularities"}, {"question": "What were used to make vinyl pressings?", "answer": "master cuts"}, {"question": "What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?", "answer": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?", "answer": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"}, {"question": "How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?", "answer": "cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering"}, {"question": "When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?", "answer": "45 rpm"}, {"question": "What was used for longer recordings?", "answer": "LP record"}, {"question": "What opened doors for long recordings?", "answer": "The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman"}, {"question": "What aided in records sales in the 1950s?", "answer": "Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast"}, {"question": "What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?", "answer": "20 Hz"}, {"question": "What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?", "answer": "vinyl records"}, {"question": "What is the higher end of typical human hearing?", "answer": "20,000 Hz"}, {"question": "Does the hearing range of the human vary?", "answer": "The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person"}, {"question": "Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?", "answer": "record cutter"}, {"question": "What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?", "answer": "soft wax"}, {"question": "What was used in final recordings of vinyl records?", "answer": "harder lacquer"}, {"question": "After the 1950s  what was a typical recording process?", "answer": "first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc"}, {"question": "Where were sound recordings originally made to?", "answer": "master disc"}, {"question": "Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?", "answer": "alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media"}, {"question": "Is gramophone equipment readily available?", "answer": "manufactured only in small quantities"}, {"question": "What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity?", "answer": "transferring them onto other media"}, {"question": "What is a drawback of gramophone use?", "answer": "gradual degradation"}, {"question": "How are gramophones best stored?", "answer": "on edge"}, {"question": "Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?", "answer": "Anyone can do this"}, {"question": "What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?", "answer": "professional archivists"}, {"question": "What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?", "answer": "standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer"}, {"question": "Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?", "answer": "without any further damage to the source recording"}, {"question": "What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?", "answer": "manipulated to remove analog flaws"}, {"question": "What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?", "answer": "major label distributors restricted their return policies"}, {"question": "Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?", "answer": "CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies"}, {"question": "When did vinyl record sales decline?", "answer": "between 1988 and 1991"}, {"question": "When did compact disc popularity take hold?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "When were groove recordings developed?", "answer": "final quarter of the 19th century,"}, {"question": "Are records generally out of print as of date?", "answer": "Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today"}, {"question": "Are albums ever reproduced?", "answer": "Many popular new albums are given releases"}, {"question": "What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?", "answer": "Old records and out-of-print recordings"}, {"question": "Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?", "answer": "records still have enthusiastic supporters"}, {"question": "What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?", "answer": "direct manipulation"}, {"question": "In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?", "answer": "slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching"}, {"question": "Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?", "answer": "provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it"}, {"question": "What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?", "answer": "any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl"}, {"question": "Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?", "answer": "However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more."}, {"question": "Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?", "answer": "Jack White"}, {"question": "What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?", "answer": "compact discs"}, {"question": "What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014?", "answer": "was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year"}, {"question": "Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994?", "answer": "Pearl Jam"}, {"question": "Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?", "answer": "May 1986"}, {"question": "What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?", "answer": "Time Warner"}, {"question": "What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?", "answer": "TCM Cin\u00e9ma"}, {"question": "What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?", "answer": "TCM Espa\u00f1a"}, {"question": "How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?", "answer": "$1.5 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?", "answer": "Kirk Kerkorian"}, {"question": "Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?", "answer": "Kirk Kerkorian"}, {"question": "Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?", "answer": "May 9, 1986"}, {"question": "On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?", "answer": "TNT"}, {"question": "What was a notable film that Turner colorized?", "answer": "The Maltese Falcon"}, {"question": "Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?", "answer": "MGM/UA"}, {"question": "The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?", "answer": "May 1986"}, {"question": "How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?", "answer": "American Movie Classics"}, {"question": "What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?", "answer": "released prior to 1970"}, {"question": "By what year was AMC showing commercials?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?", "answer": "Time Warner"}, {"question": "Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?", "answer": "Saul Zaentz"}, {"question": "When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?", "answer": "March 1999"}, {"question": "In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?", "answer": "annual"}, {"question": "What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?", "answer": "score a restored, feature-length silent film"}, {"question": "In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Who starred in The Temptress?", "answer": "Greta Garbo"}, {"question": "In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?", "answer": "excellence in broadcasting"}, {"question": "When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?", "answer": "April 2010"}, {"question": "In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?", "answer": "Grauman's Egyptian Theater"}, {"question": "Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?", "answer": "Hollywood"}, {"question": "What were TCM Extras previously known as?", "answer": "One Reel Wonders"}, {"question": "When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?", "answer": "Robert Benchley"}, {"question": "Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?", "answer": "top of the hour"}, {"question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What rating system is often used by TCM?", "answer": "TV Parental Guidelines"}, {"question": "What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?", "answer": "31 Days of Oscar"}, {"question": "When does TCM's programming season begin?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?", "answer": "letterboxed"}, {"question": "Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?", "answer": "Humphrey Bogart"}, {"question": "Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?", "answer": "Walt Disney Studios"}, {"question": "Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?", "answer": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}, {"question": "How many films are present in the TCM library?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?", "answer": "EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution"}, {"question": "Who owns Paramount?", "answer": "Viacom"}, {"question": "Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?", "answer": "Trifecta Entertainment & Media"}, {"question": "Who owns Walt Disney Studios?", "answer": "The Walt Disney Company"}, {"question": "Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?", "answer": "Disney-ABC Domestic Television"}, {"question": "What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?", "answer": "8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time"}, {"question": "Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?", "answer": "Robert Osborne"}, {"question": "What is Robert Osborne by profession?", "answer": "film historian"}, {"question": "Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?", "answer": "medical leave"}, {"question": "Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?", "answer": "Ben Mankiewicz"}, {"question": "On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?", "answer": "Wednesdays"}, {"question": "Who hosts the Star of the Month films?", "answer": "Robert Osbourne"}, {"question": "During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?", "answer": "February 2011"}, {"question": "In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?", "answer": "month preceding the Academy Awards"}, {"question": "When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?", "answer": "Sally Field"}, {"question": "On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?", "answer": "Sunday"}, {"question": "What movie block shows silent films?", "answer": "Silent Sunday Nights"}, {"question": "What movie block shows foreign films?", "answer": "TCM Imports"}, {"question": "When did TCM Underground first appear?", "answer": "October 2006"}, {"question": "On what day is TCM Underground shown?", "answer": "Friday"}, {"question": "Who was the first host of TCM Underground?", "answer": "Rob Zombie"}, {"question": "In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?", "answer": "Tom Kenny"}, {"question": "What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?", "answer": "SpongeBob SquarePants"}, {"question": "In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?", "answer": "Essentials Jr."}, {"question": "Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?", "answer": "Abigail Breslin"}, {"question": "Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?", "answer": "John Lithgow"}, {"question": "Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?", "answer": "Bill Hader"}, {"question": "In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "In what year did Screened Out appear?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What series premiered in 2011?", "answer": "AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration"}, {"question": "In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What was the topic of Screened Out?", "answer": "history and depiction of homosexuality in film"}, {"question": "In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?", "answer": "December 1994"}, {"question": "Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?", "answer": "end-of-year compilation"}, {"question": "In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?", "answer": "Steve Earle"}, {"question": "Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?", "answer": "Warner Home Video"}, {"question": "What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?", "answer": "shorts"}, {"question": "After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?", "answer": "on-demand"}, {"question": "What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?", "answer": "October 2015"}, {"question": "Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?", "answer": "Laithwaite"}, {"question": "The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?", "answer": "Francis Ford Coppola"}, {"question": "Who starred in True Grit?", "answer": "John Wayne"}, {"question": "How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?", "answer": "3 month"}, {"question": "What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?", "answer": "Shaw Cable"}, {"question": "In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?", "answer": "TCM 2"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?", "answer": "February 2007"}, {"question": "What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "ancient India"}, {"question": "How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?", "answer": "Astika"}, {"question": "What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?", "answer": "Vedas"}, {"question": "What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?", "answer": "n\u0101stika"}, {"question": "What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?", "answer": "relationship and differences"}, {"question": "In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?", "answer": "18th and 19th"}, {"question": "What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?", "answer": "distinct"}, {"question": "What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "distinct schools"}, {"question": "How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?", "answer": "limited"}, {"question": "How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?", "answer": "Ny\u0101ya"}, {"question": "What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?", "answer": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika"}, {"question": "Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?", "answer": "S\u0101\u1e45khya"}, {"question": "What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?", "answer": "Advaita"}, {"question": "What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?", "answer": "pram\u0101\u1e47as"}, {"question": "How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is the pramanas for perception?", "answer": "pratyak\u1e63a"}, {"question": "What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?", "answer": "anum\u0101\u1e47a"}, {"question": "Which pramanas is understanding of experts?", "answer": "\u015babda"}, {"question": "Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?", "answer": "Samkhya"}, {"question": "How does Samkhya view the universe?", "answer": "two realities"}, {"question": "What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?", "answer": "Puru\u1e63a"}, {"question": "What is the Samkhya school word for matter?", "answer": "prakriti"}, {"question": "What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?", "answer": "buddhi"}, {"question": "How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? ", "answer": "Sattva"}, {"question": "Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?", "answer": "Rajas"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?", "answer": "Tamas"}, {"question": "What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?", "answer": "atheist / non-theistic"}, {"question": "Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?", "answer": "philosophical schools"}, {"question": "To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?", "answer": "Samkhya"}, {"question": "What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?", "answer": "personal god"}, {"question": "How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?", "answer": "theistic"}, {"question": "What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?", "answer": "j\u00f1\u0101na"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of jnana?", "answer": "knowledge"}, {"question": "To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?", "answer": "moksha"}, {"question": "To what school does yoga share central ideas?", "answer": "Advaita Vedanta"}, {"question": "What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?", "answer": "liberation/freedom"}, {"question": "What philosophy is a naturalist school?", "answer": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika"}, {"question": "What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "atoms"}, {"question": "By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?", "answer": "world of experience"}, {"question": "Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?", "answer": "Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa"}, {"question": "When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?", "answer": "first millennium BCE"}, {"question": "According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?", "answer": "earth, water, air, fire"}, {"question": "Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?", "answer": "atoms"}, {"question": "According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?", "answer": "composite"}, {"question": "What form are atoms in Vaisesika?", "answer": "invisible"}, {"question": "What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?", "answer": "Ny\u0101ya"}, {"question": "What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?", "answer": "mistakes/defects"}, {"question": "What state is achieved through knowledge?", "answer": "Moksha"}, {"question": "What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "liberation"}, {"question": "Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?", "answer": "delusion"}, {"question": "How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?", "answer": "several"}, {"question": "How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?", "answer": "perception"}, {"question": "What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?", "answer": "anum\u0101\u1e47a"}, {"question": "What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?", "answer": "upam\u0101\u1e47a"}, {"question": "What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?", "answer": "atheistic and theistic"}, {"question": "How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?", "answer": "eternal"}, {"question": "What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?", "answer": "dharma"}, {"question": "How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?", "answer": "rituals and duties"}, {"question": "What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?", "answer": "Vedanta school"}, {"question": "To what study did Mimamsa give rise?", "answer": "philology"}, {"question": "What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?", "answer": "proper, correct and right"}, {"question": "What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?", "answer": "Vedantins"}, {"question": "What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?", "answer": "early parts"}, {"question": "What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?", "answer": "latter parts"}, {"question": "On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?", "answer": "Upanishads and Brahma"}, {"question": "In what time did the Vedanta school become active?", "answer": "first millennium BCE"}, {"question": "Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?", "answer": "Ved\u0101nta"}, {"question": "How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?", "answer": "five or six methods"}, {"question": "On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?", "answer": "sub-school"}, {"question": "What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "knowledge-centered understanding"}, {"question": "On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?", "answer": "jnana"}, {"question": "On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?", "answer": "ritualism"}, {"question": "Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?", "answer": "many sub-schools"}, {"question": "What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? ", "answer": "\u0101tman and Brahman"}, {"question": "What means ", "answer": "Advaita"}, {"question": "According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?", "answer": "Brahman"}, {"question": "What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?", "answer": "m\u0101y\u0101 and \u0101tman"}, {"question": "How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?", "answer": "always changing"}, {"question": "To what does the concept of atman refer?", "answer": "soul"}, {"question": "To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?", "answer": "Brahman"}, {"question": "What is the philosophy of dualism?", "answer": "Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita"}, {"question": "Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?", "answer": "Ramanuja"}, {"question": "When did Ramanuja live?", "answer": "c. 1037\u20131137"}, {"question": "For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?", "answer": "Supreme Being"}, {"question": "What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman", "answer": "Vishnu"}, {"question": "Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?", "answer": "two separate realities"}, {"question": "To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?", "answer": "monotheistic God"}, {"question": "How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?", "answer": "takes on a personal role"}, {"question": "As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?", "answer": "permanent"}, {"question": "Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?", "answer": "Vishnu"}, {"question": "What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?", "answer": "Nimbarka"}, {"question": "In what century did Nimbarka live?", "answer": "13th-century"}, {"question": "How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?", "answer": "Brahman, soul, and matter"}, {"question": "Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?", "answer": "Krishna"}, {"question": "In what text is Shaivism recounted?", "answer": "\u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad"}, {"question": "When was the text on Shaivism written?", "answer": "400 \u2013 200 BCE"}, {"question": "Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?", "answer": "Vidyaranya"}, {"question": "How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?", "answer": "Pratyabhij\u00f1a"}, {"question": "What is the oldest school of Shaivism?", "answer": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism"}, {"question": "Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?", "answer": "Lakulish"}, {"question": "When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? ", "answer": "2nd century CE"}, {"question": "What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?", "answer": "Vaishnava theology"}, {"question": "What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?", "answer": "servitude of souls"}, {"question": "What group divided the world into two parts?", "answer": "P\u0101\u015bupatas"}, {"question": "Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?", "answer": "insentient and the sentient"}, {"question": "In what staet was the insentient considered to be?", "answer": "unconscious"}, {"question": "How was the sentient seen as being?", "answer": "conscious"}, {"question": "For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?", "answer": "through the intellect"}, {"question": "What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?", "answer": "non-dual"}, {"question": "What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?", "answer": "Universal Consciousness"}, {"question": "As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?", "answer": "real"}, {"question": "Which group sees the world as illusion?", "answer": "Advaita"}, {"question": "According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?", "answer": "merge in Shiva"}, {"question": "What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?", "answer": "Democratic Party and the Republican Party"}, {"question": "Name a nation that has a one-party political system.", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How are political parties elected in democracies? ", "answer": "the electorate"}, {"question": "What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?", "answer": "Germany and India"}, {"question": "Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?", "answer": "late-17th-century England"}, {"question": "Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?", "answer": "Whigs"}, {"question": "Who was the leader if the Whigs?", "answer": "Robert Walpole"}, {"question": "In what year did the jacobite rising fail?", "answer": "1715"}, {"question": "Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.", "answer": "Locke and Algernon Sidney"}, {"question": "Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?", "answer": "championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power"}, {"question": "Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?", "answer": "the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty"}, {"question": "Who did the Tories oppose?", "answer": "Whigs"}, {"question": "Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?", "answer": "the \"Opposition Whigs\""}, {"question": "When did the Tories regain power?", "answer": "1760"}, {"question": "For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?", "answer": "half a century"}, {"question": "Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?", "answer": "ideological gap"}, {"question": "Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?", "answer": "the Rockingham Whigs"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?", "answer": "Charles Watson-Wentworth"}, {"question": "What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?", "answer": "\"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\""}, {"question": "Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?", "answer": "remained out of power as a united opposition to government."}, {"question": "What was the modern Conservative party created from?", "answer": "the 'Pittite' Tories"}, {"question": "Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?", "answer": "Robert Peel"}, {"question": "Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?", "answer": "the Liberal Party"}, {"question": "In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "What were the two proto-political parties?", "answer": "the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party"}, {"question": "In which year did the period known as the \"Era of Good Feelings\" begin?", "answer": "1816"}, {"question": "What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?", "answer": "partisan"}, {"question": "Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?", "answer": "Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?", "answer": "Charles Stewart Parnell"}, {"question": "What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?", "answer": "Irish Parliamentary Party"}, {"question": "Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?", "answer": "they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model."}, {"question": "Do political parties have a Party leader?", "answer": "A political party is typically led by a party leader"}, {"question": "Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?", "answer": "party secretary"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? ", "answer": "party treasurer"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?", "answer": "party chair"}, {"question": "When does a party form an official opposition?", "answer": "When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government"}, {"question": "What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?", "answer": "Westminster-based parties"}, {"question": "When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?", "answer": "When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority"}, {"question": "If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?", "answer": "leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation"}, {"question": "What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?", "answer": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for"}, {"question": "How are parties regulated?", "answer": "a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties"}, {"question": "Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?", "answer": "to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents"}, {"question": "Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?", "answer": "mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\""}, {"question": "which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?", "answer": "far-right, far-left and regionalism"}, {"question": "What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?", "answer": "Cordon Sanitarian"}, {"question": "Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?", "answer": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist"}, {"question": "Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?", "answer": "The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan."}, {"question": "What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?", "answer": "political parties"}, {"question": "What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?", "answer": "political parties"}, {"question": "In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?", "answer": "one-party systems"}, {"question": "What are North Korea and China examples of?", "answer": "positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government"}, {"question": "What is the one-party system often compared with?", "answer": "dictatorships and tyranny"}, {"question": "When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?", "answer": "1934 and 1945"}, {"question": "When are opposition parties allowed?", "answer": "In dominant-party systems"}, {"question": "What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?", "answer": "political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion"}, {"question": "What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?", "answer": "patronage and sometimes by voting fraud"}, {"question": "What are some examples of dominant party systems?", "answer": "African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia"}, {"question": "For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What type of party system is the United States?", "answer": "two-party system"}, {"question": "What were the first parties in the united States called?", "answer": "Federalist and Republican"}, {"question": "For how long did the Whigs survive?", "answer": "two decades"}, {"question": "What are challenged to an unpopular political party?", "answer": "tremendous land area and large population of the country"}, {"question": "Which party was anti-slavery?", "answer": "Democratic Party"}, {"question": "What has the UK political system functioned as?", "answer": "a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system"}, {"question": "What are the two largest political parties in the UK?", "answer": "Conservative Party and the Labour Party"}, {"question": "What was the other major party before the Labour party?", "answer": "Liberal Party"}, {"question": "What is Duveger's Law?", "answer": "A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system"}, {"question": "In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?", "answer": "in cases where there are three or more parties"}, {"question": "Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?", "answer": "since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition"}, {"question": "Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "When is political change easier?", "answer": "Political change is often easier with a coalition government"}, {"question": "What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?", "answer": "post World War II France and Italy"}, {"question": "What are called factions by some people?", "answer": "Political parties"}, {"question": "What are political parties lobbied by?", "answer": "organizations, businesses and special interest groups"}, {"question": "What are traditional sources of funding for parties?", "answer": "Money and gifts"}, {"question": "Around which time was the mass membership party started?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?", "answer": "increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships"}, {"question": "When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?", "answer": "second half of the 20th century"}, {"question": "In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?", "answer": "peerages"}, {"question": "Who was discovered to be selling peerages?", "answer": "Lloyd George"}, {"question": "What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?", "answer": "Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act"}, {"question": "What did the Honours act do?", "answer": "outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act"}, {"question": "How did people attempt to overcome this law?", "answer": "cloaking their contributions as loans"}, {"question": "What are the two categories of public funding?", "answer": "direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect"}, {"question": "Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What percentage of nations provide direct funding?", "answer": "58%"}, {"question": "Are parties required to reveal their funding?", "answer": "required to disclose their finances to the Election management body."}, {"question": "What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What can also be provided by foreign aid?", "answer": "funding"}, {"question": "What do international donors do to promote democracy? ", "answer": "provide financing to political parties in developing countries"}, {"question": "What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? ", "answer": "Developing links between ideologically linked parties"}, {"question": "What does the overseas development institute want to do?", "answer": "to increase support to political parties"}, {"question": "What parties is the color green for?", "answer": "Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties"}, {"question": "What was purple considered the color for?", "answer": "royalty"}, {"question": "What parties is the color black associated with?", "answer": "fascist parties"}, {"question": "Brown is associated with what parties?", "answer": "Nazism"}, {"question": "What color is orange associated with?", "answer": "nationalism"}, {"question": "What is the color red associated with?", "answer": "right-wing Republican Party"}, {"question": "What political party is the color blue associated with?", "answer": "left-wing Democratic Party"}, {"question": "Did the political parties choose those colors?", "answer": "unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors"}, {"question": "In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?", "answer": "19th and 20th century"}, {"question": "What are some examples of this?", "answer": "The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association"}, {"question": "Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. ", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?", "answer": "Maurice Duverger"}, {"question": "What are cadre parties?", "answer": "political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders"}, {"question": "What are mass parties?", "answer": "Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology"}, {"question": "What is an example of a mass party?", "answer": "Socialist parties"}, {"question": "What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?", "answer": "cadre parties"}, {"question": "What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?", "answer": "in the manner of the chapel"}, {"question": "What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?", "answer": "alla breve"}, {"question": "At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "How is A cappella currently defined?", "answer": "group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment"}, {"question": "A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?", "answer": "Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato"}, {"question": "What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?", "answer": "religious music"}, {"question": "What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?", "answer": "The madrigal"}, {"question": "The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?", "answer": "instrumentally-accompanied"}, {"question": "In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?", "answer": "Josquin des Prez"}, {"question": "Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?", "answer": "Mass in B Minor"}, {"question": "How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?", "answer": "1610"}, {"question": "Some compositions were found after which composer's death?", "answer": "Andrea Gabrieli"}, {"question": "When did Russian musika show up?", "answer": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef"}, {"question": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef were typically done similar to what pieces?", "answer": "Venetian-styled"}, {"question": "What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?", "answer": "Psalms 150"}, {"question": "Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?", "answer": "Nikolai Diletsky"}, {"question": "What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?", "answer": "Sacred Harp"}, {"question": "A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?", "answer": "apostolic times"}, {"question": "In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?", "answer": "Christian religious bodies"}, {"question": "Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?", "answer": "They were considered a Catholic innovation"}, {"question": "What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?", "answer": "The Heart of Midlothian"}, {"question": "Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like \"A cow bell in a concert\" ", "answer": "Alexander Campbell"}, {"question": "Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?", "answer": "Sir Walter Scott"}, {"question": "What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?", "answer": "an interpretation of history"}, {"question": "During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?", "answer": "33 AD to 180AD"}, {"question": "At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?", "answer": "the 2nd century"}, {"question": "For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?", "answer": "Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church"}, {"question": "On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? ", "answer": "Sabbath"}, {"question": "In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?", "answer": "a cappella"}, {"question": "What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?", "answer": "sefirah music"}, {"question": "How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?", "answer": "a time of semi-mourning"}, {"question": "What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?", "answer": "Philo"}, {"question": "What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?", "answer": "Jewish scriptures"}, {"question": "What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?", "answer": "shofar"}, {"question": "The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?", "answer": "Yom Kippur"}, {"question": "How is the shofar used?", "answer": "by itself, without any vocal accompaniment"}, {"question": "When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?", "answer": "The St. Olaf College Choir"}, {"question": "How many singers are typically in the choirs?", "answer": "40 to 80"}, {"question": "Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?", "answer": "other regional conductors"}, {"question": "What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?", "answer": "The Song Spinners"}, {"question": "What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?", "answer": "US recording studios"}, {"question": "Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?", "answer": "The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen"}, {"question": "What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?", "answer": "\"Only You\""}, {"question": "During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?", "answer": "the success of Top 40 recordings"}, {"question": "In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?", "answer": "vocal percussion"}, {"question": "Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?", "answer": "Christian music"}, {"question": "In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?", "answer": "chordal or polyphonic accompaniment"}, {"question": "How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?", "answer": "Avenue X"}, {"question": "What time period was Avenue X set in?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?", "answer": "Ray Leslee"}, {"question": "What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?", "answer": "Theatre Row\u2019s Acorn Theatre"}, {"question": "Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?", "answer": "Stoneham Theatre"}, {"question": "Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?", "answer": "Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee."}, {"question": "In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?", "answer": "comedy"}, {"question": "What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?", "answer": "In Transit"}, {"question": "Where does most of In Transit take place? ", "answer": "the New York City subway system"}, {"question": "What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?", "answer": "beat boxing"}, {"question": "How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?", "answer": "Chesney Snow"}, {"question": "What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?", "answer": "Barbershop music"}, {"question": "What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?", "answer": "Barbershop Harmony Society"}, {"question": "How many people currently have membership to the BHS?", "answer": "over 22,000"}, {"question": "What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?", "answer": "African Americans"}, {"question": "What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?", "answer": "S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?", "answer": "Sweet Adelines"}, {"question": "When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?", "answer": "nearly 25,000"}, {"question": "Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?", "answer": "Tulsa, Oklahoma"}, {"question": "In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?", "answer": "Eric Ericson"}, {"question": "Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?", "answer": "Adolf Fredrik's Music School"}, {"question": "What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "Who describes the many reasons for Sweden's heavy involvement in a cappella?", "answer": "Richard Sparks"}, {"question": "What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?", "answer": "RPI Glee Club"}, {"question": "What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?", "answer": "Cole Porter"}, {"question": "What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?", "answer": "the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College"}, {"question": "What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?", "answer": "Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre"}, {"question": "What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?", "answer": "John Legend"}, {"question": "Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?", "answer": "Penn Masala"}, {"question": "Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?", "answer": "South Asians"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?", "answer": "Anokha"}, {"question": "What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?", "answer": "Anahat"}, {"question": "What group hosts the a capella competition \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\"?", "answer": "Maize Mirchi"}, {"question": "What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?", "answer": "Harmony Sweepstakes"}, {"question": "Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?", "answer": "a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music"}, {"question": "What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?", "answer": "Nota"}, {"question": "Who won The Sing-Off final season?", "answer": "Pentatonix"}, {"question": "In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?", "answer": "Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?", "answer": "emulate instrumentation"}, {"question": "What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?", "answer": "The Mills Brothers"}, {"question": "What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?", "answer": "Baroque and Classical music"}, {"question": "What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?", "answer": "The New Addams Family"}, {"question": "What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?", "answer": "nonsense words"}, {"question": "What is another term for beatboxing?", "answer": "vocal percussion"}, {"question": "What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?", "answer": "a four-track recorder"}, {"question": "What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?", "answer": "Toyota"}, {"question": "On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?", "answer": "YouTube"}, {"question": "What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?", "answer": "Ordo Praedicatorum"}, {"question": "What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?", "answer": "Pope Honorius III"}, {"question": "After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?", "answer": "the Dominican Order"}, {"question": "What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?", "answer": "Saint Dominic de Guzman"}, {"question": "During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?", "answer": "to combat heresy"}, {"question": "The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?", "answer": "Master of the Order"}, {"question": "Who is the current Master of the Order?", "answer": "Bruno Cador\u00e9"}, {"question": "What is the Order of Preachers known for?", "answer": "its intellectual tradition"}, {"question": "During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?", "answer": "Men of God"}, {"question": "How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?", "answer": "Francis of Assisi"}, {"question": "Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?", "answer": "the Friars Preachers"}, {"question": "What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "the Dominicans and Franciscans"}, {"question": "The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?", "answer": "the Benedictines"}, {"question": "What type of order was the Dominican Order?", "answer": "a preaching order"}, {"question": "What did previous religious orders do for a living?", "answer": "farms"}, {"question": "How did the Dominican Order earn money?", "answer": "by begging"}, {"question": "How did Dominic inspire his followers?", "answer": "with loyalty to learning and virtue"}, {"question": "What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?", "answer": "nuns"}, {"question": "In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?", "answer": "a \"mixed\" spirituality"}, {"question": "What subject did Dominic particularly love?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "Why did Dominic sell his books?", "answer": "to help his neighbors"}, {"question": "In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?", "answer": "twenty-five"}, {"question": "After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?", "answer": "St. Augustine"}, {"question": "With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?", "answer": "Prior Diego de Acebo"}, {"question": "Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?", "answer": "monarchy of Spain"}, {"question": "In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?", "answer": "south of France"}, {"question": "During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?", "answer": "1209\u20131229"}, {"question": "Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?", "answer": "to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark"}, {"question": "How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?", "answer": "with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony"}, {"question": "Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?", "answer": "the Cathars"}, {"question": "How did the Cathars live?", "answer": "in a state of self-sacrifice"}, {"question": "In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?", "answer": "a strong leader"}, {"question": "Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?", "answer": "the Albigensians"}, {"question": "In what year did Dominic establish a convent?", "answer": "1206"}, {"question": "What women did Dominic convert for his convent?", "answer": "Albigensian"}, {"question": "What group are older than the Dominican Friars?", "answer": "Dominican nuns"}, {"question": "Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? ", "answer": "too poor"}, {"question": "How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?", "answer": "Rule of St. Augustine"}, {"question": "In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?", "answer": "1215"}, {"question": "Who was the successor to Dominic?", "answer": "Jordan of Saxony"}, {"question": "What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?", "answer": "the \"salvation of souls through preaching\""}, {"question": "What were the Dominican Brothers?", "answer": "canons-regular"}, {"question": "Dominic studied in what city?", "answer": "Palencia"}, {"question": "Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?", "answer": "the Manicheans"}, {"question": "What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?", "answer": "charity"}, {"question": "In what city did Dominic establish a school?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?", "answer": "Matthew of Paris"}, {"question": "Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?", "answer": "the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina"}, {"question": "Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?", "answer": "Pope Honorius III"}, {"question": "What was required of each new priory?", "answer": "its own studium conventuale"}, {"question": "When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?", "answer": "June 5, 1222"}, {"question": "The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?", "answer": "the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum"}, {"question": "What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "What did the Dominican Order fight against?", "answer": "paganism"}, {"question": "What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?", "answer": "Pope Gregory IX"}, {"question": "The term \"Dominican mysticism\" is also knows as what?", "answer": "German mysticism"}, {"question": "In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?", "answer": "Germany and Italy"}, {"question": "What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?", "answer": "St. Catherine of Siena"}, {"question": "Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?", "answer": "the Netherlands"}, {"question": "What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?", "answer": "Savonarola"}, {"question": "What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?", "answer": "pagan tendencies"}, {"question": "The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?", "answer": "Cologne"}, {"question": "What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?", "answer": "Matteo Bandello"}, {"question": "What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?", "answer": "Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo"}, {"question": "In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?", "answer": "4,472"}, {"question": "How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?", "answer": "6058"}, {"question": "In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?", "answer": "917"}, {"question": "What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What orator was very famous during the revival movement?", "answer": "Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire"}, {"question": "When was the province of France canonically erected?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?", "answer": "master general"}, {"question": "What country has produced a large number of preachers?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?", "answer": "P\u00e8re Lacordaire"}, {"question": "What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?", "answer": "Thomas Etourneau"}, {"question": "What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?", "answer": "the \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem"}, {"question": "What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?", "answer": "Jerusalem Bible"}, {"question": "What school publishes the Revue Biblique?", "answer": "Biblical school at Jerusalem"}, {"question": "How many students does the University of Fribourg have?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?", "answer": "Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?", "answer": "P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier"}, {"question": "What do present day Dominican Order associates do?", "answer": "share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family"}, {"question": "What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?", "answer": "Christian women and men"}, {"question": "What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?", "answer": "charism"}, {"question": "Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?", "answer": "to praise, to bless, to preach"}, {"question": "The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?", "answer": "charity"}, {"question": "What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?", "answer": "learning"}, {"question": "What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?", "answer": "charity"}, {"question": "In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What did Dominic greatly struggle with?", "answer": "relationship with God"}, {"question": "Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?", "answer": "St. Cecilia"}, {"question": "What did Dominic enjoy doing?", "answer": "sing"}, {"question": "Who did Dominic pray for?", "answer": "poor sinners"}, {"question": "What did Dominic refuse to do?", "answer": "carry money"}, {"question": "What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?", "answer": "to assist those searching for the truth"}, {"question": "Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?", "answer": "gospel of Christ"}, {"question": "What type of man was Dominic?", "answer": "a man of prayer"}, {"question": "Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?", "answer": "Humbert of Romans"}, {"question": "What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?", "answer": "1254 to 1263"}, {"question": "What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?", "answer": "the sisters in the order were given official membership"}, {"question": "What did subject did Humbert love very much?", "answer": "languages"}, {"question": "What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?", "answer": "uncomplicated language"}, {"question": "What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?", "answer": "miracles"}, {"question": "According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?", "answer": "good will"}, {"question": "What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?", "answer": "sad"}, {"question": "The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?", "answer": "Albertus Magnus"}, {"question": "Albert Magnus was also known as \"Albert the what\"?", "answer": "Great"}, {"question": "What was a discipline of Albert the Great?", "answer": "ecumenist"}, {"question": "Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?", "answer": "his study of Dionysus the Areopagite"}, {"question": "Who was Dionysus?", "answer": "a mystical theologian"}, {"question": "What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?", "answer": "Mysticism"}, {"question": "Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?", "answer": "German mysticism"}, {"question": "What idea did Albertus champion?", "answer": "positive knowledge of God is possible"}, {"question": "Who influenced Magnus at this time?", "answer": "Dionysus"}, {"question": "What is it easier to do regarding God?", "answer": "state what God is not"}, {"question": "How do we deny things of God?", "answer": "absolutely"}, {"question": "What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?", "answer": "wisdom"}, {"question": "What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?", "answer": "understanding"}, {"question": "How can man obtain understanding of God?", "answer": "Contemplation"}, {"question": "If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?", "answer": "imperfect"}, {"question": "What cannot see God itself?", "answer": "The soul"}, {"question": "What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?", "answer": "Meekness"}, {"question": "According to Christianity, who is the \"One\"?", "answer": "God/Christ"}, {"question": "What is Charity to a Christian?", "answer": "manifestation of the pure love of Christ"}, {"question": "What should man's nature be centered on?", "answer": "the One"}, {"question": "What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?", "answer": "ecstatic mysticism"}, {"question": "What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?", "answer": "to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely"}, {"question": "What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? ", "answer": "Dartford"}, {"question": "The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?", "answer": "mystics"}, {"question": "What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?", "answer": "a union with the Creator"}, {"question": "The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?", "answer": "Hebrew Bible"}, {"question": "What is the Holy Writ?", "answer": "Bible"}, {"question": "Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?", "answer": "Albertus Magnus"}, {"question": "Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?", "answer": "Jewish and early Christian writings"}, {"question": "Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?", "answer": "female Dominican houses"}, {"question": "Where was one female Dominican house located?", "answer": "Prouille"}, {"question": "How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?", "answer": "seventy-four"}, {"question": "Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?", "answer": "Beguines"}, {"question": "How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?", "answer": "one hundred and fifty-seven"}, {"question": "How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?", "answer": "lack of apostolic work"}, {"question": "What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?", "answer": "chanted the Divine Office"}, {"question": "What did the sisters not have?", "answer": "government of their own"}, {"question": "Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?", "answer": "friars"}, {"question": "What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?", "answer": "teachers"}, {"question": "After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What type of veil must the sisters wear?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?", "answer": "the Constitutions of Montargis Priory"}, {"question": "What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?", "answer": "Speak"}, {"question": "What were the nuns tested on?", "answer": "intellectual abilities"}, {"question": "What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?", "answer": "preach among the people"}, {"question": "What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?", "answer": "embroidery"}, {"question": "Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?", "answer": "Margarette Reglerin"}, {"question": "Where was Margarette Reglerin from?", "answer": "Nuremberg"}, {"question": "What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?", "answer": "Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret"}, {"question": "The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?", "answer": "priory of Poissy"}, {"question": "Where was the priory of Poissy located?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?", "answer": "Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom"}, {"question": "What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?", "answer": "a religious house founded by a royal house"}, {"question": "The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?", "answer": "Englishmen"}, {"question": "The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?", "answer": "international"}, {"question": "Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?", "answer": "Its direct supervisors were from England"}, {"question": "What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?", "answer": "Oxford"}, {"question": "Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?", "answer": "the Blessed Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?", "answer": "natural philosophy"}, {"question": "What was the most important subject for Dominican students?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "By what year was the school in Oxford completed?", "answer": "1265"}, {"question": "What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?", "answer": "ecstatic experiences of union with the divine"}, {"question": "English mysticism was composed of how many elements?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?", "answer": "it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life"}, {"question": "What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?", "answer": "one's personal relationship with God"}, {"question": "What was so important to English mystics?", "answer": "the journey of, or process of, faith"}, {"question": "The process of faith leads one to what?", "answer": "knowledge of divinity"}, {"question": "What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?", "answer": "visions and voices"}, {"question": "What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?", "answer": "faith"}, {"question": "How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?", "answer": "through an imitation of His life"}, {"question": "Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "What is the most significant way to know Christ?", "answer": "emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry"}, {"question": "What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?", "answer": "the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified"}, {"question": "What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?", "answer": "progressive"}, {"question": "The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?", "answer": "the events of Christ's life"}, {"question": "What did the English Order not care about?", "answer": "the stigmata"}, {"question": "The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?", "answer": "love"}, {"question": "What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?", "answer": "the mercy of God"}, {"question": "What does love lead to according to English mystics?", "answer": "spiritual growth"}, {"question": "What is man always seen as?", "answer": "an image of God"}, {"question": "What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?", "answer": "moral implications of image-bearing"}, {"question": "What amends humanity to God's life?", "answer": "The process of Christ's life"}, {"question": "The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?", "answer": "move toward God"}, {"question": "How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Which type of school requires students to live at the school?", "answer": "boarding school"}, {"question": "How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How much does Eton College charge per term?", "answer": "up to \u00a311,478"}, {"question": "How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?", "answer": "sixth most expensive"}, {"question": "How many British prime ministers attended Eton?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?", "answer": "London Academy of Excellence"}, {"question": "How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?", "answer": "free of charge"}, {"question": "Where will Holyport College be located?", "answer": "Maidenhead in Berkshire"}, {"question": "How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?", "answer": "around \u00a315 million"}, {"question": "How many students receive financial aid at Eton?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?", "answer": "raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools"}, {"question": "What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?", "answer": "choral and English language courses"}, {"question": "What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?", "answer": "training facilities"}, {"question": "How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?", "answer": "400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)"}, {"question": "What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?", "answer": "best 2012 Olympic venue"}, {"question": "How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?", "answer": "free of charge"}, {"question": "Who was Eton's first Headmaster?", "answer": "William Waynflete"}, {"question": "How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?", "answer": "1480s"}, {"question": "Between what years was College Hall built?", "answer": "1441 and 1460"}, {"question": "How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?", "answer": "eighteen - or possibly seventeen"}, {"question": "How many bays does the chapel have today?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?", "answer": "1517"}, {"question": "Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?", "answer": "Roger Lupton"}, {"question": "Where are 18th century \"leaving portraits\" kept at Eton?", "answer": "Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber"}, {"question": "What is the most famous image of Eton College?", "answer": "the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard"}, {"question": "Who was incorrctly quoted in saying \"The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton\"?", "answer": "Duke of Wellington"}, {"question": "During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?", "answer": "1781 to 1784"}, {"question": "What \"stuff\" won Waterloo, according to Wellington?", "answer": "the manly character induced by games and sport"}, {"question": "Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?", "answer": "59 Club"}, {"question": "What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?", "answer": "familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas"}, {"question": "Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?", "answer": "it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic"}, {"question": "What is Eton's rowing club called?", "answer": "Eton Manor Boys' Club"}, {"question": "Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?", "answer": "district of Hackney Wick in east London"}, {"question": "To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?", "answer": "Etonians who had died in the Boer War"}, {"question": "What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?", "answer": "A bomb"}, {"question": "Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?", "answer": "Evie Hone"}, {"question": "What were new students once called by others?", "answer": "'Jews'"}, {"question": "What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?", "answer": "applicant's father being British by birth"}, {"question": "For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?", "answer": "\"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism\""}, {"question": "Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?", "answer": "A. J. Ayer"}, {"question": "The College boarding house is reserved for whom?", "answer": "King's Scholars"}, {"question": "Where do \"King's Scholars\" get their name?", "answer": "the school was founded by King Henry VI"}, {"question": "How many original Scholars were there in the original School?", "answer": "seventy"}, {"question": "How many students receive some form of financial aid?", "answer": "up to a third"}, {"question": "What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?", "answer": "Oppidans"}, {"question": "Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?", "answer": "\"dames\""}, {"question": "What is a House Master?", "answer": "the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it"}, {"question": "About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?", "answer": "Oppidan Scholars"}, {"question": "Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?", "answer": "Oppidan Scholar"}, {"question": "How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?", "answer": "consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations"}, {"question": "How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?", "answer": "either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career"}, {"question": "Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?", "answer": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's"}, {"question": "Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?", "answer": "Hawtrey House, Durnford House"}, {"question": "Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?", "answer": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's"}, {"question": "What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?", "answer": "\"fags\""}, {"question": "What were common duties of younger servant students?", "answer": "cleaning, cooking, and running errands"}, {"question": "What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?", "answer": "\"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\""}, {"question": "Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?", "answer": "The last boy to arrive"}, {"question": "What year was \"fagging\" phased out of most houses?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?", "answer": "mourning for the death of George III"}, {"question": "What are Beaks?", "answer": "Members of the teaching staff"}, {"question": "When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?", "answer": "when teaching"}, {"question": "What are classes at Eaton known as today?", "answer": "\"divisions\", or \"divs\""}, {"question": "How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?", "answer": "more than 100"}, {"question": "Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?", "answer": "non-curriculum"}, {"question": "How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?", "answer": "just one"}, {"question": "Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?", "answer": "Classical Greek"}, {"question": "What other term is given to the director of studies?", "answer": "tutor"}, {"question": "With whom does the primary responsibility for a student's leaning lie?", "answer": "House Master"}, {"question": "Who designed the learning buildings at Eton?", "answer": "Henry Woodyer"}, {"question": "Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined?", "answer": "separate"}, {"question": "Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?", "answer": "Wine and Wotton\u2019s"}, {"question": "Which Eton society is centered around horses?", "answer": "Rous"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?", "answer": "Rock"}, {"question": "What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?", "answer": "Rare Books and Manuscripts"}, {"question": "For what is the Huxley prize awarded?", "answer": "a project on a scientific subject"}, {"question": "Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics?", "answer": "Tomline and Russell"}, {"question": "What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize?", "answer": "painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design"}, {"question": "Are trials considered internal or external exams?", "answer": "internal"}, {"question": "What does the Busk Fund support?", "answer": "individual ventures that show particular initiative"}, {"question": "Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?", "answer": "Marsden Fund"}, {"question": "Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?", "answer": "the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund"}, {"question": "What action results in something being \"Sent Up For Good?\"", "answer": "If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work"}, {"question": "What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?", "answer": "a card"}, {"question": "When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?", "answer": "House Master, tutor and division master"}, {"question": "Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?", "answer": "College Archives"}, {"question": "What is the opposite of a Show Up?", "answer": "a \"Rip\""}, {"question": "Who must sign a Rip?", "answer": "the boy's housemaster"}, {"question": "Who must sign a White Ticket?", "answer": "all his teachers"}, {"question": "Who must sign an \"info\"?", "answer": "the boy's housemaster and tutor"}, {"question": "What punishment term is \"info\" short for?", "answer": "sign for information"}, {"question": "What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?", "answer": "a \"run\""}, {"question": "Where is the \"Tardy Book\" kept?", "answer": "School Office"}, {"question": "How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?", "answer": "typically three days"}, {"question": "When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?", "answer": "the \"Bill\""}, {"question": "What is another term for rustication?", "answer": "suspension"}, {"question": "The birch was abolished and replaced with what?", "answer": "caning"}, {"question": "What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?", "answer": "\"Pop-Tanning\""}, {"question": "Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?", "answer": "the caning would cut the cloth to shreds"}, {"question": "Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?", "answer": "Chenevix-Trench"}, {"question": "Who administered caning privately in his office?", "answer": "Anthony Chenevix-Trench"}, {"question": "What term is given to the Head of Music?", "answer": "\"Precentor\""}, {"question": "What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton?", "answer": "didgeridoo"}, {"question": "Who is the current Precentor?", "answer": "Tim Johnson"}, {"question": "How many organs does Eton house?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many people can sit in the audience at Eton's main theatre?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "What is the name of Eton's largest theatre?", "answer": "Farrer"}, {"question": "How many house productions does Eton run each year?", "answer": "about 8 or 9"}, {"question": "What are \"independent\" theatre productions at Eton?", "answer": "not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians"}, {"question": "Do the plays sport high attendance rates?", "answer": "fully booked every night"}, {"question": "Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?", "answer": "girls from surrounding schools"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?", "answer": "Boys from the School"}, {"question": "Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?", "answer": "Macbeth"}, {"question": "What are somefemale schools close to Eton?", "answer": "St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School"}, {"question": "What is Eton's best-known holiday?", "answer": "\"Fourth of June\""}, {"question": "What does the \"Fourth of June\" celebrate?", "answer": "the birthday of King George III"}, {"question": "When is the Fourth of June celebrated?", "answer": "the Wednesday before the first weekend of June"}, {"question": "Which event is held on the Fourth of June?", "answer": "Procession of Boats"}, {"question": "Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?", "answer": "substantial tax breaks"}, {"question": "What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?", "answer": "use of its facilities"}, {"question": "What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?", "answer": "\u00a329,862 (approximately US$48,600 or \u20ac35,100"}, {"question": "How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?", "answer": "\u00a31,945 per pupil per year"}, {"question": "Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995?", "answer": "the National Lottery"}, {"question": "When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open?", "answer": "April 1999"}, {"question": "For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land?", "answer": "in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only"}, {"question": "How many cricket squares does Eton have?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many swimming pools are located within Eton?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case?", "answer": "Sarah Forsyth"}, {"question": "What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties?", "answer": "secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke"}, {"question": "For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case?", "answer": "failing to produce its capability procedures"}, {"question": "Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently?", "answer": "the Head Master"}, {"question": "The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?", "answer": "unfounded and irrelevant"}, {"question": "What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?", "answer": "Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry"}, {"question": "The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?", "answer": "determine whether or not it was legitimate"}, {"question": "Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?", "answer": "Jean Scott"}, {"question": "In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?", "answer": "\u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million"}, {"question": "What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?", "answer": "a new charitable educational fund"}, {"question": "How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?", "answer": "\u00a32,652"}, {"question": "Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?", "answer": "Common Agricultural Policy"}, {"question": "What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?", "answer": "environmental improvements"}, {"question": "How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?", "answer": "Wellington College"}, {"question": "Who described outreach events at Eton as \"unfair and indefensible?\"", "answer": "Labour MP David Lammy"}, {"question": "In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?", "answer": "37"}, {"question": "When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?", "answer": "July 2015"}, {"question": "How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What was Eton's beagle club accused of in January 2016?", "answer": "an illegal hare hunt"}, {"question": "What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt?", "answer": "a video"}, {"question": "Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously?", "answer": "extremely seriously"}, {"question": "Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?", "answer": "Roxbury Latin School"}, {"question": "Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?", "answer": "Wotton house"}, {"question": "In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is the G20 School's Group?", "answer": "a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world"}, {"question": "Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?", "answer": "Prince Richard"}, {"question": "Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?", "answer": "Ulster"}, {"question": "Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?", "answer": "George Lascelles"}, {"question": "Who was George Lascelles' mother?", "answer": "Princess Mary, Princess Royal"}, {"question": "Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?", "answer": "John Gurdon"}, {"question": "Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?", "answer": "Lawrence Oates"}, {"question": "Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?", "answer": "Eton"}, {"question": "Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton?", "answer": "James Landale"}, {"question": "Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton?", "answer": "Charles Moore"}, {"question": "Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday?", "answer": "Geordie Greig"}, {"question": "According to actor Dominic Wes, would he send his children to Eton?", "answer": "Yes, I would."}, {"question": "According to actor Tom Hiddleston, that is special about Eton?", "answer": "They champion the talent of the individual"}, {"question": "Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton?", "answer": "Tom Hiddleston"}, {"question": "Who was thought to have founded Cork?", "answer": "Saint Finbarr"}, {"question": "When was Cork believed to have been founded?", "answer": "6th century"}, {"question": "When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?", "answer": "some point between 915 and 922"}, {"question": "What kind of settlement was Cork?", "answer": "ecclesiastical"}, {"question": "What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?", "answer": "otherwise unobtainable trade goods"}, {"question": "Who granted Cork's charter?", "answer": "Prince John"}, {"question": "What kind of protection did Cork have?", "answer": "fully walled"}, {"question": "What parts of Cork's defense remain today?", "answer": "some wall sections and gates"}, {"question": "What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?", "answer": "Black Rent"}, {"question": "Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?", "answer": "between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south"}, {"question": "Who controlled Cork's municipal government?", "answer": "12\u201315 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe"}, {"question": "How many citizens were origionally in Cork?", "answer": "about 2,100"}, {"question": "What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?", "answer": "Black Death"}, {"question": "When did the plague hit Cork?", "answer": "1349"}, {"question": "Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?", "answer": "Perkin Warbeck"}, {"question": "What is the weather like in Cork?", "answer": "mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes"}, {"question": "Who keeps a weather station in Cork?", "answer": "Met \u00c9ireann"}, {"question": "Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport? ", "answer": "the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)"}, {"question": "Where are some weather stations near Cork?", "answer": "UCC and Clover Hill"}, {"question": "If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?", "answer": "lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does Cork usually receive?", "answer": "1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)"}, {"question": "What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?", "answer": "rain"}, {"question": "How long does snow hang around in Cork?", "answer": "2 days"}, {"question": "What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork?", "answer": "foggy"}, {"question": "How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?", "answer": "average of 97"}, {"question": "Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork?", "answer": "The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150)"}, {"question": "Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company?", "answer": "Cillian Murphy"}, {"question": "What is a major dance venue in Cork?", "answer": "the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)"}, {"question": "What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork?", "answer": "Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company"}, {"question": "WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork?", "answer": "the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee"}, {"question": "Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?", "answer": "Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan"}, {"question": "Which major opera singers were born in Cork?", "answer": "Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy"}, {"question": "Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?", "answer": "Plugd Records"}, {"question": "What are the main attractions in Cork?", "answer": "Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's"}, {"question": "Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?", "answer": "RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet"}, {"question": "What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?", "answer": "Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities"}, {"question": "What things show Corks diverse culural background?", "answer": "multi-cultural restaurants and shops"}, {"question": "When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "What types of religions can be found in Cork?", "answer": "various Christian churches, as well as a mosque"}, {"question": "How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?", "answer": "masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English"}, {"question": "What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents?", "answer": "Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched"}, {"question": "What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork?", "answer": "rhoticity"}, {"question": "Where did Cork get pieces of its language from?", "answer": "at home and abroad"}, {"question": "What is the pronunciation of the Irish \"r\" called?", "answer": "rhoticity"}, {"question": "Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?", "answer": "Life 93.1FM"}, {"question": "What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?", "answer": "South Coast Radio and ERI"}, {"question": "What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?", "answer": "Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1"}, {"question": "When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What did Cork Campus Radio change to?", "answer": "UCC 98.3FM"}, {"question": "WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?", "answer": "the Irish Examiner"}, {"question": "What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?", "answer": "Cork Examiner"}, {"question": "Who are the Echo Boys?", "answer": "poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper"}, {"question": "What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?", "answer": "Evening Echo"}, {"question": "What publications are put out by the UCC?", "answer": "UCC Express and Motley magazine"}, {"question": "From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?", "answer": "Medieval to Modern"}, {"question": "What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?", "answer": "only notable remnant of the Medieval era"}, {"question": "How many cathedrals does Cork host?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?", "answer": "St Mary's Cathedral"}, {"question": "What else is St. Mary's known as?", "answer": "North Cathedral"}, {"question": "What is main street Cork?", "answer": "St. Patrick's Street"}, {"question": "When was St. Patrick's Street remodeled?", "answer": "mid-2000s"}, {"question": "What is St. Patrick's Street curved?", "answer": "it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches"}, {"question": "When did the Theatre Royal burn?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal?", "answer": "General Post Office"}, {"question": "What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?", "answer": "Georgian"}, {"question": "WHat is the tallest building in Cork?", "answer": "The Elysian"}, {"question": "What is the longest building in Cork?", "answer": "Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital"}, {"question": "What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?", "answer": "Atkins Hall"}, {"question": "What is Atkin's Hall?", "answer": "a residential housing complex"}, {"question": "What is the name of the college in Cork?", "answer": "University College Cork"}, {"question": "Which river runs through the university's campus?", "answer": "River Lee"}, {"question": "How old is the building holding the covered market?", "answer": "present building dates from 1786"}, {"question": "Where is St Mary's Dominican Church?", "answer": "Popes Quay"}, {"question": "Where is the Cork Public Museum?", "answer": "Fitzgerald's Park"}, {"question": "Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?", "answer": "local government"}, {"question": "How many wards make up Cork?", "answer": "six electoral wards"}, {"question": "What is the most well represented ward in Cork?", "answer": "Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members)"}, {"question": "Which party has the least amount of members?", "answer": "Workers' Party"}, {"question": "How is a mayor chosen in Cork?", "answer": "vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count"}, {"question": "What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?", "answer": "state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops"}, {"question": "What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?", "answer": "many retail spaces available for let"}, {"question": "What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?", "answer": "Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores"}, {"question": "When will work on the Grand Parade begin?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?", "answer": "60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)"}, {"question": "What is the main industry in Cork?", "answer": "pharmaceuticals"}, {"question": "Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?", "answer": "Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis"}, {"question": "What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?", "answer": "Viagra"}, {"question": "What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?", "answer": "Logitech and EMC Corporation"}, {"question": "Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?", "answer": "Heineken"}, {"question": "What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?", "answer": "45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets"}, {"question": "Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?", "answer": "Ford Motor Company"}, {"question": "What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?", "answer": "Amazon.com"}, {"question": "Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?", "answer": "Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork"}, {"question": "Who runs the public busses in Cork?", "answer": "Bus \u00c9ireann"}, {"question": "Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?", "answer": "shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only"}, {"question": "What do the routes consist of?", "answer": "connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest"}, {"question": "When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?", "answer": "to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?", "answer": "remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney"}, {"question": "What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? ", "answer": "pedestrian focus"}, {"question": "How many rail stations has cork had over the years?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?", "answer": "the line through Kent"}, {"question": "Where does the main rail originate?", "answer": "Dublin Heuston"}, {"question": "Where was the original end of the line?", "answer": "Blackpool"}, {"question": "What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?", "answer": "Cork"}, {"question": "How many tram systems were in Cork?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?", "answer": "George Francis Train"}, {"question": "When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?", "answer": "Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line"}, {"question": "Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?", "answer": "protruded from the road surface"}, {"question": "Which line was reopened in 2009?", "answer": "Glounthaune to Midleton"}, {"question": "What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?", "answer": "Carrigtwohill and Midleton"}, {"question": "What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?", "answer": "Kilbarry Railway Station"}, {"question": "Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?", "answer": "Cork's Eastern Suburbs"}, {"question": "What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?", "answer": "The Cork Suburban Rail"}, {"question": "Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?", "answer": "The National Maritime College of Ireland"}, {"question": "What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?", "answer": "Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design"}, {"question": "Who provides vocational training in Cork?", "answer": "The Cork College of Commerce"}, {"question": "Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?", "answer": "Griffith College Cork"}, {"question": "What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?", "answer": "The Rubicon Centre"}, {"question": "Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?", "answer": "IMERC (Marine Energy)"}, {"question": "What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?", "answer": "the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre"}, {"question": "How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?", "answer": "57"}, {"question": "What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?", "answer": "Hurling and football"}, {"question": "How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?", "answer": "Camogie"}, {"question": "What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?", "answer": "gaelic football"}, {"question": "What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?", "answer": "rowing and sailing"}, {"question": "How many rowing clubs are in Cork?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where is the world's oldest yahct club?", "answer": "The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven"}, {"question": "What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?", "answer": "Cork Week"}, {"question": "What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?", "answer": "Ocean to City"}, {"question": "What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?", "answer": "Cork County Cricket Club"}, {"question": "When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?", "answer": "Leinster Senior League"}, {"question": "Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?", "answer": "1947, 1961 and 1973"}, {"question": "Which teams played in the three first class matches?", "answer": "Ireland playing Scotland"}, {"question": "Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?", "answer": "Leeside Lions"}, {"question": "How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?", "answer": "2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007"}, {"question": "Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?", "answer": "hockey and figure skating"}, {"question": "What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?", "answer": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo"}, {"question": "Which country is Galicia in?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Where is its geographic location?", "answer": "North-West of the Iberian Peninsula"}, {"question": "Which large body of water does Galicia border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What is its largest island?", "answer": "Arousa"}, {"question": "During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?", "answer": "Middle Paleolithic"}, {"question": "Where does its name come from?", "answer": "Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples"}, {"question": "Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?", "answer": "Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?", "answer": "the Cortes or Junta"}, {"question": "Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?", "answer": "2,000 m (6,600 ft)"}, {"question": "What have been its two primary sources of wealth?", "answer": "animal husbandry and farming"}, {"question": "Name its northwestern coastal area.", "answer": "Ferrol to A Coru\u00f1a"}, {"question": "Name its political capital.", "answer": "Santiago de Compostela"}, {"question": "Which province is this capital in?", "answer": "A Coru\u00f1a"}, {"question": "What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Galletia"}, {"question": "Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?", "answer": "Galiza"}, {"question": "When did it get its modern spelling?", "answer": "15th and 16th centuries"}, {"question": "What is the name of the local government?", "answer": "Xunta de Galicia"}, {"question": "Which group regulates the Galician language?", "answer": "The Royal Galician Academy"}, {"question": "Which author wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\"?", "answer": "Isidore"}, {"question": "Which original ethnic name is \"Galicia\" derived from?", "answer": "Kallaik\u00f3i"}, {"question": "What does Galicia's name mean?", "answer": "the land of the Galicians"}, {"question": "Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?", "answer": "Eir\u00f3s Cave"}, {"question": "Which municipality is this in?", "answer": "Triacastela"}, {"question": "What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?", "answer": "Megalithic"}, {"question": "Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?", "answer": "tin and gold"}, {"question": "What does the Castro culture's name mean?", "answer": "Culture of the Castles"}, {"question": "When did the Castro culture flourish?", "answer": "second half of the first millennium BC."}, {"question": "Who mentioned the ancient Galician's \"warlike spirit\"?", "answer": "Appian"}, {"question": "Who was it that described people living on the coast as \"Celtic\"?", "answer": "Pomponius Mela"}, {"question": "What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?", "answer": "castros"}, {"question": "Where were these forts commonly built?", "answer": "hills"}, {"question": "Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?", "answer": "Borneiro"}, {"question": "Statues have been made in whose likeness?", "answer": "warrior"}, {"question": "Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?", "answer": "711"}, {"question": "Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?", "answer": "Asturias"}, {"question": "As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?", "answer": "Coimbra"}, {"question": "Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?", "answer": "Decimus Junius Brutus"}, {"question": "Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?", "answer": "gold"}, {"question": "Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?", "answer": "latin"}, {"question": "The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?", "answer": "Tower of Hercules"}, {"question": "At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?", "answer": "406"}, {"question": "Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?", "answer": "Suebi"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia?", "answer": "Britonia"}, {"question": "Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?", "answer": "Leovigild"}, {"question": "In which year did this happen?", "answer": "585"}, {"question": "Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?", "answer": "Apostle James"}, {"question": "Where was this cult based in?", "answer": "Santiago de Compostela"}, {"question": "Name the road that lead there.", "answer": "Way of Saint James"}, {"question": "What did Galicians call the Vikings?", "answer": "Leodemanes or Lordomanes"}, {"question": "To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?", "answer": "Towers of Catoira"}, {"question": "Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?", "answer": "Ferdinand I"}, {"question": "What was the name of this son?", "answer": "Garcia II"}, {"question": "Who was the brother who later took control for himself?", "answer": "Alfonso VI"}, {"question": "Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?", "answer": "Kingdom of Le\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?", "answer": "Alfonso X"}, {"question": "Social turmoil led to conflict?", "answer": "Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as"}, {"question": "Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?", "answer": "Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja"}, {"question": "The subsequent reforms were coined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\" by who?", "answer": "Jeronimo Zurita"}, {"question": "What was the name of the local government and tribunal?", "answer": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"}, {"question": "Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?", "answer": "1480 and 1486"}, {"question": "Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?", "answer": "Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio"}, {"question": "Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?", "answer": "Isabella I"}, {"question": "Which government body was formed in 1480?", "answer": "Santa Hermandad"}, {"question": "Which body was formed in 1500?", "answer": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"}, {"question": "What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?", "answer": "Netherlands, France and England"}, {"question": "In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?", "answer": "sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine"}, {"question": "Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?", "answer": "Vigo"}, {"question": "Who attacked Cangas in 1617?", "answer": "Barbary pirates"}, {"question": "War broke out with which other countries?", "answer": "Portugal and Catalonia"}, {"question": "When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?", "answer": "second half of the 17th century"}, {"question": "In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?", "answer": "there were frequent urban mutinies"}, {"question": "Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century?", "answer": "Solidaridad Gallega"}, {"question": "Which other movement was it modeled after?", "answer": "Solidaritat Catalana"}, {"question": "Which political group arose in 1916?", "answer": "Irmandades da Fala"}, {"question": "Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism?", "answer": "N\u00f3s"}, {"question": "Along with Galicia's, which other two province's autonomy was annulled?", "answer": "Catalonia and the Basque provinces"}, {"question": "Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war?", "answer": "Franco's"}, {"question": "Which prominent journalist was victim of the killings?", "answer": "Manuel Lustres Rivas"}, {"question": "Which admiral who hadn't joined the rebellion was also a victim?", "answer": "Antonio Azarola"}, {"question": "Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?", "answer": "Ferrol"}, {"question": "When did his reign end?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What was Guerrilla fighter Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga's nickname?", "answer": "El Piloto"}, {"question": "And what was Benigno Andrade's?", "answer": "Foucellas"}, {"question": "Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975", "answer": "democracy"}, {"question": "Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?", "answer": "Bloque Nacionalista Galego"}, {"question": "Which former minister under Franco's rule headed the autonomous government  from 1990 to 2005?", "answer": "Manuel Fraga"}, {"question": "Which political party did he belong to?", "answer": "Partido Popular"}, {"question": "The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party's rule?", "answer": "Prestige"}, {"question": "Power then passed a political coalition headed by who?", "answer": "Anxo Quintana"}, {"question": "What is Galicia's surface area in sq/km?", "answer": "29,574"}, {"question": "What is its northernmost point?", "answer": "Estaca de Bares"}, {"question": "And its southernmost?", "answer": "Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s"}, {"question": "What are estuaries called in Galicia?", "answer": "r\u00edas"}, {"question": "What does R\u00edas Altas mean?", "answer": "High R\u00edas"}, {"question": "WWhat does R\u00edas Baixas mean?", "answer": "Low R\u00edas"}, {"question": "The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?", "answer": "316"}, {"question": "Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?", "answer": "Cortegada"}, {"question": "What is Galicia's main mountain range?", "answer": "Macizo Galaico"}, {"question": "Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "What is Galicia is poetically known as?", "answer": "country of the thousand rivers"}, {"question": "What is its longest river?", "answer": "Minho"}, {"question": "Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?", "answer": "eucalyptus tree"}, {"question": "What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?", "answer": "Hydroelectric"}, {"question": "Which cow species is native to Galicia?", "answer": "Galician Blond"}, {"question": "Which fowl species is native to the area?", "answer": "gali\u00f1a de Mos"}, {"question": "One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?", "answer": "R\u00eda de Ribadeo"}, {"question": "Where is Galicia's warmest coastal station?", "answer": "Pontevedra"}, {"question": "What about inland?", "answer": "Ourense"}, {"question": "What is the southern area's climate classified as?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "What about the climate of its coastal areas?", "answer": "Oceanic"}, {"question": "What is the political capital city?", "answer": "Santiago de Compostela"}, {"question": "How many rainy days does it typically have?", "answer": "129"}, {"question": "How many days with frosts?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "A colder city like Lugo has how many days with frosts?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "Its sunniest city, Pontevedra, gets how may hours of sunlight per year?", "answer": "2,223"}, {"question": "How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "How many municipalities?", "answer": "315"}, {"question": "How many parishes?", "answer": "3,778"}, {"question": "How many of its numerous named locations are communities?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?", "answer": "fishing"}, {"question": "What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? ", "answer": "minifundios"}, {"question": "Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?", "answer": "R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?", "answer": "5.7 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "Which port is Galicia's most important?", "answer": "Vigo"}, {"question": "Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?", "answer": "Tokyo"}, {"question": "Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?", "answer": "Xunta de Galicia"}, {"question": "Name another road they responsible for.", "answer": "AG-41"}, {"question": "In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "What is the name of its only electrified railway?", "answer": "Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo"}, {"question": "A rapid population growth after occurred after which war?", "answer": "Spanish Civil War"}, {"question": "What are two reasons for which Galicia's rural areas have been largely abandoned?", "answer": "Economic development and mechanization of agriculture"}, {"question": "For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?", "answer": "more than four centuries"}, {"question": "In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What was the name of the law that enacted this?", "answer": "Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Law of Linguistic Normalization\""}, {"question": "Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?", "answer": "91"}, {"question": "What percentage read it?", "answer": "68"}, {"question": "What percentage write it?", "answer": "57"}, {"question": "The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?", "answer": "1228"}, {"question": "During what era did Galician literature emerge?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What is Galicia's most widespread religion?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?", "answer": "73%"}, {"question": "Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Which five positions are held by church leaders?", "answer": "one archbishop and four bishops"}, {"question": "Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?", "answer": "Romans"}, {"question": "Name two of these cities.", "answer": "Lugo and Ourense"}, {"question": "Who is Galicia's patron saint?", "answer": "Saint James the Greater"}, {"question": "Name another saint associated with Galicia.", "answer": "Saint Senorina"}, {"question": "Which metro area is largest in terms of population?", "answer": "A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol"}, {"question": "What was it's total population back in 1900?", "answer": "653,556"}, {"question": "What to Galician's call themselves in their language?", "answer": "galegos"}, {"question": "Aside from Spain, where have Galicians emigrated to?", "answer": "Latin America"}, {"question": "Which Spanish city does the Autov\u00eda A-6 lead to?", "answer": "Madrid"}, {"question": "The Autov\u00eda A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?", "answer": "Cantabrian"}, {"question": "What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?", "answer": "USB"}, {"question": "USB has become what on other devices?", "answer": "commonplace"}, {"question": "What has USB effectively replaced?", "answer": "a variety of earlier interfaces"}, {"question": "What are the different kinds of USB connectors?", "answer": "Type-A or a Type-B"}, {"question": "Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?", "answer": "to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment"}, {"question": "The Type-A connector is usually what size?", "answer": "the Type-A connector is usually the full size"}, {"question": "What size is the Type-B connector?", "answer": "the Type-B side can vary as needed"}, {"question": "What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?", "answer": "the \"micro\" size"}, {"question": "What was designed for less daily connections?", "answer": "The standard and mini connectors"}, {"question": "What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?", "answer": "Improved mini-B connectors"}, {"question": "What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?", "answer": "Micro connectors"}, {"question": "USB connections come in what?", "answer": "five data transfer modes"}, {"question": "What is High Speed only supported by?", "answer": "specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces"}, {"question": "SuperSpeed is only supported by?", "answer": "USB 3.0 and newer interfaces"}, {"question": "When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "How many companies developed USB's?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What was the goal for USB's?", "answer": "to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs"}, {"question": "Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?", "answer": "Ajay Bhatt"}, {"question": "When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?", "answer": "January 1996"}, {"question": "How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?", "answer": "1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\""}, {"question": "What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?", "answer": "12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\""}, {"question": "1.1 was the first widely used version of what?", "answer": "USB"}, {"question": "When was the first widely used version of USB released?", "answer": "September 1998"}, {"question": "What provides a fourth transfer mode?", "answer": "The new SuperSpeed bus"}, {"question": "How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?", "answer": "5.0 Gbit/s"}, {"question": "What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?", "answer": "Communication"}, {"question": "What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?", "answer": "low-power and high-power"}, {"question": "What do the power variants provide?", "answer": "150 mA and 900 mA respectively"}, {"question": "What does the Battery Charging Specification do?", "answer": "increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A"}, {"question": "What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?", "answer": "does not allow concurrent data transmission"}, {"question": "When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?", "answer": "January 2013"}, {"question": "What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?", "answer": "The group ended up creating a new USB version"}, {"question": "When was USB 3.1 released?", "answer": "31 July 2013"}, {"question": "What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?", "answer": "the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode"}, {"question": "When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?", "answer": "August 2014"}, {"question": "What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?", "answer": "USB Type-C Specification 1.0"}, {"question": "What does Type-C connect to?", "answer": "both hosts and devices"}, {"question": "What connector provides four power/ground pairs?", "answer": "The 24-pin double-sided connector"}, {"question": "What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?", "answer": "active, electronically marked cables"}, {"question": "Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?", "answer": "an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages"}, {"question": "What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?", "answer": "(VDMs)"}, {"question": "The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?", "answer": "its topology"}, {"question": "How many devices may be connected to a host controller?", "answer": "127 devices"}, {"question": "How are USB devices linked?", "answer": "in series through hubs"}, {"question": "What HUB is built into the host controller?", "answer": "the root hub"}, {"question": "The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?", "answer": "topology"}, {"question": "How many devices can be connected to a host controller?", "answer": "Up to 127 devices"}, {"question": "What hub is built into the host controller?", "answer": "the root hub"}, {"question": "A USB host may implement how many host controllers?", "answer": "multiple"}, {"question": "How many USB ports may a host controller provide?", "answer": "one or more USB ports"}, {"question": "What are logical sub-devices referred to as?", "answer": "device functions"}, {"question": "A single device can provide an audio device function such as?", "answer": "built-in microphone"}, {"question": "A single device can provide a video device function such as?", "answer": "a webcam"}, {"question": "What is a pipe?", "answer": "a connection from the host controller to a logical entity"}, {"question": "A USB connection is based on what?", "answer": "pipes (logical channels)"}, {"question": "What is a pipe named at?", "answer": "an endpoint"}, {"question": "Where do pipes correspond?", "answer": "1-to-1 to endpoints"}, {"question": "How many endpoints can a USB device have?", "answer": "up to 32 endpoints"}, {"question": "If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?", "answer": "the host sends an IN packet"}, {"question": "What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?", "answer": "both IN and OUT packets"}, {"question": "What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?", "answer": "an OUT packet"}, {"question": "What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?", "answer": "enumeration process"}, {"question": "What does the enumeration process start by doing?", "answer": "sending a reset signal to the USB device"}, {"question": "What id the data rate determined during?", "answer": "the reset signaling"}, {"question": "When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?", "answer": "After reset"}, {"question": "What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?", "answer": "the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices."}, {"question": "What do transaction translators do?", "answer": "convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses"}, {"question": "When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?", "answer": "When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub"}, {"question": "What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain?", "answer": "transaction translators"}, {"question": "What do USB's implement connections to?", "answer": "storage devices"}, {"question": "What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?", "answer": "the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)"}, {"question": "What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?", "answer": "extension"}, {"question": "Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?", "answer": "maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium."}, {"question": "Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?", "answer": "since mid-2004"}, {"question": "What is USB not intended for?", "answer": "a primary bus for a computer's internal storage"}, {"question": "What is an important advantage of USB?", "answer": "it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer"}, {"question": "Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?", "answer": "a computer's internal storage"}, {"question": "Several manufacturers offer what?", "answer": "external portable USB hard disk drives"}, {"question": "What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?", "answer": "performance comparable to internal drives"}, {"question": "What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?", "answer": "Thunderbolt"}, {"question": "What do the external drives typically include?", "answer": "a \"translating device\""}, {"question": "Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?", "answer": "Microsoft"}, {"question": "Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?", "answer": "to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem"}, {"question": "What was MTP originally designed for?", "answer": "use with portable media players"}, {"question": "Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?", "answer": "MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does"}, {"question": "What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?", "answer": "PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter"}, {"question": "What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?", "answer": "whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port"}, {"question": "USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?", "answer": "appropriate protocol"}, {"question": "What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?", "answer": "Converters"}, {"question": "What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?", "answer": "a microcontroller"}, {"question": "What is difficult to do with a USB plug?", "answer": "to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly"}, {"question": "The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?", "answer": "embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug"}, {"question": "How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?", "answer": "adjacent"}, {"question": "Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?", "answer": "to be visible during the mating process"}, {"question": "What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?", "answer": "supply power"}, {"question": "What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?", "answer": "draw power"}, {"question": "What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?", "answer": "from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other"}, {"question": "What networks do USB not support?", "answer": "cyclic networks"}, {"question": "Standard connectors were designed to be what?", "answer": "robust"}, {"question": "Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?", "answer": "the connectors would be used more frequently"}, {"question": "What as a drawback of previous connectors?", "answer": "Many previous connector designs were fragile"}, {"question": "How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?", "answer": "by an adjacent plastic tongue"}, {"question": "How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?", "answer": "by an enclosing metal sheath"}, {"question": "Where is the external metallic sheet connected?", "answer": "typically connected to system ground"}, {"question": "What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?", "answer": "This enclosure design"}, {"question": "This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?", "answer": "electrically safe hot-swapping."}, {"question": "What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?", "answer": "a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion"}, {"question": "What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?", "answer": "on the cable side of the connection"}, {"question": "Why was the change made for the USB device?", "answer": "so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear"}, {"question": "What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?", "answer": "loose tolerances"}, {"question": "Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?", "answer": "to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors"}, {"question": "How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?", "answer": "the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device"}, {"question": "Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?", "answer": "fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does"}, {"question": "USB cables and device have only what on their ends?", "answer": "plugs"}, {"question": "Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?", "answer": "receptacles"}, {"question": "Devices usually have what type of receptacle?", "answer": "one or another Type-B variety"}, {"question": "Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?", "answer": "Type-A receptacles"}, {"question": "What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?", "answer": "Various connectors"}, {"question": "What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?", "answer": "The mini-B USB connector"}, {"question": "How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?", "answer": "approximately 3 by 7 mm"}, {"question": "When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?", "answer": "23 May 2007"}, {"question": "What is the micro connector designed for?", "answer": "to reduce the mechanical wear on the device"}, {"question": "What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?", "answer": "to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection"}, {"question": "What is the micro-plug rated for?", "answer": "10,000 connect-disconnect cycles"}, {"question": "In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?", "answer": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform"}, {"question": "When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?", "answer": "22 October 2009"}, {"question": "What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?", "answer": "micro-USB"}, {"question": "Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?", "answer": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI"}, {"question": "How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Who was one of the original MoU signers?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?", "answer": "one, and only one, USB connector"}, {"question": "Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?", "answer": "the micro-AB receptacle"}, {"question": "Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?", "answer": "power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line"}, {"question": "The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?", "answer": "B-device"}, {"question": "What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?", "answer": "to acting as a B-device"}, {"question": "What is the A-device responsible for?", "answer": "powering the USB interface when required"}, {"question": "What is USB?", "answer": "a serial bus"}, {"question": "What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?", "answer": "four shielded wires"}, {"question": "What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?", "answer": "two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals"}, {"question": "How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?", "answer": "5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed"}, {"question": "What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?", "answer": "26 ns"}, {"question": "What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?", "answer": "cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter"}, {"question": "What is a unit load defined as?", "answer": "100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0"}, {"question": "How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?", "answer": "150 mA"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?", "answer": "five unit loads"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw?", "answer": "six unit loads"}, {"question": "What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?", "answer": "high-speed external disk drives"}, {"question": "What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port.", "answer": "may have power issues"}, {"question": "What does USB compliance specification prohibit?", "answer": "\"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)"}, {"question": "What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?", "answer": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1"}, {"question": "When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?", "answer": "in 2007"}, {"question": "What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?", "answer": "the charging port"}, {"question": "What does a charging port supply?", "answer": "up to 500 mA at 5 V"}, {"question": "How many types of charging ports exist?", "answer": "Two types"}, {"question": "What can a portable device recognize?", "answer": "the type of USB port"}, {"question": "What are the D+ and D- shortened with?", "answer": "a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms"}, {"question": "What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?", "answer": "there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0"}, {"question": "What does revision 1.2 remove?", "answer": "USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms"}, {"question": "When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?", "answer": "in 2010"}, {"question": "When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?", "answer": "In July 2012"}, {"question": "What can devices request?", "answer": "higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts"}, {"question": "In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what?", "answer": "supported"}, {"question": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?", "answer": "USB 3.1"}, {"question": "What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?", "answer": "Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel"}, {"question": "Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?", "answer": "Type-C features"}, {"question": "What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?", "answer": "charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off"}, {"question": "What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?", "answer": "USB ports"}, {"question": "What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?", "answer": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports"}, {"question": "On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?", "answer": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops"}, {"question": "What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?", "answer": "PowerShare"}, {"question": "On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol?", "answer": "On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops"}, {"question": "When did the GSM Association follow suit?", "answer": "17 February 2009"}, {"question": "When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?", "answer": "22 April 2009"}, {"question": "UCS chargers will also include what?", "answer": "a 4-star or higher efficiency rating"}, {"question": "When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?", "answer": "to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply"}, {"question": "When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?", "answer": "January 2011"}, {"question": "Some USB devices require what?", "answer": "more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port."}, {"question": "Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?", "answer": "an external power supply"}, {"question": "What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?", "answer": "a dual-input USB cable"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?", "answer": "one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power"}, {"question": "What does the USB specification limit?", "answer": "the inrush current"}, {"question": "When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?", "answer": "when the device is first connected"}, {"question": "What are USB devices required to enter?", "answer": "ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended"}, {"question": "Many USB host interfaces do not what?", "answer": "cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended"}, {"question": "What do some non-standard USB devices use?", "answer": "the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network"}, {"question": "What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?", "answer": "the 5 V power supply"}, {"question": "What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification?", "answer": "that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host"}, {"question": "How is the USB data transmitted?", "answer": "by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state"}, {"question": "What does USB use to encode data?", "answer": "the NRZI line coding"}, {"question": "To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?", "answer": "bit stuffing"}, {"question": "What is a USB packet's end called?", "answer": "EOP (end-of-packet)"}, {"question": "What can skew due to hubs add?", "answer": "as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet"}, {"question": "What can this extra bit result in?", "answer": "\"bit stuff violation"}, {"question": "What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?", "answer": "a special protocol"}, {"question": "What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?", "answer": "chirping"}, {"question": " A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?", "answer": "an FS device (D+ pulled high)"}, {"question": "Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?", "answer": "sustain rates of 25\u201330 MB/s,"}, {"question": " For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?", "answer": "70\u201390 MB/s"}, {"question": "What is the read speed for USB 3.0?", "answer": "90\u2013110 MB/s"}, {"question": "After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?", "answer": "8-bit bytes"}, {"question": "How are the bit bytes transmitted?", "answer": "least-significant bit first"}, {"question": "The first byte is what?", "answer": "a packet identifier (PID) byte"}, {"question": "Handshake packets consist of only a single what?", "answer": "PID byte"}, {"question": "When are handshake packets generally sent?", "answer": "in response to data packets"}, {"question": "What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?", "answer": "Error detection"}, {"question": "IN and OUT tokens contain what?", "answer": "a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number"}, {"question": "An IN token expects what?", "answer": "a response from a device"}, {"question": "An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?", "answer": "DATAx frame"}, {"question": " a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?", "answer": "to perform split transactions"}, {"question": " Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?", "answer": "the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth"}, {"question": "How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?", "answer": "12 bits"}, {"question": "There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?", "answer": "DATA0 and DATA1"}, {"question": "A data packet must always be preceded by what?", "answer": "an address token"}, {"question": "What is a data packet usually followed by?", "answer": "a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter"}, {"question": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?", "answer": "a special PID value, PRE"}, {"question": "All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?", "answer": "four 0 bits"}, {"question": " Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?", "answer": "simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents"}, {"question": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?", "answer": "two buses"}, {"question": "USB was designed for what?", "answer": "simplicity and low cost"}, {"question": "FireWire was designed for what?", "answer": "high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video"}, {"question": "FireWire 400 is faster than what?", "answer": "USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use"}, {"question": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?", "answer": "more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB"}, {"question": "Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?", "answer": "cheaper"}, {"question": "What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?", "answer": "the distance is short, and power demand is low."}, {"question": "USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?", "answer": "closely associated with a host computer"}, {"question": "USB connects what?", "answer": "the peripheral and host grounds"}, {"question": "Ethernet standards require what?", "answer": "isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds"}, {"question": "eSATA does not supply power to what?", "answer": "external devices"}, {"question": "Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?", "answer": "advancing and external drives gradually need less power"}, {"question": "On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?", "answer": "5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD"}, {"question": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?", "answer": "chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0"}, {"question": "What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?", "answer": "the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB"}, {"question": "When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?", "answer": "Ba-Shu"}, {"question": "How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?", "answer": "at least the 15th century BC"}, {"question": "Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?", "answer": "within the Sichuan Basin"}, {"question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?", "answer": "Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams"}, {"question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?", "answer": "Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan"}, {"question": "What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?", "answer": "a cuckoo"}, {"question": "What does the name Shu refer to?", "answer": "Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day."}, {"question": "When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?", "answer": "a local farmer in 1929"}, {"question": "The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?", "answer": "the Zhou"}, {"question": "When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?", "answer": "the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420)"}, {"question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?", "answer": "the Himalayas"}, {"question": "What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?", "answer": "Qin Mountains"}, {"question": "What river flows through the Sichuan basin?", "answer": "Yangtze"}, {"question": "Where was the Qin dynasty based?", "answer": "present-day Gansu and Shaanxi"}, {"question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?", "answer": "mountainous areas of Yunnan"}, {"question": "By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?", "answer": "316 BC"}, {"question": "What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?", "answer": "improved agricultural technology."}, {"question": "Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?", "answer": "Li Bing"}, {"question": "The Min River is a major tributary of what river? ", "answer": "Yangtze"}, {"question": "The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?", "answer": "to either provide irrigation or prevent floods."}, {"question": "During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?", "answer": "Tang dynasty"}, {"question": "Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?", "answer": "Du Fu"}, {"question": "What was Chengu known to supply the country with?", "answer": "armies"}, {"question": "Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?", "answer": "755-763"}, {"question": "Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?", "answer": "the Tibetan Empire"}, {"question": "What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?", "answer": "Yellow Tiger"}, {"question": "Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?", "answer": "Sichuan"}, {"question": "Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? ", "answer": "Daxi Dynasty"}, {"question": "Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?", "answer": "Huguang Province"}, {"question": "To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? ", "answer": "Chongqing"}, {"question": "What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?", "answer": "Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan"}, {"question": "What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? ", "answer": "Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou"}, {"question": "What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?", "answer": "The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate"}, {"question": "What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?", "answer": "the Communists"}, {"question": "Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?", "answer": "Chiang Kai-Shek"}, {"question": "On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?", "answer": "10 December"}, {"question": "Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?", "answer": "it was one area on the road of the Long March"}, {"question": "What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?", "answer": "Sichuan"}, {"question": "Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?", "answer": "Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality."}, {"question": "Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?", "answer": "to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces"}, {"question": "Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?", "answer": "the Three Gorges Dam project."}, {"question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?", "answer": "99,730,000"}, {"question": "How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?", "answer": "Sichuan basin"}, {"question": "Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?", "answer": "Hengduan Mountains"}, {"question": "Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?", "answer": "Daxue Mountains"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?", "answer": "24,790 ft"}, {"question": "Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?", "answer": "Yangtze River"}, {"question": "Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?", "answer": "Min River"}, {"question": "What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?", "answer": "Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang"}, {"question": "Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.", "answer": "Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai"}, {"question": "What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?", "answer": "the Sichuan Basin"}, {"question": "Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?", "answer": "subarctic climate"}, {"question": "What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?", "answer": "2,000 to 3,500 meters"}, {"question": "What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?", "answer": "0 to 15 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What area for the \"Province of Abundance\" refer to?", "answer": "Sichuan"}, {"question": "What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?", "answer": "rice and wheat"}, {"question": "What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?", "answer": "pork"}, {"question": "How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?", "answer": "93%"}, {"question": "What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?", "answer": "transported to more developed eastern regions"}, {"question": "What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?", "answer": "coal, energy, iron and steel"}, {"question": "What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?", "answer": "Chengdu and Mianyang"}, {"question": "How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?", "answer": "21.9%"}, {"question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?", "answer": "Deyang"}, {"question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?", "answer": "Panzhihua"}, {"question": "What is the largest dam ever built in the world?", "answer": "Three Gorges Dam"}, {"question": "On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?", "answer": "Yangtze River"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam?", "answer": "to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream"}, {"question": "What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam?", "answer": "massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages."}, {"question": "By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?", "answer": "53.3 percent"}, {"question": "What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?", "answer": "US$13.1 billion"}, {"question": "What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008?", "answer": "US$8.93 billion"}, {"question": "What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40% in 2008?", "answer": "Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan"}, {"question": "By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?", "answer": "12.5 percent"}, {"question": "What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?", "answer": "450 yuan"}, {"question": "What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?", "answer": "4.9 yuan"}, {"question": "What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?", "answer": "450 yuan per month"}, {"question": "When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?", "answer": "February 2000"}, {"question": "What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?", "answer": "CETDZ"}, {"question": "How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?", "answer": "8.5 mi"}, {"question": "What is the capital city of Sichuan?", "answer": "Chengdu"}, {"question": "How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone is what rank of 53 in China terms of comprehensive strength?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?", "answer": "South Park and the West Park"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the South Park?", "answer": "creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology"}, {"question": "Which industries does West Park give priority to?", "answer": "electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery"}, {"question": "What industry does South Park give priority to?", "answer": "software industry"}, {"question": "What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?", "answer": "17 sq mi"}, {"question": "What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport?", "answer": "8 km"}, {"question": "How much value has Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone  output since inception?", "answer": "177.4 billion yuan"}, {"question": "How many high-tech enterprises are present in the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?", "answer": "136"}, {"question": "How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "After the newest expressway was completed, what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing?", "answer": "two and a half hours"}, {"question": "What is the speed limit on the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "answer": "80 km/h (50 mph)"}, {"question": "What was the total cost of the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "answer": "1.045 billion yuan"}, {"question": "How many lanes make up the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "answer": "four lane"}, {"question": "What race is the majority of Sichuan?", "answer": "Han Chinese"}, {"question": "What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu?", "answer": "Tibetan"}, {"question": "Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters?", "answer": "far western areas."}, {"question": "How many permanent Tibetan people live in Chengdu?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What are the three most populist provinces in China?", "answer": "Guangdong, Shandong and Henan"}, {"question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?", "answer": "21 million"}, {"question": "What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?", "answer": "Sichuan"}, {"question": "How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan?", "answer": "Tibetans and Qiang"}, {"question": "What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak?", "answer": "Khams and Amdo Tibetan"}, {"question": "What language do the Yi people speak?", "answer": "Nuosu"}, {"question": "In what year was the language of the Yi people standardized?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Which University houses one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments?", "answer": "Southwest University for Nationalities"}, {"question": "What was Unicode published as?", "answer": "The Unicode Standard"}, {"question": "What was unicode developed in conjunction with?", "answer": "Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)"}, {"question": "What is the most recent version of Unicode?", "answer": "Unicode 8.0"}, {"question": "Who maintains the Unicode Standard? ", "answer": "Unicode Consortium"}, {"question": "Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? ", "answer": "120,000 characters"}, {"question": "What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?", "answer": "UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2"}, {"question": "What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? ", "answer": "UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character"}, {"question": "What type of code does UCS-2 use?", "answer": "16-bit code unit"}, {"question": "What does UTF-16 expand? ", "answer": "UCS-2"}, {"question": "How are two 16-bit units used? ", "answer": "(4 \u00d7 8 bits"}, {"question": "What is the aim of Unicode?", "answer": "transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings"}, {"question": "Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?", "answer": "multilingual computer processing"}, {"question": "What is multilingual computer processing?", "answer": "(computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other"}, {"question": "Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?", "answer": "usually using Latin characters"}, {"question": "What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?", "answer": "wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other"}, {"question": "What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? ", "answer": "ISO-8859-1"}, {"question": "Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?", "answer": "to make it trivial to convert existing western text"}, {"question": "What does the \"fullwidth forms\" section of code points encompass?", "answer": "a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet"}, {"question": "What are the CJK languages referenced?", "answer": "Chinese, Japanese, and Korean"}, {"question": "When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?", "answer": "so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits"}, {"question": "What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode? ", "answer": "rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters"}, {"question": "Why are some foreign characters rarely used? ", "answer": "many of which are part of personal and place names"}, {"question": "Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased? ", "answer": "allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts"}, {"question": "What are the General Categories of Unicode?", "answer": "Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other"}, {"question": "What type of use is the General Category not helpful for?", "answer": "not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point"}, {"question": "What is the General Category in Unicode?", "answer": "Other, Control"}, {"question": "How many General Category properties does each code point have?", "answer": "a single General Category property"}, {"question": "What exists within the main Unicode categories? ", "answer": "subdivisions"}, {"question": "What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? ", "answer": "high-surrogate code points"}, {"question": "What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? ", "answer": "low-surrogate code points"}, {"question": "what is another name for a high-surrogate code point? ", "answer": "leading surrogate"}, {"question": "what is another name for a low-surrogate code point? ", "answer": "trailing surrogate"}, {"question": "What is known as a character's scalar value? ", "answer": "the range of code points that are available for use as characters"}, {"question": "What is an ogonek? ", "answer": "a dot above"}, {"question": "How does Unicode encode characters?", "answer": "associating an abstract character with a particular code point"}, {"question": "How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?", "answer": "a sequence of two or more characters"}, {"question": "What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?", "answer": "Name Stability policy"}, {"question": "What happens when a name is defective or misleading?", "answer": "a formal alias may be defined"}, {"question": "How long has this name immutability been guaranteed? ", "answer": "since Unicode version 2.0"}, {"question": "Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?", "answer": "International Organization for Standardization"}, {"question": "What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?", "answer": "the Universal Character Set"}, {"question": "What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?", "answer": "The Unicode Standard"}, {"question": "What do the two standards differ in? ", "answer": "slightly different terminology"}, {"question": "When was the Unicode Standard first published? ", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When was the latest version, Unicode 8.0, released?", "answer": "June 2015"}, {"question": "What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form? ", "answer": "Unicode 5.0"}, {"question": "What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What does the print on demand, core version not include? ", "answer": "any code charts or standard annexes"}, {"question": "Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?", "answer": "Unicode Roadmap Committee"}, {"question": "What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? ", "answer": "maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding"}, {"question": "What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? ", "answer": "no proposal has yet been made"}, {"question": "Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?", "answer": "Unicode Consortium Web site"}, {"question": "How many mapping methods does Unicode define?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?", "answer": "Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings"}, {"question": "What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? ", "answer": "the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value"}, {"question": "What are the most commonly used encodings? ", "answer": "UTF-8 and UTF-16"}, {"question": "What does UCS stand for?", "answer": "Universal Coded Character Set"}, {"question": "What does BOM stand for? ", "answer": "Unicode Byte Order Mark"}, {"question": "What specifies the BOM?", "answer": "UCS-2 and UTF-16"}, {"question": "what is the code point of the BOM?", "answer": "U+FEFF"}, {"question": "What is U+UFFE the result of? ", "answer": "byte-swapping U+FEFF"}, {"question": "What is the UTF-8 standard? ", "answer": "RFC 3629"}, {"question": "Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? ", "answer": "UTF-8"}, {"question": "Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?", "answer": "the large restriction on possible patterns"}, {"question": "How is UTF-32 widely used? ", "answer": "internal representation of text in programs"}, {"question": "What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? ", "answer": "Seed7"}, {"question": "what version of python can be used with UTF-32? ", "answer": "2.2"}, {"question": "What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?", "answer": "most letter/diacritic combinations"}, {"question": "How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?", "answer": "U+0065"}, {"question": "How is the accent added to the small latin e? ", "answer": "U+0301"}, {"question": "What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? ", "answer": "U+00E9"}, {"question": "The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?", "answer": "radicals"}, {"question": "Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?", "answer": "ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly"}, {"question": "What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?", "answer": "greatly reduced the number of required code points"}, {"question": "What does ACE stand for? ", "answer": "Arabic Calligraphic Engine"}, {"question": "Who created ACE?", "answer": "DecoType"}, {"question": "When was ACE created? ", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Who created OpenType?", "answer": "Adobe and Microsoft"}, {"question": "Who created Graphite? ", "answer": "SIL International"}, {"question": "where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? ", "answer": "in fonts"}, {"question": "Can real stacking be accomplished? ", "answer": "Real stacking is impossible"}, {"question": "what is a solution to the placement of combining marks? ", "answer": "assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing"}, {"question": "What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? ", "answer": "WGL-4 with 652 characters"}, {"question": "What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? ", "answer": "Multilingual European Subsets"}, {"question": "What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4? ", "answer": "MES-2"}, {"question": "How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? ", "answer": "since Windows NT 4.0"}, {"question": "MES-1 uses what scripts only? ", "answer": "Latin scripts only"}, {"question": "What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? ", "answer": "open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\""}, {"question": "What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? ", "answer": "U+FFFD"}, {"question": "What is the name of Apple's font? ", "answer": "Last Resort"}, {"question": "What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? ", "answer": "a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character"}, {"question": "What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? ", "answer": "SIL International"}, {"question": "What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? ", "answer": "Unicode"}, {"question": "What is Unicode available through Windows on? ", "answer": "Microsoft Layer"}, {"question": "What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? ", "answer": "UCS-2"}, {"question": "What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? ", "answer": "Unicode"}, {"question": "What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? ", "answer": "the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding"}, {"question": "Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? ", "answer": "MIME standards"}, {"question": "How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? ", "answer": "two different mechanisms"}, {"question": "How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? ", "answer": "fewer than a dozen fonts"}, {"question": "What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? ", "answer": "\"pan-Unicode\" fonts"}, {"question": "Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what? ", "answer": "basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols"}, {"question": "What is the code for separating lines? ", "answer": "U+2028"}, {"question": "What is the code for separating paragraphs? ", "answer": "U+2029"}, {"question": "How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? ", "answer": "Cocoa text system"}, {"question": "How does the newliine normallization format work? ", "answer": "every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline"}, {"question": "Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?", "answer": "complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names"}, {"question": "What is TRON? ", "answer": "alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters"}, {"question": "What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? ", "answer": "the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged"}, {"question": "what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?", "answer": "Advanced Typographic"}, {"question": "Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? ", "answer": "plain text"}, {"question": "How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? ", "answer": "Unicode variation sequences"}, {"question": "Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? ", "answer": "preexisting character encodings"}, {"question": "How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?", "answer": "three different encoding forms"}, {"question": "Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? ", "answer": "version 3.0"}, {"question": "What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?", "answer": "Injective mappings"}, {"question": "A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?", "answer": "Shift-JIS or EUC-JP"}, {"question": "what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?", "answer": "U+FF5E"}, {"question": "How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? ", "answer": "128"}, {"question": "What is another word for ligatures? ", "answer": "conjuncts"}, {"question": "What is the ISCII standard? ", "answer": "128 code points"}, {"question": "What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? ", "answer": "Thai Industrial Standard 620"}, {"question": "Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? ", "answer": "its ordering of Thai characters"}, {"question": "How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? ", "answer": "Thai characters. The vowels \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order"}, {"question": "How are characters with diacritical marks represented? ", "answer": "either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks"}, {"question": "What encoding does Charis SIL use? ", "answer": "Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies"}, {"question": "What is the issue with underdots and their placement? ", "answer": "often be placed incorrectly"}, {"question": "Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? ", "answer": "diacritical marks"}, {"question": "How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? ", "answer": "identically"}, {"question": "What city has the biggest population in Michigan?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?", "answer": "Wayne County"}, {"question": "How many people inhabit metro Detroit?", "answer": "5.3 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit River"}, {"question": "In what region of the country is Detroit located?", "answer": "Midwest"}, {"question": "How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? ", "answer": "one-half"}, {"question": "How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?", "answer": "5,700,000"}, {"question": "How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?", "answer": "1,337 square miles"}, {"question": "In which census are these numbers coming from?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?", "answer": "auto"}, {"question": "What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?", "answer": "entertainment"}, {"question": "What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?", "answer": "abandonment of properties"}, {"question": "Who is the Governor in Michigan?", "answer": "Rick Snyder"}, {"question": "On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?", "answer": "July 18, 2013"}, {"question": "How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?", "answer": "$18.5 billion"}, {"question": "On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?", "answer": "November 7, 2014"}, {"question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?", "answer": "Chapter 9"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's population in 1773?", "answer": "1,400"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's population in 1778?", "answer": "2,144"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's population in 1765?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?", "answer": "Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain"}, {"question": "Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?", "answer": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac"}, {"question": "What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?", "answer": "fur"}, {"question": "What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?", "answer": "Muskrat French"}, {"question": "By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?", "answer": "Anglo-American settlers"}, {"question": "In which War was Detroit captured by the British?", "answer": "War of 1812"}, {"question": "In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?", "answer": "Battle of Frenchtown"}, {"question": "In which year was Detroit recaptured?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?", "answer": "Monroe County"}, {"question": "What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "Who led the Wolverine Brigade?", "answer": "George Armstrong Custer"}, {"question": "What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?", "answer": "Iron Brigade"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?", "answer": "82%"}, {"question": "What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?", "answer": "Paris of the West"}, {"question": "On which waterway is Detroit located?", "answer": "Great Lakes"}, {"question": "What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?", "answer": "David Whitney House"}, {"question": "Which street became known for it's mansions?", "answer": "Woodward Avenue"}, {"question": "Who electrified Detroit?", "answer": "Thomas Edison"}, {"question": "Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?", "answer": "Jimmy Hoffa"}, {"question": "Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?", "answer": "Walter Reuther"}, {"question": "How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?", "answer": "The Black Legion"}, {"question": "How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?", "answer": "The Great Migration"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?", "answer": "Packard plant protest"}, {"question": "What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?", "answer": "Packard"}, {"question": "In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What made car travel much easier?", "answer": "highways"}, {"question": "In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?", "answer": "Twelfth Street riot"}, {"question": "Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?", "answer": "George W. Romney"}, {"question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1967?", "answer": "President Johnson"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?", "answer": "William Milliken"}, {"question": "What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?", "answer": "Milliken v. Bradley"}, {"question": "In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?", "answer": "Milliken"}, {"question": "What school does John Mogk teach at?", "answer": "Wayne State University"}, {"question": "At which school did Myron Orfield teach?", "answer": "University of Minnesota"}, {"question": "Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?", "answer": "Coleman Young"}, {"question": "What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?", "answer": "Detroit People Mover"}, {"question": "How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?", "answer": "$600 million"}, {"question": "Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?", "answer": "suburban neighbors"}, {"question": "What hurt the Auto industry?", "answer": "gasoline crises"}, {"question": "What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?", "answer": "eminent domain"}, {"question": "What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?", "answer": "eroding the tax base"}, {"question": "What group of buildings opened in 1977?", "answer": "The Renaissance Center"}, {"question": "What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?", "answer": "high crime rate"}, {"question": "What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?", "answer": "suburbs"}, {"question": "In which year did Detroit's population peak?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What was the population of Detroit in 1950?", "answer": "1.8 million"}, {"question": "By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What was the population of Detroit in 2010?", "answer": "700,000"}, {"question": "In which year was Campus Martius open?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?", "answer": "riverfront"}, {"question": "In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What opened in 2011?", "answer": "Port Authority Passenger Terminal"}, {"question": "Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?", "answer": "Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center"}, {"question": "How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?", "answer": "$9 billion"}, {"question": "Which hotel is set to be renovated?", "answer": "Strathmore"}, {"question": "How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?", "answer": "$5.2 billion"}, {"question": "How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?", "answer": "1,000-3,000"}, {"question": "How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?", "answer": "$246 million"}, {"question": "What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? ", "answer": "urban decay"}, {"question": "What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit Moraine"}, {"question": "How tall is the tallest point in Detroit?", "answer": "675 to 680 feet"}, {"question": "What is the lowest point in Detroit along side?", "answer": "Detroit River"}, {"question": "What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of?", "answer": "clay"}, {"question": "What company mines salt in Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit Salt Company"}, {"question": "How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?", "answer": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel"}, {"question": "What it the Ferry to Canada called?", "answer": "Detroit\u2013Windsor Truck Ferry"}, {"question": "What body of water affects Detroit's climate?", "answer": "Great Lakes"}, {"question": "How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?", "answer": "4.4"}, {"question": "When is the warm season in Detroit?", "answer": "May to September"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall for summer months?", "answer": "33.5 inches"}, {"question": "How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?", "answer": "42.5"}, {"question": "When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?", "answer": "spring and summer"}, {"question": "How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?", "answer": "27.5"}, {"question": "What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?", "answer": "post modern Neo-Gothic spires"}, {"question": "What style does the Guardian building use?", "answer": "Art Deco"}, {"question": "What is a famous theater in Detroit?", "answer": "Fox Theatre"}, {"question": "What is a famous opera house in Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit Opera House"}, {"question": "What university is near the New Center?", "answer": "Wayne State University"}, {"question": "What areas of Detroit contain high rises?", "answer": "Downtown and New Center"}, {"question": "What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?", "answer": "Palmer Park"}, {"question": "What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?", "answer": "historic"}, {"question": "What is the large island park in Detroit?", "answer": "Belle Isle Park"}, {"question": "What is Michigan's first urban park?", "answer": "Tri-Centennial State Park"}, {"question": "How long is the second phase of the riverfront?", "answer": "two-mile"}, {"question": "What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront?", "answer": "five miles"}, {"question": "What district is Lafayette Park a part of?", "answer": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district"}, {"question": "How large is Lafayette Park?", "answer": "78-acre"}, {"question": "In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?", "answer": "Southwest Detroit"}, {"question": "Who planned Lafayette Park?", "answer": "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell"}, {"question": "How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?", "answer": "a quarter"}, {"question": "How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "How many home in Detroit need minor repairs?", "answer": "9%"}, {"question": "How many of Detroit's home are in good condition?", "answer": "86%"}, {"question": "Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located?", "answer": "northeast and on the city's fringes"}, {"question": "How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?", "answer": "$300-million"}, {"question": "Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?", "answer": "Mayor Bing"}, {"question": "What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?", "answer": "Far Eastside Plan"}, {"question": "How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?", "answer": "earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax"}, {"question": "What was the median household income in 2009?", "answer": "$26,098"}, {"question": "What was the median household income in 2000?", "answer": "$29,526"}, {"question": "How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?", "answer": "Luke Bergmann"}, {"question": "What is Oakland Counties rank in affluence in 2009?", "answer": "11th"}, {"question": "What city dominates Wayne County?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What is Oakland Counties average income?", "answer": "$62,000"}, {"question": "What is Wayne Counties average income?", "answer": "$38,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?", "answer": "90.4"}, {"question": "Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?", "answer": "suburbs"}, {"question": "How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?", "answer": "Great Migration"}, {"question": "What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?", "answer": "automobile"}, {"question": "Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century?", "answer": "Jim Crow"}, {"question": "What is an example of economic discrimination?", "answer": "redlining"}, {"question": "What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?", "answer": "white migration to the suburbs"}, {"question": "What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class?", "answer": "health"}, {"question": "How much of Michigan's population is Black?", "answer": "13 percent"}, {"question": "How much of Detroit's population is Black?", "answer": "82 percent"}, {"question": "What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?", "answer": "suburbs"}, {"question": "What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?", "answer": "13.3%"}, {"question": "When did Mexicantown start to grow?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?", "answer": "48,679"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Mexican population?", "answer": "36,452"}, {"question": "What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?", "answer": "Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s"}, {"question": "Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live?", "answer": "A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck"}, {"question": "What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit?", "answer": "transient"}, {"question": "Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?", "answer": "Shinola"}, {"question": "What is the largest employer in Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit Medical Center"}, {"question": "What district is Midtown north of?", "answer": "central business district"}, {"question": "Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?", "answer": "Corktown"}, {"question": "Where is TechTown based?", "answer": "New Center"}, {"question": "What Tech company is based in Detroit?", "answer": "Compuware"}, {"question": "What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?", "answer": "Blue Cross Blue Shield"}, {"question": "Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?", "answer": "Quicken Loans"}, {"question": "What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?", "answer": "Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office"}, {"question": "Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in?", "answer": "Midtown"}, {"question": "What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction?", "answer": "historically significant"}, {"question": "What part of Detroit still has high population density??", "answer": "Midtown"}, {"question": "Which building's reconstruction cost $82 million?", "answer": "David Whitney Building"}, {"question": "Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use?", "answer": "David Broderick Tower"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Doubletree?", "answer": "Fort Shelby Hotel"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Westin?", "answer": "Book Cadillac Hotel"}, {"question": "Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014?", "answer": "JPMorgan Chase"}, {"question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?", "answer": "$25 million"}, {"question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?", "answer": "$12.5 million"}, {"question": "How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015?", "answer": "$32 million"}, {"question": "Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?", "answer": "Windsor, Ontario"}, {"question": "How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?", "answer": "Walk Score"}, {"question": "What \"Arsenal\" was Detroit a part of ?", "answer": "Arsenal of Democracy"}, {"question": "What nickname for Detroit recognizes it's musical history?", "answer": "Motown"}, {"question": "What is Detroit's area code?", "answer": "313"}, {"question": "Which hockey team is based in Detroit?", "answer": "Red Wings"}, {"question": "What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City?", "answer": "Detroit Rock City"}, {"question": "Which artist resided in Delray?", "answer": "John Lee Hooker"}, {"question": "Which musician attended Cass Tech?", "answer": "Donald Byrd"}, {"question": "Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?", "answer": "Pepper Adams"}, {"question": "What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?", "answer": "Graystone International Jazz Museum"}, {"question": "What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?", "answer": "blues"}, {"question": "Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?", "answer": "Nolan Strong"}, {"question": "What label operated in Third Avenue?", "answer": "Fortune"}, {"question": "Who was Jack Brown's wife?", "answer": "Devora Brown"}, {"question": "What label became Detroit's most famous?", "answer": "Motown"}, {"question": "Who founded Motown records?", "answer": "Berry Gordy, Jr."}, {"question": "Who did a documentary on Motown?", "answer": "Paul Justman"}, {"question": "Who wrote a book about Motown?", "answer": "Allan Slutsky"}, {"question": "What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?", "answer": "hardcore punk rock underground"}, {"question": "What year did the movie about Kiss come out?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?", "answer": "1960s and 70s"}, {"question": "Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?", "answer": "Eminem"}, {"question": "Which band toured with Kid Rock?", "answer": "Sponge"}, {"question": "What genre does The White Stripes fit into?", "answer": "garage rock"}, {"question": "What is J Dilla's occupation?", "answer": "producer"}, {"question": "Techno started in which city?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What genre of music featured robotic themes?", "answer": "Detroit techno"}, {"question": "What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?", "answer": "Movement"}, {"question": "When does \"Movement\" occur?", "answer": "Memorial Day Weekend"}, {"question": "Where does \"Movement\" take place?", "answer": "Hart Plaza"}, {"question": "What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?", "answer": "Orchestra Hall"}, {"question": "What family purchased the Detroit opera House?", "answer": "Nederlander"}, {"question": "How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?", "answer": "2,089"}, {"question": "Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?", "answer": "Masonic Temple Theatre"}, {"question": "In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?", "answer": "Detroit Institute of Arts"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?", "answer": "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History"}, {"question": "Where was the birthplace of the Model T?", "answer": "Ford Piquette Avenue Plant"}, {"question": "What does MOCAD stand for?", "answer": "Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit"}, {"question": "What does CAID stand for?", "answer": "Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit"}, {"question": "What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?", "answer": "The Henry Ford"}, {"question": "Where is the Detroit Zoo?", "answer": "Royal Oak"}, {"question": "What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?", "answer": "Cranbrook Art Museum"}, {"question": "What museum is on Belle Isle?", "answer": "Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory"}, {"question": "What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?", "answer": "G.R. N'Namdi Gallery"}, {"question": "Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?", "answer": "Eastern Market"}, {"question": "How big is Midtown's population?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?", "answer": "Detroit Festival of the Arts"}, {"question": "How many casino resorts ore in downtown?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?", "answer": "Saturdays"}, {"question": "Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?", "answer": "Campus Martius Park"}, {"question": "Which parade started in 1924?", "answer": "America's Thanksgiving Parade"}, {"question": "Which festival spans five days?", "answer": "River Days"}, {"question": "Which festival draws up to 3 million people?", "answer": "Windsor\u2013Detroit International Freedom Festival"}, {"question": "What is the country music festival in Detroit called?", "answer": "Hoedown"}, {"question": "Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?", "answer": "Marshall Fredericks"}, {"question": "When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?", "answer": "October 16, 1986"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?", "answer": "Sports Illustrated"}, {"question": "Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?", "answer": "Robert Graham"}, {"question": "How long is the Joe Louis memorial?", "answer": "24-foot"}, {"question": "How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?", "answer": "The Palace of Auburn Hills"}, {"question": "Where do the Tigers play?", "answer": "Comerica Park"}, {"question": "Where do the Lions play?", "answer": "Ford Field"}, {"question": "Where do the Red Wings play?", "answer": "Joe Louis Arena"}, {"question": "Which bowl game is held in Detroit?", "answer": "Little Caesars Pizza Bowl"}, {"question": "Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?", "answer": "Ford Field"}, {"question": "Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?", "answer": "Mid-American Conference"}, {"question": "What is Detroit's sports related nickname?", "answer": "City of Champions"}, {"question": "What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?", "answer": "The Midnight Express"}, {"question": "Who won the boxing title in 1937?", "answer": "Joe Louis"}, {"question": "Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?", "answer": "Red Wings"}, {"question": "Who won the World Series in 1935?", "answer": "Tigers"}, {"question": "How many people are on the city council?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "When was Detroit's charter approved?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Who approves Detroit's budgets?", "answer": "The council"}, {"question": "What is Detroit's charter called?", "answer": "Home Rule Charter"}, {"question": "Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?", "answer": "Coleman A. Young Municipal Center"}, {"question": "Where is the Circuit Court located?", "answer": "Frank Murphy Hall of Justice"}, {"question": "Which District Court is Detroit home to?", "answer": "Thirty-Sixth"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?", "answer": "43.4 per 100,000"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?", "answer": "58 per 100,000"}, {"question": "What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?", "answer": "St. Louis"}, {"question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?", "answer": "299"}, {"question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?", "answer": "295"}, {"question": "What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What is Detroit's rate of property crime?", "answer": "62.18 per 1,000"}, {"question": "What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?", "answer": "5 per 1,000"}, {"question": "What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?", "answer": "16.73 per 1,000"}, {"question": "When was Detroit incorporated?", "answer": "1802"}, {"question": "How many mayors has Detroit had?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?", "answer": "Louis Miriani"}, {"question": "Who was Detroit's first black mayor?", "answer": "Coleman Young"}, {"question": "What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?", "answer": "Supreme Court Justice"}, {"question": "Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?", "answer": "Rick Snyder"}, {"question": "What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?", "answer": "Stephen Rhodes"}, {"question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?", "answer": "Chapter 9"}, {"question": "When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?", "answer": "July 18, 2013"}, {"question": "How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?", "answer": "$18.5 billion"}, {"question": "What research university is located in Midtown?", "answer": "Wayne State University"}, {"question": "What Catholic university is in Detroit?", "answer": "University of Detroit Mercy"}, {"question": "In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?", "answer": "Society of Jesus"}, {"question": "What Seminary is located in Detroit?", "answer": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary"}, {"question": "When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?", "answer": "Michigan State"}, {"question": "When was the University of Michigan founded?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?", "answer": "1837"}, {"question": "How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?", "answer": "Society of Jesus"}, {"question": "Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?", "answer": "Detroit Newspaper Partnership"}, {"question": "When was The Metro Times founded?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What newspaper was founded in 1935?", "answer": "Michigan Chronicle"}, {"question": "How is Detroit's TV market ranked?", "answer": "11th largest"}, {"question": "How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?", "answer": "Ontario"}, {"question": "How many major hospitals are in Detroit?", "answer": "over a dozen"}, {"question": "What is the Detroit VA hospital called?", "answer": "John D. Dingell"}, {"question": "How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "How many beds does the DMC have?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?", "answer": "DMC"}, {"question": "Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?", "answer": "Vanguard Health Systems"}, {"question": "How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?", "answer": "$1.5 B"}, {"question": "What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?", "answer": "St. Joseph's"}, {"question": "How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?", "answer": "$417 M"}, {"question": "How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?", "answer": "$500 M"}, {"question": "Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?", "answer": "Lisa Raitt"}, {"question": "How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?", "answer": "$250 million"}, {"question": "How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?", "answer": "$2.1 billion"}, {"question": "When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?", "answer": "95 per cent"}, {"question": "Which Interstate is the major north-south route?", "answer": "I-75"}, {"question": "Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?", "answer": "Lake Erie"}, {"question": "How many major interstates are serve Detroit?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "What is I-94 called?", "answer": "Edsel Ford Freeway"}, {"question": "Who built I-94?", "answer": "Henry Ford"}, {"question": "A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?", "answer": "limited-access"}, {"question": "During which conflict was I-94 built?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?", "answer": "I-375"}, {"question": "What is I-696 called?", "answer": "Reuther Freeway"}, {"question": "Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?", "answer": "I-696"}, {"question": "Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?", "answer": "M"}, {"question": "Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?", "answer": "I-275"}, {"question": "As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?", "answer": "7,375"}, {"question": "On what river is London situated?", "answer": "River Thames"}, {"question": "What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?", "answer": "Londinium"}, {"question": "What bodies govern Greater London?", "answer": "the Mayor of London and the London Assembly"}, {"question": "What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?", "answer": "1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)"}, {"question": "Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?", "answer": "fifth-or sixth-largest"}, {"question": "How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?", "answer": "international arrivals"}, {"question": "How many universities does London boast?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?", "answer": "around 1831 to 1925"}, {"question": "Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?", "answer": "more than 300"}, {"question": "As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?", "answer": "12.5"}, {"question": "What is the population of metropolitan London?", "answer": "13,879,757"}, {"question": "How many theaters does London's West End have?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?", "answer": "the Royal Observatory, Greenwich"}, {"question": "What famous palace is located in London?", "answer": "Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?", "answer": "The London Underground"}, {"question": "How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?", "answer": "Celtic"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?", "answer": "'river too wide to ford"}, {"question": "What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?", "answer": "Llundain"}, {"question": "Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions", "answer": "Richard Coates"}, {"question": "In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What river flows into the River Thames?", "answer": "the River Effra"}, {"question": "The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?", "answer": "Bronze Age"}, {"question": "The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?", "answer": "not known"}, {"question": "How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?", "answer": "4500 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?", "answer": "Queen Boudica"}, {"question": "What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?", "answer": "around 60,000"}, {"question": "The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?", "answer": "43 AD"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?", "answer": "Colchester"}, {"question": "Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?", "answer": "the Iceni tribe"}, {"question": "What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?", "answer": "St Martin-in-the-Fields"}, {"question": "What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?", "answer": "repeated Viking invasions"}, {"question": "How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?", "answer": "a major port"}, {"question": "Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?", "answer": "Alfred the Great"}, {"question": "Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?", "answer": "London to Chester"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?", "answer": "Guthrum"}, {"question": "Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?", "answer": "about 950"}, {"question": "What was Danelaw?", "answer": "political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions"}, {"question": "Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?", "answer": "King Edward the Confessor"}, {"question": "By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?", "answer": "the 11th century"}, {"question": "What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?", "answer": "Romanesque"}, {"question": "What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?", "answer": "Frank Stenton"}, {"question": "Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?", "answer": "Winchester"}, {"question": "In what area of London was the Tower of London built?", "answer": "southeastern corner"}, {"question": "The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?", "answer": "Westminster Hall"}, {"question": "On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?", "answer": "Christmas Day 1066"}, {"question": "Who built Westminster Hall?", "answer": "William II"}, {"question": "In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?", "answer": "the Battle of Hastings"}, {"question": "What was the administration which governed the City of London called?", "answer": "the Corporation of London"}, {"question": "In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?", "answer": "Westminster"}, {"question": "Where was the royal treasury housed?", "answer": "the Tower"}, {"question": "Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?", "answer": "accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country"}, {"question": "In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?", "answer": "the Tudor period"}, {"question": "What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?", "answer": "the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping"}, {"question": "What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?", "answer": "a gradual shift to Protestantism"}, {"question": "Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?", "answer": "Italian or Ragusan"}, {"question": "When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?", "answer": "January 1565"}, {"question": "What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?", "answer": "the Lines of Communication"}, {"question": "How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?", "answer": "under two months"}, {"question": "Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?", "answer": "the New Model Army"}, {"question": "Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?", "answer": "Buckingham House"}, {"question": "What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?", "answer": "the Bow Street Runners"}, {"question": "On average, when did children born in the City of London die? ", "answer": "before reaching their third birthday"}, {"question": "How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?", "answer": "more than 200"}, {"question": "What was the London hub of the British press?", "answer": "Fleet Street"}, {"question": "What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?", "answer": "London's overcrowded conditions"}, {"question": "Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?", "answer": "the Germans"}, {"question": "When did London host its first Summer Olympics?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?", "answer": "14,000"}, {"question": "Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?", "answer": "the original Wembley Stadium"}, {"question": "What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?", "answer": "Racial inequality"}, {"question": "In what year was the Greater London Council formed?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?", "answer": "the mid-1960s"}, {"question": "During \"The Troubles\", who waged assaults via bombings on London?", "answer": "the Provisional IRA"}, {"question": "Why was the Greater London Council established?", "answer": "the growth of the urban area"}, {"question": "What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?", "answer": "around 6.8 million"}, {"question": "What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? ", "answer": "the Second World War"}, {"question": "The main ports for London were relocated to where?", "answer": "Felixstowe and Tilbury"}, {"question": "When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?", "answer": "the 1980s"}, {"question": "What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?", "answer": "to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea"}, {"question": "What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?", "answer": "the start of the 21st century"}, {"question": "What government entity was abolished in 1986?", "answer": "The Greater London Council"}, {"question": "London was honored with what in July, 2005?", "answer": "awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics"}, {"question": "What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?", "answer": "the Greater London Authority"}, {"question": "The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?", "answer": "the Greater London Authority (GLA)"}, {"question": "Who is the current Mayor of London?", "answer": "Boris Johnson"}, {"question": "How many boroughs does London consist of?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?", "answer": "the London Assembly"}, {"question": "What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?", "answer": "Teddington Lock to the sea"}, {"question": "What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?", "answer": "The London Fire Brigade"}, {"question": "Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?", "answer": "London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority"}, {"question": "The world's largest \"free-at-the-point-of-use\" ambulance service is known as what?", "answer": "the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust"}, {"question": "What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?", "answer": "The London Air Ambulance charity"}, {"question": "What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?", "answer": "10 Downing Street"}, {"question": "Who first dubbed the British Parliament the \"Mother of Parliaments?\"", "answer": "John Bright"}, {"question": "How many Members of Parliament are from London?", "answer": "73"}, {"question": "As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?", "answer": "the Labour Party"}, {"question": "As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?", "answer": "the Ministry of Defence Police"}, {"question": "What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?", "answer": "Greater London, with the exception of the City of London"}, {"question": "What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?", "answer": "The British Transport Police"}, {"question": "What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?", "answer": "the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC)."}, {"question": "What is the name of the City of London's police force?", "answer": "the City of London Police"}, {"question": "What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?", "answer": "the Metropolitan Green Belt"}, {"question": "Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?", "answer": "Inner London and Outer London"}, {"question": "Where is the centre of London said to be located?", "answer": "Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall"}, {"question": "In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?", "answer": "North and South"}, {"question": "What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?", "answer": "London commuter belt"}, {"question": "What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?", "answer": "London's status as the capital of England"}, {"question": "What areas within Greater London have city status?", "answer": "the City of London and the City of Westminster"}, {"question": "For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?", "answer": "for the purposes of lieutenancies"}, {"question": "In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?", "answer": "five times"}, {"question": "What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?", "answer": "4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)"}, {"question": "In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?", "answer": "the south-west to the east"}, {"question": "What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?", "answer": "13,709,000"}, {"question": "What is the main geographical landmark in London?", "answer": "the Thames"}, {"question": "How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?", "answer": "15 miles west"}, {"question": "What is London's average high temperature in July?", "answer": "24 \u00b0C (75.2 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?", "answer": "urban heat island effect"}, {"question": "Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?", "answer": "Snowfall"}, {"question": "What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?", "answer": "Hampton Court Palace"}, {"question": "Of what material is London's National Gallery made?", "answer": "Portland stone"}, {"question": "When did the Great Fire of London occur?", "answer": "1666"}, {"question": "The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?", "answer": "white stucco or whitewashed"}, {"question": "What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?", "answer": "their varying ages"}, {"question": "Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?", "answer": "in Kensington"}, {"question": "What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?", "answer": "Nelson's Column"}, {"question": "The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?", "answer": "the Great Fire of London"}, {"question": "What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?", "answer": "yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety"}, {"question": "Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?", "answer": "at the north and south ends of Park Lane"}, {"question": "What are the financial districts of London known as?", "answer": "the City of London and Canary Wharf"}, {"question": "High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?", "answer": "St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings"}, {"question": "What is the European Union's tallest building?", "answer": "Shard London Bridge"}, {"question": "How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?", "answer": "95-storey"}, {"question": "Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?", "answer": "in the two financial districts"}, {"question": "How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?", "answer": "more than 40 percent"}, {"question": "How many species of fish live in the River Thames?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?", "answer": "47"}, {"question": "What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?", "answer": "pink flamingos"}, {"question": "What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?", "answer": "fox"}, {"question": "Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?", "answer": "the London-based Mammal Society"}, {"question": "What is London's fox population density?", "answer": "16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)"}, {"question": "Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?", "answer": "Ten"}, {"question": "What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?", "answer": "otter"}, {"question": "It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?", "answer": "a hundred years"}, {"question": "How many species of bats exist in England?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?", "answer": "melanistic, black fallow deer"}, {"question": "When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?", "answer": "each November and February"}, {"question": "Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?", "answer": "to take advantage of the London's green spaces"}, {"question": "Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?", "answer": "red and fallow deer"}, {"question": "London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?", "answer": "36.7%"}, {"question": "Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?", "answer": "parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany"}, {"question": "When did London see its highest population numbers?", "answer": "1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War"}, {"question": "What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?", "answer": "8,173,941"}, {"question": "With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?", "answer": "Tokyo and Moscow"}, {"question": "Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "About how many billionaires call London home?", "answer": "72"}, {"question": "What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?", "answer": "about six to four"}, {"question": "What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?", "answer": "1,624,768"}, {"question": "According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?", "answer": "19 per cent"}, {"question": "The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?", "answer": "46.4"}, {"question": "A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?", "answer": "more than 50"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?", "answer": "36.7 per cent"}, {"question": "What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?", "answer": "the Office for National Statistics"}, {"question": "When was the most recent UK census published?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?", "answer": "Neasden Temple"}, {"question": "Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?", "answer": "Southall"}, {"question": "Where is the East London Mosque located?", "answer": "Tower Hamlets"}, {"question": "Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?", "answer": "Tower Hamlets and Newham"}, {"question": "How many Hindu temples exist in London?", "answer": "42"}, {"question": "Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?", "answer": "Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue"}, {"question": "The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?", "answer": "Bevis Marks Synagogue"}, {"question": "For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? ", "answer": "over 300 years"}, {"question": "London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "When was the London Jewish Forum established?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What is the best-known London accent known as?", "answer": "Cockney"}, {"question": "An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?", "answer": "'ethnic' accents"}, {"question": "What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?", "answer": "RP (Received Pronunciation)"}, {"question": "Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?", "answer": "the wider South East England region"}, {"question": "What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?", "answer": "Lloyd's of London"}, {"question": "What is the largest industry in London?", "answer": "finance"}, {"question": "What is the UK's central bank known as?", "answer": "the Bank of England"}, {"question": "Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?", "answer": "325,000"}, {"question": "How many banks does London operate overseas?", "answer": "480"}, {"question": "What is the second largest port in the UK?", "answer": "The Port of London"}, {"question": "Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?", "answer": "\u00a364.2 billion"}, {"question": "How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?", "answer": "45 million tonnes"}, {"question": "What is London's second most competitive industry?", "answer": "media distribution"}, {"question": "What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?", "answer": "The BBC"}, {"question": "According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?", "answer": "65 million"}, {"question": "How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?", "answer": "$20.23 billion"}, {"question": "As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?", "answer": "350,000"}, {"question": "Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?", "answer": "TripAdvisor"}, {"question": "What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?", "answer": "the Mayor of London"}, {"question": "London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?", "answer": "Transport for London (TfL)"}, {"question": "Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?", "answer": "the London Overground network"}, {"question": "How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?", "answer": "London Heathrow"}, {"question": "A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?", "answer": "British Airways"}, {"question": "In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?", "answer": "the Coalition Government"}, {"question": "What is the smallest airport in the London area?", "answer": "London City Airport"}, {"question": "London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?", "answer": "business travellers"}, {"question": "Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?", "answer": "Stansted Airport"}, {"question": "London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?", "answer": "cheap short-haul flights"}, {"question": "Where is London City Airport located?", "answer": "Newham, East London"}, {"question": "What is Europe's busiest rail station in terms of train activity?", "answer": "Clapham Junction"}, {"question": "How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network?", "answer": "366"}, {"question": "Why does South London have such a high number of railways?", "answer": "it has fewer Underground lines."}, {"question": "What is Britain's busiest railway station in terms of passengers?", "answer": "Waterloo"}, {"question": "How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly?", "answer": "over 184 million"}, {"question": "In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?", "answer": "Paris and Brussels"}, {"question": "London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?", "answer": "Eurostar"}, {"question": "In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?", "answer": "high-speed trains"}, {"question": "When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?", "answer": "\u00a3850 million"}, {"question": "How many buses does the London public bus network operate?", "answer": "more than 700"}, {"question": "What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?", "answer": "audio-visual announcements"}, {"question": "What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?", "answer": "red double-decker"}, {"question": "Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?", "answer": "Santander Cycles"}, {"question": "When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?", "answer": "June 2012"}, {"question": "Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?", "answer": "the airline Emirates"}, {"question": "What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?", "answer": "\u00a360"}, {"question": "Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?", "answer": "3,500"}, {"question": "What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?", "answer": "The inner ring road"}, {"question": "What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?", "answer": "the Ringways Plan"}, {"question": "London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?", "answer": "The A1 and M1"}, {"question": "How long is the M25 motorway?", "answer": "121.5 mi (195.5 km)"}, {"question": "Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?", "answer": "the suburbs"}, {"question": "What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?", "answer": "\u00a310"}, {"question": "When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?", "answer": "In 2003"}, {"question": "By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?", "answer": "35-per-cent"}, {"question": "Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?", "answer": "season pass"}, {"question": "What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?", "answer": "Underground and bus"}, {"question": "What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?", "answer": "PricewaterhouseCoopers"}, {"question": "London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?", "answer": "110,000"}, {"question": "In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?", "answer": "London School of Economics"}, {"question": "Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?", "answer": "The London Business School"}, {"question": "What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?", "answer": "Imperial College London"}, {"question": "What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?", "answer": "the Royal Veterinary College"}, {"question": "What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools? ", "answer": "University of London"}, {"question": "From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?", "answer": "the London Business School"}, {"question": "What is the average student population at the University of London?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "What is the student population of University of Westminster?", "answer": "34,000"}, {"question": "How many international universities operate in London?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what suburb is the American International University in London located?", "answer": "Richmond"}, {"question": "What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?", "answer": "University of the Arts London"}, {"question": "How many major medical schools does London boast?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?", "answer": "King's College London School of Medicine"}, {"question": "Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?", "answer": "academic health science centres"}, {"question": "City University London is related to what specialized business school?", "answer": "Cass Business School"}, {"question": "The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools?", "answer": "specialist arts education institutions"}, {"question": "Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London?", "answer": "the London boroughs"}, {"question": "What private boys' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral?", "answer": "St Paul's School,"}, {"question": "What is the entertainment center of London known as?", "answer": "the West End"}, {"question": "What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?", "answer": "giant electronic advertisements"}, {"question": "London's Chinatown district is located in what area?", "answer": "Soho"}, {"question": "Where is London's West End located geographically?", "answer": "the City of Westminster"}, {"question": "What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?", "answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber"}, {"question": "What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?", "answer": "Upper Street"}, {"question": "What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Oxford Street"}, {"question": "How long is Islington's Upper Street? ", "answer": "1 mile (1.6 km)"}, {"question": "What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?", "answer": "Selfridges flagship store"}, {"question": "Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?", "answer": "Harrods"}, {"question": "The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?", "answer": "the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor"}, {"question": "Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?", "answer": "regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies"}, {"question": "Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?", "answer": "the London Eye"}, {"question": "Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?", "answer": "the Queen's Official Birthday"}, {"question": "Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?", "answer": "Samuel Pepys"}, {"question": "What area has historically been the literary hub of London?", "answer": "Hampstead"}, {"question": "A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?", "answer": "Bloomsbury"}, {"question": "Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?", "answer": "Charles Dickens"}, {"question": "What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?", "answer": "Virginia Woolf"}, {"question": "What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?", "answer": "William Shakespeare"}, {"question": "What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?", "answer": "Ben Jonson"}, {"question": "What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?", "answer": "Daniel Defoe"}, {"question": "The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?", "answer": "the Tabard inn"}, {"question": "Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?", "answer": "Sherlock Holmes"}, {"question": "What major film production company calls London home?", "answer": "Working Title Films"}, {"question": "In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?", "answer": "the Royal Opera House"}, {"question": "What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?", "answer": "EastEnders"}, {"question": "What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?", "answer": "Charlie Chaplin"}, {"question": "In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?", "answer": "1753"}, {"question": "Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?", "answer": "the National Gallery"}, {"question": "How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?", "answer": "7 million"}, {"question": "Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?", "answer": "the British national collection of Western paintings"}, {"question": "What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?", "answer": "depictions of figures from British history"}, {"question": "London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?", "answer": "The Tate Gallery"}, {"question": "What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?", "answer": "Albertopolis"}, {"question": "What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?", "answer": "the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts)"}, {"question": "What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?", "answer": "as an annexe of the National Gallery"}, {"question": "What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?", "answer": "The UK's largest pipe organ"}, {"question": "London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?", "answer": "music"}, {"question": "In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?", "answer": "the Barbican Arts Centre"}, {"question": "What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?", "answer": "the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum"}, {"question": "Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?", "answer": "conservatoires"}, {"question": "What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?", "answer": "Hard Rock Cafe"}, {"question": "In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? ", "answer": "Abbey Road Studios"}, {"question": "What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?", "answer": "the streets and rhythms vibrating through London."}, {"question": "What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?", "answer": "Wembley Arena"}, {"question": "Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?", "answer": "the o2 arena"}, {"question": "London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?", "answer": "punk"}, {"question": "Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?", "answer": "the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae"}, {"question": "Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?", "answer": "BBC Radio 1Xtra"}, {"question": "What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?", "answer": "Bush"}, {"question": "How many royal parks are located in the center of London?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In which park is the London Zoo housed?", "answer": "Regent's Park"}, {"question": "What royal park shares a border with its neighbor, the park known as Kensington Gardens?", "answer": "Hyde Park"}, {"question": "What area of Regent's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline?", "answer": "Primrose Hill"}, {"question": "What popular tourist destination is located near Regent's Park?", "answer": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museum"}, {"question": "What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?", "answer": "Kew Gardens"}, {"question": "Victoria Park is located in what London district?", "answer": "the East End"}, {"question": "What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?", "answer": "the City of London Corporation"}, {"question": "What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?", "answer": "Kenwood House"}, {"question": "People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?", "answer": "Epping Forest"}, {"question": "What river is a tributary of the River Thames?", "answer": "the River Wandle"}, {"question": "What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?", "answer": "\"Loop\""}, {"question": "What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?", "answer": "the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk"}, {"question": "Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?", "answer": "the Thames Path"}, {"question": "What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?", "answer": "Access to canals and rivers"}, {"question": "What is London's most popular athletic sport?", "answer": "football"}, {"question": "How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?", "answer": "May 2012"}, {"question": "How many professional football clubs call London their home?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London?", "answer": "Twickenham Stadium"}, {"question": "What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium?", "answer": "82,000"}, {"question": "Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area?", "answer": "Harlequins and Saracens"}, {"question": "Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games?", "answer": "in the RFU Championship club"}, {"question": "London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?", "answer": "\u20ac24,252"}, {"question": "A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?", "answer": "\u20ac3,306"}, {"question": " How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define \"Culture\" in short?", "answer": "the way of life"}, {"question": "What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?", "answer": "Terror Management Theory"}, {"question": "What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?", "answer": "larger brain"}, {"question": "Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?", "answer": "50,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.", "answer": "kinship, gender and marriage"}, {"question": "What does the term \"concept material culture\" cover?", "answer": "technology, architecture and art"}, {"question": "What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?", "answer": "body modification, clothing or jewelry"}, {"question": "Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?", "answer": "as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness"}, {"question": "What does the term \"Count Noun\" mean?", "answer": "a culture"}, {"question": "What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?", "answer": "customs, traditions and values of a society or community"}, {"question": "What falls within the term \"cultural anthropology\"?", "answer": "the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism"}, {"question": "What is the modern term \"culture\" based on?", "answer": "term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero"}, {"question": "Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?", "answer": "Samuel Pufendorf"}, {"question": "Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?", "answer": "no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"}, {"question": "What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? ", "answer": "social dynamics and promoting new cultural models"}, {"question": "What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?", "answer": "U.S. feminist movement"}, {"question": "Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?", "answer": "ice age"}, {"question": "What may impact social dynamics and technical development?", "answer": "War or competition over resources"}, {"question": "In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?", "answer": "fast food"}, {"question": "What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?", "answer": "the sharing of ideas"}, {"question": "Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?", "answer": "Diffusion of innovations"}, {"question": "Who said the following statement? \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity\".", "answer": "Immanuel Kant"}, {"question": "What does the term Sapere aude mean?", "answer": "Dare to be wise"}, {"question": "Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?", "answer": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}, {"question": "Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?", "answer": "Wilhelm von Humboldt"}, {"question": "During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?", "answer": "Romantic era"}, {"question": "What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?", "answer": "Weltanschauung"}, {"question": "According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?", "answer": "elementary ideas"}, {"question": "What was the name of the person argued for \"The psychic unity of mankind\"?", "answer": "Adolf Bastian"}, {"question": "Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?", "answer": "Franz Boas"}, {"question": "What did culture refer to in practice?", "answer": "\u00e9lite ideal"}, {"question": "What was associated with culture during this German practice?", "answer": "art, classical music, and haute cuisine"}, {"question": "Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?", "answer": "urban life"}, {"question": "The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?", "answer": "inequalities within European societies."}, {"question": "How did Matthew Arnold view \"Culture\" with?", "answer": "anarchy"}, {"question": "Which two philosophers contrasted \"culture\" with the state of nature?", "answer": "Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}, {"question": "Which race was considered living \"in a state of nature\" by the Europeans?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "\"In a state of nature\" was divided into two groups, what where they?", "answer": "\"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\""}, {"question": "What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?", "answer": "folk music"}, {"question": "Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?", "answer": "classical music"}, {"question": "What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?", "answer": "noble savages"}, {"question": "Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?", "answer": "Tylor's"}, {"question": "What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?", "answer": "biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology."}, {"question": "In which century did \"culture\" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?", "answer": "Georg Simmel"}, {"question": "What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?", "answer": "ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects"}, {"question": "What does non-material culture refer to?", "answer": "non physical ideas"}, {"question": "The term material culture is only relevant to what?", "answer": "archeological and anthropological studies"}, {"question": "Where did sociology culture stem from?", "answer": "Weimar Germany"}, {"question": "Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?", "answer": "Alfred Weber"}, {"question": "What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?", "answer": "scientific methods"}, {"question": "Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?", "answer": "Marx, Durkheim, and Weber"}, {"question": "What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?", "answer": "popular culture, political control, and social class"}, {"question": "What is most of the research into sociological culture ?", "answer": "qualitative"}, {"question": "Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Stuart Hall (1932\u20132014) and Raymond Williams (1921\u20131988)"}, {"question": "What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?", "answer": "consumption goods and leisure activities"}, {"question": "What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?", "answer": "art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing"}, {"question": "What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?", "answer": "saw patterns of consumption and leisure"}, {"question": "In the U.S what does \"Cultural Studies\" focus largely on in this field?", "answer": "popular culture"}, {"question": "Who first coined the term \"Cultural Studies\" in the United States?", "answer": "Richard Hoggart"}, {"question": "What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?", "answer": "Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS"}, {"question": "The CCCS has since been associated with who?", "answer": "Stuart Hall"}, {"question": "Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?", "answer": "Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie"}, {"question": "What did Stuart and his colleagues create?", "answer": "international intellectual movement."}, {"question": "In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?", "answer": "matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender"}, {"question": "Capitalism can be referred to as what process?", "answer": "a process called globalization"}, {"question": "The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?", "answer": "films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles"}, {"question": "Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?", "answer": "high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture"}, {"question": "What makes up cooperative cultural studies? ", "answer": "based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies"}, {"question": "Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?", "answer": "late 1970s"}, {"question": "When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?", "answer": "1950s and 1960s"}, {"question": "Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?", "answer": "Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"}, {"question": "Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?", "answer": "the University of Birmingham"}, {"question": "Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?", "answer": "Lindlof and Taylor"}, {"question": "From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?", "answer": "the economic base"}, {"question": "How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?", "answer": "29 ways"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?", "answer": "enlightenment"}, {"question": "What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?", "answer": "secular society"}, {"question": "What is the third hottest desert in the world?", "answer": "The Sahara"}, {"question": "What is the third largest desert in the world?", "answer": "The Sahara"}, {"question": "What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?", "answer": "9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What is the hottest desert in the world?", "answer": "Sahara"}, {"question": "What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?", "answer": "hyperarid"}, {"question": "What does the Sahara have little to none of?", "answer": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"}, {"question": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?", "answer": "grassland and desert shrub"}, {"question": "What does the Sahara have little of?", "answer": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"}, {"question": "How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?", "answer": "years"}, {"question": "What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?", "answer": "Mediterranean Sea"}, {"question": "What is to the south of the Sahara?", "answer": "Sahel"}, {"question": "What kind of climate does the Sahel have?", "answer": "dry tropical"}, {"question": "What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?", "answer": "150 mm"}, {"question": "What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?", "answer": "Sahara"}, {"question": "What ares is the Sahara located in?", "answer": "horse latitudes"}, {"question": "What makes it difficult for clouds to form?", "answer": "sinking air"}, {"question": "What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?", "answer": "dissolution of clouds"}, {"question": "What weather is virtually non-existent?", "answer": "rainfall"}, {"question": "Where is the air the strongest?", "answer": "eastern part of the Great Desert"}, {"question": "What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?", "answer": "hot and dry"}, {"question": "What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?", "answer": "North-African desert"}, {"question": "What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?", "answer": "air ascent"}, {"question": "What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?", "answer": "Atlas Mountains"}, {"question": "Where are the Atlas Mountains located?", "answer": "Algeria"}, {"question": "What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?", "answer": "low-pressure systems"}, {"question": "What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?", "answer": "lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism"}, {"question": "What does the desert have to overcome?", "answer": "barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation"}, {"question": "What is the temperature like year around in the desert?", "answer": "high temperatures year-round"}, {"question": "What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?", "answer": "the Great Desert"}, {"question": "What is the value temperature of most of the desert?", "answer": "25 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?", "answer": "82% of the time"}, {"question": "What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?", "answer": "around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)"}, {"question": "During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?", "answer": "80 \u00b0C (176 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?", "answer": "low pressure systems"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?", "answer": "less than 1 mm"}, {"question": "How much desert land is the Sahara?", "answer": "9,000,000 km2 of desert land"}, {"question": "What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?", "answer": "Intertropical Convergence Zone"}, {"question": "Which directions does the South Saharan run?", "answer": "east and west"}, {"question": "What months do the summer rains happen?", "answer": "July and August"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?", "answer": "100 to 200 mm"}, {"question": "How much land does the ecoregion cover?", "answer": "1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)"}, {"question": "What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?", "answer": "five hundred species"}, {"question": "What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?", "answer": "growing lower"}, {"question": "Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?", "answer": "thick stems"}, {"question": "What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?", "answer": "long roots that travel horizontally"}, {"question": "How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?", "answer": "April to October"}, {"question": "How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?", "answer": "human activities"}, {"question": "What underground items have lead to soil degradation?", "answer": "irrigated water pumped"}, {"question": "What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?", "answer": "natural resources"}, {"question": "When did people start living on the edge of the desert?", "answer": "ice age"}, {"question": "How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?", "answer": "Over 30,000 petroglyphs"}, {"question": "What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?", "answer": "the Nile Valley"}, {"question": "What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?", "answer": "shifts in the Earth's axis"}, {"question": "During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?", "answer": "Neolithic Era"}, {"question": "What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?", "answer": "cattle and herdsmen"}, {"question": "What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?", "answer": "Megaliths"}, {"question": "What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?", "answer": "cattle"}, {"question": "By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?", "answer": "6000 BCE"}, {"question": "What items replaced previously items made of stone?", "answer": "Metal objects"}, {"question": "In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?", "answer": "due west"}, {"question": "By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?", "answer": "3400 BCE"}, {"question": "What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?", "answer": "reduced precipitation and higher temperatures"}, {"question": "What area is known for having the majority of the trade?", "answer": "the Nile Valley"}, {"question": "Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?", "answer": "the Atlantic coast"}, {"question": "Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?", "answer": "nomadic Berber"}, {"question": "What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?", "answer": "500 BCE"}, {"question": "What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?", "answer": "digging tunnels"}, {"question": "How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?", "answer": "eight major towns"}, {"question": "What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?", "answer": "depleted available water"}, {"question": "What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?", "answer": "mid-7th to early 8th centuries"}, {"question": "What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?", "answer": "6,000 to 7,000 slaves"}, {"question": "During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?", "answer": "freedom of movement for citizens and goods"}, {"question": "What was the local language during this time in Egypt?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "During what time were good moved through more modern   means?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase \"rule of law\"?", "answer": "Samuel Rutherford"}, {"question": "Which British jurist later made the phrase \"rule of law\" popular in the 1800s?", "answer": "A. V. Dicey"}, {"question": "What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to \"the rule of law\"?", "answer": "Law should govern"}, {"question": "Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?", "answer": "against the divine right of kings"}, {"question": "According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? ", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?", "answer": "autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy"}, {"question": "According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?", "answer": "every citizen"}, {"question": "What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?", "answer": "nomocracy"}, {"question": "What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?", "answer": "decay"}, {"question": "For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?", "answer": "neglect or ignorance of the law"}, {"question": "On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? ", "answer": "rule by the best men"}, {"question": "According to Plato, who was above the law?", "answer": "king"}, {"question": "What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?", "answer": "benevolent monarchy"}, {"question": "Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?", "answer": "slave"}, {"question": "In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?", "answer": "Deuteronomy"}, {"question": "Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?", "answer": "Bishop John Ponet"}, {"question": "What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?", "answer": "divine right of kings"}, {"question": "What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?", "answer": "Bible"}, {"question": "According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?", "answer": "golden met-wand"}, {"question": "According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?", "answer": "God and the law"}, {"question": "When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?", "answer": "1607"}, {"question": "How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?", "answer": "greatly offended"}, {"question": "What was Edward Coke's official title?", "answer": "Chief Justice Sir"}, {"question": "What is another word for a thin definition?", "answer": "formalist"}, {"question": "What is another word for a thick definition?", "answer": "substantive"}, {"question": "Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?", "answer": "politicians, judges and academics"}, {"question": "On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?", "answer": "specific procedural attributes"}, {"question": "What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?", "answer": "functional"}, {"question": "According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?", "answer": "generality, equality, and certainty"}, {"question": "According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?", "answer": "individual rights"}, {"question": "What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?", "answer": "democracy"}, {"question": "According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?", "answer": "content"}, {"question": "What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?", "answer": "formal and substantive"}, {"question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?", "answer": "formal"}, {"question": "According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?", "answer": "individual rights"}, {"question": "According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?", "answer": "well-known"}, {"question": "How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?", "answer": "no requirements"}, {"question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?", "answer": "substantive"}, {"question": "According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the \"rule of law\" have?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the \"rule of law\" have?", "answer": "a great deal"}, {"question": "What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?", "answer": "punishment"}, {"question": "What fights against the rule of law?", "answer": "flexibility"}, {"question": "For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?", "answer": "more than 200 countries"}, {"question": "What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?", "answer": "nomocracy"}, {"question": "What is the Greek word for law?", "answer": "nomos"}, {"question": "What is the Greek word for power?", "answer": "kratos"}, {"question": "What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?", "answer": "the rule of any human leader"}, {"question": "What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?", "answer": "executive branch"}, {"question": "What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?", "answer": "legislative branch"}, {"question": "Which branch of government has judicial discretion?", "answer": "judicial branch"}, {"question": "Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?", "answer": "Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks"}, {"question": "For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?", "answer": "U.S. Constitution"}, {"question": "According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?", "answer": "that which is legally binding"}, {"question": "According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?", "answer": "the framers of the U.S. Constitution"}, {"question": "When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?", "answer": "administrators"}, {"question": "Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?", "answer": "individuals"}, {"question": "Who was Charles Evans Hughes?", "answer": "a Chief Justice of the United States"}, {"question": "When was the Philadelphia Convention?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?", "answer": "James Wilson"}, {"question": "What was John Marshall's title?", "answer": "Chief Justice"}, {"question": "What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?", "answer": "declare an unconstitutional law void"}, {"question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? ", "answer": "Confucianism"}, {"question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?", "answer": "Legalism"}, {"question": "How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?", "answer": "weak or nonexistent"}, {"question": "Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?", "answer": "South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong"}, {"question": "Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?", "answer": "China and Vietnam"}, {"question": "What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?", "answer": "the transition to a market economy"}, {"question": "Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?", "answer": "legal scholars and politicians"}, {"question": "To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?", "answer": "foreign investors"}, {"question": "What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?", "answer": "democracy and human rights"}, {"question": "Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? ", "answer": "Thailand"}, {"question": "According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?", "answer": "royalist"}, {"question": "In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?", "answer": "executive branch"}, {"question": "When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?", "answer": "Ancient prejudices and political bias"}, {"question": "What country has the longest version of a constitution?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "In what year was India's constitution drafted?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What country has the longest Constitution?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?", "answer": "judicial review"}, {"question": "What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?", "answer": "rule of judges"}, {"question": "When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?", "answer": "185"}, {"question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?", "answer": "rule of law"}, {"question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?", "answer": "social, economic and cultural"}, {"question": "When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What organization debates the rule of law?", "answer": "The Security Council"}, {"question": "What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?", "answer": "The Peacebuilding Commission"}, {"question": "What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?", "answer": "human rights education"}, {"question": "In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?", "answer": "The International Development Law Organization"}, {"question": "What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?", "answer": "emerging economies and middle-income"}, {"question": "With how many countries does the IDLO work?", "answer": "more than 170"}, {"question": "The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?", "answer": "economic development"}, {"question": "What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?", "answer": "Constitutional economics"}, {"question": "In what branch of government is corruption examined?", "answer": "executive branch"}, {"question": "In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?", "answer": "the executive"}, {"question": "What is the term for corruption by individuals?", "answer": "corruption by private actors"}, {"question": "What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?", "answer": "developing and transitional"}, {"question": "In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?", "answer": "not yet fully clarified"}, {"question": "What other countries have successful democracies?", "answer": "Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan"}, {"question": "What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?", "answer": "common language"}, {"question": "What is F.A. Hayek's profession?", "answer": "economist"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?", "answer": "confidence in a successful return on investment"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?", "answer": "frustrate his efforts"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?", "answer": "pursue his personal ends and desires"}, {"question": "What is the highest elevation in Tibet?", "answer": "Mount Everest"}, {"question": "Which continent contains Tibet?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "What is the average elevation of Tibet, in feet?", "answer": "16,000"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level does earth's highest mountain rise?", "answer": "29,029"}, {"question": "Where is the traditional homeland of Monpa, Qiang, and Lhoba peoples?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "When were the current borders of Tibet established?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "When did the Tibetan empire emerge?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "Which Chinese provinces used to be the eastern part of Tibet?", "answer": "Sichuan and Qinghai"}, {"question": "Which battle left parts of Tibet under Chinese rule?", "answer": "Battle of Chamdo"}, {"question": "In what year was the Tibetan government abolished?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "In what year did Xinhai revolt against the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Where is the Tibet Autonomous Region?", "answer": "western and central Tibet"}, {"question": "Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?", "answer": "Battle of Chamdo"}, {"question": "What is the economy of Tibet dominated by?", "answer": "subsistence agriculture"}, {"question": "What has recently become a growing industry in Tibet?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "What is the dominant religion in Tibet?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is a staple food in Tibet?", "answer": "yak meat"}, {"question": "Which two cultures does Tibetan architecture reflect?", "answer": "Chinese and Indian"}, {"question": "What is the Tibetan name for the area?", "answer": "Bod"}, {"question": "Which ancient people were mentioned in the first written reference to Bod \"Tibet\"?", "answer": "Bautai"}, {"question": "What area did Bod originally refer to?", "answer": "central region around Lhasa"}, {"question": "How is the ethnic Tibetan region referred to as a modern Standard Chinese exonym?", "answer": "Zangqu"}, {"question": "How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?", "answer": "Zang"}, {"question": "During which dynasty was the term Xizang first used?", "answer": "Qing"}, {"question": "Which Chinese suffix means \"area, district, region, ward\"?", "answer": "q\u016b"}, {"question": "What is the best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet?", "answer": "Tubo"}, {"question": "When did the name for Tibet, Tubo, first appear in Chinese characters?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "Who reconstructed Middle Chinese spoken from the 7th century to the 10th century?", "answer": "William H. Baxter"}, {"question": "Who is an American Tibetologist?", "answer": "Elliot Sperling"}, {"question": "What name for Tibet most clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau?", "answer": "Tubote"}, {"question": "What is another pre-modern Chinese name for Tibet?", "answer": "Wusiguo"}, {"question": "How many people across the Tibetan Plateau speak 'greater Tibetan'?", "answer": "approximately 6 million"}, {"question": "How many people who have fled modern-day Tibet are considered to be exile speakers of Tibetan?", "answer": "approximately 150,000"}, {"question": "Why are Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi considered to be separate languages?", "answer": "political reasons"}, {"question": "What is written Tibetan base on?", "answer": "Classical Tibetan"}, {"question": "What influenced the consistency of the written Tibetan language?", "answer": "Tibetan empire"}, {"question": "From what was the Tibetan language's script derived?", "answer": "ancient Indian Br\u0101hm\u012b script"}, {"question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?", "answer": "Amdo region"}, {"question": "Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?", "answer": "western Tibet"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?", "answer": "Zhang Zhung"}, {"question": "Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?", "answer": "Drigum Tsenpo"}, {"question": "Who was the first factual king of Tibet?", "answer": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo"}, {"question": "Who founded the Tibetan Empire?", "answer": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo"}, {"question": "Who did Songtsan Gampo marry in 640?", "answer": "Princess Wencheng"}, {"question": "Who was Songtsan Gampo's first wife?", "answer": "Princess of Nepal, Bhrikuti"}, {"question": "What did Songtsan Gampo unite?", "answer": "parts of the Yarlung River Valley"}, {"question": "When did Tibet and China sign a peace treaty?", "answer": "821/822 CE"}, {"question": "Where does a bilingual account of Tibet and China's peace treaty exist?", "answer": "Jokhang temple in Lhasa"}, {"question": "When did a civil war over succession lead to the collapse of imperial Tibet?", "answer": "mid-9th century"}, {"question": "What followed the collapse of imperial Tibet?", "answer": "Era of Fragmentation"}, {"question": "What was divided between warlords and tribes with no dominant centralized authority?", "answer": "political control over Tibet"}, {"question": "Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?", "answer": "Mongol Yuan"}, {"question": "What was a dpon-chen?", "answer": "great administrator"}, {"question": "Who confirmed the dpon-chen?", "answer": "Mongol emperor"}, {"question": "Who was the political authority of the region?", "answer": "Sakya lama"}, {"question": "Who held administrative and military power?", "answer": "dpon-chen"}, {"question": "Who managed religious and regional political affairs?", "answer": "Tibet"}, {"question": "Who managed structural and administrative rule?", "answer": "Mongols"}, {"question": "Who gained temporal power in Tibet in the 1240s?", "answer": "Mongolian prince Khuden"}, {"question": "Who founded the Yuan dynasty?", "answer": "Imperial Preceptor of Kublai Khan"}, {"question": "When was the Phagmodrupa Dynasty founded?", "answer": "Between 1346 and 1354"}, {"question": "Who founded the Gelug school?", "answer": "disciples of Je Tsongkhapa"}, {"question": "Who dominated politics after 1435?", "answer": "minister family Rinpungpa"}, {"question": "What sect did the Tsangpa Dynasty of Shigatse favor?", "answer": "Karma Kagyu"}, {"question": "Who is known for unifying the Tibetan heartland?", "answer": "5th Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "Who helped the 5th Dalai Lama?", "answer": "G\u00fcshi Khan"}, {"question": "What did the 5th Dalai Lama and his intimates establish?", "answer": "Lhasa state"}, {"question": "What is the Tibetan goverment referred to as?", "answer": "Ganden Phodrang"}, {"question": "When did the Qing dynasty begin to rule in Tibet?", "answer": "1720"}, {"question": "When did Amdo come under Qing control?", "answer": "1724"}, {"question": "When was Kham incorporated into neighboring Chinese provinces?", "answer": "1728"}, {"question": "Who restored the Dalai Lama as a ruler?", "answer": "Qing"}, {"question": "What was the governing councel called?", "answer": "Kashag"}, {"question": "When did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?", "answer": "1792"}, {"question": "Why did the Qing Qianlong Emperor send a large Chinese army into Tibet?", "answer": "push the invading Nepalese out"}, {"question": "What was the Qing reorganization of the Tibetan called?", "answer": "Twenty-Nine Regulations for Better Government in Tibet"}, {"question": "When was Tibet dominated by the Manchus?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "When did George Bogle come to Shigatse to investigate prospects of trade.", "answer": "1774"}, {"question": "Who came to Tibet from Europe?", "answer": "Jesuits and Capuchins"}, {"question": "When did the British and Russian empires begin encroaching on Tibet?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When did a British expedition to Tibet invade the country?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "With whom were the British hopeing to negotiate?", "answer": "13th Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "How many Tibetan troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "How many British troops died at the Massacre of Chumik Shenko?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Who imposed the Treaty of Lhasa?", "answer": "Francis Younghusband"}, {"question": "When did the Xinhai Revolution topple the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "1911\u201312"}, {"question": "Who declared himself ruler of an independent Tibet?", "answer": "Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "When did Tibet and Mongolia conclude a treaty of mutual recognition?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "When did the Tibetan government sign the Simla Accord with Britain?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Why did the Chinese goverment denounce the accord?", "answer": "illegal"}, {"question": "Where did the Dalai Lama's government flee to during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion?", "answer": "Dharamsala"}, {"question": "How many Tibetans died during the Great Leap Forward?", "answer": "between 200,000 and 1,000,000"}, {"question": "How many monasteries were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "When did China and India fight a war over South Tibet and Aksai Chin?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "To where did Chinese troops withdraw?", "answer": "north of the McMahon Line"}, {"question": "When did Hu Yaobang visit Tibet?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "When did monks in the Drepung and Sera monasteries start protesting for independence?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What did the government do when it halted reforms?", "answer": "started an anti-separatist campaign"}, {"question": "When was the most recent Tibetan unrest?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "For what have the Beijing and Lhasa goverments been criticized?", "answer": "human rights"}, {"question": "On which border of Tibet is Mount Everest located?", "answer": "Nepal"}, {"question": "How tall, in feet, is Mount Everest?", "answer": "29,029"}, {"question": "Where is the source of the Yangtze river?", "answer": "Tibetan Plateau"}, {"question": "Which mountain is a holy pilgrimage for both Hindus and Tibetans?", "answer": "Mount Kailash"}, {"question": "Who do Hindus believe lives in Mount Kailash?", "answer": "Lord Shiva"}, {"question": "What is the Tibetan name for Mount Kailash?", "answer": "Khang Rinpoche"}, {"question": "Which lake is the largest in China?", "answer": "Qinghai Lake"}, {"question": "What is the average annual snowfall in Tibet?", "answer": "18 inches"}, {"question": "What weather pattern exerts some influence on eastern TIbet?", "answer": "Indian monsoon"}, {"question": "What are winters like in Tibet?", "answer": "intense cold"}, {"question": "Where is Tibet ranked among China's 31 provinces on the UN's Human Development Index?", "answer": "lowest"}, {"question": "What has increased tourism to Tibet in recent years?", "answer": "increased interest in Tibetan Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is Tibet exempt from?", "answer": "all taxation"}, {"question": "From which area does tourism bring the most income?", "answer": "sale of handicrafts"}, {"question": "In what year was a national conference on Tibet held in China?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Members of which committee attended the conference?", "answer": "CPC Politburo Standing Committee"}, {"question": "By when does the plan call for improvement of rural Tibetan income?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "What does the plan call for all rural Tibetan children to receive for free?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "How much, in US dollars, has China invested in Tibet since 2001?", "answer": "about 45.6 billion"}, {"question": "How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?", "answer": "six red bands in the Tibetan flag"}, {"question": "What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?", "answer": "ethnic Tibetans"}, {"question": "Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?", "answer": "Religion"}, {"question": "What is the ancient religion of Tibet?", "answer": "B\u00f6n"}, {"question": "When were nearly all of Tibet's monasteries destroyed by the Red Guard?", "answer": "During China's Cultural Revolution"}, {"question": "When were 10 to 20% of Tibets males monks?", "answer": "Before the 1950s"}, {"question": "What are Tibetan Muslims known as?", "answer": "Kachee"}, {"question": "Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What is the Chinese Muslim community called?", "answer": "gya kachee"}, {"question": "When did Roman Catholic Jesuits and Capuchins arrive in Tibet from Europe?", "answer": "17th and 18th centuries"}, {"question": "When did Portuguese missionaries first arrive in western Tibet?", "answer": "1624"}, {"question": "When was Christianity introduced to Rudok, Ladakh, and Tsang?", "answer": "1626"}, {"question": "When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?", "answer": "1661"}, {"question": "When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?", "answer": "1716\u20131721"}, {"question": "How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?", "answer": "counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect"}, {"question": "When did Protestant James Cameron bring the Gospel to the Tibetan people?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "When did a large number of Lisu people convert to Christianity?", "answer": "Beginning in the 20th century"}, {"question": "How were James O. Fraser, Alfred James Broomhall, and Isobel Kuhn involved with Tibet?", "answer": "Famous earlier missionaries"}, {"question": "Who used to reside in the Potala Palace?", "answer": "the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "How many stories does the Potala Palace contain?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "How many shrines exist in the Potala Palace?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What is Norbulingka?", "answer": "former summer residence of the Dalai Lama"}, {"question": "In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?", "answer": "Tibetan or Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What do the chants often contain?", "answer": "recitations of sacred texts"}, {"question": "What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?", "answer": "Yang"}, {"question": "What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?", "answer": "classical"}, {"question": "What is worshipped during Tibet's various festibals?", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "What is the Tibetan New Year Festival called?", "answer": "Losar"}, {"question": "What do Tibetan's eat on New Year's Eve?", "answer": "Guthuk"}, {"question": "When is the Monlam Prayer Festival?", "answer": "between the fourth and the eleventh days of the first Tibetan month"}, {"question": "Who established the Monlam Prayer Festival in 1049?", "answer": "Tsong Khapa"}, {"question": "What is the most important crop in Tibet?", "answer": "barley"}, {"question": "What is dough made from barley flour called?", "answer": "tsampa"}, {"question": "What are steamed dumplings called?", "answer": "momos"}, {"question": "What is a popular drink in Tibet?", "answer": "Butter tea"}, {"question": "What seed is cultivated in Tibet?", "answer": "Mustard"}, {"question": "What is 'a friendly' another term for?", "answer": "exhibition game"}, {"question": "What is 'a scrimmage' another term for?", "answer": "exhibition game"}, {"question": "What is 'a demonstration' another term for?", "answer": "exhibition game"}, {"question": "What is 'a preseason game' another term for?", "answer": "exhibition game"}, {"question": "What is 'a warmup match' another term for?", "answer": "exhibition game"}, {"question": "What type of exhibition game showcases the best players?", "answer": "all-star games"}, {"question": "What are exhibition games in the Olympics?", "answer": "a demonstration sport"}, {"question": "What can an exhibition game raise money for?", "answer": "charities"}, {"question": "What can an exhibition game settle?", "answer": "a challenge"}, {"question": "What were the most common type of matches in the early days of soccer?", "answer": "friendly matches (or \"friendlies\")"}, {"question": "When did the Football League begin in England?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "By what year had national football leagues been formed in nearly every country?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What did the growth of national leagues cause a serious decline in?", "answer": "the significance of friendlies"}, {"question": "When do football clubs still play friendlies?", "answer": "before the start of each season"}, {"question": "What type of football matches are non-competitive?", "answer": "friendlies"}, {"question": "What do some friendlies change the rules to make unlimited?", "answer": "substitutions"}, {"question": "What are some examples of friendly short football tournaments?", "answer": "the Emirates Cup, Teresa Herrera Trophy and the Amsterdam Tournament"}, {"question": "What do friendly short football tournaments have little of?", "answer": "prestige"}, {"question": "What do friendlies help international teams prepare for?", "answer": "the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments"}, {"question": "Which type of team lacks time to prepare for tournaments?", "answer": "national squads"}, {"question": "What do international leagues' friendlies happen in the middle of?", "answer": "club league seasons"}, {"question": "What concern has caused national associations and clubs to disagree about friendlies?", "answer": "availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued"}, {"question": "What do friendlies allow managers to experiment with?", "answer": "team selection and tactics"}, {"question": "What can happen to players who get red or yellow cards in friendlies?", "answer": "suspended from future international matches"}, {"question": "What kind of record do players' goals in friendlies count for?", "answer": "career"}, {"question": "When did FIFA decide to limit substitutions in international friendlies?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What absurd number of substitutions had some international teams been making in friendlies before 2004?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Where are \"exhibition match\" and \"friendly match\" not synonymous?", "answer": "the UK and Ireland"}, {"question": "What are two examples of leagues holding all-star exhibition matches?", "answer": "US Major League Soccer or Japan's Japanese League"}, {"question": "What are 'friendlies' for charity usually called in the UK?", "answer": "charity matches"}, {"question": "What are 'friendlies' to honor a player usually called in the UK?", "answer": "testimonial matches"}, {"question": "When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?", "answer": "1995\u20132004"}, {"question": "What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?", "answer": "Charlotte"}, {"question": "What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?", "answer": "Citizens Business Bank Arena"}, {"question": "What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "What religion is the Flying Fathers team?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "Who founded the Flying Fathers?", "answer": "Les Costello"}, {"question": "What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?", "answer": "NHL"}, {"question": "Where are the Saores based?", "answer": "Buffalo"}, {"question": "Which states do MLB teams do spring training in?", "answer": "Arizona or Florida"}, {"question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Arizona called?", "answer": "Cactus League"}, {"question": "What is the MLB preseason league in Florida called?", "answer": "Grapefruit League"}, {"question": "How many preseason games does each MLB team play?", "answer": "about 30"}, {"question": "What is it called when an MLB team plays two preseason games in one day with different rosters?", "answer": "\"split-squad\" games"}, {"question": "What development has made it unnecessary for MLB teams to play exhibition games with teams from other leagues?", "answer": "regular-season interleague play"}, {"question": "What league are the Toronto Bluejays in?", "answer": "American League"}, {"question": "What league are the Montreal Expos in?", "answer": "National League"}, {"question": "What game do the Bluejays play against the Expos?", "answer": "the Pearson Cup"}, {"question": "When did the Mayor's Trophy Game end?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What concerns have reduced Minor League exhibition games?", "answer": "worries of injuries to players, along with travel issues"}, {"question": "What inter-city exhibition game did Chicago have?", "answer": "Crosstown Classic"}, {"question": "What inter-city exhibition game did New York have?", "answer": "Subway Series"}, {"question": "In what month is the MLB All-Star Game held?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What did the MLB All-Star winning team gain in the World Series?", "answer": "home field advantage"}, {"question": "How many preseason games do NBA teams play?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Where are the TImberwolves based?", "answer": "Minnesota"}, {"question": "Where are the Suns based?", "answer": "Phoenix"}, {"question": "The Suns' exhibition game in Indian Wells, CA is the only time an NBA game is played in what setting?", "answer": "an outdoor venue"}, {"question": "What venue do the Suns play at in Indian Wells?", "answer": "Indian Wells Tennis Garden"}, {"question": "When did the NBA play preseason games against the ABA?", "answer": "1971 to 1975"}, {"question": "What legendary team did the NBA sometimes formerly play against?", "answer": "Harlem Globetrotters"}, {"question": "On what continents have NBA teams played preseason games outside the US?", "answer": "Europe and Asia"}, {"question": "How many preseason games were NBA teams limited to in the 2011-12 season?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the main European basketball club?", "answer": "the Euroleague"}, {"question": "What is an example of a corporate sponsor of a basketball team?", "answer": "Marathon Oil"}, {"question": "What is an example of a team of former college players?", "answer": "Athletes in Action"}, {"question": "When did the FIBA stop allowing pros on foreign national teams?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "When did the NCAA decide college teams could only play other college teams?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "How often does the NCAA allow college teams to go overseas?", "answer": "one foreign tour every four years"}, {"question": "How many preseason exhibition games does an NFL team play?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the one exception to the NFL's 4-preseason-game limit?", "answer": "the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game"}, {"question": "What month are most NFL preseason games in?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the off-season?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "How many players can an NFL team have in the regular season?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "How many exhibition games did the Arena Football League have per year in the early 2000s?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of league commonly plays unstructured exhibition games?", "answer": "indoor American football leagues"}, {"question": "What is a team called that is in the process of joining a league?", "answer": "a probational franchise"}, {"question": "Indoor league teams sometimes play against what type of outdoor league team?", "answer": "semi-pro"}, {"question": "What consideration is more important for college teams than exhibition games?", "answer": "opinion polling"}, {"question": "What is a game called in which a team plays against itself?", "answer": "Intramural"}, {"question": "Championships are decided by formulas for college teams below what level?", "answer": "Football Bowl Subdivision"}, {"question": "Major FBS teams can have lopsided victories against what kinds of lesser opponents?", "answer": "lower-tier FBS, Football Championship, or Division II schools"}, {"question": "Why do smaller schools want to play against major FBS teams?", "answer": "a large appearance fee and at least one guaranteed television appearance"}, {"question": "How many wins are required for an FBS team to be eligible for the bowl?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many games between FBS and FCS teams count towards the FBS's bowl eligibility?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "When did the College Football Playoff System begin?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "When is the usual high school academic term?", "answer": "September\u2013June"}, {"question": "What is the most common type of high school football exhibition game?", "answer": "all-star"}, {"question": "What year of players are in high school football all-star games?", "answer": "graduating seniors"}, {"question": "What are two examples of high school football all-star games?", "answer": "U.S. Army All-American Bowl and Under Armour All-America Game"}, {"question": "What do high school all-star players hope to be seen by?", "answer": "colleges"}, {"question": "How many exhibition events per year does the NASCAR Sprint Cup have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where is the Sprint Unlimited held?", "answer": "Daytona International Speedway"}, {"question": "Where is the Sprint All-Star Race held?", "answer": "Charlotte Motor Speedway"}, {"question": "What does the winner of the Sprint Unlimited get?", "answer": "over USD $1,000,000"}, {"question": "Where is Calder Park Thunderdome?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What was Northwestern's founding purpose in 1851?", "answer": "to serve the Northwest Territory"}, {"question": "When did instruction begin at Northwestern?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "When were women first admitted to Northwestern?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "How many acres is the modern-day Northwestern campus in Evanston?", "answer": "240"}, {"question": "What programs are offered at Northwestern's Quatar campus?", "answer": "journalism and communication"}, {"question": "Which great lake is Northwestern located along?", "answer": "Lake Michigan"}, {"question": "What is the name of the city located 12 miles north of Northwestern?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "In what environment was the foundation for Northwestern University planned on May 31, 1850?", "answer": "a meeting"}, {"question": "Who granted a charter to the Trustees of the North-Western University in January of 1851?", "answer": "the Illinois General Assembly"}, {"question": "What was the religious affiliation of all 9 founding members of Northwestern?", "answer": "Methodists"}, {"question": "How many of Northwestern's 9 founders were ministers?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which church did the 9 founders of Northwestern affiliate the university with?", "answer": "Methodist Episcopal"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first building opened in 1855?", "answer": "Old College"}, {"question": "What did Northwestern sell to raise funds for it's first building?", "answer": "$100 \"perpetual scholarships\""}, {"question": "Who received free tuition after buying the $100 perpetual scholarships?", "answer": "the purchaser and his heirs"}, {"question": "Who did Northwestern merge with in 1873?", "answer": "Evanston College for Ladies"}, {"question": "Who was Northwestern's first dean of women?", "answer": "Frances Willard"}, {"question": "What sports team did Northwestern field its first of in 1882?", "answer": "intercollegiate football"}, {"question": "Which already existing schools did Northwestern affiliate itself with in the 1870's and 1880's?", "answer": "schools of law, medicine, and dentistry in Chicago"}, {"question": "What is the oldest law school in Chicago?", "answer": "Northwestern University School of Law"}, {"question": "What organization invited Northwestern to become a member in 1917?", "answer": "The Association of American Universities"}, {"question": "What type of member was Northwestern of the Big Ten Conference?", "answer": "a founding member"}, {"question": "What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?", "answer": "integrated"}, {"question": "What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?", "answer": "Dyche Stadium"}, {"question": "What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?", "answer": "Northwestern with the University of Chicago"}, {"question": "What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?", "answer": "a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)"}, {"question": "What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?", "answer": "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship"}, {"question": "Which war transformed many colleges, including Northwestern?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Between 1939 and 1949, how many military officers and personnel were trained on the Evanston and Chicago campuses?", "answer": "nearly 50,000"}, {"question": "Under what Bill did enrollments surge after the war?", "answer": "G.I. Bill"}, {"question": "What center was founded by Melville J. Herskovits in 1948?", "answer": "Program of African Studies at Northwestern"}, {"question": "In 1978, what famous attacks occured at Northwestern?", "answer": "first and second Unabomber"}, {"question": "In 1999, who uncovered information that exonerated death row inmate Anthony Porter only 2 days before his scheduled death?", "answer": "Northwestern student journalists"}, {"question": "What Northwestern program is responsible for exonerating more than 10 men?", "answer": "the Innocence Project"}, {"question": "In 2003, where did Governor George Ryan announce that the sentences of more than 150 death row inmates would be commuted?", "answer": "Northwestern School of Law's Lincoln Hall"}, {"question": "What was President Arnold R. Weber able to do with Northwestern's finances as the government's support of universities declined in the 70's and 80's?", "answer": "stabilize"}, {"question": "What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?", "answer": "Purple"}, {"question": "Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?", "answer": "too many other universities had used these colors"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?", "answer": "Whatsoever things are true"}, {"question": "What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?", "answer": "The Word full of grace and truth"}, {"question": "What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?", "answer": "by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan"}, {"question": "Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?", "answer": "Evanston"}, {"question": "What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?", "answer": "atmospheres"}, {"question": "Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?", "answer": "North Campus"}, {"question": "Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?", "answer": "South Campus"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Chicago Transit Authority's elevated train through Evanston?", "answer": "the Purple Line"}, {"question": "What was Chicago's Purple Line train route named after?", "answer": "Northwestern's school color"}, {"question": "Which train stations are within walking distance of the southern end of campus?", "answer": "Foster and Davis"}, {"question": "Which train station is close to the northern end of campus?", "answer": "Noyes"}, {"question": "What is the name of Northwestern's football stadium?", "answer": "Ryan Field"}, {"question": "In 1920, how many acres were purchased for $8 million for a new central Chicago campus?", "answer": "8.5"}, {"question": "What style did architect James Gamble Rogers use for the principal buildings on the new Chicago campus?", "answer": "collegiate gothic"}, {"question": "Who donated $8 million in 1923 for the construction of the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?", "answer": "Mrs. Montgomery Ward"}, {"question": "What two schools were housed in the Montgomery Ward Memorial Building?", "answer": "medical and dental"}, {"question": "Which building became the first university skyscraper in the U.S.?", "answer": "Montgomery Ward Memorial Building"}, {"question": "What branch did Northwestern open in Education City, Doha, Qatar?", "answer": "NU-Q"}, {"question": "What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the Medill School of Journalism?", "answer": "journalism"}, {"question": "Who provided the funding for the construction and administrative costs for NU-Q?", "answer": "The Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development"}, {"question": "How long is the NU-Q branch of Northwestern scheduled to operate through an agreement in 2016?", "answer": "through the 2027-2028 academic year"}, {"question": "What bachelor's degree is offered at NU-Q through the School of Communication?", "answer": "journalism"}, {"question": "In 2009, who named Northwestern as one of the top 10 universities in the country in purchasing renewable energy?", "answer": "Green Power Partnership"}, {"question": "How much of the university's total annual electric bill is represented by the green power commitment?", "answer": "30 percent"}, {"question": "What grade was given to Northwestern on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card  by The Sustainable Endowments Institute?", "answer": "B-"}, {"question": "Which EPA club is Northwestern University included in?", "answer": "Green Power Leadership Club"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the Green Power Partnership?", "answer": "the EPA"}, {"question": "What is the required certification for all Northwestern buildings?", "answer": "LEED"}, {"question": "What percentage of improvement over energy code requirements will be the goal of all new construction and renovations?", "answer": "at least a 20%"}, {"question": "What does the Evanston Campus Framework Plan outline?", "answer": "future development of the Evanston Campus"}, {"question": "How many tons of waste are recycled at Northwestern yearly?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "How is all university landscape waste used?", "answer": "composted"}, {"question": "Who governs Northwestern?", "answer": "an appointed Board of Trustees"}, {"question": "How many members are on Northwestern's Board of Trustees?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Who does the Board of Trustees delegate it's power to?", "answer": "an elected president"}, {"question": "How many presidents, excluding interrims, has Northwestern had?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "Who has a staff of vice-presidents, directors, and other administrative assistants?", "answer": "the president"}, {"question": "How many undergraduate programs are offered by Northwestern?", "answer": "124"}, {"question": "How many graduate and professional programs are offered by Northwestern?", "answer": "145"}, {"question": "How many master's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?", "answer": "3,272"}, {"question": "How many doctoral degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?", "answer": "565"}, {"question": "How many bachelor's degrees did Northwestern confer during the 2012-2013 school term?", "answer": "2,190"}, {"question": "Which 4-year program comprises the majority of enrollments at Northwestern?", "answer": "full-time undergraduate"}, {"question": "Who sets individual degree requirements at Northwestern?", "answer": "the faculty of each school"}, {"question": "How many quarters are undergraduates required to complete on campus to graduate?", "answer": "at least twelve"}, {"question": "How many courses do undergrads typically take each quarter?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many weeks is one academic quarter at Northwestern?", "answer": "approximately 10"}, {"question": "What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?", "answer": "$61,240"}, {"question": "On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?", "answer": "need"}, {"question": "What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?", "answer": "Approximately 44"}, {"question": "What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?", "answer": "$17,200"}, {"question": "How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?", "answer": "in excess of $472 million"}, {"question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 40.6% of undergraduates enroll in?", "answer": "Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences"}, {"question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 21.3% of undergraduates enroll in?", "answer": "McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science"}, {"question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 14.3% of undergraduates enroll in?", "answer": "School of Communication"}, {"question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 11.7% of undergraduates enroll in?", "answer": "Medill School of Journalism"}, {"question": "In the fall of 2014, which school did 5.7% of undergraduates enroll in?", "answer": "Bienen School of Music"}, {"question": "How selective are admissions at Northwestern characterized by U.S. News & World Report?", "answer": "most selective"}, {"question": "What percentage of applications were admitted for the undergraduate class entering in 2016?", "answer": "10.7%"}, {"question": "What percentage of freshman students enrolling in the class of 2019 ranked in the top 10% of their high school class?", "answer": "91%"}, {"question": "For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for critical reading?", "answer": "690\u2013760"}, {"question": "For freshman enrolling in the class of 2019, what was the interquartile range on the SAT for math?", "answer": "710-800"}, {"question": "What City College initiative did Northwestern announce signing on with in 2016?", "answer": "the Chicago Star Partnership"}, {"question": "Who encouraged local universities to increase opportunities for students in the public school districts?", "answer": "Mayor Rahm Emanuel"}, {"question": "Through the Chicago Star Partnership, what is provided to students from Chicago public schools that meet further educational criteria?", "answer": "scholarships"}, {"question": "Which mayor influenced the Chicago Star Partnership?", "answer": "Rahm Emanuel"}, {"question": "How many libraries are on the Evanston campus?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many volumes does the University Library contain?", "answer": "over 4.9 million"}, {"question": "How does the University Library rank among North American university libraries?", "answer": "the 30th-largest"}, {"question": "What does the Google Book Search project help libraries with?", "answer": "digitizing its collections"}, {"question": "What is the largest African collection in the world that is part of the Northwesern library system?", "answer": "Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies"}, {"question": "When was Northwestern elected to the Association of American Universities?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's schools are among the most academically productive in the nation?", "answer": "management, engineering, and communication"}, {"question": "In 2014, how much research funding did Northwestern receive?", "answer": "$550 million"}, {"question": "Who discovered the drug that was ultimately marketed as Lyrica?", "answer": "chemistry professor Richard Silverman"}, {"question": "How many companies were started through Northwestern's Innovations and New Ventures Office?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Where is the home of the Center for Catalysis and Surface Science?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "Where is the home of the International Institute for Nanotechnology?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "Where is the home of the Materials Research Center?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "Where is the home for the Institute for Policy Research?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "Where is the home of the Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies?", "answer": "Northwestern"}, {"question": "How much money has the traditional Northwestern Dance Marathon raised for children's charities?", "answer": "more than 13 million dollars"}, {"question": "What do students do during the traditional Primal Scream event held before finals week every quarter?", "answer": "scream"}, {"question": "What is the popular name for Northwestern's traditional Armadillo Day?", "answer": "Dillo Day"}, {"question": "When is Armadillo Day held every year?", "answer": "on the weekend after Memorial Day"}, {"question": "What name is freshman orientation known as?", "answer": "Wildcat Welcome"}, {"question": "What do students traditionally do at the beginning of each football game kickoff?", "answer": "jingle keys"}, {"question": "What football game tradition has since been discontinued?", "answer": "students would throw marshmallows during games"}, {"question": "What color does the Clock Tower glow after a winning football game?", "answer": "purple"}, {"question": "What noise do students make when the opposing team has control of the football?", "answer": "growl"}, {"question": "How long does the Clock Tower remain purple after a winning game?", "answer": "until a loss or until the end of the sports season"}, {"question": "What are the two most notable productions each year at Northwestern?", "answer": "the Waa-Mu show, and the Dolphin show"}, {"question": "Who is the Waa-Muu show primarily written and produced by?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "What does StuCo stand for?", "answer": "Student Theatre Coalition"}, {"question": "How many student theatre companies does StuCo organize?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Which theater company was founded by several Northwestern alumni in 1988?", "answer": "Chicago's Lookingglass"}, {"question": "What 30 hour event raised more than a million dollars for charity in 2011?", "answer": "Dance Marathon"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Halloween celebration to which over 800 local children are invited?", "answer": "Project Pumpkin"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Northwestern program for students interested in community service?", "answer": "Freshman Urban Program"}, {"question": "What is the name of the university's group service-learning expedition in Asia, Africa or Latin America?", "answer": "Global Engagement Summer Institute"}, {"question": "What does NCDC stand for?", "answer": "Northwestern Community Development Corps"}, {"question": "What percentage of undergraduates were affiliated with a fraternity or sorority in Winter 2013?", "answer": "39%"}, {"question": "How many fraternities does Northwestern recognize?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many sororities does Northwestern recognize?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Residential College that houses students with an interest in science and engineering?", "answer": "Slivka"}, {"question": "Which dorms are commonly referred to as Plex?", "answer": "Foster-Walker complex"}, {"question": "What is the name of Northwestern's main student newspaper?", "answer": "The Daily Northwestern"}, {"question": "Who is The Daily Northwestern entirely directed by?", "answer": "undergraduates"}, {"question": "Who owns The Daily Northwestern?", "answer": "the Students Publishing Company"}, {"question": "What is the name of Northwestern's undergraduate yearbook?", "answer": "Syllabus"}, {"question": "What undergraduate satirical magazine was founded in 2009?", "answer": "Northwestern Flipside"}, {"question": "What is the name of the scholarly legal publication at Northwestern School of Law?", "answer": "The Northwestern University Law Review"}, {"question": "What type of journal does the Law Review strive to publish?", "answer": "a journal of broad legal scholarship"}, {"question": "How many issues does the Law Review publish each year?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who publishes the Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property?", "answer": "an independent student organization at Northwestern University School of Law"}, {"question": "Who makes the editorial decisions for The Northwestern University Law Review?", "answer": "Student editors"}, {"question": "What journal was founded in 2008 that features articles by professors and law students?", "answer": "The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review"}, {"question": "Who funds The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?", "answer": "Buffett Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Office of the Provost"}, {"question": "How often is The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review published?", "answer": "annually"}, {"question": "Who publishes The Northwestern Interdisciplinary Law Review?", "answer": "an editorial board of Northwestern University undergraduates"}, {"question": "What is the name Northwestern's humor website formed in 2011?", "answer": "Sherman Ave"}, {"question": "What do many of the writers staffed by Sherman Ave write under?", "answer": "pseudonyms"}, {"question": "Which website publishes the well known \"Freshman Guide\"?", "answer": "Sherman Ave"}, {"question": "What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?", "answer": "Politics & Policy"}, {"question": "How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "Who completely runs Politics and Policy?", "answer": "undergraduates"}, {"question": "Who partially funds Politics and Policy?", "answer": "the Buffett Center"}, {"question": "How often is Politics & Policy published?", "answer": "several times a week"}, {"question": "How many men's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "How many women's intercollegiate athletic teams are fielded by Northwestern?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "How many consecutive NCAA championships did the women's larcrosse team win between 2005 and 2009?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who recognized the men's basketball team as the 1931 National Champion?", "answer": "Helms Athletic Foundation"}, {"question": "How many of Northwestern's 19 varsity programs had NCAA or bowl postseason appearances?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Where do Northwestern's basketball, wrestling, and volleyball teams play?", "answer": "Welsh-Ryan Arena"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to Northwestern's athletic teams?", "answer": "Wildcats"}, {"question": "What was the official nickname of Northwestern's athletic teams prior to 1924?", "answer": "The Purple"}, {"question": "What was the unofficial nickname of the Northwestern athletic teams prior to 1924?", "answer": "The Fighting Methodists"}, {"question": "What name did the student body unsuccessfully try to rename the Wildcats in 1972?", "answer": "Purple Haze"}, {"question": "Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics?", "answer": "Willie the Wildcat"}, {"question": "What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics?", "answer": "a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo"}, {"question": "What was the name of Northwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?", "answer": "Furpaw"}, {"question": "Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?", "answer": "Furpaw"}, {"question": "What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season?", "answer": "banished him from campus forever"}, {"question": "How many appearances has Northwestern's football team made in the top 10 AP poll since 1936?", "answer": "73"}, {"question": "How many consecutive games did Northwestern lose during it's longest losing streak between 1979 and 1982?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What was the first bowl game Northwestern appeared in after 1949?", "answer": "1996 Rose Bowl"}, {"question": "What was the first bowl won by Northwestern after the 1949 Rose Bowl?", "answer": "2013 Gator Bowl"}, {"question": "In 2006, which Northwestern linebacker became the youngest Division/FBS coach at the time?", "answer": "Pat Fitzgerald"}, {"question": "What were 2 former Northwestern basketball players charged and convicted for in 1998?", "answer": "sports bribery"}, {"question": "What did federal prosecutors indict four former players for in a separate betting scandal?", "answer": "perjury related to betting on their own games"}, {"question": "What did an autopsy reveal was in Rashidi Wheeler's system after he died during a practice?", "answer": "ephedrine"}, {"question": "In 2006, what prompted the women's soccer team coach, Jenny Haigh,  to resign?", "answer": "the release of images of alleged hazing"}, {"question": "After the death of Rashidi Wheeler in 2001, which athletic programs were investigated for stimulants and other banned substances?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "How many full-time faculty members does Northwestern employ?", "answer": "3,401"}, {"question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for being a Holocaust denier?", "answer": "Arthur Butz"}, {"question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning a Pulitzer Prize?", "answer": "historian Garry Wills"}, {"question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for becoming a Tony Award-winning director?", "answer": "Mary Zimmerman"}, {"question": "Who is Northwestern's faculty member notable for winning the Nobel Prize?", "answer": "chemist John Pople"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming a U.S. Senator and presidential candidate?", "answer": "George McGovern"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming The Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey?", "answer": "Ali Babacan"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for being the founder of the presidential prayer breakfast?", "answer": "Abraham Vereide"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Governor of Illinois and a presidential candidate?", "answer": "Adlai Stevenson"}, {"question": "Which of Northwestern's alumni is notable for becoming the Illinois Governor and convicted felon?", "answer": "Rod Blagojevich"}, {"question": "Who founded the Amsterdam based comedy theater Boom Chicago?", "answer": "Northwestern alumni"}, {"question": "Where did actor Warren Beatty attend school?", "answer": "Northwestern's School of Communication"}, {"question": "Where did actor Charlton Heston attend school?", "answer": "Northwestern's School of Communication"}, {"question": "Where did director Gerald Freedman attend school?", "answer": "Northwestern's School of Communication"}, {"question": "Which alumni was a co-creator of \"The Young and the Restless\", and \"The Bold and the Beautiful\"?", "answer": "Lee Phillip Bell"}, {"question": "How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?", "answer": "The Medill School of Journalism"}, {"question": "Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?", "answer": "The Medill School of Journalism"}, {"question": "How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?", "answer": "Richard Threlkeld"}, {"question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the Roswell Park Cancer Institute named after?", "answer": "Mary Harris Thompson"}, {"question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine performed the first successful American open heart surgery?", "answer": "Daniel Hale Williams"}, {"question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine co-founded the Mayo Clinic?", "answer": "Charles Horace Mayo"}, {"question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine founded the American College of Surgeons?", "answer": "Allen B. Kanavel"}, {"question": "Which graduate of The Feinburg School of Medicine was the first physician in space?", "answer": "Joseph P. Kerwin"}, {"question": "What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?", "answer": "768,868"}, {"question": "What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?", "answer": "915,000"}, {"question": "What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?", "answer": "Alemannic"}, {"question": "What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?", "answer": "Stra\u00dfburg"}, {"question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "What is the predominant language in Asace?", "answer": "Alemannic"}, {"question": "What kind of name is Strasbourg?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What is the culture in Strasbourg?", "answer": "Franco-German"}, {"question": "What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?", "answer": "Strasbourg Grand Mosque"}, {"question": "When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?", "answer": "27 September 2012"}, {"question": "What is the second largest university in France?", "answer": "University of Strasbourg"}, {"question": "What river is on the border of France and Germany?", "answer": "River Rhine"}, {"question": "The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?", "answer": "Rhine"}, {"question": "What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?", "answer": "artificial"}, {"question": "Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "What was Strasbourg called in 12 BC?", "answer": "Argentoratum"}, {"question": "What was the Roman camp destroyed by?", "answer": "fire"}, {"question": "Who was leading the Romans at Argentoratum?", "answer": "Nero Claudius Drusus"}, {"question": "After what year was the Legio VIII Augusta permanently stationed in Argentoratum?", "answer": "year 90"}, {"question": "How many times was Argentoratum rebuilt during the first and fifth centuries AD?", "answer": "six times"}, {"question": "What has been found along the current Route des Romains? ", "answer": "Roman artifacts"}, {"question": "Where was the centre of Argentoratum situated?", "answer": "Grande \u00cele"}, {"question": "Who shattered the fragments of a grand Mithraeum?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "When was the Bishopric of Strasbourg made an Archbishopric?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What Empire split to create France and Germany?", "answer": "Carolingian Empire"}, {"question": "What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?", "answer": "Alsatian"}, {"question": "What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?", "answer": "Stra\u00dfburg"}, {"question": "What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?", "answer": "Strazburg"}, {"question": "In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?", "answer": "fifth century"}, {"question": "In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic? ", "answer": "1332"}, {"question": "What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?", "answer": "over a thousand"}, {"question": "What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?", "answer": "10 pm"}, {"question": "What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?", "answer": "special tax"}, {"question": "Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation? ", "answer": "Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck"}, {"question": "Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?", "answer": "Martin Bucer"}, {"question": "Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?", "answer": "John Calvin"}, {"question": "How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?", "answer": "September 1681"}, {"question": "When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?", "answer": "30 September 1681"}, {"question": "What was one of the causes of the War of the Reunions? ", "answer": "annexation"}, {"question": "When was the French annexation recognized by the Treaty of Ryswick?", "answer": "1697"}, {"question": "What church was taken from the Lutherans and returned to the Catholics?", "answer": "Strasbourg Cathedral"}, {"question": "Who were the famous students that attended German Lutheran University?", "answer": "Goethe and Herder"}, {"question": "What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? ", "answer": "French Revolution"}, {"question": "Who ruled the city with an iron hand?", "answer": "Eulogius Schneider"}, {"question": "What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?", "answer": "statues"}, {"question": "What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?", "answer": "tin"}, {"question": "Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?", "answer": "Germans"}, {"question": "Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? ", "answer": "Prussian army"}, {"question": "What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?", "answer": "24 and 26 August 1870"}, {"question": "What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?", "answer": "gothic"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "How many civilians died during the siege?", "answer": "261"}, {"question": "In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "What was the Treaty in 1871 called?", "answer": "Treaty of Frankfurt"}, {"question": "What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?", "answer": "Rodolphe Reuss"}, {"question": "What year was the university founded?", "answer": "1567"}, {"question": " What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?", "answer": "Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t"}, {"question": "What was established around the city?  ", "answer": "fortifications"}, {"question": "Where is Fort Podbielski located?", "answer": "Mundolsheim"}, {"question": "Where is Fort Bismark located?", "answer": "Wolfisheim"}, {"question": "Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?", "answer": "Holtzheim"}, {"question": "Where is Fort Roon Located?", "answer": "Mundolsheim"}, {"question": "In what war was the German Empire defeated? ", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?", "answer": "independent"}, {"question": "What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?", "answer": "11 November 1918"}, {"question": "Who commanded the French troops on November 22?", "answer": "French general Henri Gouraud"}, {"question": "What French President said \"the plebiscite is done\"?", "answer": "Raymond Poincar\u00e9"}, {"question": "What year was it restituted to France?  ", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "What autonomists were pro French?", "answer": "Alsatian"}, {"question": "In what year did Bismarck fall?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "Who won the last election at Reichstag?", "answer": "Social Democrats"}, {"question": "Who had vivid memories of the Saverne Affair?", "answer": "Alsatians"}, {"question": "Who invaded Poland on 1 September 1939? ", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "How many people were evacuated during the invasion?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "What troops arrived in mid-June 1940?", "answer": "Wehrmacht troops"}, {"question": "How long was the city completely empty?", "answer": "ten months"}, {"question": "Where was the University evacuated?", "answer": "Clermont-Ferrand"}, {"question": "In what year was the Fall of France?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What country was Alsace annexed to? ", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who imposed the rigorous policy of Germanisation?", "answer": "Gauleiter Robert Heinrich Wagner"}, {"question": "When were the first evacuees allowed to return?", "answer": "July 1940"}, {"question": " How high was the dome at the Romanesque revival building?", "answer": "54-metre"}, {"question": "Who led the first Alsatian resistance movement?  ", "answer": "Marcel Weinum"}, {"question": "Who was the highest commander that is under Hitler?", "answer": "Gauleiter Robert Wagner"}, {"question": "How was Marcel Weinum executed?", "answer": "beheaded"}, {"question": "What was the city attacked by in 1943?", "answer": "Allied aircraft"}, {"question": "On what date was the city liberated?", "answer": "23 November 1944"}, {"question": "What were the men and women sent to the eastern front against their will called? ", "answer": "Malgr\u00e9-nous"}, {"question": "Who sent deserters families to concentration camps?", "answer": "Germans"}, {"question": "Where were the freed soviet captives sent?", "answer": "Algiers"}, {"question": "When did the liberation of Strasbourg take place?", "answer": "23 November 1944"}, {"question": "What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? ", "answer": "Council of Europe"}, {"question": "When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What was partly destroyed by Allied bombings in 1944? ", "answer": "Romanesque \u00c9glise Saint-\u00c9tienne"}, {"question": "What organ did Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart play on?", "answer": "Silbermann organ"}, {"question": "Where is the Silbermann organ located?", "answer": "\u00c9glise Saint-Thomas"}, {"question": "What is the Neo-Gothic church called?", "answer": "Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Catholique"}, {"question": "How many museums does the Palais Rohan hold? ", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did the city hall used to be known as?", "answer": "H\u00f4tel de Hanau"}, {"question": "What is the largest baroque building in Strasbourg?", "answer": "H\u00f4pital civil"}, {"question": "Where is the Opera House located?", "answer": "Place Broglie"}, {"question": "What did the military governors residence used to be called?", "answer": "H\u00f4tel des Deux-Ponts"}, {"question": "What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? ", "answer": "eclecticist"}, {"question": "What war caused severe damage to Germany?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What was the former imperial palace called?", "answer": "Palais du Rhin"}, {"question": "What was the former girls college called?", "answer": "H\u00f6here M\u00e4dchenschule"}, {"question": "How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?", "answer": "seven stories"}, {"question": "What is the fine Art Nouveau villa called? ", "answer": "Villa Schutzenberger"}, {"question": "Who lost the architectural contest?", "answer": "Le Corbusier"}, {"question": "Who built the European Court of Human Rights building?", "answer": "Richard Rogers"}, {"question": "What did Zaha Hadid design?", "answer": "Hoenheim-Nord"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the finest building?", "answer": "European Court of Human Rights"}, {"question": "Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? ", "answer": "Andr\u00e9 le N\u00f4tre"}, {"question": "What park has a small zoo in it?", "answer": "Parc de l'Orangerie"}, {"question": "What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?", "answer": "Parc de la Citadelle"}, {"question": "What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "What is the oldest park in the city?", "answer": "Parc des Contades"}, {"question": "Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held? ", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"}, {"question": "Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?", "answer": "Cabinet des estampes et dessins"}, {"question": "Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e de l'\u0152uvre Notre-Dame"}, {"question": "Where is the city's photographic library?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"}, {"question": "Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne et contemporain"}, {"question": "What is Strasbourg known as?", "answer": "centre of humanism"}, {"question": "When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?", "answer": "1683"}, {"question": "What did Montgelas study?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": " From what empire did students come from to attend university?", "answer": "Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What is the second largest library in France? ", "answer": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale et universitaire"}, {"question": "How many titles does the library have?", "answer": "3,000,000"}, {"question": "Who founded the library?", "answer": "German administration"}, {"question": "When was the previous library destroyed?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "What was the library marked as on the map?", "answer": "City Hall"}, {"question": "What are incunabula's? ", "answer": "documents printed before 1500"}, {"question": "When was the library destroyed?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What kind of building holds incunabula's today?", "answer": "public and institutional libraries"}, {"question": "What year did the Strasbourg tramway open? ", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Who operates the Strasbourg tramway?", "answer": "regional transit company Compagnie des Transports Strasbourgeois"}, {"question": "How many lines does the Strasbourg tramway have?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "What is the length of the Strasbourg tramway in total?", "answer": "55.8 km"}, {"question": "How far do bike paths stretch in Strasbourg?", "answer": "500 km"}, {"question": "What year was the Canal de la Bruche added? ", "answer": "1682"}, {"question": "What kind of tourism attracts tourists yearly?", "answer": "Water tourism"}, {"question": "What river is Strasbourg by?", "answer": "Rhine"}, {"question": "What system also complements walking and biking? ", "answer": "tram"}, {"question": "What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?", "answer": "pedestrian"}, {"question": "What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?", "answer": "public squares"}, {"question": "What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?", "answer": "Fused Grid"}, {"question": "What route parallels the Rhine? ", "answer": "A35 autoroute"}, {"question": "What year did the Grand contournement ouest project open?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "How far is the connection between junctions A4 and the A35?", "answer": "24 km"}, {"question": "The traffic coming west of the city is from where?", "answer": "unit\u00e9 urbaine"}, {"question": "What is the Cherokee name for Oklahoma?", "answer": "Asgaya gigageyi"}, {"question": "What is the Pawnee name for Oklahoma?", "answer": "Uukuhu\u00fawa"}, {"question": "What is the Cayuga name for Oklahoma?", "answer": "Gahnawiyo\u02c0geh"}, {"question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by population?", "answer": "28th"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's nickname?", "answer": "The Sooner State"}, {"question": "What language does the name Oklahoma come from?", "answer": "Choctaw"}, {"question": "What does Oklahoma mean?", "answer": "red people"}, {"question": "When was the name Oklahoma suggested?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Who suggested the name Oklahoma?", "answer": "Choctaw Chief Allen Wright"}, {"question": "When was the name Oklahoma made official?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "Where does Oklahoma rank by land area?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Oklahoma?", "answer": "69,898"}, {"question": "How many square miles of water is in Oklahoma?", "answer": "1,281"}, {"question": "How many states are on the Frontier Strip?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which state is north of Oklahoma?", "answer": "Kansas"}, {"question": "How far out of alignment is Oklahoma's western edge from Texas's border?", "answer": "2.1 to 2.2 miles"}, {"question": "When was the border between TX and NM first determined?", "answer": "1819"}, {"question": "When was Oklahoma's border determined?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "Where is the NM border of both Oklahoma and Texas supposed to line up with?", "answer": "the 103rd Meridian"}, {"question": "Which one is more accurately placed, the TX/NM border or the OK/NM border?", "answer": "Oklahoma/New Mexico border"}, {"question": "What plateau is Oklahoma near?", "answer": "Ozark Plateau"}, {"question": "What watershed is Oklahoma in?", "answer": "Gulf of Mexico"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's tallest mountain?", "answer": "Black Mesa"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's highest point?", "answer": "4,973"}, {"question": "How many feet above sea level is Oklahoma's lowest point?", "answer": "289"}, {"question": "How many major mountain ranges are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which of Oklahoma's mountain ranges are in the US Interior Highlands?", "answer": "the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?", "answer": "north-central"}, {"question": "What is the world's tallest hill?", "answer": "Cavanal Hill"}, {"question": "How high is Cavanal Hill?", "answer": "1,999 feet"}, {"question": "What is an example of a mesa range?", "answer": "Glass Mountains"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Antelope Hills in?", "answer": "southwestern"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma has oak savannahs?", "answer": "central"}, {"question": "What mountains are in Oklahoma's eastern third?", "answer": "The Ozark and Ouachita Mountains"}, {"question": "In which direction do the Ozark mountains get higher?", "answer": "eastward"}, {"question": "How much of Oklahoma is covered in forests?", "answer": "24 percent"}, {"question": "What types of prairie grasslands does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma has low rainfall?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "What types of trees grow near rivers in western Oklahoma?", "answer": "pinyon pines, red cedar (junipers), and ponderosa pines"}, {"question": "What rare types of maples grow in southwest Oklahoma?", "answer": "sugar maple, bigtooth maple"}, {"question": "What types of birds does Oklahoma have a lot of?", "answer": "quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants"}, {"question": "What types of deer does Oklahoma have a lot of?", "answer": "white-tailed deer, mule deer"}, {"question": "What does Oklahoma have the country's largest towns of?", "answer": "prairie dog"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma is Cross Timbers in?", "answer": "Central"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma does the American alligator live in?", "answer": "southeastern"}, {"question": "How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?", "answer": "39,000 acres"}, {"question": "What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?", "answer": "north-central"}, {"question": "The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?", "answer": "the world"}, {"question": "How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's main climate region?", "answer": "humid subtropical"}, {"question": "What natural-disaster-based nickname does Oklahoma's region have?", "answer": "Tornado Alley"}, {"question": "How many tornadoes hit Oklahoma each year?", "answer": "average 62"}, {"question": "What types of severe weather does Oklahoma get?", "answer": "severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes"}, {"question": "Where does Oklahoma receive hot dry air from?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's record high temperature for Nov 11?", "answer": "83 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's record low temperature for Nov 11?", "answer": "17 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What caused Oklahoma's temperature to plummet 66 degrees on Nov 11, 1911?", "answer": "an Arctic cold front"}, {"question": "How fast did the 1912 tornado outbreak make tornadoes?", "answer": "one tornado per hour"}, {"question": "How long did the 1912 tornado outbreak last?", "answer": "a day"}, {"question": "What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?", "answer": "central, southern and eastern"}, {"question": "Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?", "answer": "Gulf of Mexico"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's western climate type?", "answer": "semi-arid"}, {"question": "Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?", "answer": "Lawton"}, {"question": "What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?", "answer": "62 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Which season is the most dry in Oklahoma?", "answer": "winter"}, {"question": "When does Oklahoma get the most rain?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "When is the second-driest season in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Mid-summer"}, {"question": "What years were Oklahoma's hottest summers?", "answer": "1934, 1954, 1980 and 2011"}, {"question": "How hot were Oklahoma's hottest summers?", "answer": "well over 100 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What parts of Oklahoma rarely see below-zero temperatures?", "answer": "south-central and southeastern"}, {"question": "What is the average snowfall in southern Oklahoma?", "answer": "less than 4 inches"}, {"question": "What is the average snowfall in Oklahoma near the Colorado border?", "answer": "over 20 inches"}, {"question": "Where is the Storm Prediction Center located?", "answer": "Norman"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma's record high temperature?", "answer": "120 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Wichita and Caddo"}, {"question": "What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?", "answer": "Spiro Mounds"}, {"question": "When did Spiro Mounds flourish?", "answer": "between AD 850 and 1450"}, {"question": "What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?", "answer": "Francisco V\u00e1squez de Coronado"}, {"question": "When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?", "answer": "1803"}, {"question": "What was the \"Oil Capital of the World\"?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "What type of investments were important in early Oklahoma?", "answer": "oil"}, {"question": "Who was the \"Father of Route 66\"?", "answer": "Cyrus Avery"}, {"question": "When did Route 66 begin?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "Where was the Highway 66 Association based?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "When did the Dust Bowl begin?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What mistake led to the Dust Bowl?", "answer": "poor farming practices"}, {"question": "What states were affected by the Dust Bowl?", "answer": "Kansas, Texas, New Mexico and northwestern Oklahoma"}, {"question": "How many farmers had to relocate because of the Dust Bowl?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "How much did Oklahoma's population decline from 1930 to 1950?", "answer": "6.9 percent"}, {"question": "When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "answer": "April 19, 1995"}, {"question": "Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "answer": "Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols"}, {"question": "How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "answer": "168"}, {"question": "How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "When was McVeigh executed?", "answer": "June 11, 2001"}, {"question": "When did Oklahoma declare an official language?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?", "answer": "2,977,187"}, {"question": "What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?", "answer": "92.6%"}, {"question": "What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Cherokee"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "How many Oklahomans speak German?", "answer": "13,444"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?", "answer": "Vietnamese"}, {"question": "How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?", "answer": "11,330"}, {"question": "How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?", "answer": "more than 25"}, {"question": "What is the conservative Evangelical Christian region called?", "answer": "the \"Bible Belt\""}, {"question": "What parts of the US are covered by the 'Bible Belt'?", "answer": "southern and eastern"}, {"question": "What political party has the most members in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's 2nd-largest city?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "How much of Oklahoma's population is Christian?", "answer": "80 percent"}, {"question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing natural gas?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for agriculture?", "answer": "27th"}, {"question": "How does Oklahoma rank among US states for producing wheat?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "How many Fortune 500 companies are based in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "How many Fortune 1000 companies are based in Oklahoma?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states producing crude oil?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's rank among states by active drilling rigs?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "How does Oklahoma's crude oil reserves rank among states?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from non-renewable sources?", "answer": "94 percent"}, {"question": "How much of Oklahoma's electricity comes from coal?", "answer": "25 percent"}, {"question": "Which largest private oil companies are based in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation"}, {"question": "What industry are all of the Oklahoma-based Fortune 500 companies in?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What is the largest company in Oklahoma?", "answer": "ONEOK"}, {"question": "What is the 2nd-largest company in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Williams Companies"}, {"question": "Where is ONEOK based?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "How many famous Native American ballerinas came from Oklahoma?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What are Oklahoma's Native American ballerinas called?", "answer": "the Five Moons"}, {"question": "What ballerina started the Oklahoma City Ballet?", "answer": "Yvonne Chouteau"}, {"question": "When did the University of Oklahoma's dance program begin?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "Which sisters were in the Five Moons?", "answer": "Marjorie and Maria Tallchief"}, {"question": "Where is 'Discoveryland!'?", "answer": "Sand Springs"}, {"question": "Who starred in the Broadway production of 'Oklahoma!'?", "answer": "Ridge Bond"}, {"question": "Where is Ridge Bond from?", "answer": "McAlester, Oklahoma"}, {"question": "Who did Ridge Bond play?", "answer": "Curly McClain"}, {"question": "How many performances of Oklahoma! was Ridge Bond in?", "answer": "more than 2,600"}, {"question": "What major theater groups are in Oklahoma City?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Theatre Company, Carpenter Square Theatre, Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park, and CityRep"}, {"question": "What is the oldest community theater group west of the Mississippi River?", "answer": "Theatre Tulsa"}, {"question": "Where is the American Theatre Company based?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "What is the oldest resident professional theater company in Oklahoma?", "answer": "American Theatre Company"}, {"question": "Where is Heller Theatre?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "How many museums are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "more than 300"}, {"question": "How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "Where is the Philbrook Museum?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "What kind of museum is the Philbrook?", "answer": "fine art"}, {"question": "Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?", "answer": "Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa"}, {"question": "Where does Oklahoma have a fine Egyptian art collection?", "answer": "Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art in Shawnee"}, {"question": "Where is the largest collection of Dale Chinuly's work?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Museum of Art"}, {"question": "What kind of art did Dale Chinuly make?", "answer": "glass sculptures"}, {"question": "Where is the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "Where is the largest Jewish art collection in the southwest?", "answer": "Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art of Tulsa"}, {"question": "When was Oklahoma's centennial year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "When was the exact hundredth anniversary of Oklahoma's statehood?", "answer": "November 16, 2007"}, {"question": "What organization said Oklahoma's centennial was the top event in the US that year?", "answer": "American Bus Association"}, {"question": "What do ethnic festivals depict?", "answer": "cultural heritage or traditions"}, {"question": "How long is the State Fair of Oklahoma?", "answer": "10-day"}, {"question": "Where is the State Fair of Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "How many people attend the State Fair of Oklahoma each year?", "answer": "roughly one million"}, {"question": "How long is the Tulsa State Fair?", "answer": "10-day"}, {"question": "How many people attend the Tulsa State Fair each year?", "answer": "over one million"}, {"question": "When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?", "answer": "Norman"}, {"question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?", "answer": "the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus"}, {"question": "Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?", "answer": "Duck Pond in Norman"}, {"question": "Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?", "answer": "Reaves Park"}, {"question": "How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?", "answer": "638,817"}, {"question": "How many school districts are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "533"}, {"question": "How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?", "answer": "126,078"}, {"question": "What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?", "answer": "$7,755"}, {"question": "How many public schools does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "1,845"}, {"question": "Who said Oklahoma's pre-K program is the best in the US?", "answer": "National Institute for Early Education Research"}, {"question": "When was Oklahoma's pre-K called 'a model for early childhood schooling'?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2007?", "answer": "3.1"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma's high school dropout rate in 2008?", "answer": "2.5 percent"}, {"question": "What percent of Oklahomans have graduated high school?", "answer": "85.2 percent"}, {"question": "How many public universities does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?", "answer": "Northeastern State University"}, {"question": "Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?", "answer": "Northeastern State University"}, {"question": "What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?", "answer": "Northeastern State University"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?", "answer": "Langston University"}, {"question": "How many undergrad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "answer": "181,973"}, {"question": "How many grad students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "answer": "20,014"}, {"question": "How many professional degree college students were in Oklahoma in 2007?", "answer": "4,395"}, {"question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 undergrads completed their degree?", "answer": "18,892"}, {"question": "How many of Oklahoma's 2007 grad students completed their degree?", "answer": "5,386"}, {"question": "Which Native American group is involved in a language preservation project?", "answer": "Cherokee Nation"}, {"question": "What percent of Cherokee people are desired to be fluent in Cherokee?", "answer": "80% or more"}, {"question": "What group runs the Cherokee language preservation project?", "answer": "Cherokee Preservation Foundation"}, {"question": "How much has the Cherokee Preservation Foundation spent on schools?", "answer": "$3 million"}, {"question": "Where is there a Cherokee immersion school?", "answer": "Tahlequah, Oklahoma"}, {"question": "What is the only major league sports team in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma City Thunder"}, {"question": "What league is the Thunder in?", "answer": "National Basketball Association"}, {"question": "What had Oklahoma's WNBA team been?", "answer": "Tulsa Shock"}, {"question": "Where did Oklahoma's WNBA team move to?", "answer": "Dallas\u2013Fort Worth"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma's WNBA team renamed to when it moved?", "answer": "Dallas Wings"}, {"question": "Which NBA team temporarily relocated to Oklahoma?", "answer": "New Orleans Hornets"}, {"question": "Where did the temporary NBA team play in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma City's Ford Center"}, {"question": "What caused the temporary NBA team to relocate to Oklahoma?", "answer": "Hurricane Katrina"}, {"question": "What was the Thunder's previous name?", "answer": "Seattle SuperSonics"}, {"question": "Who owns the Thunder?", "answer": "Professional Basketball Club LLC"}, {"question": "How many NCAA Division I colleges does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many colleges does Oklahoma have in the Big 12?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many fans attend an average Oklahoma State University football game?", "answer": "over 50,000"}, {"question": "What is the rivalry between OSU and University of Oklahoma called?", "answer": "Bedlam Series"}, {"question": "Where is Oral Roberts University?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "What kind of tournaments does Cedar Ridge Country Club host?", "answer": "LPGA"}, {"question": "Where is Southern Hills Country Club?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "Where is Oak Tree Country Club?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "Where is Cedar Ridge Country Club?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "How many PGA championships has Southern Hills held?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many major newspapers does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the largest Oklahoma newspaper?", "answer": "The Oklahoman"}, {"question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Oklahoman?", "answer": "202,690"}, {"question": "What is the 2nd-largest Oklahoma newspaper?", "answer": "The Tulsa World"}, {"question": "How many people read the Sunday issue of The Tulsa World?", "answer": "132,969"}, {"question": "How many miles of highways are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "More than 12,000"}, {"question": "Oklahoma has the longest drivable stretch of what famous highway?", "answer": "Route 66"}, {"question": "What is the busiest highway in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Interstate 44"}, {"question": "How many bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?", "answer": "5,212"}, {"question": "How many national highway bridges in Oklahoma were found to be deficient in 2010?", "answer": "235"}, {"question": "What is the largest commercial airport in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Will Rogers World Airport"}, {"question": "Where is Oklahoma's largest airport?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "How many people boarded in Will Rogers World Airport in 2010?", "answer": "1.7 million"}, {"question": "How many different airlines operate in Oklahoma?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many public airports does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "over 150"}, {"question": "How many ports does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Which port in Oklahoma handles international cargo?", "answer": "Tulsa Port of Catoosa"}, {"question": "Where is the furthest-inland oceangoing port in the US?", "answer": "Tulsa"}, {"question": "How many tons of cargo does the Tulsa Port of Catoosa ship annually?", "answer": "over two million"}, {"question": "What connects the two Oklahoma ports?", "answer": "the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System"}, {"question": "How many district courts does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "How many counties does Oklahoma have?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "What is the civil court of last resort in Oklahoma?", "answer": "the state Supreme Court"}, {"question": "What is the criminal court of last resort in Oklahoma?", "answer": "the state Court of Criminal Appeals"}, {"question": "What is the only other state with two courts of last resort?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "Who is in the executive branch?", "answer": "the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials"}, {"question": "Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?", "answer": "the Governor"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?", "answer": "the Executive branch"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?", "answer": "the Executive branch"}, {"question": "How many county commissioners does each Oklahoma county have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the major county offices in Oklahoma?", "answer": "commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff"}, {"question": "How many counties are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "Who can collect taxes in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Both county and municipal governments"}, {"question": "Who can hold elections in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Both county and municipal governments"}, {"question": "How many tribal governments are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Thirty-nine"}, {"question": "Tribes hold land in Oklahoma, but what isn't it called?", "answer": "reservations"}, {"question": "What powers do tribal governments have?", "answer": "executive, judicial, and legislative powers over tribal members and functions"}, {"question": "Who can overrule the tribal governments?", "answer": "the United States Congress"}, {"question": "Who must approve tribal constitutions?", "answer": "the United States Congress"}, {"question": "What political party rose to power in Oklahoma in 1948?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "When did registered Republicans become a majority in Oklahoma?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What is the one election since 1952 where a Republican presidential candidate didn't win in Oklahoma?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Oklahoma was the only state where which presidential candidate won no counties twice?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "Who was the last Democratic presidential candidate to win any counties in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Al Gore"}, {"question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have before the 2000 census?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many US House reps did Oklahoma have after the 2000 census?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many of Oklahoma's House reps were Republican in 2012?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who are Oklahoma's US Senators?", "answer": "Jim Inhofe and Tom Coburn"}, {"question": "What political party are Oklahoma's US Senators?", "answer": "Republicans"}, {"question": "How many incorporated cities are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "598"}, {"question": "How many Oklahoma cities have over 100,000 people?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many of the 50 largest US cities are in Oklahoma?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "What is the largest metro area in Oklahoma as of 2010?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "How many people live in the Tulsa metro area?", "answer": "937,478"}, {"question": "What is Oklahoma's largest city?", "answer": "Oklahoma City"}, {"question": "How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?", "answer": "14.6%"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?", "answer": "96,867"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?", "answer": "45,688"}, {"question": "What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?", "answer": "Fort Smith"}, {"question": "What state House bill would change Oklahoma's motto to 'Oklahoma - In God We Trust'?", "answer": "HCR 1024"}, {"question": "What was Oklahoma's state motto, before the state House bill might change it?", "answer": "Labor Omnia Vincit"}, {"question": "Why did the state House think they could change Oklahoma's motto?", "answer": "no \"official\" vote regarding \"Labor Omnia Vincit\""}, {"question": "In what geographic area was the country of India established?", "answer": "Indian subcontinent"}, {"question": "What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?", "answer": "Vedic Civilization"}, {"question": "Of what is Hinduism a combination?", "answer": "Indian cultures and traditions"}, {"question": "How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "two millennia"}, {"question": "What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?", "answer": "independence movement"}, {"question": "For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "75,000 years"}, {"question": "How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "500,000 years ago"}, {"question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "c. 3200 to 1300 BCE"}, {"question": "What was the first major civilization in South Asia?", "answer": "Indus Valley Civilization"}, {"question": "What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?", "answer": "2600 to 1900 BCE"}, {"question": "What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?", "answer": "Maurya Empire"}, {"question": "After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?", "answer": "Prakrit and Pali"}, {"question": "What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?", "answer": "Wootz steel"}, {"question": "What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?", "answer": "Golden Age of India"}, {"question": "What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? ", "answer": "Gupta"}, {"question": "Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?", "answer": "7th and 11th"}, {"question": "How long did the Tripartite struggle last?", "answer": "two centuries"}, {"question": "When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?", "answer": "seventh century"}, {"question": "What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?", "answer": "Chola dynasty"}, {"question": "What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?", "answer": "Hindu numerals"}, {"question": "What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?", "answer": "Central Asian Turks"}, {"question": "When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?", "answer": "late 14th century"}, {"question": "What belief system began in the 15th century?", "answer": "Sikhism"}, {"question": "What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?", "answer": "Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "During what century did the Mughal empire decline?", "answer": "early 18th century"}, {"question": "What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?", "answer": "British East India Company"}, {"question": "What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?", "answer": "Indian Rebellion"}, {"question": "After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?", "answer": "British Crown"}, {"question": "The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?", "answer": "infrastructure"}, {"question": "What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?", "answer": "Indian National Congress"}, {"question": "Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?", "answer": "Romila Thapar"}, {"question": "What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?", "answer": "social-economic"}, {"question": "What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?", "answer": "strong continuity"}, {"question": "What type of conquests were gradual in nature?", "answer": "Muslim conquests"}, {"question": "What part of India was never completely conquered?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?", "answer": "Middle Pleistocene"}, {"question": "What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?", "answer": "Homo erectus"}, {"question": "From how long ago do tools date in India?", "answer": "two million years"}, {"question": "Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?", "answer": "Soan River valley"}, {"question": "What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?", "answer": "palaeolithic hominid"}, {"question": "What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?", "answer": "Neolithic"}, {"question": "What happened in India during the Neolithic period?", "answer": "extensive settlement"}, {"question": "How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?", "answer": "12,000 years"}, {"question": "When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?", "answer": "9,000 years ago"}, {"question": "During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?", "answer": "7000\u20139000 BCE"}, {"question": "When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? ", "answer": "2600 to 1900 BCE"}, {"question": "What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?", "answer": "urban"}, {"question": "What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?", "answer": "municipal"}, {"question": "Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?", "answer": "brick"}, {"question": "How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?", "answer": "multistoreyed"}, {"question": "For what culture is the Vedic period named?", "answer": "Indo-Aryan"}, {"question": "Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?", "answer": "north-west India"}, {"question": "In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?", "answer": "Vedic Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?", "answer": "The Vedas"}, {"question": "What was the duration of the Vedic culture?", "answer": "1750 to 500 BCE"}, {"question": "When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?", "answer": "Rigvedic period"}, {"question": "Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?", "answer": "western Ganges plain"}, {"question": "What were the Aryan social classes called?", "answer": "varnas"}, {"question": "What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?", "answer": "occupations"}, {"question": "What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?", "answer": "small tribal units"}, {"question": "What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?", "answer": "Kuru kingdom"}, {"question": "What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?", "answer": "1200 \u2013 800 BCE"}, {"question": "At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?", "answer": "Iron Age"}, {"question": "What is the first Indian text to mention iron?", "answer": "Atharvaveda"}, {"question": "When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?", "answer": "Panchala"}, {"question": "What were the principle texts of Hinduism?", "answer": "Vedas"}, {"question": "In what language were the Vedas ?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What were the core epics of the Vedas?", "answer": "Ramayana and Mahabharata"}, {"question": "Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?", "answer": "Mahabharata"}, {"question": "On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?", "answer": "small-scale conflict"}, {"question": "What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?", "answer": "Shramana-movement"}, {"question": "What was the origins of the Shramana movement?", "answer": "Jainism and Buddhism"}, {"question": "During what time were the first Upanishads written?", "answer": "between 800 and 200 BCE"}, {"question": "What period started after 500 BCE?", "answer": "Second urbanization"}, {"question": "Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?", "answer": "Central Ganges Plain"}, {"question": "By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?", "answer": "later Vedic Age"}, {"question": "How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?", "answer": "sixteen monarchies"}, {"question": "What were the sixteen kingdoms called?", "answer": "Mahajanapadas"}, {"question": "What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?", "answer": "urbanism"}, {"question": "What was the first major urbanization in India?", "answer": "Indus Valley Civilisation"}, {"question": "Where was the Vajji confederation located?", "answer": "Vaishali"}, {"question": "How early did the small republic states exist in India?", "answer": "6th century BCE"}, {"question": "Until what century did the republic states endure in India?", "answer": "4th century CE"}, {"question": "In what language did the educated Indian speak?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What was the general population's common language ?", "answer": "Prakrits"}, {"question": "When were the earliest Upanishads composed?", "answer": "7th and 6th centuries BC"}, {"question": "Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?", "answer": "Vedanta"}, {"question": "What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "What worship system is central to Hinduism?", "answer": "Self"}, {"question": "What did the shramana movements challenge?", "answer": "orthodoxy of rituals"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Jainism?", "answer": "Mahavira"}, {"question": "What prominent icon founded Buddhism? ", "answer": "Buddha"}, {"question": "What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?", "answer": "Middle Way"}, {"question": "What belief system taught the idea of samsara?", "answer": "Shramana"}, {"question": "Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?", "answer": "Mah\u0101-Janapadas"}, {"question": "How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?", "answer": "Great Countries"}, {"question": "Where was the center of Magadha?", "answer": "Bihar"}, {"question": "Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?", "answer": "Vedic texts"}, {"question": "What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?", "answer": "600 BC."}, {"question": "Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?", "answer": "Atharva-Veda"}, {"question": "In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?", "answer": "Jainism and Buddhism"}, {"question": "Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?", "answer": "Magadha"}, {"question": "Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?", "answer": "Golden Age"}, {"question": "What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?", "answer": "Gramakas"}, {"question": "What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?", "answer": "Cyrus the Great"}, {"question": "By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "Persian Achaemenid Empire"}, {"question": "What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?", "answer": "Darius I of Persia"}, {"question": "How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?", "answer": "two centuries"}, {"question": "What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?", "answer": "mercenaries"}, {"question": "When did Alexander the Great reach India?", "answer": "326 BC"}, {"question": "Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?", "answer": "King Porus"}, {"question": "At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?", "answer": "Battle of the Hydaspes"}, {"question": "Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?", "answer": "Hyphasis"}, {"question": "The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?", "answer": "Nanda Empire"}, {"question": "What was the first empire to unify India?", "answer": "Maurya Empire"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?", "answer": "322\u2013185 BCE"}, {"question": "Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?", "answer": "Chandragupta Maurya"}, {"question": "What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?", "answer": "Nanda Dynasty"}, {"question": "In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?", "answer": "297 BC"}, {"question": "What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?", "answer": "Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka"}, {"question": "What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?", "answer": "Northern Black Polished Ware"}, {"question": "What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?", "answer": "Wootz steel"}, {"question": "To where was wootz steel exported?", "answer": "China and Arabia"}, {"question": "What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? ", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "During what period did Tamil literature thrive?", "answer": "Sangam period"}, {"question": "How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What was the extent of the Sangam period?", "answer": "3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE"}, {"question": "In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?", "answer": "southern India"}, {"question": "How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?", "answer": "non-Brahmins"}, {"question": "What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?", "answer": "\u015a\u0101tav\u0101hana Empire"}, {"question": "Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?", "answer": "Hinduism and Buddhism"}, {"question": "What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?", "answer": "coins"}, {"question": "When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?", "answer": "3rd century CE"}, {"question": "From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?", "answer": "foreign invaders"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?", "answer": "187 to 78 BCE"}, {"question": "Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?", "answer": "Pushyamitra Shunga"}, {"question": "How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?", "answer": "36 years"}, {"question": "What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?", "answer": "Brahmi"}, {"question": "What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?", "answer": "sponsorship of learning and art"}, {"question": "What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?", "answer": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a"}, {"question": "What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? ", "answer": "Ashoka"}, {"question": "In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?", "answer": "maritime"}, {"question": "What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?", "answer": "trade routes"}, {"question": "What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?", "answer": "Kh\u0101rab\u0113\u1e37a"}, {"question": "From what area did the Kushan Empire come?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?", "answer": "Kujula Kadphises"}, {"question": "In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?", "answer": "1st century CE"}, {"question": "What was the language base of the Kushans?", "answer": "Indo-European"}, {"question": "What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka", "answer": "northern India"}, {"question": "By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?", "answer": "Classical India"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?", "answer": "c. 320\u2013550 CE"}, {"question": "What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?", "answer": "Golden Age of India"}, {"question": "What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?", "answer": "Hindu culture"}, {"question": "What numeral system originated in India?", "answer": "Hindu-Arabic"}, {"question": "What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?", "answer": "Indian culture"}, {"question": "Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?", "answer": "first three rulers"}, {"question": "What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?", "answer": "Strong trade ties"}, {"question": "What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?", "answer": "nearby kingdoms"}, {"question": "During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?", "answer": "345 \u2013 525 CE"}, {"question": "Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?", "answer": "Karnataka, India"}, {"question": "What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?", "answer": "King Kakushtavarma"}, {"question": "Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?", "answer": "Mayurasharma"}, {"question": "What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?", "answer": "Gupta Dynasty"}, {"question": "What type of trib were the Hephthalites?", "answer": "nomadic confederation"}, {"question": "Where did the White Huns roam?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "In what country did the White Huns settle?", "answer": "Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? ", "answer": "Pakistan and North India"}, {"question": "In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?", "answer": "middle of the 6th century"}, {"question": "To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?", "answer": "Maharaja"}, {"question": "When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?", "answer": "April 606"}, {"question": "To what religion had Harsha been converted?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries", "answer": "\u015arauta sacrifices"}, {"question": "What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?", "answer": "Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism"}, {"question": "In what century was Harsha's rule? ", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?", "answer": "collapsed"}, {"question": "What area did Harsha unite during his reign?", "answer": "northern India"}, {"question": "What cults weakened Buddhism in India?", "answer": "Vishnu and Shiva"}, {"question": "What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?", "answer": "Hindu gods"}, {"question": "What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?", "answer": "monumental"}, {"question": "What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?", "answer": "elaborate"}, {"question": "By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?", "answer": "6th century"}, {"question": "What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?", "answer": "Prithvi Raj Chauhan"}, {"question": "In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?", "answer": "11th century"}, {"question": "Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?", "answer": "Lalitaditya Muktapida"}, {"question": "When did the Chalukya Empire rule?", "answer": "6th and the 12th centuries"}, {"question": "What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?", "answer": "southern and central"}, {"question": "What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? ", "answer": "Chalukyan architecture"}, {"question": "When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?", "answer": "550 and 750"}, {"question": "When was the second reign of Chalukyans?", "answer": "970 and 1190"}, {"question": "When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?", "answer": "753"}, {"question": "In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?", "answer": "Manyakheta"}, {"question": "What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?", "answer": "Jainism"}, {"question": "What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?", "answer": "Amoghavarsha"}, {"question": "During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?", "answer": "750\u20131174 CE"}, {"question": "What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?", "answer": "golden era of Bengal"}, {"question": "What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?", "answer": "Nalanda"}, {"question": "What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?", "answer": "Gopala I"}, {"question": "What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?", "answer": "South India"}, {"question": "What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?", "answer": "military, economic and cultural"}, {"question": "In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?", "answer": "whole of Southern India"}, {"question": "In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? ", "answer": "Monumental"}, {"question": "From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? ", "answer": "sea power"}, {"question": "During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?", "answer": "10th and 12th"}, {"question": "What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?", "answer": "transitional"}, {"question": "Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?", "answer": "central Karnataka"}, {"question": "What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?", "answer": "native language"}, {"question": "Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?", "answer": "Sanskrit"}, {"question": "What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?", "answer": "Muslims"}, {"question": "What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?", "answer": "Arab Umayyad Caliphate"}, {"question": "Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?", "answer": "Raja Dahir"}, {"question": "What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?", "answer": "Muhammad bin Qasim"}, {"question": "How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? ", "answer": "difficult"}, {"question": "In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?", "answer": "712"}, {"question": "Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?", "answer": "Hindu kings"}, {"question": "In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?", "answer": "Sindh in Pakistan"}, {"question": "When was the Arab invasion repulsed?", "answer": "early 8th century"}, {"question": "Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?", "answer": "Al-Mansurah"}, {"question": "In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?", "answer": "Afghanistan and Pakistan"}, {"question": "What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? ", "answer": "trading communities"}, {"question": "Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?", "answer": "western coast"}, {"question": "From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?", "answer": "Arabian peninsula"}, {"question": "Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?", "answer": "Judaism and Christianity"}, {"question": "Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?", "answer": "Kushan"}, {"question": "How many eras are the Shahis divided into?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?", "answer": "870"}, {"question": "What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?", "answer": "Kabul Shahan"}, {"question": "In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?", "answer": "consolidation of the Ghaznavids"}, {"question": "What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?", "answer": "Ghazni"}, {"question": "Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?", "answer": "Sebuk Tigin"}, {"question": "What part of the area did Jayapala lose?", "answer": "Kabul Valley and Indus River"}, {"question": "What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?", "answer": "defaulted"}, {"question": "In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?", "answer": "1001"}, {"question": "Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?", "answer": "Battle of Peshawar"}, {"question": "What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?", "answer": "committed suicide"}, {"question": "Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?", "answer": "Shahi dynasty"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of Ghazni?", "answer": "Mahmud of Ghazni"}, {"question": "From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?", "answer": "Muslim intrusions"}, {"question": "Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?", "answer": "assimilated"}, {"question": "What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?", "answer": "Islamic identity"}, {"question": "What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?", "answer": "mixed"}, {"question": "What conquered large areas of northern India?", "answer": "Slave dynasty of Delhi"}, {"question": "What dynasty captured most of central India?", "answer": "Khilji dynasty"}, {"question": "What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? ", "answer": "Urdu"}, {"question": "Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?", "answer": "Razia Sultana"}, {"question": "By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?", "answer": "Indo-Muslim"}, {"question": "What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?", "answer": "Timur"}, {"question": "On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?", "answer": "17 December 1398"}, {"question": "In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?", "answer": "in ruins"}, {"question": "How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?", "answer": "sayyids"}, {"question": "In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?", "answer": "1336"}, {"question": "At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?", "answer": "Hampi"}, {"question": "What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? ", "answer": "Madhava of Sangamagrama"}, {"question": "When was the Kerala school established?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?", "answer": "Delhi Sultanate"}, {"question": "What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?", "answer": "Vijayanagar Empire"}, {"question": "What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?", "answer": "Rajputs"}, {"question": "Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?", "answer": "six centuries"}, {"question": "What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?", "answer": "Vijayanagara Empire"}, {"question": "What kingdom came to power in Assam?", "answer": "Ahom Kingdom"}, {"question": "What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?", "answer": "1228\u20131826"}, {"question": "What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?", "answer": "British rule"}, {"question": "With what religion did the Ahom merge?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?", "answer": "Muslim rulers of Delhi"}, {"question": "What empire did Babur found in northern India?", "answer": "Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?", "answer": "Sher Shah Suri"}, {"question": "Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?", "answer": "Afghan"}, {"question": "At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?", "answer": "Second Battle of Panipat"}, {"question": "By what route did Babur enter India?", "answer": "Khyber Pass"}, {"question": "By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?", "answer": "1600"}, {"question": "What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?", "answer": "Taj Mahal"}, {"question": "During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?", "answer": "Aurangzeb"}, {"question": "What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?", "answer": "Maratha military resurgence"}, {"question": "What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?", "answer": "Mughal architecture"}, {"question": "What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?", "answer": "Marathas and Afghans"}, {"question": "Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?", "answer": "Maratha general Bajirao"}, {"question": "Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?", "answer": "Nizam-ul-mulk"}, {"question": "What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?", "answer": "Bhopal"}, {"question": "What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?", "answer": "1857 War of Independence"}, {"question": "What was the richest of all the dynasties?", "answer": "The Mughals"}, {"question": "What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? ", "answer": "integration with Indian culture"}, {"question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?", "answer": "emperor Akbar"}, {"question": "Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?", "answer": "Aurangazeb"}, {"question": "With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?", "answer": "ancient Indian"}, {"question": "The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?", "answer": "Maratha suzerainty"}, {"question": "What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?", "answer": "Maratha confederacy"}, {"question": "Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?", "answer": "Chatrapati Shivaji"}, {"question": "What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?", "answer": "great constructive genius"}, {"question": "Who made the Marathas a strong power?", "answer": "Peshwa Bajirao I"}, {"question": "By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?", "answer": "early 18th century"}, {"question": "Who ruled the Maratha Empire?", "answer": "Peshwas"}, {"question": "What were Peshwas?", "answer": "prime ministers"}, {"question": "By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?", "answer": "1760"}, {"question": "In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?", "answer": "Sikh religion"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?", "answer": "1799 to 1849"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Punjabis? ", "answer": "Maharaja Ranjit Singh"}, {"question": "On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? ", "answer": "Sikh army"}, {"question": "Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?", "answer": "Marathas"}, {"question": "What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?", "answer": "Wodeyar"}, {"question": "What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?", "answer": "British and Marathas"}, {"question": "What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?", "answer": "Hyder Ali"}, {"question": "In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?", "answer": "Ceylon"}, {"question": "Where did the British initially establish a trading base?", "answer": "port of Surat"}, {"question": "What was the third European country to establish trading with India?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?", "answer": "internal conflicts"}, {"question": "To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?", "answer": "Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah"}, {"question": "What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?", "answer": "Robert Clive"}, {"question": "What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?", "answer": "feudal"}, {"question": "How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?", "answer": "monopolized"}, {"question": "What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?", "answer": "Carnatic"}, {"question": "During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?", "answer": "1766\u20131799"}, {"question": "When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?", "answer": "1772\u20131818"}, {"question": "To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?", "answer": "Dogra Dynasty of Jammu"}, {"question": "After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?", "answer": "princely state"}, {"question": "What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?", "answer": "Company's rule"}, {"question": "What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?", "answer": "brutally suppressed"}, {"question": "What force took control of the company and the situation?", "answer": "British government"}, {"question": "What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?", "answer": "full control"}, {"question": "What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?", "answer": "grievances"}, {"question": "To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?", "answer": "British Crown"}, {"question": "How did Britain govern the vast area of India?", "answer": "provinces"}, {"question": "Over what did Britain have direct control?", "answer": "Company's lands"}, {"question": "What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?", "answer": "indirect influence"}, {"question": "How many princely states were there in India in 1947?", "answer": "565"}, {"question": "What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?", "answer": "infrastructure"}, {"question": "What new law was created?", "answer": "Indian Penal Code"}, {"question": "Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?", "answer": "Thomas Babington Macaulay"}, {"question": "When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?", "answer": "infrastructure"}, {"question": "What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?", "answer": "Lord Curzon"}, {"question": "What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What movement did the division of Bengal start?", "answer": "anti-colonial"}, {"question": "What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?", "answer": "Indian National Congress"}, {"question": "What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?", "answer": "Bengali Renaissance"}, {"question": "What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?", "answer": "English educated Bengali Hindus"}, {"question": "With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?", "answer": "Raja Ram Mohan Roy"}, {"question": "With whom was it said the the movement ended?", "answer": "Rabindranath Tagore"}, {"question": "From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?", "answer": "medieval' to the 'modern"}, {"question": "What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?", "answer": "Renaissance in Europe"}, {"question": "What did the Movement question?", "answer": "existing orthodoxies"}, {"question": "What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?", "answer": "Young Bengal"}, {"question": "What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?", "answer": "rationalism and atheism"}, {"question": "What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?", "answer": "minds and intellect"}, {"question": "What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?", "answer": "famines"}, {"question": "How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?", "answer": "6.1 million to 10.3 million"}, {"question": "When did the Great Famine happen?", "answer": "1876\u201378"}, {"question": "How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?", "answer": "1.25 to 10 million"}, {"question": "What killed 10 million people in India?", "answer": "Third Plague Pandemic"}, {"question": "What movement rose in the 19th century?", "answer": "Indian nationalism"}, {"question": "What did Indian first want as government?", "answer": "self-rule"}, {"question": "What did Indians finally begin to demand?", "answer": "complete independence"}, {"question": "What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?", "answer": "causes"}, {"question": "What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?", "answer": "Probable reasons"}, {"question": "What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?", "answer": "councillors"}, {"question": "When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What more local councils were set up?", "answer": "Provincial Councils"}, {"question": "Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What were the troops in the British Indian Army?", "answer": "minority groups"}, {"question": "What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?", "answer": "Bal Gangadhar Tilak"}, {"question": "What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?", "answer": "three big provinces"}, {"question": "How was the Congress split in 1907?", "answer": "two factions"}, {"question": "Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?", "answer": "The radicals"}, {"question": "Which faction wanted reform within British rule?", "answer": "The moderates"}, {"question": "What leader started a mass movement against British rule?", "answer": "Mahatma Gandhi"}, {"question": "What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?", "answer": "peaceful"}, {"question": "What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?", "answer": "Indian National Army"}, {"question": "On what date did India gain its independence?", "answer": "15 August 1947"}, {"question": "What action did the movements combine to produce?", "answer": "Government of India Act 1935"}, {"question": "What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?", "answer": "minority"}, {"question": "What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?", "answer": "Hindu rule"}, {"question": "What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?", "answer": "interim government"}, {"question": "How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?", "answer": "12 million"}, {"question": "What number president of Egypt was Nasser?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "In what year did Nasser become president?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "In what year did Nasser die?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What type of government did Nasser overthrow?", "answer": "monarchy"}, {"question": "How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?", "answer": "five million"}, {"question": "What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?", "answer": "Suez Canal"}, {"question": "What organization did Nasser create with Syria?", "answer": "United Arab Republic"}, {"question": "What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?", "answer": "North Yemen Civil War"}, {"question": "In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.", "answer": "Aswan Dam and Helwan City"}, {"question": "What century did Nasser rule in?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "What was nasser's position toward imperialism?", "answer": "anti-imperialist"}, {"question": "How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?", "answer": "human rights violations"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's father's occupation?", "answer": "postal worker"}, {"question": "In what city was Nasser raised?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What year was Nasser born?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?", "answer": "Glory of the Arabs"}, {"question": "What siblings did Nasser have?", "answer": "two more boys"}, {"question": "What elementary school did Nasser attend?", "answer": "Attarin"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser go to boarding school?", "answer": "Helwan"}, {"question": "What secondary school did Nasser attend?", "answer": "Ras el-Tin"}, {"question": "Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?", "answer": "Manshia Square"}, {"question": "What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?", "answer": "Young Egypt Society"}, {"question": "What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?", "answer": "al-Nahda al-Masria"}, {"question": "What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?", "answer": "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom"}, {"question": "What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?", "answer": "British rule"}, {"question": "How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?", "answer": "constitution"}, {"question": "How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "What treaty did Nasser object to?", "answer": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}, {"question": "What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?", "answer": "British military bases"}, {"question": "What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?", "answer": "declined significantly"}, {"question": "From where did Nasser graduate?", "answer": "al-Nahda"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do in his spare time?", "answer": "reading"}, {"question": "What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?", "answer": "National Library of Egypt"}, {"question": "What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?", "answer": "Egyptian society's class divisions"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?", "answer": "well below the wealthy Egyptian elite"}, {"question": "What kind of biographies did Nasser read?", "answer": "nationalist leaders"}, {"question": "What political theory fascinated Nasser?", "answer": "Egyptian nationalism"}, {"question": "What politician did Nasser admire?", "answer": "Mustafa Kamel"}, {"question": "What poet did Nasser read?", "answer": "Ahmed Shawqi"}, {"question": "What novel influenced Nasser greatly?", "answer": "Return of the Spirit"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?", "answer": "Royal Military Academy"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's goal?", "answer": "a military career"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser apply in 1937?", "answer": "Royal Military Academy"}, {"question": "Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?", "answer": "record of anti-government protest"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser attend law school?", "answer": "King Fuad University"}, {"question": "How long did Nasser attend law school?", "answer": "one semester"}, {"question": "What's another term for influential intermediary?", "answer": "wasta"}, {"question": "Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?", "answer": "Khairy Pasha"}, {"question": "What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?", "answer": "Sadat and Amer"}, {"question": "What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?", "answer": "widespread corruption"}, {"question": "What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?", "answer": "monarchy"}, {"question": "In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?", "answer": "instructor"}, {"question": "Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?", "answer": "British Ambassador Miles Lampson"}, {"question": "What political group was Nasser associated with?", "answer": "nationalist"}, {"question": "Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?", "answer": "Amer"}, {"question": "Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?", "answer": "Palestine"}, {"question": "In what unit did Nasser serve?", "answer": "6th Infantry Battalion"}, {"question": "How badly was Nasser wounded?", "answer": "lightly"}, {"question": "What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?", "answer": "Israeli"}, {"question": "What territory was given to Israel?", "answer": "Faluja"}, {"question": "What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?", "answer": "Umm Kulthum"}, {"question": "What book did Nasser start writing?", "answer": "Philosophy of the Revolution"}, {"question": "What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?", "answer": "royal government"}, {"question": "Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?", "answer": "monarchy"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do after the war ended?", "answer": "instructor at the Royal Military Academy"}, {"question": "What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?", "answer": "religious agenda"}, {"question": "How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?", "answer": "humiliating"}, {"question": "What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?", "answer": "Eilat"}, {"question": "What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?", "answer": "Syrian"}, {"question": "Who questioned Nasser?", "answer": "Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?", "answer": "convincingly denied the allegations"}, {"question": "What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?", "answer": "speed up his group's activities"}, {"question": "What group boycotted the 1950 elections?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What party advanced in the 1950 elections?", "answer": "Wafd"}, {"question": "What were Wafd members accused of?", "answer": "corruption"}, {"question": "What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?", "answer": "Free Officers"}, {"question": "How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?", "answer": "nearly two years"}, {"question": "What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?", "answer": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?", "answer": "Hussein Sirri Amer"}, {"question": "Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?", "answer": "Hassan Ibrahim"}, {"question": "What was general Amer's political affiliation?", "answer": "royalist"}, {"question": "Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?", "answer": "an innocent female passerby"}, {"question": "Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?", "answer": "Sirri Amer"}, {"question": "Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?", "answer": "Muhammad Naguib"}, {"question": "How many times was Naguib wounded?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?", "answer": "al-Misri"}, {"question": "In what war was Naguib wounded?", "answer": "Palestine War"}, {"question": "In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? ", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?", "answer": "Ismailia"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?", "answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}, {"question": "What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?", "answer": "feudalism"}, {"question": "What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?", "answer": "parliamentary democracy"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?", "answer": "General Naguib"}, {"question": "What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?", "answer": "exile"}, {"question": "What did Nasser wear during the coup?", "answer": "civilian clothing"}, {"question": "What day did the revolution begin?", "answer": "22 July"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?", "answer": "Naguib"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?", "answer": "civilians"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?", "answer": "Ali Maher"}, {"question": "What new name did the Free Officers take?", "answer": "Revolutionary Command Council"}, {"question": "What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?", "answer": "Agrarian Reform Law"}, {"question": "What group rioted at the textile factories?", "answer": "communist"}, {"question": "How many people died in the textile factory riots?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What group supported the RCC?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?", "answer": "opposed"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?", "answer": "secretary-general"}, {"question": "What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?", "answer": "all political parties"}, {"question": "What was Nasser alone in supporting?", "answer": "parliamentary elections"}, {"question": "What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?", "answer": "British withdrawal from the Suez Canal"}, {"question": "Who resigned in 1954?", "answer": "Naguib"}, {"question": "What two positions did Nasser assume?", "answer": "RCC chairman and prime minister"}, {"question": "What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?", "answer": "Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?", "answer": "imprisonment"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?", "answer": "Amer"}, {"question": "What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?", "answer": "transport workers"}, {"question": "What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?", "answer": "Free Officers"}, {"question": "Who was sent to Switzerland?", "answer": "Mohieddin"}, {"question": "What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?", "answer": "assassination attempt"}, {"question": "To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?", "answer": "Brotherhood"}, {"question": "Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?", "answer": "Sayyid Qutb"}, {"question": "Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?", "answer": "house arrest"}, {"question": "Who assumed total control of Egypt?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What was too small to keep Nasser in power?", "answer": "street following"}, {"question": "What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?", "answer": "press"}, {"question": "Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?", "answer": "singers"}, {"question": "What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?", "answer": "\"Arab homeland\" and \"Arab nation\""}, {"question": "In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What territory did Israel attack in 1955?", "answer": "Gaza Strip"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?", "answer": "did not retaliate militarily"}, {"question": "How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?", "answer": "a blow to his growing popularity"}, {"question": "What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?", "answer": "blockade on Israeli shipping"}, {"question": "What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?", "answer": "Baghdad Pact"}, {"question": "What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?", "answer": "modern weaponry"}, {"question": "From what country did Nasser buy arms?", "answer": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?", "answer": "US$320,000,000"}, {"question": "How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?", "answer": "equalized"}, {"question": "What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?", "answer": "Final Communique"}, {"question": "From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?", "answer": "right of return"}, {"question": "What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?", "answer": "UN"}, {"question": "What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?", "answer": "positive neutralism"}, {"question": "What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?", "answer": "welcomed by large crowds"}, {"question": "How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?", "answer": "heralded"}, {"question": "In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?", "answer": "single-party system"}, {"question": "What was the dominant political party? ", "answer": "National Union"}, {"question": "From what group did the National Union originate?", "answer": "Liberation Rally"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?", "answer": "citizens"}, {"question": "Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?", "answer": "RCC"}, {"question": "Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? ", "answer": "sidelining"}, {"question": "What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?", "answer": "high-ranking positions in the cabinet"}, {"question": "With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?", "answer": "UK and France"}, {"question": "What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?", "answer": "Aswan Dam"}, {"question": "What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?", "answer": "Algerian"}, {"question": "The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?", "answer": "Baghdad Pact"}, {"question": "How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?", "answer": "took great offense"}, {"question": "What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? ", "answer": "Suez Canal"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?", "answer": "unaware"}, {"question": "When did the last British troops leave Egypt?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?", "answer": "fund the Aswan Dam"}, {"question": "How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?", "answer": "existing stockholders"}, {"question": "What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?", "answer": "support"}, {"question": "What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?", "answer": "Israeli"}, {"question": "What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?", "answer": "Henry A. Byroade"}, {"question": "Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?", "answer": "not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World"}, {"question": "What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?", "answer": "France and the UK"}, {"question": "What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?", "answer": "UN Security Council"}, {"question": "What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?", "answer": "topple"}, {"question": "In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What did the British and French air forces bomb?", "answer": "Egyptian airfields in the canal zone"}, {"question": "What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?", "answer": "Port Said"}, {"question": "Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?", "answer": "Amer"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do to the canal?", "answer": "blockage"}, {"question": "How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?", "answer": "civilian volunteers"}, {"question": "Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?", "answer": "Salah Salem"}, {"question": "What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?", "answer": "undamaged"}, {"question": "How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?", "answer": "Between 750 and 1,000"}, {"question": "What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?", "answer": "Port Said"}, {"question": "In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?", "answer": "shattered"}, {"question": "Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?", "answer": "British-French forces"}, {"question": "What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "What leader did Nasser applaud?", "answer": "Eisenhower"}, {"question": "What military force was brought in to calm the situation?", "answer": "United Nations Emergency Force"}, {"question": "What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?", "answer": "rigorous requirements for residency"}, {"question": "What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?", "answer": "Voice of the Arabs"}, {"question": "What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?", "answer": "Nasserites"}, {"question": "What did the admirers of Nasser lack?", "answer": "structure and organization"}, {"question": "Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?", "answer": "Eugene Rogan"}, {"question": "What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?", "answer": "Arab nationalists"}, {"question": "What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?", "answer": "Eisenhower Doctrine"}, {"question": "When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?", "answer": "King Saud"}, {"question": "What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?", "answer": "Jordan"}, {"question": "Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?", "answer": "pan-Arabism"}, {"question": "What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?", "answer": "King Hussein"}, {"question": "What did Nasser call King Hussein?", "answer": "a tool of the imperialists"}, {"question": "What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?", "answer": "King Saud"}, {"question": "Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?", "answer": "citizens"}, {"question": "What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?", "answer": "British and French"}, {"question": "How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?", "answer": "Helwan steelworks"}, {"question": "What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?", "answer": "Aswan Dam"}, {"question": "What country wanted to join with Egypt?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?", "answer": "communists"}, {"question": "What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?", "answer": "United Arab Republic"}, {"question": "What year was the UAR formed?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Who tried to assassinate Nasser?", "answer": "King Saud"}, {"question": "How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?", "answer": "shoot down Nasser's plane"}, {"question": "Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?", "answer": "King Faisal"}, {"question": "What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?", "answer": "opponent"}, {"question": "How many members were in the National Assembly?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?", "answer": "Khrushchev"}, {"question": "What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?", "answer": "Communist Party"}, {"question": "Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?", "answer": "Boghdadi and Amer"}, {"question": "Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?", "answer": "Camille Chamoun"}, {"question": "What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?", "answer": "to unite with the UAR"}, {"question": "What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?", "answer": "a second presidential term"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?", "answer": "Sarraj"}, {"question": "What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?", "answer": "limited"}, {"question": "What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?", "answer": "Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref"}, {"question": "What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?", "answer": "Nuri al-Said"}, {"question": "Where did US Marines land?", "answer": "Lebanon"}, {"question": "Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?", "answer": "to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces"}, {"question": "How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?", "answer": "unblocked"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?", "answer": "Sarraj"}, {"question": "What was Syria like under Sarraj?", "answer": "police state"}, {"question": "Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?", "answer": "Fuad Chehab"}, {"question": "How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?", "answer": "improved considerably"}, {"question": "In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What Iraqi leader clashed with Nasser?", "answer": "Qasim"}, {"question": "What did Quasm do to anger Nasser?", "answer": "suppressed a rebellion in Mosul"}, {"question": "What did Nasser suppress as a result?", "answer": "Egyptian communist activity"}, {"question": "What old ally did Nasser turn against?", "answer": "Khaled Mohieddin"}, {"question": "What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?", "answer": "elites"}, {"question": "How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?", "answer": "worsening"}, {"question": "How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?", "answer": "nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?", "answer": "dismissed"}, {"question": "What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?", "answer": "press"}, {"question": "What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?", "answer": "secessionist army units"}, {"question": "In what year did Syria leave the UAR?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?", "answer": "Latakia"}, {"question": "What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?", "answer": "nervous breakdown"}, {"question": "How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?", "answer": "his health began to deteriorate"}, {"question": "What country experienced a coup in 1962?", "answer": "North Yemen"}, {"question": "What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?", "answer": "the new government"}, {"question": "In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?", "answer": "miscalculation"}, {"question": "What groups completed a coup in Iraq?", "answer": "Ba'athist\u2013Nasserist alliance"}, {"question": "Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?", "answer": "Abdel Salam Aref"}, {"question": "What caused the agreement to fail?", "answer": "Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters"}, {"question": "How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?", "answer": "fascists"}, {"question": "What river did the Israelis want to divert?", "answer": "Jordan River"}, {"question": "How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?", "answer": "act of war"}, {"question": "What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?", "answer": "King Hussein"}, {"question": "What organization was formed as a result of the talks?", "answer": "Palestine Liberation Organization"}, {"question": "Who was set to lead the PLO?", "answer": "Ahmad Shukeiri"}, {"question": "In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?", "answer": "Cold War"}, {"question": "What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?", "answer": "African"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser give asylum to?", "answer": "anti-colonial leaders from several African countries"}, {"question": "What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?", "answer": "anti-colonial propaganda"}, {"question": "What African group did Nasser help to form?", "answer": "Organisation of African Unity"}, {"question": "What year was the OAU formed?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?", "answer": "Islamic and socialist"}, {"question": "What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?", "answer": "al-Azhar"}, {"question": "What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?", "answer": "Presidential Council"}, {"question": "As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?", "answer": "merit"}, {"question": "Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?", "answer": "Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him"}, {"question": "What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?", "answer": "Amer"}, {"question": "What was the Presidential Council meant to do?", "answer": "approve all senior military appointments"}, {"question": "From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?", "answer": "Amer"}, {"question": "Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?", "answer": "directly confronting Nasser"}, {"question": "How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?", "answer": "painkillers"}, {"question": "From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?", "answer": "diabetes"}, {"question": "What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?", "answer": "socialism"}, {"question": "What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?", "answer": "National Charter"}, {"question": "What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?", "answer": "widening the Suez Canal"}, {"question": "What year was the National Charter released?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?", "answer": "universal"}, {"question": "What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?", "answer": "51"}, {"question": "What was the new name for the National Union?", "answer": "Arab Socialist Union"}, {"question": "What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?", "answer": "repression"}, {"question": "What group was targeted with imprisonment?", "answer": "Islamists"}, {"question": "How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?", "answer": "submit their resignations in protest"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?", "answer": "He was the only candidate"}, {"question": "The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What was Qutb's sentence?", "answer": "executed"}, {"question": "What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?", "answer": "private sector"}, {"question": "How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?", "answer": "from sluggishness to the verge of collapse"}, {"question": "What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?", "answer": "dispatch troops to Sinai"}, {"question": "What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?", "answer": "Israeli-American"}, {"question": "What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?", "answer": "West Bank"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?", "answer": "Straits of Tiran"}, {"question": "Who was Nassir's vice president?", "answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}, {"question": "How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?", "answer": "diplomacy towards a ceasefire"}, {"question": "What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?", "answer": "Jordan"}, {"question": "What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?", "answer": "Sharm el-Sheikh"}, {"question": "What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?", "answer": "Nasser\u2013Amer"}, {"question": "What did Nasser dismiss during the war?", "answer": "rational analysis"}, {"question": "What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?", "answer": "imminent Arab victory"}, {"question": "What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?", "answer": "9 June"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do about his position as President?", "answer": "announced his resignation"}, {"question": "Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?", "answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?", "answer": "retracted his decision"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?", "answer": "Mohamed Fawzi"}, {"question": "How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?", "answer": "suicide"}, {"question": "How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?", "answer": "depoliticizing the armed forces"}, {"question": "What loyalists did Nasser target?", "answer": "figures loyal to Amer"}, {"question": "Where was the Arab League summit held?", "answer": "Khartoum"}, {"question": "What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?", "answer": "King Faisal"}, {"question": "What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?", "answer": "Khartoum Resolution"}, {"question": "What nation granted military aid to Egypt?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?", "answer": "UN Resolution 242"}, {"question": "What new positions did Nasser give himself ?", "answer": "prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces"}, {"question": "When did students protest for political reforms?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?", "answer": "Arab Socialist Union"}, {"question": "What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?", "answer": "external"}, {"question": "What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?", "answer": "ASU"}, {"question": "What trend was Nasser trying to cause?", "answer": "liberalization"}, {"question": "How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?", "answer": "unfulfilled"}, {"question": "How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?", "answer": "War of Attrition"}, {"question": "In what year did the War of Attrition begin?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Who led the Fatah movement?", "answer": "Yasser Arafat"}, {"question": "In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?", "answer": "Battle of Karameh"}, {"question": "To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?", "answer": "Arafat"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?", "answer": "build a network of internal defenses"}, {"question": "When did the war start up again?", "answer": "March 1969"}, {"question": "What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?", "answer": "PLO and the Lebanese military"}, {"question": "Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?", "answer": "Palestinian guerrillas"}, {"question": "What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?", "answer": "Rogers Plan"}, {"question": "Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?", "answer": "recapturing the Suez Canal"}, {"question": "How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?", "answer": "surrender"}, {"question": "What did Nasser move to the canal zone?", "answer": "SAM missiles"}, {"question": "When did Nasser die?", "answer": "28 September 1970"}, {"question": "How did Nasser die?", "answer": "heart attack"}, {"question": "Who was with Nasser when he died?", "answer": "Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia"}, {"question": "What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?", "answer": "heart attacks"}, {"question": "How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?", "answer": "in their fifties"}, {"question": "How many people attended Nasser's funeral?", "answer": "at least five million"}, {"question": "At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?", "answer": "the old RCC headquarters"}, {"question": "Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?", "answer": "Saudi King Faisal"}, {"question": "What leader twice fainted during the funeral?", "answer": "Muammar Gaddafi"}, {"question": "Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?", "answer": "Alexei Kosygin"}, {"question": "How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?", "answer": "Over a dozen"}, {"question": "How many people marched in Jerusalem?", "answer": "75,000"}, {"question": "Who said, \"The world will never again see five million people crying together?\"", "answer": "Sherif Hetata"}, {"question": "What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?", "answer": "orphans"}, {"question": "What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?", "answer": "British influence"}, {"question": "What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?", "answer": "social justice"}, {"question": "How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?", "answer": "improved considerably"}, {"question": "What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?", "answer": "war effort"}, {"question": "What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?", "answer": "agrarian"}, {"question": "What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?", "answer": "Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam"}, {"question": "How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?", "answer": "golden age"}, {"question": "What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?", "answer": "Suez Canal"}, {"question": "What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?", "answer": "Nasserist"}, {"question": "What was the first Nasserist political party?", "answer": "Arab Democratic Nasserist Party"}, {"question": "What party came in third in the 2013 election?", "answer": "Sabahi"}, {"question": "What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?", "answer": "United Nasserist Party"}, {"question": "What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?", "answer": "availability to the public"}, {"question": "How many speeches did Nasser give?", "answer": "1,359"}, {"question": "Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?", "answer": "press"}, {"question": "Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?", "answer": "Egyptian intellectuals"}, {"question": "What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?", "answer": "Six-Day War"}, {"question": "During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?", "answer": "Mubarak"}, {"question": "What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?", "answer": "national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture"}, {"question": "Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?", "answer": "dictator"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?", "answer": "dissidents"}, {"question": "What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?", "answer": "confused Sultan"}, {"question": "What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?", "answer": "New Wafd Party"}, {"question": "Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?", "answer": "Alaa al-Din Desouki"}, {"question": "To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?", "answer": "successful manipulation and demagoguery"}, {"question": "What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?", "answer": "intermediaries"}, {"question": "What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?", "answer": "strong political institutions"}, {"question": "Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?", "answer": "Abd al-Azim Ramadan"}, {"question": "Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?", "answer": "Miles Copeland, Jr"}, {"question": "Who was Nasser's vice president?", "answer": "Zakaria Mohieddin"}, {"question": "What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?", "answer": "bluffing"}, {"question": "What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?", "answer": "gradually changed"}, {"question": "What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?", "answer": "diabetes"}, {"question": "What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?", "answer": "seek good relations with Egypt"}, {"question": "What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?", "answer": "several nationalist revolutions"}, {"question": "What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?", "answer": "communicated directly with the public masses"}, {"question": "What did Nasser symbolize?", "answer": "the popular Arab will"}, {"question": "Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?", "answer": "Ben Bella"}, {"question": "What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?", "answer": "Abdullah al-Sallal"}, {"question": "Which leader considered Nasser his hero?", "answer": "Muammar Gaddafi"}, {"question": "What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?", "answer": "Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry"}, {"question": "What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?", "answer": "Arab Nationalist Movement"}, {"question": "What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?", "answer": "El Nasser Salah El Dine"}, {"question": "What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?", "answer": "Nasser 56"}, {"question": "What was Nasser 56 about?", "answer": "Suez Crisis"}, {"question": "What was the famous biopic about Nasser?", "answer": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"}, {"question": "Who did Nasser marry in 1944?", "answer": "Tahia Kazem"}, {"question": "Who introduced Nasser and his wife?", "answer": "Abdel Hamid Kazim"}, {"question": "Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?", "answer": "Manshiyat al-Bakri"}, {"question": "What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?", "answer": "officer corps"}, {"question": "What was Nasser's principle vice?", "answer": "chain smoking"}, {"question": "How long was a typical workday for Nasser?", "answer": "18-hour"}, {"question": "What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?", "answer": "diabetes"}, {"question": "What year did Nasser die?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?", "answer": "influenza"}, {"question": "What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?", "answer": "Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli"}, {"question": "When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?", "answer": "25 November 1881"}, {"question": "When did Pope Saint XXIII die?", "answer": "3 June 1963"}, {"question": "How long did he reign as Pope?", "answer": "28 October 1958 to his death in 1963"}, {"question": "When was he ordained to the priesthood?", "answer": "10 August 1904"}, {"question": "How old was Roncalli when elected pope?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "When was Roncalli elected pope?", "answer": "28 October 1958"}, {"question": "He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of \"John\" upon election in how long?", "answer": "500 years"}, {"question": "Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?", "answer": "Second Vatican Council"}, {"question": "When did he call the Second Vatican Council?", "answer": "11 October 1962"}, {"question": "When did the pope die?", "answer": "3 June 1963"}, {"question": "What did the pope die of?", "answer": "stomach cancer"}, {"question": "Where was he buried?", "answer": "the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica"}, {"question": "When was he beatified?", "answer": "3 September 2000"}, {"question": "He is still known today as what?", "answer": "the \"Good Pope\""}, {"question": "When is his feast day celebrated?", "answer": "11 October"}, {"question": "What is October 11?", "answer": "the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council"}, {"question": "When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?", "answer": "11 September 2014"}, {"question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?", "answer": "by the Evangelical Lutheran Church"}, {"question": "Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?", "answer": "by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)"}, {"question": "When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?", "answer": "February 1925"}, {"question": "Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?", "answer": "Pietro Gasparri"}, {"question": "When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?", "answer": "1925\u201335"}, {"question": "When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?", "answer": "19 March"}, {"question": "Who was he consecrated by?", "answer": "Giovanni Tacci Porcelli"}, {"question": "When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?", "answer": "30 November 1934"}, {"question": "He was appointed titular archbishop of where?", "answer": "Mesembria, Bulgaria"}, {"question": "What ws he known by in the Turkish community?", "answer": "the Turcophile Pope"}, {"question": "When did he take that position?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?", "answer": "Pope Pius XI"}, {"question": "When did he hear that his mother was dying?", "answer": "February 1939"}, {"question": "When did Pope Pius XI die?", "answer": "10 February 1939"}, {"question": "When did his mother die?", "answer": "20 February 1939"}, {"question": "Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?", "answer": "Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli"}, {"question": "When was Pope Pius XII elected?", "answer": "2 March 1939"}, {"question": "When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?", "answer": "12 January 1953"}, {"question": "Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?", "answer": "Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca"}, {"question": "When did he leave France for Venice?", "answer": "23 February 1953"}, {"question": "When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?", "answer": "15 March 1953"}, {"question": "Who was the President of France in 1953?", "answer": "Vincent Auriol"}, {"question": "When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?", "answer": "the early 1950s"}, {"question": "When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?", "answer": "8 November 1953"}, {"question": "When did Ancilla die?", "answer": "11 November 1953"}, {"question": "Where did he want to be buried?", "answer": "the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice"}, {"question": "When did Pope Pius XII die?", "answer": "9 October 1958"}, {"question": "When was his last full day in Venice?", "answer": "11 October"}, {"question": "Why did Roncalli leave Venice?", "answer": "for the conclave in Rome"}, {"question": "He was elected pope after how many ballots?", "answer": "eleven ballots"}, {"question": "Who was the Archbishop of Milan?", "answer": "Giovanni Battista Montini"}, {"question": "New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?", "answer": "archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia"}, {"question": "When was Montini absent from the conclave?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "When was the final ballot of the conclave?", "answer": "4:00 pm"}, {"question": "How many votes did he have?", "answer": "38 votes"}, {"question": "What name did Roncalli choose?", "answer": "John"}, {"question": "John had not been a chosen name in how long?", "answer": "over 500 years"}, {"question": "Who was the last to choose the name John?", "answer": "Antipope John XXIII"}, {"question": "What did John XXIII call for?", "answer": "an ecumenical council"}, {"question": "When was the decision made for this council?", "answer": "29 January 1959"}, {"question": "Where was the decision made for this council?", "answer": "the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls"}, {"question": "Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?", "answer": "Pope Paul VI"}, {"question": "John XXIII was an advocate for what?", "answer": "human rights"}, {"question": "What did he write about human rights in?", "answer": "his Pacem in terris"}, {"question": "His advocacy from human rights included whom?", "answer": "the unborn and the elderly"}, {"question": "John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?", "answer": "the Roman liturgy"}, {"question": "He published changes that resulted in what?", "answer": "the 1962 Roman Missal"}, {"question": "What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?", "answer": "the Tridentine Mass"}, {"question": "Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "When was the Roman Rite created?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?", "answer": "in the Vatican"}, {"question": "When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?", "answer": "11 October 1962"}, {"question": "What speech did he give?", "answer": "Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech"}, {"question": "Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?", "answer": "the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them"}, {"question": "A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?", "answer": "8 December 1962"}, {"question": "When was the next session scheduled?", "answer": "1963 from 12 May to 29 June"}, {"question": "When was the next session announced?", "answer": "12 November 1962"}, {"question": "Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?", "answer": "Pope Pius IX"}, {"question": "John XXIII offered to mediate between who?", "answer": "US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?", "answer": "October 1962"}, {"question": "Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?", "answer": "Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?", "answer": "Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'"}, {"question": "Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'", "answer": "Francis"}, {"question": "John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?", "answer": "Balzan Prize"}, {"question": "When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?", "answer": "10 May 1963"}, {"question": "Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?", "answer": "Italian President Antonio Segni"}, {"question": "Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?", "answer": "the Quirinal Palace"}, {"question": "What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?", "answer": "haemorrhage"}, {"question": "Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?", "answer": "Loris F. Capovilla"}, {"question": "When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?", "answer": "31 May"}, {"question": "Who was at the dying pope's bedside?", "answer": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde"}, {"question": "Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?", "answer": "Petrus Canisius Van Lierde"}, {"question": "When did the pope bid farewell?", "answer": "11 am"}, {"question": "What did John XXIII die of?", "answer": "peritonitis"}, {"question": "What day did he die?", "answer": "3 June 1963"}, {"question": "How old was John XXIII upon his death?", "answer": "81"}, {"question": "Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?", "answer": "Luigi Traglia"}, {"question": "What day was he buried?", "answer": "6 June"}, {"question": "Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "US President Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "When did President Johnson award him?", "answer": "3 December 1963"}, {"question": "What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?", "answer": "the United States' highest civilian award"}, {"question": "When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?", "answer": "6 December 1963"}, {"question": "What was he also known as?", "answer": "Good Pope John"}, {"question": "Who opened his cause for canonization?", "answer": "Pope Paul VI"}, {"question": "When was Pope John XXIII considered \"blessed?\"", "answer": "3 September 2000"}, {"question": "Who declared him \"blessed?\"", "answer": "Pope John Paul II"}, {"question": "Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?", "answer": "Pope Pius X"}, {"question": "When was the 50th anniversary of his death?", "answer": "3 June 2013"}, {"question": "Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?", "answer": "Pope Francis"}, {"question": "Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?", "answer": "Bergamo"}, {"question": "When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?", "answer": "5 July 2013"}, {"question": "On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?", "answer": "Sunday, 27 April 2014"}, {"question": "Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?", "answer": "religion, philosophy, and science"}, {"question": "Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?", "answer": "time"}, {"question": "What is an example of a simple definition of time?", "answer": "time is what clocks measure"}, {"question": "According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?", "answer": "the universe"}, {"question": "The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?", "answer": "Newtonian time"}, {"question": "What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?", "answer": "a fundamental intellectual structure"}, {"question": "Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?", "answer": "the International System of Units and International System of Quantities"}, {"question": "What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?", "answer": "velocity"}, {"question": "Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?", "answer": "a single continuum called spacetime"}, {"question": "What has been a prime motivation in astronomy and navigation?", "answer": "Temporal measurement"}, {"question": "Periodic events and periodic motion have served as standards for what?", "answer": "Periodic events and periodic motion"}, {"question": "What is the current international unit of time?", "answer": "the second"}, {"question": "The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second?", "answer": "caesium atoms"}, {"question": "Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what?", "answer": "each day and in human life spans"}, {"question": "What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time?", "answer": "the calendar"}, {"question": "What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time?", "answer": "the clock"}, {"question": "Which tool is used in day to day life?", "answer": "the clock"}, {"question": "Which tool is used in periods longer than a day?", "answer": "the calendar"}, {"question": "How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained?", "answer": "by counting from a fiducial epoch\u2014a central reference point"}, {"question": "Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago?", "answer": "the Paleolithic"}, {"question": "Which calendars were among the first to appear?", "answer": "Lunar calendars"}, {"question": "How long were the original lunar calendars?", "answer": "either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days)"}, {"question": "Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate?", "answer": "Mesoamerica"}, {"question": "How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world?", "answer": "the water clock, or clepsydra"}, {"question": "A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh?", "answer": "Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep"}, {"question": "Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Arab inventors"}, {"question": "Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "When were the first mechanical clocks created?", "answer": "the 11th century"}, {"question": "Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?", "answer": "The hourglass"}, {"question": "How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What method did temples and churches use to measure time?", "answer": "Incense sticks and candles"}, {"question": "Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?", "answer": "Richard of Wallingford"}, {"question": "Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?", "answer": "Jost Burgi."}, {"question": "Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate?", "answer": "atomic clocks"}, {"question": "What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds?", "answer": "the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms"}, {"question": "Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium?", "answer": "the International System of Measurements"}, {"question": "How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium?", "answer": "Since 1967"}, {"question": "Which standard of time started with British Railways?", "answer": "Greenwich Mean Time"}, {"question": "When was GMT adopted by British Railways?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "GMT used what instead of atomic clocks?", "answer": "telescopes"}, {"question": "When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what?", "answer": "UT or UTC"}, {"question": "How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what?", "answer": "the universe"}, {"question": "The realist view is sometimes referred to as what?", "answer": "Newtonian time"}, {"question": "The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what?", "answer": "to sequence and compare events"}, {"question": "What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?", "answer": "The Vedas"}, {"question": "How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?", "answer": "back to the late 2nd millennium BC"}, {"question": "How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?", "answer": "4,320 million years"}, {"question": "Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?", "answer": "Parmenides and Heraclitus"}, {"question": "Aristotle defined time as \"number of movement in respect of the before and after\" in which book?", "answer": "Book IV of his Physica"}, {"question": "Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions?", "answer": "St. Augustine of Hippo"}, {"question": "By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time?", "answer": "by what it is not rather than what it is"}, {"question": "What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26?", "answer": "a \u201cdistention\u201d of the mind"}, {"question": "In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience?", "answer": "the Critique of Pure Reason"}, {"question": "What did Kant portray space and time to be?", "answer": "both are elements of a systematic mental framework"}, {"question": "Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what?", "answer": "an abstract conceptual framework"}, {"question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events?", "answer": "temporal measurements"}, {"question": "What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects?", "answer": "Spatial measurements"}, {"question": "Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time?", "answer": "Martin Heidegger"}, {"question": "The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what?", "answer": "a potential possibility, task, or engagement"}, {"question": "What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one?", "answer": "The present"}, {"question": "According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts?", "answer": "step out of (ecstasis) sequential time."}, {"question": "Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what?", "answer": "a single dimension of time"}, {"question": "In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured?", "answer": "by how long light takes to travel that distance"}, {"question": "What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by?", "answer": "by an invariant interval"}, {"question": "The invariant interval between events is independent of what?", "answer": "of the observer (and his velocity)"}, {"question": "The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what?", "answer": "space-like, light-like, or time-like"}, {"question": "What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?", "answer": "concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\""}, {"question": "In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?", "answer": "the late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?", "answer": "the behavior of electricity and magnetism"}, {"question": "Which famous scientist resolved these issues?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "Historically, time has been closely related with what?", "answer": "space"}, {"question": "In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?", "answer": "special relativity and general relativity"}, {"question": "According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?", "answer": "the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception"}, {"question": "A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?", "answer": "in the speed of time on board their vessel"}, {"question": "How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?", "answer": "the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling"}, {"question": "How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer?", "answer": "slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel"}, {"question": "The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer?", "answer": "time"}, {"question": "What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer?", "answer": "hundreds of years"}, {"question": "What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer?", "answer": "causality"}, {"question": "Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "In what case do these effects become much more noticeable?", "answer": "for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light."}, {"question": "How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab?", "answer": "a fixed fraction of a second"}, {"question": "Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion?", "answer": "both temporal and spatial dimensions"}, {"question": "What laws do not specify an arrow of time?", "answer": "the laws of physics"}, {"question": "The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what?", "answer": "arbitrary"}, {"question": "Which law states that entropy must increase over time?", "answer": "the Second law of thermodynamics,"}, {"question": "The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry?", "answer": "CP symmetry"}, {"question": "The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what?", "answer": "time asymmetric"}, {"question": "Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what?", "answer": "the Big Bang"}, {"question": "In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us?", "answer": "A Brief History of Time"}, {"question": "What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang?", "answer": "time"}, {"question": "Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what?", "answer": "meaningless"}, {"question": "Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation?", "answer": "Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler"}, {"question": "The Big Bang model is solidly established in what?", "answer": "cosmology"}, {"question": "How much is known about the early states of the universe?", "answer": "i"}, {"question": "Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time?", "answer": "The Penrose\u2013Hawking singularity theorems"}, {"question": "These theorems have to assume what theory is correct?", "answer": "general relativity"}, {"question": "These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what?", "answer": "before the universe reaches the Planck temperature"}, {"question": "How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction?", "answer": "since the 19th century"}, {"question": "Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems?", "answer": "backwards"}, {"question": "A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose?", "answer": "to achieve time travel"}, {"question": "What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes?", "answer": "paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen"}, {"question": "In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise?", "answer": "free will"}, {"question": "What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived?", "answer": "the grandfather paradox"}, {"question": "What principle elaborates more on the view described?", "answer": "the Novikov self-consistency principle."}, {"question": "What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?", "answer": "Psychoactive drugs"}, {"question": "Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?", "answer": "time intervals"}, {"question": "What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?", "answer": "depressants"}, {"question": "The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?", "answer": "The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters"}, {"question": "Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?", "answer": "either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons"}, {"question": "The use of time is important in understanding what?", "answer": "human behavior, education, and travel behavior"}, {"question": "What is a developing field of time related study?", "answer": "Time-use research"}, {"question": "Time use is always changing with advances in what?", "answer": "technology"}, {"question": "Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?", "answer": "20\u201330 minutes one-way"}, {"question": "What is another way of phrasing \"time order\"?", "answer": "chronological order"}, {"question": "What never precedes cause because of causality?", "answer": "effect"}, {"question": "In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?", "answer": "in text, tables, charts, or timelines"}, {"question": "What may the description of events include?", "answer": "a timestamp"}, {"question": "A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?", "answer": "a world line"}, {"question": "Uses of sequences of events include what?", "answer": "stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables"}, {"question": "What may a sequence of events be used to describe?", "answer": "processes in science, technology, and medicine"}, {"question": "The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?", "answer": "a sequence of events"}, {"question": "What is a specific example of a sequence of events?", "answer": "the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster"}, {"question": "What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?", "answer": "Mario Draghi"}, {"question": "What is the official, central bank for the euro?", "answer": "The European Central Bank"}, {"question": "What is the Eurozone?", "answer": "consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world"}, {"question": "Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?", "answer": "the central banks of all 28 EU member states"}, {"question": "What established The European Central Bank?", "answer": "The Treaty of Amsterdam"}, {"question": "What is the main mission of the ECB?", "answer": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"}, {"question": "What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?", "answer": "Article 16 of its Statute"}, {"question": "How can a member state use euro coins?", "answer": "the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand"}, {"question": "Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?", "answer": "Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB"}, {"question": "Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?", "answer": "Article 3 of the Statute"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the ECB?", "answer": "Wim Duisenberg"}, {"question": "What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?", "answer": "former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute"}, {"question": "Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?", "answer": "Jean-Claude Trichet"}, {"question": "Why did the French want a French bank president?", "answer": "since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French"}, {"question": "What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?", "answer": "Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet"}, {"question": "What is price stability defined as?", "answer": "inflation of under 2%"}, {"question": "What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?", "answer": "over the medium term"}, {"question": "When did the Governing Council define price stability?", "answer": "October 1998"}, {"question": "What is the primary goal of the ECB?", "answer": "maintain price stability within the Eurozone"}, {"question": "Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?", "answer": "Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union"}, {"question": "What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?", "answer": "increase in liquidity in the economy"}, {"question": "What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?", "answer": "contrary effect"}, {"question": "What happens when members increase their deposits?", "answer": "more money has been put into the economy"}, {"question": "What is a good way to boost the economy?", "answer": "increase in deposits in member banks"}, {"question": "Where are contracts recorded?", "answer": "on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet"}, {"question": "How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?", "answer": "must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities"}, {"question": "What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?", "answer": "public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted"}, {"question": "What should all assets offered up as collateral be?", "answer": "all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation"}, {"question": "What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?", "answer": "sovereign debt"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?", "answer": "The Executive Board"}, {"question": "Who is the current president of the ECB?", "answer": "Mario Draghi"}, {"question": "Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?", "answer": "Vitor Const\u00e2ncio"}, {"question": "Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?", "answer": "non-renewable terms of eight years"}, {"question": "Who did the Spanish want to take Jos\u00e9 Manuel Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's seat on the board?", "answer": "Antonio S\u00e1inz de Vicu\u00f1a"}, {"question": "Who was ulitmately named as Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's replacement?", "answer": "Luxembourg's Yves Mersch"}, {"question": "When was Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?", "answer": "June 2012"}, {"question": "When did Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo take his seat on the Executive Board?", "answer": "June 2004"}, {"question": "Why did the Spanish think that Vicu\u00f1a would be a suitable replacement for Gonz\u00e1lez-P\u00e1ramo?", "answer": "ECB veteran who heads its legal department"}, {"question": "What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?", "answer": "discuss, plan and carry out the ECB\u2019s supervisory tasks"}, {"question": "How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?", "answer": "appointed for a non-renewable term of five years"}, {"question": "How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?", "answer": "chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board"}, {"question": "Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?", "answer": "four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors"}, {"question": "What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?", "answer": "the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB"}, {"question": "What governs the ECB?", "answer": "European law"}, {"question": "How does the ECB mimic a corporation?", "answer": "shareholders and stock capital"}, {"question": "How much does the ECB have as capital?", "answer": "five billion euros"}, {"question": "Who holds the ECB's capital?", "answer": "the national central banks of the member states as shareholders"}, {"question": "What determined the ECB's initial capital?", "answer": "the basis of the states' population and GDP"}, {"question": "What language does the ECB generally use?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?", "answer": "normally in their respective language"}, {"question": "What language is the ECB website run in?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "How are the languages of official documents handled?", "answer": "the official languages of the EU"}, {"question": "WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?", "answer": "The European Parliament"}, {"question": "Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?", "answer": "bound by the treaties"}, {"question": "How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?", "answer": "bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament"}, {"question": "When did the European debt Crisis begin?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?", "answer": "the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced"}, {"question": "Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?", "answer": "new elected government"}, {"question": "What had Greece's previous government been hiding?", "answer": "its true indebtedness and budget deficit"}, {"question": "Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.", "answer": "financially stable eurozone states like Germany"}, {"question": "What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?", "answer": "discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness"}, {"question": "What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?", "answer": "giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels"}, {"question": "What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?", "answer": "Grexit"}, {"question": "What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?", "answer": "If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability."}, {"question": "As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?", "answer": "never pushed those exits"}, {"question": "Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "What would cause the private banking system to weaken?", "answer": "if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks"}, {"question": "Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?", "answer": "wealthy member countries"}, {"question": "What happens when the private banking system is weakened?", "answer": "pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks"}, {"question": "What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?", "answer": "tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries"}, {"question": "Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?", "answer": "is politically controversial"}, {"question": "Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?", "answer": "ECB"}, {"question": "Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?", "answer": "refinancing facilities"}, {"question": "What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?", "answer": "repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans"}, {"question": "Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?", "answer": "the Fed"}, {"question": "What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?", "answer": "Spanish and Italian"}, {"question": "What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?", "answer": "a deteriorating balance sheet"}, {"question": "Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?", "answer": "intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank"}, {"question": "What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?", "answer": "Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank"}, {"question": "How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?", "answer": "highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased"}, {"question": "What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?", "answer": "long-term collateral"}, {"question": "How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?", "answer": "adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies"}, {"question": "By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?", "answer": "\u20ac212.1bn"}, {"question": "How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?", "answer": "Outright Monetary Transactions"}, {"question": "What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?", "answer": "no ex-ante time or size limit"}, {"question": "When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?", "answer": "6 September 2012"}, {"question": "How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?", "answer": "temporary"}, {"question": "What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?", "answer": "temporarily moving bad or weak assets"}, {"question": "Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?", "answer": "the balance sheets of the European Central Bank"}, {"question": "What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?", "answer": "monetisation"}, {"question": "What is monetisation usually viewed as?", "answer": "inflationary threat"}, {"question": "If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?", "answer": "move weak assets off their balance sheets"}, {"question": "What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?", "answer": "the sickness of the euro"}, {"question": "Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?", "answer": "the German government"}, {"question": "Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?", "answer": "The European Central Bank"}, {"question": "What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?", "answer": "a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency"}, {"question": "Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?", "answer": "the crisis of 2010"}, {"question": "What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?", "answer": "loaned billions of euros to banks"}, {"question": "Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?", "answer": "to stabilise the financial system"}, {"question": "Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?", "answer": "Federal Reserve System"}, {"question": "Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?", "answer": "contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector"}, {"question": "When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?", "answer": "December 2007"}, {"question": "What is a perk of the central bank?", "answer": "it can make as much money as it deems needed"}, {"question": "What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?", "answer": "bonds issued by the Federal government"}, {"question": "What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?", "answer": "commercial paper"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?", "answer": "to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning"}, {"question": "Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?", "answer": "Moody's and S&P"}, {"question": "When was Basel II adopted?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?", "answer": "the Basel II recommendations"}, {"question": "Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Where is the European Central bank located?", "answer": "Frankfurt"}, {"question": "What decided where the bank was to be located?", "answer": "Amsterdam Treaty"}, {"question": "When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What previously stood where the bank is now?", "answer": "the former wholesale market"}, {"question": "When did construction of the new bank begin?", "answer": "October 2008"}, {"question": "After the loan program was announced, which countries borrowed the most?", "answer": "Greece, Ireland, Italy and Spain"}, {"question": "What would happen if some of the banks were to begin buying govenrment bonds?", "answer": "easing the debt crisis"}, {"question": "How much does the ECB have to have to pay off it's own debts?", "answer": "\u20ac200bn"}, {"question": "How do you prevent a credit bottleneck?", "answer": "keep operating and loaning to businesses"}, {"question": "What is an LTRO?", "answer": "longer-term refinancing operation"}, {"question": "How long was the time to maturity on an LTRO?", "answer": "six-month"}, {"question": "When were the first supplemental LTRO's offered?", "answer": "March 2008"}, {"question": "How long had the time to maturity been previously?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "How many bids were recorded at the auction for the first 12 month LRTO?", "answer": "close to 1100 bidders"}, {"question": "In what country is St. John's located?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What is the name of the island that St. John's is located?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "What city is ranked 20th in largest metropolitan area for Canada?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "Where on the Avalon Peninsula is St. John's located?", "answer": "eastern tip"}, {"question": "In what year did St. John's have a population of 214,285?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?", "answer": "1630"}, {"question": "When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?", "answer": "1610"}, {"question": " What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?", "answer": "1618"}, {"question": "Who forbade the  english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?", "answer": "British government"}, {"question": "What was John Cabot's sons first name?", "answer": "Sebastian"}, {"question": "What was the occupation of John Cabot?", "answer": "explorer"}, {"question": "Where did the French, Spanish and Portuguese start to travel to fish yearly in 1540?", "answer": "Avalon Peninsula"}, {"question": "Where is the Bay of Pasaia located?", "answer": "Basque Country"}, {"question": "In what language did Sebastian Cabot write his map from 1545?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What year did John Rut visit St. John's?", "answer": "1527"}, {"question": "Who sent the first known letter from North America?", "answer": "John Rut"}, {"question": "What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?", "answer": "Norman, Breton and Portuguese"}, {"question": "Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?", "answer": "King Henry"}, {"question": "Who referred St. John's as St. \"the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country\" ? ", "answer": "William Payne"}, {"question": "When did censuses start being conducted in St. John's?", "answer": "1675"}, {"question": "When did Irish men begin to operate inshore fishing boats in St. John's?", "answer": "1680"}, {"question": "What grew during the summers in St. John's?", "answer": "population"}, {"question": "Who controlled most of Newfoundland's east coast by 1620?", "answer": "fishermen"}, {"question": "Who briefly seized St. John's in 1665?", "answer": "Michiel de Ruyter"}, {"question": "In what year did the dutch attack St. John for a second time?", "answer": "1673"}, {"question": "How many men defended the attack from the Dutch in 1673?", "answer": "twenty-three"}, {"question": "Who destroyed Fort William in 1696?", "answer": "Pierre Le Moyne"}, {"question": "How many Dutch warships were fended of by Christopher Martin in 1673?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who flew the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight?", "answer": "Alcock and Brown"}, {"question": "What aircraft did Alcock and Brown use in 1919 for their flight? ", "answer": "Vickers Vimy IV bomber"}, {"question": "Where in St. John's did Alcock and Brown depart from in June 1919?", "answer": "Lester's Field"}, {"question": "Who duplicated Alcock and Brown flight in 2005?", "answer": "Steve Fossett"}, {"question": "What aircraft did Steve Fossett use for his flight in July 2005?", "answer": "replica Vickers Vimy"}, {"question": "When did the Northern cod fishery collapse?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What led to an economic boom in St. John's?", "answer": "Hibernia, Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields"}, {"question": "For how long did the Northern cod fishery provide a stable economy for St. John's?", "answer": "hundreds of years"}, {"question": "How long did unemployment rates and depopulation suffer in St. John's?", "answer": "decade"}, {"question": "Near what body of water is St. John's located by?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "How many Square miles is St. John's?", "answer": "172.22"}, {"question": "In what providence is Edmonton located?", "answer": "Alberta"}, {"question": "What is the largest Atlantic Province city?", "answer": "Halifax"}, {"question": "How is the climate in St. John's?", "answer": "humid"}, {"question": "In which province is Kelowna located?", "answer": "British Columbia"}, {"question": "Which Canadian city is the most rainiest?", "answer": "British Columbia"}, {"question": "What body of water is to the east of St. John?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "From where do tropical storms travel from to St. John's?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is the foggiest Canadian city?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "What is the average wind speed in miles per hour for St. John's?", "answer": "15.1 mph"}, {"question": "What Canadian city has the mildest winter temperature?", "answer": "British Columbia"}, {"question": "What is the driest season on average in St. John's?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "What is another word for freezing rain?", "answer": "silver thaws"}, {"question": "What are wharves in St. John's constructed out of?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "In what year was the Great Fire?", "answer": "1892"}, {"question": "What was the most affected area of The Great Fire of 1892?", "answer": "downtown core"}, {"question": "What US city is St. John's often compared to?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?", "answer": "height of buildings"}, {"question": "What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?", "answer": "controversy"}, {"question": "What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?", "answer": "hotel rooms and office space"}, {"question": "What was amended to provide more office space in downtown?", "answer": "heritage regulations"}, {"question": "What height was the original restriction in downtown for ?", "answer": "15 metres"}, {"question": "How tall was the first office building to be approved in the on Water Street between Bishop's Cove and Steer's Cove?", "answer": "47-metre"}, {"question": "In what year where there 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How many communities does the CMA include?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What was the population of the CMA in 2010?", "answer": "192,326"}, {"question": "What is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "What is the largest religion in St. John's?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What has declined in the recent years on St. John's?", "answer": "sectarianism"}, {"question": "What sects declined from 2001-2011?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What is supported by the federal, provincial and municipal governments?", "answer": "civil service"}, {"question": "Who is the largest employer in the city?", "answer": "The provincial government"}, {"question": "Who is the second largest employer in the city?", "answer": "Memorial University"}, {"question": "What years did the fishing industry fall in Newfoundland and Labrador?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What year is Hebron projected to start producing oil in St. John's?", "answer": "2017"}, {"question": "What has been growing in the recent years?", "answer": "economy"}, {"question": "When did the unemployment rate fall to 5.6 per cent?", "answer": "May 2011"}, {"question": "What was the city's unemployment rate in May 2011?", "answer": "5.6 per cent"}, {"question": "What is the city's per capita GDP?", "answer": "$52,000"}, {"question": "Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?", "answer": "The LSPU Hall"}, {"question": "How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?", "answer": "1000"}, {"question": "Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "Where is Rick Mercer from?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "Where is Pippy Park located in the city?", "answer": "east end"}, {"question": "About how many acres is Pippy Park?", "answer": "3,400"}, {"question": "How many golf courses does Pippy Park have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What other trail besides walking trails does Pippy Park have?", "answer": "skiing"}, {"question": "Where is the Fluvarium located?", "answer": "Pippy Park"}, {"question": "What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?", "answer": "downtown"}, {"question": "What year was Bannerman Park opened?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?", "answer": "Sir Alexander Bannerman"}, {"question": "Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?", "answer": "Bannerman Park"}, {"question": "Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?", "answer": "Sir Alexander Bannerman"}, {"question": "What city does Signal Hill overlook?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "Where exactly is Cabot Tower located in St. John' ?", "answer": "Signal Hill"}, {"question": "What year was Cabot Tower built?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": "In what year was Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee?", "answer": "1897"}, {"question": " Who recieved the first transatlantic wireless transmission?", "answer": "Guglielmo Marconi"}, {"question": "Where do The Rock play their home games at?", "answer": "Swilers Rugby Park"}, {"question": "Who won the the Rugby Canada Super League championship in 2005?", "answer": "Newfoundland Rock"}, {"question": "In what country was the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In what year did Canada beat USA 56\u20137 in a Rugby World Cup qualifying match?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "In what year did France host the Rugby World Cup finals?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was Canada's  tenth province?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "In what year did Newfoundland become a province?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "Where is the House of Assembly?", "answer": "The Confederation Building"}, {"question": "Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?", "answer": "Lorraine Michael"}, {"question": "By how much did crime in St. John's increase in 2009?", "answer": "4%"}, {"question": "What city had the seventh-highest metropolitan crime index in 2010?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "How much did crime in the country drop in 2009?", "answer": "4%"}, {"question": "How far is St. John's International Airport from the downtown core?", "answer": "10 minutes"}, {"question": "About how many passengers travelled through St. John's International Airport in 2011?", "answer": "1,400,000"}, {"question": "What is the airport code for St. John's International Airport?", "answer": "YYT"}, {"question": "What airport is approximately 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core?", "answer": "St. John's International"}, {"question": "Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?", "answer": "The divided highway"}, {"question": "What does the divided highway provide?", "answer": "relatively easy access to neighbourhoods"}, {"question": "How many routes does the Metrobus have?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How many buses does the region have for public transit?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "How many hospitals does the city have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for public transit in the region?", "answer": "Metrobus"}, {"question": "How many private schools are in St. John's?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many primary schools are in St. John's?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "How many private schools are in the Francophone public school district?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What school offers the lowest tuition in Canada?", "answer": "Memorial University of Newfoundland"}, {"question": "What is the tuition per academic year at Memorial University of Newfoundland?", "answer": "$2,644"}, {"question": "Where does Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters?", "answer": "St. John's"}, {"question": "What is the name of CBC's television station in St. John's?", "answer": "CBNT-DT"}, {"question": "What channel in St. John's airs Out of the Fog?", "answer": "Rogers TV"}, {"question": "Where does CBNT-DT broadcast from?", "answer": "University Avenue"}, {"question": "How many radio station does the city have?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many French-language stations does the city have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When did the province join the Canadian Confederation?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?", "answer": "December 28, 1903"}, {"question": "When did John Von Neuman die?", "answer": "February 8, 1957"}, {"question": "What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?", "answer": "pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath"}, {"question": "What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?", "answer": "Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing"}, {"question": "How many papers did Von Neumann publish?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?", "answer": "The Computer and the Brain"}, {"question": "What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?", "answer": "Manhattan Project"}, {"question": "Of his published works, what topics were they covering?", "answer": "60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics"}, {"question": "Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?", "answer": "mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication"}, {"question": "What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?", "answer": "quantum mechanics"}, {"question": "Where was quantum mechanics developed?", "answer": "G\u00f6ttingen"}, {"question": "What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?", "answer": "operator theory"}, {"question": "What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?", "answer": "ergodic theorem"}, {"question": "With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?", "answer": "J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller"}, {"question": "Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?", "answer": "General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission"}, {"question": "For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?", "answer": "United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}, {"question": "What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?", "answer": "key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb"}, {"question": "Where was Von Neumann born?", "answer": "Budapest"}, {"question": "Did Von Neumann have any siblings?", "answer": "two younger brothers"}, {"question": "What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?", "answer": "banker"}, {"question": "When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?", "answer": "end of the 1880s"}, {"question": "What was Von Neumann's mother's name?", "answer": "Kann Margit"}, {"question": "In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "What Emperor elevated Von Neumann's father to nobility?", "answer": "Emperor Franz Joseph"}, {"question": "What town did Von Neumann's family become associated when elevated to nobility?", "answer": "Marghita"}, {"question": "What was Von Neumann's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility?", "answer": "Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos"}, {"question": "At what age did schooling begin in Hungary?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?", "answer": "governesses"}, {"question": "What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?", "answer": "English, French, German and Italian"}, {"question": "At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?", "answer": "Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium"}, {"question": "In what room did children get education in Hungary?", "answer": "gymnasium"}, {"question": "What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?", "answer": "Martians"}, {"question": "In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?", "answer": "G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151"}, {"question": "By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?", "answer": "two major mathematical papers"}, {"question": "Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?", "answer": "Georg Cantor"}, {"question": "What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?", "answer": "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics"}, {"question": "What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman?", "answer": "chemical engineer"}, {"question": "At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?", "answer": "University of Berlin"}, {"question": "Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?", "answer": "P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest"}, {"question": "What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?", "answer": "axiomatization of Cantor's set theory"}, {"question": "Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?", "answer": "University of Berlin"}, {"question": "By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?", "answer": "twelve major papers in mathematics"}, {"question": "How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?", "answer": "thirty-two papers"}, {"question": "What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?", "answer": "Princeton University"}, {"question": "When did Von Neumann get married?", "answer": "New Year's Day in 1930"}, {"question": "What was Von Neumann's wife's name?", "answer": "Mariette K\u00f6vesi"}, {"question": "Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join?", "answer": "he was baptized a Catholic."}, {"question": "What was Von Neumann's child's name?", "answer": "Marina"}, {"question": "When did Von Neumann get married for a second time?", "answer": "October 1938"}, {"question": "In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? ", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?", "answer": "age"}, {"question": "What type of \"off color\" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?", "answer": "limericks"}, {"question": "What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?", "answer": "regularly playing extremely loud German march music"}, {"question": "What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?", "answer": "Albert Einstein,"}, {"question": "What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?", "answer": "Stanislaw Ulam"}, {"question": "What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?", "answer": "gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk"}, {"question": "What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?", "answer": "a new collection of jokes"}, {"question": "What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?", "answer": "Russell's paradox"}, {"question": "Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?", "answer": "Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel"}, {"question": "What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?", "answer": "the axiom of foundation and the notion of class."}, {"question": "What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?", "answer": "method of inner models"}, {"question": "Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?", "answer": "from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps"}, {"question": "What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?", "answer": "if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession"}, {"question": "What is a proper class?", "answer": "a class which does not belong to other classes"}, {"question": "Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves?", "answer": "Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel"}, {"question": "Under Von Neumann's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed?", "answer": "class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set."}, {"question": "In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?", "answer": "Kurt G\u00f6del"}, {"question": "What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?", "answer": "they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language"}, {"question": "Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?", "answer": "Congress of K\u00f6nigsberg"}, {"question": "How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness?", "answer": "less than a month"}, {"question": "What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?", "answer": "usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency"}, {"question": "Upon revising the theory of incompleteness, what was the name of the new Godel theory?", "answer": "second incompleteness theorem"}, {"question": "What field did Von Neuman establish?", "answer": "continuous geometry."}, {"question": "What is the distinction of continuous geometry?", "answer": "instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval"}, {"question": "What was the first example of continuous geometry?", "answer": "projections of the hyperfinite type II factor"}, {"question": "In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?", "answer": "In a series of famous papers"}, {"question": "What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?", "answer": "algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant"}, {"question": "According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?", "answer": "change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space"}, {"question": "What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?", "answer": "methods of argument he employed"}, {"question": "In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?", "answer": "B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize"}, {"question": "What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?", "answer": "Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups"}, {"question": "What is von Neumann algebra?", "answer": "algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator"}, {"question": "What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?", "answer": "the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries."}, {"question": "When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?", "answer": "study of rings of operators"}, {"question": "What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?", "answer": "lattice theory"}, {"question": "What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?", "answer": "conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion"}, {"question": "Who wrote that \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?\"", "answer": "Garrett Birkhoff"}, {"question": "What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?", "answer": "novel axioms"}, {"question": "How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?", "answer": "140 pages"}, {"question": "In what room did von Neumann often write at home?", "answer": "living room writing-table"}, {"question": "Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?", "answer": "Von Neumann"}, {"question": "What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?", "answer": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"}, {"question": "What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?", "answer": "axiomatization of set theory"}, {"question": "What are the physics of quantum mechanics?", "answer": "mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them"}, {"question": "What is the uncertainty principle?", "answer": "determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa"}, {"question": "The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?", "answer": "formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger"}, {"question": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?", "answer": "determinism versus non-determinism"}, {"question": "What was John Bell's argument?", "answer": "proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid"}, {"question": "What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?", "answer": "Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof"}, {"question": "Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?", "answer": "von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories"}, {"question": "What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?", "answer": "physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function"}, {"question": "What \"outside of calculation\" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?", "answer": "consciousness of the experimenter"}, {"question": "Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?", "answer": "Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists"}, {"question": "With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?", "answer": "Garrett Birkhoff"}, {"question": "What concept was created for quatum logic?", "answer": "propositional calculus"}, {"question": "What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?", "answer": "laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory"}, {"question": "What year was game theory established?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What discipline is game theory derived from?", "answer": "mathematical discipline."}, {"question": "what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?", "answer": "a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses"}, {"question": "What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?", "answer": "all the possible responses of his adversary."}, {"question": "What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic?", "answer": "can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false"}, {"question": "What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate?", "answer": "each of its members are necessarily indeterminate"}, {"question": "How can quantum disjuction be illustrated?", "answer": "illustrated by a simple example"}, {"question": "What is optimal strategy?", "answer": "minimize the maximum loss for each player"}, {"question": "What von Neumann work was published in 1944?", "answer": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior"}, {"question": "Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?", "answer": "Oskar Morgenstern"}, {"question": "How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?", "answer": "several stunning publications"}, {"question": "What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?", "answer": "uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem"}, {"question": "What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?", "answer": "matrix pencil  A \u2212 \u03bbB with nonnegative matrices A and B"}, {"question": "In von Neumann's model what does p represent?", "answer": "p represents the prices of the goods"}, {"question": "In von Neumann's model what does q represent?", "answer": "q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run"}, {"question": "What is the rate of qrowth equal to?", "answer": "rate of growth equals the interest rate"}, {"question": "Was the economic model successful?", "answer": "proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann"}, {"question": "What were von Neumann's model an example of?", "answer": "viewed as a special case of linear programming"}, {"question": "What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?", "answer": "unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."}, {"question": "What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?", "answer": "fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality"}, {"question": "When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?", "answer": "When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929"}, {"question": "What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?", "answer": "Nicholas Kaldor"}, {"question": "In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?", "answer": "L\u00e9on Walras"}, {"question": "What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?", "answer": "homogeneous linear system of Gordan"}, {"question": "What did von Neuman's method use?", "answer": "pivoting algorithm between simplices"}, {"question": "What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?", "answer": "algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming."}, {"question": "When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "How has mean square ratio been applied?", "answer": "Durbin\u2013Watson statistic"}, {"question": "what does null hypothesis test against?", "answer": "alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression"}, {"question": "The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?", "answer": "numerical hydrodynamics"}, {"question": "What did the math of artificial viscosity do?", "answer": "smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics"}, {"question": "What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?", "answer": "they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)"}, {"question": "What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?", "answer": "concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core"}, {"question": "Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?", "answer": "he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development"}, {"question": "What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?", "answer": "more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\""}, {"question": "what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?", "answer": "implosive lens project was greatly expanded"}, {"question": "What was the tolerance limit for implosion \"edge effect\"?", "answer": "not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry"}, {"question": "Who constructed Trinity bomb?", "answer": "George Kistiakowsky"}, {"question": "In what year was Trinity bomb completed?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?", "answer": "four other scientists and various military personnel"}, {"question": "What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?", "answer": "oversaw computations"}, {"question": "What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?", "answer": "Kyoto"}, {"question": "Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?", "answer": "Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."}, {"question": "On what day was the first atomic blast?", "answer": "July 16, 1945"}, {"question": "Where did the first atomic blast test take place?", "answer": "Alamogordo Army Airfield,"}, {"question": "What was the power of the first atomic blast?", "answer": "between 20 and 22 kilotons"}, {"question": "With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?", "answer": "Klaus Fuchs"}, {"question": "What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?", "answer": "using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion"}, {"question": "What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?", "answer": "Weapons Systems Evaluation Group"}, {"question": "What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?", "answer": "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project"}, {"question": "What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?", "answer": "General Advisory Committee"}, {"question": "In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?", "answer": "Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery"}, {"question": "What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?", "answer": "relative inaccuracy of the missile"}, {"question": "Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?", "answer": "Oppenheimer"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?", "answer": "decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon"}, {"question": "What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?", "answer": "while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time"}, {"question": "In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? ", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What was MAD?", "answer": "mutual assured destruction"}, {"question": "What was the goal of MAD?", "answer": "quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR"}, {"question": "What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?", "answer": "Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons"}, {"question": "What was the concern of a missile gap?", "answer": "keeping up with the Soviets"}, {"question": "Why did von Neumann join government work?", "answer": "felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism"}, {"question": "How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?", "answer": "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm"}, {"question": "What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?", "answer": "Manhattan Project"}, {"question": "Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm?", "answer": "Von Neumann"}, {"question": "With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?", "answer": "Alan Turing"}, {"question": "What does a merge sort algorithm do?", "answer": "the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged"}, {"question": "Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?", "answer": "von Neumann's digital computers"}, {"question": "What was the Monte Carlo method?", "answer": "allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers"}, {"question": "Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?", "answer": "pseudorandom numbers"}, {"question": "What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?", "answer": "von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report"}, {"question": "What was the significance of EDVAC?", "answer": "architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,"}, {"question": "Where was ENIAC located?", "answer": "University of Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?", "answer": "new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed"}, {"question": "What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?", "answer": "programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks"}, {"question": "After the design of IAS, who built the computer?", "answer": "RCA Research Laboratory"}, {"question": "When was stochastic computing introduced?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?", "answer": "advances in computing of the 1960s."}, {"question": "When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?", "answer": "computer virus"}, {"question": "On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?", "answer": "ENIAC"}, {"question": "In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "How much colder was world in last glacial age?", "answer": "6 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C) colder"}, {"question": "How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head?", "answer": "stunned other mathematicians"}, {"question": "Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann?", "answer": "Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\""}, {"question": "Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?", "answer": "Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else."}, {"question": "How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? ", "answer": "\"fastest mind I ever met\","}, {"question": "What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?", "answer": "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius."}, {"question": "What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?", "answer": "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of."}, {"question": "What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?", "answer": "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall."}, {"question": "Could von Neumann recall written text much later?", "answer": "he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes."}, {"question": "What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?", "answer": "von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one."}, {"question": "What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?", "answer": "I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man"}, {"question": "What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?", "answer": "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics"}, {"question": "What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?", "answer": "most scintillating intellect of this century"}, {"question": "In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?", "answer": "died within two weeks"}, {"question": "How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?", "answer": "eighteen months"}, {"question": "Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?", "answer": "Father Strittmatter"}, {"question": "Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?", "answer": "did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death"}, {"question": "Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?", "answer": "he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy"}, {"question": "What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?", "answer": "always believed him to be \"completely agnostic.\""}, {"question": "What year was the PlayStation 3 released?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What social gaming service was integrated into the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "PlayStation Network"}, {"question": "What was the thinner version of the PS3 called?", "answer": "Slim"}, {"question": "What year did the Super Slim model hit stores?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How many PlayStation 3 units had been purchased as of early 2016?", "answer": "85 million"}, {"question": "What shape was the Sixaxis prototype in?", "answer": "boomerang"}, {"question": "What event did Sony choose for the PS3 unveiling?", "answer": "E3 2005"}, {"question": "What popular game was demoed in a video at the game shows?", "answer": "Final Fantasy VII"}, {"question": "What event did Sony take the PlayStation 3 to four months after E3?", "answer": "Tokyo Game Show"}, {"question": "What was one game Sony debuted on a modified PC so gamers could get a look?", "answer": "Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots"}, {"question": "How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?", "answer": "to cut costs"}, {"question": "In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?", "answer": "60 GB"}, {"question": "What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "Which region experience a setback that pushed back the release of the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "PAL"}, {"question": "What part of the system was Sony having trouble getting supplies for?", "answer": "Blu-ray drive"}, {"question": "Which Japanese PS3 model got a 20%-plus price cut before hitting the market?", "answer": "20 GB model"}, {"question": "Where did Sony offer the 60 GB model with an open pricing scheme?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How many playable games did the PlayStation 3 by the time it arrived at the 2006 Tokyo Game Show?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "Instead of November, for what month of the following year was the release rescheduled?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What country had to wait until June of 2007 for their PS3?", "answer": "South Korea"}, {"question": "How big was the hard drive in the single South Korean version?", "answer": "80 GB"}, {"question": "What did customers in Singapore pay for the 60 GB PS3?", "answer": "S$799"}, {"question": "On what date did the PlayStation 3 go on sale in Africa?", "answer": "March 23, 2007"}, {"question": "What was the model number of the slim version of the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "CECH-2000"}, {"question": "What font was discontinued with the release of the slim model?", "answer": "Spider-Man font"}, {"question": "What would customers notice about the sound of the new, improved cooling system?", "answer": "quieter"}, {"question": "What did the boot screen on the game consoles read before Sony changed it to \"PS3 PlayStation 3\"?", "answer": "\"Sony Computer Entertainment\""}, {"question": "What did Sony change about the PS3 games along with the packaging in 2009?", "answer": "cover art"}, {"question": "At what event did Sony tell everyone about the CECH-4000?", "answer": "Tokyo Game Show"}, {"question": "What size was the largest hard drive available on the Super Slim PS3?", "answer": "500 GB"}, {"question": "How many versions of the CECH-4000 were made?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "On what date was the 12 GB version of the Super Slim released in the UK?", "answer": "October 12, 2012"}, {"question": "What color was the PlayStation 3 that was included in the God of War: Ascension bundle in the States?", "answer": "Garnet Red"}, {"question": "How many games could you buy to go with your PS3 when it launched in North America?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What game won GameSpot's Game of the Year title for 2006?", "answer": "Resistance: Fall of Man"}, {"question": "What company developed the game Ridge Racer 7?", "answer": "Namco Bandai Games"}, {"question": "What's the name of the sequel game to MotorStorm?", "answer": "MotorStorm: Pacific Rift"}, {"question": "How many titles did the PS3 launch with in Europe?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007?", "answer": "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction"}, {"question": "What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market?", "answer": "TGS 2007"}, {"question": "What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?", "answer": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue"}, {"question": "Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007?", "answer": "Devil May Cry 4"}, {"question": "What's Sony's budget line of PS3 games called in Japan?", "answer": "The Best"}, {"question": "If you live in Australia and want affordable PlayStation 3 games, what range would you shop for?", "answer": "Platinum"}, {"question": "Which Call of Duty title does Sony include in their low-end price range?", "answer": "Call Of Duty 3"}, {"question": "In what year was Devil May Cry 4 added to the budget game offerings for PS3?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What words would you see in the United States or Canada on a PS3 game that would signify its lower price?", "answer": "Greatest Hits"}, {"question": "What company said it would bring 3D technology to the PS3?", "answer": "Blitz Games"}, {"question": "Along with Wipeout HD, what game did the press view in 3D in early 2009?", "answer": "Gran Turismo 5 Prologue"}, {"question": "What version of firmware update gave the PlayStation 3 its 3D capability? ", "answer": "3.30"}, {"question": "What word describes what happens to a game when is edited to add functions not originally programmed?", "answer": "patched"}, {"question": "What was the PS3 console able to play after the system software was updated to 3.50?", "answer": "3D films"}, {"question": "What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "Yellow Dog Linux"}, {"question": "What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?", "answer": "Terra Soft Solutions"}, {"question": "What company bought RapidMind in 2009?", "answer": "Intel"}, {"question": "How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?", "answer": "the U.S. military"}, {"question": "What type of microprocessor is in a PS3?", "answer": "Cell"}, {"question": "What does PPE stand for?", "answer": "Power Processing Element"}, {"question": "How many Synergistic Processing Elements are in a PS3's CPU?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How much XDR DRAM is on board a PS3?", "answer": "256 MB"}, {"question": "What function is the NVIDIA RSX responsible for in a PlayStation 3?", "answer": "Graphics processing"}, {"question": "What did Sony name their vibrating PS3 controller?", "answer": "DualShock 3"}, {"question": "At what event at the Tokyo Game Show was the DualShock 3 first announced?", "answer": "press conference"}, {"question": "What did many people who handled the DualShock 3 say it was compared to the Sixaxis?", "answer": "heavier"}, {"question": "What was the first country to be able to buy the new DualShock 3 in stores?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "On what date was the DualShock three released in Australia?", "answer": "April 24, 2008"}, {"question": "How is \"XrossMediaBar\" abbreviated?", "answer": "XMB"}, {"question": "How many options categories display in the standard PS3 XrossMediaBar?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "One of Sony's streaming services is the PlayStation Vue; what's the other one called?", "answer": "Crackle"}, {"question": "When you start up your PS3, what's the first section of the PS Network you see?", "answer": "What's New"}, {"question": "What menu would you use to set up a video chat?", "answer": "Friends"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation \"NDRM\" represent?", "answer": "Network Digital Rights Management"}, {"question": "How many different PS3s can one user access?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What identifier allows a player to activate a PlayStation 3?", "answer": "PlayStation Network ID"}, {"question": "PlayStation has safeguards in place to prevent illegal use of what type of movies or video?", "answer": "copy protected"}, {"question": "What application lets PS3 users view and organize photographs?", "answer": "Photo Gallery"}, {"question": "What version of PS3 contained Photo Gallery?", "answer": "2.60"}, {"question": "After version 3.4, Picasa was integrated into Photo Gallery along with what social networking site?", "answer": "Facebook"}, {"question": "Is Photo Gallery automatically or separately installed?", "answer": "separately"}, {"question": "Photo Gallery includes the ability to sort by age, color, or what other unusual criteria for photo software?", "answer": "facial expressions"}, {"question": "In what month of 2009 did VidZone start free service to some countries?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "What year did the announcement come about Netflix becoming available on PS3 in the U.S.?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What do you have to agree to with Netflix before you can use their service on PlayStation 3?", "answer": "paid Netflix subscription"}, {"question": "What type of disc was initially used to connect access to Netflix for PS3?", "answer": "Blu-ray"}, {"question": "When were users able to discard the disc and access Netflix directly through their PS3s?", "answer": "October 2010"}, {"question": "What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?", "answer": "'OtherOS'"}, {"question": "What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?", "answer": "security concerns"}, {"question": "Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?", "answer": "mandatory"}, {"question": "Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?", "answer": "PS Slim"}, {"question": "What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?", "answer": "class action lawsuits"}, {"question": "What part of the original model PS3s starting causing problems in March of 2010?", "answer": "internal system clock"}, {"question": "What essential network were some users unable to connect to because of the error?", "answer": "PlayStation Network"}, {"question": "What erroneous date did some users start seeing on their consoles?", "answer": "December 31, 1999"}, {"question": "What humorous nickname was given to the situation with the console system clock errors?", "answer": "ApocalyPS3"}, {"question": "The name \"ApocalyPS3\" combines \"PS3\" with what other word?", "answer": "apocalypse"}, {"question": "By what date did Sony correct the issue with the system clock?", "answer": "March 2 (UTC), 2010"}, {"question": "What were the broken models mistakenly classifying 2010 as?", "answer": "a leap year"}, {"question": "What storage system for dates led to the system clock error?", "answer": "BCD"}, {"question": "What clock unrelated to the error in the PS3 had to be updated in some cases in order to fix the bug?", "answer": "operating system clock"}, {"question": "What PS3 game can integrate a PlayStation Portable to use as a rear-view mirror?", "answer": "Formula One Championship Edition"}, {"question": "What kind of game is Formula One Championship Edition?", "answer": "racing"}, {"question": "If users want to download original PlayStation games, where do they go online?", "answer": "PlayStation Store"}, {"question": "Games in plain PlayStation format can be played both on the PS3 console and what other device?", "answer": "PSP"}, {"question": "What's the name of the feature that would let you play a game on your PSP without having it with you?", "answer": "Remote Play"}, {"question": "In what city did Sony hold their 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing?", "answer": "Tokyo"}, {"question": "Does PlayStation Network use artificial or real currency for purchases?", "answer": "real"}, {"question": "Along with being free and providing constant connectivity, what other feature does PS Network offer users?", "answer": "multiplayer support"}, {"question": "PlayStation Network is only available for PS3 and what other device?", "answer": "PlayStation Portable"}, {"question": "What's the name of Sony's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?", "answer": "PlayStation Plus"}, {"question": "How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated?", "answer": "PS+"}, {"question": "Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010?", "answer": "Jack Tretton"}, {"question": "On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch?", "answer": "June 29, 2010"}, {"question": "Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either three months or what period of time?", "answer": "one-year"}, {"question": "Where can you buy downloadable content for the PSP and PS3?", "answer": "The PlayStation Store"}, {"question": "What do you click on in the PS3 interface to get to the PlayStation Store?", "answer": "an icon"}, {"question": "What connection would you go through to go to the PS3 store from a PSP?", "answer": "Remote Play"}, {"question": "How many unique downloads had there been from the PlayStation Store by late 2009?", "answer": "over 600 million"}, {"question": "From a PC, what application can you use to visit the PlayStation Store?", "answer": "Media Go"}, {"question": "What new feature for PS3 was released in September of 2009?", "answer": "What's New"}, {"question": "At what event did Sony announce What's New?", "answer": "Gamescom"}, {"question": "What did What's New replace?", "answer": "Information Board"}, {"question": "What type of information is disseminated through What's New?", "answer": "news"}, {"question": "What's geographical area does What's New tailor information to for each user?", "answer": "region"}, {"question": "How many  different sections does What's New have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?", "answer": "\"Recently Played\""}, {"question": "Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?", "answer": "Video"}, {"question": "What section of What's New can't show links to websites?", "answer": "\"Recently Played\""}, {"question": "Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?", "answer": "Games"}, {"question": "What does Sony call their social network?", "answer": "PlayStation Home"}, {"question": "What is the customizable representation of a user in PS Home called?", "answer": "avatar"}, {"question": "Home has free, won, and what third type of content?", "answer": "premium"}, {"question": "Users employ the content to decorate club houses, their avatars, or what virtual dwelling space?", "answer": "apartments"}, {"question": "What type of games can users find participants for in Home?", "answer": "multiplayer"}, {"question": "Life was able to personalize information for users by what location division?", "answer": "city"}, {"question": "On what date was Life with PlayStation shut down?", "answer": "November 6, 2012"}, {"question": "For weather updates from The Weather Channel, which of Life's channels would you have visited?", "answer": "Live Channel"}, {"question": "What's was Life's channel that delivered information about history topics?", "answer": "World Heritage"}, {"question": "What was the date Sony shut down the PS Network because of a security breach?", "answer": "April 20, 2011"}, {"question": "How many users did Sony say might have been affected by the intrusion?", "answer": "77 million"}, {"question": "What did Sony call the special offer they handed out to respond to the breach?", "answer": "\"Welcome Back\""}, {"question": "How many free days of PlayStation Plus were included in the offer?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many free game downloads were included in the \"Welcome Back\" program?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was PlayStation 3's toughest competitor in the video game market?", "answer": "Wii"}, {"question": "What did Wii offer that PS3 couldn't compete with?", "answer": "unique gameplay"}, {"question": "In 2006, did most people prefer the Xbox 360 or PS3 versions of cross-platform games?", "answer": "Xbox 360 versions"}, {"question": "Until what year was Sony seeing a loss on each PlayStation 3 console it sold?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which cost less in stores: PS3 or Wii?", "answer": "Wii"}, {"question": "How much did it cost to make one 20 GB PS3?", "answer": "US$805.85"}, {"question": "In contrast to the production cost, what was the retail price for a 20 GB PlayStation 3?", "answer": "US$499"}, {"question": "Assuming iSuppli got the numbers right, how much of a loss did Sony take for every 20 GB PS3 sold in the U.S.?", "answer": "$306"}, {"question": "What was the name of Sony's President who announced his retirement amid rumors in April 2007?", "answer": "Ken Kutaragi"}, {"question": "In U.S. dollars, how much was the enormous loss Sony reported the month before Kutaragi's retirement announcement?", "answer": "US$1.97 billion"}, {"question": "Who was Sony's CEO at the start of 2008?", "answer": "Kaz Hirai"}, {"question": "When did Hirai think the PS3 might start making the company some money?", "answer": "early 2009"}, {"question": "What market analyst firm said Sony could make the PlayStation 3 profitable by August 2008?", "answer": "Nikko Citigroup"}, {"question": "How many PS3 did Hirai set a public goal to sell by the time the product was nine?", "answer": "150 million"}, {"question": "What other Sony gaming console was Hirai setting his sales goal to beat?", "answer": "PlayStation 2"}, {"question": "Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?", "answer": "Emotion Engine chip"}, {"question": "What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?", "answer": "Cell"}, {"question": "What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?", "answer": "diodes"}, {"question": "As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?", "answer": "$240"}, {"question": "The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?", "answer": "6/10"}, {"question": "What PS3 competitor won IGN's \"Console Showdown\" in 2010?", "answer": "Xbox"}, {"question": "What PC Mag. staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June, 2012? ", "answer": "Will Greenwald"}, {"question": "Which publication called the PlayStation 3 \"a brilliant games console\"?", "answer": "Pocket-lint"}, {"question": "Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?", "answer": "\"The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006\""}, {"question": "What gaming website called PS3 \"a hate object reviled by the entire internet\"?", "answer": "GamesRadar"}, {"question": "What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?", "answer": "\"Late, Expensive and Incompatible\""}, {"question": "How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "In what year did Gabe Newell call the PS3 \"a total disaster\"?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who is Valve's VP of Marketing who says they want to hire programmers for a PS3 team?", "answer": "Doug Lombardi"}, {"question": "What year did Newell show up at Sony's EC3 press conference to take back what he said about PS3?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What game did Valve develop for the PlayStation 3 console?", "answer": "Portal 2"}, {"question": "What's the name of Valve's software update system?", "answer": "Steamworks"}, {"question": "What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?", "answer": "developers"}, {"question": "What does \"ROIC\" stand for?", "answer": "return on invested capital"}, {"question": "What company is Kotick the CEO of?", "answer": "Activision Blizzard"}, {"question": "What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform?", "answer": "The Times"}, {"question": "What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?", "answer": "Bioware"}, {"question": "What score did CNET give the PS3 out of ten?", "answer": "8.8"}, {"question": "What PlayStation 3 feature did Home Theater Magazine most like about PS3?", "answer": "Blu-ray playback"}, {"question": "Have reviews praised the PS3's hardware of software more frequently?", "answer": "hardware"}, {"question": "What other reviewer agreed with Home Theater Magazine's assessment of the PS3's Blu-ray player?", "answer": "Ultimate AV"}, {"question": "What website said the PlayStation 3 \"lives up to the hype\"? ", "answer": "CNET United Kingdom"}, {"question": "With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?", "answer": "Amazon.com"}, {"question": "For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?", "answer": "90 out of 100"}, {"question": "PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?", "answer": "PS3"}, {"question": "Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?", "answer": "repackaging"}, {"question": "What aspect of the PS3 Slim was CNET unhappy was missing for PS2 games?", "answer": "backward compatibility"}, {"question": "How many of five possible stars did CNET give the PS3 Slim?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many of its own five stars did TechRadar award the PS3 Slim?", "answer": "four and a half"}, {"question": "What area of the console did TechRadar feel was designed poorly compared to the original PS3?", "answer": "exterior"}, {"question": "What quality of the PS3 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about?", "answer": "quietness"}, {"question": "In addition to quieter fans and drive, what change from the other models did Spong praise?", "answer": "smaller, lighter size"}, {"question": "What piece of the PS3 Super Slim's hardware did Spong say was too \"fiddly\"?", "answer": "disc loader"}, {"question": "What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc?", "answer": "close the cover"}, {"question": "What website rated the Super Slim four out of five stars?", "answer": "CNET"}, {"question": "What adjective did CNET use to describe the PS3 Super Slim's design?", "answer": "\"cheap\""}, {"question": "What component of the Super Slim did CNET call \"the easiest yet\"?", "answer": "hard drive"}, {"question": "What hardware component did CNET have the biggest problem with, even comparing it to an old credit card reader?", "answer": "disc-loader"}, {"question": "Was the lowest-priced Super Slim more or less expensive than any of the PS3 Slim models?", "answer": "more expensive"}, {"question": "What magazine described the Super Slim as \"nostalgic\"?", "answer": "T3"}, {"question": "What PlayStation 3 model did T3 feel the Super Slim's design was paying homage to?", "answer": "the original PS3"}, {"question": "According to T3, what was the main differentiator between the \"fat\" PS3 and the Super Slim?", "answer": "weight"}, {"question": "What hardware element did T3 feel might have issues with durability? ", "answer": "the top loading tray"}, {"question": "T3 felt Sony was saying goodbye to past models in preparation for what next-generation console?", "answer": "the PS4"}, {"question": "When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?", "answer": "House of Lords"}, {"question": "Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?", "answer": "Palace of Westminster"}, {"question": "Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?", "answer": "written declaration"}, {"question": "With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?", "answer": "elaborate ceremonies"}, {"question": "Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Palace of Westminster"}, {"question": "With what method is royal assent generally granted?", "answer": "letters patent"}, {"question": "How is royal assent granted within Australia?", "answer": "the governor-general merely signs the bill"}, {"question": "Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?", "answer": "constitutional monarch"}, {"question": "Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?", "answer": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"}, {"question": "Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?", "answer": "United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein"}, {"question": "Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?", "answer": "a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government"}, {"question": "Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?", "answer": "exceedingly rare"}, {"question": "Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?", "answer": "ministers"}, {"question": "In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?", "answer": "reserve powers"}, {"question": "Whose advice does a sovereign follow?", "answer": "his or her ministers"}, {"question": "Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?", "answer": "ministers"}, {"question": "Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?", "answer": "improbable"}, {"question": "What is another name for \"Curia Regis\"?", "answer": "Royal Council"}, {"question": "Who was it that peculiarly called a full parliament without royal authorization in 1265?", "answer": "Earl of Leicester"}, {"question": "As a result, the bishops, abbots, earls, and barons formed which body of parliament?", "answer": "House of Lords"}, {"question": "Which body did the shire and borough representatives form?", "answer": "House of Commons"}, {"question": "From what did parliament evolve?", "answer": "Curia Regis, or Royal Council"}, {"question": "What positions were contained within the House of Lords?", "answer": "bishops, abbots, earls, and barons"}, {"question": "Which branch of parliament contains shire and borough representatives?", "answer": "House of Commons"}, {"question": "A bill could not become a law without whose assent?", "answer": "the sovereign"}, {"question": "Who is considered the enactor of laws?", "answer": "the sovereign"}, {"question": "Which monarch was responsible for dissolving parliament in 1629?", "answer": "Charles I"}, {"question": "What is one action this monarch took that is typically left to the discretion of parliament?", "answer": "raising taxes"}, {"question": "After which event was it decided that parliament should meet on a regular basis?", "answer": "English Civil War"}, {"question": "Like Charles II had previously done, the last Stuart monarch withheld assent. Who was this monarch?", "answer": "Anne"}, {"question": "Which ruler removed parliament in 1629?", "answer": "Charles I"}, {"question": "What did motions attempt to accomplish that prompted Charles I to dissolve parliament in 1629?", "answer": "restrict his arbitrary exercise of power"}, {"question": "When was the last time royal assent was enacted?", "answer": "11 March 1708"}, {"question": "Who was the last monarch to use the royal assent in 1708?", "answer": "Anne"}, {"question": "Under whose advice did Anne withold the royal assent?", "answer": "her ministers"}, {"question": "During whose rule was power transferred more to parliament?", "answer": "Hanoverian dynasty"}, {"question": "Who was the first ruler during this dynasty?", "answer": "George I"}, {"question": "In attempting to take back control, George III and George IV opposed which church movement?", "answer": "Catholic Emancipation"}, {"question": "Which monarch relied on his ministers more than any of his predecessors?", "answer": "George I"}, {"question": "What did George III and George IV both oppose?", "answer": "Catholic Emancipation"}, {"question": "What rule did George III and George IV believe a Catholic emancipation bill would violate?", "answer": "Coronation Oath"}, {"question": "Which monarch granted assent reluctantly under the advise of his ministers?", "answer": "George IV"}, {"question": "In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?", "answer": "Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament"}, {"question": "Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?", "answer": "London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes"}, {"question": "Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?", "answer": "28, 32, and 33"}, {"question": "How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?", "answer": "four-week period"}, {"question": "Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?", "answer": "Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State"}, {"question": "For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?", "answer": "review of its legality"}, {"question": "What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?", "answer": "Measures"}, {"question": "After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?", "answer": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"}, {"question": "What were \"measures\" in Wales?", "answer": "the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011"}, {"question": "During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?", "answer": "2006 and 2011"}, {"question": "In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?", "answer": "Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General"}, {"question": "The sovereign grants assent by which order?", "answer": "Order in Council"}, {"question": "Who advises the sovereign in this decision?", "answer": "Lord Chancellor"}, {"question": "Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?", "answer": "Chief Pleas of Sark"}, {"question": "Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?", "answer": "Lord Chancellor"}, {"question": "When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?", "answer": "13 July 2011"}, {"question": "In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?", "answer": "reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark"}, {"question": "Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?", "answer": "Tynwald Hill at St John's"}, {"question": "Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?", "answer": "Manx"}, {"question": "Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?", "answer": "summary of the long title"}, {"question": "How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?", "answer": "only the short title and a summary of the long title"}, {"question": "On what day does St John's Day occur?", "answer": "(24 June)"}, {"question": "Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?", "answer": "Tynwald Hill at St John's"}, {"question": "Since 1993, which body has had power to enact measures?", "answer": "Sodor and Man Diocesan Synod"}, {"question": "This body makes provisions in respect to matters concerning whom?", "answer": "Church of England in the Island"}, {"question": "Up until 1994, royal assent was given by whom?", "answer": "Order in Council"}, {"question": "Which position now has the power to grant royal assent?", "answer": "lieutenant governor"}, {"question": "Before what year was royal assent approved by Order in Council?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Who currently holds the power to grant royal assent to measures?", "answer": "the lieutenant governor"}, {"question": "During which years did the Synod have power to enact measures?", "answer": "Between 1979 and 1993"}, {"question": "In the Canadian federal government, who is typically responsible for deciding wether to give assent?", "answer": "the Governor General of Canada"}, {"question": "Which positions from the Canadian Supreme Court may also give assent if need be?", "answer": "Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice"}, {"question": "Who has the capability of granting assent if the Governer General of Canada cannot?", "answer": "the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada\u2014the Chief Justice of Canada\u2014or another justice of the Supreme Court of Canada"}, {"question": "How many methods are available to grant assent in Canada?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "If each house of parliament is notified seperately, what regulation applies?", "answer": "both houses must be notified on the same day"}, {"question": "How can the House of Commons be notified of assent if it is not in session?", "answer": "publishing a special issue of the Journals of the House of Commons"}, {"question": "In contrast to the House of Commons, how must the Senate be notified of assent?", "answer": "governor general's letter read aloud by the speaker"}, {"question": "Which year was royal assent last withheld in the UK?", "answer": "1708"}, {"question": "The United States Declaration of Independence mentions which British monarch?", "answer": "George III"}, {"question": "What did the American colonies accuse the monarch of?", "answer": "refused his Assent to Laws"}, {"question": "In what year was royal assent last witheld in the UK?", "answer": "1708"}, {"question": "Who continued to advise governors-general of granting of assent, even after their colonies had responsible government?", "answer": "the British government"}, {"question": "To whom did the British government occasionally still advice on the royal assent, although they had their own responsible governments?", "answer": "colonies such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, and Newfoundland"}, {"question": "The bill from the Australian House of Representatives was mistakenly sent and assented to by whom in 1976?", "answer": "Governor-General"}, {"question": "Why did this occur?", "answer": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"}, {"question": "What did the Governor-General do with the first assent?", "answer": "revoked the first assent"}, {"question": "This same procedure was more recently done to fix a similar error in which year?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What was the reason a bill was accidentally assented in 1976?", "answer": "two bills of the same title had originated from the house"}, {"question": "After an accidental assention of a bill with same name in 1976, when did a similar mistaken assention occur in Australia?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What protocol was not followed in 1976 when a bill was mistakenly assented?", "answer": "it had not been passed by each house"}, {"question": "How was the case of two bills mistakenly assented corrected both in 1796 and 2001?", "answer": "The Governor-General revoked the first assent, before assenting to the bill which had actually passed"}, {"question": "What term refers to the legislature of the Isle of man?", "answer": "Tynwald"}, {"question": "In what year was lordship of the Isle of Man purchased?", "answer": "1765"}, {"question": "What does the term the Revestment refer to?", "answer": "lordship of the Island was purchased by the British Crown in 1765"}, {"question": "How is royal assent currently granted in the Isle of Man?", "answer": "Order in Council"}, {"question": "Previous to the Order in Council method, how was royal assent passed previously within the Isle of Man?", "answer": "by letter from the Secretary of State to the governor"}, {"question": "In Commonwealth realms, who is the representative of the sovereign?", "answer": "the governor-general"}, {"question": "Who grants royal assent in Canada?", "answer": "lieutenant governors of the provinces"}, {"question": "In Canada, who is authorized to defer assent and to whom?", "answer": "A lieutenant governor may defer assent to the governor general, and the governor general may defer assent to federal bills to the sovereign."}, {"question": "Who grants the royal assent in Commonwealth nations other than the UK?", "answer": "by the realm's sovereign or, more frequently, by the representative of the sovereign"}, {"question": "What two documents declared all Commonwealth realms as sovereign kingdoms?", "answer": "Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westminster 1931"}, {"question": "Who exercised the power to withold royal assent in Alberta in 1937?", "answer": "John C. Bowen"}, {"question": "What the did Accurate News and Information Bill hope to accomplish?", "answer": "force newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the provincial cabinet objected"}, {"question": "Who decided the unconstitutionality of three bills brought forth by the Social Credit party?", "answer": "Supreme Court of Canada and by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council."}, {"question": "Which Houses in the UK must approve a bill before it is assented?", "answer": "House of Commons and the House of Lords"}, {"question": "Which Parliamentary Acts allow a bill to be presented for assent even after the House of Lords has refused it?", "answer": "Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949"}, {"question": "Who can be authorized to grant assent by letters patent?", "answer": "the sovereign or by Lords Commissioners"}, {"question": "In what language does the Clerk of the Parliaments announce Parliament's decision?", "answer": "Anglo-Norman Law French"}, {"question": "What words in Anglo-Norman Law French announce a granted assent?", "answer": "\"La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult\""}, {"question": "What is the shortened version of the notification of assent?", "answer": "\"La Reyne le veult\""}, {"question": "What phrase is used to announce a withheld assent?", "answer": "\"La Reyne s'avisera\""}, {"question": "When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?", "answer": "The Clerk of the Crown"}, {"question": "What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?", "answer": "stating the appropriate Norman French formula"}, {"question": "Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?", "answer": "the annual State Opening of Parliament"}, {"question": "On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?", "answer": "right"}, {"question": "Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?", "answer": "committing adultery"}, {"question": "What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?", "answer": "listening to the entire text"}, {"question": "How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "How many lords are usually present during assent by Commissioner?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What do the Lords Commissioners wear to a ceremony of assent?", "answer": "scarlet parliamentary robes"}, {"question": "Which commissioner reads the formal closing statement to the assention ceremony?", "answer": "the senior"}, {"question": "Which position reads the commisssion aloud during tthe ceremony?", "answer": "The Lords Reading Clerk"}, {"question": "During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "When does assention by commission occur today?", "answer": "once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session"}, {"question": "In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?", "answer": "Royal Assent Act 1967"}, {"question": "What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?", "answer": "does not require both houses to meet jointly"}, {"question": "How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?", "answer": "by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament"}, {"question": "Which document formats the letters patent?", "answer": "The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992"}, {"question": "In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "When assent is granted in person, when is it formally considered final?", "answer": "when the assent is declared in the presence of both houses jointly assembled"}, {"question": "An assent is considered granted when applying the Royal Assent Act 1967 when both presiding officers have done what?", "answer": "notified their respective house of the grant of royal assent"}, {"question": "When is assent effective if the presiding officers inform their houses at different times?", "answer": "when the second announcement is made"}, {"question": "Whose responsibility is it to assure that assent has been granted?", "answer": "Clerk of the Parliaments"}, {"question": "What is omitted when an act is published?", "answer": "signature of the clerk is omitted, as is the Norman French formula"}, {"question": "Who writes the formal Norman French formula on passed acts?", "answer": "Clerk of the Parliaments"}, {"question": "In what year did the New Zealand governor-general last personally grant the royal assent in parliament?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "Which country has not used the formal assention ceremony since the early 20th century?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "Who are the leaders of each house given the responsibility of informing their group of the governor-generals actions?", "answer": "President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives"}, {"question": "When did Canada finally cease to use the traditional ceremony for granting assent as regular practice?", "answer": "the 21st century"}, {"question": "Why was King George VI's personal assent in 1939 noteworthy?", "answer": "85 years after his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had last granted royal assent personally"}, {"question": "With what bill in Canada did granting assent by writing become effective?", "answer": "Royal Assent Act 2002"}, {"question": "From where is the sovereign typically forbidden?", "answer": "House of Commons"}, {"question": "Whose job is it to release parliament after the ceremony?", "answer": "The governor general or his or her deputy"}, {"question": "Who reads the formal statement after the list of bills has been finished?", "answer": "Clerk of the Senate"}, {"question": "Which position nods their head to signify assention?", "answer": "governor general"}, {"question": "What is royal assent called in Belgium?", "answer": "sanction royale"}, {"question": "Who declared the monarch incapable of acting upon an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?", "answer": "Council of Ministers"}, {"question": "Which King refused to sign an abortion decriminalization bill in 1990?", "answer": "King Baudouin"}, {"question": "Who declared the King capable of excersizing power again after a brief lapse in 1990?", "answer": "both houses of parliament"}, {"question": "How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?", "answer": ", it becomes law without his signature"}, {"question": "What text is written and sent to the Senate if the House approves of a law?", "answer": "\"The Second Chamber of the States General sends the following approved proposal of law to the First Chamber\""}, {"question": "What text is written and sent back to the government if a bill is rejected?", "answer": "The Second Chamber of the States General has rejected the accompanying proposal of law.\""}, {"question": "If the Senate approves the law after receiving it from the House, what is written and sent to the government?", "answer": "\"To the King, The States General have accepted the proposal of law as it is offered here.\""}, {"question": "Where are laws published after receiving assent?", "answer": "the State Magazine"}, {"question": "Where is the original law text stored?", "answer": "in the archives of the King's Offices"}, {"question": "What happens in the rare case the government doesn't approve of a law that has passed both houses?", "answer": "neither the monarch nor a minister will sign the bill, notifying the States General that \"The King will keep the proposal under advisement.\""}, {"question": "Which articles in the Norwegian Constitution allow the monarch to reject a bill that has been passed through the Sorting?", "answer": "Articles 77\u201379"}, {"question": "Which article in the Norweigan Constitution provides a way to override a monarch's veto?", "answer": "Article 79"}, {"question": "How many elections are required to assend a bill that the monarch has vetoed?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which article in the Spanish constitution gives the monarch the right to ask for a referendum?", "answer": "Article 92"}, {"question": "Which article specifies the number of days available to the monarch to provide a signature on an assended bill?", "answer": "Article 91"}, {"question": "In the 1978 Spanish constitution, which title describes how bills are passed?", "answer": "Title III, The Cortes Generales"}, {"question": "What chapter in the Spanish constitution describes how bills are to be passed?", "answer": "Chapter 2, Drafting of Bills"}, {"question": "What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?", "answer": "\"Soy el Rey de Espa\u00f1a y no el de B\u00e9lgica\""}, {"question": "What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?", "answer": "a law permitting abortion on demand"}, {"question": "When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?", "answer": "3 July 2005"}, {"question": "If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?", "answer": "the next person of age in the line of succession"}, {"question": "Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?", "answer": "not be possible under the current constitution"}, {"question": "Which articles allow the soverign to refise consent even when the bills have been passed through the Legislative assembly?", "answer": "41 and 68"}, {"question": "What statement by King George Tupou emphasized democracy?", "answer": "he would be guided by his prime minister in the exercising of his powers"}, {"question": "In which year was the Arms and Ammunitions (Amemndment) Bill adopted?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "In what month did the King veto the Arms and Ammunitions Amendment Bill?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "What is an arithmetical structure comprising of a set of elements including an operation that joins any two elements to form a third element?", "answer": "a group"}, {"question": "What is the name used to describe the four conditions of closure, associativity, identity and invertibility?", "answer": "group axioms"}, {"question": "What permits elements with different mathematical starting points to be taken care of in a flexible manner while holding their key basic aspects?", "answer": "abstract formalization of the group axioms"}, {"question": "What shares an essential relationship to groups?", "answer": "symmetry"}, {"question": "What are the symmetry groups utilized as a part of the Standard Model particle physics?", "answer": "Lie groups"}, {"question": "What groups are are utilized toward comprehending symmetry wonders in chemistry? ", "answer": "Point groups"}, {"question": "What groups can express the physical symmetry hidden behind special relativity?", "answer": "Poincar\u00e9 groups"}, {"question": "Where did the idea of a group come from?", "answer": "the study of polynomial equations,"}, {"question": "When was the group notion summed up and solidly settled?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What are smaller and easier to understand groups broken down into?", "answer": "subgroups, quotient groups and simple groups."}, {"question": "When was announcement for the classification of finite simple groups?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What is known as underlying set of the group?", "answer": "The set"}, {"question": "What is often utilized as a short name for the group?", "answer": "the group's underlying set"}, {"question": "What expressions are utilized when is really implied to be a longer expression?", "answer": "shorthand expressions"}, {"question": "What sends a point in the square to the relating point under the symmetry? ", "answer": "functions"}, {"question": " What gives another symmetry function?", "answer": "Composing two of these symmetry functions"}, {"question": "What group includes the symmetries of degree 4 and denoted D4?", "answer": "the dihedral group"}, {"question": "What modern concept was created from many fields of mathematics?", "answer": "abstract group"}, {"question": "The journey for answers to polynomial equations of degree higher than 4 was the original motivation for what theory?", "answer": "group theory"}, {"question": " Which French mathematician expanded on earlier work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange?", "answer": "\u00c9variste Galois"}, {"question": " Who developed a theory giving the first abstract definition of a finite group?", "answer": "Arthur Cayley"}, {"question": "When did the uniform theory of groups develop from different sources? ", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "Who presented a method for specifying a group by means of generators and relations?", "answer": "Walther von Dyck"}, {"question": "What theory did Hermann Weyl study in addition to locally compact groups?", "answer": "The theory of Lie groups"}, {"question": "Who initially molded the theory of algebraic groups?", "answer": "Claude Chevalley"}, {"question": "Where did the group of theorists first meet?", "answer": "The University of Chicago"}, {"question": "What university class year belonged to the group of theorists?", "answer": "1960\u201361"}, {"question": "What did the group of theorists classify in 1982?", "answer": "all finite simple groups"}, {"question": "What two factors describe the large size of the project?", "answer": "length of proof and number of researchers."}, {"question": "What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?", "answer": "structural concepts"}, {"question": "What has to be compatible with the group operation?", "answer": "constructions related to groups"}, {"question": "What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?", "answer": "group homomorphisms"}, {"question": "What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?", "answer": "isomorphic"}, {"question": "What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?", "answer": "isomorphic groups"}, {"question": "How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?", "answer": "applying a to the first equality yields the second"}, {"question": "What is composed of two rotations?", "answer": "a rotation"}, {"question": "What rotation can a rotation be reversed by?", "answer": "inverse"}, {"question": "What essential condition must be met for a subset of a group to be a subgroup?", "answer": "The subgroup test"}, {"question": "When is it preferable to consider two group elements to be the same?", "answer": "irrelevant to the question whether a reflection has been performed"}, {"question": "What should not be considered when asking if a reflection has been performed?", "answer": "rotation operations"}, {"question": "What number sets are used to show how subgroups can be seen as translations of the larger group?", "answer": "Cosets"}, {"question": "What is another term for coset multiplication?", "answer": "coset addition"}, {"question": "What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?", "answer": "coset multiplication"}, {"question": "What group does the inverse of gN include?", "answer": "quotient group"}, {"question": "What groups can be combined to describe every group?", "answer": "is the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group"}, {"question": "What group can be the quotient of the free group over the generators of the group?", "answer": "any group"}, {"question": "What is a finite composition of two symmetries or their inverses?", "answer": "every symmetry of the square"}, {"question": "What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?", "answer": "injective map"}, {"question": "What are the opposites of injective maps?", "answer": "surjective maps"}, {"question": "What is an example of a surjective map?", "answer": "canonical map"}, {"question": "What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?", "answer": "the first isomorphism theorem"}, {"question": "What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?", "answer": "Mathematical objects"}, {"question": "Who founded algebraic topology?", "answer": "Henri Poincar\u00e9"}, {"question": "What did Henri Poincar\u00e9 introduce when he established algebraic topology?", "answer": "the fundamental group"}, {"question": "What topological properties translate into properties of groups?", "answer": "proximity and continuity"}, {"question": "What represents elements of the fundamental group?", "answer": "loops"}, {"question": "What positive integer is used to divide the sum of two positive integers in modular mathematics?", "answer": "the modulus"}, {"question": "What results from modular addition?", "answer": "the remainder of that division"}, {"question": "What type of device can be use to demonstrate modular addition?", "answer": "a clock"}, {"question": "What term describes the group of integers related to a prime number?", "answer": "modulo p"}, {"question": "What integers are included in modulo p?", "answer": "1 to p \u2212 1"}, {"question": "How many group elements exist if p=5?", "answer": "four group elements"}, {"question": "What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?", "answer": "cyclic"}, {"question": "What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?", "answer": "Any cyclic group with n elements"}, {"question": "What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?", "answer": "the group of n-th complex roots of unity"}, {"question": "What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?", "answer": "Symmetry groups"}, {"question": "What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?", "answer": "geometric nature"}, {"question": "What can regarded as the study of symmetry?", "answer": "group theory"}, {"question": "What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?", "answer": "group law"}, {"question": "The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?", "answer": "group action"}, {"question": "What aids in predicting changes of physical traits?", "answer": "group theory"}, {"question": "What stage of a physical transformation can group theory be used to make prediction?", "answer": "phase transition"}, {"question": "What temperature causes the change of ferroelectric materials?", "answer": "Curie temperature"}, {"question": "What term describes the vibrational lattice mode that turns to 0 frequency at the change?", "answer": "soft phonon mode"}, {"question": "What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?", "answer": "Mathieu groups"}, {"question": "What is used for error correction of transferred data?", "answer": "coding theory"}, {"question": "What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?", "answer": "differential Galois theory"}, {"question": "What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?", "answer": "invariant theory"}, {"question": "What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?", "answer": "Matrix groups"}, {"question": "What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?", "answer": "The general linear group"}, {"question": "What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?", "answer": "matrix groups"}, {"question": "What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?", "answer": "the special orthogonal group SO(n)"}, {"question": "Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?", "answer": "Euler angles"}, {"question": "What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?", "answer": "degree 5 and higher"}, {"question": "What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?", "answer": "Abstract properties of Galois groups"}, {"question": "What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?", "answer": "radicals"}, {"question": "What does a finite group include?", "answer": "a finite number of elements"}, {"question": "What is the number of elements in a group named?", "answer": "the order of the group"}, {"question": "What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?", "answer": "fundamental"}, {"question": "What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?", "answer": "S3"}, {"question": "What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? ", "answer": "complete classification"}, {"question": "What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?", "answer": "finite groups"}, {"question": "What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?", "answer": "Lagrange's theorem"}, {"question": "What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?", "answer": "Computer algebra systems"}, {"question": "What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?", "answer": "The Jordan\u2013H\u00f6lder theorem"}, {"question": "What group operations must occur for group law and topology to integrate well?", "answer": "continuous functions"}, {"question": "What is the most simple example of topological groups?", "answer": "reals R under addition, (R \u2216 {0}, \u00b7),"}, {"question": "What variables do locally compact groups share that can be studied by harmonic analysis?", "answer": "Haar measures"}, {"question": "What concepts are fundamental to number theory?", "answer": "adele rings and adelic algebraic groups"}, {"question": "What group uses infinite field extensions with topology?", "answer": "the absolute Galois group"}, {"question": "What is used to generalize the connection of fields and groups to infinite field extensions?", "answer": "Krull topology"}, {"question": "What group is an advanced observation of infinite field extensions and groups that is adapted for the needs of algebraic geometry?", "answer": "the \u00e9tale fundamental group"}, {"question": "What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?", "answer": "Lie groups"}, {"question": "What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?", "answer": "Noether's theorem"}, {"question": "What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?", "answer": "Rotation"}, {"question": "What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?", "answer": "Lorentz transformations"}, {"question": "What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?", "answer": "Poincar\u00e9 group"}, {"question": "What product is created if the requirement that every element has an inverse is eliminated?", "answer": "monoid"}, {"question": "What type of numbers under addition form a monoid?", "answer": "natural numbers N (including 0)"}, {"question": "What method formally adds inverses to elements to any monoid?", "answer": "the Grothendieck group"}, {"question": "What can be replaced to simplify abstract algebra concepts?", "answer": "the binary operation"}, {"question": "Where is the Central African Republic located?", "answer": "Central Africa"}, {"question": "What country borders CAR in the North?", "answer": "Chad"}, {"question": "What Country borders CAR in the South?", "answer": "the Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "What Country borders CAR in the West?", "answer": "Cameroon"}, {"question": "What is the population of CAR approximately?", "answer": "4.7 million"}, {"question": "Who established CAR's borders?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What country ruled CAR as a colony?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "When did CAR become independent?", "answer": "in 1960"}, {"question": "Who was the first democratically elected President?", "answer": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9"}, {"question": "What religion is a minority in CAR?", "answer": "Muslim minority"}, {"question": "How long ago did people start living in the area?", "answer": "Approximately 10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?", "answer": "farming"}, {"question": "What vegetation helped populations expand?", "answer": "African oil palm"}, {"question": "What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?", "answer": "Bananas"}, {"question": "What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?", "answer": "Fish"}, {"question": "When did the slave trade hit the CAR region?", "answer": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"question": "What is one area where captive slaves were sent?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Which people were major slave traders in the 19th century?", "answer": "Bobangi people"}, {"question": "Who did the Bobangi sell slave to?", "answer": "the Americas"}, {"question": "What river saw the establishment of a new Kingdom?", "answer": "Ubangi River"}, {"question": "When was Equatorial Africa established?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "Where was Equatorial African ran from?", "answer": "Brazzaville"}, {"question": "What plant was mandated to be grown by the French?", "answer": "cotton"}, {"question": "What important infrastructure was built in the 1920s.", "answer": "a network of roads"}, {"question": "What religion was spread through CAR?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "During what war did French officers setup headquarters in CAR?", "answer": "Second World War"}, {"question": "Who was elected in 1946 as the first representative?", "answer": "Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my Boganda"}, {"question": "How many votes did Boganda get?", "answer": "9,000 votes"}, {"question": "What was Bogandas platform that he ran for?", "answer": "political stance against racism"}, {"question": "What caused Boganda to leave his elected post?", "answer": "disheartened with the French political system"}, {"question": "What was the overwhelming amount of votes MESAN captured?", "answer": "347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes"}, {"question": "How many seats did MESAN win?", "answer": "every legislative seat"}, {"question": "Who was elected president of the Grand Council?", "answer": "Boganda"}, {"question": "How did Boganda die?", "answer": "a plane crash"}, {"question": "Who took over after Boganda died?", "answer": "his cousin, David Dacko"}, {"question": "What caused a violent uprising?", "answer": "young students protested against Bokassa's decree"}, {"question": "How many were killed in the April 1979 protests?", "answer": "100 children and teenagers"}, {"question": "Who overthrew Bokassa after this incident?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who did France restore into power?", "answer": "Dacko"}, {"question": "Who eventually overthrew Dacko?", "answer": "General Andr\u00e9 Kolingba"}, {"question": "What was inspired by the fall of the Berlin wall?", "answer": "a pro-democracy movement"}, {"question": "What large country pressured CAR to hold elections?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "When were free elections held?", "answer": "October 1992"}, {"question": "Who helped with the Free Elections?", "answer": "UN Office of Electoral Affairs"}, {"question": "What excuse did Kolingba use to deny the election results?", "answer": "alleged irregularities"}, {"question": "When was a second democratic election held?", "answer": "in 1993"}, {"question": "Who became the first democratically elected president?", "answer": "Ange-F\u00e9lix Patass\u00e9"}, {"question": "What percentage did Patasse win with?", "answer": "53% of the vote"}, {"question": "What was the winning party?", "answer": "Mouvement pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Peuple Centrafricain"}, {"question": "Did Patasse get a majority of the votes?", "answer": "gained a simple but not an absolute majority"}, {"question": "When was the new constitution for CAR approved?", "answer": "28 December 1994"}, {"question": "When did a mutiny form against Patasse?", "answer": "In 1996\u20131997"}, {"question": "The mutinies caused what effects on the country?", "answer": "widespread destruction of property"}, {"question": "Where did the peace corps evacuate to?", "answer": "Cameroon"}, {"question": "What agreement gave the authority for deployment of military intervention?", "answer": "The Bangui Agreements"}, {"question": "The failed coup caused what effects?", "answer": "murder of many political opponents"}, {"question": "Which General was involved in another coup?", "answer": "General Fran\u00e7ois Boziz\u00e9"}, {"question": "Where did General Bozize flee to escape?", "answer": "Chad"}, {"question": "When did Bozize finally attempt his coup?", "answer": "March 2003"}, {"question": "Who succeeded in finally overthrowing Patasse?", "answer": "Boziz\u00e9's forces"}, {"question": "What war started in 2004?", "answer": "Bush War"}, {"question": "In what way did Bozize made his rule legitimate?", "answer": "Boziz\u00e9 won a presidential election"}, {"question": "When did CAR ask for assistance from the French against rebels?", "answer": "November 2006"}, {"question": "How did the French assist against the rebels?", "answer": "strikes by Mirage jets"}, {"question": "What did the rebels take over?", "answer": "towns in the country's northern regions"}, {"question": "What agreement called for the stop of Hostilities?", "answer": "Syrte Agreement"}, {"question": "What did the Birao Peace Agreement call for?", "answer": "the liberation of political prisoners"}, {"question": "What major group did not sign the peace agreement immediately?", "answer": "CPJP"}, {"question": "When did the CPJP finally sign the peace agreement?", "answer": "25 August 2012"}, {"question": "When was the Birao Peace Agreement signed?", "answer": "April 2007"}, {"question": "Who became president in 2013?", "answer": "Michel Djotodia"}, {"question": "What was Bozize indicted for?", "answer": "crimes against humanity"}, {"question": "What mass murder did Bozize commit?", "answer": "genocide"}, {"question": "How many people were displaced in the unrests?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What faction was fighting against the remaining Bozize loyalists?", "answer": "S\u00e9l\u00e9ka"}, {"question": "What national part is located in the South West?", "answer": "Dzanga-Sangha National Park"}, {"question": "What large animals reside in the national park?", "answer": "forest elephants"}, {"question": "Which Primate can be found in the national park?", "answer": "lowland gorillas"}, {"question": "What National Park can be found in the North?", "answer": "Manovo-Gounda St Floris"}, {"question": "What has threatened the wildlife in this park?", "answer": "the activities of poachers"}, {"question": "What religious groups operate in CAR?", "answer": "missionary groups"}, {"question": "Where do most of the missionaries come from?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What caused most of the missionaries to leave the country?", "answer": "when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces"}, {"question": "What African country bordering CAR are some of these missionaries from?", "answer": "Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, {"question": "When did fighting break out in CAR?", "answer": "2002\u20133"}, {"question": "Due to fighting, what threatened people in the NorthWest?", "answer": "risk of starvation"}, {"question": "Who assisted in saving the people from starvation?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "Who headed the UN effort to rebuild CAR?", "answer": "Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon"}, {"question": "When did CAR request assistance directly to prevent war?", "answer": "12 June 2008"}, {"question": "Who assisted CAR in avoiding war?", "answer": "UN Peacebuilding Commission"}, {"question": "When was the new Government seated in CAR?", "answer": "31 March 2013"}, {"question": "What did the former opposition parties declare?", "answer": "boycott the government"}, {"question": "Who was refused as new president?", "answer": "Djotodia"}, {"question": "Who would rule the country temporarily?", "answer": "a transitional parliament"}, {"question": "How long did the parliament have until the next election?", "answer": "18 months"}, {"question": "What is the per capita income in CAR?", "answer": "$400 a year"}, {"question": "How is the per capita income compared to the world?", "answer": "one of the lowest"}, {"question": "What gemstone comes from the CAR?", "answer": "diamonds"}, {"question": "Which item that poachers kill elephants for can be obtained in CAR?", "answer": "ivory"}, {"question": "What hinders export?", "answer": "country's landlocked position"}, {"question": "What type of agriculture is popular in the CAR?", "answer": "food crops"}, {"question": "The economy grows at what rate in the last few years?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "How many tonnes of Cassave is produced per year?", "answer": "200,000 and 300,000"}, {"question": "What product is produced that is exported?", "answer": "cotton"}, {"question": "Which insect hinders livestock development?", "answer": "tsetse fly"}, {"question": "What is the major telecommunications provider in CAR?", "answer": "Socatel"}, {"question": "Which body regulated communications?", "answer": "Minist\u00e8re des Postes and T\u00e9l\u00e9communications et des Nouvelles Technologies"}, {"question": "What type of access is available?", "answer": "internet service"}, {"question": "Who assists CAR with telecommunications?", "answer": "ITU Telecommunication Development Sector"}, {"question": "What does the CAR get help with with regards to communication from ITU-D?", "answer": "improve infrastructure"}, {"question": "How are the human rights in the CAR?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "What concerns are there regarding to human rights?", "answer": "government abuses"}, {"question": "What punishment is a human rights violation per the US state Dept?", "answer": "extrajudicial executions"}, {"question": "How is the prison quality in the CAR?", "answer": "harsh and life-threatening conditions"}, {"question": "What right in a court is denied and considered a human right violation?", "answer": "arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial"}, {"question": "What two factors cause asthma?", "answer": "genetic and environmental factors"}, {"question": "What are two enviromental factors?", "answer": "exposure to air pollution and allergens"}, {"question": "What medications can also trigger asthma?", "answer": "aspirin and beta blockers"}, {"question": "What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?", "answer": "the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry"}, {"question": "How is asthma classified?", "answer": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"}, {"question": "Is there a cure for asthma?", "answer": "There is no cure for asthma"}, {"question": "How can symptoms be prevented?", "answer": "by avoiding triggers, such as allergens and irritants, and by the use of inhaled corticosteroids"}, {"question": "What is taken by mouth to treat rapidly worsening symptoms?", "answer": "an inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonist such as salbutamol and corticosteroids"}, {"question": "What happens in very severe cases of asthma?", "answer": "intravenous corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and hospitalization may be required"}, {"question": "What are the characteristics of asthma?", "answer": "recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing"}, {"question": "When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?", "answer": "at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air"}, {"question": "What is produced in the lungs by coughing?", "answer": "Sputum"}, {"question": "Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?", "answer": "worse at night"}, {"question": "Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?", "answer": "Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u"}, {"question": "Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?", "answer": "more frequently"}, {"question": "What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?", "answer": "gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea"}, {"question": "What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?", "answer": "Psychological disorders"}, {"question": "What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? ", "answer": "radiocontrast reactions"}, {"question": "What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?", "answer": "allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals"}, {"question": "What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?", "answer": "Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery"}, {"question": "What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?", "answer": "Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels"}, {"question": "Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?", "answer": "indoor volatile organic compounds"}, {"question": "What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?", "answer": "The hygiene hypothesis"}, {"question": "How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?", "answer": "a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses"}, {"question": "What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?", "answer": "increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies"}, {"question": "What could prevent asthma?", "answer": "Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood"}, {"question": "What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?", "answer": "lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets."}, {"question": "What else is a risk factor for asthma?", "answer": "Family history"}, {"question": "If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?", "answer": "approximately 25%"}, {"question": "How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?", "answer": "25 genes"}, {"question": "What else are these genes closely related to?", "answer": "the immune system or modulating inflammation"}, {"question": "How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?", "answer": "over 100 genes"}, {"question": "What is asthma the result of?", "answer": "chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways"}, {"question": "What two airways are most effected by asthma?", "answer": "the bronchi and bronchioles"}, {"question": "In what ways do airways change?", "answer": "an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis"}, {"question": "What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?", "answer": "T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils"}, {"question": "What other components of the immune systems are included?", "answer": "cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others"}, {"question": "Is there a universal definition of astham?", "answer": "there is not one universal agreed upon definition"}, {"question": "What main components play a role in asthma?", "answer": "many cells and cellular elements play a role"}, {"question": "What is the inflamation a result of?", "answer": "airway hyper-responsiveness"}, {"question": "What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?", "answer": "episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing"}, {"question": "What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?", "answer": "spontaneously or with treatment"}, {"question": "Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?", "answer": "There is currently no precise test"}, {"question": "What is diagnosis based on typically?", "answer": "pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time"}, {"question": "When should you suspect asthma?", "answer": "if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing"}, {"question": "What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?", "answer": "Spirometry"}, {"question": "What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?", "answer": "children under the age of six"}, {"question": "What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?", "answer": "Spirometry"}, {"question": "Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?", "answer": "It is the single best test for asthma"}, {"question": "What helps support the evidence of asthma?", "answer": "If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator"}, {"question": "What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?", "answer": "caffeine"}, {"question": "What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?", "answer": "Single-breath diffusing capacity"}, {"question": "What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?", "answer": "\u226520%"}, {"question": "What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?", "answer": ". Testing peak expiratory flow"}, {"question": "How is asthma clinically classified?", "answer": "according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate"}, {"question": "How else is asthma classified?", "answer": "as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)"}, {"question": "When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? ", "answer": "atopic"}, {"question": "What  is asthma usually classified based on?", "answer": "severity"}, {"question": "What is a important goal of asthma research?", "answer": "Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments"}, {"question": "What kind of condition is asthma?", "answer": "a chronic obstructive condition"}, {"question": "What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?", "answer": "bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema"}, {"question": "Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?", "answer": "asthma is usually reversible"}, {"question": "What part of the airway does emphysema affect?", "answer": "alveoli"}, {"question": "What part of the airway does asthma affect?", "answer": "the bronchi"}, {"question": "Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?", "answer": "professional athletes"}, {"question": "What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?", "answer": "cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers"}, {"question": "What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?", "answer": "when it is dry and cold"}, {"question": "What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?", "answer": "Inhaled beta2-agonists"}, {"question": "Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?", "answer": "occupational disease"}, {"question": "What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?", "answer": "It is estimated that 5\u201325%"}, {"question": "What are some of the most common agents?", "answer": "isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes"}, {"question": "What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?", "answer": "those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers"}, {"question": "What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?", "answer": "allergic rhinitis and sinusitis"}, {"question": "What are some other causes of airway obstruction?", "answer": "foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses"}, {"question": "What other conditions can cause wheezing?", "answer": "Bronchiolitis and other viral infections"}, {"question": "In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?", "answer": "COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors"}, {"question": "What is a complication of chronic asthma?", "answer": "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"}, {"question": "If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?", "answer": "asthma and COPD"}, {"question": "How is COPD differentiated?", "answer": "by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi"}, {"question": "Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?", "answer": "due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management"}, {"question": "What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?", "answer": "corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation"}, {"question": "What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?", "answer": "The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent"}, {"question": "What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?", "answer": "none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication"}, {"question": "What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?", "answer": "have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended"}, {"question": "Why are smoking bans in place?", "answer": "effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma"}, {"question": "Who recoomends immunizations?", "answer": "World Health Organization"}, {"question": "What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?", "answer": "Avoidance of triggers"}, {"question": "What are some of the more common triggers?", "answer": "allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods"}, {"question": "What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?", "answer": "Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke"}, {"question": "What did law that limit smoking accomplish? ", "answer": "decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma"}, {"question": "What type of exercise can provide small improvements?", "answer": "Yoga"}, {"question": "What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?", "answer": "For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs"}, {"question": "What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?", "answer": "It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies"}, {"question": "What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?", "answer": "it appears to decrease the subsequent rate."}, {"question": "What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?", "answer": "sublingual immunotherapy"}, {"question": "What is the prognosis for asthma? ", "answer": "generally good"}, {"question": "What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?", "answer": "due to better recognition and improvement in care"}, {"question": "Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?", "answer": "19.4 million people as of 2004"}, {"question": "How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?", "answer": "half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade"}, {"question": "By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?", "answer": "235\u2013330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma"}, {"question": "How many people die per year from asthma?", "answer": "250,000\u2013345,000 people"}, {"question": "What countries is asthma more commonly seen?", "answer": "It is more common in developed than developing countries"}, {"question": "Why are different countries effected differently?", "answer": "The reason for these differences is not well known"}, {"question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??", "answer": "about $3,600"}, {"question": "How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?", "answer": "from $5,200 to $6,600"}, {"question": "Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?", "answer": "Medicaid"}, {"question": "Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?", "answer": "the lowest income communities"}, {"question": "When was the first paper written about asthma?", "answer": "In 1873"}, {"question": "What was first used as a cure for asthma?", "answer": "by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment"}, {"question": "In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?", "answer": "pilocarpin"}, {"question": "When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? ", "answer": "in the 1960s"}, {"question": "Did LaserDisks offer higher or lower quality sound and picture than VHS?", "answer": "higher-quality"}, {"question": "Why didn't LaserDisk gain popularity in North America?", "answer": "high costs for the players and video titles themselves and the inability to record TV programming"}, {"question": "With whom was LaserDisk a popular choice for it's picture and sound quality?", "answer": "videophiles and film enthusiasts"}, {"question": "In what city was LaserDisk used as a popular rental medium in the 1990s?", "answer": "Hong Kong"}, {"question": "Where was LaserDisc first available?", "answer": "Atlanta, Georgia"}, {"question": "How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?", "answer": "two years"}, {"question": "Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?", "answer": "MCA DiscoVision"}, {"question": "How did the first viewers refer to the media?", "answer": "\"Video Long Play\""}, {"question": "Who purchased the majority stake and re-marketed the product in 1980?", "answer": "Pioneer Electronics"}, {"question": "Was Laserdisk officially or unofficially reffered to as \"Laser Videodisc\"?", "answer": "unofficially"}, {"question": "Did MCA produce the disc or the players after being bought out?", "answer": "discs"}, {"question": "Who were the scientists that worked on the early research for Laserdiscs?", "answer": "Richard Wilkinson, Ray Dakin and John Winslow"}, {"question": "What company did the early Laserdisc researchers later found?", "answer": "Optical Disc Corporation (now ODC Nimbus)"}, {"question": "What product replaced LaserDisc in North America by the early 2000s?", "answer": "DVD"}, {"question": "Who chose LaserFisc for their Domesday Project in the mid-1980s?", "answer": "British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)"}, {"question": "What was the BBC Domesday Project?", "answer": "a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England"}, {"question": "Which country still exported players to North America until 2001?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How large was a standard LaserDisc?", "answer": "30 cm (12 in) in diameter"}, {"question": "What numbers are used in Binary information coding?", "answer": "1s and 0s"}, {"question": "Were the ealiest LaserDiscs in 1978 analog or digitally formatted?", "answer": "analog"}, {"question": "What was the length capacity of the CAA55 format?", "answer": "55 minutes 5 seconds"}, {"question": "Why was Back to the Future released with analog sound?", "answer": "due to the length of the title and the desire to keep the film on one disc"}, {"question": "What was the maximum length of the CAA60 format?", "answer": "60 minutes 5 seconds"}, {"question": "How many works were released to the public with the CAA70 format?", "answer": "There are not any known uses of this format on the consumer market"}, {"question": "What was the difference between LaserDisc and LaserVision in the UK?", "answer": "\"LaserVision\" is used to refer to discs with analog sound, while \"LaserDisc\" is used for those with digital audio"}, {"question": "The Phantom Menace was one of the first home videos to use what sound format?", "answer": "6.1 channel Dolby Digital EX Surround."}, {"question": "What sound formatting do DVDs use?", "answer": "Dolby Digital audio in digital form"}, {"question": "What competition caused LaserDisc sales to decline?", "answer": "DVD's growing popularity"}, {"question": "Did all AV receivers carry the demodulator circuits necessary for LaserDiscs, or only high-end models?", "answer": "higher-end"}, {"question": "What did the Onkyo outboard demodulator covert the RF AC-2 signal to?", "answer": "6-channel analog audio"}, {"question": "Was sound quality from disc to disc and between players consistent or varied?", "answer": "varied greatly"}, {"question": "Was analog or digital formatting more popular with enthusiasts?", "answer": "digital"}, {"question": "What result did adding CX Noise Reduction have on analog discs?", "answer": "improved the signal-noise ratio of their audio"}, {"question": "Which company added digital sound option when re-releasing movies?", "answer": "Universal"}, {"question": "Which channel would not work in conjunction with AC-3 audio?", "answer": "right analog audio channel"}, {"question": "What audio playback options were available if an AC-3 output was not present?", "answer": "digital Dolby Surround or stereo audio tracks"}, {"question": "What happens to the right channel in a player that doesn't recognize AC-3?", "answer": "garbage (static) output"}, {"question": "Are integrated AC-3 demodulators common in LaserDisc players or a rare find?", "answer": "rare"}, {"question": "How many 5.1 surround sound options exist in LaserDiscs?", "answer": "Only one"}, {"question": "What type of decoder logic is common in 1990s A/V receivers?", "answer": "DTS"}, {"question": "Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?", "answer": "PAL LaserDiscs"}, {"question": "How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?", "answer": "two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?", "answer": "LD-700"}, {"question": "Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?", "answer": "first LD player to load from the front and not the top"}, {"question": "When did Pioneer release the LD-700?", "answer": "March 1984"}, {"question": "Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?", "answer": "Philips"}, {"question": "Which three names did MCA use for LaserDisc technology during its development?", "answer": "Optical Videodisc System, \"Reflective Optical Videodisc\" or \"Laser Optical Videodisc\""}, {"question": "To what did MCA change the name to in 1969?", "answer": "Disco-Vision"}, {"question": "When did MCA remove the hyphen from the name Disco-Vision?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Which company owned the rights to the world's largest collection of films during the 1970s?", "answer": "MCA"}, {"question": "Consumer sales of MCA films began in 1978 with what movie?", "answer": "Jaws"}, {"question": "What did VLP stand for in English-speaking countries?", "answer": "Video Long-Play"}, {"question": "What was the first consumer VLP player?", "answer": "Magnavox VH-8000"}, {"question": "Which group officially chose the name \"Laservision\"?", "answer": "The LaserVision Association"}, {"question": "The Laservision Association was comprised of which companies?", "answer": "MCA, Universal-Pioneer, IBM, and Philips/Magnavox"}, {"question": "Which company joined a 50/50 partnership with MCA in 1977?", "answer": "Pioneer Electronics"}, {"question": "In what year was the first Universal-Pioneer player released?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first Universal-Pioneer player?", "answer": "the VP-1000"}, {"question": "Which singer did an ad for the LD-700 player in 1984?", "answer": "Ray Charles"}, {"question": "What other companies did MCA manufacture discs for?", "answer": "Paramount, Disney and Warner Bros"}, {"question": "What quirk is present in MCA's release of Howard the Duck?", "answer": "only the start credits shown in widescreen before changing to 4:3 for the rest of the film"}, {"question": "What is unique about the LaserDisc release of E.T.?", "answer": "only format to include the cut scene of Harrison Ford playing the part of the school headmaster"}, {"question": "Which film is only available with its original score in LD format , even today?", "answer": "The Electric Horseman"}, {"question": "How many horizontal TVL lines did LaserDisc have in comparison to VHS's 240?", "answer": "425"}, {"question": "Which medium was chapter based like DVD format, Laserdisc or VHS?", "answer": "LaserDisc"}, {"question": "Which medium allowed for multiple audio tracks, Laserdisc or VHS?", "answer": "LaserDisc"}, {"question": "Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?", "answer": "cheaper"}, {"question": "How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?", "answer": "at least 14"}, {"question": "How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?", "answer": "$5.00 per two-sided disc"}, {"question": "How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?", "answer": "as little as $1.00"}, {"question": "Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?", "answer": "LaserDiscs"}, {"question": "Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?", "answer": "progressive wear with each use"}, {"question": "Where do VHS tapes store their information?", "answer": "magnetic coating"}, {"question": "How is data stored on DVDs?", "answer": "digital blocks which make up each independent frame"}, {"question": "What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?", "answer": "the receiver"}, {"question": "Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?", "answer": "comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail"}, {"question": "In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?", "answer": "low-contrast details like skin tones"}, {"question": "Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?", "answer": "LaserDiscs"}, {"question": "Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?", "answer": "entirely"}, {"question": "What is contrast banding?", "answer": "subtle visible lines in gradient areas"}, {"question": "What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?", "answer": "MPEG-2 encoding process"}, {"question": "How does LaserDisc operation vary from DVD?", "answer": "the transport mechanism always obeys commands from the user"}, {"question": "What are \"User Protected Options\" on DVDs?", "answer": "where content protection code instructs the player to refuse commands to skip a specific part"}, {"question": "Where are User Protected Options commonly found on DVDs?", "answer": "copyright warnings"}, {"question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, gives the user the most control over playback?", "answer": "LaserDisc"}, {"question": "What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?", "answer": "filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound"}, {"question": "Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?", "answer": "DVD"}, {"question": "Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?", "answer": "DVD"}, {"question": "Which format is considered to look most realistic, LaserDisc or DVD?", "answer": "LaserDisc"}, {"question": "Which format, LaserDisc or DVD, is said to appear sharper and clearer to most viewers?", "answer": "DVDs"}, {"question": "What features do LaserDiscs lack in, causing DVDs to appear sharper and clearer?", "answer": "video signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth"}, {"question": "What was the vertical blanking interval used for in LaserDiscs, preventing Macrovision signal to be implemented?", "answer": "internal timing"}, {"question": "Why wasn't there a need to redesign the LaserDisc format to prevent piracy?", "answer": "relatively small market share"}, {"question": "What protection could not be applied to LaserDiscs, making them prone to piracy?", "answer": "Macrovision's Copyguard protection"}, {"question": "LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?", "answer": "\"Special Edition\""}, {"question": "What was the first \"Special Edition\" film to be released to home video?", "answer": "the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane"}, {"question": "What bonus features were available on the first home video \"Special Edition\"?", "answer": "interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs"}, {"question": "What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?", "answer": "support for multiple audio tracks"}, {"question": "What was required of a LaserDisc to continue playback after 60 minutes?", "answer": "a disc has to be flipped over in order to continue watching"}, {"question": "Which LaserDisc player solves the disc switching dilemma?", "answer": "Pioneer LD-W1"}, {"question": "What must be reduced in order to allow LaserDisc playback time to increase?", "answer": "line count"}, {"question": "Which format allows for more playback tie per side, CLV or CAV?", "answer": "CLV"}, {"question": "What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?", "answer": "glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions"}, {"question": "Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?", "answer": "digital MPEG-2"}, {"question": "What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?", "answer": "analog"}, {"question": "When does \"crosstalk\" occur?", "answer": "when the laser optical pickup assembly within the player is out of alignment or because the disc is damaged or excessively warped"}, {"question": "What problem can be caused by a player becoming out of alignment?", "answer": "\"crosstalk\""}, {"question": "How does \"crosstalk\" appear to the viewer?", "answer": "swirling \"barber poles\" or rolling lines of static"}, {"question": "In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?", "answer": "CAV"}, {"question": "Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?", "answer": "the rotational speed never varies"}, {"question": "What happens during \"laser lock\"?", "answer": "the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen"}, {"question": "Is LaserDisc quality consistent or inconsistent between player brands? ", "answer": "inconsistency"}, {"question": "What is LaserDisc playback quality dependent on?", "answer": "hardware quality"}, {"question": "How cheaply could an older LaserDisc player be purchased in the 1990s?", "answer": "$25"}, {"question": "What range of prices were high-end LaserDisc players in the 1990s?", "answer": "US$200 to well over $1,000"}, {"question": "What substandard product was used in LD manufacturing that caused \"laser rot\"?", "answer": "adhesive"}, {"question": "What was the internal name for \"laser rot\" within LD processing plants?", "answer": "\"color flash\""}, {"question": "What problems could occur with laser rot?", "answer": "black spots that looked like mold or burned plastic which cause the disc to skip and the movie to exhibit excessive speckling noise"}, {"question": "Why didn't LaserDiscs become popular in North America?", "answer": "high cost of the players and discs"}, {"question": "By 1990, how many American homes were estimated to use LD?", "answer": "nearly one million"}, {"question": "Why were LaserDiscs more popular in Japan?", "answer": "prices were kept low to ensure adoption"}, {"question": "Which format was more popular in high humidity areas such as Singapore?", "answer": "LaserDiscs"}, {"question": "How much did a LD cost in Hong Kong in the 1990s?", "answer": "USD100"}, {"question": "Broadcast in Hong Kong used which standard formatting?", "answer": "PAL standard"}, {"question": "In contrast to broadcast, which format did consumers use in Hong Kong?", "answer": "NTSC"}, {"question": "By what year had DVD taken over the LaserDisc market?", "answer": "late 1990s"}, {"question": "Which collector group highly values LaserDisc for their rareness?", "answer": "movie enthusiasts"}, {"question": "Until the end of what year were movies released in VHS, LD, and DVD in Japan?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What country was the only to receive a LD release of Disney's Song of the South?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "In what decade did Philips produce a \"professional\" LD model for computer?", "answer": "early 1980s"}, {"question": "In what year were LD jukeboxes created?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "Who created LD Jukeboxes in 1985?", "answer": "Jasmine Multimedia"}, {"question": "Which musical artists were featured on LD Jukeboxes in 1985?", "answer": "Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, and Cyndi Lauper"}, {"question": "How many EditDroid systems were ever built?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Were EditDroid discs single or multi-sided?", "answer": "single-sided"}, {"question": "Which production company engineered the EditDroid machines in the 1980s?", "answer": "Lucasfilm"}, {"question": "In what year did the Doomsday project occur?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Which equipment was used for the Doomsday Project?", "answer": "a SCSI-equipped LaserDisc player attached to a BBC Master computer"}, {"question": "What does LV-ROM stand for?", "answer": "LaserVision Read Only Memory"}, {"question": "The Doomsday Project discs used which formatting?", "answer": "CAV"}, {"question": "Which of Apple's programming languages allowed users to ceatively manipulate LaserDiscs?", "answer": "HyperCard"}, {"question": "What did LaserStacks software enable Mac users to do?", "answer": "play specific content from the disc"}, {"question": "Where were \"stacks\" created with the LaserStack software used?", "answer": "in education"}, {"question": "Which commercial company was LaserStack's most successful distributor?", "answer": "Voyager"}, {"question": "A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?", "answer": "the U.S. Military"}, {"question": "How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?", "answer": "43 lb (20 kg)"}, {"question": "How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?", "answer": "removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player"}, {"question": "What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?", "answer": "instant-access capability"}, {"question": "What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?", "answer": "Sega's Astron Belt"}, {"question": "In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?", "answer": "5:3"}, {"question": "What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?", "answer": "capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out"}, {"question": "In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?", "answer": "Crosstalk"}, {"question": "How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?", "answer": "almost 15 years"}, {"question": "What was the price for early HDTVs?", "answer": "US$10,000"}, {"question": "Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?", "answer": "tiny"}, {"question": "What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?", "answer": "Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin"}, {"question": "What were \"Squeeze LDs\"?", "answer": "enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs"}, {"question": "With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?", "answer": "16:9-ratio widescreen"}, {"question": "Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?", "answer": "very few people owned 16:9 displays"}, {"question": "Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?", "answer": "distorted"}, {"question": "What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?", "answer": "33%"}, {"question": "Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?", "answer": "Terminator 2"}, {"question": "What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?", "answer": "THX certified"}, {"question": "What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?", "answer": "Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy"}, {"question": "What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?", "answer": "Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger"}, {"question": "What does the acronym RLV stand for?", "answer": "Recordable LaserVision disc"}, {"question": "Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?", "answer": "Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)"}, {"question": "In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?", "answer": "1984."}, {"question": "What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?", "answer": "reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color"}, {"question": "Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?", "answer": "to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs"}, {"question": "For what purpose were RLVs popular?", "answer": "making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"}, {"question": "What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?", "answer": "silver mirror"}, {"question": "In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?", "answer": "12 cm (4.7 in)"}, {"question": "What were CD size \"single\"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?", "answer": "CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)"}, {"question": "How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?", "answer": "up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content"}, {"question": "What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?", "answer": "music video"}, {"question": "Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?", "answer": "audio CD tracks"}, {"question": "In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?", "answer": "only in Japan and other parts of Asia"}, {"question": "Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?", "answer": "VSDs"}, {"question": "What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "When did India and Pakistan gain independence?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What title did George have in India prior to 1948?", "answer": "Emperor of India"}, {"question": "What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?", "answer": "republic"}, {"question": "What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?", "answer": "14 December"}, {"question": "Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "What was Prince Albert's nickname?", "answer": "Bertie"}, {"question": "In which church was Prince Albert baptized?", "answer": "St. Mary Magdalene's Church"}, {"question": "Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?", "answer": "HMS Cumberland"}, {"question": "How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?", "answer": "three months"}, {"question": "Which war did Albert serve in?", "answer": "First World War"}, {"question": "Who gave Albert the nickname of \"Mr Johnson\"?", "answer": "fellow officers"}, {"question": "What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?", "answer": "duodenal ulcer"}, {"question": "What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?", "answer": "Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service"}, {"question": "Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?", "answer": "King Albert"}, {"question": "What did Albert study in Trinity College?", "answer": "history, economics and civics"}, {"question": "What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?", "answer": "Industrial Prince"}, {"question": "Who is Albert's older brother?", "answer": "Edward"}, {"question": "Which sport was Albert proficient at?", "answer": "tennis"}, {"question": "Which society was Albert the president of?", "answer": "Industrial Welfare Society"}, {"question": "Who was Albert infatuated with?", "answer": "Sheila, Lady Loughborough"}, {"question": "Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?", "answer": "Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon"}, {"question": "How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "Who were royals usually expected to marry?", "answer": "fellow royals"}, {"question": "Why did Albert fear speaking in public?", "answer": "his stammer"}, {"question": "Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?", "answer": "Lionel Logue"}, {"question": "What did Albert play partnered with a black man?", "answer": "doubles tennis"}, {"question": "What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? ", "answer": "Parliament House"}, {"question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname?", "answer": "Lilibet"}, {"question": "Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?", "answer": "Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family), and Margaret"}, {"question": "What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?", "answer": "145 Piccadilly"}, {"question": "Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? ", "answer": "J. H. Thomas"}, {"question": "What position did J. H. Thomas hold?", "answer": "Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs"}, {"question": "Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?", "answer": "Edward was unmarried and had no children"}, {"question": "What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?", "answer": "divorced woman with two living ex-husbands"}, {"question": "What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?", "answer": "abdication"}, {"question": "Who is Edward's mother?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?", "answer": "broke down and sobbed like a child"}, {"question": "What is the Oireachtas?", "answer": "the parliament of the Irish Free State"}, {"question": "What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?", "answer": "all direct mention of the monarch"}, {"question": "Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?", "answer": "External Relations Act"}, {"question": "What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?", "answer": "day of the abdication"}, {"question": "What regnal name did Albert adopt?", "answer": "George VI"}, {"question": "What title did Albert give Edward?", "answer": "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor"}, {"question": "What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?", "answer": "the Order of the Garter"}, {"question": "Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?", "answer": "Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House"}, {"question": "What day did George VI become coronated?", "answer": "12 May 1937"}, {"question": "Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?", "answer": "Queen Mary"}, {"question": "How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "In which city are Durbars usually held?", "answer": "Delhi"}, {"question": "Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?", "answer": "Neville Chamberlain"}, {"question": "Which agreement was signed in 1938?", "answer": "Munich Agreement"}, {"question": "The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?", "answer": "Buckingham Palace"}, {"question": "Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?", "answer": "John Grigg"}, {"question": "Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?", "answer": "Canada and the United States"}, {"question": "Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?", "answer": "William Lyon Mackenzie King"}, {"question": "What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?", "answer": "King and Queen of Canada"}, {"question": "What was Roper's position?", "answer": "U.S. Ambassador to Canada"}, {"question": "What did the Statute of Westminster do?", "answer": "gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions"}, {"question": "What kind of tendencies did North America have?", "answer": "isolationist tendencies"}, {"question": "Who was George's predecessor?", "answer": "Edward VIII"}, {"question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1939?", "answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?", "answer": "1939 New York World's Fair"}, {"question": "Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?", "answer": "Nazi Germany"}, {"question": "Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "How many people died on the first German raid on London?", "answer": "one thousand civilians"}, {"question": "What year did the King's brother die in service?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?", "answer": "Neville Chamberlain"}, {"question": "What position did Churchill hold?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?", "answer": "Tuesday"}, {"question": "Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?", "answer": "Lord Beaverbrook"}, {"question": "What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?", "answer": "June 1943"}, {"question": "What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?", "answer": "morale"}, {"question": "What is the association of independent states in Britain called?", "answer": "the Commonwealth"}, {"question": "What two dominions did British India become?", "answer": "India and Pakistan"}, {"question": "What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?", "answer": "Burma"}, {"question": "What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?", "answer": "Jan Smuts"}, {"question": "What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? ", "answer": "the Gestapo"}, {"question": "Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?", "answer": "South African government"}, {"question": "What kind of cancer did the King develop?", "answer": "lung cancer"}, {"question": "What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?", "answer": "arterial blockage"}, {"question": "What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?", "answer": "right lumbar sympathectomy"}, {"question": "Who was the King's heir presumptive?", "answer": "Elizabeth"}, {"question": "Who was Elizabeth's spouse?", "answer": "Duke of Edinburgh"}, {"question": "What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?", "answer": "Windsor Castle"}, {"question": "What year did Queen Elizabeth die?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What year did Princess Margaret die?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? ", "answer": "King George VI Memorial Chapel"}, {"question": "How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "What position did George Hardie hold?", "answer": "Labour Member of Parliament"}, {"question": "Who was George VI's brother?", "answer": "Edward"}, {"question": "What is federalism? ", "answer": "Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government"}, {"question": "In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? ", "answer": "division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"}, {"question": "What type of governments are included in federalism? ", "answer": "general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"}, {"question": "How many governments are apart of federalism?", "answer": "relationship of parity between the two levels of government"}, {"question": "Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? ", "answer": "a division of sovereignty between two levels of government"}, {"question": "After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? ", "answer": "final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible."}, {"question": "When was federalism put into place? ", "answer": "The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? ", "answer": "the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established"}, {"question": "What is an example of a federal union? ", "answer": "the European Union"}, {"question": "What is the Latin word for federalism? ", "answer": "foedus"}, {"question": "What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? ", "answer": "a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty."}, {"question": "What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? ", "answer": "'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both"}, {"question": "Where does the federalist model work best in? ", "answer": "homogeneous states"}, {"question": "What are homogeneous states? ", "answer": "United States, Germany or Australia"}, {"question": "Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What countries did the federalist model fail in? ", "answer": "Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia"}, {"question": "What countries dismissed the federalist model? ", "answer": "Ukraine or Syria"}, {"question": "In the United States, what was federalism referred to? ", "answer": "belief in a stronger central government."}, {"question": "When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? ", "answer": "stronger central government"}, {"question": "What did anti-federalist support? ", "answer": "weaker central government"}, {"question": "On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? ", "answer": "federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state"}, {"question": "Who has a greater history of unitary states? ", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What does federalism mean in Europe? ", "answer": "weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"}, {"question": "What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? ", "answer": "judiciary"}, {"question": "What happened on January 1st 1901?", "answer": "nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"}, {"question": "When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? ", "answer": "United States of America"}, {"question": "What was established when Australia was colonized? ", "answer": "six, eventually self-governing, colonies"}, {"question": "When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?", "answer": "military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca."}, {"question": "When did Brazil adopt federalism? ", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "What other system does Brazil use? ", "answer": "Fonseca system"}, {"question": "What is the fonseca system? ", "answer": "regulate interstate trade"}, {"question": "What is the government of India based on? ", "answer": "tiered system"}, {"question": "What is a tiered system? ", "answer": "the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers"}, {"question": "What was the constitution originally provided for? ", "answer": "two-tier system of government"}, {"question": "When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? ", "answer": "Panchayats and Municipalities"}, {"question": "What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?", "answer": "asymmetric"}, {"question": "What does Article 370 say?", "answer": "special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession"}, {"question": "What does Article 371 say?", "answer": "special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim"}, {"question": "What happens with President's Rule?", "answer": "the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months"}, {"question": "Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?", "answer": "Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"}, {"question": "Who opposed the European Federalism? ", "answer": "United Kingdom, Denmark and France"}, {"question": "When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? ", "answer": "Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995"}, {"question": "When did the federal war end?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "How did the federal war end? ", "answer": "with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces"}, {"question": "What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? ", "answer": "\"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America"}, {"question": "In this type of federation each country had its own what? ", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "How many components does the Belgian federalism have? ", "answer": "three components"}, {"question": "What passed on July 18, 2007?", "answer": "Brussels' parliament"}, {"question": "What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?", "answer": "Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party"}, {"question": "What is Belgian Federalism? ", "answer": "the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels."}, {"question": "How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?", "answer": "the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements."}, {"question": "Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? ", "answer": "Basque Country and Navarre"}, {"question": "Where are the main taxes taken?", "answer": "Madrid"}, {"question": "What are anarchists against? ", "answer": "State"}, {"question": "What are anarchists not against? ", "answer": "not against political organization or \"governance\"\u2014so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy."}, {"question": "What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? ", "answer": "federalism or confederalism"}, {"question": "Who can elect the members of the upper house? ", "answer": "government or legislature"}, {"question": "Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? ", "answer": "indirectly"}, {"question": "Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? ", "answer": "directly"}, {"question": "What is federalism seen as? ", "answer": "a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries"}, {"question": "What does federalism allow?", "answer": "it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level"}, {"question": "What do scholars think of federalism?", "answer": "Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries"}, {"question": "What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? ", "answer": "changed towards a generally autonomous model"}, {"question": "When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?", "answer": "in the aftermath of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? ", "answer": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"question": "Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? ", "answer": "Vladimir Putin"}, {"question": "What is federalism in the United States?", "answer": "ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"}, {"question": "How has the American government evolved?", "answer": "American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism."}, {"question": "What happened in Federalist No.46?", "answer": "James Madison asserted that the states and national government"}, {"question": "What happened in Federalist No. 28", "answer": "\"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit"}, {"question": "Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? ", "answer": "Because the states were preexisting political entities"}, {"question": "What is another word for express powers? ", "answer": "enumerated powers"}, {"question": "Where can we find express powers?", "answer": "in the Constitution"}, {"question": "What are the expressed powers? ", "answer": "the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce."}, {"question": "What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? ", "answer": "gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers"}, {"question": "What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?", "answer": "Democratic-Republicans"}, {"question": "What did the democratic-republican party believe in?", "answer": "the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked"}, {"question": "Who decided the rights in specific cases?", "answer": "the judicial system of courts"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of federalism?", "answer": "as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context"}, {"question": "What types of movements are associated with federalism?", "answer": "Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends."}, {"question": "What countries advocate for a strong central government?", "answer": "United States and Australia"}, {"question": "What happened between 1938 to 1995?", "answer": "the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause."}, {"question": "What are most actions in the federal government known as?", "answer": "Commerce Clause"}, {"question": "What did the court reject in 1995?", "answer": "the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision"}, {"question": "What did the court reject in 1994?", "answer": "rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act"}, {"question": "What does the commerce clause include?", "answer": "include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision"}, {"question": "How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?", "answer": "two components"}, {"question": "What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?", "answer": "the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"}, {"question": "What component is the Brussel Region?", "answer": "third component"}, {"question": "What happens with the Brussels special position?", "answer": "consequently has a number of political issues"}, {"question": "The US Constitution says what to amendments? ", "answer": "provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent"}, {"question": "What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?", "answer": "cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state"}, {"question": "Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?", "answer": "would require unanimous consent of the provinces."}, {"question": "What is the German basic law?", "answer": "provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system."}, {"question": "What does every component state of federation possess?", "answer": "the same powers"}, {"question": "Asymmetric federalism exist when?", "answer": "where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do"}, {"question": "What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?", "answer": "Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians"}, {"question": "Is Spain apart of federalism?", "answer": "Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state."}, {"question": "What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? ", "answer": "special procedures"}, {"question": "What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?", "answer": "federal structure"}, {"question": "What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?", "answer": "required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole"}, {"question": "What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?", "answer": "mechanisms to protect the rights of component states"}, {"question": "What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?", "answer": "intrastate federalism"}, {"question": "What is intrastate federalism?", "answer": "is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions"}, {"question": "What is a bicameral legislature?", "answer": "the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole"}, {"question": "What does federations often employ?", "answer": "union of states"}, {"question": "What is federalist paper no. 39?", "answer": "that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both"}, {"question": "What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?", "answer": "it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.."}, {"question": "What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?", "answer": "which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people."}, {"question": "When is a federation formed?", "answer": "two levels"}, {"question": "What two levels equal a federation?", "answer": "the central government and the regions"}, {"question": "Why is Brazil an exception?", "answer": "because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite"}, {"question": "What is each state divided into?", "answer": "municipalities"}, {"question": "What does each state have their own of?", "answer": "with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito"}, {"question": "China is the largest what?", "answer": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area"}, {"question": "What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?", "answer": "decentralization"}, {"question": "Why is China's government similar to unity structure?", "answer": "Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs"}, {"question": "How long has China been with centralized power?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "What type of state is the Philippines?", "answer": "unitary state"}, {"question": "What types of powers does the Philippines have?", "answer": "some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code"}, {"question": "What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? ", "answer": "possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system."}, {"question": "What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?", "answer": "the Consultative Commission"}, {"question": "What type of state is Spain?", "answer": "unitary state"}, {"question": "What type of federalism system does Spain have?", "answer": "unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\""}, {"question": "What type of government does Spain have?", "answer": "central government"}, {"question": "What does Spain's government accounts for?", "answer": "8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system"}, {"question": "How has United Kingdom been governed?", "answer": "unitary state"}, {"question": "Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?", "answer": "UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power"}, {"question": "When did devolution in the UK begin?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What is Ireland Act 1914?", "answer": "which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}, {"question": "What is Irish Free State?", "answer": "eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland"}, {"question": "What has the process of devolution in the UK did?", "answer": "decentralised power once again"}, {"question": "What happened since 1997?", "answer": "referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "Does England have its own Parliament?", "answer": "England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament"}, {"question": "What does the region of England continue to use?", "answer": "certain governmental administrative functions"}, {"question": "What is ecclesiology?", "answer": "the doctrine of the church"}, {"question": "What happens in Presbyterian denominations?", "answer": "the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial."}, {"question": "In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?", "answer": "shared sovereignty"}, {"question": "What does each greater level of assembly have?", "answer": "authority over its constituent members"}, {"question": "When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?", "answer": "is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible."}, {"question": "What was the structure that the early Christian church described?", "answer": "in the New Testament"}, {"question": "What happens in the council of Jerusalem?", "answer": "the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church"}, {"question": "Where can the elements of federalism can be found?", "answer": "can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others."}, {"question": "In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?", "answer": "the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers"}, {"question": "Per the UN definition, what is federalism?", "answer": "federation would not be a single sovereign state"}, {"question": "What is the German Empire?", "answer": "Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,"}, {"question": "What is the libson treaty?", "answer": "powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states."}, {"question": "What kind of symmetry do annelids have?", "answer": "bilateral"}, {"question": "What do annelids use to move?", "answer": "parapodia"}, {"question": "Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?", "answer": "polychaetes"}, {"question": "Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?", "answer": "oligochaetes"}, {"question": "Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?", "answer": "oligochaetes"}, {"question": "What separates many annelids' segments?", "answer": "Septa"}, {"question": "Which annelids show no segmentation?", "answer": "Echiura and Sipuncula"}, {"question": "What end of annelids with well-developed segmentation has muscles that act like hearts?", "answer": "front"}, {"question": "What is movement by ripples called?", "answer": "peristalsis"}, {"question": "What movement method do some burrowing annelids use?", "answer": "turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves"}, {"question": "How do annelids normally reproduce?", "answer": "sexual reproduction"}, {"question": "What can asexual reproduction techniques help annelids do?", "answer": "regenerate after severe injuries"}, {"question": "What larvae live like plankton?", "answer": "trochophore"}, {"question": "What annelids are hermaphrodites?", "answer": "Oligochaetes"}, {"question": "What annelids make a cocoon in a ring around themselves?", "answer": "Oligochaetes"}, {"question": "How do earthworms help the soil they live in?", "answer": "aeration and enriching"}, {"question": "How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?", "answer": "up to a third"}, {"question": "How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?", "answer": "enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor"}, {"question": "What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?", "answer": "Ragworms"}, {"question": "Why are some leeches endangered?", "answer": "they have been over-harvested"}, {"question": "Why are annelid fossils rare?", "answer": "annelids are soft-bodied"}, {"question": "What fossil signs of annelids are found?", "answer": "jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted"}, {"question": "How old is the earliest annelid fossil?", "answer": "518 million years ago"}, {"question": "What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?", "answer": "modern mobile polychaete groups"}, {"question": "What period started around 472 million years ago?", "answer": "the mid Ordovician"}, {"question": "What externally divides annelids' segments?", "answer": "shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli"}, {"question": "What divides annelids' segments internally?", "answer": "septa (\"partitions\")"}, {"question": "What do the segments of an annelid share?", "answer": "a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system"}, {"question": "What covers an annelid's exterior?", "answer": "a cuticle"}, {"question": "What is an annelid's cuticle made of?", "answer": "collagen"}, {"question": "What language does the term 'chaetae' come from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What does 'chaetae' mean?", "answer": "hair"}, {"question": "Which parts of annelids are different from true segments?", "answer": "the frontmost and rearmost sections"}, {"question": "What language does 'prostomium' come from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What does 'pygidium' mean?", "answer": "little tail"}, {"question": "How are the layers arranged in annelids' cuticles?", "answer": "spiral in alternating directions"}, {"question": "What are annelids' cuticles made out of?", "answer": "collagen fibers"}, {"question": "What do non-cuticle annelids use to protect their skin?", "answer": "mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis"}, {"question": "What layer is under the epidermis?", "answer": "the dermis"}, {"question": "What does 'coelom' mean?", "answer": "(body cavity"}, {"question": "What do chetoblast cells do?", "answer": "hair-forming"}, {"question": "What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?", "answer": "microvilli"}, {"question": "What are setae?", "answer": "bristles"}, {"question": "What are cirri?", "answer": "fused bundles of cilia"}, {"question": "What kind of parapodia do burrowing annelids often have?", "answer": "ridges whose tips bear hooked chetae"}, {"question": "What type of annelids have limb-like parapodia?", "answer": "polychaetes"}, {"question": "What are parapodia?", "answer": "unjointed paired extensions of the body wall"}, {"question": "What are ganglia?", "answer": "local control centers"}, {"question": "What is an annelid's brain in a ring around?", "answer": "the pharynx"}, {"question": "What is a pharynx?", "answer": "throat"}, {"question": "Where are clitellates' brains?", "answer": "in the peristomium or sometimes the first segment behind the peristomium"}, {"question": "Where are polychaetes' brains?", "answer": "in the prostomium"}, {"question": "What species group are annelids' muscle control similar to?", "answer": "arthropods"}, {"question": "What are giant axons?", "answer": "the output signal lines of nerve cells"}, {"question": "How do annelids withdraw from danger?", "answer": "shortening their bodies"}, {"question": "What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?", "answer": "light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact"}, {"question": "What does 'nuchal' mean?", "answer": "on the neck"}, {"question": "What type of annelids have nuchal organs?", "answer": "polychaetes"}, {"question": "What are the nuchal organs thought to do?", "answer": "chemosensors"}, {"question": "What term means 'little eyes'?", "answer": "ocelli"}, {"question": "What are coelomata?", "answer": "body cavities"}, {"question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from other segments by?", "answer": "septa"}, {"question": "What are annelids' body cavities separated from each other by?", "answer": "vertical mesenteries"}, {"question": "What is the mesothelium made of?", "answer": "modified epitheliomuscular cells"}, {"question": "How does peristalsis work?", "answer": "waves of contraction and expansion that sweep along the body"}, {"question": "Why are annelids' segments like water-balloons?", "answer": "the septa enable the circular and longitudinal muscles to change the shape of individual segments"}, {"question": "What are phrynges?", "answer": "throats"}, {"question": "What are cilia?", "answer": "fine muscle-powered hairs"}, {"question": "What can coelomocyte cells defend against?", "answer": "parasites and infections"}, {"question": "What type of pigment is dissolved in annelids' blood?", "answer": "Respiratory"}, {"question": "What runs the length of annelids' bodies with well-developed septa?", "answer": "blood vessels"}, {"question": "What do annelids without septa have to use for circulation?", "answer": "circulation within the coelom"}, {"question": "What type of annelids are very different from others?", "answer": "leeches and their closest relatives"}, {"question": "What type of tissue takes up most of the body of a leech?", "answer": "connective tissue layer of the body wall"}, {"question": "How many coelomata do leeches have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What lines the coelomata of leeches?", "answer": "mesothelium"}, {"question": "What do leeches use to move?", "answer": "suckers at their front and rear ends"}, {"question": "What does 'everted' mean?", "answer": "turned inside out to extend"}, {"question": "What part of a polychaete can be everted?", "answer": "pharynx"}, {"question": "What types of annelids have evolved jaws?", "answer": "Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae"}, {"question": "What do annelids use jaws for?", "answer": "seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter"}, {"question": "What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?", "answer": "palps covered in cilia"}, {"question": "What type of annelids are tube-dwelling?", "answer": "Siboglinidae"}, {"question": "What blocks the Siboglinidae's gut?", "answer": "a swollen lining"}, {"question": "How much of a Siboglinidae's weight is symbiotic bacteria?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What gases come from hydrothermal vents?", "answer": "hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide"}, {"question": "What gases come from seeps?", "answer": "methane"}, {"question": "What do metanephridia remove?", "answer": "soluble waste products"}, {"question": "What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?", "answer": "protonephridia"}, {"question": "How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?", "answer": "protonephridia"}, {"question": "How many sexes of annelids were there originally?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What releases sperm from annelids?", "answer": "nephridia"}, {"question": "What do annelid eggs become?", "answer": "trochophore larvae"}, {"question": "What do annelids' larvae live like?", "answer": "plankton"}, {"question": "What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?", "answer": "the prostomium (head)"}, {"question": "How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?", "answer": "about 25%"}, {"question": "What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?", "answer": "reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton"}, {"question": "What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?", "answer": "jelly"}, {"question": "What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?", "answer": "change sex"}, {"question": "What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?", "answer": "permanent gonads"}, {"question": "How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?", "answer": "the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual"}, {"question": "What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?", "answer": "clitellates"}, {"question": "What type of sex are most earthworms?", "answer": "hermaphrodites"}, {"question": "Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?", "answer": "in the ovaries"}, {"question": "Where do leeches move their eggs to?", "answer": "the cocoon"}, {"question": "What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?", "answer": "clitellates"}, {"question": "Who published a book about worms in 1881?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?", "answer": "The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms"}, {"question": "Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?", "answer": "generally in moist leaf litter"}, {"question": "How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?", "answer": "oxygen and water can penetrate it"}, {"question": "What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?", "answer": "storks"}, {"question": "Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?", "answer": "glaciated areas of North America"}, {"question": "Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?", "answer": "Northern hardwood forests"}, {"question": "What type of annelid tunnels through coral?", "answer": "Palolo worm"}, {"question": "What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?", "answer": "Palolo worm"}, {"question": "What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?", "answer": "spawning modules"}, {"question": "What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?", "answer": "molluscs"}, {"question": "What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?", "answer": "Ragworms"}, {"question": "When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?", "answer": "30 AD"}, {"question": "Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "When did Rome begin using leeches?", "answer": "50 AD"}, {"question": "When did India begin using leeches?", "answer": "200 AD"}, {"question": "Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?", "answer": "IUCN and CITES"}, {"question": "When did Cloudina exist?", "answer": "549 to 542 million years ago"}, {"question": "What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?", "answer": "cnidarian"}, {"question": "How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?", "answer": "505 million years"}, {"question": "What era was underway 505 million years ago?", "answer": "early Cambrian"}, {"question": "Where was Myoscolex found?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "When did the Tertiary period begin?", "answer": "65 million years ago"}, {"question": "What era did oligochaetes evolve in?", "answer": "early Cretaceous"}, {"question": "What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?", "answer": "oligochaetes"}, {"question": "When were the earliest annelid fossils found?", "answer": "472 to 461 million years ago"}, {"question": "What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?", "answer": "polychaetes and clitellates"}, {"question": "What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?", "answer": "oligochaetes"}, {"question": "What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?", "answer": "hirudinomorphs"}, {"question": "How many polychaete families are there?", "answer": "approximately 80"}, {"question": "When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who compared annelid genes in 2007?", "answer": "Torsten Struck and colleagues"}, {"question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?", "answer": "Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata"}, {"question": "What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?", "answer": "oligochaetes"}, {"question": "How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?", "answer": "3"}, {"question": "What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?", "answer": "Polychaetes"}, {"question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?", "answer": "echiurans and sipunculan"}, {"question": "What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?", "answer": "pogonophores"}, {"question": "What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?", "answer": "ladder-like"}, {"question": "What superphylum are annelids in?", "answer": "protostomes"}, {"question": "What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?", "answer": "deuterostomes"}, {"question": "What superphylum are vertebrates in?", "answer": "deuterostomes"}, {"question": "What does 'Articulata' mean?", "answer": "jointed animals"}, {"question": "What are lophophores?", "answer": "fan-like feeding structures"}, {"question": "Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?", "answer": "annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms"}, {"question": "How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?", "answer": "after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern"}, {"question": "What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?", "answer": "spiral determinate cleavage"}, {"question": "What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?", "answer": "unlimited power"}, {"question": "What is the feeling of God being everywhere?", "answer": "omnipresence"}, {"question": "What is the extent of God's knowledge?", "answer": "infinite knowledge"}, {"question": "What is infinite knowledge classified as?", "answer": "omniscience"}, {"question": "What is the benevolence of God called?", "answer": "omnibenevolence"}, {"question": "Does God have a gender?", "answer": "without any human biological gender"}, {"question": "What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?", "answer": "a man (sometimes old and bearded)"}, {"question": "What is a God in monotheism?", "answer": "Supreme Being and principal object of faith"}, {"question": "In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?", "answer": "theism"}, {"question": "What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?", "answer": "the creator, but not the sustainer"}, {"question": "Which belief is that God is the universe?", "answer": "pantheism"}, {"question": "Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?", "answer": "atheism"}, {"question": "Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?", "answer": "agnosticism"}, {"question": "What is God in theism?", "answer": "creator and sustainer of the universe"}, {"question": "What is God in deism?", "answer": "the creator"}, {"question": "What is monotheism?", "answer": "belief in the existence of one God"}, {"question": "What is atheism?", "answer": "God is not believed to exist"}, {"question": "What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?", "answer": "Yahweh and Jehovah"}, {"question": "What is the Holy Trinity?", "answer": "the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit"}, {"question": "In the time of Atenism, what was God called?", "answer": "Aten"}, {"question": "What is the Islamic name for God?", "answer": "Allah"}, {"question": "What do members of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith call God?", "answer": "Baha"}, {"question": "What was the first monotheistic religion?", "answer": "Atenism"}, {"question": "What is the God of the Hebrew Bible called?", "answer": "YHWH"}, {"question": "What is the Christian God called?", "answer": "Yahweh and Jehovah"}, {"question": "What are the 2 titular names of God in the Jewish religion?", "answer": "Elohim or Adonai"}, {"question": "Where do scholars believe the name Adonai came from?", "answer": "Aten"}, {"question": "Where is the English word God derived from?", "answer": "the Proto-Germanic * \u01e5u\u0111an"}, {"question": "Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?", "answer": "neuter\u2014applying to both genders"}, {"question": "When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?", "answer": "Christianization of the Germanic peoples"}, {"question": "What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?", "answer": "Germanic paganism"}, {"question": "What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?", "answer": "\"to call\" or \"to invoke\""}, {"question": "Where does the word God come from originally?", "answer": "Codex Argenteus"}, {"question": "What language does the English word God come from?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?", "answer": "neuter"}, {"question": "What differentiates God from gods?", "answer": "the capitalized form of God"}, {"question": "What belief has many gods?", "answer": "polytheism"}, {"question": "What does it mean to read the word LORD in all capitals in the Bible?", "answer": "signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton"}, {"question": "What is the tetragrammaton gor God?", "answer": "YHWH"}, {"question": "No matter which religion, what is usually used as the name for the Supreme Being?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What form of the word God refers to polytheistic gods?", "answer": "gods"}, {"question": "What is the name of God in Judaism?", "answer": "YHWH"}, {"question": "What does the all caps word LORD used in some bibles represent?", "answer": "YHWH"}, {"question": "What type of view do Christians take on God?", "answer": "trinitarian"}, {"question": "How much can belief in God vary in Hinduism?", "answer": "region, sect, and caste"}, {"question": "Does hinduism only believe in a single god?", "answer": "ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic"}, {"question": "What view does the Jewish community take on God?", "answer": "monotheistic"}, {"question": "What kind of religion is Hinduism considered?", "answer": "dharmic"}, {"question": "What type of religion is Judaism?", "answer": "monotheistic"}, {"question": "What type of religion is Christianity?", "answer": "trinitarian"}, {"question": "How many gods do the Hindu's have?", "answer": "monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic."}, {"question": "What do Muslims believe that Trinitism too closely resembles?", "answer": "polytheism"}, {"question": "Which belief is expected to never try and visualize God?", "answer": "iconodules"}, {"question": "What is the most basic belief of the Muslim religion?", "answer": "tawhid"}, {"question": "What religious text helps reinforce to Muslims that Christianity is more like polytheism?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "What is the meaning behind the Muslim concept of tawhid?", "answer": "\"oneness\" or \"uniqueness\""}, {"question": "What do monotheists believe?", "answer": "one god"}, {"question": "What religion believes that all theist worship the same god?", "answer": "Hinduism and Sikhism"}, {"question": "What is the trinity in Christianity?", "answer": "one God in three persons"}, {"question": "What do Muslims think of Christianity?", "answer": "comparing it to polytheism"}, {"question": "What is the basis behind Catholic theology?", "answer": "God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time"}, {"question": "What ways can God interact with the universe?", "answer": "religious experience and the prayers of humans"}, {"question": "Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?", "answer": "God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world"}, {"question": "What is the suffix theism used for?", "answer": "used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods"}, {"question": "What are examples of different types of theism?", "answer": "monotheism or polytheism"}, {"question": "What three points do most theists agree on?", "answer": "God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,"}, {"question": "What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What does theism mean in general?", "answer": "belief in a god or gods"}, {"question": "What is a deistic view of God?", "answer": "God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it"}, {"question": "How does a deistic God feel about us?", "answer": "no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity"}, {"question": "What is Pandeism?", "answer": "why God would create a universe and then abandon it"}, {"question": "What does a deistic God not do?", "answer": "neither answers prayers nor produces miracles"}, {"question": "What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?", "answer": "Deism"}, {"question": "What is deism?", "answer": "God has no interest in humanity"}, {"question": "In deism is God represented in human form?", "answer": "God is not anthropomorphic"}, {"question": "In deism, does God answer prayers?", "answer": "neither answers prayers"}, {"question": "What is Pantheism?", "answer": "God is the universe and the universe is God"}, {"question": "WHat is Panentheism?", "answer": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"}, {"question": "WHat is Kabbalah?", "answer": "Jewish mysticism"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of Hasidic Judaism?", "answer": "The Baal Shem Tov"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Hasidic Judaism?", "answer": "The Baal Shem Tov"}, {"question": "What is Panentheism?", "answer": "God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe"}, {"question": "What from of Hinduism does not believe in panentheism?", "answer": "Vaishnavism"}, {"question": "What is another name for Jewish mysticism?", "answer": "Kabbalah"}, {"question": "What is pantheism?", "answer": "God is the universe"}, {"question": "What do some non-theists view God as?", "answer": "a symbol of human values and aspirations"}, {"question": "Although a proclaimed atheist, who was it that said \"the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation\"?", "answer": "Charles Bradlaugh"}, {"question": "What is NOMA?", "answer": "non-overlapping magisteria"}, {"question": "In NOMA, what should be used to answer questions about the physical world?", "answer": "science"}, {"question": "What should be used to answer ultimate questions on morality and meaning?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "Name the nineteenth century English atheist?", "answer": "Charles Bradlaugh"}, {"question": "What does Stephen Jay Gould call philosophy that deals in the supernatural?", "answer": "non-overlapping magisteria\" (NOMA)"}, {"question": "What category does NOMA fall under?", "answer": "theology"}, {"question": "What did Sagan argue was the only was to prove the existence of God?", "answer": "the discovery that the universe is infinitely old"}, {"question": "What is Richard Dawkins belief about the existence of God?", "answer": "\"a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference.\""}, {"question": "What kind of difference does Dawkins believe would come from the existence of God?", "answer": "a scientific difference"}, {"question": "Who argued that the existence of God is an empirical question?", "answer": "Richard Dawkins"}, {"question": "Who stated that God was difficult both to prove or disprove?", "answer": "Carl Sagan"}, {"question": "How could science discover if there was not a creator?", "answer": "the universe is infinitely old."}, {"question": "What does Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow pose as a better question that \"Is there a God\"?", "answer": "who created God"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Grand Design?", "answer": "Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow"}, {"question": "What is Michael Nikoletseas profession?", "answer": "Neuroscientist"}, {"question": "How do Hawking and Mlodinow believe the question of God can be answered?", "answer": "purely within the realm of science"}, {"question": "What is the name of Stephen Hawking's book?", "answer": "The Grand Design"}, {"question": "Who was Hawking's co-author?", "answer": "Leonard Mlodinow"}, {"question": "Who says the that whether there is or isn't a God are just like questions in natural science?", "answer": "Michael Nikoletseas"}, {"question": "How does Pascal Boyer believe that gods and other supernatural beings behave?", "answer": "much like people"}, {"question": "Why does Stewart Guthrie believe that people project their human features onto non human things?", "answer": "it makes those aspects more familiar"}, {"question": "What did Frued believe about the belief in God?", "answer": "god concepts are projections of one's father"}, {"question": "What is one of the most common traits of religion according to Boyer?", "answer": "The construction of gods and spirits like persons"}, {"question": "Who argues that there are lots of supernatural things in the world?", "answer": "Pascal Boyer"}, {"question": "How do supernatural entities act?", "answer": "much like people"}, {"question": "Which religion does Boyer equate with a modern soap opera?", "answer": "Greek mythology"}, {"question": "Who believed that gods are just projections of a person's father?", "answer": "Sigmund Freud"}, {"question": "What are ways that small social groups can force morality?", "answer": "gossip or reputation"}, {"question": "Who suggested that by including the presence of an omniscient God, selfishness can be controlled and cooperation can be gained?", "answer": "Matt Rossano"}, {"question": "What did \u00c9mile Durkheim suggest about the existence of God?", "answer": "gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings"}, {"question": "Why would humans have begun to create gods?", "answer": "a means of enforcing morality"}, {"question": "Who posited that humans created gods to create morality in social groups?", "answer": "Matt Rossano"}, {"question": "Omnipresent gods are a way to watch large groups and enforce what?", "answer": "morality"}, {"question": "Omniprestent gods helped build what?", "answer": "more cooperative groups"}, {"question": "How did St. Anselm define the existence of God?", "answer": "\"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\""}, {"question": "Who said that God is \"a substance consisting of infinite attributes\"?", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza"}, {"question": "What did Baruch Spinoza use as proof for the existence of God?", "answer": "a variation of the Ontological argument"}, {"question": "What did Spinoza believe the world was made of?", "answer": "one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature"}, {"question": "Who defined god as \"that than which nothing greater can be conceived\"?", "answer": "St. Anselm"}, {"question": "Name a famous pantheist?", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza"}, {"question": "What was Spinoza's concept of God?", "answer": "infinite"}, {"question": "Spinoza believed that the universe was made up of one substance which is?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "How does Dawkins interpret evidence for or against the existence of God?", "answer": "a lack of evidence for the material existence"}, {"question": "What do atheists believe of God?", "answer": "an imaginary entity only"}, {"question": "How long has the thought of the existence of God been carried on?", "answer": "trans-generational"}, {"question": "How does Dawkins interpret his findings on the existence, or not, of God.", "answer": "a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God"}, {"question": "Who believes God isn't real?", "answer": "Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris"}, {"question": "What is the Omnipotence paradox?", "answer": "can God create a stone so heavy that he cannot lift it"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Omnipotence paradox?", "answer": "Paradox of the Stone"}, {"question": "Does either outcome of the Paradox of the Stone prove the existence of God?", "answer": "God is not omnipotent. A being that is not omnipotent, though, is not God"}, {"question": "What shows God is not omnipotent if he creates a stone that he cannot lift?", "answer": "there is something that he cannot do"}, {"question": "What must God be, in order to be a Supreme Being?", "answer": "omnipotent"}, {"question": "What paradox states that if a god can't create a stone so heavy he can't lift it?", "answer": "Paradox of the Stone"}, {"question": "What does the Paradox of the Stone posit?", "answer": "he is not omnipotent"}, {"question": "What does it mean if a God is not omnipotent?", "answer": "is not God"}, {"question": "Are there any answers to the Pradox of the Stone?", "answer": "Several"}, {"question": "What do religions share across their belief structures?", "answer": "similarities arising from their common roots"}, {"question": "What are some religious traditions that are found within differing religions?", "answer": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"}, {"question": "Who does Christianity share roots with?", "answer": "attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}, {"question": "How many Attributes of Mercy are in Judaism?", "answer": "Thirteen"}, {"question": "What three religions share similar parts?", "answer": "God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}, {"question": "What three religions share similar beginnings?", "answer": "Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism"}, {"question": "What attributes do religions all roughly share?", "answer": "expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature"}, {"question": "How is sex by God handled in a monotheistic religion?", "answer": "God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually"}, {"question": "How do polytheistic religions view sex by God or gods?", "answer": "attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually"}, {"question": "What is God's role in the creation of the world?", "answer": "begetter"}, {"question": "In what ways can the gender of God be viewed?", "answer": "literal or an allegorical aspect"}, {"question": "What do polytheistic religions assign to their gods?", "answer": "gender"}, {"question": "What role does got serve in a sexual intercourse?", "answer": "the active (as opposed to the receptive) role"}, {"question": "In which type of religion does God have no sexual partner?", "answer": "monotheistic"}, {"question": "What is a muslims life purpose?", "answer": "to worship God"}, {"question": "What aspect does Alister McGrath argue is important in Christianity?", "answer": "a \"personal god\""}, {"question": "What does prayer usually include in Islam?", "answer": "forgiveness"}, {"question": "What type of God is the Muslim God?", "answer": "forgiving"}, {"question": "Who believe they are the one and only chosen few?", "answer": "exclusivists"}, {"question": "Who believe that they are the only people that know the truth?", "answer": "exclusivists"}, {"question": "What is one called that believes he has the one religion, but that the others aren't necessarily wrong?", "answer": "pluralism"}, {"question": "What is it called when someone belives that their own religion is an advancement of older religions?", "answer": "supersessionism"}, {"question": "What is a religion that believes that all religions are correct?", "answer": "universalism"}, {"question": "What does it mean if God can't predict the future?", "answer": "God may not be omniscient."}, {"question": "Who posited the existence of God?", "answer": "medieval philosophers"}, {"question": "What philosophical debates arose in the middle ages?", "answer": "God's omniscience"}, {"question": "How does Alvin Plantinga describe faith?", "answer": "\"properly basic\""}, {"question": "Who stated \"the heart has reasons of which reason does not know\"?", "answer": "Pascal"}, {"question": "Which philosopher takes the evidentialist position?", "answer": "Richard Swinburne"}, {"question": "Name three philosophers of the last 100 years arguing for the existence of God?", "answer": "Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew"}, {"question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terrorism'?", "answer": "16 September 2001"}, {"question": "Which word did George W. Bush apologize for using when talking about the war?", "answer": "crusade"}, {"question": "When did George W. Bush first say 'war on terror'?", "answer": "20 September 2001"}, {"question": "Where did Bush say the 'war on terror' begins?", "answer": "with al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "When did Bush say the 'war on terror' ends?", "answer": "every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated"}, {"question": "What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?", "answer": "a far-reaching network of violence and hatred"}, {"question": "What was the \"Global War on Terror\" officially renamed to in March 2009?", "answer": "Overseas Contingency Operation"}, {"question": "What term did Obama want the government to stop using?", "answer": "war on terror"}, {"question": "Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?", "answer": "Jeh Johnson"}, {"question": "What was the  \"Overseas Contingency Operations\" renamed to in 2010?", "answer": "Countering Violent Extremism"}, {"question": "Who said the 'war on terrorism' is 'an entire language of discourse'?", "answer": "Richard Jackson"}, {"question": "Who said that 9/11 drew a line between 'the civil and the savage'?", "answer": "John Ashcroft"}, {"question": "What did the Bush administration describe as parasitical?", "answer": "terrorists"}, {"question": "What did the Bush administration describe as heroic?", "answer": "Americans"}, {"question": "Which war gave birth to al-Qaeda?", "answer": "the Soviet war in Afghanistan"}, {"question": "When did the Soviets leave Afghanistan?", "answer": "February 1989"}, {"question": "Which countries supported Afghan islamists against the Soviets?", "answer": "United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "Who did Osama bin Laden volunteer to help fight in the 80s?", "answer": "Soviets"}, {"question": "Which group later became al-Qaeda?", "answer": "World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders"}, {"question": "When did al-Qaeda attack the US embassy in Kenya?", "answer": "7 August 1998"}, {"question": "How many people were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?", "answer": "224"}, {"question": "How many Americans were killed when al-Qaeda attacked US embassies in 1998?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What operation did Bill Clinton start to retaliate for the 1998 embassy attacks?", "answer": "Operation Infinite Reach"}, {"question": "How much of Sudan's medicines were produced by a pharmaceutical plant Clinton's operation bombed?", "answer": "around 50%"}, {"question": "How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?", "answer": "California"}, {"question": "Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?", "answer": "Hamburg"}, {"question": "How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?", "answer": "within two hours"}, {"question": "What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?", "answer": "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"}, {"question": "Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?", "answer": "those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001"}, {"question": "What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?", "answer": "section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution"}, {"question": "When was the War Powers Resolution passed?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "When did the US invade Afghanistan?", "answer": "October 2001"}, {"question": "Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?", "answer": "UK and coalition allies"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?", "answer": "oust the Taliban regime"}, {"question": "When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?", "answer": "7 October 2001"}, {"question": "Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?", "answer": "Pakistan"}, {"question": "Where did the Taliban regroup in 2002?", "answer": "western Pakistan"}, {"question": "In what parts of Afghanistan did the Taliban attack Coalition forces in 2002?", "answer": "southern and eastern"}, {"question": "What operation began in Feb 2010?", "answer": "Operation Moshtarak"}, {"question": "Where did Operation Moshtarak take place?", "answer": "southern Afghanistan"}, {"question": "When did Afghanistan sign a security agreement with the US?", "answer": "September 2014"}, {"question": "Where did the USSOC Pacific deploy to in Jan 2002?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the 2002 Philippines deployment?", "answer": "combating Filipino Islamist groups"}, {"question": "What was the main Filipino Islamist group being attacked?", "answer": "Abu Sayyaf"}, {"question": "What humanitarian effort followed the 2002 military operation in the Philippines?", "answer": "Operation Smiles"}, {"question": "What did Operation Smiles do for the Philippines?", "answer": "provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan"}, {"question": "How many people were killed by US Special Forces on Sep 14, 2009?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where was the Sep 14, 2009 action?", "answer": "near the Somali village of Baarawe"}, {"question": "What country's ships did some witnesses say were involved in the Baarawe attack?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What Somali group is affiliated with al-Qaeda?", "answer": "Al-Shabaab"}, {"question": "What nationality was Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan?", "answer": "Kenyan"}, {"question": "When did a Mali conflict begin?", "answer": "January 2012"}, {"question": "What group were the Mali radicals affiliated with?", "answer": "al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "When did France provide troops in Mali?", "answer": "January 2013"}, {"question": "What did France call its Mali operation?", "answer": "Operation Serval"}, {"question": "What was Operation Serval's goal?", "answer": "dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali"}, {"question": "When did the first Gulf War begin?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "How did the first Gulf War end?", "answer": "ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended)"}, {"question": "Who did the US try to protect in Iraq after the first Gulf War?", "answer": "Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population"}, {"question": "Which region of Iraq do the Kurds live in?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "Which region of Iraq do the Shi'a live in?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?", "answer": "21 March 2003"}, {"question": "Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?", "answer": "British, American and Polish"}, {"question": "When did the US capture Baghdad?", "answer": "April 2003"}, {"question": "When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?", "answer": "1 May 2003"}, {"question": "What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?", "answer": "Ba'ath"}, {"question": "Which civil war did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda begin fighting in?", "answer": "Syrian"}, {"question": "With support from Syrians, what did the Iraq branch of Al Qaeda rename themselves to?", "answer": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL)"}, {"question": "What part of Iraq did ISIS invade?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "Who denounced ISIS?", "answer": "Al Qaeda's core organization"}, {"question": "What relationship do Al Qaeda and ISIS now have?", "answer": "competition"}, {"question": "When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?", "answer": "10 August 2014"}, {"question": "What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?", "answer": "the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists"}, {"question": "When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?", "answer": "10 September 2014"}, {"question": "Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?", "answer": "the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar"}, {"question": "Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "Which Pakistan president supported the US attacking the Taliban?", "answer": "Pervez Musharraf"}, {"question": "How many Pakistan airbases did Musharraf let the US use?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the name of the US's Afghanistan operation?", "answer": "Operation Enduring Freedom"}, {"question": "Who was the US Secretary of State in 2001?", "answer": "Colin Powell"}, {"question": "Who said he had 'war-gamed' the US?", "answer": "Musharraf"}, {"question": "When did Musharraf give an anti-Islamism speech?", "answer": "12 January 2002"}, {"question": "What did Musharraf say he'd combat?", "answer": "Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan"}, {"question": "What did Musharraf ban?", "answer": "militant organizations"}, {"question": "What did Musharraf say his ban wasn't influenced by?", "answer": "foreign influence"}, {"question": "When did Musharraf arrest Maulana Masood Azhar?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What group did Maulana Masood Azhar lead?", "answer": "Jaish-e-Mohammed"}, {"question": "What group did Hafiz Muhammad Saeed lead?", "answer": "Lashkar-e-Taiba"}, {"question": "What nationality is Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah?", "answer": "Saudi"}, {"question": "Which third-highest-ranking al-Qaeda officer was captured?", "answer": "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed"}, {"question": "What controversial technology did the US use in Pakistan?", "answer": "drones"}, {"question": "Which US agency runs its drones in Pakistan?", "answer": "the Central Intelligence Agency"}, {"question": "Why did the US use the CIA instead of the Air Force to run drones?", "answer": "to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion"}, {"question": "Abuse of what term allowed a lack of a formal war declaration?", "answer": "Global War on Terror"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?", "answer": "Osama bin Laden"}, {"question": "Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?", "answer": "Donald Rumsfeld"}, {"question": "Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?", "answer": "Al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?", "answer": "Special Air Service and Delta Force"}, {"question": "Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?", "answer": "Fazlur Rehman Khalil"}, {"question": "Who did a US drone kill in Sep 2009?", "answer": "Ilyas Kashmiri"}, {"question": "What group did Ilyas Kashmiri lead?", "answer": "Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami"}, {"question": "After 2009, who began fighting in Waziristan?", "answer": "Kashmiri militants"}, {"question": "What group did Al-Badar Mujahideen break away from?", "answer": "Hizbul Mujahideen"}, {"question": "What did Al-Badar Mujahideen call for in 2012?", "answer": "mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir"}, {"question": "Who declared the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism?", "answer": "member states of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"}, {"question": "When was the Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism announced?", "answer": "22 November 2002"}, {"question": "Where did NATO begin naval operations after 2002?", "answer": "the Mediterranean Sea"}, {"question": "What was NATO's operation in the Mediterranean called?", "answer": "Operation Active Endeavour"}, {"question": "What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?", "answer": "the \"coalition of the willing\""}, {"question": "Which country disavowed the Taliban?", "answer": "Pakistan"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?", "answer": "tens of thousands"}, {"question": "Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?", "answer": "North-West"}, {"question": "Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?", "answer": "northern tribal areas"}, {"question": "What was the primary fighting force in southern Afghanistan?", "answer": "The British 16th Air Assault Brigade"}, {"question": "Which nations besides the UK contributed significantly to the southern Afghanistan fight?", "answer": "Australia, Canada and the Netherlands"}, {"question": "How many troops did Canada send initially?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "How many troops did Australia send initially?", "answer": "240"}, {"question": "How many troops did the Netherlands send initially?", "answer": "1,400"}, {"question": "What new agency did Bush create after 9/11?", "answer": "Department of Homeland Security"}, {"question": "When was the DHS created?", "answer": "November 2002"}, {"question": "What other massive agency's creation was the DHS compared to?", "answer": "the Department of Defense"}, {"question": "What did the DHS focus on?", "answer": "domestic efforts to prevent future attacks"}, {"question": "When was the Patriot Act passed?", "answer": "October 2001"}, {"question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier for law enforcement to search?", "answer": "telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records"}, {"question": "What did the Patriot Act make it easier to do to immigrants?", "answer": "detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts"}, {"question": "How was the definition of terrorism expanded by the Patriot Act?", "answer": "to include domestic terrorism"}, {"question": "Which newspaper revealed the Terrorist Finance Tracking Program?", "answer": "The New York Times"}, {"question": "When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?", "answer": "30 July 2003"}, {"question": "What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?", "answer": "First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process"}, {"question": "What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?", "answer": "a person's business, bookstore, and library records"}, {"question": "Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?", "answer": "governing bodies in a number of communities"}, {"question": "What terrorism-related resolution did the UN Security Council adopt in 2005?", "answer": "Resolution 1624"}, {"question": "Which countries haven't submitted the required reports to the UN Security Council?", "answer": "the United States and Israel"}, {"question": "What plan did the DoD release in 2005?", "answer": "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism"}, {"question": "What did Resolution 1624 try to protect?", "answer": "international human rights laws"}, {"question": "What phrase has been called a misnomer?", "answer": "War on Terror"}, {"question": "What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?", "answer": "to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights"}, {"question": "Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?", "answer": "War on Drugs"}, {"question": "What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?", "answer": "it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means"}, {"question": "What flaw in the 'war on terror' name did Francis Fukuyama point out?", "answer": "\"terrorism\" is not an enemy, but a tactic"}, {"question": "What does the 'war on terror' name obscure?", "answer": "differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen"}, {"question": "Who said the US's presence in Iraq increases resentment and terrorists?", "answer": "Shirley Williams"}, {"question": "What fed US hysteria about terrorism?", "answer": "media"}, {"question": "What has the 'war on terror' done to the US's international image?", "answer": "damaged"}, {"question": "Who runs the Welsh Assembly?", "answer": "Carwyn Jones"}, {"question": "What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?", "answer": "The Labour Party"}, {"question": "How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "About when did the Labour Parry start?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "when was george odger elected?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?", "answer": "Doncaster"}, {"question": "WHere was the proposed conference held?", "answer": "Memorial Hall"}, {"question": "How many delegates passed the motion?", "answer": "129"}, {"question": "Who was elected Secretary?", "answer": "Ramsay MacDonald"}, {"question": "How many candidates were sponsored in the 1900 electrion?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What boosted support in 1901?", "answer": "Taff Vale Case"}, {"question": "What was the Taft Vale Case?", "answer": "a dispute between strikers and a railway company"}, {"question": "From this case, what happened?", "answer": "made strikes illegal"}, {"question": "How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?", "answer": "\u00a323,000"}, {"question": "Who overturned the Taft Vale judgement?", "answer": "Liberal Government"}, {"question": "Who was elected Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party?", "answer": "Keir Hardie"}, {"question": "How many votes did Keir Hardie win by?", "answer": "one vote"}, {"question": "Who was Keir Hardie's opponent?", "answer": "David Shackleton"}, {"question": "How many MP were elected in the 1910 election?", "answer": "42"}, {"question": "Who passed the Osborne judgment?", "answer": "Trade Disputes Act"}, {"question": "When was the Trade Disputes Act passed?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "WHen was the COmmunist party refused affiliation?", "answer": "between 1921 and 1923"}, {"question": "HOw many seats id Labour win in 1922?", "answer": "142"}, {"question": "Who was voted the first leader of the Labour Party?", "answer": "Ramsay MacDonald"}, {"question": "In what year did Ramsay MacDonald become the Labour PM?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "How many MP did they get in the election in 1924?", "answer": "191"}, {"question": "When was the Zinoviev letter published?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "After how long did the government collapse?", "answer": "nine months"}, {"question": "When did MacDonald submit the resignation of his ministers?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What caused MacDonald to form a separate party?", "answer": "he and his supporters were promptly expelled"}, {"question": "Who won the 1931 election?", "answer": "National Government"}, {"question": "In what year was the Scottish and Welsh devolution rejected?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?", "answer": "a single vote"}, {"question": "In what year was Labour shown to have a slight lead?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Who were some of the people striking in 1978-1979?", "answer": "lorry drivers"}, {"question": "Why were they striking?", "answer": "higher pay"}, {"question": "What was this strike called?", "answer": "Winter of Discontent"}, {"question": "When was the Labout party defeated?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What year was Michael Foot elected as leader?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What did four members of the Labour Party leave to creat?", "answer": "Social Democratic Party"}, {"question": "Why was the electoral college introduced?", "answer": "widen the voting franchise"}, {"question": "Who was Foot replaced by?", "answer": "Neil Kinnock"}, {"question": "Who was Neil Knnocks deputy?", "answer": "Roy Hattersley"}, {"question": "What years were the miners strike?", "answer": "1984\u201385"}, {"question": "What was the name of the miner's leader that was blamed for the strike?", "answer": "Arthur Scargill"}, {"question": "How many seats did Labour win in 2010?", "answer": "258"}, {"question": "How many seats did the Conservatives win?", "answer": "307"}, {"question": "WHen did Brown announce his intention to stand down?", "answer": "10 May 2010"}, {"question": "How much in contributions did the Labour party get from January to Marrch 2008?", "answer": "\u00a33 million"}, {"question": "How far was the party in debt for the same time period?", "answer": "\u00a317 million"}, {"question": "How far was the Conservative party in debt?", "answer": "\u00a312 million"}, {"question": "How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?", "answer": "Liberal Democrats"}, {"question": "Who did the NEC expel ", "answer": "activists and the two MPs who supported the group."}, {"question": "What year did Kinnock call for a general election?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What was Kinnocks party theme?", "answer": "\"It's Time for a Change\""}, {"question": "What was the original Tory lead percentage?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What did the percentage fall to?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "Who replaced Kinnock?", "answer": "John Smith"}, {"question": "When did Smith change the party's rules?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What does OMOV stand for?", "answer": "one member, one vote"}, {"question": "WHen was Black Wednesday?", "answer": "September 1992"}, {"question": "What was Black Wednesday?", "answer": "economic disaster"}, {"question": "When was the recession declared over?", "answer": "April 1993"}, {"question": "When did Smith die?", "answer": "May 1994"}, {"question": "What did Smith die of?", "answer": "a heart attack"}, {"question": "What was the other name for the Labout Party?", "answer": "\"New Labour\""}, {"question": "When was this branding first used?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "When did Labour publish a new draft manifesto?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What was this manifesto called?", "answer": "New Labour, New Life For Britain"}, {"question": "Who did Tony Blair side with?", "answer": "President George W. Bush"}, {"question": "Why did Blair side with Bush?", "answer": "the Iraq War"}, {"question": "Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?", "answer": "Sir John Chilcot"}, {"question": "Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?", "answer": "deeply unpopular"}, {"question": "When did Blair announce he was quitting?", "answer": "September 2006"}, {"question": "When were the next elections?", "answer": "May 2007"}, {"question": "Who did Labour lose power in the election to?", "answer": "Scottish National Party"}, {"question": "Who was Blair replaced by?", "answer": "his Chancellor, Gordon Brown"}, {"question": "What was the party membership at the end of 2009?", "answer": "156,205"}, {"question": "What is the official name for Estonia?", "answer": "the Republic of Estonia"}, {"question": "Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?", "answer": "the Baltic region"}, {"question": "What borders the north of Estonia?", "answer": "the Gulf of Finland"}, {"question": "What body of water borders Estonia on the west?", "answer": "the Baltic Sea"}, {"question": "What country borders south Estonia?", "answer": "Latvia"}, {"question": "Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?", "answer": "Danish, Swedish and German rule"}, {"question": "When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?", "answer": "the period of national awakening"}, {"question": "Who was in control during the national awakening?", "answer": "the Russian Empire"}, {"question": "What year was the Republic of Estonia established?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What war ended as Estonia was born?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?", "answer": "high-income economy and high living standards"}, {"question": "What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?", "answer": "the Human Development Index"}, {"question": "What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?", "answer": "Estonia"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What financial institution is associated with Estonia?", "answer": "the Nordic Investment Bank"}, {"question": "When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?", "answer": "first centuries AD"}, {"question": "What subdivision was associated with the province?", "answer": "kihelkond"}, {"question": "What subdivision was associated with the land?", "answer": "maakond"}, {"question": "What type of structure did most provinces have?", "answer": "fortress"}, {"question": "Who commanded the defense of an area?", "answer": "The king or other highest administrative official elder"}, {"question": "Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?", "answer": "The Oeselians"}, {"question": "Where is Saaremaa located?", "answer": "the Baltic Sea"}, {"question": "Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?", "answer": "Ptolemy's Geography III"}, {"question": "Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?", "answer": "Henry of Latvia"}, {"question": "What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?", "answer": "1187"}, {"question": "Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?", "answer": "the Swedish town of Sigtuna"}, {"question": "What important figure was killed in the raid?", "answer": "Swedish archbishop Johannes"}, {"question": "What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?", "answer": "the piratica and the liburna"}, {"question": "What type of ship was the liburna?", "answer": "merchant ship"}, {"question": "What god did the Oeselians worship?", "answer": "Tharapita"}, {"question": "Who described Tharapita?", "answer": "Henry of Latvia"}, {"question": "Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?", "answer": "on a forested mountain in Virumaa"}, {"question": "What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?", "answer": "Thor"}, {"question": "What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?", "answer": "meteor disaster"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Danish Estonia?", "answer": "Reval"}, {"question": "What event preceded the founding of the capital?", "answer": "the invasion of 1219"}, {"question": "What structure was built at Toompea Hill?", "answer": "the fortress of Castrum Danorum"}, {"question": "What year was Reval granted with L\u00fcbeck city rights?", "answer": "1248"}, {"question": "What is the date of St. George's Night?", "answer": "23 April 1343"}, {"question": "When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?", "answer": "St. George's Night"}, {"question": "What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? ", "answer": "the non-indigenous Christian religion"}, {"question": "What event ended the uprising?", "answer": "the invasion of the Teutonic Order."}, {"question": "What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?", "answer": "1 November 1346"}, {"question": "When was Terra Mariana established?", "answer": "2 February 1207"}, {"question": "Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?", "answer": "Livonian Brothers of the Sword"}, {"question": "What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?", "answer": "1237"}, {"question": "What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?", "answer": "1346"}, {"question": "Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?", "answer": "German rule"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?", "answer": "1410"}, {"question": "What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?", "answer": "the Battle of Grunwald"}, {"question": "Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?", "answer": "the Livonian Order"}, {"question": "What is date of the Battle of Swienta?", "answer": "1 September 1435"}, {"question": "When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?", "answer": "4 December 1435"}, {"question": "When did the The Reformation in Europe start?", "answer": "1517"}, {"question": "Who led the The Reformation in Europe?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "What was the year of Martin Luther's death?", "answer": "1546"}, {"question": "What parts of society did the Reformation change?", "answer": "Language, education, religion and politics"}, {"question": "What was the previous language of the church?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What form of servitude was eliminated?", "answer": "serfdom"}, {"question": "When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?", "answer": "the Age of Awakening"}, {"question": "Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?", "answer": "Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson."}, {"question": "What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?", "answer": "14 June"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?", "answer": "Kaleva"}, {"question": "Where was the destination of Kaleva?", "answer": "Helsinki"}, {"question": "Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?", "answer": "the Estonian government"}, {"question": "Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?", "answer": "the Red Army"}, {"question": "What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?", "answer": "the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion"}, {"question": "When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?", "answer": "21 June"}, {"question": "What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?", "answer": "6 August 1940"}, {"question": "Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?", "answer": "the Estonian constitution"}, {"question": "What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?", "answer": "elections"}, {"question": "What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?", "answer": "22 June 1941"}, {"question": "When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?", "answer": "7 July"}, {"question": "What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?", "answer": "the P\u00e4rnu River"}, {"question": "When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?", "answer": "12 July"}, {"question": "When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?", "answer": "22 June 1941"}, {"question": "When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?", "answer": "7 July"}, {"question": "Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?", "answer": "the Estonian Forest Brothers"}, {"question": "What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?", "answer": "liberators"}, {"question": "Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?", "answer": "the country's independence"}, {"question": "What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?", "answer": "Estonia's resources"}, {"question": "Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?", "answer": "the Finnish Army"}, {"question": "Who was the Finnish Army allied with?", "answer": "the Nazis"}, {"question": "Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?", "answer": "Estonian volunteers in Finland"}, {"question": "What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?", "answer": "tens of thousands"}, {"question": "Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?", "answer": "Finland or Sweden"}, {"question": "What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?", "answer": "the SS Walnut"}, {"question": "What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?", "answer": "12 January 1949"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?", "answer": "Half the deported perished"}, {"question": "When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?", "answer": "the early 1960s"}, {"question": "What event led to the return of Estonians back home?", "answer": "Stalin's death"}, {"question": "Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?", "answer": "the Forest Brothers"}, {"question": "What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?", "answer": "Militarization"}, {"question": "What sea islands were declared border zones?", "answer": "Saaremaa and Hiiumaa"}, {"question": "What document did people need to travel to the border zones?", "answer": "permit"}, {"question": "What was established in the city of Paldiski?", "answer": "A notable closed military installation"}, {"question": "What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?", "answer": "the annexation of Estonia"}, {"question": "What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?", "answer": "diplomatic relations"}, {"question": "What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?", "answer": "the Estonian SSR"}, {"question": "What decade started the push for Estonian independence?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What year did the Singing Revolution occur?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?", "answer": "more than two million people"}, {"question": "What was the name of the human chain?", "answer": "the Baltic Way"}, {"question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?", "answer": "267 kilometers"}, {"question": "What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?", "answer": "290 kilometers"}, {"question": "What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?", "answer": "the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty"}, {"question": "What body of water borders Estonia?", "answer": "the Baltic Sea"}, {"question": "What is the average elevation of Estonia?", "answer": "50 metres (164 ft)"}, {"question": "What is Estonia's highest mountain point?", "answer": "the Suur Munam\u00e4gi"}, {"question": "How tall is the the Suur Munam\u00e4gi?", "answer": "318 metres (1,043 ft)"}, {"question": "What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?", "answer": "northern part"}, {"question": "What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?", "answer": "near-equal length"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?", "answer": "16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the warmest month in Estonia?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?", "answer": "A maakond"}, {"question": "What is the county government in Estonia called?", "answer": "Maavalitsus"}, {"question": "A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?", "answer": "county governor"}, {"question": "Who represents the national government on a local level?", "answer": "Maavanem"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of Estonia's government?", "answer": "the Prime Minister of Estonia"}, {"question": "What political structure aids the Prime Minister?", "answer": "a multi-party system"}, {"question": "The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?", "answer": "Northern Europe"}, {"question": "Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?", "answer": "Andrus Ansip"}, {"question": "What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?", "answer": "The Parliament of Estonia"}, {"question": "What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?", "answer": "101 members"}, {"question": "What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?", "answer": "ratify and denounce international treaties"}, {"question": "Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?", "answer": "The Riigikogu"}, {"question": "Who does the government have to explain their actions to?", "answer": "the Riigikogu"}, {"question": "What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?", "answer": "activities of the executive power"}, {"question": "Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?", "answer": "the Prime Minister of Estonia"}, {"question": "Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?", "answer": "parliament"}, {"question": "How many ministers serve in the government?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "Who has the ability to assign other ministers?", "answer": "The Prime Minister"}, {"question": "What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is another name for the governing body of ministers?", "answer": "the cabinet"}, {"question": "What strategy does the cabinet execute?", "answer": "domestic and foreign policy"}, {"question": "What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?", "answer": "everything occurring within the authority of executive power"}, {"question": "What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?", "answer": "Internet voting"}, {"question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?", "answer": "30,275"}, {"question": "What document declares supreme power for the people?", "answer": "the Constitution of Estonia"}, {"question": "Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?", "answer": "the Supreme Court or Riigikohus"}, {"question": "How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?", "answer": "nineteen"}, {"question": "How many years does the Chief justice serve?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?", "answer": "22 September 1921"}, {"question": "What date did Estonia join the United Nations?", "answer": "17 September 1991"}, {"question": "What date did Estonia join NATO?", "answer": "29 March 2004"}, {"question": "What date did Estonia join the European Union?", "answer": "1 May 2004"}, {"question": "What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?", "answer": "close co-operation"}, {"question": "What were the most important foreign policy priorities?", "answer": "accession into NATO and the European Union"}, {"question": "What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?", "answer": "deterioration in relations with Russia"}, {"question": "Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?", "answer": "Latvia and Lithuania"}, {"question": "What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?", "answer": "The Baltic Council"}, {"question": "What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?", "answer": "Nordic-Baltic Eight"}, {"question": "What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?", "answer": "closer ties with the Nordic countries"}, {"question": "When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?", "answer": "December 1999"}, {"question": "Who expressed a speech called \"Estonia as a Nordic Country\"?", "answer": "Toomas Hendrik Ilves"}, {"question": "What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?", "answer": "the Nordic Council"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?", "answer": "42%"}, {"question": "What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?", "answer": "the Estonian Defence Forces"}, {"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Army?", "answer": "Maav\u00e4gi"}, {"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Navy?", "answer": "Merev\u00e4gi"}, {"question": "What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?", "answer": "\u00d5huv\u00e4gi"}, {"question": "Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?", "answer": "Latvia and Lithuania"}, {"question": "What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?", "answer": "the Baltic Defence College"}, {"question": "Where is the Baltic Defence College located?", "answer": "Tartu"}, {"question": "When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?", "answer": "January 2011"}, {"question": "Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?", "answer": "The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces"}, {"question": "What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?", "answer": "massive cyberattacks"}, {"question": "When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?", "answer": "the World Bank"}, {"question": "What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?", "answer": "$28,781"}, {"question": "What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?", "answer": "Slovak Republic and Lithuania"}, {"question": "Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?", "answer": "about 85%"}, {"question": "What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?", "answer": "wood, peat, and biomass"}, {"question": "What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "When did the global economic recession start?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?", "answer": "global economic recession"}, {"question": "Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?", "answer": "Riigikogu"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?", "answer": "the gateway between East and West"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?", "answer": "Milton Friedman"}, {"question": "What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?", "answer": "a uniform rate of 26%"}, {"question": "What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?", "answer": "the 1998 Russian financial crisis"}, {"question": "When did Estonia unite with the WTO?", "answer": "November 1999"}, {"question": "What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?", "answer": "renewable energy sources"}, {"question": "What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?", "answer": "wind power"}, {"question": "What is total amount of energy production from wind power?", "answer": "nearly 60 MW"}, {"question": "In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?", "answer": "Scandinavian markets"}, {"question": "What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?", "answer": "highly skilled"}, {"question": "What is the largest city in Estonia?", "answer": "Tallinn"}, {"question": "When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?", "answer": "export-generating industries"}, {"question": "How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?", "answer": "200 million kilowatt hours"}, {"question": "How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?", "answer": "1.562 billion kilowatt hours"}, {"question": "How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?", "answer": "53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)"}, {"question": "What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?", "answer": "Between 1945 and 1989"}, {"question": "What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?", "answer": "mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus"}, {"question": "Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?", "answer": "a national catastrophe"}, {"question": "What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?", "answer": "Russian military bases"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?", "answer": "Thirteen"}, {"question": "How many counties are in Estonia?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?", "answer": "Hiiumaa"}, {"question": "What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?", "answer": "98.4%"}, {"question": "What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?", "answer": "25.6%"}, {"question": "What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?", "answer": "The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law"}, {"question": "How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?", "answer": "more than 3,000 people"}, {"question": "What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?", "answer": "Germans and Jewish minorities"}, {"question": "What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as \"discriminatory\"? ", "answer": "The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?", "answer": "Estonia's constitution"}, {"question": "Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?", "answer": "separation of church and state"}, {"question": "What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?", "answer": "belief and religion"}, {"question": "What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?", "answer": "75.7%"}, {"question": "What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?", "answer": "Russian minority"}, {"question": "Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?", "answer": "the Russian Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?", "answer": "Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia"}, {"question": "What language does Estonian share similar words with?", "answer": "Germanic"}, {"question": "What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?", "answer": "nearly one third"}, {"question": "What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?", "answer": "High German"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?", "answer": "about 15 percent"}, {"question": "What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?", "answer": "bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies"}, {"question": "What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?", "answer": "basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry"}, {"question": "What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?", "answer": "autonomy"}, {"question": "What is the largest private university in Estonia?", "answer": "Estonian Business School"}, {"question": "What is the main science institution in Estonia?", "answer": "The Estonian Academy of Sciences"}, {"question": "What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?", "answer": "the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics"}, {"question": "What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?", "answer": "the late 1950s"}, {"question": "What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?", "answer": "Tartu and Tallinn"}, {"question": "What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?", "answer": "liberty and liberalism"}, {"question": "What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?", "answer": "limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption"}, {"question": "What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?", "answer": "free education"}, {"question": "What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?", "answer": "closeness to nature"}, {"question": "What institute provides education in art, design, and media?", "answer": "The Estonian Academy of Arts"}, {"question": "What institute promotes awareness of native culture?", "answer": "Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu"}, {"question": "What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?", "answer": "native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design"}, {"question": "How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?", "answer": "245"}, {"question": "What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?", "answer": "Laulupidu"}, {"question": "What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?", "answer": "about 100,000 people"}, {"question": "Where does Laulupidu usually take place?", "answer": "the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds"}, {"question": "When does Laulupidu occur?", "answer": "every five years in July"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who performed the song \"Everybody\"?", "answer": "Tanel Padar and Dave Benton"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What performer has represented Estonia two different times?", "answer": "Maarja-Liis Ilus"}, {"question": "What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?", "answer": "\"R\u00e4ndajad\" by Urban Symphony"}, {"question": "What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?", "answer": "the Northern Crusades"}, {"question": "Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?", "answer": "Germany, Sweden, and Russia"}, {"question": "What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?", "answer": "the 13th century"}, {"question": "What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?", "answer": "The Liber Census Daniae"}, {"question": "Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?", "answer": "Oskar Luts"}, {"question": "What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?", "answer": "Kevade"}, {"question": "What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?", "answer": "Truth and Justice"}, {"question": "Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?", "answer": "Anton Hansen Tammsaare"}, {"question": "Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?", "answer": "Tallinn"}, {"question": "When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?", "answer": "pre-Christian times"}, {"question": "What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?", "answer": "castles and churches"}, {"question": "What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?", "answer": "seasons and simple peasant food"}, {"question": "What are the most common foods in Estonia?", "answer": "black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products."}, {"question": "What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?", "answer": "berries, herbs, vegetables"}, {"question": "What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?", "answer": "Hunting and fishing"}, {"question": "What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?", "answer": "Sport"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?", "answer": "the 1920 Summer Olympics"}, {"question": "What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?", "answer": "Tallinn"}, {"question": "What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?", "answer": "BC Kalev/Cramo"}, {"question": "What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?", "answer": "Tartu \u00dclikool/Rock"}, {"question": "How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "How many of Alaska's residents reside in the Anchorage area?", "answer": "Approximately half"}, {"question": "What is Alaska's total population according to the 2015 Census?", "answer": "738,432"}, {"question": "Which industries are most prevalent in Alaska's economy?", "answer": "fishing, natural gas, and oil"}, {"question": "Where does Alaska rank in population comparative to other US states?", "answer": "3rd least populous"}, {"question": "How does Alaska compare in size to other US states?", "answer": "largest state in the United States by area"}, {"question": "What are the contiguous states sometimes called?", "answer": "\"the Lower 48\""}, {"question": "What is Alaska's capital city?", "answer": "Juneau"}, {"question": "How many miles are between Alaska and Washington state?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "Which set of islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere?", "answer": "Aleutian Islands"}, {"question": "Which forest is the largest national forest in the US?", "answer": "Tongass National Forest"}, {"question": "Which city was Alaska's former capital?", "answer": "Sitka"}, {"question": "What is the area closest to the continental US called?", "answer": "Panhandle or Inside Passage"}, {"question": "Where did most settlement occur after the Louisiana Purchase?", "answer": "Panhandle or Inside Passage"}, {"question": "Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?", "answer": "The North Slope"}, {"question": "What is the northernmost city in the US?", "answer": "Barrow"}, {"question": "What resource is the North Slope known for?", "answer": "massive reserves of crude oil"}, {"question": "How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?", "answer": "nearly 34,000 miles"}, {"question": "On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?", "answer": "Unimak Island"}, {"question": "What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?", "answer": "actively undergoing continent building"}, {"question": "What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?", "answer": "most perfect volcanic cone on Earth"}, {"question": "How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?", "answer": "10,000 feet (3,048 m)"}, {"question": "What percentage of Alaska is maintained by the US federal government?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What types of areas are managed by the federal government as public lands?", "answer": "national forests, national parks, and national wildlife refuges"}, {"question": "How many acres is the Bureau of Land Management in charge of?", "answer": "87 million"}, {"question": "How much of the state is controlled by the Bureau of Land Management?", "answer": "23.8%"}, {"question": "What is the world's largest wildlife refuge?", "answer": "The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge"}, {"question": "How many acres of its land does the state of Alaska own?", "answer": "101 million acres"}, {"question": "How much land is the state of Alaska provided by the Alaska Statehood Act?", "answer": "101 million acres (41 million hectares)"}, {"question": "Why aren't homestead and subdivision areas more popular?", "answer": "remote and roadless locations"}, {"question": "Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?", "answer": "Doyon, Limited"}, {"question": "What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?", "answer": "hold title (including subsurface title in many cases"}, {"question": "Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?", "answer": "repealed before they could take effect"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?", "answer": "over 50 in"}, {"question": "In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?", "answer": "Southeast"}, {"question": "Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?", "answer": "mid-latitude oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfc) in the northern parts"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?", "answer": "over 150 in (380 cm)"}, {"question": "What two bodies of water influene the climate in Western Alaska?", "answer": "Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska"}, {"question": "Is precipitation varied or uniform in Western Alaska?", "answer": "tremendous amount of variety"}, {"question": "Which area of Western Alaska is techincally a desert?", "answer": "the region around Kotzebue Sound"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does the desert area of Western Alaska receive?", "answer": "less than 10 in (25 cm) of precipitation annually"}, {"question": "Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?", "answer": "Grover Cleveland"}, {"question": "In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?", "answer": "smallpox"}, {"question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?", "answer": "the Haida"}, {"question": "Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?", "answer": "The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region"}, {"question": "The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?", "answer": "The North Slope and Little Diomede Island"}, {"question": "Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?", "answer": "Aleut"}, {"question": "During what time period do some researchers believe Russians settled in Alaska?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "Whose expedidion potentially landed in Alaska during a storm and founded a settlement in 1648?", "answer": "Semyon Dezhnyov"}, {"question": "Whom did Nikolai Durkin say lived in a village on the Kheuveren River?", "answer": "\"bearded men\" who \"pray to the icons\""}, {"question": "During which years did Nikolai Durkin visit Alaska?", "answer": "1764\u20131765"}, {"question": "What event brought thousands of people to Alaska in the 1890s to early 1910s?", "answer": "gold rushes"}, {"question": "What year was Alaska officially incorporated as a territory?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "In what year was Alaska's capital officially changed to Juneau?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "Which industries did European settlers in Alaska begin?", "answer": "fishing and logging"}, {"question": "From what countries were European settlers in Alaska?", "answer": "Norway and Sweden"}, {"question": "On what day was Alaskan Statehood finally approved by Congress?", "answer": "July 7, 1958"}, {"question": "On what day was Alaska officially named a state?", "answer": "January 3, 1959"}, {"question": "What cause did James Wickersham focus on in his early Congressional tenure?", "answer": "Statehood for Alaska"}, {"question": "In what year did Alaskan Statehood gain momentum following a territorial referendum?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "From which areas did Alaskan supporters face political challenges?", "answer": "mostly in the U.S. Congress but also within Alaska"}, {"question": "What major event happened in Alaska on March 27, 1964 killing 133 people?", "answer": "Good Friday earthquake"}, {"question": "Did the earthquake or resulting tsunamis and landslides do the most damage to Alaskan communities?", "answer": "resultant tsunamis and landslides"}, {"question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to other documented earthquakes in the world?", "answer": "second-most-powerful earthquake in the recorded history of the world"}, {"question": "How did the Good Friday earthquake compare to the 1989 San Francisco earthquake?", "answer": "over one thousand times more powerful"}, {"question": "Which factors concerning the Good Friday earthquake do some believe caused a higher survival rate?", "answer": "The time of day (5:36 pm), time of year and location of the epicenter"}, {"question": "At least how many native Alaskan languages exist, according to the Alaska Native Language Center?", "answer": "at least 20"}, {"question": "What are the two main native Alaskan language families?", "answer": "Eskimo\u2013Aleut or Na-Dene"}, {"question": "How many of Alaska's native languages are in danger of becoing dormant or extinct languages according to a 2014 study?", "answer": "nearly all"}, {"question": "A study completed in what year found that nearly all of Alaska's native languages are at risk of becoming extinct?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?", "answer": "34%"}, {"question": "Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?", "answer": "Evangelical Protestants"}, {"question": "How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?", "answer": "least religious states of the USA"}, {"question": "Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?", "answer": "Washington and Oregon"}, {"question": "Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?", "answer": "First Russian Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?", "answer": "Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives"}, {"question": "Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?", "answer": "Quaker population"}, {"question": "What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?", "answer": "observance of halakha"}, {"question": "What was the per capita personal income in Alaska in 2007?", "answer": "$40,042"}, {"question": "How does Alaska's per capita personal income rank against other states?", "answer": "15th in the nation"}, {"question": "How much of Alaskan state revenue comes from petroleum extraction?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "Beyond petroleum, what is Alaska's largest export?", "answer": "seafood, primarily salmon, cod, Pollock and crab"}, {"question": "In which Alaskan areas are military bases prevalent as an important part of the local economy?", "answer": "Fairbanks North Star, Anchorage and Kodiak Island boroughs, as well as Kodiak"}, {"question": "What program allows Alaska to keep low taxes?", "answer": "Federal subsidies"}, {"question": "What are some of Alaska's industrial products?", "answer": "crude petroleum, natural gas, coal, gold, precious metals, zinc and other mining, seafood processing, timber and wood products"}, {"question": "How, specifically, have tourists helped the local economy in Alaska?", "answer": "supporting local lodging"}, {"question": "What other states rank higher than Alaska in crude oil production?", "answer": "Texas, North Dakota, and California"}, {"question": "How does Alaska rate in comparison with other states in crude oil production?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Which area in Alaska is the nation's second highest-yielding oil field?", "answer": "Prudhoe Bay"}, {"question": "How many barrels of oil does Prudhoe Bay produce per day?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "Prudhoe Bay is second place in production to what other oil field in the US?", "answer": "North Dakota's Bakken Formation"}, {"question": "How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?", "answer": "up to 2.1 million barrels"}, {"question": "How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?", "answer": "85.4 trillion cubic feet"}, {"question": "Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?", "answer": "wind and geothermal energy"}, {"question": "Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?", "answer": "hydroelectric"}, {"question": "Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?", "answer": "low (less than 50\u00a2/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population"}, {"question": "How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?", "answer": "30\u201360\u00a2 higher"}, {"question": "What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?", "answer": "transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure"}, {"question": "What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?", "answer": "diesel fuel"}, {"question": "What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?", "answer": "heating, transportation, electric power and light"}, {"question": "What is the Alaska Permanent Fund?", "answer": "constitutionally authorized appropriation of oil revenues"}, {"question": "In what year was the Alaska Permanent Fund established?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Why was the Alaska Permament Fund established?", "answer": "to manage a surplus in state petroleum revenues from oil"}, {"question": "Who originally proposed the Alaska Permanent Fund?", "answer": "Governor Keith Miller"}, {"question": "Why did Governor Keith Miller propose the Alaska Permanent Fund before the Prudhoe Bay sale?", "answer": "fear that the legislature would spend the entire proceeds of the sale (which amounted to $900 million) at once"}, {"question": "Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for a particular purpose?", "answer": "discourage"}, {"question": "Why is the Permanent Fund an exception to the premise of the Alaskan Constitution?", "answer": "political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation"}, {"question": "Where is the principal of the Permanent Fund invested?", "answer": "outside Alaska"}, {"question": "How much was the initial principal of the Permanent Fund?", "answer": "$734,000"}, {"question": "How high has the principal of the Permanent Fund grown?", "answer": "$50 billion"}, {"question": "How long must an Alaskan have lived in the state in order to receive a Permanent Fund Dividend?", "answer": "minimum of 12 months"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Permanent Fund is divided betwen Alaska's eligible residents?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "When did disembursements from the Permanent Fund begin?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "How much was the initial disembursement from the Permanent Fund?", "answer": "$1,000"}, {"question": "Which crops are produced in the Delta-area?", "answer": "barley and hay"}, {"question": "Small farms west of Fairbanks cater to whom?", "answer": "restaurants, the hotel and tourist industry, and community-supported agriculture"}, {"question": "Which area did Hammond develeop during his second term?", "answer": "Delta Junction area"}, {"question": "What causes food in Alaskan cities to be relatively expensive?", "answer": "shipping costs"}, {"question": "How high can the cost of transport be in some remote areas?", "answer": "50\u00a2 per pound ($1.10/kg)"}, {"question": "Which state in the US is the only to have higher fuel prices than Alaska?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "How much does it cost to transport a gallon of milk in some rural areas of Alaska?", "answer": "$3.50"}, {"question": "Why is there a debate about moving the capital of Alaska to another town?", "answer": "Juneau, is not accessible by road"}, {"question": "Which part of Alaska has no road system connecting it to other areas?", "answer": "western part"}, {"question": "Compared to the rest of the US, does Alaska has many or few road connections?", "answer": "few"}, {"question": "What year was the Alaska Railroad built?", "answer": "around 1915"}, {"question": "To what does \"The Railbelt\" refer?", "answer": "region served by ARR tracks"}, {"question": "Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?", "answer": "Alaska Railroad (ARR)"}, {"question": "The ARR was one of the last railroads in the US to use what?", "answer": "cabooses"}, {"question": "When are cabooses still used occasionally?", "answer": "some gravel trains"}, {"question": "When was the Parks Highway constructed?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What is the name of Alaska's ferry system?", "answer": "the Alaska Marine Highway"}, {"question": "Which other Ferry group works alongside the Alaska Marine Highway to coordinate travel?", "answer": "The Inter-Island Ferry Authority"}, {"question": "Which areas does the Alaska Marine Highway serve?", "answer": "southeast, the Gulf Coast and the Alaska Peninsula"}, {"question": "Which two cities are served by major airlines?", "answer": "Anchorage and, to a lesser extent Fairbanks"}, {"question": "What is the most efficient means of transportation into and out of Alaska?", "answer": "air travel"}, {"question": "How many visitors came to Alaska between 2012-2013?", "answer": "almost 2 million"}, {"question": "Which service allows government to subsidise regular air travel in Alaska?", "answer": "Essential Air Service program"}, {"question": "Which airline offers in-state travel with jet-service?", "answer": "Alaska Airlines"}, {"question": "What are some Alaskan regional hubs?", "answer": "Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak"}, {"question": "What are the names of a few regional Alaskan airlines?", "answer": "Ravn Alaska, PenAir, and Frontier Flying Service"}, {"question": "What model is the most popular aicraft in Alaska?", "answer": "Cessna Caravan"}, {"question": "How much of the subsidized bulk mail delivery program goes to carriers who offer passenger service?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "Which plane is considered quintessentially Alaskan?", "answer": "bush seaplane"}, {"question": "Where is the busiest seaplane base in the world?", "answer": "Lake Hood"}, {"question": "Which state had the most pilots per capita than any other US state?", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "Lake Hood is located next to what International Airport?", "answer": "Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport"}, {"question": "Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?", "answer": "dogsled"}, {"question": "Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?", "answer": "Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race"}, {"question": "What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?", "answer": "the famous 1925 serum run to Nome"}, {"question": "Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?", "answer": "all other means of transportation had failed"}, {"question": "Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?", "answer": "\"Serum Run\""}, {"question": "Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?", "answer": "GCI and Alaska Communications"}, {"question": "In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?", "answer": "$350 million"}, {"question": "Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?", "answer": "GCI"}, {"question": "How does Alaska finance its state government operations?", "answer": "petroleum revenues and federal subsidies"}, {"question": "How many states in the US do not have sales tax?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "Which political party does Alaska generally support?", "answer": "Republicans"}, {"question": "How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?", "answer": "University of Alaska Fairbanks"}, {"question": "Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?", "answer": "The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage"}, {"question": "As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?", "answer": "well over half"}, {"question": "Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?", "answer": "a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska"}, {"question": "Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?", "answer": "acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc."}, {"question": "What are CDPs?", "answer": "census-designated places"}, {"question": "How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?", "answer": "355"}, {"question": "Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?", "answer": "unconnected"}, {"question": "In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?", "answer": "\"The Bush\""}, {"question": "In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?", "answer": "2.88%"}, {"question": "What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?", "answer": "Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla"}, {"question": "Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?", "answer": "Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East"}, {"question": "In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "What is different about a \"Public Safety Officer\" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?", "answer": "have police training but do not carry firearms"}, {"question": "What do wildlife enforcers regulate?", "answer": "hunting and fishing regulations"}, {"question": "What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?", "answer": "a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles"}, {"question": "What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?", "answer": "Anchorage Symphony Orchestra"}, {"question": "Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?", "answer": "The Anchorage Opera"}, {"question": "What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?", "answer": "Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival"}, {"question": "Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?", "answer": "Ray Mala"}, {"question": "Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?", "answer": "\"Camp Hollywood\""}, {"question": "In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?", "answer": "Northwest"}, {"question": "Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?", "answer": "from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood"}, {"question": "Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?", "answer": "inductivist"}, {"question": "Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?", "answer": "Popper"}, {"question": "What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?", "answer": "decisive experiments"}, {"question": "Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?", "answer": "classical justificationist"}, {"question": "What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?", "answer": "critical rationalism"}, {"question": "In which city was Karl Popper born?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?", "answer": "Lutheranism"}, {"question": "Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?", "answer": "Burgomaster Herr Gr\u00fcbl"}, {"question": "What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?", "answer": "12,000\u201314,000"}, {"question": "What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?", "answer": "bibliophile"}, {"question": "At which age did Popper first attend university?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?", "answer": "Marxism"}, {"question": "Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?", "answer": "Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria"}, {"question": "What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?", "answer": "street battle in the H\u00f6rlgasse"}, {"question": "To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?", "answer": "social liberalism"}, {"question": "What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?", "answer": "cabinetmaker"}, {"question": "What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?", "answer": "daycare"}, {"question": "In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?", "answer": "Alfred Adler"}, {"question": "When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?", "answer": "elementary teacher"}, {"question": "Who supervised Popper's doctorate?", "answer": "Karl B\u00fchler"}, {"question": "What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?", "answer": "The question of method in cognitive psychology"}, {"question": "What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?", "answer": "mathematics and physics"}, {"question": "Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?", "answer": "Nazism"}, {"question": "In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?", "answer": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"}, {"question": "Where did Popper move in 1937?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?", "answer": "Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand"}, {"question": "Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?", "answer": "John Carew Eccles"}, {"question": "What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?", "answer": "logic and scientific method"}, {"question": "Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?", "answer": "Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft"}, {"question": "How old was Popper when he died?", "answer": "92"}, {"question": "Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?", "answer": "Lainzer"}, {"question": "Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?", "answer": "Hoover Institution at Stanford University"}, {"question": "Which university has the contents of Popper's library?", "answer": "Klagenfurt University"}, {"question": "What was Popper's wife's name?", "answer": "Josefine Anna Popper"}, {"question": "Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?", "answer": "Lippincott Award"}, {"question": "What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?", "answer": "Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria"}, {"question": "Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?", "answer": "International Academy of Humanism"}, {"question": "Which English monarch knighted Popper?", "answer": "Queen Elizabeth II"}, {"question": "Which central European university made Popper a fellow?", "answer": "Charles University, Prague"}, {"question": "In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?", "answer": "Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy"}, {"question": "Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?", "answer": "Marxism"}, {"question": "For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?", "answer": "teenage years"}, {"question": "How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?", "answer": "disillusioned"}, {"question": "What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?", "answer": "fascism"}, {"question": "What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?", "answer": "the Anschluss"}, {"question": "What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?", "answer": "democratic liberalism"}, {"question": "What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?", "answer": "totalitarianism"}, {"question": "What was the Anschluss?", "answer": "the annexation of Austria by the German Reich"}, {"question": "Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?", "answer": "Freud and Adler"}, {"question": "Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?", "answer": "risky"}, {"question": "What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?", "answer": "primitive myths"}, {"question": "What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?", "answer": "falsify"}, {"question": "According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?", "answer": "falsification"}, {"question": "What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?", "answer": "criticism or experiment"}, {"question": "How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?", "answer": "weaknesses"}, {"question": "What term did Popper use for his philosophy?", "answer": "critical rationalism"}, {"question": "Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?", "answer": "the classical observationalist-inductivist account"}, {"question": "What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?", "answer": "rejection"}, {"question": "According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?", "answer": "indirectly"}, {"question": "Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?", "answer": "verification and falsifiability"}, {"question": "What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?", "answer": "falsifiability"}, {"question": "What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?", "answer": "Marxism"}, {"question": "What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?", "answer": "psychoanalysis"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?", "answer": "All Life is Problem Solving"}, {"question": "Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?", "answer": "evolutionary"}, {"question": "What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?", "answer": "truth content"}, {"question": "What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?", "answer": "error elimination"}, {"question": "What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than \"more true?\"", "answer": "more \"fit\""}, {"question": "What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? ", "answer": "conjectures"}, {"question": "Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?", "answer": "more and more interesting problems"}, {"question": "Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?", "answer": "induction"}, {"question": "What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?", "answer": "additional conditions"}, {"question": "Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?", "answer": "Popper"}, {"question": "Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?", "answer": "ad-hoc-measures"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?", "answer": "W.W. Bartley III"}, {"question": "What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?", "answer": "empirical"}, {"question": "According to Popper, what is not grounds for doubt?", "answer": "lack of justification"}, {"question": "What principle of traditional philosophy did Popper take an anti-justificationist stance against?", "answer": "principle of sufficient reason"}, {"question": "What does Popper believe is essential to do to theories instead of justification?", "answer": "eliminate errors"}, {"question": "What don't we need to look for about theories in Popper's view?", "answer": "good positive reasons"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?", "answer": "The Poverty of Historicism"}, {"question": "What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?", "answer": "historicism"}, {"question": "What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?", "answer": "authoritarianism and totalitarianism"}, {"question": "What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?", "answer": "the growth of human knowledge"}, {"question": "Whose theory of truth did Popper read with intense interest in 1935?", "answer": "Alfred Tarski"}, {"question": "What theory of interest to Popper did Alfred Tarski publish in 1933?", "answer": "semantic theory of truth"}, {"question": "Tarski's theory overcame certain objections to what conception of truth?", "answer": "truth as correspondence"}, {"question": "What kind of realism did Popper believe Tarski's theory supported?", "answer": "metaphysical"}, {"question": "What term do philosophers give to the kind of theory Tarski proposed about truth?", "answer": "deflationary"}, {"question": "With what does Popper say Tarski's theory replaces the predicate \"is true?\"", "answer": "\"corresponds to the facts\""}, {"question": "What concept did Tarski introduce to discuss the conditions for the truth of statements?", "answer": "metalanguage"}, {"question": "What two things does Popper argue Tarski's theory involves in an evaluation of truth?", "answer": "assertions and the facts to which they refer"}, {"question": "What term does Popper use that roughly means verisimilitude?", "answer": "truthlikeness"}, {"question": "Poppers notion of verisimilitude leaves no place for which kind of probabilities in the evaluation of scientific hypotheses?", "answer": "subjective"}, {"question": "What class of considerations did Popper believe were not important in scientific measurement?", "answer": "epistemic"}, {"question": "What is the logical content of hypotheses inversely proportional to in Popper's reasoning?", "answer": "probability"}, {"question": "What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?", "answer": "knowledge"}, {"question": "How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What constituted World One in Popper's theory?", "answer": "the physical world"}, {"question": "Who produced the contents of World Three?", "answer": "individual human beings"}, {"question": "Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?", "answer": "World Three"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's notions is often invoked in creation-evolution debates?", "answer": "criterion of falsifiability"}, {"question": "What kind of research program did Popper call Darwinism?", "answer": "metaphysical"}, {"question": "What phrase did Popper use to describe Darwinism's relation to proper falsifiable theories?", "answer": "possible framework"}, {"question": "Popper's philosophy is often applied in what political debate concerning biological science?", "answer": "creation\u2013evolution"}, {"question": "Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?", "answer": "goal-directed"}, {"question": "Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?", "answer": "god"}, {"question": "What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?", "answer": "creative"}, {"question": "What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?", "answer": "spearhead"}, {"question": "Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?", "answer": "genetic pluralism"}, {"question": "What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?", "answer": "goals"}, {"question": "Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?", "answer": "Mutations"}, {"question": "Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?", "answer": "hopeful monster"}, {"question": "Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?", "answer": "behaviour"}, {"question": "How does Popper describe the \"monsters\" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?", "answer": "hopeful behavioural monster"}, {"question": "What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?", "answer": "active"}, {"question": "Which professor cited by Popper described the creation-evolution debate as \"a storm in a Victorian tea-cup?\"", "answer": "C.E. Raven"}, {"question": "What controversy involving science did Popper believe was sensationalized because of its connection with religion?", "answer": "creation-evolution"}, {"question": "In which year did C.E. Raven publish the remarks on creation-evolution quoted by Popper?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "What term does Popper use when describing creationism as a type of theory?", "answer": "metaphysical"}, {"question": "In which year did Popper give a secret interview concerning his views about God?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "Which term for his religious outlook did Popper prefer?", "answer": "agnosticism"}, {"question": "What did Popper believe were at the heart of religious disagreements, and should not be the cause of as much conflict as they are?", "answer": "myths"}, {"question": "Although he opposed organized religion, what attitude did Popper think should be taken toward it:", "answer": "tolerant"}, {"question": "What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?", "answer": "philosophy of science"}, {"question": "Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?", "answer": "Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method"}, {"question": "Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?", "answer": "Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend"}, {"question": "What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?", "answer": "repudiated it entirely"}, {"question": "Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?", "answer": "London School of Economics"}, {"question": "Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?", "answer": "Friedrich Hayek"}, {"question": "What was Hayek's academic field?", "answer": "Economics"}, {"question": "In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?", "answer": "Alfred Tarski"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?", "answer": "Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics"}, {"question": "What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?", "answer": "logical positivism"}, {"question": "Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?", "answer": "any particular scientist"}, {"question": "At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?", "answer": "system or community"}, {"question": "What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?", "answer": "slow but steady"}, {"question": "What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?", "answer": "Quine-Duhem"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?", "answer": "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"}, {"question": "The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?", "answer": "Neptune"}, {"question": "According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?", "answer": "more generally applicable"}, {"question": "Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?", "answer": "Logic of Discovery"}, {"question": "What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?", "answer": "relativism"}, {"question": "What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?", "answer": "the critical discussion of myths"}, {"question": "According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?", "answer": "a critical attitude"}, {"question": "What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?", "answer": "statistical"}, {"question": "What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?", "answer": "flaws in the evidence"}, {"question": "According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?", "answer": "the collective judgment of scientists"}, {"question": "Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?", "answer": "Science Versus Crime"}, {"question": "Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?", "answer": "Carl Gustav Hempel"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?", "answer": "Houck"}, {"question": "Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?", "answer": "Otto Selz"}, {"question": "Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?", "answer": "Michel ter Hark"}, {"question": "What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?", "answer": "the rise of Nazism"}, {"question": "What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?", "answer": "Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology"}, {"question": "Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?", "answer": "Plato, Hegel and Marx"}, {"question": "Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?", "answer": "Darwin and Einstein"}, {"question": "Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?", "answer": "Straw Dogs"}, {"question": "According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?", "answer": "available evidence"}, {"question": "What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?", "answer": "irrationalist"}, {"question": "Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?", "answer": "inductivist"}, {"question": "A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?", "answer": "Imre Lakatos"}, {"question": "What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?", "answer": "explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory"}, {"question": "In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?", "answer": "Einstein's theory"}, {"question": "Which type of theory is most falsifiable?", "answer": "simplest"}, {"question": "What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?", "answer": "positivism"}, {"question": "For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?", "answer": "impossible"}, {"question": "What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?", "answer": "its falsity"}, {"question": "Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?", "answer": "Communists"}, {"question": "The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?", "answer": "a coup"}, {"question": "Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?", "answer": "historicism"}, {"question": "Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?", "answer": "B\u00e9la Kun"}, {"question": "What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?", "answer": "class struggle"}, {"question": "What country did the mandolin originate from?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What does mandolin translate to? ", "answer": "small mandola"}, {"question": "What musical family does the mandolin come from?", "answer": "lute family"}, {"question": "How is the mandolin usually played?", "answer": "usually plucked with a plectrum or \"pick\""}, {"question": "How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? ", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What are the four common styles of mandolins?", "answer": "the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin."}, {"question": "What is the round-back mandolin made of? ", "answer": "strips of wood, glued together into a bowl"}, {"question": "Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?", "answer": "round-back"}, {"question": "Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? ", "answer": "European classical music and traditional music."}, {"question": "Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?", "answer": "Carved-top instruments"}, {"question": "What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?", "answer": "soundboard (the top)"}, {"question": "Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? ", "answer": "quiet instruments"}, {"question": "What are modern mandolins' strings made of? ", "answer": "four courses of metal strings,"}, {"question": "What is the most common soundboard shape?", "answer": "generally round or teardrop-shaped"}, {"question": "What are the sound holes covered with? ", "answer": "bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling"}, {"question": "Who introduced the lute to Spain?", "answer": "the Moors"}, {"question": "What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? ", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "Who brought the lute to Sicily?", "answer": "Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians"}, {"question": "What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?", "answer": "Palermo"}, {"question": "What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? ", "answer": "Palermo\u2019s royal Cappella Palatina,"}, {"question": "What is there currently confusion over? ", "answer": "eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop"}, {"question": "Who is said to have ran the first shop? ", "answer": "Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic"}, {"question": "Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?", "answer": "University of Edinburgh"}, {"question": "Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?", "answer": "University of Edinburgh"}, {"question": "Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?", "answer": "Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium."}, {"question": "What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?", "answer": "1744"}, {"question": "Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? ", "answer": "in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall"}, {"question": "When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?", "answer": "After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall"}, {"question": "Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?", "answer": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati"}, {"question": "What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?", "answer": "Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878"}, {"question": "What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? ", "answer": "Estudiantes Espa\u00f1oles (Spanish Students)"}, {"question": "When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? ", "answer": "early years of the 20th century."}, {"question": "What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? ", "answer": "bandurria"}, {"question": "What were formed worldwide that incorporated the mandolin famiy of instruments and other instruments as well?", "answer": "Mandolin orchestras"}, {"question": "When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?", "answer": "early 20th century,"}, {"question": "Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?", "answer": "Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument"}, {"question": "Who created the rasonator mandolin?", "answer": "Luthiers"}, {"question": "What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?", "answer": "mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin"}, {"question": "What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?", "answer": "Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles \u2014 and Classical too."}, {"question": "What happens to mandolin notes when plucked? ", "answer": "decay to silence"}, {"question": "Do mandolin notes decay faster or slower than larger string instruments?", "answer": "faster"}, {"question": "What is tremolo?", "answer": "rapid picking of one or more pairs of strings"}, {"question": "What parts of the mandolin faciliate the tremolo technique?", "answer": "paired strings"}, {"question": "What is a plectrum?", "answer": "pick"}, {"question": "What kind of style does the Neapolitan mandolin have?", "answer": "almond-shaped body resembling a bowl, constructed from curved strips of wood"}, {"question": "How many strings does the Neapolitan mandolin have?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What are the Neapolitan mandolin made of?", "answer": "metal strings"}, {"question": "What sits on top or is flush with the sound table of the Mandolin?", "answer": "hardwood fingerboard"}, {"question": "How long is the scale commonly used on European roundbacks? ", "answer": "13-inch scale"}, {"question": "Where did the Lombardic family of bowlback mandolins come from?", "answer": "Milan and Lombardy"}, {"question": "What do the Lombardic mandolins resemble more than modern mandolins?", "answer": "mandolino or mandore"}, {"question": "What differences do the Lombardic mandolins have from the Neapolitan mandolin?", "answer": "They are shorter and wider"}, {"question": "How many strings do the Lombardic mandolins have?", "answer": "6 strings"}, {"question": "Who was the developer of the Milanese mandolin?", "answer": "Antonio Monzino"}, {"question": "Who described the Lombardi mandolin as wider and shorter than the Neoapolitan mandolin?", "answer": "Samuel Adelstein"}, {"question": "How many strings do the regular mandolin's have?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What was the Lombardi Mandolin tuned to?", "answer": "C, D, A, E, B, G."}, {"question": "How many frets did the Lombardi have?", "answer": "20 frets"}, {"question": "How many octaves did the Lombardi cover?", "answer": "three octaves"}, {"question": "Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?", "answer": "Bartolomeo Bortolazzi"}, {"question": "What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?", "answer": "Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi"}, {"question": "How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?", "answer": "four single-strings"}, {"question": "Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? ", "answer": "uncomfortable to play"}, {"question": "What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? ", "answer": "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone"}, {"question": "When was a new sytle of carved top and back construction mandolins created?", "answer": "end of the 19th century"}, {"question": "What was the new sytle of mandolins inspired from?", "answer": "violin family instruments"}, {"question": "What sytle did the new style of mandolins supplant?", "answer": "European-style bowl-back"}, {"question": "Who founded the Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Manufacturing Co, Limited? ", "answer": "Orville Gibson"}, {"question": "What shape sounds holes do these styles of mandolins have? ", "answer": "two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models)"}, {"question": "Where are the soundholes located?", "answer": "directly under the strings"}, {"question": "What mandolin is associate with Bluegrass music?", "answer": "Gibson F-hole F-5 mandolins"}, {"question": "What style is associate with other types of music?", "answer": "A-style"}, {"question": "Why is the F-5 mandolin more expensive?", "answer": "complicated woodwork"}, {"question": "What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?", "answer": "Gibson F-5"}, {"question": "When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?", "answer": "early 1920s"}, {"question": "Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication? ", "answer": "Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar"}, {"question": "Who are the other makers from the Loar period? ", "answer": "Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers"}, {"question": "Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers? ", "answer": "Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings."}, {"question": "What instrument does the mandolin share the same tuning of?  ", "answer": "violin"}, {"question": "Where was the mandolin primarily used? ", "answer": "classical tradition with Mandolin orchestras"}, {"question": "When was the mandolin considered a fad?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "Who contributed to the idea that the mandolin was a fad? ", "answer": "Giuseppe Pettine, Raffaele Calace and Silvio Ranieri"}, {"question": "When did the mandolin craze end?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "Who played a key role Australian mandolin movement? ", "answer": "Phil Skinner"}, {"question": "When did the Australian mandolin movement begin?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "When was Phil Skinner awarded an MBE? ", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was Phil Skinner's birth name? ", "answer": "Harry Skinner"}, {"question": "At what age did Phil Skinner begin playing music? ", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Who is the director of the Sydney Mandolins?", "answer": "Adrian Hooper"}, {"question": "How many commisions of Sydney Mandolins have their been?", "answer": "over 200 works"}, {"question": "On what media was most of these work released?", "answer": "Compact Disks"}, {"question": "What radio stations can they be heard on? ", "answer": "ABC and MBS networks"}, {"question": "Who has had many Concertos written for him? ", "answer": "mandolin virtuoso Paul Hooper"}, {"question": "What is an Etsudiantinas? ", "answer": "mandolin orchestras"}, {"question": "Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "What groups remain today? ", "answer": "Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen)."}, {"question": "Where is Gerda Abts well know in? ", "answer": "Belgium"}, {"question": "Where is Gerda Abst a professor mandolin?", "answer": "Koninklijk Conservatorium Artesis Hogeschool Antwerpen"}, {"question": "Prior to what age did France have a history with the mandolin?", "answer": "Golden Age of Mandolins"}, {"question": "Where in France did the mandolinists play?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "When did the mandolinists stop playing in Paris?", "answer": "Napoleonic Wars."}, {"question": "Who were the players and composers during this time?", "answer": "Giovanni Fouchetti, Eduardo Mezzacapo, Gabriele Leon, and Gervasio"}, {"question": "What years was considered the Golden Age of Mandolins?", "answer": "1880s-1920s"}, {"question": "What Island is the mandolin a main instrument in Cretan Music? ", "answer": "island of Crete"}, {"question": "When did the mandolin appears on Crete?", "answer": "around the time of the Venetian rule of the island."}, {"question": "What was one of the variants of the mandolin that was used?", "answer": "mantola"}, {"question": "Who reported that the mandolin and the mpoulgari were used to accompany the lyria? ", "answer": "Stelios Foustalierakis"}, {"question": "The mandolin was reported to be popular among what sex? ", "answer": "woman"}, {"question": "Many adaptations of the instruments were done to cater to what type of music? ", "answer": "Indian Carnatic"}, {"question": "What is the mandolin usually tuned to for Indian music?", "answer": "E-B-E-B."}, {"question": "There is no concept of what in Indian music? ", "answer": "absolute pitch"}, {"question": "What is another popular madonlin tuning? ", "answer": "C-G-C-G"}, {"question": "These mandolin are used in a popular dance music called? ", "answer": "Bhangra"}, {"question": "What types of instruments do irish player prefer?", "answer": "might be adequate for Irish traditional music, virtually all Irish players prefer flat-backed instruments with oval sound holes"}, {"question": "Why is it said that the Italian style can't hold their own session? ", "answer": "too soft-toned"}, {"question": "Which type mandolin had a tendency not to stay in the player's lap?", "answer": "the carved-top mandolins with f-holes"}, {"question": "Which mandolin was preferred for formal performances and recordings? ", "answer": "flat-topped \"Irish-style\" mandolins"}, {"question": "What was the Irish style mandolin reminiscent of?", "answer": "WWI-era Martin Army-Navy mandolin"}, {"question": "Who are some of the famous Irish Mandolinists?", "answer": "Andy Irvine"}, {"question": "Who are popular fiddle player and tenor banjo player?", "answer": "John Sheahan and the late Barney McKenna"}, {"question": "What was John Sheahan and Barney Mckenna's band called?", "answer": "The Dubliners,"}, {"question": "Who made the instruments used by the Dubliners?", "answer": "UK luthier Roger Bucknall of Fylde Guitars"}, {"question": "What Irish guitarist played the mandolin on stage?", "answer": "Rory Gallagher"}, {"question": "Who composed the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?", "answer": "Antonio Vivaldi"}, {"question": "Who placed it in his 1787 work? ", "answer": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"}, {"question": "What two artists created four variations of the Concerto in C Major Op 3 6?", "answer": "Don Giovanni and Beethoven"}, {"question": "Who composed the La conquista della Spagne di Scipione Afriacano il giovance?", "answer": "Antonio Maria Bononcini"}, {"question": "When was Alexander Balus composed? ", "answer": "1748"}, {"question": "What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?", "answer": "40 or 50 members"}, {"question": "What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?", "answer": "include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections."}, {"question": "Japan hold and extensive collection of what? ", "answer": "20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age"}, {"question": "Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? ", "answer": "Morishige Takei."}, {"question": "What does bandolim mean?", "answer": "Portuguese for \"mandolin\""}, {"question": "When was the bandolim porpular among the Portugese bourgeoisie?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Where can you see mandolins a part of in Portgal? ", "answer": "traditional and folk culture"}, {"question": "Where is the Portuguese mandolin scene located? ", "answer": "Madeira Island"}, {"question": "How many active mandolin orchestras does the Madiera Island have? ", "answer": "over 17"}, {"question": "Who is a famous British player?", "answer": "Simon Mayor"}, {"question": "What did Simon mayer produce? ", "answer": "six solo albums, instructional books and DVDs, as well as recordings with his mandolin quartet the Mandolinquents."}, {"question": "Who played the mandolin on the album Tubular Bells? ", "answer": "Mike Oldfield"}, {"question": "What was UK's biggest selling album? ", "answer": "\"Fog on the Tyne"}, {"question": "What song by Rod Stewart used the mandolin? ", "answer": "Maggie May"}, {"question": "What group in the US was popular?", "answer": "Estudiantina Figaro"}, {"question": "When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?", "answer": "January 2, 1880"}, {"question": "Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play? ", "answer": "Boston and New York"}, {"question": "What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro? ", "answer": "Original Spanish Students"}, {"question": "What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know? ", "answer": "the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins"}, {"question": "When did madolin awareness in the US become fluent?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "When was the first madolin made in the US?", "answer": "1883 or 1884"}, {"question": "Who made the first US mandolin?", "answer": "Joseph Bohm"}, {"question": "Where was Joseph Bohmann from? ", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "What type of madolin was Partee using ?", "answer": "French-made mandolin"}, {"question": "What popular musical casted a teacher-dealer? ", "answer": "The Music Man"}, {"question": "What did these teacher-dealers often conduct? ", "answer": "mandolin orchestras"}, {"question": "How many people were usually in these teacher-dealer orchestras? ", "answer": "4-50 musicians"}, {"question": "Who played the mandolin in Vaudeville? ", "answer": "Samuel Siegel"}, {"question": "Who was the famous African American musican and director? ", "answer": "composer James Reese Europe."}, {"question": "The setting the mandolin was used in until the 1930's was? ", "answer": "ensemble setting"}, {"question": "Where did the mandolins find a new home? ", "answer": "bluegrass"}, {"question": "What mandolin was designed to boost interest in the mandolin?", "answer": "Lloyd Loar Master Model from Gibson"}, {"question": "What mandolin became the face of bluegrass music?", "answer": "Loar"}, {"question": "What instrument did artist Bill Monroe use? ", "answer": "F-5 S/N 73987"}, {"question": "What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?", "answer": "mandolin-based guitar programs"}, {"question": "What are two of the popular public school groups? ", "answer": "Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra"}, {"question": "Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?", "answer": "Norman Levine"}, {"question": "Who are modern mandolinists and composers?", "answer": "Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla"}, {"question": "What family recorded an old-time music in 1924-1926?", "answer": "Cowan Powers and his family"}, {"question": "Who was the earliest known southern music artist?", "answer": "Orpha Powers"}, {"question": "What type of mandolin was becoming popular by 1930's? ", "answer": "single mandolins"}, {"question": "Who was considered the father of Bluegrass music?", "answer": "Bill Monroe"}, {"question": "What was Bill Monroe's group called? ", "answer": "Blue Grass Boys"}, {"question": "What chording sound was Monroe popular for?", "answer": "the chop"}, {"question": "What keys was Monroe popular for? ", "answer": "B and E"}, {"question": "Who was Monroe's most influential follower?", "answer": "Frank Wakefield"}, {"question": "Who developed a electric five-string mandolin?", "answer": "Moore of the Texas Playboys"}, {"question": "What type of music did the electric five-string mandolin help popularize?", "answer": "Western Swing music"}, {"question": "Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?", "answer": "Jesse McReynolds"}, {"question": "What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?", "answer": "Jim and Jesse"}, {"question": "What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?", "answer": "crosspicking"}, {"question": "What is crosspicking?", "answer": "syncopated banjo-roll-like style"}, {"question": "Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music? ", "answer": "Ronnie McCoury"}, {"question": "What is Jethro Burns commonly known for?", "answer": "half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro"}, {"question": "What type of music did Jethro Burns play? ", "answer": "jazz mandolinist"}, {"question": "Who popularized the mandolin in Western Swing Music?", "answer": "Tiny Moore"}, {"question": "Who was well known for important works of traditional blugrass?", "answer": "Chris Thile of California is"}, {"question": "Who are othe rwell know players? ", "answer": "Marty Stuart, Vince Gill, and Ricky Skaggs"}, {"question": "Who got his start with his father's mandolin? ", "answer": "Howard Armstrong,"}, {"question": "Who is the most popular blue music mandolinist?", "answer": "Ry Cooder"}, {"question": "What other instrument did the Tennessee string bands use? ", "answer": "ukulele in there and a bass fiddle"}, {"question": "Who played in the Whistler and His Jug Band? ", "answer": "Willie Black"}, {"question": "When did the mandolin first appear in rock music?", "answer": "psychedelic era of the late 1960s"}, {"question": "Who played the drums and the mandolin in the group called The Band?", "answer": "Levon Helm"}, {"question": "What Rod Stewart song in 1971 featured the mandolin?", "answer": "Maggie May"}, {"question": "What artist from the Greatful Dead played the mandolin?", "answer": "David Grisman"}, {"question": "Tommy Shaw sang and played the mandolin in which Styx song?", "answer": "Boat on the River"}, {"question": "What type of mandolin do rock musicians today use? ", "answer": "single-stringed electric"}, {"question": "Which Irish-American punk band uses Mandolins?", "answer": "Dropkick Murphys"}, {"question": "What REM song uses simple mandolin licks?", "answer": "Losing My Religion"}, {"question": "What American rock band has extensive use of mandolins? ", "answer": "System of A Down"}, {"question": "What film's theme song uses a mandolin?", "answer": "Days of Thunder"}, {"question": "What place in Brazil do mandolins play an important role?  ", "answer": "Venezuela"}, {"question": "What is the sound of mandolin associated with in the west country? ", "answer": "regional genres of the Venezuelan Andes"}, {"question": "Who are the famous Venezuelen mandolinist? ", "answer": "Alberto Valderrama, Jesus Rengel, Ricardo Sandoval, Saul Vera, and Cristobal Soto."}, {"question": "What type of music has mandolins played? ", "answer": "mandolin orchestras have traditionally played many arrangements of music written for regular orchestras or other ensembles"}, {"question": "Where do traditional mandolin orchestras remain popular? ", "answer": "Japan and Germany"}, {"question": "What do the structure of a contempory traditional orchestra consist of?", "answer": "first and second mandolins,"}, {"question": "What are smalled ensambles composed of? ", "answer": "two mandolins, mandola, and mandocello,"}, {"question": "What are the mandocellos usually tuned like? ", "answer": "cello"}, {"question": "In what phylum are insects classified? ", "answer": "arthropod"}, {"question": "How many parts comprise the body of an insect?", "answer": "three-part"}, {"question": "In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?", "answer": "thorax"}, {"question": "What type of exoskeleton do insects have?", "answer": "chitinous"}, {"question": "How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What does insect mean in latin?", "answer": "cut into sections"}, {"question": "What is the Latin word for insect?", "answer": "insectum"}, {"question": "Insects are a class of what?", "answer": "invertebrates"}, {"question": "Insects have what kind of skeleton?", "answer": "chitinous exoskeleton"}, {"question": "An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?", "answer": "head"}, {"question": "How does the lifecycle of most insects typically begin?", "answer": "hatch from eggs"}, {"question": "What is the primary constraint on the physical growth of an insect?", "answer": "inelastic exoskeleton"}, {"question": "What stage of development differentiates a 4-stage metamorphosis from a 3-stage metamorphosis, notably absent in the latter?", "answer": "pupal stage"}, {"question": "What is the term given to denote the series of stages involved in the development of an adult insect?", "answer": "nymphal"}, {"question": "What era is attributed to the findings of enormous fossilized dragonflies with extremely long wingspans? ", "answer": "Paleozoic"}, {"question": "Insects hatch from what?", "answer": "eggs"}, {"question": "Insects growth is constrained by what?", "answer": "the inelastic exoskeleton"}, {"question": "An insects developement involves a series of what?", "answer": "molts"}, {"question": "How many stages of metamorphosis does an insect go through?", "answer": "4-stage"}, {"question": "The most diverse insects coevolved with what?", "answer": "flowering plants"}, {"question": "What is the term for the gait of an insect characterized by walking in alternating triangles?", "answer": "tripedal"}, {"question": "What larval adaptation is common to underwater insects?", "answer": "gills"}, {"question": "What species of insect has the capability to walk on the surface of water?", "answer": "water striders"}, {"question": "What do crickets do in order to attract or repel a mate?", "answer": "stridulate"}, {"question": "What variation of beetle in the Coleoptera order communicate by way of light?", "answer": "Lampyridae"}, {"question": "Insects move by walking, flying, and what else?", "answer": "swimming"}, {"question": "Which insects walk, fly, and swim?", "answer": "Adult"}, {"question": "Insects walk the ground in alternating what?", "answer": "triangles"}, {"question": "Insects walking in an alternating triangle is called a what?", "answer": "tripedal gait"}, {"question": "What can insects do with each other in a variety of ways?", "answer": "communicate"}, {"question": "By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?", "answer": "insecticides"}, {"question": "What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?", "answer": "terrestrial"}, {"question": "What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?", "answer": "Silkworms"}, {"question": "What insect is known to consume carrion?", "answer": "blow-flies"}, {"question": "Humans consider most insects as what?", "answer": "pests"}, {"question": "Humans can control insects using what?", "answer": "insecticides"}, {"question": "Insects have the potential to damage what?", "answer": "crops"}, {"question": "Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?", "answer": "leaves"}, {"question": "Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "What is the Latin term for insect?", "answer": "insectum"}, {"question": "Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?", "answer": "Pliny the Elder"}, {"question": "How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?", "answer": "1601"}, {"question": "Insect means to have a notched or divided what?", "answer": "body"}, {"question": "Insects are cut into how many sections?", "answer": "three sections"}, {"question": "Who gave this class of life the name \"insect\"?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "In what year did the word \"insect\" appear in a document?", "answer": "1601"}, {"question": "Who introduced the Latin version of the word \"insect\"?", "answer": "Pliny the Elder"}, {"question": "From what period do researchers believe that the oldest known full-body impression of a flying insect originates?", "answer": "Carboniferous"}, {"question": "What is believed to be the oldest known insect fossil?", "answer": "Devonian Rhyniognatha hirsti"}, {"question": "In what year did Tufts researchers reportedly uncover what is believed to be the oldest known impression of a flying insect?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What is the term for a mandible with two articulations?", "answer": "dicondylic"}, {"question": "With what type of insect is a dicondylic mandible associated?", "answer": "winged"}, {"question": "What higher-level is constantly up for debate and research?", "answer": "phylogeny"}, {"question": "The higher-level phylogeny is of the what?", "answer": "arthropods"}, {"question": "What kind of impression has been uncovered by a University?", "answer": "full-body"}, {"question": "A University discovered a primitive flying what?", "answer": "insect"}, {"question": "How old is the primitive plying insect found by the University?", "answer": "300 million-year-old"}, {"question": "In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?", "answer": "Early Permian"}, {"question": "To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?", "answer": "55 to 70"}, {"question": "Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? ", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? ", "answer": "270"}, {"question": "The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?", "answer": "Permian-Triassic"}, {"question": "Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?", "answer": "insect orders"}, {"question": "The insect orders include both of what?", "answer": "extant groups"}, {"question": "The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?", "answer": "Paleozoic groups"}, {"question": "What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?", "answer": "dragonfly-like forms"}, {"question": "How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?", "answer": "55 to 70 cm"}, {"question": "What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?", "answer": "chemical"}, {"question": "What is the term for a plant-eating insect?", "answer": "herbivores"}, {"question": "What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?", "answer": "plant toxins"}, {"question": "How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?", "answer": "colors"}, {"question": "What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?", "answer": "pollination"}, {"question": "Insects are considered terrestrial what?", "answer": "herbivores"}, {"question": "What were insects the major selection agents of?", "answer": "plants"}, {"question": "What did plants eventually form against insects?", "answer": "chemical defenses"}, {"question": "Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?", "answer": "plant toxins"}, {"question": "Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?", "answer": "warning colors"}, {"question": "What is the term for the class of insects with wings?", "answer": "Pterygota"}, {"question": "What is the term for the class of insects without wings? ", "answer": "Apterygota"}, {"question": "What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?", "answer": "Archaeognatha"}, {"question": "What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?", "answer": "Dicondylia"}, {"question": "Insects are historically divided into how many groups?", "answer": "two groups"}, {"question": "Insects with wings are known as what?", "answer": "Pterygota"}, {"question": "Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?", "answer": "wingless"}, {"question": "What is a Thysanura?", "answer": "silverfish"}, {"question": "Thysanura and Pterygota are what?", "answer": "Dicondylia"}, {"question": "Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?", "answer": "systematics"}, {"question": "What class is the Hexapoda ranked?", "answer": "superclass"}, {"question": "How many groups are defined in the superclass?", "answer": "four groups"}, {"question": "Springtails are also known as what?", "answer": "Collembola"}, {"question": "Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?", "answer": "Entognatha"}, {"question": "Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? ", "answer": "winged"}, {"question": "An insects hard body parts are called what?", "answer": "sclerites"}, {"question": "Insect's wings fold flat over their what?", "answer": "abdomen"}, {"question": "Neoptera can be divided into what kind of \"based\" group?", "answer": "metamorphosis-based"}, {"question": "Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?", "answer": "related"}, {"question": "What are likely to be paraphyletic?", "answer": "The Exopterygota"}, {"question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?", "answer": "Matters"}, {"question": "Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?", "answer": "Halteria"}, {"question": "A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?", "answer": "the entomological community"}, {"question": "What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?", "answer": "The Neuropterida"}, {"question": "The true diversity within the insect species remains what?", "answer": "uncertain"}, {"question": "How many insect species are estimated to exist?", "answer": "2.6\u20137.8 million species"}, {"question": "How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?", "answer": "less than 20%"}, {"question": "For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?", "answer": "undescribed"}, {"question": "What kind of bodies to insects have?", "answer": "segmented bodies"}, {"question": "Insects bodies are supported by what?", "answer": "exoskeletons"}, {"question": "Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?", "answer": "hard"}, {"question": "An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?", "answer": "interconnected"}, {"question": "What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?", "answer": "tagmata"}, {"question": "What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?", "answer": "head"}, {"question": "What is another word for head capsule?", "answer": "epicranium"}, {"question": "What displays the most features on an insect?", "answer": "Orthoptera"}, {"question": "What is the vertex also known as?", "answer": "apex"}, {"question": "The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?", "answer": "compound"}, {"question": "The throax has how many sections?", "answer": "three sections"}, {"question": "Another term for tagma is?", "answer": "thorax"}, {"question": "The anterior section is closest to the what?", "answer": "head"}, {"question": "The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?", "answer": "anterior"}, {"question": "The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the largest tagma of an insect?", "answer": "abdomen"}, {"question": "How many segments make up an insects abdomen?", "answer": "11\u201312 segments"}, {"question": "The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?", "answer": "head"}, {"question": "An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?", "answer": "sternum"}, {"question": "The pleural area holds what?", "answer": "Spiracles"}, {"question": "Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?", "answer": "the cuticle"}, {"question": "The cuticle has how many layers?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which cuticle later is like wax?", "answer": "the epicuticle"}, {"question": "The epicuticle does not consist of what?", "answer": "chitin"}, {"question": "Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?", "answer": "thicker"}, {"question": "Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?", "answer": "invertebrates"}, {"question": "Insects have developed what kind of active capability?", "answer": "flight"}, {"question": "Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?", "answer": "important"}, {"question": "How many times are insects muscles able to contract?", "answer": "multiple"}, {"question": "Insects muscles are attached to their what?", "answer": "exoskeletons"}, {"question": "What is on each side of a thoracic segment?", "answer": "ganglion"}, {"question": "How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Ganglia are connected into a what?", "answer": "a pair"}, {"question": "How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?", "answer": "one pair"}, {"question": "What other location on an insect are ganglia located?", "answer": "abdomen"}, {"question": "How many insects have nociceptors?", "answer": "a few"}, {"question": "Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?", "answer": "nociceptors"}, {"question": "When were nociceptors discovered?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?", "answer": "fruitfly Drosophila"}, {"question": "Which probe did the larvae react to?", "answer": "the heated probe"}, {"question": "What produces saliva in an insects mouth?", "answer": "salivary glands"}, {"question": "What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?", "answer": "salivary ducts"}, {"question": "What is an opening through the head called?", "answer": "salivarium"}, {"question": "Where is the salivarium located?", "answer": "behind the hypopharynx"}, {"question": "Where does an insect's digestion happen?", "answer": "The gut"}, {"question": "What is another name for mesenteron?", "answer": "midgut"}, {"question": "Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?", "answer": "the crop"}, {"question": "The majority of an insects digestion happens where?", "answer": "the mesenteron"}, {"question": "What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?", "answer": "Microscopic"}, {"question": "What are microscopic projections called?", "answer": "microvilli"}, {"question": "What is a proctodaeum?", "answer": "the hindgut"}, {"question": "What kind of food particles have uric acid?", "answer": "undigested"}, {"question": "What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?", "answer": "uric acid"}, {"question": "An insects rectum absorbs how much water?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?", "answer": "the anus"}, {"question": "Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?", "answer": "ovaries"}, {"question": "What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?", "answer": "accessory glands"}, {"question": "What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?", "answer": "ducts"}, {"question": "Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?", "answer": "ovaries"}, {"question": "What are egg tubes called?", "answer": "ovarioles"}, {"question": "What is the male reproductive system called? ", "answer": "testis"}, {"question": "Where is tracheae located?", "answer": "the body cavity"}, {"question": "Most make insects contain a pair of what?", "answer": "testes"}, {"question": "What are inside male testes?", "answer": "sperm tubes"}, {"question": "Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?", "answer": "the vas deferens"}, {"question": "Respiration for insects happens without what?", "answer": "lungs"}, {"question": "Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?", "answer": "internal tubes"}, {"question": "What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?", "answer": "gases"}, {"question": "What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?", "answer": "circulatory system"}, {"question": "What kind of exchange is demonstrated by different insects?", "answer": "gas exchange"}, {"question": "Gas exchange patterns can contain what kind of ventilation?", "answer": "diffusive ventilation"}, {"question": "Carbon dioxide is released continuously in what kind of gas exchange?", "answer": "continuous gas exchange"}, {"question": "What gas exchanges does carbon dioxide release when the insect is resting?", "answer": "discontinuous gas exchange"}, {"question": "Diffusive ventilation occurs by what?", "answer": "diffusion"}, {"question": "Where are insects hatched from?", "answer": "eggs."}, {"question": "Fertilization happens where?", "answer": "inside the egg"}, {"question": "Fertilization and what else happens inside the egg?", "answer": "development"}, {"question": "Chorion is another word for what?", "answer": "shell"}, {"question": "Broods is another term for what word?", "answer": "generations"}, {"question": "Polymophism is a developmental and reproductive what?", "answer": "variations"}, {"question": "Haplodiploidy is what type of system?", "answer": "sex-determination system"}, {"question": "The number of chromosome sets determines the offspring's what?", "answer": "sex"}, {"question": "The sex-determination system is found in which insects?", "answer": "bees and wasps"}, {"question": "Polymophism species have different forms or what else?", "answer": "morphs"}, {"question": "How many insects use parthenogenesis?", "answer": "Some"}, {"question": "GIving birth without fertilized eggs is called what?", "answer": "parthenogenesis"}, {"question": "What usually partakes in a form of parthenogenesis?", "answer": "aphids"}, {"question": "Aphis have asexual and sexual what?", "answer": "reproduction"}, {"question": "Aphis are usually female and what else during the summer?", "answer": "parthenogenetic"}, {"question": "Incomplete metamorphosis insects are called?", "answer": "Hemimetabolous"}, {"question": "What kind of metamorphosis do hemimetabolous insects undergo?", "answer": "incomplete"}, {"question": "Do hemimetabolous insects change quickly or gradually?", "answer": "gradually"}, {"question": "Hemimetabolous insects gradually change by a series of what?", "answer": "molts"}, {"question": "Insect's molt when they outgrow what?", "answer": "exoskeleton"}, {"question": "What is a complete metamorphosis called?", "answer": "Holometabolism"}, {"question": "How many stages happen in complete metamorphosis?", "answer": "four stages"}, {"question": "What is another word for egg?", "answer": "embryo"}, {"question": "What is an imago?", "answer": "the adult"}, {"question": "Name an example of an insect that undergoes complete metamorphosis?", "answer": "Butterflies"}, {"question": "Insects have specialized organs of what kind?", "answer": "perception"}, {"question": "Insect organs are described as sensitive and what?", "answer": "specialized"}, {"question": "What kind of insect can detect ultraviolet wavelengths?", "answer": "bees"}, {"question": "Bees can detect what kind of light?", "answer": "polarized light"}, {"question": "What is a Polistes versicolor?", "answer": "yellow paper wasp"}, {"question": "Insects have what kind of sense of numbers?", "answer": "rudimentary"}, {"question": "Which insect displays a rudimentary sense of numbers?", "answer": "solitary wasps"}, {"question": "What kind of species does a solitary wasp prey upon?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "What does the mother wasp provide for her eggs when they hatch?", "answer": "caterpillars"}, {"question": "Is the male solitary wasp bigger or smaller than the female solitary wasp?", "answer": "smaller"}, {"question": "What is another name for Colleobola?", "answer": "Onychiuridae"}, {"question": "Mycetophilldae is another name for what?", "answer": "Diptera"}, {"question": "Phengodidae is party of what insect family?", "answer": "beetle"}, {"question": "Elateridae and Staphylinidae are what kind of luminescent?", "answer": "bioluminescent"}, {"question": "What kind of fly mimics the flashing of female Photinus to attract males?", "answer": "fireflies"}, {"question": "Most insects are able to perceive darkness and what else?", "answer": "light"}, {"question": "What insect is not abel to perceive light and dark?", "answer": "cave crickets"}, {"question": "Most insects have what kind of vision?", "answer": "acute"}, {"question": "Insects notice what type of movement?", "answer": "minute"}, {"question": "Many insects are able to see visible light, ultraviolet, and what other kind of light?", "answer": "infrared"}, {"question": "What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?", "answer": "Insects"}, {"question": "Insects can sense what?", "answer": "sounds"}, {"question": "Insect sounds come from what kind of action?", "answer": "mechanical"}, {"question": "The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?", "answer": "appendages"}, {"question": "Moths create what kind of click sounds?", "answer": "ultrasonic"}, {"question": "What sound volume is produced by Coleoptera?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "Low insect sounds are made by the insect's what?", "answer": "movement"}, {"question": "Low insect sounds can be heard through what?", "answer": "microscopic stridulatory structures"}, {"question": "Insect moving sounds are used to warn and do what with other insects?", "answer": "communicate"}, {"question": "Corixids are able to communicate with what type of sounds?", "answer": "underwater"}, {"question": "What are used by insects to communicate with members of the same species?", "answer": "vibrations"}, {"question": "Vibrations are used to communicate with members of the same species, and what other species?", "answer": "different species"}, {"question": "Which insects has a song to attract males from the same species?", "answer": "Nezara viridula"}, {"question": "What is a lycaenid caterpillar? ", "answer": "gossamer-winged butterfly"}, {"question": "Living in association with ants is called what?", "answer": "myrmecophilous"}, {"question": "Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?", "answer": "Chemical"}, {"question": "What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?", "answer": "Chemoreception"}, {"question": "Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?", "answer": "a cell"}, {"question": "What is a message-carrying chemical called?", "answer": "semiochemical"}, {"question": "Kairomones are a type of what?", "answer": "semiochemicals"}, {"question": "Insects use sound and what other means for communication?", "answer": "chemical means"}, {"question": "The chemicals used by insects to communicate are called what?", "answer": "semiochemicals"}, {"question": "Semiochemicals come from where?", "answer": "plant metabolites"}, {"question": "Insect chemicals are used to attract and what else?", "answer": "repel"}, {"question": "What insect chemical benefits both the receiver and the producer?", "answer": "Synomones"}, {"question": "Termites are considered what type of insect?", "answer": "Social"}, {"question": "Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?", "answer": "ants"}, {"question": "What is another term for social insect?", "answer": "eusocial animal"}, {"question": "Social insects live in well organized what?", "answer": "colonies"}, {"question": "The method that a bee dances is called what?", "answer": "dance language"}, {"question": "Insects with fine scale spatial orientation live in colonies and where else?", "answer": "nests"}, {"question": "Some insects have a fine scale spatial orientation and/or what else?", "answer": "homing"}, {"question": "Spacial orientation/homing allows an insect to return to one specific hole among how many?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "An insect recalling a specific location for up to a year is called what?", "answer": "philopatry"}, {"question": "An insect that can recall a specific location for up to a year does what?", "answer": "hibernate"}, {"question": "Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?", "answer": "full-time"}, {"question": "What do eusocial insects guard?", "answer": "eggs"}, {"question": "What do eusocial insects build?", "answer": "nest"}, {"question": "Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?", "answer": "short"}, {"question": "An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?", "answer": "growing offspring"}, {"question": "Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?", "answer": "flight"}, {"question": "What part of the insect has been up for debate?", "answer": "wings"}, {"question": "Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?", "answer": "paranotal theory"}, {"question": "Wings from modified gills is from what origin?", "answer": "pleural origin"}, {"question": "The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?", "answer": "epicoxal exites"}, {"question": "How many legs do adult insects contain?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?", "answer": "tripedal"}, {"question": "The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?", "answer": "rapid"}, {"question": "Insects can adopt how many gaits?", "answer": "a variety"}, {"question": "Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?", "answer": "limbs"}, {"question": "What kind of locomotion is seen in stick insects?", "answer": "sedate"}, {"question": "What is another name for walking stick insects?", "answer": "Phasmatodea"}, {"question": "Some insects can walk on top of what?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What insect can walk on the surface of water?", "answer": "water striders"}, {"question": "Water striders are part of what insect family?", "answer": "Gerridae"}, {"question": "Water beetles have legs of what type of structure?", "answer": "paddle-like"}, {"question": "Dragonflys use what kind of propulsion?", "answer": "jet"}, {"question": "Dragonflys shoot water from where?", "answer": "rectal chamber"}, {"question": "Water striders have what kind of special groove up their leg?", "answer": "recessed"}, {"question": "Rove beetle Stenus emit what type of gland secretions?", "answer": "pygidial"}, {"question": "Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?", "answer": "Insect ecology"}, {"question": "Another term for surrounding environment is what?", "answer": "ecosystem"}, {"question": "What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?", "answer": "important"}, {"question": "What type of burial do insects engage in?", "answer": "dung"}, {"question": "Beetles are also known as what?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "What is an important defense strategy for insects to survive?", "answer": "Camouflage"}, {"question": "What does coloration and shape help an insect do in the surrounding environment?", "answer": "blend"}, {"question": "Protective coloring is common in what insect family?", "answer": "beetle"}, {"question": "What is Chrysomelidae?", "answer": "leaf beetles"}, {"question": "A beetle can resemble what kind of dung?", "answer": "bird dung"}, {"question": "Mimicry is another type of what kid of strategy?", "answer": "defense"}, {"question": "Mimicry is used to do what to potential enemies?", "answer": "deceive"}, {"question": "Longhorn beetles look similar to what other insect?", "answer": "wasps"}, {"question": "Mimicry complexes are usually found where?", "answer": "in Lepidoptera"}, {"question": "What is a well known Mullerian complex?", "answer": "Taxa"}, {"question": "What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?", "answer": "Chemical"}, {"question": "What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?", "answer": "bright colors"}, {"question": "Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?", "answer": "sequestering"}, {"question": "Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?", "answer": "Lepidoptera"}, {"question": "Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?", "answer": "chemicals"}, {"question": "Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?", "answer": "Pollination"}, {"question": "What is required to transport pollen?", "answer": "an animal"}, {"question": "Most pollination is completed by what?", "answer": "insects"}, {"question": "What do insects receive in return for pollination?", "answer": "energy rich nectar"}, {"question": "Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?", "answer": "pollination syndromes"}, {"question": "Humans consider insects as what?", "answer": "pests"}, {"question": "Lice and bed bugs are considered what kind of insect?", "answer": "parasitic"}, {"question": "Flies and what other kind of insect transmit diseases?", "answer": "mosquitoes"}, {"question": "What kind of insect can damage architectural structures?", "answer": "termites"}, {"question": "Locusts destroy what?", "answer": "agricultural goods"}, {"question": "What kind of insects attract the most attention from humans?", "answer": "pest insects"}, {"question": "Many insects are what to the environment?", "answer": "beneficial"}, {"question": "What do bees, wasps, butterflies, and ants do to flowers?", "answer": "pollinate"}, {"question": "What do insects gather from plants?", "answer": "nectar"}, {"question": "What kind of environmental problem would occur without pollination?", "answer": "serious"}, {"question": "What insects feed on other insects?", "answer": "Insectivorous"}, {"question": "Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?", "answer": "beneficial"}, {"question": "What insect feeds on aphids?", "answer": "ladybugs"}, {"question": "What are the most visible predators of insects?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "What is the largest consumer of insects?", "answer": "insects themselves"}, {"question": "Insects play prominent roles in what?", "answer": "biological research"}, {"question": "What is a common insect used for research purposes?", "answer": "fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster"}, {"question": "Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?", "answer": "genetic"}, {"question": "Genetic systems are conserved among what?", "answer": "eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "Insects are considered as what in some cultures?", "answer": "delicacies"}, {"question": "What deep-fried insect is part of the normal diet in some cultures?", "answer": "cicadas"}, {"question": "Insects have what kind of protein content?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "What is the term for eating insects?", "answer": "entomophagy"}, {"question": "Where is eating insects considered taboo?", "answer": "first-world countries"}, {"question": "What ancient world insect is considered symbolic?", "answer": "Scarab beetles"}, {"question": "Cicadas symbolize immortality in what culture?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "What kind of ants are symbolic among the Australian Aborigines?", "answer": "honey ants"}, {"question": "The praying mantis symbolizes patience and what else?", "answer": "creation"}, {"question": "Witchety grubs serve as personal clan totems in what country?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What do all living humans belong to?", "answer": "the same species"}, {"question": "What species are all humans?", "answer": "Homo sapiens"}, {"question": "Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?", "answer": "fuzzy"}, {"question": "How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?", "answer": "in widely differing ways"}, {"question": "What type of group can't be biologically defined?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?", "answer": "biological traits"}, {"question": "Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?", "answer": "human"}, {"question": "What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? ", "answer": "no current consensus"}, {"question": "How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?", "answer": "define and talk about a particular conception of race"}, {"question": "What can be said to be a social construct?", "answer": "races"}, {"question": "What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?", "answer": "legal, economic, and sociopolitical"}, {"question": "Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?", "answer": "major social situations"}, {"question": "What effect does race have in the lives of people?", "answer": "real material"}, {"question": "Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?", "answer": "considerable suffering"}, {"question": "What is discrimination often paired with?", "answer": "racist mindsets"}, {"question": "What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?", "answer": "inferior"}, {"question": "What do groups with less power often find themselves?", "answer": "excluded or oppressed"}, {"question": "What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?", "answer": "Racism"}, {"question": "What does law enforcement in some countries use to profile suspects?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "Why is using racial categorization for profiling often criticized? ", "answer": "perpetuating an outmoded understanding of human biological variation"}, {"question": "What promotes stereotypes?", "answer": "use of racial categories"}, {"question": "Who can race serve as a significant factor when studying social inequality?", "answer": "social scientists"}, {"question": "What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? ", "answer": "sociological factors"}, {"question": "What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?", "answer": "distinct"}, {"question": "What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?", "answer": "natural, immutable and global"}, {"question": "During which process did our current idea of race come about?", "answer": "exploration and conquest"}, {"question": "Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?", "answer": "different continents"}, {"question": "What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?", "answer": "classification and typology"}, {"question": "When did many of the ideas associated with the term \"race\" arise?", "answer": "time of the scientific revolution"}, {"question": "What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?", "answer": "colonization"}, {"question": "Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?", "answer": "Europeans"}, {"question": "Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?", "answer": "African slaves"}, {"question": "What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?", "answer": "ethnic"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?", "answer": "Fran\u00e7ois Bernier"}, {"question": "In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?", "answer": "White"}, {"question": "How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?", "answer": "active, acute, and adventurous"}, {"question": "What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?", "answer": "crafty, lazy, and careless"}, {"question": "What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?", "answer": "1775"}, {"question": "How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What race was later renamed to Negroid?", "answer": "Ethiopian"}, {"question": "What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?", "answer": "graded"}, {"question": "What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?", "answer": "limits"}, {"question": "What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?", "answer": "an \"ideology of race\""}, {"question": "What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?", "answer": "primordial, natural, enduring and distinct"}, {"question": "How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?", "answer": "mixture between formerly distinct populations"}, {"question": "What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?", "answer": "Negros"}, {"question": "Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?", "answer": "polygenism"}, {"question": "What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?", "answer": "ethnographers"}, {"question": "In what century was polygenism most widespread?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?", "answer": "abolitionist"}, {"question": "What species do all living humans today belong to?", "answer": "Homo sapiens"}, {"question": "When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?", "answer": "2 million years ago"}, {"question": "How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?", "answer": "Homo habilis"}, {"question": "What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?", "answer": "African Homo erectus"}, {"question": "Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?", "answer": "many anthropologists"}, {"question": "What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?", "answer": "scientific racism"}, {"question": "What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? ", "answer": "lost widespread popularity"}, {"question": "What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?", "answer": "sources of phenotypic variation"}, {"question": "What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?", "answer": "invalid"}, {"question": "What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?", "answer": "Population"}, {"question": "What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?", "answer": "biologists"}, {"question": "What do most definitions of population rely on?", "answer": "qualitative descriptions"}, {"question": "What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?", "answer": "definitions for populations"}, {"question": "What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?", "answer": "paradigm"}, {"question": "What are traditionally geographically isolated?", "answer": "subspecies"}, {"question": "What is \"subspecies\" used to indicate an objective degree of?", "answer": "microevolutionary divergence"}, {"question": "What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?", "answer": "degree of differentiation"}, {"question": "What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?", "answer": "biologically different"}, {"question": "What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?", "answer": "level of difference"}, {"question": "What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?", "answer": "difference"}, {"question": "Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?", "answer": "Dean Amadon"}, {"question": "What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?", "answer": "99%"}, {"question": "Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?", "answer": "The seventy-five percent rule"}, {"question": "When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?", "answer": "different subspecies"}, {"question": "What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?", "answer": "inspection"}, {"question": "What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?", "answer": "individual"}, {"question": "What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "What is cladistics a method of?", "answer": "classification"}, {"question": "What is a clade a taxonomic group of?", "answer": "organisms"}, {"question": "How many common ancestors does a clade have?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?", "answer": "taxonomy"}, {"question": "Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?", "answer": "Y"}, {"question": "What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?", "answer": "phylogenetic"}, {"question": "How are allopatric populations separated? ", "answer": "geographically"}, {"question": "What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?", "answer": "a clade"}, {"question": "What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means \"cleanly divided\"?", "answer": "monophyletic"}, {"question": "Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?", "answer": "Rachel Caspari"}, {"question": "What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?", "answer": "Caucasians"}, {"question": "Cladistics can limit and skew what?", "answer": "interpretations"}, {"question": "Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?", "answer": "conceptually imprecise and careless"}, {"question": "What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?", "answer": "packages"}, {"question": "What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?", "answer": "distributed along geographic gradations or clines"}, {"question": "Why are variations distributed along clines?", "answer": "isolation by distance"}, {"question": "What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?", "answer": "they ignore a host of other similarities and differences"}, {"question": "What is Frank Livingstone's profession?", "answer": "anthropologist"}, {"question": "What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?", "answer": "there are no races, only clines"}, {"question": "What must one be attentive to when talking about race?", "answer": "how the term is being used"}, {"question": "On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?", "answer": "if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races"}, {"question": "What is merely \"a matter of judgement\"?", "answer": "\"the race concept.\""}, {"question": "While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?", "answer": "labels"}, {"question": "Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?", "answer": "a meaningful and useful social convention"}, {"question": "What did two biologists point out in 1964?", "answer": "cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly"}, {"question": "What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?", "answer": "melanin"}, {"question": "What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?", "answer": "radiate"}, {"question": "To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?", "answer": "anthropologists"}, {"question": "What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?", "answer": "Discordant"}, {"question": "What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?", "answer": "the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered."}, {"question": "What mutation did scientists discover?", "answer": "skin-lighting"}, {"question": "What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?", "answer": "mutation"}, {"question": "What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?", "answer": "different mutations"}, {"question": "Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?", "answer": "geographical"}, {"question": "What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?", "answer": "a selected allele"}, {"question": "When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?", "answer": "absent"}, {"question": "How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are sweeps?", "answer": "major geographic patterns"}, {"question": "What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?", "answer": "genetic differences"}, {"question": "Who was William C. Boyd?", "answer": "mid-20th-century anthropologist"}, {"question": "Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?", "answer": "genes"}, {"question": "How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?", "answer": "number of human couples reproducing"}, {"question": "What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?", "answer": "alleles"}, {"question": "What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?", "answer": "genetic differences between populations"}, {"question": "What was Wright's method known as?", "answer": "the Fixation index"}, {"question": "What is the often stated FST for humans?", "answer": "0.15"}, {"question": "Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?", "answer": "human populations"}, {"question": "Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?", "answer": "mammalian"}, {"question": "FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?", "answer": "genetic variation"}, {"question": "About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?", "answer": "0.1"}, {"question": "What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?", "answer": "Graves"}, {"question": "FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?", "answer": "populations"}, {"question": "What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?", "answer": "Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles"}, {"question": "What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?", "answer": "misleading"}, {"question": "Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?", "answer": "non-representative"}, {"question": "What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?", "answer": "genetic"}, {"question": "How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?", "answer": "100%"}, {"question": "What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?", "answer": "characteristic genetic patterns"}, {"question": "What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?", "answer": "phenotypic variations between groups"}, {"question": "How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?", "answer": "poorly"}, {"question": "Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?", "answer": "imperfect"}, {"question": "Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?", "answer": "utility"}, {"question": "What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?", "answer": "ancestral population"}, {"question": "Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?", "answer": "extreme geographic distances"}, {"question": "What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?", "answer": "large geographic distances"}, {"question": "What human activity has only recently accelerated?", "answer": "migration"}, {"question": "Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?", "answer": "gene"}, {"question": "Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?", "answer": "cluster"}, {"question": "How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?", "answer": "markers"}, {"question": "What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?", "answer": "caution"}, {"question": "People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?", "answer": "other populations"}, {"question": "Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?", "answer": "hypotheses"}, {"question": "If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?", "answer": "continental"}, {"question": "What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?", "answer": "racial classification"}, {"question": "What are objective social constructions?", "answer": "racial groupings"}, {"question": "What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?", "answer": "methodologies"}, {"question": "What word do many social scientists instead of race?", "answer": "ethnicity"}, {"question": "What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?", "answer": "beliefs about race"}, {"question": "When did the civil rights movement take place?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?", "answer": "anti-colonial"}, {"question": "What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?", "answer": "objective"}, {"question": "What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?", "answer": "the National Institute of Health"}, {"question": "What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?", "answer": "notion of genetically defined races"}, {"question": "What is a social concept, not a scientific one?", "answer": "Race"}, {"question": "What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?", "answer": "it all falls apart"}, {"question": "Researchers from which university challenged the theory of race being only a social construct?", "answer": "Stanford"}, {"question": "Where was the challenge to the theory of racing being a social construct published?", "answer": "the American Journal of Human Genetics"}, {"question": "Neil Risch found a 99.9% agree between genetic structure and people's description of their what?", "answer": "self"}, {"question": "What is a problematic category in addition to race?", "answer": "sex"}, {"question": "What may self-identification not correlate with precisely?", "answer": "biology"}, {"question": "What country was race \"Biologized\" in?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?", "answer": "rigid descent rule"}, {"question": "What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What may full siblings belong to?", "answer": "different racial groups"}, {"question": "What determines genotype?", "answer": "ancestry"}, {"question": "How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?", "answer": "Over a dozen"}, {"question": "What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?", "answer": "like the colors of the spectrum"}, {"question": "What did race refer to instead of heredity?", "answer": "appearance"}, {"question": "What is appearance a poor indication of?", "answer": "ancestry"}, {"question": "Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What categories have an aspect of fluidity?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What are people with high quantities of Amerindian ancestry grouped as?", "answer": "caboclos"}, {"question": "What's a rough translation of \"pardos\"?", "answer": "hillbilly"}, {"question": "What do people with less than 60-65% of European descent usually cluster with?", "answer": "Afro-Brazilians"}, {"question": "What percentage of Afro-Brazillian DNA is reported to be Subsaharan African?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?", "answer": "mixed"}, {"question": "How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?", "answer": "42.4%"}, {"question": "Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?", "answer": "65 and 80%"}, {"question": "Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?", "answer": "95%"}, {"question": "What is roughly the amount of African slaves imported to Brazil?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "What conditions did the African slaves in Brazil live in?", "answer": "miserable"}, {"question": "Most African descent in Brazil came from what sort of congress?", "answer": "relations between white masters and female slaves"}, {"question": "Between what years did Brazil welcome 5.5 million immigrants?", "answer": "1821 and 1932"}, {"question": "Between 1500 and 1760, how many Europeans settled in Brazil?", "answer": "700.000"}, {"question": "Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? ", "answer": "The European Union"}, {"question": "What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?", "answer": "its existence"}, {"question": "In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?", "answer": "Fascist"}, {"question": "In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove \"race\" from all official texts?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What relies on the idea humans can be divided into biologically distinct races?", "answer": "The concept of racial origin"}, {"question": "What community rejects the idea there are biologically distinct races?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "Why does the ECRI reject theories based on the existence of different races?", "answer": "all human beings belong to the same species"}, {"question": "What does the ECRI strive to make sure no one becomes?", "answer": "excluded from the protection provided for by the legislation"}, {"question": "The law penalizes situations where someone is treated less favourably on the ground of what?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "France has become a more ethnically diverse country since the end of which war?", "answer": "Second World War"}, {"question": "What percentage of the French population today is non-European?", "answer": "approximately five percent"}, {"question": "What is the number of non-white citizens in the United States?", "answer": "roughly 28\u201337%"}, {"question": "What issue has the existence of three million non-European people in France forced onto French policy agendas?", "answer": "ethnic diversity"}, {"question": "What type of model of public policy does France maintain?", "answer": "color-blind"}, {"question": "Groups of people have been classified as belonging to difference races since what part of the U.S.'s history?", "answer": "early"}, {"question": "What did efforts to track mixing between different groups lead to?", "answer": "a proliferation of categories"}, {"question": "When did the criteria for membership in mixed race groups diverge?", "answer": "in the late 19th century"}, {"question": "When did increasing numbers of Americans consider anyone with even a drop of \"Black blood\" to be Black?", "answer": "During Reconstruction"}, {"question": "What is a particularly African-American experience because it's specific to only the United States?", "answer": "The one-drop rule"}, {"question": "When did the term \"Hispanic\" begin being used?", "answer": "the 20th century"}, {"question": "What is the word \"Latino\" often used as a synonym for?", "answer": "Hispanic"}, {"question": "How are the terms Hispanic and Latino not specific?", "answer": "non-race specific"}, {"question": "What is common misconception in the US about what some national origins are?", "answer": "races"}, {"question": "Anglo can refer to non-Hispanic European Americans who speak English but are not necessarily what?", "answer": "of English descent"}, {"question": "What is the name of China's only anthropology journal?", "answer": "Acta Anthropologica Sinica"}, {"question": "Who is the race concept widely used by?", "answer": "Chinese anthropologists"}, {"question": "What is race a factor of for the ethnically diverse people of China?", "answer": "social cohesion"}, {"question": "Why does race undermine social cohesion in America?", "answer": "sensitive issue"}, {"question": "What are academics in China encouraged to use that their American counterparts are not?", "answer": "racial categories"}, {"question": "What years did Kaszycka survey Eureopean anthropolgists' opinions toward the biological race concept?", "answer": "2002\u20132003"}, {"question": "How many factors were found to be significant in differentiating the responses of European anthropologists?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "What did the people educated in Western Europe reject more frequently than those educated in Eastern Europe?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "How are views on race influenced?", "answer": "ideologically"}, {"question": "What are views on race highly dependent on?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "What does the current literature regarding human variation lack?", "answer": "consensus"}, {"question": "What do some studies use the word race in the sense of?", "answer": "taxonomic"}, {"question": "What term do some use to mean population, clade, or haplogroup?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "What do some eschew altogether? ", "answer": "the concept of race"}, {"question": "What is a less problematic unit of analysis?", "answer": "concept of population"}, {"question": "Where is Eduardo Bonilla-Silver a Sociology professor?", "answer": "Duke University"}, {"question": "What does Bonilla-Silva contend racism is about more than anything else?", "answer": "group power"}, {"question": "Who does Bonilla-Silva think is the dominant racial group?", "answer": "whites"}, {"question": "What idea does color-blind racism thrive on?", "answer": "that race is no longer an issue"}, {"question": "What exists between the alleged color-blindness of most whites and the persistence of a system of inequality?", "answer": "contradictions"}, {"question": "What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?", "answer": "biological race"}, {"question": "The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?", "answer": "physical anthropologists"}, {"question": "What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?", "answer": "college"}, {"question": "How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?", "answer": "28 percent"}, {"question": "What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?", "answer": "forensic"}, {"question": "What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?", "answer": "simply not true"}, {"question": "What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?", "answer": "selective forces of climate"}, {"question": "What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?", "answer": "socio-political motivation"}, {"question": "What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?", "answer": "politically motivated censorship"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology is \"race\" sometimes still used within?", "answer": "forensic"}, {"question": "What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?", "answer": "regional ancestry"}, {"question": "What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?", "answer": "specific region"}, {"question": "What does Brace feel the term \"black\" in meaningful in?", "answer": "particular context"}, {"question": "Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?", "answer": "is not itself scientifically valid"}, {"question": "How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?", "answer": "the 1970s"}, {"question": "What did biology textbooks drop altogether?", "answer": "their discussion of race"}, {"question": "What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?", "answer": "racial classifications"}, {"question": "What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?", "answer": "biologically indefensible"}, {"question": "What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?", "answer": "similar pattern"}, {"question": "How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?", "answer": "43%"}, {"question": "What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?", "answer": "93%"}, {"question": "What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?", "answer": "changed little"}, {"question": "Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?", "answer": "federal government"}, {"question": "What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?", "answer": "medical conditions"}, {"question": "What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?", "answer": "more prevalent"}, {"question": "What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?", "answer": "proliferation of human genetic data"}, {"question": "What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?", "answer": "application of new genetic findings,"}, {"question": "What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?", "answer": "genetic causation of the difference"}, {"question": "What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?", "answer": "the individual"}, {"question": "What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?", "answer": "reinforcing stereotypes"}, {"question": "What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for \"race specific\" diseases?", "answer": "living conditions"}, {"question": "What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?", "answer": "racial categorization"}, {"question": "What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?", "answer": "job of law enforcement officers"}, {"question": "What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?", "answer": "general appearance"}, {"question": "What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?", "answer": "apprehend"}, {"question": "What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?", "answer": "arrive at a description"}, {"question": "What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?", "answer": "height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics."}, {"question": "How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?", "answer": "at least two"}, {"question": "When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?", "answer": "the 2001 Census"}, {"question": "How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?", "answer": "visually"}, {"question": "What does IC stand for?", "answer": "Identification Code"}, {"question": "What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?", "answer": "Not Stated"}, {"question": "Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?", "answer": "racial profiling"}, {"question": "What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?", "answer": "de facto racial profiling"}, {"question": "How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?", "answer": "adversely"}, {"question": "What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?", "answer": "misuse of racial categories"}, {"question": "What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?", "answer": "Mass incarceration"}, {"question": "Who is the author of \"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness\"?", "answer": "Michelle Alexander"}, {"question": "What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?", "answer": "virtual"}, {"question": "Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?", "answer": "people of color"}, {"question": "What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?", "answer": "racial"}, {"question": "What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?", "answer": "highly heritable"}, {"question": "What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?", "answer": "cranial"}, {"question": "Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?", "answer": "Norman Sauer"}, {"question": "What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?", "answer": "forensic anthropologists"}, {"question": "What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?", "answer": "races"}, {"question": "What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?", "answer": "culture"}, {"question": "Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?", "answer": "neighbouring non-Jewish populations"}, {"question": "What shifted depending on the locus investigated?", "answer": "the degree of genetic similarity among Jews"}, {"question": "What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?", "answer": "natural selection acting on particular loci"}, {"question": "What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?", "answer": "Y"}, {"question": "Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?", "answer": "Y"}, {"question": "What does the new \"race science\" call attention to the importance of?", "answer": "ancestry"}, {"question": "What do people desire to use science to confirm?", "answer": "their claims about ancestry"}, {"question": "What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?", "answer": "race science"}, {"question": "How were older notions of race used?", "answer": "to explain differences in human behaviour or social status"}, {"question": "What is a problem with racial assignments? ", "answer": "admixture"}, {"question": "How many people have a varied ancestry?", "answer": "Many"}, {"question": "When were periods of numerous interracial relationships in the U.S.?", "answer": "colonial and early federal history"}, {"question": "Who do many people who identify as white have for ancestors?", "answer": "African"}, {"question": "What percentage of African ancestry were 30% of college students identifying as white estimated to have?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What is the aggregate population of Paris?", "answer": "10,550,350"}, {"question": "From what census is this information from?", "answer": "2012 census"}, {"question": "What is the population of Paris' metropolitan area?", "answer": "12,341,418"}, {"question": "How many kilometers does the administrative region cover?", "answer": "12,012 km\u00b2"}, {"question": "As of 2014 how many inhabitants lived in the administrative region?", "answer": "12 million"}, {"question": "What is the most visited art museum in the world?", "answer": "Louvre"}, {"question": "what is the Musee de Orsay known for?", "answer": "French Impressionist art"}, {"question": "In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?", "answer": "22.4 million"}, {"question": "In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "What is the name of the football club in Paris?", "answer": "Paris Saint-Germain"}, {"question": "What is the name of the rugby union in Paris?", "answer": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais"}, {"question": "How many seats are in Stade de France?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "In what year did Paris host the World Cup?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "In what month is the Tour de France?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What was Paris known as in Latin?", "answer": "Parisius"}, {"question": "In what century was Christianity introduced?", "answer": "3rd"}, {"question": "Who brought Christianity to Paris?", "answer": "Saint Denis"}, {"question": "What is the name of Saint Denis burial place?", "answer": "Basilica of Saint-Denis"}, {"question": "Where was Saint Denis beheaded?", "answer": "Mountain of Martyrs"}, {"question": "who was the first king of the Merovingian dynasty?", "answer": "Clovis the Frank"}, {"question": "In what year was Hugh Capet elected as king?", "answer": "987"}, {"question": "What helped establish a successful defense in the Siege of Paris?", "answer": "bridges"}, {"question": "The domination of what helped create the Parisian dialect?", "answer": "Gaul"}, {"question": "What was the site of the royal palace in the 12th century?", "answer": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral?", "answer": "Maurice de Sully"}, {"question": "Where was the University of Paris located?", "answer": "The Left Bank"}, {"question": "Under who's reign was the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral?", "answer": "Louis VII"}, {"question": "In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?", "answer": "1420 until 1436"}, {"question": "Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?", "answer": "Joan of Arc"}, {"question": "What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?", "answer": "24 August 1572"}, {"question": "In what year was Henri IV assassinated?", "answer": "1610"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's", "answer": "Henry IV"}, {"question": "In what year did Louis XIV move his court to Versailles?", "answer": "1682"}, {"question": "What monuments did Louis XIV have constructed?", "answer": "Coll\u00e8ge des Quatre-Nations, Place Vend\u00f4me, Place des Victoires, and began Les Invalides."}, {"question": "What was the reason behind demolishing the city walls?", "answer": "To show that the city was safe against attack"}, {"question": "In what city was the French Academy of Science founded", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Where did Louis XVI and his family live?", "answer": "Tuileries Palace"}, {"question": "When did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power as the First Consul?", "answer": "9 November 1799"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people were executed during the Reign of Terror?", "answer": "16,000"}, {"question": "In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?", "answer": "Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann"}, {"question": "What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?", "answer": "Impressionism"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?", "answer": "to mark the centennial of the French Revolution"}, {"question": "Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?", "answer": "1889 Universal Exposition"}, {"question": "What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?", "answer": "Symbolism"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "What are the years after the war commonly known as?", "answer": "Les Ann\u00e9es Folles"}, {"question": "Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?", "answer": "Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dal\u00ed."}, {"question": "On what date did the German army declare Paris as an open city?", "answer": "14 June 1940"}, {"question": "How many Jews were arrested following German orders?", "answer": "12,884"}, {"question": "Where were the Jews confined prior to being transported to Auschwitz?", "answer": "Vel d'Hiv"}, {"question": "How many children came back from Auschwitz?", "answer": "None"}, {"question": "On what date was the city liberated?", "answer": "25 August 1944"}, {"question": "How many police officers did the pro-independence FLN kill in August of 1961?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What was the result of the police officer killing?", "answer": "curfew on Muslims of Algeria"}, {"question": "How many people were killed during the demonstrations against the curfew?", "answer": "at least 40"}, {"question": "Who carried out bombings throughout Paris between 1961 and 1962?", "answer": "Organisation de l'arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te"}, {"question": "In what year was the Centre Georges Pompidou erected?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What did Valery Giscard d'Estaing have erected?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e d'Orsay"}, {"question": "How many years was Francois Mitterrand in power?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What did Jacques Chirac have built?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly"}, {"question": "In what year was the Musee de quai Branly built?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What was the population of Paris in 2011?", "answer": "2.25 million"}, {"question": "Who was the first socialist mayor of Paris?", "answer": "Bertrand Delano\u00eb"}, {"question": "What is the system called that allows local residents to rent bicycles?", "answer": "V\u00e9lib'"}, {"question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine inaugurated?", "answer": "June 2013"}, {"question": "On what date did two Muslim extremists attack Charlie Hebdo?", "answer": "7 January 2015"}, {"question": "How many people were killed at the Charlie Hebdo attack?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "How many people marched on January 11 against terrorism?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "Which Islamic organisation took responsibility for the attacks?", "answer": "ISIL"}, {"question": "How did the attackers kill themselves?", "answer": "setting off their explosive vests"}, {"question": "Where in France is Paris located?", "answer": "northern central"}, {"question": "How many kilometers is it away from London?", "answer": "450"}, {"question": "What major river is located in Paris?", "answer": "Seine"}, {"question": "What is the largest island in Paris?", "answer": "\u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}, {"question": "What is the largest hill in Paris?", "answer": "Montmartre"}, {"question": "What road encircles Paris?", "answer": "Boulevard P\u00e9riph\u00e9rique"}, {"question": "How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?", "answer": "2,300 km2"}, {"question": "In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "How many arrondissements are there?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? ", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "Which current affects Paris' weather?", "answer": "North Atlantic Current"}, {"question": "How is Paris' climate categorized?", "answer": "mild and moderately wet"}, {"question": "What are the average temperatures for summer?", "answer": "between 15 and 25 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What was the average temperature for July 2011?", "answer": "17.6 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature during winter?", "answer": "7 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Does Paris see snow?", "answer": "sometimes sees light snow or flurries"}, {"question": "How often does the temperature drop below -5 C", "answer": "a few days a year"}, {"question": "How many members are there in the Conseil de Paris?", "answer": "163"}, {"question": "How was Mayor Bertand Delanoe elected", "answer": "majority of council members"}, {"question": "How often does the council meet?", "answer": "once a month"}, {"question": "What years was Bertrand Delanoe Mayor?", "answer": "2001-2014"}, {"question": "What was the budget of the city in 2013", "answer": "\u20ac7.6 billion"}, {"question": "How much of the budget was allocated for city administration?", "answer": "5.4 billion"}, {"question": "What percent of the budget goes towards public housing and urbanism projects?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "What is the main source of income for Paris?", "answer": "taxes"}, {"question": "What percentage of the budget is allocated for schools?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?", "answer": "January 1, 2016"}, {"question": "How large is the Metropole?", "answer": "814 square kilometers"}, {"question": "What is the population of the metropole?", "answer": "6.945 million"}, {"question": "What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?", "answer": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"}, {"question": "How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?", "answer": "210"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?", "answer": "Patrick Ollier"}, {"question": "What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?", "answer": "Rueil-Malmaison"}, {"question": "What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "What is the budget for Metropole?", "answer": "65 million Euros"}, {"question": "In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "For how many years did the socialists governed the region?", "answer": "seventeen"}, {"question": "How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?", "answer": "121"}, {"question": "Who led the Union of the Right?", "answer": "Val\u00e9rie P\u00e9cresse"}, {"question": "Where are France's highest courts located?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What is the highest court in the judicial order?", "answer": "Court of Cassation"}, {"question": "Where does the Constitutional Council meet?", "answer": "Montpensier wing of the Palais Royal"}, {"question": "Where is the Coutt of Cassation located?", "answer": "Palais de Justice"}, {"question": "Where does the Consiel d'Etat meet?", "answer": "Palais-Royal"}, {"question": "Where is the headquarters for UNESCO?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Where is the head quarters for the International Federation for Human Rights?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Where is the head quarters for the European Space Agency?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the security of Paris?", "answer": "Prefecture of Police of Paris"}, {"question": "Where is the headquarters for the Prefecture of Police of Paris?", "answer": "Place Louis L\u00e9pine on the \u00cele de la Cit\u00e9"}, {"question": "How many officers are in the Prefecture of Police of Paris?", "answer": "30,200"}, {"question": "When was the Compagnies Republicaines de Securite formed?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How many vehicles are in the fleet?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "Who remodeled Paris in the 19th century?", "answer": "Baron Haussmann"}, {"question": "Which two islands remain in Paris today?", "answer": "\u00eele Saint-Louis, the \u00eele de la Cit\u00e9"}, {"question": "When was ile aux Cygnes created?", "answer": "1827"}, {"question": "What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?", "answer": "50 m"}, {"question": "Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?", "answer": "Montparnasse"}, {"question": "What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?", "answer": "Hermitage Plaza"}, {"question": "When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How many towers were planned to be built?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When was La Madeleine built?", "answer": "1808-1842"}, {"question": "When was teh Palais Garnier Opera House built?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "When was the Eiffel Tower built?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "Who built the art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation?", "answer": "Frank Gehry"}, {"question": "Who built the Louvre Pyramid?", "answer": "I.M. Pei"}, {"question": "What was the population of the urban area of Paris in 2012 without a fixed residence?", "answer": "28,800"}, {"question": "What percentage of homelessness in France does Paris house?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "What percentage of homeless people are women?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "How many homeless shelters are in Paris?", "answer": "sixty"}, {"question": "Who funds these homeless shelters?", "answer": "the city"}, {"question": "What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?", "answer": "Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes"}, {"question": "When was the Siene department created?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What was the Paris region renamed to?", "answer": "\"\u00cele-de-France\""}, {"question": "When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?", "answer": "January 1, 2016"}, {"question": "When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?", "answer": "lack of suburban transportation"}, {"question": "How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where are the quartiers sensibles located?", "answer": "northern and eastern Paris"}, {"question": "What two neighborhoods are the centers of the quartiers sensibles?", "answer": "Goutte d'Or and Belleville"}, {"question": "Why were these neighborhoods created?", "answer": "Delouvrier's 1961 \"ville nouvelle\" political initiative"}, {"question": "In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?", "answer": "2,241,346"}, {"question": "Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?", "answer": "London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome"}, {"question": "Who created The Paris Urban Area?", "answer": "INSEE"}, {"question": "According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?", "answer": "10,550,350"}, {"question": "What is Paris' peak population?", "answer": "2.9 million"}, {"question": "When was Paris' population peak?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "What year was the first population increase since 1954?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What was the population in 2009?", "answer": "2,234,000"}, {"question": "What was the most populated city in the EU in 2012?", "answer": "Commune of Paris"}, {"question": "How many people lived per square kilometer in the city limits?", "answer": "21,616"}, {"question": "What three departments surrounding Paris had densities greater than 10k/k?", "answer": "Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne"}, {"question": "How many immigrants were in Paris in 2012 from Europe?", "answer": "135,853"}, {"question": "How many immigrants to Paris in 2012 were from the Maghreb?", "answer": "112,369"}, {"question": "How many immigrants in Paris in 2012 were from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt?", "answer": "70,852"}, {"question": "How many Asians immigrated to Paris in 2012?", "answer": "91,297"}, {"question": "What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?", "answer": "59.5"}, {"question": "What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What percentage of people worked in agriculture?", "answer": "0.2"}, {"question": "What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?", "answer": "5.9"}, {"question": "How many salaried employees lived in the Paris Region in 2010?", "answer": "5.4 million"}, {"question": "Who is the second largest business district employer?", "answer": "La D\u00e9fense"}, {"question": "How many people worked for La Defense in 2010?", "answer": "144,600"}, {"question": "What field did the majority of the employees at La Defense work in?", "answer": "finance and insurance"}, {"question": "What percentage of people worked in business support?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What two districts are extensions of the Paris business district?", "answer": "Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret"}, {"question": "What was Paris Region's GDP in 2012?", "answer": "\u20ac624 billion"}, {"question": "How many world headquarters of the 31 Fortune Global 500 companies are located in Paris?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "What percentage of Frances GDP is made up from the Paris Region's GDP?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What as the Paris Region's economy shifted towards?", "answer": "high-value-added service industries"}, {"question": "Prior to now, what was Paris' biggest economy?", "answer": "industry"}, {"question": "Where is Paris economic Centre located?", "answer": "west of the city, in a triangle between the Op\u00e9ra Garnier, La D\u00e9fense and the Val de Seine"}, {"question": "In what districts are the majority of businesses service jobs located?", "answer": "8th, 16th and 17th"}, {"question": "Where are Paris' financial service companies majorly located?", "answer": "8th and 9th arrondissement"}, {"question": "What industry is located in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements?", "answer": "department store"}, {"question": "What percent of Parisians work in hotels and restaurants? ", "answer": "Fourteen"}, {"question": "How many peole work in the La Defense district?", "answer": "144,600"}, {"question": "How many manufacturing workers does Paris have?", "answer": "75,000"}, {"question": "What does Paris region manufacturing specialize in?", "answer": "transportation"}, {"question": "How much of a drop was there in manufacturing jobs between 1990 and 2010?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "How many people does the Paris regions aerospace companies employ?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "The closing of what plant in 20147 caused a major loss to the automobile industry?", "answer": "Aulnay-sous-Bois Citroen"}, {"question": "What does the southern Essonne department specialize in?", "answer": "science and technology"}, {"question": "What does south-eastern Val-de-Marne specialize in?", "answer": "food processing and beverages"}, {"question": "How many construction workers worked in Paris in 2011?", "answer": "56,927"}, {"question": "How many construction workers were employed in the metropolitan area?", "answer": "246,639"}, {"question": "What was the average net household income in Paris in 2011?", "answer": "\u20ac36,085"}, {"question": "What was the average income in the 19th arrondissement?", "answer": "\u20ac22,095"}, {"question": "What was the average in come in the 7th arrondissement?", "answer": "\u20ac82,449"}, {"question": "What was the unemployment rate in the city of Paris?", "answer": "8.2"}, {"question": "What was the unemployment rate in the Siene-Saint-Denis department?", "answer": "13.1"}, {"question": "What percentage of households earned less than 977 per month?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "WHat percentage of people in the 19th arrondissement lived below the poverty line?", "answer": "Twenty-five"}, {"question": "What percentage of people lived below the poverty line in Paris' wealthiest neighborhood?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "How many people visited Paris' museums and monuments in 2013?", "answer": "72.1 million"}, {"question": "What is Paris' top tourist attraction?", "answer": "Notre Dame Cathedral"}, {"question": "How many people visited the Louvre in 2013?", "answer": "9.2 million"}, {"question": "What is the most popular tourist attraction in Marne-la-Valee?", "answer": "Disneyland Paris"}, {"question": "Where are the most visited monuments located in Paris?", "answer": "centre of Paris"}, {"question": "What is housed at Les Invalides?", "answer": "the tomb of Napoleon"}, {"question": "Since when have the banks of the Seine from the Pont de Sully to the Pond'lena been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "How many hotels are in the City of Paris?", "answer": "1,570"}, {"question": "When did  The Hotel Meurice open?", "answer": "1817"}, {"question": "When was the Hotel du Louvre opened?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Along what major road are most hotels located?", "answer": "Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"}, {"question": "What art was Paris famous for in the 16th and 17th centuries?", "answer": "sculpture and reliefs"}, {"question": "Who was the first painter to King Louis XIV?", "answer": "Pierre Mignard"}, {"question": "In what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture founded?", "answer": "1648"}, {"question": "Until what year was the Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture the top art school?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "What type of art did Paris help develop with painters like Gericault?", "answer": "Romanticism"}, {"question": "In what town did Picasso live?", "answer": "Montmartre"}, {"question": "What two towns were pinnacle for artistic production?", "answer": "Montmartre and Montparnasse"}, {"question": "Between what two years did Picasso paint La Famille de Saltimbanques and Les Demoiselles d'Avignon?", "answer": "1905 and 1907"}, {"question": "In what year was the first permanent photograph produced?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "Who invented the first permanent photograph?", "answer": "Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce"}, {"question": "What was Eugene Atget known for photographing?", "answer": "street scenes"}, {"question": "Who was knows for photographing night scenes?", "answer": "Marcel Bovis"}, {"question": "When did poster art become an important art form?", "answer": "late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What was the most visited art museum in Paris in 2014?", "answer": "The Louvre"}, {"question": "Where is the Mona Lisa housed?", "answer": "The Louvre"}, {"question": "What is the second most visited art museum in Paris?", "answer": "Centre Georges Pompidou"}, {"question": "What museum is known for its display of French art of the 19th century?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e du quai Branly"}, {"question": "What is Musee national des arts asiatiques famous for housing?", "answer": "collections of Asian art"}, {"question": "What museum is famous for its dinosaur artifacts?", "answer": "The National Museum of Natural History"}, {"question": "When did THe Contemporary Art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation open?", "answer": "October 2014"}, {"question": "What famous landmark is Mysee de l'Armee lat Les Invalides located ner?", "answer": "the tomb of Napoleon"}, {"question": "How many museums does the city of Paris operate?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "When did Philharmonie de Paris open?", "answer": "January 2015"}, {"question": "What are the two largest opera houses in Paris?", "answer": "Op\u00e9ra Garnier (historical Paris Op\u00e9ra) and modern Op\u00e9ra Bastille;"}, {"question": "What does Opera Garnier specialize in?", "answer": "classic ballets and operas"}, {"question": "In what year were the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballet Russes?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "Where di the first performances of Diagheliv's Ballets Russes take place?", "answer": "Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es"}, {"question": "When was the oldest Paris theater founded?", "answer": "1680"}, {"question": "What is the name of Paris' oldest theater?", "answer": "Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise"}, {"question": "Who runs Paris' oldest theater today?", "answer": "French government"}, {"question": "What famous museum is Comedie-Francaise located next to?", "answer": "the Louvre"}, {"question": "In what year was The Moulin Rouge opened?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What dance was created at the Moulin Rouge?", "answer": "French Cancan"}, {"question": "In what year did the Crazy Horse Saloon open?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "Where did Grateful Dead play?", "answer": "The Olympia Paris"}, {"question": "What was the title of the first book printed in France?", "answer": "Epistolae"}, {"question": "Who wrote Epistolae?", "answer": "Gasparinus de Bergamo"}, {"question": "When was Epistolae published?", "answer": "1470"}, {"question": "In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What book inspired the renovation of Notre Dame?", "answer": "The Hunchback of Notre Dame"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame?", "answer": "Victor Hugo"}, {"question": "During what period of time was Victor Hugo exiled from France?", "answer": "Second Empire"}, {"question": "Where did Jules Verne work during the day?", "answer": "Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange"}, {"question": "Where did Jules Verne do research for his stories?", "answer": "National Library"}, {"question": "Who was the winner of the 2014 Nobel prize in literature?", "answer": "Patrick Modiano"}, {"question": "In what century did Collete, ANdre Gide and Francois Mauriac dominate the literary community?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "In what city does Patrick Modiano live?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "During what war did Modiano base most of his work off of?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "What percentage of french publishing houses were in Paris in the 1970s?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "Approximately how many bookstores are located in the 5th arrondissement?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "How many bookstalls are located along the Seine?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount a publishers book can be discounted?", "answer": "five percent"}, {"question": "in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?", "answer": "1795"}, {"question": "Under whos reign did the lute become popular?", "answer": "Francois I"}, {"question": "Who wrote Carmen?", "answer": "Georges Bizet's"}, {"question": "Where was Frederic Chopin from?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?", "answer": "Bal-musette"}, {"question": "in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What is a cabrette known as locally?", "answer": "musette"}, {"question": "What type of bars were accordions often played in?", "answer": "Auvergnat"}, {"question": "When did most of the jazz clubs close down?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Why did the jazz clubs close down?", "answer": "musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll"}, {"question": "Where were most jazz clubs located?", "answer": "cellars"}, {"question": "Where was the first movie projected for a paying audience in Paris?", "answer": "Grand Caf\u00e9"}, {"question": "What date was the first movie played in Paris for a paying crowd?", "answer": "28 December 1895"}, {"question": "In what decade did movie theaters become popular?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What is the largest cinema room today in Paris?", "answer": "Le Grand Rex"}, {"question": "Who realied the first digital cinema projection in Europe?", "answer": "Philippe Binant"}, {"question": "Who developed the technology for the digital cinema projection?", "answer": "Texas Instruments"}, {"question": "What types of films are most popular in Paris?", "answer": "Hollywood-generated"}, {"question": "When was the first digital cinema projection in Europe?", "answer": "2 February 2000"}, {"question": "What is the model for luxury Parisian restaurants?", "answer": "La Taverne Anglaise"}, {"question": "When did La Taverne Angaise open?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "In what century was Cafe Anglais, Cafe de Paris and Rocher de Cancale opened?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Near what were most restaurants opened?", "answer": "theatres"}, {"question": "How many restaurants are there today in Paris?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "When was the Michelin guide created?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in Paris in 2015?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many 3 star Michelin restaurants were in France in 2015?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "When was the first cafe opened in Paris?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What is the oldest cafe in Paris?", "answer": "Cafe Procope"}, {"question": "What type of eating place is defined as a neighborhood restaurant?", "answer": "bistro"}, {"question": "When was the brasserie made popular?", "answer": "Paris Exposition of 1867"}, {"question": "What is clothing made to order for private clients called?", "answer": "haute couture"}, {"question": "Dior is from which city?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "In what century did Paris become largely into fashion?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What is the world's largest cosmetic company?", "answer": "L'Or\u00e9al"}, {"question": "How many centres of higher education are in Paris?", "answer": "55"}, {"question": "During which time frame were most grandes ecoles relocated?", "answer": "1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "Where is ENA located?", "answer": "Strasbourg,"}, {"question": "Where is CESLA located?", "answer": "Neuilly-sur-Seine"}, {"question": "Who operates the public libraries in Paris?", "answer": "Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France"}, {"question": "What is the Forney Library dedicated to?", "answer": "decorative arts"}, {"question": "When was the Sainte Genevieve Library built?", "answer": "mid-1800s"}, {"question": "What is the oldest public library in France?", "answer": "Biblioth\u00e8que Mazarine"}, {"question": "Which library contains four glass towers?", "answer": "The Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand Library"}, {"question": "What is the largest university library?", "answer": "Sorbonne Library"}, {"question": "Outside of France, where are the other three branches of the Sorbonne library located?", "answer": "Malesherbes, Clignancourt-Championnet, Michelet-Institut d'Art et d'Arch\u00e9ologie, Serpente-Maison de la Recherche, and Institut des Etudes Ib\u00e9riques"}, {"question": "In what arrondissement is the Sorbonne library in Paris located?", "answer": "5th"}, {"question": "What is the most predominant religion in France?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "How many parishes and curates were there in 2011?", "answer": "106"}, {"question": "How many catholic schools are in Paris?", "answer": "110"}, {"question": "How many students attend catholic schools?", "answer": "75,000"}, {"question": "How many evangelical churches are there in Paris?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "How many parishes of the LDS church are in Paris?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When was the American Church in Paris founded?", "answer": "1814"}, {"question": "What is the principal Anglican church in Paris?", "answer": "Saint George's Anglican Church"}, {"question": "What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?", "answer": "Hector Guimard"}, {"question": "When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "What is the former Cameroon pavilion?", "answer": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"}, {"question": "Where is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?", "answer": "The Pagode de Vincennes Buddhist temple"}, {"question": "How tall is the biggest Buddha statue in Europe?", "answer": "more than nine metres high"}, {"question": "When did the Hindu temple on Rue Pajol open?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How many seats are in the State de France?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "What was the State de France built for?", "answer": "1998 FIFA World Cup"}, {"question": "What is the most popular football club in Paris?", "answer": "Paris Saint-Germain F.C."}, {"question": "What is the rugby club in Paris?", "answer": "Stade Fran\u00e7ais"}, {"question": "Who oversees the transit network in Paris?", "answer": "The Syndicat des transports d'\u00cele-de-France"}, {"question": "What was the STIF formerly known as?", "answer": "Syndicat des transports parisiens"}, {"question": "How many bus lines does the STIF oversee?", "answer": "347"}, {"question": "How many bus lines does the Optile Consortium manage?", "answer": "1,176"}, {"question": "Where does line T1 run from?", "answer": "Asni\u00e8res-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec"}, {"question": "Where does line T2 run?", "answer": "Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles"}, {"question": "How many lines are in the rail network?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "where does T5 run?", "answer": "Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles"}, {"question": "Who operates these lines?", "answer": "R\u00e9gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens"}, {"question": "Where is the 4th busiest international air transport hub in the world?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "How many passengers did Paris see in 2014?", "answer": "96.5 million"}, {"question": "What is the oldest air port in Paris?", "answer": "Paris-Le Bourget"}, {"question": "What airport does Ryanair use?", "answer": "Beauvais-Till\u00e9 Airport"}, {"question": "Where is the hub for Air France?", "answer": "Charles de Gaulle Airport"}, {"question": "What is the busiest airport in Paris?", "answer": "Charles de Gaulle Airport"}, {"question": "Where is Orly airport located?", "answer": "southern suburbs of Paris"}, {"question": "WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?", "answer": "1809"}, {"question": "Who was Eugene Belgrand under?", "answer": "Napoleon III"}, {"question": "How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?", "answer": "2,400"}, {"question": "Who created Paris' reservoir system?", "answer": "Eug\u00e8ne Belgrand"}, {"question": "How many municipal parks and gardens does Paris have?", "answer": "421"}, {"question": "When was the Tuileries Garden created?", "answer": "1564"}, {"question": "Who redid the Tuileries Garden in 1664?", "answer": "Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre"}, {"question": "Who was the Luxembourg palace built for?", "answer": "Marie de' Medici"}, {"question": "Who created the Jarden des Plantes?", "answer": "Guy de La Brosse"}, {"question": "Who was Paris' first director of parks and gardens?", "answer": "Jean-Charles Alphand"}, {"question": "How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977?", "answer": "166"}, {"question": "WHen was the Parc de la Villette created?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What park has floating gardens?", "answer": "Promenade des Berges de la Seine"}, {"question": "When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is Paris' largest cemetary?", "answer": "les Innocents"}, {"question": "When were inner city burials banned?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "During what years were the bones moved from Cimetiere des Innocents to the catacombs?", "answer": "1786 and 1814"}, {"question": "Where can view the network of tunnels to the catacombs?", "answer": "the official tour of the catacombs"}, {"question": "Who was Prefect Nicholas Frochot under?", "answer": "Napoleon Bonaparte"}, {"question": "When were the 3 new cemeteries open?", "answer": "1804"}, {"question": "What is the largest of the cemeteries created in the 20th centuries?", "answer": "Cimeti\u00e8re parisien de Saint-Ouen"}, {"question": "Who provides emergency care in the city of Paris?", "answer": "Assistance publique - H\u00f4pitaux de Paris"}, {"question": "How many people are employed at AP-HP?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "How many hospitals are in Paris?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "How many patients visit the hospitals annually?", "answer": "5.8 million"}, {"question": "What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?", "answer": "Le Monde and Le Figaro"}, {"question": "What is France's oldest operating news agency?", "answer": "Agence"}, {"question": "When did Agence open in Paris?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "What television station is operated by the French government?", "answer": "France 24"}, {"question": "What is the most viewed television network in France?", "answer": "TF1"}, {"question": "Where is TF1 located?", "answer": "Boulogne-Billancourt"}, {"question": "What is France's public radio broadcaster?", "answer": "Radio France"}, {"question": "What is the name of France's national postal carrier?", "answer": "La Poste"}, {"question": "What is the word for a beardless, athletic youth?", "answer": "kouros"}, {"question": "What is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Who are the parents of Apollo?", "answer": "Zeus and Leto"}, {"question": "Who is Apollo's twin sister?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "What name is Apollo known by in Etruscan mythology?", "answer": "Apulu"}, {"question": "Who was described at the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "What is the name of Apollo's son?", "answer": "Asclepius"}, {"question": "Who created the lyre for Apollo?", "answer": "Hermes"}, {"question": "What was the term for hymns sung to Apollo?", "answer": "paeans"}, {"question": "Who was the Titan goddess of the moon?", "answer": "Selene"}, {"question": "In Hellenestic times, Greeks identified Apollo Helios as what name?", "answer": "Helios"}, {"question": "What was the name of Apollo's sister?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?", "answer": "Apella"}, {"question": "Apellon is derived from what Doric month?", "answer": "Apellaios"}, {"question": "What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?", "answer": "apellaia"}, {"question": "What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?", "answer": "apella"}, {"question": "What Doric word means assembly?", "answer": "apella"}, {"question": "What is the Ancient Macedonian word for stone?", "answer": "pella"}, {"question": "What is the Greek word for \"to destroy?\"", "answer": "apollymi"}, {"question": "Who is a god of plague?", "answer": "Aplu"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of Akkadia Apllu Enlil?", "answer": "the son of Enlil"}, {"question": "What title was given to the god Nergal?", "answer": "Akkadian Aplu Enlil"}, {"question": "Who was the Trojan priest of Apollo?", "answer": "Chryses"}, {"question": "Who was the god of light?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Who was the patron goddess of Lycia?", "answer": "Leto"}, {"question": "What word literally means \"born of a wolf?\"", "answer": "Luk\u0113gen\u0113s"}, {"question": "Since Apollo was known as god of the sun, what was another name for Apollo?", "answer": "Sol"}, {"question": "The epithet Delphinius is associated with what animal?", "answer": "dolphins"}, {"question": "What epithet has historically been confused with \"mouse?\"", "answer": "Smintheus"}, {"question": "What is the literal word for latrus?", "answer": "physician"}, {"question": "Where did Apollo have a temple in the agora?", "answer": "Elis"}, {"question": "Where was a temple dedicated to Apollo Medicus?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What is the literal meaning of \"healer?\"", "answer": "Paean"}, {"question": "What word literally means \"warding off evil?\"", "answer": "Alexicacus"}, {"question": "What world literally means \"founder?\"", "answer": "Archegetes"}, {"question": "What word literally mens \"ancestor?\"", "answer": "Genetor"}, {"question": "What word means \"to avert?\"", "answer": "Agyieus"}, {"question": "Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?", "answer": "Loxias"}, {"question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?", "answer": "Musagetes"}, {"question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?", "answer": "Manticus"}, {"question": "Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?", "answer": "Iatromantis"}, {"question": "As god of archery, Apollo was known by what name?", "answer": "Aphetor"}, {"question": "What name literally means \"far-shooting?\"", "answer": "Heca\u00ebrgus"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Amphion and Niobe?", "answer": "Ismenius"}, {"question": "Who struck his parents with an arrow?", "answer": "Ismenius"}, {"question": "Who was Apollo's twin sister?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "To whom was the Delos sanctuary dedicated?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "Who discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship?", "answer": "Walter Burkert"}, {"question": "Who brought the art of inspection of \"symbols and omina?\"", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "The inspiration oracular-cult was probably introduced from where?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "Which group created the legalism, the supervision of the orders of the gods, and the demand for moderation and harmony?", "answer": "The Greeks"}, {"question": "What were magicians also called?", "answer": "seer-doctors"}, {"question": "Who is the physician of the Gods in the Iliad?", "answer": "Paean"}, {"question": "What is a comon epithet of Apollo as a healer?", "answer": "paion"}, {"question": "In classical times, what was Apollo's strong function in popular religion?", "answer": "keep away evil,"}, {"question": "What is a word for \"defent from evil?\"", "answer": "alexikakos"}, {"question": "Who was Apollo's son?", "answer": "Asclepius"}, {"question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?", "answer": "paean"}, {"question": "About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?", "answer": "to implore protection against disease and misfortune"}, {"question": "What does the word Pella mean?", "answer": "stone"}, {"question": "What represents Apollo as a Northern intruder?", "answer": "Homeric hymn"}, {"question": "What played an important part in the cult of the god?", "answer": "Stones"}, {"question": "Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy?", "answer": "Typhon"}, {"question": "Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton?", "answer": "Typhon"}, {"question": "Who was represented as a dragon?", "answer": "Python"}, {"question": "Who is Apollo's sister?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "It was believed that this woman could bring death with her arrows.", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "In Greek mythology, who was the leader of the nymphs?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "What was the name for \"the double-axe men?\"", "answer": "Labryaden"}, {"question": "What is another name for the double-axe?", "answer": "labrys"}, {"question": "Who was the Minoan \"Mistres of the animals?\"", "answer": "Britomartis"}, {"question": "Who was Apollo's sister?", "answer": "Artemis"}, {"question": "Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?", "answer": "Pythia"}, {"question": "Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?", "answer": "Sibyl"}, {"question": "What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?", "answer": "existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves"}, {"question": "Who describes Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women?", "answer": "Plato"}, {"question": "What two women were said to be obsessed by \"mania?\"", "answer": "Delphi and Dodona"}, {"question": "What Greek word is connected with mantis?", "answer": "mania"}, {"question": "What origin was Leto?", "answer": "Lydian"}, {"question": "Where was Leto worshipped?", "answer": "Asia Minor"}, {"question": "What is the origin of Sibyl?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?", "answer": "Epimenides"}, {"question": "Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?", "answer": "Plutarch"}, {"question": "What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?", "answer": "Epimenides"}, {"question": "Who was a tutelary god of Wilusa?", "answer": "Appaliunas"}, {"question": "When were Greek festivals celebrated?", "answer": "at the full moon"}, {"question": "When were the feasts of Apollo celebrated?", "answer": "seventh day of the month"}, {"question": "What age ran from 1700 to 1200 BCE?", "answer": "The Late Bronze Age"}, {"question": "Who was a god of plague?", "answer": "Hittite and Hurrian Aplu"}, {"question": "What word means \"the son of?\"", "answer": "Aplu"}, {"question": "Who is the mouse God?", "answer": "Apollo Smintheus"}, {"question": "which two cult sites had widespread infuence?", "answer": "Delos and Delphi"}, {"question": "Who tried to revive the Delphic oracle?", "answer": "Julian the Apostate"}, {"question": "In what did Apollo confirm that all deities are aspects of servants of an all-encopassing highest deity?", "answer": "theological oracles"}, {"question": "What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?", "answer": "peripteral temples"}, {"question": "Why did mathematical relations become necessary?", "answer": "in order to keep the original forms"}, {"question": "Why were the first buildings narrow?", "answer": "to hold the roof"}, {"question": "Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?", "answer": "Pythagoras"}, {"question": "Who kidnapped Eileithyia?", "answer": "Hera"}, {"question": "Who was the goddess of childbirth?", "answer": "Eileithyia"}, {"question": "How long was the necklace offered to Hera?", "answer": "nine yards"}, {"question": "What was the necklace made of?", "answer": "amber"}, {"question": "What was the day of the new moon?", "answer": "The seventh"}, {"question": "What was the name of the chthonic dragon?", "answer": "Python"}, {"question": "which spring emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies?", "answer": "Castalian Spring"}, {"question": "Who was Apollo's mother?", "answer": "Leto"}, {"question": "Where did Apollo kill Python?", "answer": "the sacred cave at Delphi. Apollo"}, {"question": "Who was a parent of Python?", "answer": "Gaia"}, {"question": "Who is Apollo's son?", "answer": "Asclepius"}, {"question": "Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?", "answer": "for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead"}, {"question": "How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?", "answer": "one year of hard labor"}, {"question": "Who was the daughter of Peneus?", "answer": "Daphne"}, {"question": "Who is Daphne's father?", "answer": "Peneus"}, {"question": "Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?", "answer": "Cupid"}, {"question": "Who was Leucothea's mother?", "answer": "Orchamus"}, {"question": "Who is Leucothea's sister?", "answer": "Clytia"}, {"question": "Who did Leucothea fall in love with?", "answer": "Leucothea"}, {"question": "Who ordered Leucothea to be buried alive?", "answer": "Orchamus"}, {"question": "Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?", "answer": "Coronis"}, {"question": "Who owas King of the Lapiths?", "answer": "Phlegyas"}, {"question": "How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?", "answer": "A crow"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Elatus?", "answer": "Ischys"}, {"question": "Who was one of Apollo's male lovers?", "answer": "Hyacinthus"}, {"question": "What hit Hyacinthus in the head, killing him?", "answer": "discus"}, {"question": "Who blew the discus off course, killing Hyacinthus?", "answer": "Zephyrus"}, {"question": "What item did Apollo create and name after his lover?", "answer": "flower"}, {"question": "Who argued about whether the matricide was justified?", "answer": "Apollo and the Furies"}, {"question": "Who says the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningfu than the bond of marriage?", "answer": "Erinyes"}, {"question": "Who holds that the bond of marriage is sacred?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Who was accused of matricide?", "answer": "Orestes"}, {"question": "Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill?", "answer": "Pan"}, {"question": "Who was a faithful follower of Pan?", "answer": "Midas"}, {"question": "Who was the mountain-god?", "answer": "Tmolus"}, {"question": "Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill?", "answer": "Tmolus"}, {"question": "What instrument did Apolo play?", "answer": "lyre"}, {"question": "What instrument did Marsyas know how to play?", "answer": "flute"}, {"question": "Who could not sing at the same time he played the flute?", "answer": "Marsyas"}, {"question": "What is said to have turned into the river Marsyas?", "answer": "Marsyas' blood"}, {"question": "Where was Apollo's first temple at Rome established?", "answer": "Flaminian fields"}, {"question": "When was the Second Punic war?", "answer": "212 BCE"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Ludi Apollinares?", "answer": "Apollonian Games"}, {"question": "Who was god of colonization?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "When was the height of colonization?", "answer": "750\u2013550 BCE"}, {"question": "What does Lykegenes mean?", "answer": "born in Lycia"}, {"question": "Who was the god of wine?", "answer": "Dionysus"}, {"question": "In literary contexts, who represents harmony, order and reason?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Where did Apollo go in winter?", "answer": "Hyperborea"}, {"question": "Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?", "answer": "Praxiteles"}, {"question": "In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?", "answer": "Praxiteles"}, {"question": "Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?", "answer": "Praxiteles"}, {"question": "Who asserted that a divine reason gave order to the seeds of the universe?", "answer": "Anaxagoras"}, {"question": "Who extended the Greek beilef of idea forms to his metaphysical theory of forms?", "answer": "Plato"}, {"question": "What is one Greek word that has the same root as the word idea?", "answer": "eidos"}, {"question": "What is the modern term given to those representations of stnding male youths that first appear in the archaic period in Greece?", "answer": "Kouros"}, {"question": "What is another word for male youth?", "answer": "Kouros"}, {"question": "Who was the immortal god of ideal balance?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?", "answer": "early archaic period"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Dipylon master?", "answer": "Daedalus"}, {"question": "Who created the New York kouros?", "answer": "Daedalus"}, {"question": "Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?", "answer": "Daedalus"}, {"question": "During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?", "answer": "Minoan period"}, {"question": "These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?", "answer": "marble"}, {"question": "What period ran from 520-485 BC?", "answer": "late archaic period"}, {"question": "What was the harbour of Athens?", "answer": "Piraeus"}, {"question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?", "answer": "the bow"}, {"question": "What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?", "answer": "a cup of pouring libation"}, {"question": "Who wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements?", "answer": "Polykleitos"}, {"question": "In what type of art does the god hold the cithara in his left arm?", "answer": "Apollo Citharoedus statue type"}, {"question": "What type of art is modeled after a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th Century BCE.", "answer": "neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century"}, {"question": "The statues of who were thought to incarnate his living presence?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "Representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in what period?", "answer": "Minoan"}, {"question": "What people saw the mountains, forests, sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "Who seemed to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order?", "answer": "The artists"}, {"question": "What rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visibe sake?", "answer": "These representations"}, {"question": "While each scene has its own character and completeness, it must fit into what?", "answer": "the general sequence to which it belongs"}, {"question": "Who is often depicted with a kithara or bow in his hand?", "answer": "Apollo"}, {"question": "What is the name of a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century?", "answer": "The Apollo Belvedere"}, {"question": "Who made the Apollo Belvedere?", "answer": "Leochares"}, {"question": "When did Leochares make The Apollo Belvedere?", "answer": "between 350 and 325 BCE"}, {"question": "Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?", "answer": "Bush"}, {"question": "How many States renounced their preferred political party?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?", "answer": "New Hampshire"}, {"question": "How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?", "answer": "252"}, {"question": "How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes? ", "answer": "the smallest ever"}, {"question": "What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?", "answer": "terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001"}, {"question": "How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?", "answer": "eight months"}, {"question": "Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?", "answer": "surged to near 90%"}, {"question": "How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?", "answer": "Within a month"}, {"question": "By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "Who did Bush feel was important to remove from power, after removing the Taliban from Kabul?", "answer": "Saddam Hussein"}, {"question": "What does WMD stand for?", "answer": "weapons of mass destruction"}, {"question": "When did Iraq agree to allow UN inspectors into the country to check for weapons of mass destruction?", "answer": "November 2002"}, {"question": "Did Bush have the support of the UN, when he decided to infiltrate Iraq on March 20, 2003?", "answer": "without UN authorization"}, {"question": "After the Iraqi government and it's forces were defeated, were investigators able to locate the WMD?", "answer": "they failed to find the predicted WMD stockpiles"}, {"question": "By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?", "answer": "March 10, 2004"}, {"question": "When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?", "answer": "September 2, 2004"}, {"question": "Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?", "answer": "Dick Cheney"}, {"question": "Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?", "answer": "terrorism and building an ownership society"}, {"question": "In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?", "answer": "Conservative Party"}, {"question": "Who became the Democratic nominee, half way through 2003?", "answer": "Howard Dean"}, {"question": "Dean's admiration for internet campaigning accredited his strength as what?", "answer": "a fund raiser"}, {"question": "What did Dean's backers become known as?", "answer": "Deaniacs"}, {"question": "What government position has Howard Dean previously held?", "answer": "governor"}, {"question": "Which of Bush's policies did Dean criticize most notably?", "answer": "the 2003 invasion of Iraq"}, {"question": "Which Democratic nominee declared his intention to enter into the presidential race, in the fall of 2003?", "answer": "Wesley Clark"}, {"question": "What did Wesley Clark's initial campaign ads depend upon?", "answer": "biography"}, {"question": "What were Wesley Clarks's core issues?", "answer": "leadership and patriotism"}, {"question": "What shortcoming was noticeable, from the start, for Wesley Clark?", "answer": "few detailed policy proposals"}, {"question": "Was Wesley Clark influential in gathering the Democratic backing?", "answer": "did not flock to support his campaign"}, {"question": "Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?", "answer": "Kerry"}, {"question": "Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?", "answer": "New Hampshire"}, {"question": "What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?", "answer": "he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan"}, {"question": "Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?", "answer": "Mary Beth Cahill"}, {"question": "What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?", "answer": "mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign"}, {"question": "Who, at the start of the primaries, had the most single campaign contributors?", "answer": "Lyndon LaRouche"}, {"question": "Who had the highest amount of single campaign contributors, at the final quarter of the primaries?", "answer": "John Kerry"}, {"question": "Who earned the fewest individual contributions as of the April 15th filing date?", "answer": "Gephardt"}, {"question": "What agency provided statistical information regarding the Presidential Candidates' individual contributors?", "answer": "Federal Election Commission"}, {"question": "How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?", "answer": "John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards"}, {"question": "Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?", "answer": "Dean"}, {"question": "Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?", "answer": "Dean and Gephardt"}, {"question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?", "answer": "Bob Graham"}, {"question": "Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?", "answer": "Gephardt"}, {"question": "Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?", "answer": "Howard Dean"}, {"question": "The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?", "answer": "whether Dean was the victim of media bias"}, {"question": "What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?", "answer": "\"Dean Scream\""}, {"question": "Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the \"Dean Scream\"?", "answer": "they were not aware"}, {"question": "Which candidate went on to win the South Carolina primary?", "answer": "John Edwards"}, {"question": "Which candidate won the Oklahoma primary?", "answer": "Clark"}, {"question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, following losing the Oklahoma primary?", "answer": "Lieberman"}, {"question": "Which candidate received heighted support after winning caucuses and primaries in many states?", "answer": "Kerry"}, {"question": "After Clark and Dean dropped out, which candidate was considered to be the only real contender against Kerry?", "answer": "Edwards"}, {"question": "Which candidate was the fore-runner after definitively winning in the primaries and Minnesota caucuses?", "answer": "Kerry"}, {"question": "Which candidate won his state primary, despite having already dropped out of his race?", "answer": "Dean"}, {"question": "Which candidate finished in second place in the Georgia primary?", "answer": "Edwards"}, {"question": "Besides Georgia, what other state primary did Edwards win?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "Which candidate dropped out of the race, next after Edwards?", "answer": "Sharpton"}, {"question": "Who did John Kerry choose to be by his side as the potential Vice President?", "answer": "John Edwards"}, {"question": "How many candidates did John Kerry name as potential prospects to be his running mate?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the Kerry/Edwards slogan that was released prior to the start of the convention in Boston?", "answer": "\"stronger at home and more respected in the world.\""}, {"question": "Which part of Kerry's Boston speech made reference to his military experience?", "answer": "\"I'm John Kerry and I'm reporting for duty.\""}, {"question": "Which famous line from Kerry's speech was later featured in one of his later television ad campaigns?", "answer": "\"the future doesn't belong to fear, it belongs to freedom\""}, {"question": "What was the primary focus of Bush's campaign?", "answer": "national security"}, {"question": "How did Bush try to convey that he was the stronger, tougher candidate?", "answer": "presenting himself as a decisive leader and contrasted Kerry as a \"flip-flopper.\""}, {"question": "What phrase did Kerry use to try to express that he was more concerned for America?", "answer": "\"Stronger at home, respected in the world.\""}, {"question": "What does Kerry feel Bush aliented the American people with?", "answer": "his foreign policy"}, {"question": "The stategy that Bush used against Kerry was compared to what other similar strategy in the past?", "answer": "just as his father did with Dukakis in the 1988 election"}, {"question": "Who was accused on not fulfilling their military service, during the fall of 2004?", "answer": "Bush"}, {"question": "What shifted attention away from the coverage regarding Bush's controvery regarding his required service?", "answer": "a segment on 60 Minutes"}, {"question": "Which news agency came under review resulting in the firing of their producer?", "answer": "CBS News"}, {"question": "Which time period came into the spotlight, during the fall of 2004?", "answer": "the late 1960s and early 1970s"}, {"question": "What did the documents that were aired during the 60 Minutes segment come to be known as?", "answer": "Killian documents"}, {"question": "Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?", "answer": "University of Miami"}, {"question": "Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?", "answer": "Kerry"}, {"question": "Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?", "answer": "Jim Lehrer"}, {"question": "What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?", "answer": "foreign policy"}, {"question": "How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?", "answer": "strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign"}, {"question": "Where was the second debate for presidency held?", "answer": "Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri"}, {"question": "Was the second debate held in a rigid, formalistic manner?", "answer": "town meeting format, less formal"}, {"question": "Was there a specific topic as the main focus for the second debate?", "answer": "taking questions on a variety of subjects from a local audience"}, {"question": "Who was the moderator of the second debate, held at the Washington University?", "answer": "Charles Gibson"}, {"question": "How did Bush try to make light of himself after being made fun of for his demeanor during the first debate?", "answer": "joking at one point about one of Kerry's remarks, \"That answer made me want to scowl.\""}, {"question": "How many debates were there in total, between Kerry and Bush?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Where was the final debate, between Kerry and Bush held?", "answer": "Arizona State University"}, {"question": "What was the next biggest competitor for television viewers, next to the debate?", "answer": "Major League Baseball playoffs broadcast simultaneously"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry publicize as a lesbian while discussing gay rights, some time after the debate?", "answer": "Vice President Cheney's daughter"}, {"question": "What did Cheney refer to him as, after hearing Kerry's comments about his daughter?", "answer": "\"a pretty angry father\""}, {"question": "Who received a certified ballot from the Electoral College, despite his name being spelled incorrectly on the ballot?", "answer": "John Edwards"}, {"question": "Had there ever been a time where an elector voted for the same candidate to be both president and vice president?", "answer": "This was the first time in U.S. history"}, {"question": "Which candidate won the unanimous vote for vice presidency?", "answer": "All ten electors in the state cast ballots for John Edwards for vice president"}, {"question": "What is different in comparison between the 1800 electoral system and the system in place in 2004?", "answer": "under that electoral system only votes for the president's position were cast, with the runner-up in the Electoral College becoming vice president"}, {"question": "In the 1800 election, why did Thomas Jefferson get the second vote?", "answer": "it violated Electoral College rules"}, {"question": "Why was there tension the day after the election?", "answer": "It was clear that the result in Ohio, along with two other states who had still not declared (New Mexico and Iowa), would decide the winner"}, {"question": "Despite an apparent lead by Bush early on, what was thought to be a concern?", "answer": "provisional ballots that had yet to be counted, initially reported to number as high as 200,000"}, {"question": "How would it be determined who would win, in the event of an electoral tie?", "answer": "The result of an electoral tie would cause the election to be decided in the House of Representatives with each state casting one vote, regardless of population"}, {"question": "Which state became the most important to secure Bush's presidential election?", "answer": "the outcome of the election hinged solely on the result in Ohio"}, {"question": "Who did Bush lose the popular vote to in the 2000 election for presidency?", "answer": "Al Gore"}, {"question": "Was there any debate about the voting process in Ohio?", "answer": "a motion was made contesting Ohio's electoral votes"}, {"question": "What was the decision regarding the motion to re-count the votes, after each House finalized their debates?", "answer": "During the debate, no Senator argued that the outcome of the election should be changed by either court challenge or revote"}, {"question": "Who was the lone supporter of the motion, from the Senate?", "answer": "Senator Boxer"}, {"question": "Why did Senator Boxer say she voted the way she did?", "answer": "Senator Boxer claimed that she had made the motion not to challenge the outcome, but to \"shed the light of truth on these irregularities.\""}, {"question": "How many people from the House of Representatives did not vote?", "answer": "Not voting were 52 Republicans and 80 Democrats"}, {"question": "What did Kerry say affected the ability to know if the results of the Ohio vote was unbiased?", "answer": "\"the widespread irregularities make it impossible to know for certain that the [Ohio] outcome reflected the will of the voters.\""}, {"question": "Which Democratic official supported Kerry's theory about the Ohio votes?", "answer": "Howard Dean"}, {"question": "What was said about the devices used to collect the votes, in Ohio?", "answer": "the machines were not reliable"}, {"question": "Who was targeted for defrauding the electoral process, in Ohio?", "answer": "the Republicans are willing to do things that are unethical to manipulate elections"}, {"question": "Who was called in to watch over the presidential election in 2004?", "answer": "the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) sent a team of observers to monitor the presidential elections in 2004"}, {"question": "Was this the only occasion the OSCE was invited to preside over a presidential election?", "answer": "It was the first time the OSCE had sent observers to a U.S. presidential election, although they had been invited in the past."}, {"question": "What were the findings of the OSCE team?", "answer": "mostly met the OSCE commitments included in the 1990 Copenhagen Document"}, {"question": "What type of values did the OSCE determine were adhered to during the election process?", "answer": "long-standing democratic tradition"}, {"question": "What finance act affected the 2004 election?", "answer": "the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002"}, {"question": "Where did the moniker McCain-Feingold Bill come from?", "answer": "its sponsors in the United States Senate"}, {"question": "How did the 527 groups come up with their title?", "answer": "Named for a section of the Internal Revenue Code"}, {"question": "What stipulation enabled the 527 groups to campaign for funds?", "answer": "as long as they do not coordinate their activities with political campaigns"}, {"question": "What is one of the named 527 groups from the 2004 election?", "answer": "MoveOn.org"}, {"question": "How were viewers able to determine who endorsed political campaign ads, they saw in advertisements??", "answer": "required to include a verbal disclaimer identifying the organization responsible for the advertisement"}, {"question": "What was disallowed in advertising during the two months prior to the general election?", "answer": "60 days before the general election), such organizations' ads were prohibited from mentioning any candidate by name"}, {"question": "Official advertisements generally contained what phrase?", "answer": "\"I'm [candidate's name], and I approve this message.\""}, {"question": "Independent advertisements generally contained what phrase?", "answer": "\"[Organization name] is responsible for the content of this advertisement\""}, {"question": "What was the tag line requirement before?", "answer": "Previously, television advertisements only required a written \"paid for by\" disclaimer on the screen."}, {"question": "What action suggested by a state, would have affecting the outcome of the electoral votes?", "answer": "ballot initiative in Colorado, known as Amendment 36"}, {"question": "What unique change to the electoral voting process did Colorado suggest should happen?", "answer": "under the amendment Colorado would have assigned presidential electors proportionally to the statewide vote count, which would be a unique system"}, {"question": "Which two states designated their assigned votes based on their districts?", "answer": "Nebraska and Maine assign electoral votes based on vote totals within each congressional district)"}, {"question": "Did everyone agree that Amendment 36 was a good idea?", "answer": "Detractors claimed that this splitting would diminish Colorado's influence in the Electoral College"}, {"question": "Did Amendment 36 get passed?", "answer": "the amendment ultimately failed"}, {"question": "What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?", "answer": "New Right"}, {"question": "Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?", "answer": "anti-socialist"}, {"question": "Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?", "answer": "Robert Menzies"}, {"question": "Who founded Australia's liberal party?", "answer": "Robert Menzies"}, {"question": "Whom are referred to as \"The forgoten people?\"", "answer": "the middle class"}, {"question": "In what year were the Australian Democrats founded?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Which former liberal founded the Australian Democrats in 1977?", "answer": "Don Chipp"}, {"question": "Did Mezies and Malcom Fraser raise, mainain, or lower tariff levels?", "answer": "generally maintain"}, {"question": "Which group is currently known as the \"National Party\"?", "answer": "the Country Party"}, {"question": "What is the \"New Right\"?", "answer": "a conservative liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts"}, {"question": "Were utilities publically or privately owned in Menzie's economy?", "answer": "publicly"}, {"question": "Which group was predecessor to the Liberals?", "answer": "United Australia Party (UAP)"}, {"question": "From where did the ideology of the Liberals stem?", "answer": "anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments"}, {"question": "What did the Commonwealth Liberal Party merge to form?", "answer": "Nationalist Party of Australia"}, {"question": "In what year was the Nationalist Party of Australia formed?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What economic event influenced the 1931 Election?", "answer": "the Great Depression"}, {"question": "How many consecutive elections did the Lyons Government win?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What event caused Robert Menzies to become Prime Minister?", "answer": "Lyons' death in 1939"}, {"question": "What years did Robert Menzies serve as Prime Minister?", "answer": "1939 to 1941"}, {"question": "To what are Menzies' \"Forgotten People\" radio talks compared to?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt's \"fireside chats\""}, {"question": "How did Roosevelt refer to the middle class?", "answer": "\"backbone of Australia\""}, {"question": "Was the meeting at Canberra a group of people supporting or opposed to the Australian Labor Party?", "answer": "opposed"}, {"question": "Where was the second anti-Labor Party held in 1944?", "answer": "Albury, New South Wales"}, {"question": "Where was the formation of the Liberal party officially announced?", "answer": "Sydney Town Hall"}, {"question": "Where did the name \"Liberal\" come from?", "answer": "in honour of the old Commonwealth Liberal Party"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Liberal Party's youth division?", "answer": "Young Liberals"}, {"question": "How many members were in the Young Liberals by Sept 1945?", "answer": "more than 90,000"}, {"question": "How many years did the Liberals stay in office after the 1949 election?", "answer": "a record 23 years"}, {"question": "What promises did Menzies make in the 1949 election?", "answer": "end rationing of butter, tea and petrol and provided a five-shilling endowment for first-born children"}, {"question": "During what period did Australia experience long-term economic growth?", "answer": "the post-war boom period of the Menzies Government (1949\u20131966)"}, {"question": "What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?", "answer": "Anti-communism"}, {"question": "What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?", "answer": "committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war"}, {"question": "Over what did the Labor party divide?", "answer": "concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,"}, {"question": "Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?", "answer": "ANZUS Treaty"}, {"question": "Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?", "answer": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"}, {"question": "Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "What does the acronym SEATO stand for?", "answer": "South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty"}, {"question": "Which group is a counterpart to NATO?", "answer": "the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)"}, {"question": "What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?", "answer": "economic and skills criteria"}, {"question": "Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?", "answer": "Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act"}, {"question": "Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?", "answer": "Dame Enid Lyons"}, {"question": "Government under whom experienced the conversion to decimal currency?", "answer": "Holt"}, {"question": "Which of Holt's stances received some public opposition?", "answer": "commitment to the growing War in Vietnam"}, {"question": "Which Referendum allowed Indigenous Australians to be counted in the Census?", "answer": "1967 Referendum"}, {"question": "What overhelming percent of Australians voted for the 1967 Referendum?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Which government put an emphasis in supporting the arts?", "answer": "The Gorton Government"}, {"question": "Which government established equal pay for men and women?", "answer": "The Gorton Government"}, {"question": "What year did the Gorton Government stop replacing troups in Vietnam?", "answer": "end of 1970"}, {"question": "Which continent did Gorton wish to pursue closer ties with?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Who commented that Gorton was not fit to be Prime Minister?", "answer": "Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser"}, {"question": "Was Gorton impeached, voted out, or did he resign?", "answer": "he resigned"}, {"question": "Which countries did Gorton maintain close relationships with?", "answer": "United States and Britain"}, {"question": "Who became the first indigenous Austrailian in Parliament?", "answer": "Neville Bonner"}, {"question": "How long did Bonner serve as a Liberal Senator?", "answer": "12 years"}, {"question": "How was Bonner appointed his position?", "answer": "chosen by the Liberal Party to fill a Senate vacancy in 1971"}, {"question": "On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?", "answer": "11 November 1975"}, {"question": "How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?", "answer": "the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr"}, {"question": "Who won the 1975 election by large margin?", "answer": "Fraser"}, {"question": "Which document allowed Indigenous peoples the right to some traditional lands?", "answer": "Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976"}, {"question": "What environmental consequence affected the Australian economy by 1983?", "answer": "a severe drought"}, {"question": "Which party did Don Chipp seperate to form in 1977?", "answer": "Australian Democrats"}, {"question": "Who did Frazer eventually lose to in 1983?", "answer": "Bob Hawke"}, {"question": "How was Howard different from Paul Keating?", "answer": "he supported traditional Australian institutions like the Monarchy in Australia, the commemoration of ANZAC Day and the design of the Australian flag"}, {"question": "In what ways was Howard similar to Paul Keating?", "answer": "pursued privatisation of public utilities and the introduction of a broad based consumption tax"}, {"question": "Which government supported the US's war Afghanistan and Iraq?", "answer": "The Howard Government"}, {"question": "Under what agreement did the Australian government support the US?", "answer": "the ANZUS treaty"}, {"question": "Which parties merged in Queensland in 2008 to form the new Liberal National Party of Queensland?", "answer": "the Liberal and National parties"}, {"question": "In March 2012, which party won by an historic landslide?", "answer": "the new Liberal National Party of Queensland"}, {"question": "Who led the new Liberal National Party of Queensland through the election in March 2012?", "answer": "former Brisbane Lord Mayor, Campbell Newman"}, {"question": "How close was the race betwen Turnbull and Abbott in 2009?", "answer": "42 votes to 41"}, {"question": "Who was elected to the Parliamentary Liberal Party after the 2007 Federal Election?", "answer": "Dr Brendan Nelson"}, {"question": "To whom did Nelson lose the party to in 2008?", "answer": "Malcolm Turnbull"}, {"question": "Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?", "answer": "Malcolm Turnbull"}, {"question": "Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?", "answer": "Julie Bishop"}, {"question": "Who was Turnbull elected to replace?", "answer": "Tony Abbott"}, {"question": "What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?", "answer": "the Abbott Government"}, {"question": "Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?", "answer": "Ken Wyatt"}, {"question": "In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "How many state divisions exist in the Liberal Party's organisation?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Which politician purposely created strong state divisions to a weaker national party?", "answer": "Menzies"}, {"question": "Who makes party policy?", "answer": "almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members"}, {"question": "Was Menzies for or against nationalizing the banking system in Australia?", "answer": "strongly against"}, {"question": "What helped the Liberals to victory in December 1955?", "answer": "the formation of the anti-Communist Democratic Labor Party (DLP) and the consequent split in the Australian Labor Party early in 1955"}, {"question": "When did Menzies resign from Parliament?", "answer": "26 January 1966"}, {"question": "Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?", "answer": "former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock"}, {"question": "What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?", "answer": "11.4%"}, {"question": "What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?", "answer": "the infamous birthday cake interview"}, {"question": "How long was Tom Playford in political power?", "answer": "from the 1933 election to the 1965 election"}, {"question": "How many consecutive losses has the Liberal party faced since the 2002 election?", "answer": "a record five"}, {"question": "During what years did the dismantling of the Playmander begin?", "answer": "1968 election to the 1970 election"}, {"question": "What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?", "answer": "translator"}, {"question": "What are samurai usually called in Japanse?", "answer": "bushi (\u6b66\u58eb?, [bu.\u0255i]) or buke (\u6b66\u5bb6?)"}, {"question": "Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?", "answer": "Kokin Wakash\u016b"}, {"question": "When is the first known use of 'samurai'?", "answer": "905\u2013914"}, {"question": "What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?", "answer": "bushi"}, {"question": "What were samurai affiliated with?", "answer": "a clan"}, {"question": "How much of Japan were samurais?", "answer": "less than 10%"}, {"question": "Where do samurais' teachings live on?", "answer": "everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts"}, {"question": "What class were samurais?", "answer": "middle and upper echelons of the warrior class"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?", "answer": "663 AD"}, {"question": "Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?", "answer": "Tang China and Silla"}, {"question": "What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?", "answer": "a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs"}, {"question": "Who led the Taika Reform?", "answer": "Prince Naka no \u014ce (Emperor Tenji)"}, {"question": "When was the Taika Reform?", "answer": "646 AD"}, {"question": "In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?", "answer": "early Heian period"}, {"question": "When was the early Heian?", "answer": "the late 8th and early 9th centuries"}, {"question": "Who did Kammu fail to conquer?", "answer": "Emishi"}, {"question": "What was the full title for Shogun?", "answer": "sei'i-taish\u014dgun"}, {"question": "Who introduced the Shogun concept?", "answer": "Emperor Kammu"}, {"question": "When was the Genpei war?", "answer": "late 12th century"}, {"question": "Who was given the right to appoint shugo?", "answer": "Minamoto no Yoritomo"}, {"question": "What was Minamoto's position?", "answer": "clan leader"}, {"question": "Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?", "answer": "Minamoto no Yoritomo"}, {"question": "When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?", "answer": "1192"}, {"question": "What rebellion happened in 1160?", "answer": "Heiji Rebellion"}, {"question": "Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?", "answer": "the rival Minamoto and Taira clans"}, {"question": "How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?", "answer": "four-year"}, {"question": "What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?", "answer": "Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans"}, {"question": "Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?", "answer": "Taira no Kiyomori"}, {"question": "Who established the first samurai-led administration?", "answer": "Taira no Kiyomori"}, {"question": "What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?", "answer": "figurehead"}, {"question": "Who succeeded the Taira clan?", "answer": "the Minamoto"}, {"question": "How did the Taira clan expand power?", "answer": "had its women marry Emperors"}, {"question": "When did the Gempei War begin?", "answer": "1180"}, {"question": "When did the Gempei War end?", "answer": "1185"}, {"question": "Which clans fought in the Gempei War?", "answer": "The Taira and the Minamoto"}, {"question": "What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?", "answer": "Honshu and Kyushu"}, {"question": "When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?", "answer": "1192"}, {"question": "Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?", "answer": "Yuan"}, {"question": "How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?", "answer": "900"}, {"question": "Where did the Yuan invade Japan?", "answer": "northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b"}, {"question": "How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What was built around Hakata Bay?", "answer": "a great stone barrier"}, {"question": "When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?", "answer": "1276"}, {"question": "When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?", "answer": "1277"}, {"question": "How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?", "answer": "20 kilometers"}, {"question": "What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?", "answer": "executed"}, {"question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?", "answer": "1592"}, {"question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?", "answer": "1597"}, {"question": "How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?", "answer": "160,000"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of Sacheon?", "answer": "1598"}, {"question": "When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?", "answer": "1598"}, {"question": "Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?", "answer": "Tokugawa Ieyasu"}, {"question": "What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?", "answer": "Eastern Army"}, {"question": "Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?", "answer": "Kat\u014d Kiyomasa"}, {"question": "Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?", "answer": "Battle of Sekigahara"}, {"question": "Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?", "answer": "Eastern Forces"}, {"question": "Who used arquebuses a lot?", "answer": "Oda Nobunaga"}, {"question": "What did Oda Nobunaga value?", "answer": "innovation"}, {"question": "Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?", "answer": "Oda Nobunaga"}, {"question": "When did Oda Nobunaga die?", "answer": "1582"}, {"question": "Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?", "answer": "Akechi Mitsuhide"}, {"question": "When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?", "answer": "During the Tokugawa shogunate"}, {"question": "When had samurai last been used in battle?", "answer": "the early 17th century"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Tokugawa era?", "answer": "the Edo period"}, {"question": "What was the samurai's long sword called?", "answer": "katana"}, {"question": "What was the samurai's short sword called?", "answer": "wakizashi"}, {"question": "Who were most samurais' lords?", "answer": "daimyo"}, {"question": "Whose teachings did all samurai read?", "answer": "Confucius and Mencius"}, {"question": "What did Bushido transcend?", "answer": "social class, time and geographic location"}, {"question": "When was Bushido formalized?", "answer": "before the Edo Period"}, {"question": "Who formalized Bushido?", "answer": "several influential leaders and families"}, {"question": "Which force invaded Japan in 1853?", "answer": "U.S. Navy"}, {"question": "Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?", "answer": "Commodore Matthew Perry"}, {"question": "What was Perry's goal in Japan?", "answer": "force Japan to open its borders to trade"}, {"question": "What technology helped the downfall of samurai?", "answer": "arquebus"}, {"question": "When was the samurai military modernized?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?", "answer": "Nagasaki"}, {"question": "What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?", "answer": "Naval"}, {"question": "What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?", "answer": "tradition"}, {"question": "How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Who established a western-style army in Japan?", "answer": "Emperor Meiji"}, {"question": "When was a western-style army established in Japan?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "What did samurai become in 1873?", "answer": "Shizoku"}, {"question": "Who had samurai been allowed to kill?", "answer": "commoners who paid them disrespect"}, {"question": "In what century were the Meiji reforms?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?", "answer": "Samurai"}, {"question": "Who started Mitsubishi?", "answer": "Iwasaki Yatar\u014d"}, {"question": "What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?", "answer": "great-grandson of a samurai"}, {"question": "What kind of schools did samurai start?", "answer": "private schools for higher educations"}, {"question": "Who did samurai write for?", "answer": "newspaper companies"}, {"question": "What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?", "answer": "Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto"}, {"question": "What type of meditation did samurai do?", "answer": "Zen"}, {"question": "What caused some samurai to stop fighting?", "answer": "The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth"}, {"question": "What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?", "answer": "to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship"}, {"question": "When was Hojo Shigetoki born?", "answer": "1198"}, {"question": "When did Hojo Shigetoki die?", "answer": "1261"}, {"question": "What were gunki?", "answer": "13th and 14th century warrior writings"}, {"question": "When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?", "answer": "1350"}, {"question": "When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?", "answer": "1410"}, {"question": "What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?", "answer": "battle"}, {"question": "What debt should samurai not forget?", "answer": "the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors"}, {"question": "What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?", "answer": "loyalty and filial piety"}, {"question": "When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?", "answer": "the Sengoku Era"}, {"question": "When did Japan begin invading Korea?", "answer": "1592"}, {"question": "When did Japan finish invading Korea?", "answer": "1598"}, {"question": "What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?", "answer": "to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\""}, {"question": "What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?", "answer": "Bushido"}, {"question": "Who did Torii Mototada serve?", "answer": "Tokugawa Ieyasu"}, {"question": "When was Torii Mototada born?", "answer": "1539"}, {"question": "When did Torii Mototada die?", "answer": "1600"}, {"question": "How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?", "answer": "40,000"}, {"question": "How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "Who was Takeda's rival?", "answer": "Uesugi Kenshin"}, {"question": "What did Uesugi encourage?", "answer": "the \"way of the warrior as death\""}, {"question": "What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?", "answer": "Japanese historian"}, {"question": "When was Takeda born?", "answer": "1521"}, {"question": "When was Uesugi born?", "answer": "1530"}, {"question": "What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?", "answer": "Jesuit"}, {"question": "When was St. Francis Xavier born?", "answer": "1506"}, {"question": "When did St. Francis Xavier die?", "answer": "1552"}, {"question": "When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?", "answer": "1549\u20131551"}, {"question": "Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?", "answer": "the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines"}, {"question": "Where was Malacca?", "answer": "Malaysia"}, {"question": "Where was Goa?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?", "answer": "Anjiro"}, {"question": "In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?", "answer": "en masse"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?", "answer": "William Scott Wilson"}, {"question": "Who were the models for future generations of samurai?", "answer": "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari"}, {"question": "Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?", "answer": "the Heike Monogatari"}, {"question": "Whose culture included tea ceremonies?", "answer": "samurai"}, {"question": "What kind of painting did samurai do?", "answer": "monochrome ink"}, {"question": "What was Japanese culture influenced by?", "answer": "Chinese arts"}, {"question": "Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?", "answer": "Zen monks"}, {"question": "When was Muso Soseki born?", "answer": "1275"}, {"question": "What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?", "answer": "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga"}, {"question": "What did Oda mean?", "answer": "a clan or family name"}, {"question": "What did Kazusanosuke mean?", "answer": "a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province"}, {"question": "What did Saburo mean?", "answer": "a formal nickname (yobina)"}, {"question": "What did Nobunaga mean?", "answer": "an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony"}, {"question": "How did the samurai treat concubines?", "answer": "akin to a marriage"}, {"question": "How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?", "answer": "shameful, if not criminal"}, {"question": "Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?", "answer": "many wealthy merchants"}, {"question": "Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?", "answer": "her family's money erased the samurai's debts"}, {"question": "What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?", "answer": "the son could inherit his father's social status"}, {"question": "How common was divorce for samurai?", "answer": "rare"}, {"question": "What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?", "answer": "adoption of a male heir"}, {"question": "Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?", "answer": "it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage"}, {"question": "What financial concern prevented divorce?", "answer": "After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money"}, {"question": "What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?", "answer": "Maintaining the household"}, {"question": "What did okugatasama mean?", "answer": "one who remains in the home"}, {"question": "What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?", "answer": "manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly"}, {"question": "What was a naginata?", "answer": "a polearm"}, {"question": "What was tantojutsu?", "answer": "the skill of the knife"}, {"question": "What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?", "answer": "humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty"}, {"question": "Who did samurai wives have to teach?", "answer": "the children (and perhaps servants, too)"}, {"question": "Who did samurai wives have to take care of?", "answer": "elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof"}, {"question": "Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?", "answer": "her husband"}, {"question": "What defined the samurais' code?", "answer": "Confucian law"}, {"question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?", "answer": "8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate"}, {"question": "Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?", "answer": "Hino Tomiko"}, {"question": "Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?", "answer": "lost interest in politics"}, {"question": "Who was Nene?", "answer": "wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}, {"question": "Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?", "answer": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}, {"question": "In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?", "answer": "Tokugawa"}, {"question": "What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?", "answer": "intelligence and education as desirable attributes"}, {"question": "What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?", "answer": "philosophical and literary classics"}, {"question": "When had most samurai wives learned to read?", "answer": "the end of the Tokugawa period"}, {"question": "Who was the first Western samurai?", "answer": "William Adams"}, {"question": "Who made William Adams a samurai?", "answer": "Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu"}, {"question": "What was William Adams's Japanese name?", "answer": "Anjin Miura"}, {"question": "What did hatamoto mean?", "answer": "bannerman"}, {"question": "How many servants did William Adams have?", "answer": "eighty or ninety"}, {"question": "What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?", "answer": "Dutch"}, {"question": "Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?", "answer": "1556"}, {"question": "What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?", "answer": "Yayousu"}, {"question": "What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?", "answer": "a Red Seal Ship"}, {"question": "How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?", "answer": "drowned after his ship ran aground"}, {"question": "What nationality was Edward Schnell?", "answer": "Prussian"}, {"question": "What duties did Edward Schnell have?", "answer": "military instructor and procurer of weapons"}, {"question": "Who did Edward Schnell work for?", "answer": "the Aizu domain"}, {"question": "What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?", "answer": "Hiramatsu Buhei"}, {"question": "Where did Edward Schnell live?", "answer": "Wakamatsu"}, {"question": "What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?", "answer": "a form of lamellar armor"}, {"question": "What was the first samurai armor called?", "answer": "yoroi"}, {"question": "What were the small scales in yoroi called?", "answer": "kozane"}, {"question": "What were kozane made of?", "answer": "iron or leather"}, {"question": "What was a full chest armor called?", "answer": "dou"}, {"question": "Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?", "answer": "the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection"}, {"question": "What type of armor was replaced?", "answer": "kozane dou"}, {"question": "What new type of armor replaced the old?", "answer": "plate armor"}, {"question": "What was the new armor called?", "answer": "Tosei-gusoku"}, {"question": "When was samurai armor last used?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "What did 'samurai' mean at first?", "answer": "those who serve in close attendance to nobility"}, {"question": "What did 'samorapu' mean?", "answer": "to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"}, {"question": "What did 'saburahu' mean?", "answer": "to serve, to attend"}, {"question": "What did 'saburahi' mean?", "answer": "servant, attendant"}, {"question": "When was the word 'samurahi' used?", "answer": "the Edo period"}, {"question": "Who were the bushi class?", "answer": "ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families"}, {"question": "Where did the bushi live?", "answer": "mainly in the north of Japan"}, {"question": "Where did the imperial family live?", "answer": "Kyoto"}, {"question": "What does Bushido mean?", "answer": "the \"way of the warrior\""}, {"question": "What was a bukeyashiki?", "answer": "the mansion of a warrior"}, {"question": "What was a synonym for seppuku?", "answer": "hara kiri"}, {"question": "What was the reason for seppuku?", "answer": "allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death"}, {"question": "How idealistic were samurai?", "answer": "as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior"}, {"question": "How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?", "answer": "romanticized"}, {"question": "Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?", "answer": "Akechi Mitsuhide"}, {"question": "Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?", "answer": "Kusunoki Masashige)"}, {"question": "Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?", "answer": "Tokugawa"}, {"question": "What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?", "answer": "loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy"}, {"question": "What is Jidaigeki?", "answer": "historical drama"}, {"question": "Who is Akira Kurosawa? ", "answer": "One of Japan\u2019s most renowned directors"}, {"question": "Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?", "answer": "Akira Kurosawa"}, {"question": "What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?", "answer": "Seven Samurai"}, {"question": "What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?", "answer": "The Magnificent Seven"}, {"question": "Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?", "answer": "one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists"}, {"question": "Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?", "answer": "for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture"}, {"question": "What are Japanese comic books called?", "answer": "manga"}, {"question": "What are Japanese animation called?", "answer": "anime"}, {"question": "Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?", "answer": "Moscardi, N.D."}, {"question": "What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?", "answer": "hack-and-slash"}, {"question": "What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?", "answer": "gritty urban"}, {"question": "Who created Afro Samurai?", "answer": "Takashi Okazaki"}, {"question": "Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?", "answer": "Studio Gonzo"}, {"question": "When did Afro Samurai first air?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "On what channel did Afro Samurai air?", "answer": "Spike TV"}, {"question": "Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?", "answer": "Samuel L. Jackson"}, {"question": "In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?", "answer": "Marvel"}, {"question": "What is Silver Samurai's weapon?", "answer": "an energy charged katana"}, {"question": "How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?", "answer": "over 350"}, {"question": "Who starred in The Last Samurai?", "answer": "Tom Cruise"}, {"question": "Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?", "answer": "US Army Captain Nathan Algren"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of testing software?", "answer": "finding software bugs"}, {"question": "Why is it so difficult to locate bugs in software?", "answer": "tests for even simple software components is practically infinite"}, {"question": "What can come from one bug being fixed?", "answer": "it can illuminate other, deeper bugs,"}, {"question": "What can testing not completely find?", "answer": "all the defects"}, {"question": "While looking for bugs, what else can testing do?", "answer": "furnishes a criticism or comparison"}, {"question": "What does the software compare during testing against?", "answer": "oracles\u2014principles or mechanisms"}, {"question": "What make up the oracle during testing?", "answer": "specifications, contracts, comparable products, past versions"}, {"question": "What is the primamry reason for testing software?", "answer": "to detect software failures"}, {"question": "What can testing software not fully completely establish?", "answer": "cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions"}, {"question": "What does the scope of testing the software also look at?", "answer": "examination of code as well as execution of that code"}, {"question": "Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?", "answer": "testing organization may be separate from the development team"}, {"question": "What is the first step that leads to a software failure?", "answer": "programmer makes an error"}, {"question": "What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?", "answer": "defect (fault, bug)"}, {"question": "When can software defects in dead code cause problems?", "answer": "run on a new computer hardware platform"}, {"question": "What is the primary issue with running software testing?", "answer": "testing under all combinations of inputs and preconditions (initial state) is not feasible"}, {"question": "What types of software bugs are difficult to find during testing?", "answer": "defects that occur infrequently"}, {"question": "What other non-functional dimensions can cause software to underperform and cause other problems?", "answer": "usability, scalability, performance, compatibility, reliability"}, {"question": "Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? ", "answer": "use combinatorial test design"}, {"question": "What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?", "answer": "get greater test coverage with fewer tests"}, {"question": "What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?", "answer": "speed or test depth"}, {"question": "What determines the cost of fixing a bug?", "answer": "the earlier a defect is found"}, {"question": "Ho many more times would the cost be if the problem is found after the software's release?", "answer": "10\u2013100 times more"}, {"question": "What could possibly lessen the cost of fixing buggy software?", "answer": "cloud-based services"}, {"question": "Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?", "answer": "Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections"}, {"question": "What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?", "answer": "dynamic testing"}, {"question": "When can dynamic testing occur?", "answer": "before the program is 100% complete"}, {"question": "What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?", "answer": "stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment"}, {"question": "What is another term used for White-box testing?", "answer": "clear box testing"}, {"question": "What is involved with White-box testing?", "answer": "by seeing the source code"}, {"question": "Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?", "answer": "testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills"}, {"question": "What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?", "answer": "seeing the source code"}, {"question": "What are the software testers aware of?", "answer": "aware of what the software is supposed to do"}, {"question": "What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??", "answer": "equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis"}, {"question": "What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements?", "answer": "Specification-based testing"}, {"question": "What are the test cases built around?", "answer": "specifications and requirements"}, {"question": "When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other?", "answer": "functional"}, {"question": "What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method?", "answer": "no programming knowledge is required"}, {"question": "What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code?", "answer": "like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight."}, {"question": "What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate?", "answer": "tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality"}, {"question": "What does grey-box testing involve?", "answer": "having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms"}, {"question": "What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test?", "answer": "not required to have full access to the software's source code"}, {"question": "What does not qualify as grey-box testing?", "answer": "Manipulating input data and formatting output"}, {"question": "What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?", "answer": "an isolated testing environment"}, {"question": "What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?", "answer": "SQL statements"}, {"question": "What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?", "answer": "intelligent test scenarios"}, {"question": "What are the four recognized levels of testing software?", "answer": "unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing"}, {"question": "What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by?", "answer": "software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test"}, {"question": "What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels?", "answer": "unit-, integration-, and system testing"}, {"question": "What are the other levels classified by?", "answer": "the testing objective"}, {"question": "What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? ", "answer": "reduce software development risks, time, and costs"}, {"question": "Who performs the Unit testing phase?", "answer": "software developer or engineer"}, {"question": "What does Unit testing look to eliminate?", "answer": "construction errors"}, {"question": "By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?", "answer": "increase the quality of the resulting software"}, {"question": "What is it called to check data passed between units?", "answer": "component interface testing"}, {"question": "What is it called when data is being passed?", "answer": "message packets"}, {"question": "What is an option  of component interface testing  used while sending message packets?", "answer": "keep a separate log file of data items being passed"}, {"question": "What is a variation of black-box testing?", "answer": "Component interface testing"}, {"question": "What is the term used to test software during a pre-release?", "answer": "Operational Acceptance"}, {"question": "What does Operational Acceptance focus on?", "answer": "operational readiness of the system"}, {"question": "What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing?", "answer": "limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system"}, {"question": "What is the most common reason for software failure?", "answer": "compatibility with other application software"}, {"question": "What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?", "answer": "lack of backward compatibility"}, {"question": "What is the most common cause for software failure?", "answer": "lack of its compatibility with other application software"}, {"question": "What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?", "answer": "a lack of backward compatibility"}, {"question": "What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?", "answer": "test software only on the latest version of the target environment"}, {"question": "Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called?", "answer": "Regression testing"}, {"question": "What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression??", "answer": "stops working as intended"}, {"question": "What is a common method used during regression testing?", "answer": "re-running previous sets of test-cases"}, {"question": "What determines how deep a tester will go during regression?", "answer": "phase in the release process and the risk of the added features"}, {"question": "If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? ", "answer": "typically the largest test effort in commercial software development"}, {"question": "What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software?", "answer": "Beta testing"}, {"question": "To whom is the beta testing released to?", "answer": "limited audience outside of the programming"}, {"question": "What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely?", "answer": "perpetual beta"}, {"question": "What method is used to cause a system to fail?", "answer": "Destructive testing"}, {"question": "What does Destructive testing verify?", "answer": "software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs"}, {"question": "What is one example of failure testing?", "answer": "Software fault injection"}, {"question": "What method is used to test software under a specific load?", "answer": "Load testing"}, {"question": "What two methods can be used when using Load Testing?", "answer": "data or a large number of users"}, {"question": "What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side?", "answer": "Volume testing"}, {"question": "What is Stable testing also called?", "answer": "endurance testing"}, {"question": "What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads?", "answer": "Stress testing"}, {"question": "What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?", "answer": "Development Testing"}, {"question": "When is development testing used?", "answer": "construction phase of the software development lifecycle"}, {"question": "What does Development testing look to eliminate?", "answer": "construction errors"}, {"question": "Which two current movements adhere to the \"test-driven software development\"?", "answer": "extreme programming and the agile software development"}, {"question": "Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first?", "answer": "unit tests are written first"}, {"question": "What is the goal of Unit testing?", "answer": "achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently"}, {"question": "What three components make up Bottom Up Testing?", "answer": "modules, procedures, and functions"}, {"question": "Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what?", "answer": "the testing of higher level components"}, {"question": "What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels?", "answer": "makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage"}, {"question": "If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into?", "answer": "Class II"}, {"question": "There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes?", "answer": "each class is strictly included into the next"}, {"question": "If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into?", "answer": "Class III"}, {"question": "With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share?", "answer": "requires the applicant to show their ability to test software"}, {"question": "What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to?", "answer": "testing field is not ready for certification"}, {"question": "What four traits can a certification not measure?", "answer": "individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge"}, {"question": "What makes up part of the SQA?", "answer": "Software testing"}, {"question": "What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?", "answer": "software development process"}, {"question": "What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?", "answer": "video game"}, {"question": "How many states are in Germany?", "answer": "sixteen"}, {"question": "What is the German terms for states?", "answer": "Bundesland, or Land"}, {"question": "Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?", "answer": "Berlin and Hamburg"}, {"question": "How many states are called \"Fl\u00e4chenl\u00e4nder\"?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?", "answer": "Bremen and Bremerhaven"}, {"question": "When was the Federal Republic of Germany created", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?", "answer": "American, British, and French"}, {"question": "Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?", "answer": "West Berlin"}, {"question": "What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "Which city did Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?", "answer": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg"}, {"question": "In what year did Baden, W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden, and W\u00fcrttemberg-Hohenzollern merge?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": " In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?", "answer": "Saarland"}, {"question": "When did the German reunification take place?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?", "answer": "failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg"}, {"question": "What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany?", "answer": "Federalism"}, {"question": "In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? ", "answer": "the federation"}, {"question": "What is an example of what states retain authority over?", "answer": "culture"}, {"question": "The states defend their interests at the federal level through what?", "answer": "the Bundesrat"}, {"question": "Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties?", "answer": "the federal government"}, {"question": "What does the term L\u00e4nder date back to?", "answer": "the Weimar Constitution of 1919"}, {"question": "Before 1919 what were the German states called?", "answer": "Staaten"}, {"question": "What does Bavaria refer to itself as?", "answer": "Freistaaten"}, {"question": "How many free states are there in Germany?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the two city-states in Germany?", "answer": "Hamburg and Bremen"}, {"question": "What keeps being debated in Germany?", "answer": "delimitation of the federal territory"}, {"question": "What does Gunlick remark that the German System of  dual federalism requires strong L\u00e4nder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation?", "answer": "pay for it from own source revenues"}, {"question": "How many proposals have failed so far?", "answer": "several"}, {"question": "The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? ", "answer": "more than 300"}, {"question": "The number of territories was greatly reduced during what?", "answer": "the Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation?", "answer": "the German Confederation"}, {"question": "How much of the population did Prussia control?", "answer": "62%"}, {"question": "How much of the land did Prussia control?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?", "answer": "Allied military governments"}, {"question": "No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?", "answer": "Polish or Soviet administration"}, {"question": "How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?", "answer": "no attempts"}, {"question": "How many states did West Germany have at its founding?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "What was West Berlin under the sovereignty of?", "answer": "Western Allies"}, {"question": "Which state was West Berlin apart of?", "answer": "neither a Western German state nor part of one"}, {"question": "When did the Saarland form?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "How many states was Germany reduced to in 1952", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?", "answer": "had successfully achieved the unity of Germany"}, {"question": "Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?", "answer": "\"any other parts of Germany\" to join"}, {"question": "Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? ", "answer": "Saar Protectorate"}, {"question": "The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?", "answer": "the 16 German states"}, {"question": "What has been discussed since the Federal Republic was founded in 1949?", "answer": "new delimitation of the federal territory"}, {"question": "What have experts advocated in regards to delimitation?", "answer": "a reduction of the number of states"}, {"question": "What is propagated by the richer states as a means to avoid or reduce fiscal transfers?", "answer": "Territorial reform"}, {"question": "When did the debate on delimitation begin in Germany?", "answer": "1919"}, {"question": "Who was the father of the Weimar Constitution?", "answer": "Hugo Preuss"}, {"question": "How many states was the German Reich to divided into?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Until 1933 how many configurations in the German states occurred? ", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "When did Pyrmont join Prussia?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "When did the Nazi Party seize power?", "answer": "January 1933"}, {"question": "What happened to the L\u00e4nder as they lost importance during the Nazi regime?", "answer": "They became administrative regions"}, {"question": "on January 1, 1934, Mecklenburg-Schwerin was united with which state?", "answer": "Mecklenburg-Strelitz"}, {"question": "When did the Greater Hamburg Act occur?", "answer": "April 1, 1937"}, {"question": "Which Prussian province did L\u00fcbeck become a part of?", "answer": "Schleswig-Holstein"}, {"question": "In the revision of Article 29, what was a binding provision for a new delimitation of the federal territory?", "answer": "the Federal Territory must be revised"}, {"question": "How much of the population must have been in favor of the revision?", "answer": "one tenth"}, {"question": "What was required in each territory or part of a territory whose affiliation was to be changed? ", "answer": "a referendum"}, {"question": "Which paragraph stated that reorganization should be completed within three years after the Basic Law had come into force?", "answer": "paragraph 6"}, {"question": "In what negotiation did France offer to establish the independent Saarland?", "answer": "Paris Agreements"}, {"question": "In the 23 October 1955 Saar Statute referendum, what percentage opposed the formation of the Saarland?", "answer": "67.7%"}, {"question": "What was the Saar Statute referendum voter turnout?", "answer": "96.5%"}, {"question": "Which political figure supported the Saar Statute referendum?", "answer": "Chancellor Konrad Adenauer"}, {"question": "The rejection of the plan by the Saarlanders was interpreted as support for the Saar to do what?", "answer": "join the Federal Republic of Germany."}, {"question": "Paragraph 6 of Article 29 states that a referendum, in the event of a successful petition should be held within how many years?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did the Hesse state government due when the May 5, 1958 deadline passed?", "answer": "filed a constitutional complaint"}, {"question": "When was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed?", "answer": "July 1961"}, {"question": "On what grounds was the Hesse state government's complaint dismissed", "answer": "exclusively federal matter"}, {"question": "What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?", "answer": "Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order"}, {"question": "Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?", "answer": "Bonn"}, {"question": "An expert commission was established under which chairman?", "answer": "Werner Ernst"}, {"question": "When did the expert commission deliver its report?", "answer": "the district of Germersheim"}, {"question": "Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?", "answer": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg"}, {"question": "Which article stipulates that the structure of each Federal State's government must \"conform to the principles of republican, democratic, and social government, based on the rule of law\"?", "answer": "Article 28"}, {"question": "Most states are governed by what figure?", "answer": "Ministerpr\u00e4sident"}, {"question": "What are most state legislatures called?", "answer": "Landtag"}, {"question": "How is the Minister President chosen?", "answer": "a majority vote among the Landtag's members"}, {"question": "Who does Minister-President choose to run state agencies?", "answer": "a cabinet"}, {"question": "What are the governments in Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg called?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": " What is the government called in the three free states of Bavaria, Saxony, and Thuringia?", "answer": "the State Government"}, {"question": "What did Bavaria's government have before 2001?", "answer": "a bicameral parliament"}, {"question": "How many people are in the executive branch senate in Berlin?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "The parliament in Berlin is called what?", "answer": "Abgeordnetenhaus"}, {"question": "What are the districts of Germany considered?", "answer": "administrative districts"}, {"question": "Every state, other than the free states, consist of districts called what?", "answer": "\"rural districts\""}, {"question": "How many urban districts are in Bremen?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Berlin and Hamburg are states and what else at the same time?", "answer": "urban districts"}, {"question": "Local associations of a special kind are an amalgamation of one or more Landkreise with what?", "answer": "one or more Kreisfreie St\u00e4dte"}, {"question": "What do local associations replace?", "answer": "administrative entities at the district level"}, {"question": "What are local associations  intended to implement?", "answer": "simplification of administration"}, {"question": "What is the association a district-free city or town and its urban hinterland typically grouped into?", "answer": "Kommunalverband besonderer Art"}, {"question": "What does a Kommunalverband besonderer Art require?", "answer": "the issuing of special laws"}, {"question": "Every rural district is subdivided into what?", "answer": "municipalities"}, {"question": "Every urban district is what in its own right?", "answer": "municipality"}, {"question": "How many municipalities are there?", "answer": "12,141"}, {"question": "What is the smallest administrative unit in Germany?", "answer": "a municipality"}, {"question": "What are town rights called?", "answer": "Stadtrechte"}, {"question": "Municipalities have how many major policy responsibilities?", "answer": "local governments can justify"}, {"question": "What article grants the municipalities \"the right to regulate on their own responsibility all the affairs of the local community within the limits set by law.", "answer": "Article 28(2)"}, {"question": "Under Article 28(2) local governments can justify what?", "answer": "a wide range of activities"}, {"question": "What is one way municipalities develop the economic infrastructure?", "answer": "development"}, {"question": "What ingredient makes glass colorful?", "answer": "metallic salts"}, {"question": "What in combination with glass fibers is used to make fiberglass?", "answer": "organic polymer plastic"}, {"question": "What quality of silicate glass allows it to be used for windows?", "answer": "transparency"}, {"question": "What type of glass products can be used for sending information?", "answer": "optical fibers"}, {"question": "In what product are glass fibers used to hold dead air?", "answer": "thermal insulating material"}, {"question": "What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?", "answer": "Iron"}, {"question": "How does barium affect glass?", "answer": "increases the refractive index"}, {"question": "What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?", "answer": "radioactivity"}, {"question": "What is another name for lead glass?", "answer": "flint glass"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?", "answer": "low dispersion"}, {"question": "What causes glass to dissolve in water?", "answer": "soda"}, {"question": "Why is lime often added to glass?", "answer": "better chemical durability"}, {"question": "What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?", "answer": "70 to 74"}, {"question": "What is a benefit of fused quartz?", "answer": "excellent thermal shock characteristics"}, {"question": "What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?", "answer": "high melting-temperature"}, {"question": "What happens during refining?", "answer": "removal of bubbles"}, {"question": "What method is used for making windows?", "answer": "float glass process"}, {"question": "What is used on the surface of window glass to make it smooth?", "answer": "nitrogen"}, {"question": "What is added to the glass of jars to improve water resistance?", "answer": "alumina and calcium oxide"}, {"question": "Who were the inventors of the float glass process?", "answer": "Alastair Pilkington and Kenneth Bickerstaff"}, {"question": "What can be used to make glass less refractive?", "answer": "boron"}, {"question": "What is the refraction index of typical glass?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "What is a toxic additive that increases refraction?", "answer": "lead oxide"}, {"question": "What are high-index glasses erroneously called?", "answer": "crystal"}, {"question": "Why are high-index glasses valued?", "answer": "for their diamond-like optical properties"}, {"question": "Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?", "answer": "silicate glasses"}, {"question": "What kind of glass are containers made from?", "answer": "soda-lime glass"}, {"question": "What is sand mostly made of?", "answer": "silica"}, {"question": "What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?", "answer": "pure silica"}, {"question": "What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?", "answer": "silicate glasses"}, {"question": "What does glass lack, allowing it to be transparent?", "answer": "internal subdivisions"}, {"question": "What force gives glass its surface texture?", "answer": "surface tension"}, {"question": "What, in contrast to glass, doesn't let light pass through?", "answer": "polycrystalline materials"}, {"question": "What type of glass absorbs some light?", "answer": "colored"}, {"question": "What kind of glass exists in nature?", "answer": "obsidian"}, {"question": "Obsidian is what type of glass?", "answer": "volcanic"}, {"question": "What was obsidian used to make in prehistoric times?", "answer": "cutting tools"}, {"question": "When are the oldest beads thought to have been made?", "answer": "mid third millennium BCE"}, {"question": "What glass-like material is made with a method related to glazing?", "answer": "faience"}, {"question": "What can give glass a faint green tinge?", "answer": "iron(II) oxide"}, {"question": "What can prevent a green color in glass?", "answer": "Manganese dioxide"}, {"question": "What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?", "answer": "reducing combustion atmosphere"}, {"question": "What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?", "answer": "iron polysulfides"}, {"question": "Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?", "answer": "Color"}, {"question": "What word does \"glass\" come from?", "answer": "glesum"}, {"question": "Where did glasswork begin relatively late?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "In what year did glassmaking begin in Asia?", "answer": "1730 BCE"}, {"question": "What city was a center of glass production for the Romans?", "answer": "Trier"}, {"question": "In what current country is Trier located?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "When did stained glass make a big comeback?", "answer": "19th-century"}, {"question": "When did stained glass begin to be used for places of worship?", "answer": "10th-century"}, {"question": "When did big windows of stained glass become less common?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What 13th-century building is an example of stained glass walls?", "answer": "Sainte-Chapelle"}, {"question": "What did technological changes allow regular homes to have?", "answer": "larger windows"}, {"question": "What type of glass is used in cars?", "answer": "laminated"}, {"question": "When did eyeglasses originate?", "answer": "late Middle Ages"}, {"question": "The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?", "answer": "glass"}, {"question": "What type of power systems use glass?", "answer": "solar"}, {"question": "What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?", "answer": "astronomers"}, {"question": "What famous lampmaker used glass?", "answer": "Louis Comfort Tiffany"}, {"question": "When did glassworkers begin to consider their products fine art?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What type of glass did many Art Nouveau artists use?", "answer": "cameo glass"}, {"question": "When did mass production of glass art begin?", "answer": "early 20th-century"}, {"question": "What early civilization made cameo glass?", "answer": "Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What makes glass melt at a lower temperature?", "answer": "lead(II) oxide"}, {"question": "How much less viscous is lead glass compared with soda glass?", "answer": "100 times"}, {"question": "Pb2+ causes lead glass to have what?", "answer": "high electrical resistance"}, {"question": "Lead oxide makes it easier to dissolve what?", "answer": "other metal oxides"}, {"question": "What components of glass for networks?", "answer": "silicon, boron, germanium"}, {"question": "What type of components change the network's shape?", "answer": "modifiers"}, {"question": "What type of component can both make and change networks?", "answer": "intermediates"}, {"question": "What type of chemical attachment connects ions to the network?", "answer": "covalent bond"}, {"question": "What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?", "answer": "alkali metal ions"}, {"question": "How can glass be prevented from corroding?", "answer": "dealkalization"}, {"question": "What types of ions does typical glass have?", "answer": "alkali and alkaline earth ions"}, {"question": "Reaction with what causes dealkalization?", "answer": "sulfur or fluorine compounds"}, {"question": "What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?", "answer": "loss tangent"}, {"question": "What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?", "answer": "sodium selenite"}, {"question": "What containers are used for melting?", "answer": "platinum crucibles"}, {"question": "Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?", "answer": "the cost factor has a low priority"}, {"question": "What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?", "answer": "homogeneity"}, {"question": "Why is glass annealed?", "answer": "to prevent breakage"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"splat cooling\"?", "answer": "W. Klement"}, {"question": "What are thick alloys made in layers called?", "answer": "bulk metallic glasses"}, {"question": "What does Liquidmetal Technologies use for their alloys?", "answer": "zirconium"}, {"question": "What type of metal makes better alloys than traditional steel?", "answer": "amorphous steel"}, {"question": "At what university was Klement a student?", "answer": "Caltech"}, {"question": "Who showed that q-glass could be produced from a melt?", "answer": "NIST researchers"}, {"question": "What shows that there is an inner surface between glass and melt?", "answer": "nucleation barrier"}, {"question": "What is q-glass?", "answer": "an isotropic non-crystalline metallic phase"}, {"question": "What kind of microscope shows that q-glass grows as separate particles?", "answer": "Transmission electron"}, {"question": "What word means that ceramics don't absorb liquids?", "answer": "vitreous"}, {"question": "What hardens glass-ceramics?", "answer": "heat treatment"}, {"question": "What materials do glass ceramics have a lot in common with?", "answer": "non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramics"}, {"question": "How high of a temperature change can glass-ceramics handle?", "answer": "1000 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "Because of their heat resistance, glass-ceramics are especially suitable for what?", "answer": "countertop cooking"}, {"question": "What is the most economically significant property of glass-ceramics?", "answer": "impervious to thermal shock"}, {"question": "What ingredients give glass-ceramics its useful heat tolerance?", "answer": "lithium and aluminosilicates"}, {"question": "What proportion of crystalline ceramics yields a product with a CTE of around 0?", "answer": "~70%"}, {"question": "What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?", "answer": "bull's-eyes"}, {"question": "In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?", "answer": "the center"}, {"question": "Currently window glass is made as what?", "answer": "float glass"}, {"question": "How was the bull's-eye used?", "answer": "for decorative effect"}, {"question": "What was the benefit of installing glass with the thick side at the bottom, in addition to avoiding water accumulation?", "answer": "stability"}, {"question": "Who used to make window panes?", "answer": "glassblowers"}, {"question": "What is the name for the glassmaking method that involved spinning it into sheets?", "answer": "crown glass process"}, {"question": "The thickness at the bottom of glass panes was once taken as evidence that glass had features of what state of matter?", "answer": "liquid"}, {"question": "When does glass stop moving like a liquid?", "answer": "once solidified"}, {"question": "How is \"glass\" defined in physics?", "answer": "a solid formed by rapid melt quenching"}, {"question": "What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?", "answer": "glass-forming ability"}, {"question": "What must happen quickly for glass to form?", "answer": "cooling"}, {"question": "What predicts glass-forming ability?", "answer": "rigidity theory"}, {"question": "What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?", "answer": "first-order phase transition"}, {"question": "What theory isn't completely valid for glass?", "answer": "equilibrium theory of phase transformations"}, {"question": "Transition in glass is comparable to what?", "answer": "a second-order phase transition"}, {"question": "Atomically, glass is similar to what?", "answer": "a supercooled liquid"}, {"question": "What acts like a liquid but is under the freezing temperature?", "answer": "A supercooled liquid"}, {"question": "Despite its atomic structure, cooled glass acts like what?", "answer": "a solid"}, {"question": "In cooled glass, what types of movement stop?", "answer": "rotational and translational"}, {"question": "What is energy abbreviated to in science?", "answer": "E"}, {"question": "What is frequency also known as in science?", "answer": "f"}, {"question": "What term describes a small amount of element?", "answer": "quantum"}, {"question": "What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?", "answer": "an electrically neutral particle"}, {"question": "What was later termed the photon?", "answer": "The light quantum"}, {"question": "When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?", "answer": "an electrically neutral particle"}, {"question": "What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?", "answer": "the photon"}, {"question": "Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?", "answer": "h"}, {"question": "What was realized after Planck's discovery?", "answer": "that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"}, {"question": "What is the Planck constant formerly known as?", "answer": "quantum of action"}, {"question": "Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?", "answer": "that only certain energy levels are allowed"}, {"question": "Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?", "answer": "forbidden"}, {"question": "Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?", "answer": "physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"}, {"question": "The Planck constant initially was given what name?", "answer": "the \"quantum of action\""}, {"question": "How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?", "answer": "Classical physics cannot explain this fact"}, {"question": "For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?", "answer": "only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden."}, {"question": "What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?", "answer": "the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles"}, {"question": "At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?", "answer": "555 nanometres"}, {"question": "What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?", "answer": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"}, {"question": "How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?", "answer": "by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant"}, {"question": "How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?", "answer": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"}, {"question": "What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?", "answer": "555 nanometres"}, {"question": "What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?", "answer": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"}, {"question": "What is the energy of a photon?", "answer": "6981358000000000000\u26603.58\u00d710\u221219 J"}, {"question": "How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?", "answer": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"}, {"question": "What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?", "answer": "the problem of black-body radiation"}, {"question": "Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?", "answer": "Kirchhoff"}, {"question": "Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?", "answer": "hotter"}, {"question": "What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?", "answer": "it absorbs all the light"}, {"question": "What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?", "answer": "thermal light emission"}, {"question": "Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?", "answer": "black-body radiation"}, {"question": "If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?", "answer": "its thermal light emission is maximized."}, {"question": "What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?", "answer": "absorbs just as much light as it emits"}, {"question": "Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?", "answer": "laws of motion"}, {"question": "What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?", "answer": "thermal"}, {"question": "What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?", "answer": "the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule"}, {"question": "What about a hot object changes with the temperature?", "answer": "the colour of the light"}, {"question": "What color is hotter than \"red hot\"?", "answer": "white hot"}, {"question": "What did Wilhelm Wien discover?", "answer": "the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures"}, {"question": "What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?", "answer": "the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law"}, {"question": "What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?", "answer": "the colour of the light given off"}, {"question": "Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?", "answer": "Wilhelm Wien"}, {"question": "The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?", "answer": "Wien's displacement law"}, {"question": "Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?", "answer": "at low frequencies (long wavelength)"}, {"question": "Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?", "answer": "any"}, {"question": "The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?", "answer": "a narrow range"}, {"question": "What does Planck's law correctly predict?", "answer": "blackbody emissions"}, {"question": "In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?", "answer": "h"}, {"question": "Planck's work disproved what assumption?", "answer": "that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever"}, {"question": "What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?", "answer": "The Rayleigh\u2013Jeans"}, {"question": "Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?", "answer": "multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator"}, {"question": "Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?", "answer": "Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law could not be done"}, {"question": "The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?", "answer": "the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture"}, {"question": "Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?", "answer": "Rayleigh and Jeans"}, {"question": "Who came up with the term, \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?", "answer": "Paul Ehrenfest"}, {"question": "When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?", "answer": "Max Planck"}, {"question": "What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?", "answer": "classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum"}, {"question": "What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?", "answer": "the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\""}, {"question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?", "answer": "\"the theory of radiation and quanta\""}, {"question": "In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel"}, {"question": "When was the photoelectric effect first observed?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "Heinrich Hertz"}, {"question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?", "answer": "his work on the photo-electric effect"}, {"question": "What is the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it"}, {"question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel"}, {"question": "Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?", "answer": "relativity"}, {"question": "Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?", "answer": "a wave"}, {"question": "What terms describe different types of radiation?", "answer": "\"frequency\" and \"wavelength\""}, {"question": "What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?", "answer": "intensity"}, {"question": "What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?", "answer": "sound"}, {"question": "Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?", "answer": "a wave"}, {"question": "What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?", "answer": "intensity"}, {"question": "What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?", "answer": "the energy account"}, {"question": "What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?", "answer": "gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space"}, {"question": "What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?", "answer": "photoelectrons"}, {"question": "What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?", "answer": "the frequency"}, {"question": "What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?", "answer": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"}, {"question": "What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?", "answer": "multiphoton effect"}, {"question": "What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?", "answer": "kinetic"}, {"question": "What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?", "answer": "frequency"}, {"question": "When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?", "answer": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"}, {"question": "If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?", "answer": "more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy"}, {"question": "Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?", "answer": "Niels Bohr"}, {"question": "When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?", "answer": "to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model"}, {"question": "In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?", "answer": "radiate electromagnetic radiation"}, {"question": "Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?", "answer": "Niels Bohr"}, {"question": "What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?", "answer": "the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus"}, {"question": "What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?", "answer": "an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies"}, {"question": "Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?", "answer": "Bohr"}, {"question": "What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?", "answer": "the quantity"}, {"question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?", "answer": "Heisenberg"}, {"question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?", "answer": "Schr\u00f6dinger"}, {"question": "According to Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?", "answer": "the fundamental quantum of angular momentum"}, {"question": "Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?", "answer": "the reduced Planck constant"}, {"question": "What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?", "answer": "Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom"}, {"question": "What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?", "answer": "Heisenberg"}, {"question": "When was the Schr\u00f6dinger wave equation proposed?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": " What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?", "answer": "time vs. energy"}, {"question": "What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?", "answer": "either-or nature of uncertainty"}, {"question": "What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?", "answer": "either-or (as in Fourier analysis)"}, {"question": "How is uncertainly measured in this experience?", "answer": "the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value"}, {"question": "What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?", "answer": "Fourier analysis"}, {"question": "What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?", "answer": "time vs. energy"}, {"question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron?", "answer": "Bohr magneton"}, {"question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei?", "answer": "nuclear magneton"}, {"question": "The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?", "answer": "behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics"}, {"question": "What three terms define the Bohr magneton value?", "answer": "the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass"}, {"question": "How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?", "answer": "the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons"}, {"question": "The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Where was this measurement made?", "answer": "the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)"}, {"question": "What method was was used to obtain the measurement?", "answer": "watt-balance measurement"}, {"question": "One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?", "answer": "silicon"}, {"question": "What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?", "answer": "the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another"}, {"question": "Why does this difficulty occur?", "answer": "it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed"}, {"question": "Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?", "answer": "there is no indication which method is at fault"}, {"question": "Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?", "answer": "the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect"}, {"question": "Why does relying on these effects create concern?", "answer": "If these theories are slightly inaccurate"}, {"question": "Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?", "answer": "a circular argument"}, {"question": "What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?", "answer": "there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted."}, {"question": "What is a watt balance?", "answer": "an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units"}, {"question": "What value does RK represent?", "answer": "the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect"}, {"question": "If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?", "answer": "the Planck constant"}, {"question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?", "answer": "the frequency \u03bd of nuclear magnetic resonance"}, {"question": "How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?", "answer": "The protons are said to be \"shielded\" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule"}, {"question": "What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?", "answer": "related to the shielded proton magnetic moment \u03bc\u2032p, the spin number I (I = 1\u20442 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant."}, {"question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?", "answer": "the applied magnetic field B"}, {"question": "How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?", "answer": "there are two methods of measuring the value"}, {"question": "How do conversion factors compare in \"low-field\" and \"high-field\" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?", "answer": "the conversion factors are different in the two cases"}, {"question": "Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?", "answer": "Only the high-field value \u0393\u2032p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant"}, {"question": "Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?", "answer": "electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes"}, {"question": "What is the Faraday constant?", "answer": "the charge of one mole of electrons"}, {"question": "How is the Faraday constant determined?", "answer": "by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current."}, {"question": "How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?", "answer": "Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant."}, {"question": "How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?", "answer": "the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e"}, {"question": "What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?", "answer": "The X-ray crystal density method"}, {"question": "The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?", "answer": "the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance"}, {"question": "What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?", "answer": "Crystals of silicon"}, {"question": "How is unit cell volume calculated?", "answer": "from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220"}, {"question": "Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?", "answer": "the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used"}, {"question": "What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?", "answer": "the kilogram"}, {"question": "What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?", "answer": "cylinder"}, {"question": "What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?", "answer": "platinum\u2013iridium"}, {"question": "Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?", "answer": "in a vault just outside Paris"}, {"question": "Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?", "answer": "the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011"}, {"question": "Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?", "answer": "The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one"}, {"question": "The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?", "answer": "7050135639273999999\u2660135639274\u00d71042 Hz"}, {"question": "A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?", "answer": "6966662606895999999\u26606.62606896\u00d710\u221234 J\u22c5s"}, {"question": "What drives the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies?", "answer": "Public policy and political leadership"}, {"question": "Denmark has a committment to 100 percent renewable energy by what year?", "answer": "2050"}, {"question": "How many countries now have renewable energy policies?", "answer": "144"}, {"question": "How much was the total investment in renewable energy in 2012?", "answer": "$244 billion"}, {"question": "Why did the total investment in renewable energy go down in 2012?", "answer": "dramatically lower solar prices"}, {"question": "What  six were the top countries for investment in recent years?", "answer": "China, Germany, Spain, the United States, Italy, and Brazil"}, {"question": "Who has shown support for ambitious renewable energy goals?", "answer": "EU member countries"}, {"question": "What group polled the 27 EU member states in 2010?", "answer": "Eurobarometer"}, {"question": "The goal was to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent in what year?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?", "answer": "1,360 GW"}, {"question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?", "answer": "19 percent"}, {"question": "Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?", "answer": "22 percent"}, {"question": "Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?", "answer": "Achim Steiner"}, {"question": "Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?", "answer": "2004 through 2009"}, {"question": "Who is Achim Steiner?", "answer": "UN under-secretary general"}, {"question": "Which group projected that solar plant may produce most of the world's electricity within 50 years?", "answer": "International Energy Agency"}, {"question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet most of the world's demand for electricity by what year?", "answer": "2060"}, {"question": "Photovoltaic and solar-thermal plants may meet how much of the world's energy needs by 2060?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Who led the world in renewable energy production in 2013?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Since what year has production of solar cells in China expanded 100-fold?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is the main driver of reduced costs?", "answer": "market expansion"}, {"question": "What is getting cheaper as a result of technilogical change?", "answer": "Renewable energy technologies"}, {"question": "As of what year have there been substantial reductions in the cost of solar and wind technologies?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What group stated that \"cost reductions in critical technologies, such as wind and solar, are set to continue?\"", "answer": "IEA"}, {"question": "What is the most economic solution for new grid-connected capacity in areas with good resources?", "answer": "Renewable energy"}, {"question": "What happens as the scope of economically viable applications increases?", "answer": "the cost of renewable power falls"}, {"question": "What are now often the most economic solution for new generating capacity?", "answer": "Renewable technologies"}, {"question": "What is one problem with biomass?", "answer": "material directly combusted in cook stoves produces pollutants"}, {"question": "What can be economically competetive but may still require deployment support?", "answer": "First-generation biomass technologies"}, {"question": "What is a fully maturing technology which offer a ready disposal mechanismm?", "answer": "Biomass for heat and power"}, {"question": "What is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower?", "answer": "Hydroelectricity"}, {"question": "What is the most widely used form of renewable energy?", "answer": "Hydroelectricity"}, {"question": "Hydroelectricity accounts for what percentage of global electricity generation?", "answer": "Hydroelectricity"}, {"question": "Electricity production is expected to increase by what percentage each year for the next 25 years?", "answer": "3.1%"}, {"question": "Hydropower is produced in how many countries?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?", "answer": "3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour"}, {"question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 1975?", "answer": "1 GW"}, {"question": "What was the geothermal capacity in 2008?", "answer": "10 GW"}, {"question": "In the Phillipines, geothermal represented what percentage of the total power mix at the end of 2008?", "answer": "17 percent"}, {"question": "Where have the majority of photovoltaic power stations been built?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Where is the Agua Caliente Solar Project located?", "answer": "USA"}, {"question": "Where is Charanka Solar Park?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm currently under construction?", "answer": "Riverside County, California"}, {"question": "Where is Desert Sunlight Solar Farm?", "answer": "San Luis Obispo County, California"}, {"question": "Who is building The Califoria Valley Solar Ranch?", "answer": "SunPower"}, {"question": "Global wind power installations increased by how much in 2010?", "answer": "35,800 MW"}, {"question": "China has how much wind power installed?", "answer": "42,300 MW"}, {"question": "In Denmark, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "answer": "19%"}, {"question": "In Spain, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "answer": "9%"}, {"question": "In Germany, wind power accounts for what percentage of electricity generated?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "How is the wind industry in the USA able to produce more power at lower cost?", "answer": "by using taller wind turbines with longer blades"}, {"question": "How tall are new wind turbines that are being built in Indiana, Michigan and Ohio?", "answer": "300 feet to 400 feet above the ground"}, {"question": "Wind turbines in the USA can now compete with what type of fuel?", "answer": "conventional fossil fuels like coal"}, {"question": "Prices have fallen as low as what price?", "answer": "4 cents per kilowatt-hour"}, {"question": "Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?", "answer": "California's Mojave Desert"}, {"question": "What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?", "answer": "Ivanpah Solar Power Facility"}, {"question": "Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Nearly all gasoline sold in the U.S. is mixed with what percentage of ethanol?", "answer": "10 percent"}, {"question": "What act calls for 7.5 billion US gallons of biofuels to be used annually by 2012?", "answer": "The Energy Policy Act of 2005"}, {"question": "Name one company that sells flexible-fuel cars?", "answer": "GM"}, {"question": "What can be made from plant matter composed primarily of inedible celllose fibers thta form the stems and branches of most plants?", "answer": "Cellulosic ethanol"}, {"question": "What are potential sources of cellulosic biomass?", "answer": "Crop residues"}, {"question": "What is a promising cellulose source that can be sustainably produced in many regions?", "answer": "Dedicated energy crops"}, {"question": "As of 2008, geothermal power development was underway in more than how many countries?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What is one new technology attributed to the growth of geothermal power?", "answer": "Enhanced Geothermal Systems"}, {"question": "What is operational in the USA, Australia, Germany, France and The United Kingdom?", "answer": "Demonstration EGS projects"}, {"question": "The PV industry has seen drops in module prices since what year?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What is a sign that further price reductions are likely in coming years?", "answer": "technological advancements"}, {"question": "What cost is often regarded as marking the achievment of grid parity for PV?", "answer": "$1.00/W installed cost"}, {"question": "Why do utility operators often reject renewable resources?", "answer": "because they are trained to think only in terms of big, conventional power plants"}, {"question": "Why do consumers often ignore renewable power systems?", "answer": "because they are not given accurate price signals about electricity consumption"}, {"question": "Who argued that some of the problems facing renewable energy are more about culture and institutions than engineering and science?", "answer": "Benjamin K. Sovacool"}, {"question": "Lester Brown states that the market does not incorporate what?", "answer": "the indirect costs of providing goods or services into prices"}, {"question": "Who believes that the market does not value nature's service adequately?", "answer": "Lester Brown"}, {"question": "What can help over come the problems with the market?", "answer": "Tax and subsidy shifting"}, {"question": "What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?", "answer": "Tax shifting"}, {"question": "Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?", "answer": "environmental tax reform"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of tax shifting?", "answer": "to create a more responsive market"}, {"question": "Besides tax shifting, what is another need?", "answer": "subsidy shifting"}, {"question": "What was the result of publicly funded links among computers in government labs and reserach institutes?", "answer": "the Internet"}, {"question": "What helped create the modern wind power industry?", "answer": "federal tax deduction and a robust state tax deduction in California"}, {"question": "As of 2012, what accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity?", "answer": "renewable energy"}, {"question": "What involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years?", "answer": "Renewable energy commercialization"}, {"question": "Name one second-generation technology that is market ready.", "answer": "wind power"}, {"question": "What group advocates leveling the playing field?", "answer": "International Solar Energy Society"}, {"question": "How does the International Solar Energy Society propse to level the playing field?", "answer": "by redressing the continuing inequities in public subsidies of energy technologies and R&D"}, {"question": "What is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate?", "answer": "development of climate-benign energy sources"}, {"question": "What country is reducing its coal subsidy?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What country has been increasing its support for the fossil fuel and nuclear industries?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Some countries have phased out all subsidies for what substance?", "answer": "coal"}, {"question": "Setting national renewable energy targets can be an important part of what?", "answer": "renewable energy policy"}, {"question": "The European Union has prescribed an indicative renewable energy target of what percent?", "answer": "12 per cent of the total EU energy mix"}, {"question": "Name one outher country with defined national or regional target?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What determines the extent to which renewable energy is to be incorporated into a country's generation mix?", "answer": "Public policy"}, {"question": "Who has the authority to carry out a number of functions that havae implications for the feasiblity of renewable energy projects?", "answer": "Energy regulators"}, {"question": "Why have energy sector regulators become a key facilitator of renewable energy investments?", "answer": "Since policies are not self-implementing"}, {"question": "What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?", "answer": "liberalized electricity markets"}, {"question": "What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?", "answer": "RES Directive"}, {"question": "In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?", "answer": "Green-e program"}, {"question": "What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?", "answer": "Stern Review"}, {"question": "In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?", "answer": "climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices"}, {"question": "What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?", "answer": "New government spending, regulation, and policies"}, {"question": "What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?", "answer": "commercialization of clean energy"}, {"question": "Which company became invovled in a political controversy?", "answer": "Solyndra"}, {"question": "What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?", "answer": "Solyndra"}, {"question": "What plays a major role in the energy mix of many countries?", "answer": "renewable energy"}, {"question": "What is becoming increasingly economic in both developing and devloped countries?", "answer": "Renewables"}, {"question": "As of 2012, prices for what commodity continued to drop?", "answer": "renewable energy technologies"}, {"question": "Who is United Nations' Secretary-General?", "answer": "Ban Ki-moon"}, {"question": "Ban Ki-moon states that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity?", "answer": "renewable energy"}, {"question": "Who is chair of UN Energy?", "answer": "Kandeh Yumkella"}, {"question": "Who is chairman of Bank of America?", "answer": "Charles Holliday"}, {"question": "In 2012, solar electricity consumption increased by what percentage?", "answer": "58 percent"}, {"question": "Use of wind power in 2012 increased by what percentage?", "answer": "18.1 percent"}, {"question": "How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?", "answer": "$140.4 billion"}, {"question": "Analysts expect the market to triple by what year?", "answer": "2030"}, {"question": "In what year did investment in renewables exceed fossils?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?", "answer": "global warming"}, {"question": "How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?", "answer": "at least 30 nations"}, {"question": "Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?", "answer": "Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow"}, {"question": "Who is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University?", "answer": "Mark Z. Jacobson"}, {"question": "What is a barrier to implementing the renewable energy plan?", "answer": "social and political"}, {"question": "Who stated that energy costs with a wind, solar, water system should be similar to today's energy costs?", "answer": "Mark Z. Jacobson"}, {"question": "Jacobson says producing all new energy with wind power, solar power and hydropower is feasible by what year?", "answer": "2030"}, {"question": "Why is renewable energy an attractive option?", "answer": "can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand"}, {"question": "In what country is the National Research Council located?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Sufficient domestic reneewable resources exist for what reason?", "answer": "to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation"}, {"question": "For what is Palermo known?", "answer": "history, culture, architecture and gastronomy"}, {"question": "How old is the city of Palermo?", "answer": "2,700 years old"}, {"question": "On what island is Palermo located?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "In what year was Palermo founded?", "answer": "734 BC"}, {"question": "What name was Palermo originally founded as?", "answer": "Ziz"}, {"question": "What group of people founded Palermo?", "answer": "the Phoenicians"}, {"question": "What did the Greeks name Palermo?", "answer": "Panormus"}, {"question": "During which years was Palermo ruled by the Arabs?", "answer": "831 to 1072"}, {"question": "What types of churches attract tourists to Palermo?", "answer": "Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque"}, {"question": "Which town is Sicily's primary industrial and commercial center?", "answer": "Palermo"}, {"question": "What are Palermo's four main industrial sectors?", "answer": "tourism, services, commerce and agriculture"}, {"question": "What geographic form is Palermo surrounded by?", "answer": "mountains"}, {"question": "Which author desribed Monte Pelegrino as \"The most beautiful promontory in the world?\"", "answer": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,"}, {"question": "Which is the tallest mountain in Sicily?", "answer": "La Pizzuta"}, {"question": "Where is Monte Pellegrino in relation to other peaks?", "answer": "geographically separated from the rest of the range by a plain"}, {"question": "How can former rivers be recognised presently?", "answer": "the streets that were built on them follow their shapes"}, {"question": "What is the only remaining waterway in Palermo?", "answer": "Oreto river"}, {"question": "Which two former rivers in Palermo are currently building sites?", "answer": "Papireto river and the Kemonia"}, {"question": "What did Phoenicans name their settlement in 734BC?", "answer": "\"Ziz.\""}, {"question": "Besides Ziz, what other two major settlements belonged to the Phoenicians", "answer": "Motya and Soluntum"}, {"question": "Why cant artifacts from the Phoenicians be easily excavated?", "answer": "remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the road the Phoenicians used for trading?", "answer": "Corso Calatifimi"}, {"question": "Why was the first settlement named Paleapolis?", "answer": "in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis"}, {"question": "What were the walls of Neapolis meant to do?", "answer": "prevent attacks from foreign threats"}, {"question": "Which district was named for the walls surrounding it?", "answer": "Cassaro"}, {"question": "In which War did Greeks and Phoenicians fight over control of Sicily?", "answer": "Sicilian Wars"}, {"question": "Why did the Sicilian Wars end?", "answer": "Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War"}, {"question": "Who conquered Panormos and briefly turned it into a Greek colony?", "answer": "Pyrrhus of Epirus"}, {"question": "Why did the Greeks name Palermo Panormos?", "answer": "meaning \"all port\" due to the shape of its coast."}, {"question": "How had the Vandals earned their strong reputation?", "answer": "occupied all the Roman provinces in North Africa by 455"}, {"question": "Whom took control of the Vandal's territory after 488?", "answer": "Ostrogoths"}, {"question": "How was Theodoric different than the Germanic Goths?", "answer": "Theodoric supported Roman culture and government"}, {"question": "What name was the Eastern Roman Empire also known by?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "How long did Muslim control of Palermo last?", "answer": "120 years"}, {"question": "What did the Arabs introduce that continues to be relevant to Palermo's culture today?", "answer": "agricultural crops"}, {"question": "How were the indigenous Palermo population treated under Muslim rule?", "answer": "reduced into near slavery"}, {"question": "Who is considered a hero by natives for ending Muslim control of Palermo?", "answer": "Robert Guiscard"}, {"question": "What was the family name who returned Palermo to Christianity after reconquest in 1072?", "answer": "Hautevilles"}, {"question": "Where was the Kings Court held in the Kingdom of Sicily?", "answer": "Palazzo dei Normanni"}, {"question": "How did the Kingdom of Sicily compare monetarily with the other European staes?", "answer": "one of the wealthiest states in Europe"}, {"question": "What year did Sicily become ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?", "answer": "1194"}, {"question": "What happened to Muslims during Holy Roman rule?", "answer": "emigrated or were expelled"}, {"question": "What was Palermos population in 1330?", "answer": "51,000"}, {"question": "During what years did Austria rule Palermo?", "answer": "1720 and 1734"}, {"question": "After what treaty did Savoia gain control of Italy?", "answer": "Treaty of Utrecht (1713)"}, {"question": "For what event did Charles III choose Sicily as the location?", "answer": "his coronation"}, {"question": "Where did the Royal Court reside?", "answer": "Naples"}, {"question": "Where did the capital city move in 1817?", "answer": "Naples"}, {"question": "Whose son died on the way to Palermo and is buried there?", "answer": "Charles III"}, {"question": "Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?", "answer": "Giuseppe La Masa"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of Palermo?", "answer": "Ruggero Settimo"}, {"question": "Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?", "answer": "The Bourbons"}, {"question": "Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?", "answer": "Kingdom of Italy"}, {"question": "Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?", "answer": "anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo"}, {"question": "Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?", "answer": "Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio"}, {"question": "In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?", "answer": "Art Nouveau"}, {"question": "Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?", "answer": "Teatro Massimo"}, {"question": "To what does the term \"Sack of Palermo\" refer?", "answer": "speculative building practices that have filled the city with poor buildings"}, {"question": "Why did Palermo substancially grow in size?", "answer": "reduced importance of agriculture in the Sicilian economy has led to a massive migration to the cities"}, {"question": "What did Palermo expansion lack?", "answer": "t parks, schools, public buildings, proper roads and the other amenities that characterise a modern city"}, {"question": "What is Palermo's climate classification?", "answer": "hot-summer Mediterranean climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Csa)."}, {"question": "How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?", "answer": "one of the warmest cities in Europe"}, {"question": "How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "How much sun does Palermo see each year?", "answer": "2,530 hours"}, {"question": "Where does the first of Palermo's circuits suround?", "answer": "ancient core of the punic City - the so-called Palaeopolis (in the area east of Porta Nuova) and the Neopolis"}, {"question": "What was the name of the primary east-west road within the walls of Palaeopolis?", "answer": "Via Vittorio Emanuele"}, {"question": "On what road was the eastern edge of the walled city?", "answer": "Via Roma"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of Castello a Mare?", "answer": "to protect the port at La Cala"}, {"question": "What was used to block passage through the La Cala port?", "answer": "A huge chain"}, {"question": "During which historical period was the wall circuit expanded?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What is a heliometer?", "answer": "solar \"observatory\""}, {"question": "What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?", "answer": "la Meridiana"}, {"question": "Which direction does la Meridiana run?", "answer": "precisely N/S"}, {"question": "What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?", "answer": "the sun"}, {"question": "How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?", "answer": "1.2 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?", "answer": "52.6%"}, {"question": "What is the average age of a Palermo resident?", "answer": "40.4"}, {"question": "Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?", "answer": "population flight to the suburbs"}, {"question": "On what does Palermo's economy rely?", "answer": "tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture"}, {"question": "Palermo is the home of what mafia?", "answer": "the Sicilian Mafia"}, {"question": "Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?", "answer": "gone down dramatically"}, {"question": "What negative qualities does Palermo carry?", "answer": "high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire"}, {"question": "Which port is Sicily's primary port?", "answer": "The port of Palermo"}, {"question": "How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?", "answer": "2 million"}, {"question": "How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?", "answer": "2 million"}, {"question": "For what is the \"tourist marina\" dedicated?", "answer": "sailing yachts and catamarans"}, {"question": "What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?", "answer": "Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis"}, {"question": "Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?", "answer": "Santa Rosalia"}, {"question": "When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?", "answer": "14 July"}, {"question": "Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?", "answer": "Santa Rosalia"}, {"question": "What is The Festino?", "answer": "procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia"}, {"question": "What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?", "answer": "chlorophyll"}, {"question": "For what do some animals use the color green?", "answer": "camouflage"}, {"question": "What chemical causes emeralds to be green?", "answer": "chromium"}, {"question": "From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?", "answer": "grene"}, {"question": "What is green a symbol of in China?", "answer": "fertility and happiness"}, {"question": "In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?", "answer": "she is not from a noble family"}, {"question": "What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?", "answer": "lush vegetation of Paradise"}, {"question": "Why is green the color of the environmental movement?", "answer": "its association with nature"}, {"question": "Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for what?", "answer": "fresh, sprouting vegetation"}, {"question": "How were the terms for \"green\" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?", "answer": "independently"}, {"question": "Which language has a word for \"green\" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for \"meadow\"?", "answer": "Turkic"}, {"question": "How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?", "answer": "xanh"}, {"question": "What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?", "answer": "the same colors that other countries have"}, {"question": "In which language does the word for \"green\" also mean \"rank\" and \"smelly\"?", "answer": "Thai"}, {"question": "In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?", "answer": "520\u2013570 nm"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word \"orange\"?", "answer": "the name of a fruit"}, {"question": "In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?", "answer": "subtractive"}, {"question": "In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?", "answer": "RGB"}, {"question": "What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?", "answer": "magenta"}, {"question": "What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?", "answer": "A unique green"}, {"question": "At what wavelength is green on computer displays?", "answer": "~550 nm"}, {"question": "What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?", "answer": "additive"}, {"question": "Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?", "answer": "532 nm"}, {"question": "What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?", "answer": "diode pumped solid state"}, {"question": "What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?", "answer": "501 nm to 543 nm"}, {"question": "What do pigments do with the color green?", "answer": "reflect"}, {"question": "What are green paints and dyes usually made of?", "answer": "minerals"}, {"question": "What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?", "answer": "chromium"}, {"question": "What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?", "answer": "Copper"}, {"question": "What is the source of amazonite's color?", "answer": "small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar"}, {"question": "What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?", "answer": "Verdigris"}, {"question": "Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?", "answer": "Pliny"}, {"question": "In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?", "answer": "Pompeii"}, {"question": "What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?", "answer": "ruin"}, {"question": "Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?", "answer": "Leonardo da Vinci"}, {"question": "Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?", "answer": "Green S (E142)"}, {"question": "What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?", "answer": "Quinoline Yellow"}, {"question": "What is the most common green chemical found in nature?", "answer": "Chlorophyll"}, {"question": "How do fireworks create green sparks?", "answer": "barium salts"}, {"question": "Which copper salt can produce green glames?", "answer": "cupric chloride"}, {"question": "What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?", "answer": "75:25"}, {"question": "Why are many plants green?", "answer": "chlorophyll"}, {"question": "What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?", "answer": "absorbs"}, {"question": "Where did chlorophyll first arise?", "answer": "organisms living in oceans"}, {"question": "How do animals typically use the color green?", "answer": "camouflage"}, {"question": "Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?", "answer": "reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment"}, {"question": "What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?", "answer": "Turacoverdin"}, {"question": "What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?", "answer": "ceruloplasmin"}, {"question": "What is the green pigment in bile called?", "answer": "biliverdin"}, {"question": "What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?", "answer": "an optical illusion"}, {"question": "Where are green eyes most common?", "answer": "Northern and Central Europe"}, {"question": "Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?", "answer": "malachite"}, {"question": "How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?", "answer": "saffron"}, {"question": "What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?", "answer": "a growing papyrus sprout"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?", "answer": "Osiris"}, {"question": "Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?", "answer": "to protect them from evil"}, {"question": "Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?", "answer": "Democritus"}, {"question": "Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?", "answer": "verdigris"}, {"question": "How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?", "answer": "they rapidly faded or changed color"}, {"question": "When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "What was known as yellow-weed?", "answer": "reseda luteola"}, {"question": "When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?", "answer": "18th and 19th century"}, {"question": "Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?", "answer": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}, {"question": "Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?", "answer": "Goethe"}, {"question": "When did the systematic study of color theory begin?", "answer": "late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "Who painted The Night Cafe?", "answer": "Vincent van Gogh"}, {"question": "What type of colors are red and green?", "answer": "complementary"}, {"question": "When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When was the first traffic light erected?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?", "answer": "Salt Lake City, Utah"}, {"question": "Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?", "answer": "high visibility"}, {"question": "What was absinthe known as?", "answer": "the green fairy"}, {"question": "Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?", "answer": "copper or arsenic"}, {"question": "What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?", "answer": "Libya"}, {"question": "What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?", "answer": "country's lush vegetation"}, {"question": "What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?", "answer": "steadiness and tolerance"}, {"question": "Which color is considered sacred in Islam?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What is the largest green party in Europe?", "answer": "Alliance '90/The Greens"}, {"question": "Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?", "answer": "environmentalism"}, {"question": "When was the German green party founded in West Germany?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?", "answer": "Pentecost"}, {"question": "What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?", "answer": "evergreens"}, {"question": "What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?", "answer": "green holly and evergreen"}, {"question": "What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "What is the symbol for Zinc?", "answer": "Zn"}, {"question": "What is the atomic number for Zinc?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What is zinc chemically close to?", "answer": "magnesium"}, {"question": "What is the oxidation state for zinc?", "answer": "+2"}, {"question": "How many stable isotopes does zinc have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the symbol for zinc?", "answer": "Zn"}, {"question": "What is zinc's atomic number?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?", "answer": "magnesium"}, {"question": "What is the most common zinc ore?", "answer": "sphalerite"}, {"question": "What is used to extract zinc during the production process?", "answer": "electricity"}, {"question": "What two metals are mixed to create Brass?", "answer": "copper and zinc"}, {"question": "When was brass first used?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "When was zinc introduced to Europe?", "answer": "end of the 16th century"}, {"question": "Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?", "answer": "Zawar"}, {"question": "Brass is an alloy of what two elements?", "answer": "copper and zinc"}, {"question": "The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?", "answer": "Judea"}, {"question": "We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?", "answer": "Rajasthan"}, {"question": "What early process was used to make zinc?", "answer": "distillation process"}, {"question": "What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?", "answer": "\"philosopher's wool\" or \"white snow\""}, {"question": "Who named the element zinc?", "answer": "Paracelsus"}, {"question": "What was zinc named after?", "answer": "Zinke"}, {"question": "Who is credited with discovering zinc?", "answer": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf"}, {"question": "What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?", "answer": "Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta"}, {"question": "Where can you find zinc chloride?", "answer": "deodorants"}, {"question": "Who is credited as giving zinc its name?", "answer": "Paracelsus"}, {"question": "What does the name zinc or zinke mean?", "answer": "(prong, tooth)"}, {"question": "Who discovered pure metallic zinc?", "answer": "Andreas Sigismund Marggraf"}, {"question": "What is the most common use for zinc?", "answer": "(hot-dip galvanizing"}, {"question": "What is a common use for zinc chloride?", "answer": "deodorants"}, {"question": "How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?", "answer": "two billion"}, {"question": "What can consumption of excess zinc cause?", "answer": "ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency"}, {"question": "Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?", "answer": "biochemistry,"}, {"question": "What can a lack of zinc cause in children?", "answer": "growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea"}, {"question": "What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?", "answer": "Zinc"}, {"question": "What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?", "answer": "Zinc deficiency"}, {"question": "In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?", "answer": "alcohol dehydrogenase"}, {"question": "What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?", "answer": "excess zinc"}, {"question": "What color is zinc?", "answer": "bluish-white"}, {"question": "Is iron more dense than zinc?", "answer": "It is somewhat less dense than iron"}, {"question": "At what temperature does the metal become malleable?", "answer": "100 and 150 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "At what temperature to zinc become brittle?", "answer": "210 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is the boiling point of zinc?", "answer": "907 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?", "answer": "bluish-white"}, {"question": "What is the crystalline structure of sync?", "answer": "hexagonal"}, {"question": "What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?", "answer": "becomes malleable"}, {"question": "At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?", "answer": "210 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?", "answer": "Several dozen"}, {"question": "What is the longest half life of the isotopes?", "answer": "243.66"}, {"question": "What does the superscript m represent?", "answer": "metastable isotope"}, {"question": "How many excited states does 61Zn have? ", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many excited states does 73Zn have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the most long lived radio isotope?", "answer": "65Zn"}, {"question": "What is the half life of 72Zn?", "answer": "46.5 hours"}, {"question": "How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What does the superscript \"m\" indicate?", "answer": "metastable isotope"}, {"question": "What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?", "answer": "emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray"}, {"question": "What oxidation state dominates zinc?", "answer": "+2"}, {"question": "What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?", "answer": "The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?", "answer": "+1 or +2"}, {"question": "What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?", "answer": "+2"}, {"question": "What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?", "answer": "+1 or +2"}, {"question": "Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?", "answer": "diamagnetic and mostly colorless."}, {"question": "The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?", "answer": "zinc and magnesium"}, {"question": "What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?", "answer": "ionic radius"}, {"question": "Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?", "answer": "N- and S-"}, {"question": "What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?", "answer": "bulky ligands"}, {"question": "What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?", "answer": "[Zn2]2+"}, {"question": "What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?", "answer": "diamagnetic nature of the ion"}, {"question": "When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?", "answer": "yellow glass"}, {"question": "What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?", "answer": "noble gases"}, {"question": "ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?", "answer": "strong basic and acidic solutions"}, {"question": "What applications do chalcogenides have?", "answer": "electronics and optics."}, {"question": "Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?", "answer": "zincates"}, {"question": "Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?", "answer": "The Charaka Samhita"}, {"question": "Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?", "answer": "Mauryan period"}, {"question": "What process occurred around the 12th century?", "answer": "smelting of metallic zinc"}, {"question": "When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?", "answer": "13th century AD,"}, {"question": "What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?", "answer": "metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes"}, {"question": "Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?", "answer": "Paracelsus"}, {"question": "Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?", "answer": "metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance"}, {"question": "Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?", "answer": "imply \"tin-like\""}, {"question": "What are some of the other terms for zinc?", "answer": "Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter."}, {"question": "Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?", "answer": "William Champion's brother, John,"}, {"question": "Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?", "answer": "calamine"}, {"question": "Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?", "answer": "Johann Christian Ruberg"}, {"question": "What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?", "answer": "animal electricity"}, {"question": "The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?", "answer": "electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection."}, {"question": "What is used to produce the metal zinc?", "answer": "extractive metallurgy."}, {"question": "What is froth flotation used for?", "answer": "get an ore concentrate"}, {"question": "What is the first step in zinc metal production?", "answer": "grinding the ore"}, {"question": "What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?", "answer": "The production for sulfidic zinc ores"}, {"question": "Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?", "answer": "heavy metals"}, {"question": "Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?", "answer": "mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium"}, {"question": "What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?", "answer": "20 to 1"}, {"question": "What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?", "answer": "iron or steel"}, {"question": "What forms as zinc corrodes?", "answer": "protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate"}, {"question": "How is zinc applied?", "answer": "electrochemically or as molten zinc"}, {"question": "What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?", "answer": "Galvanization"}, {"question": "What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?", "answer": "relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation"}, {"question": "Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?", "answer": "cathodic protection"}, {"question": "What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?", "answer": "protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion"}, {"question": "Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?", "answer": "will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked"}, {"question": "What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?", "answer": "lead/tin alloy"}, {"question": "Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?", "answer": "machine bearings"}, {"question": "Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?", "answer": "one cent coins"}, {"question": "What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?", "answer": "thin layer of copper"}, {"question": "Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?", "answer": "spin casting"}, {"question": "Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?", "answer": "Zamak"}, {"question": "What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?", "answer": "small and intricate shapes"}, {"question": "What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?", "answer": "Prestal"}, {"question": "What is used to mold Prestal?", "answer": "die casts made of ceramics and cement."}, {"question": "What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?", "answer": "cold-rolled into sheets"}, {"question": "What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?", "answer": "stamping dies"}, {"question": "Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?", "answer": "too expensive"}, {"question": "Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?", "answer": "too brittle"}, {"question": "In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?", "answer": "zinc compounds"}, {"question": "What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?", "answer": "Zinc oxide"}, {"question": "What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?", "answer": "Zinc oxide"}, {"question": "Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?", "answer": "semiconductor"}, {"question": "What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?", "answer": "thermochemical"}, {"question": "What is added to wood in order to preserve it?", "answer": "Zinc chloride"}, {"question": "What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?", "answer": "luminescent pigments"}, {"question": "What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?", "answer": "mid-infrared"}, {"question": "Where is zinc pyrithion used?", "answer": "antifouling paints."}, {"question": "What is the most abundant zinc isotope?", "answer": "64Zn"}, {"question": "What does 65Zn produce?", "answer": "intense gamma radiation"}, {"question": "Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?", "answer": "anti-corrosion agent"}, {"question": "What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?", "answer": "65Zn"}, {"question": "What consumable product is zinc included in?", "answer": "vitamin and mineral supplements"}, {"question": "What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?", "answer": "antioxidant"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of zinc after injury?", "answer": "speed up the healing"}, {"question": "What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?", "answer": "prostate"}, {"question": "What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?", "answer": "chemotherapeutic"}, {"question": "What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?", "answer": "prostate cancer"}, {"question": "Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?", "answer": "prostate."}, {"question": "What does organozinc chemisty describe?", "answer": "physical properties, synthesis and reactions."}, {"question": "What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?", "answer": "The Barbier reaction"}, {"question": "When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?", "answer": "presence of just about any water"}, {"question": "What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?", "answer": "Commercially available diorganozinc compounds"}, {"question": "What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?", "answer": "structural"}, {"question": "What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?", "answer": "transcription factors,"}, {"question": "How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What does the transcription factor wrap around?", "answer": "DNA helix"}, {"question": "What is the most common supplement in the US?", "answer": "zinc oxide"}, {"question": "Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?", "answer": "nearly insoluble"}, {"question": "What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?", "answer": "20 mg/day"}, {"question": "What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?", "answer": "40 mg/day"}, {"question": "Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?", "answer": "cereals"}, {"question": "In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?", "answer": "maize tortillas"}, {"question": "What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?", "answer": "zinc picolinate"}, {"question": "What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?", "answer": "zinc glycinate"}, {"question": "Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?", "answer": "mild zinc deficiency"}, {"question": "What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?", "answer": "depresses immunity"}, {"question": "What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?", "answer": "twice as much food"}, {"question": "What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?", "answer": "plant sources"}, {"question": "What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?", "answer": "phytates"}, {"question": "Where is zinc chelator phytate found?", "answer": "seeds and cereal bran,"}, {"question": "What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?", "answer": "diet is high in phytates,"}, {"question": "What are two billion people in the world deficient in?", "answer": "zinc"}, {"question": "800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?", "answer": "deficient in zinc"}, {"question": "What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?", "answer": "zinc supplementation"}, {"question": "Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?", "answer": "zinc interacts with other micronutrients."}, {"question": "In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?", "answer": "high-pH soils"}, {"question": "Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?", "answer": "disease."}, {"question": "Excess zinc has what effect on plants?", "answer": "toxic"}, {"question": "How is zinc primarily added to soil?", "answer": "weathering of rocks"}, {"question": "What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?", "answer": "urinary"}, {"question": "Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?", "answer": "ability of plants to absorb other essential metals"}, {"question": "What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?", "answer": "zinc shakes or \"zinc chills\""}, {"question": "People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?", "answer": "denture cream"}, {"question": "What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?", "answer": "nerve receptors"}, {"question": "Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?", "answer": "polio infections"}, {"question": "What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?", "answer": "zinc-based intranasal cold products"}, {"question": "What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?", "answer": "antimicrobial zinc pyrithione"}, {"question": "What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?", "answer": "pennies"}, {"question": "What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?", "answer": "zinc toxicosis"}, {"question": "Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?", "answer": "ataxia"}, {"question": "Why have people reported zinc intoxication?", "answer": "ingestion of zinc coins"}, {"question": "What are dogs known to ingest?", "answer": "Pennies"}, {"question": "What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?", "answer": "zinc toxicity"}, {"question": "In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?", "answer": "parrots"}, {"question": "What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?", "answer": "juices stored in galvanized cans"}, {"question": "Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?", "answer": "\u00c9tienne-Louis Boull\u00e9e and Claude Nicolas Ledoux"}, {"question": "What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?", "answer": "eternality"}, {"question": "What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?", "answer": "sublime"}, {"question": "What concept did Ledoux address?", "answer": "architectural character"}, {"question": "As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?", "answer": "building should immediately communicate its function"}, {"question": "What century were most four influential books published?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?", "answer": "Colen Campbell"}, {"question": "In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?", "answer": "18th-century"}, {"question": "When was \"The Designs of Inigo Jones\" book published?", "answer": "1727"}, {"question": "Who was the \"architect earl\"?", "answer": "Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington"}, {"question": "When was Chiswick House designed?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?", "answer": "Palladio's Villa Capra"}, {"question": "What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?", "answer": "Holkham Hall"}, {"question": "What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?", "answer": "Ancient Greece"}, {"question": "What englishman excavated pompeii?", "answer": "Sir William Hamilton"}, {"question": "In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?", "answer": "Sweden and Russia."}, {"question": "When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?", "answer": "Napoleonic Empire"}, {"question": "What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?", "answer": "Louis XVI style"}, {"question": "What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?", "answer": "\"Directoire\" or Empire"}, {"question": "Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?", "answer": "The Rococo style"}, {"question": "What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?", "answer": "Pompeii and Herculaneum."}, {"question": "What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?", "answer": "Le Antichit\u00e0 di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum)."}, {"question": "What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?", "answer": "pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts"}, {"question": "What were William Kent's interior designs based from?", "answer": "basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in"}, {"question": "What were interiors seeking to recreate?", "answer": "authentically Roman"}, {"question": "What colors were utilized for interiors?", "answer": "\"Pompeiian red\" or pale tints, or stone colours"}, {"question": "Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?", "answer": "Marie Antoinette"}, {"question": "What types of techniques were used to style motifs?", "answer": "flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones"}, {"question": "What were styles in France initially?", "answer": "Parisian"}, {"question": "Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?", "answer": "Robert and James Adam"}, {"question": "Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?", "answer": "Italy and Dalmatia"}, {"question": "What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?", "answer": "The Works in Architecture"}, {"question": "During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?", "answer": "rococo and baroque styles"}, {"question": "This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?", "answer": "lighter and more elegant feel"}, {"question": "From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?", "answer": "Greek architectural"}, {"question": "What was this new phase of neoclassicism?", "answer": "Greek Revival"}, {"question": "Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?", "answer": "James Stuart and Nicholas Revett"}, {"question": "What was the first Greek building in England?", "answer": "garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758\u201359)"}, {"question": "Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?", "answer": "William Wilkins"}, {"question": "What monument was created in 1818?", "answer": "Burns Monument at Alloway"}, {"question": "When was the General Post Office built?", "answer": "1824\u201329"}, {"question": "In what year was the British Museum built?", "answer": "1823\u201348"}, {"question": "When was the National Gallery constructed?", "answer": "1832\u201338"}, {"question": "How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?", "answer": "more grandiose"}, {"question": "What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?", "answer": "Napoleon I"}, {"question": "What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?", "answer": "Regency"}, {"question": "In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?", "answer": "Federal style"}, {"question": "What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?", "answer": "Late Baroque architecture"}, {"question": "What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?", "answer": "planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes"}, {"question": "In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?", "answer": "isolated rather than interpenetrating"}, {"question": "How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?", "answer": "international movement"}, {"question": "What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?", "answer": "ancient Romans"}, {"question": "What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?", "answer": "grid system"}, {"question": "What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?", "answer": "very logical and orderly"}, {"question": "What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?", "answer": "Ancient Greco-Roman ideal"}, {"question": "What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?", "answer": "Palmyra and Baalbec"}, {"question": "Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?", "answer": "James 'Athenian' Stuart"}, {"question": "What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?", "answer": "Adam Brothers"}, {"question": "What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?", "answer": "Albert Richardson"}, {"question": "In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?", "answer": "interwar period"}, {"question": "Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?", "answer": "New Delhi"}, {"question": "What new design was trending after neoclassical?", "answer": "Gothic Revival"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?", "answer": "Louis XVI style"}, {"question": "France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?", "answer": "Directoire and \"Empire\""}, {"question": "What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?", "answer": "Robert Adam"}, {"question": "Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?", "answer": "Sir John Soane"}, {"question": "Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?", "answer": "Marie Antoinette"}, {"question": "What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?", "answer": "Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773\u201380"}, {"question": "How concerned was France with Greek architecture?", "answer": "Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French"}, {"question": "Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?", "answer": "Laboustre"}, {"question": "In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?", "answer": "second Empire"}, {"question": "In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?", "answer": "V\u00e1c"}, {"question": "What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?", "answer": "Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval"}, {"question": "Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?", "answer": "Charles Moreau"}, {"question": "Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?", "answer": "J\u00f3zsef Hild"}, {"question": "When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?", "answer": "late 18th century"}, {"question": "What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?", "answer": "Hospitaller"}, {"question": "When was RNH Bighi built?", "answer": "1832"}, {"question": "In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? ", "answer": "1844"}, {"question": "In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?", "answer": "New Classical Architecture"}, {"question": "What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?", "answer": "Traditional Architecture"}, {"question": "What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?", "answer": "The Driehaus Architecture Prize"}, {"question": "What is another name for New Classical Architecture?", "answer": "Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism"}, {"question": "When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?", "answer": "roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s"}, {"question": "What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?", "answer": "New Urbanism"}, {"question": "Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?", "answer": "ironic"}, {"question": "What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?", "answer": "Thomas Gordon Smith"}, {"question": "Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?", "answer": "Prince Charles"}, {"question": "What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?", "answer": "Qatari Royal family"}, {"question": "What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?", "answer": "Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College"}, {"question": "What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?", "answer": "ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library"}, {"question": "Is neoclassical design current in Britain?", "answer": "a number of architects are active in the neoclassical"}, {"question": "What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?", "answer": "\"Slavic\", \"Illyrian\", or according to region, \"Bosnian\", \"Serbian\" and \"Croatian\""}, {"question": "What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?", "answer": "expansion of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? ", "answer": "population migrations"}, {"question": "What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?", "answer": "Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian"}, {"question": "Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?", "answer": "Serbo-Croatian"}, {"question": "What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?", "answer": "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac"}, {"question": "How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?", "answer": "twenty-five"}, {"question": "From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?", "answer": "Common Slavic"}, {"question": "Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?", "answer": "Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin"}, {"question": "Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?", "answer": "independently"}, {"question": "What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?", "answer": "\"Illyric\", \"Slavic\", \"Slavonian\", \"Bosnian\", \"Dalmatian\", \"Serbian\" or \"Croatian\""}, {"question": "Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?", "answer": "Jacob Grimm"}, {"question": "For what reason is the term \"Serbo-Croatian\" controversial today?", "answer": "prejudice that nation and language must match"}, {"question": "Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?", "answer": "Shtokavian"}, {"question": "Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?", "answer": "most widespread dialect"}, {"question": "What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?", "answer": "Vienna Literary Agreement"}, {"question": "After whose death in 1907 was the \"Bosnian\" name changed to \"Serbo-Creation\"?", "answer": "administrator von K\u00e1llay"}, {"question": "What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?", "answer": "pravopis"}, {"question": "Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?", "answer": "Serbo-Croatian"}, {"question": "Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?", "answer": "Serbian"}, {"question": "What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?", "answer": "masculine, feminine, and neuter"}, {"question": "Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?", "answer": "in front of the noun they modify"}, {"question": "Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?", "answer": "one [jedan]"}, {"question": "What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?", "answer": "\"Neoshtokavian retraction\""}, {"question": "Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?", "answer": "Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian"}, {"question": "Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?", "answer": "Comparative and historical linguistics"}, {"question": "Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?", "answer": "Latin and Cyrillic"}, {"question": "Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is a dialect continuum?", "answer": "each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance."}, {"question": "What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?", "answer": "migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans"}, {"question": "Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?", "answer": "urbanization and wars"}, {"question": "Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?", "answer": "\u0160tokavian"}, {"question": "What is morphology to a language?", "answer": "tense system"}, {"question": "What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?", "answer": "migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans"}, {"question": "How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?", "answer": "Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina."}, {"question": "Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?", "answer": "Daniel Bun\u010di\u0107"}, {"question": "Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?", "answer": "Enisa Kafadar"}, {"question": "Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?", "answer": "majority"}, {"question": "Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the \"longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?\"", "answer": "Igor Mandi\u0107"}, {"question": "Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?", "answer": "Croatian linguist Snje\u017eana Kordi\u0107"}, {"question": "Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?", "answer": "Italian or Slavic"}, {"question": "Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?", "answer": "Old Croatian"}, {"question": "Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?", "answer": "two languages were not distinguished by most speakers"}, {"question": "To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?", "answer": "Catholic Christendom"}, {"question": "After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?", "answer": "Croatian"}, {"question": "Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?", "answer": "Macedonian or Greek"}, {"question": "What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?", "answer": "Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)"}, {"question": "For what was \"Evangel from Reims\" named?", "answer": "the town of its final destination"}, {"question": "In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?", "answer": "(1483)"}, {"question": "Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?", "answer": "Novi Sad Agreement"}, {"question": "On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?", "answer": "equal status"}, {"question": "Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?", "answer": "Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska"}, {"question": "Which tense indicates that an action hasn't finished?", "answer": "imperfective"}, {"question": "Which two states do Shtokavian verbs have?", "answer": "perfective or imperfective"}, {"question": "When is the perspective aspect of a verb used?", "answer": "action was completed, instantaneous, or of limited duration"}, {"question": "To what did the ending -ei evolve into in Ijekavian Neostokavian?", "answer": "-io"}, {"question": "What is the western equivalent of the prefix \"pre\"?", "answer": "prije"}, {"question": "Why did pre or prije develop rather than the symboled \"pre\"?", "answer": "due to potential ambiguity with pri"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of \"pri\"?", "answer": "approach, come close to"}, {"question": "All Slavic vernaculars were called what among Romans?", "answer": "(Illyrian)"}, {"question": "Who is considered the most competent Serbian scientist on language?", "answer": "Milan Re\u0161etar"}, {"question": "Where was Milan Resetar born?", "answer": "Dubrovnik"}, {"question": "Which language does Milan Resetar state that Dubrovnik derived from?", "answer": "Serbian"}, {"question": "What opinions do Croatian Nationalists have on the language issue?", "answer": "they speak an entirely separate language from Serbs and Bosnians"}, {"question": "Which language did Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic prefer?", "answer": "Neo\u0161tokavian-Ijekavian"}, {"question": "Where is the Neostokavian-Ijekavian language predominantely spoken?", "answer": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"question": "How do Serbian nationalists feel about the Croatians using their language?", "answer": "Croats have \"taken\" or \"stolen\" their language"}, {"question": "In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?", "answer": "Vojvodina"}, {"question": "To what should the language be referred to instead of \"Bosnian\"?", "answer": "\"Bosniak\" (bo\u0161nja\u010dki)"}, {"question": "In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?", "answer": "1st and 2nd"}, {"question": "Was CBC one of the first or last stations to adopt a 24 hour schedule?", "answer": "last"}, {"question": "When did stations previously sign off the air?", "answer": "early morning hours (typically from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m.)"}, {"question": "What did private stations air when programming was not ticketed?", "answer": "infomercials"}, {"question": "What does CBC use unallotted airtime for?", "answer": "local news, primetime series, movies and other programming from the CBC library"}, {"question": "Which French station has refused to adopt a 24 hour schedule?", "answer": "Ici Radio-Canada T\u00e9l\u00e9"}, {"question": "In what year did the network end American programming?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Which recent (2007-2008) shows helped the network regain popularity?", "answer": "Little Mosque on the Prairie and The Border"}, {"question": "What foreign programming is shown on the CBC after 1998?", "answer": "a handful of British programs, and a few American movies and off-network repeats"}, {"question": "Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?", "answer": "Rogers Communications"}, {"question": "Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?", "answer": "a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers"}, {"question": "Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?", "answer": "on CBC-owned stations"}, {"question": "What did the 11pm broadcast of The National omit?", "answer": "analysis and documentary segment"}, {"question": "Which title is CBC's flagship newscast?", "answer": "The National"}, {"question": "When did CBC discontinue its late-night broadcast of The National?", "answer": "October 2006"}, {"question": "During hockey season, when does the late night news update occur?", "answer": "during the first intermission of the second game of the doubleheader on Hockey Night in Canada"}, {"question": "What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?", "answer": "from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m."}, {"question": "When do most other stations view their local newscasts?", "answer": "weekend evenings"}, {"question": "When does CBC News Now air?", "answer": "weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon"}, {"question": "What year did HNIC begin being broadcasted on CBC?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What did CBC air during the NHL lockout?", "answer": "various recent and classic movies"}, {"question": "What did CBC call it's movie showings during the NHL Lockout?", "answer": "Movie Night in Canada"}, {"question": "On what nights does CBC generally reserve broadcasting for hockey?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "CBC was eclusive carrier of what other sport during the 2004-2005 season?", "answer": "Curling"}, {"question": "What is CBC Country Canada now called?", "answer": "Cottage Life Television"}, {"question": "Who became the new exclusive carrier of curling broadcasts during the 2008-2009 season?", "answer": "TSN"}, {"question": "On what day was it announced CBC had lost exclusve rights to curling broadcasting?", "answer": "June 15, 2006"}, {"question": "Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?", "answer": "The One"}, {"question": "Why did CBC move The National in some areas?", "answer": "to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer"}, {"question": "For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?", "answer": "to attract a younger audience to the network"}, {"question": "What year did the CBC begin contributing funds to the show Doctor Who?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "When did CBC end its Doctor Who contributions?", "answer": "the end of fourth season, broadcast in 2008"}, {"question": "Which Doctor Who spinoff did CBC contribute to?", "answer": "Torchwood"}, {"question": "Which Australian series has CBC taken interest in?", "answer": "Janet King and Love Child, and the comedy-drama series Please Like Me"}, {"question": "What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?", "answer": "Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)"}, {"question": "Where is CBC available for free?", "answer": "over-the-air"}, {"question": "What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?", "answer": "a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner"}, {"question": "What station does not identify itself by its call letters?", "answer": "Toronto's CBLT"}, {"question": "Who owns and operates most of the CBC television stations?", "answer": "CBC itself"}, {"question": "What are the first two letters of nearly all CBC stations?", "answer": "\"CB\""}, {"question": "What is the last letter of nearly all CBC stations?", "answer": "\"T\""}, {"question": "Which stations break convention and begin with \"CF\" instead of \"CB\"?", "answer": "CBC North"}, {"question": "What are private affiliates?", "answer": "stations which are owned by commercial broadcasters but predominantly incorporate CBC programming within their schedules"}, {"question": "Minimally, how many hours are devoted weekly to network programming in CBC's private affiliates?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "Which broadcast do affiliates generally carry?", "answer": "10 p.m"}, {"question": "Which CBC affiliate joined E! in February 2006?", "answer": "CHBC-TV in Kelowna"}, {"question": "Which affiliate left CBC due to an agreement with CHBC?", "answer": "CFJC-TV in Kamloops"}, {"question": "What two affiliates joined E! in late August, 2008 after which transmitters were not replaced?", "answer": "CKPG-TV Prince George and CHAT-TV Medicine Hat"}, {"question": "CJFC, CHAT, and CKPG are owned by whom?", "answer": "Jim Pattison Group"}, {"question": "What was Canada's date for the switch between analog and digital transmission?", "answer": "August 31, 2011"}, {"question": "What did CBC announce on August 31, 2011?", "answer": "it will not extend its association with any of its private affiliates"}, {"question": "In March 2011, CBC and CKPR agreed to continue working together for how many additional years?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who purchased CFTK and CJDC in March 2012?", "answer": "Bell Media"}, {"question": "When did CBC shut down its analogue transmitter?", "answer": "September 2010"}, {"question": "Which CBC location has a lapsed area of coverage after 2010?", "answer": "South-Western Ontario"}, {"question": "Which US city can receive broadcasts from CBC's London transmitter?", "answer": "Ashtabula, Ohio"}, {"question": "Why is CBC's coverage preferable to other networks in the US?", "answer": "more complete and consistent"}, {"question": "Did CBC air more or less live Olympic events than NBC?", "answer": "more"}, {"question": "Why was NBC criticized over its Olympic coverage?", "answer": "tape delaying events to air in primetime"}, {"question": "What was the deadline for converstion to digital transmission from analogue?", "answer": "August 31, 2011"}, {"question": "How many of CBC's mandatory transmitters were updated before the deadline?", "answer": "only about half"}, {"question": "Which two large metropolitan areas lost CBC and Radio-Canada broadcasts?", "answer": "London, Ontario (metropolitan area population 457,000) and Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (metro area population 257,000)"}, {"question": "When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?", "answer": "August 31, 2012"}, {"question": "At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?", "answer": "Barrie, Ontario"}, {"question": "Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?", "answer": "both"}, {"question": "How many people were intended to be served by digital transmitters, according to CBC's application?", "answer": "113,930 people"}, {"question": "How many people were previously served by analogue transmitters before the upgrade?", "answer": "303,465"}, {"question": "In what area of Victora was CBC and Radio-Canada available?", "answer": "only some northeastern parts"}, {"question": "How many transmitters does currently CBC operate after 2012?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "When did the CBC announce service would be discontinued to analogue transmitters?", "answer": "July 31, 2012"}, {"question": "How much did CBC say they would save by ceasing analogue operation?", "answer": "$10 million"}, {"question": "How many transmitters did CBC intend to upgrade before August 2011?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "For what reason did CBC attribute to delayed upgrades?", "answer": "financial reasons"}, {"question": "How many transmitters did CBC plan to upgrade total?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "On which day did CBC release an updated announcement stating they were striving to update all 27 transmitters?", "answer": "On December 16, 2010"}, {"question": "On what date did CBC say it was striving to update its analogue transmitters by?", "answer": "August 31, 2011"}, {"question": "Why did the CTRC send out a bulletin to broadcasters?", "answer": "reminding broadcasters that analog transmitters had to be shut off by the deadline in mandatory markets"}, {"question": "What percent of the previous population would a new digital transmitter have served in Fredicton in comparison to the analogue transmitter?", "answer": "62.5%"}, {"question": "Was CBC's application for a digital transitter in Fredricton approved or rejected?", "answer": "rejected"}, {"question": "What did CBC say would allow broadcasting to continue?", "answer": "if the CRTC were to \"allow CBC Television to continue providing the analogue service it offers today"}, {"question": "On what day did the CRTC agree to allow CBCs broadcasting transmitters to remain active for another year?", "answer": "August 18, 2011"}, {"question": "Where could CBC's channels need to be relocated in order to continue operating?", "answer": "2 to 51"}, {"question": "Which of CBC's channels were required to be relocated or reduced in power?", "answer": "52 to 69"}, {"question": "On what date did the CTRC approve the shut down of CBC's analogue transmitters?", "answer": "July 17, 2012"}, {"question": "On what date were CBC's remaining analogue transmitters shut down?", "answer": "July 31, 2012"}, {"question": "How many analogue transmitters were shut down on July 31, 2012?", "answer": "620"}, {"question": "What are the Appalachian mountains called in French?", "answer": "les Appalaches"}, {"question": "What are the Appalachian mountains?", "answer": "a system of mountains in eastern North America"}, {"question": "When did the Appalachian mountains form?", "answer": "roughly 480 million years ago"}, {"question": "In what era did the mountains form?", "answer": "Ordovician Period"}, {"question": "How many provinces are in the mountain range?", "answer": "thirteen provinces"}, {"question": "What is one of the provinces?", "answer": "the Atlantic Coast Uplands"}, {"question": "Which province is often left out?", "answer": "the Adirondack provinces"}, {"question": "What set of mountains in the range have a different geological history?", "answer": "the Adirondack Mountains"}, {"question": "What country do the Appalachian mountains extend into?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "How large is the zone in Canada?", "answer": "100 to 300 mi"}, {"question": "Where does it start in Canada?", "answer": "Newfoundland"}, {"question": "Where does it end in the US? ", "answer": "Central Alabama"}, {"question": "What island is included in the range?", "answer": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}, {"question": "What does the term Appalachian refer to?", "answer": "several different regions associated with the mountain range"}, {"question": "What states comprise of the southern Appalachian mountains?", "answer": "Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina"}, {"question": "What area did the Narvaez expedition explore?", "answer": "northern coast of Florida"}, {"question": "When did the Narvaez expedition explore Florida?", "answer": "1528"}, {"question": "What did they transcribe Florida's name as? ", "answer": "Apalchen"}, {"question": "What was the name eventually used for?", "answer": "as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north"}, {"question": "What area is usually grouped with the Appalachians? ", "answer": "dissected plateau to the north and west of the mountains"}, {"question": "What mountains does that region include?", "answer": "Catskill Mountains"}, {"question": "What is the plateau known as in West Virginia?", "answer": "Cumberland Plateau"}, {"question": "What does the Great Appalachian Valley do?", "answer": "divides the mountain system into two unequal portions"}, {"question": "What is common among all the mountains in the range?", "answer": "has no axis of dominating altitudes, but in every portion the summits rise to rather uniform heights"}, {"question": "What is the climate like on the summits?", "answer": "None of the summits reaches the region of perpetual snow."}, {"question": "How tall are the mountains in Newfoundland?", "answer": "3,000 ft"}, {"question": "How tall are the mountains in Nova Scotia?", "answer": "vary from 1,000 to 2,700 ft"}, {"question": "How tall are the mountains in Maine?", "answer": "exceed 4,000 ft"}, {"question": "How tall are the mountains in New Hampshire?", "answer": "many summits rise above 5,000 ft"}, {"question": "How many summits in PA are over 2,500 ft? ", "answer": "over sixty summits"}, {"question": "How tall are the summits of Mount Davis and Blue Knob?", "answer": "over 3,000 ft"}, {"question": "How tall are Eagle Rock and Dans Mountain?", "answer": "3,162 ft (964 m) and 2,882 ft"}, {"question": "How tall is the Pinnacle?", "answer": "3,007 feet"}, {"question": "How many peaks are over 4,000 feet in WV?", "answer": "more than 150 peaks"}, {"question": "Where do the Blue Ridge Mountains begin?", "answer": "southern Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What are the typical elevations of the Blue Ridge Mountains?", "answer": "2,000 ft"}, {"question": "How tall is Quirauk Mountain?", "answer": "2,145 ft"}, {"question": "How tall are the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia?", "answer": "2,000 ft"}, {"question": "What is the tallest Appalachian mountain in Virginia?", "answer": "Mount Rogers"}, {"question": "Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?", "answer": "on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin"}, {"question": "What happened after the French and Indian War?", "answer": "the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains"}, {"question": "What was the general opinion of the law?", "answer": "it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians"}, {"question": "What did the law likely lead to?", "answer": "the American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?", "answer": "their settlement of Kentucky"}, {"question": "Where did a lot of Germans settle? ", "answer": "between the Susquehanna and Delaware Rivers"}, {"question": "What dialect was created because of this?", "answer": "Pennsylvania German language"}, {"question": "Where did these Germans eventually occupy?", "answer": "all of the Shenandoah Valley"}, {"question": "What is one typical bird found in the range?", "answer": "wild turkey"}, {"question": "How many species of tree squirrel are commonly found in the range?", "answer": "five species"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly seen species?", "answer": "gray squirrel"}, {"question": "What does the squirrel share its habitat with?", "answer": "larger fox squirrel"}, {"question": "What is found more in the northern portions?", "answer": "red squirrel"}, {"question": "Which species is commonly found more in spruce-fir forests?", "answer": "Appalachian northern flying squirrel"}, {"question": "What trees are typically found in the dryer portions?", "answer": "oak"}, {"question": "What species of tree was pretty much eliminated?", "answer": "The American chestnut"}, {"question": "What does the tree live on?", "answer": "sapling-sized sprouts"}, {"question": "What trees replaced chestnut trees?", "answer": "oaks"}, {"question": "What kind of oaks are in the central and southern portions?", "answer": "black, northern red, white, chestnut and scarlet oaks"}, {"question": "What other tree is common there?", "answer": "hickories"}, {"question": "What trees are located in drier portions?", "answer": "chestnut oak"}, {"question": "In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?", "answer": "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR)"}, {"question": "In what year did IBM get its name?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What nickname was given to IBM?", "answer": "Big Blue"}, {"question": "What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?", "answer": "Computing Scale Company"}, {"question": "How many employees did IBM have in 2012?", "answer": "435,000 worldwide"}, {"question": "What was the ranking in terms of market cap for IBM in 2012?", "answer": "fourth largest"}, {"question": "In 2011 Forbes, by revenue, ranked IBM at what rank globally?", "answer": "31st largest"}, {"question": "At what rank was IBM rated as a global brand by Interbrand?", "answer": "\u21162"}, {"question": "In 2012 Fortune ranked the largest US firms by number employees, what was IBMs rank?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "Under what name do research laboratories operated by IBM work under?", "answer": "IBM Research"}, {"question": "How many research labs does IBM have world wide?", "answer": "12 research laboratories worldwide"}, {"question": "In 2013 how many years had IBM generated the most patents by a business?", "answer": "22 consecutive years"}, {"question": "How many Nobel Prizes have been won by IBM employees?", "answer": "five Nobel Prizes"}, {"question": "This IBM invention is known by the acronym UPC, what is the full name?", "answer": "Universal Product Code"}, {"question": "What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?", "answer": "16.8%"}, {"question": "What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?", "answer": "9.0%"}, {"question": "IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?", "answer": "24.3%"}, {"question": "IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?", "answer": "exiting commoditizing markets"}, {"question": "In what year did IBM acquire Kenexa?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "IBM made an acquisition in 2009, name it.", "answer": "SPSS"}, {"question": "IBM span off its printer manufacturer in 1991, what was its name?", "answer": "Lexmark"}, {"question": "IBM sold two product lines to Lenovo, name them.", "answer": "personal computer and x86 server"}, {"question": "What was the name of the company that IBM Micro Electronics was offloaded to?", "answer": "GlobalFoundries"}, {"question": "On what date did the companies that became the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company get consolidated?", "answer": "June 16, 1911"}, {"question": "Name the individual that consolidated the companies that were to become the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.", "answer": "Charles Ranlett Flint"}, {"question": "In what year did the companies owned by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company finally integrate?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "Where was the CTR Business office?", "answer": "Endicott"}, {"question": "In 1933 the four companies owned by CTR had how many employees?", "answer": "1,300 employees"}, {"question": "In what year did Thomas J. Watson, Sr. join CTR?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Thomas J. Watson Sr. was fired from what company?", "answer": "National Cash Register Company"}, {"question": "What was the favorite slogan of Thomas J. Watson Sr.?", "answer": "THINK"}, {"question": "The revenues did what under the first 4 years of Watson being president?", "answer": "more than doubled to $9 million"}, {"question": "The name International Business Machines was first used in what year?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What what was the name of the subsidiary working in Germany during World War 2?", "answer": "Dehomag"}, {"question": "Records for how many people were maintained by IBM in 1937?", "answer": "26 million"}, {"question": "What service did IBM provide for the Nuremberg Trials?", "answer": "translation services"}, {"question": "What year did IBM open its first office in Bahrain?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What was the eventual name of the company that IBM operated in Saudi Arabia?", "answer": "Saudi Business Machines"}, {"question": "Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?", "answer": "artificial intelligence"}, {"question": "What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?", "answer": "an IBM 704"}, {"question": "In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?", "answer": "FORmula TRANslation"}, {"question": "In 1961 who became the president of IBM?", "answer": "Albert L. Williams"}, {"question": "One company that IBM acquired in 2002 is?", "answer": "PwC consulting"}, {"question": "In 2003 IBM hosted an online discussion with how many employees?", "answer": "50,000 employees"}, {"question": "What technology did IBM use for its 2003 internet-based discussion?", "answer": "Jam technology"}, {"question": "What did IBM use to analyze the results from the online discussion?", "answer": "eClassifier"}, {"question": "How many employees took part in the subsequent online discussion in 2004?", "answer": "52,000 employees"}, {"question": "IBM sold its personal computer business to what company?", "answer": "Lenovo"}, {"question": "In what year did IBM sell its personal computer business?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What was the design for low cost data encryption named?", "answer": "Secure Blue"}, {"question": "SPSS Inc. was acquired in what year?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "This program was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.", "answer": "Blue Gene"}, {"question": "IBM acquired digital assets of this company on October 28, 2015.", "answer": "The Weather Company"}, {"question": "What will IBM use to analyze weather and make predictions?", "answer": "Watson"}, {"question": "When did the sale of Weather Company assets close?", "answer": "January 29, 2016"}, {"question": "The Weather Channel entered into what with IBM?", "answer": "long-term licensing agreement"}, {"question": "Bain Capital is a holding company of which company?", "answer": "The Weather Company"}, {"question": "IBM has how many members on its Board of Directors?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What board member resigned in November 2010?", "answer": "Cathie Black's"}, {"question": "What year did William R. Brody join the IBM Board of Directors?", "answer": "'07"}, {"question": "Kenneth Chenault is affiliated with what company?", "answer": "American Express"}, {"question": "Who is the most recent member to join the IBM Board of Directors?", "answer": "Andrew N. Liveris"}, {"question": "How large of a drop in sales did IBM report for fiscal year 2013?", "answer": "5% drop"}, {"question": "What date did IBM announce that its executives would forgo bonuses for fiscal year 2013?", "answer": "January 21, 2014"}, {"question": "IBM committed to an expansion totaling this dollar amount in 2014?", "answer": "$1.2bn"}, {"question": "How many new data centers did IBM commit to building?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Who is the chief executive of IBM?", "answer": "Virginia Rometty"}, {"question": "What building did Van der Rohe create for IBM?", "answer": "330 North Wabash building in Chicago"}, {"question": "The 330 North Wabash building served as what post World War 2?", "answer": "center of the company's research division"}, {"question": "The 330 North Wabash Building was recognized with what award?", "answer": "1990 Honor Award"}, {"question": "IBM has towers in which cities?", "answer": "Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta"}, {"question": "IBM has worked with architects and designers such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, I.M. Pei, and Van der Rohe, name one  more.", "answer": "Eero Saarinen"}, {"question": "Who was the CEO in 1914?", "answer": "Thomas J. Watson"}, {"question": "The Quarter Century Club began in this year.", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?", "answer": "Business Machines"}, {"question": "In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.", "answer": "Hundred Percent Club"}, {"question": "What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?", "answer": "IBM salesmen who meet their quotas"}, {"question": "In what year did IBM begin to provide group life insurance?", "answer": "1934"}, {"question": "IBM created a school house in 1933, what was its name?", "answer": "IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott"}, {"question": "IBM employees created a magazine in 1935, what was its name?", "answer": "Think"}, {"question": "What program did IBM launch in 1942?", "answer": "program to train and employ disabled people"}, {"question": "What year did IBM hire its first black salesman?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?", "answer": "Thomas J. Watson, Jr"}, {"question": "In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?", "answer": "sex, national origin, and age"}, {"question": "How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.", "answer": "IBM Fellows"}, {"question": "What date did Thomas Watson, Jr. send out a letter about IBM hiring the best people regardless of race, gender, or origin?", "answer": "September 21, 1953"}, {"question": "IBM publicized its hiring policy to help negotiations in two states where in the U.S.?", "answer": "the U.S. South"}, {"question": "What kind of workplaces did IBM commit to not building?", "answer": "separate-but-equal"}, {"question": "IBM expanded their nondiscrimination policy in 1984 to include what?", "answer": "sexual orientation"}, {"question": "In what year did IBM add sexual orientation to their nondiscrimination policy?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "IBM began supporting this in 1998.", "answer": "Linux"}, {"question": "300 Linux kernel developers work here.", "answer": "the IBM Linux Technology Center"}, {"question": "IBM created the software framework known as?", "answer": "Eclipse"}, {"question": "What is a notable legal case involving open source and IBM?", "answer": "SCO v. IBM"}, {"question": "What does RDBMS refer to?", "answer": "relational database management system"}, {"question": "IBM runs what website for software developers?", "answer": "DeveloperWorks"}, {"question": "In 2007 what happened to developerWorks?", "answer": "was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame"}, {"question": "DeveloperWorks has content about open industry standard technologies like Java and SOA, what is one other industry standard technology it has resources for?", "answer": "Linux"}, {"question": "IBM products such as WebSphere and Rational are covered on DeveloperWorks, what other three IBM products are covered?", "answer": "Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management"}, {"question": "The Jolt Hall of Fame inducted DeveloperWorks in what year?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?", "answer": "PowerPC tri-core processor"}, {"question": "How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?", "answer": "less than 24 months"}, {"question": "Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?", "answer": "Cell BE microprocessor"}, {"question": "Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?", "answer": "Toshiba, and Sony"}, {"question": "What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What will Open Client Offering run on?", "answer": "Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X"}, {"question": "What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?", "answer": "Open Document Format software"}, {"question": "What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?", "answer": "Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux"}, {"question": "What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?", "answer": "Mozilla Firefox"}, {"question": "What is the name of the IBM project that redirected $1 billion each year to increase energy efficiency?", "answer": "Project Big Green"}, {"question": "Secure Blue was launched in what year?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What type of hardware is Secure Blue?", "answer": "encryption hardware"}, {"question": "Who was the IBM ceo in November 2008?", "answer": "Sam Palmisano"}, {"question": "What framework did IBM announce on March 1, 2011?", "answer": "Smarter Computing framework"}, {"question": "What is the name of the program that IBM uses to search for new start-up companies to solve world problems?", "answer": "SmartCamp"}, {"question": "How many SmartCamp events does IBM hold worldwide?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Who has IBM partnered with to allow retail shoppers to easily donate money?", "answer": "Pennies"}, {"question": "Charities of which nation benefit from the IBM partnership with Pennies?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "What company is known for the electronic charity box?", "answer": "Pennies"}, {"question": "What location is the birthplace of IBM?", "answer": "Endicott"}, {"question": "How many gallons of liquid cleaning agent leaked from an IBM facility in 1979?", "answer": "4,100 gallons"}, {"question": "How long did IBM use liquid cleaning agents for circuit board manufacturing?", "answer": "more than two decades"}, {"question": "Starting in 1980 how many gallons of chemicals did IBM pump into the air?", "answer": "78,000 gallons"}, {"question": "IBM was identified by what department as a major source of pollution?", "answer": "Department of Environmental Conservation"}, {"question": "What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?", "answer": "joules"}, {"question": "Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?", "answer": "the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton"}, {"question": "Common energy forms include what?", "answer": "kinetic energy of a moving object"}, {"question": "In Newtonian physics, there is a universal law that says energy can be neither created nor what?", "answer": "destroyed"}, {"question": "What law states, in part, that energy can change from one form to another?", "answer": "Newtonian physics"}, {"question": "How can the total energy of a system be calculated?", "answer": "by adding up all forms of energy in the system"}, {"question": "The limit to the amount of heat energy that can do work in a cyclic process is known as what?", "answer": "available energy"}, {"question": "What can be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "What states that the system doing work always loses some energy as waste heat?", "answer": "second law of thermodynamics"}, {"question": "Give one example of energy transformation.", "answer": "generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine"}, {"question": "What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?", "answer": "Sun"}, {"question": "What is another example of energy transformation?", "answer": "lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor"}, {"question": "What is determined by an object's movement through space?", "answer": "kinetic energy"}, {"question": "What usually consists partly of kinetic and partly of potential energy?", "answer": "thermal energy"}, {"question": "What is a function of the position of an object within a field?", "answer": "potential energy"}, {"question": "What is dependent upon electrical potential energy?", "answer": "Elastic energy in materials"}, {"question": "Where is chemical energy stored and released?", "answer": "from a reservoir of electrical potential energy between electrons"}, {"question": "Some types of energy are a varying mix of potential and what other kind of energy?", "answer": "kinetic"}, {"question": "What is a term for living force?", "answer": "vis viva"}, {"question": "What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?", "answer": "vis viva"}, {"question": "Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?", "answer": "Gottfried Leibniz"}, {"question": "In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?", "answer": "late 17th century"}, {"question": "Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?", "answer": "Isaac Newton"}, {"question": "Who was possibly the first to use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?", "answer": "Thomas Young"}, {"question": "When did Thomas Young use the term \"energy\" instead of vis viva?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"potential energy?\"", "answer": "William Rankine"}, {"question": "Who discovered the link between mechanical work and the generation of heat?", "answer": "James Prescott Joule"}, {"question": "When was the law of conservation of energy first postulated?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Who largely formalized the developments that led to the theory of conservation of energy?", "answer": "William Thomson"}, {"question": "What aided the rapid development of explanations of chemical processes by Clausius, Gibbs and Nernst?", "answer": "Thermodynamics"}, {"question": "Who developed the concept of the introduction of laws of radiant energy?", "answer": "Jo\u017eef Stefan"}, {"question": "What states that the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time?", "answer": "Noether's theorem"}, {"question": "What is another energy-related concept?", "answer": "Lagrangian"}, {"question": "Who is the Lagrangian named after?", "answer": "Joseph-Louis Lagrange"}, {"question": "What is defined as the kinetic energy minus the potential energy?", "answer": "Lagrangian"}, {"question": "Is the Lagrange formalism or the Hamiltonian more convenient for non-conservative systems?", "answer": "Lagrange formalism"}, {"question": "When was Noether's theorem created?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?", "answer": "Noether's theorem"}, {"question": "What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?", "answer": "Noether's theorem"}, {"question": "In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?", "answer": "Chemical reactions"}, {"question": "What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?", "answer": "e\u2212E/kT"}, {"question": "Who created the population factor e-E/kT?", "answer": "Boltzmann's"}, {"question": "What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?", "answer": "Arrhenius equation"}, {"question": "In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?", "answer": "Energy"}, {"question": "What does H-e stand for?", "answer": "Human energy conversion"}, {"question": "How many watts is in one official horsepower?", "answer": "746 watts"}, {"question": "What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?", "answer": "Sunlight"}, {"question": "What do plants release during photosynthesis?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?", "answer": "Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What are two low-energy compounds?", "answer": "carbon dioxide and water"}, {"question": "What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?", "answer": "an external source of energy"}, {"question": "How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?", "answer": "1500\u20132000"}, {"question": "Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?", "answer": "mitochondria"}, {"question": "What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?", "answer": "The second law of thermodynamics"}, {"question": "What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?", "answer": "living organisms"}, {"question": "Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?", "answer": "ecological niches"}, {"question": "When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?", "answer": "after it strikes the Earth"}, {"question": "This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.", "answer": "Sunlight"}, {"question": "What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?", "answer": "hurricane"}, {"question": "What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?", "answer": "hurricane"}, {"question": "What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?", "answer": "Earthquakes"}, {"question": "What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?", "answer": "thermal energy"}, {"question": "What is mechanical potential energy?", "answer": "elastic strain"}, {"question": "What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?", "answer": "stellar phenomena"}, {"question": "What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?", "answer": "nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun"}, {"question": "What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?", "answer": "Big Bang"}, {"question": "Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?", "answer": "fusion"}, {"question": "In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?", "answer": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation"}, {"question": "What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?", "answer": "The Schr\u00f6dinger equation"}, {"question": "What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?", "answer": "electron\u2013positron annihilation"}, {"question": "What is the inverse process called?", "answer": "pair creation"}, {"question": "What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?", "answer": "pair creation"}, {"question": "What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?", "answer": "Carnot's theorem"}, {"question": "What is the direction of transformations in energy?", "answer": "what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind"}, {"question": "What is often determined by entropy considerations?", "answer": "direction of transformations in energy"}, {"question": "Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?", "answer": "because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces"}, {"question": "Name an example of a heavy isotope?", "answer": "uranium"}, {"question": "Name another example of a heavy isotope.", "answer": "thorium"}, {"question": "What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?", "answer": "nucleosynthesis"}, {"question": "In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?", "answer": "chemical potential energy"}, {"question": "When does energy give rise to weight?", "answer": "when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum"}, {"question": "Mass is also equivalent to what?", "answer": "certain amount of energy"}, {"question": "Who created the formula E = mc2?", "answer": "Albert Einstein"}, {"question": "In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?", "answer": "E = mc\u00b2"}, {"question": "Matter may be converted to what?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "Energy may be converted to what?", "answer": "Matter"}, {"question": "Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?", "answer": "mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule"}, {"question": "Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?", "answer": "high-energy nuclear physics"}, {"question": "Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?", "answer": "reversible processes and irreversible processes"}, {"question": "What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?", "answer": "Thermodynamics"}, {"question": "A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.", "answer": "dissipation"}, {"question": "As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?", "answer": "irreversible states"}, {"question": "What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?", "answer": "inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe"}, {"question": "In this heat death of energy, what does not change?", "answer": "energy of the universe"}, {"question": "According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?", "answer": "conservation of energy"}, {"question": "The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?", "answer": "total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system"}, {"question": "What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?", "answer": "Noether's theorem"}, {"question": "What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?", "answer": "the uncertainty principle"}, {"question": "What states it is impossible to define the exact amount of energy during any definite time interval?", "answer": "uncertainty principle"}, {"question": "What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?", "answer": "Virtual photons"}, {"question": "What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?", "answer": "Virtual photons"}, {"question": "What results in Coulomb law?", "answer": "electrostatic interaction between electric charges"}, {"question": "What can be considered for the special case of systems which are closed to transfers of matter?", "answer": "Energy transfer"}, {"question": "The portion of energy which does not do work during the transfer is called what?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "Give one example of how energy can be transferred between systems?", "answer": "transmission of electromagnetic energy via photons"}, {"question": "What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.", "answer": "first law of thermodynamics"}, {"question": "The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?", "answer": "energy"}, {"question": "What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?", "answer": "for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes"}, {"question": "What is the principle that is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy?", "answer": "entropy"}, {"question": "What is entropy?", "answer": "measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system"}, {"question": "What is the mathematical result when an isolated system is given more degrees of freedom?", "answer": "second law of thermodynamics"}, {"question": "Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?", "answer": "Teutonic Knights"}, {"question": "The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?", "answer": "Germans"}, {"question": "What other groups during this period for form minorities?", "answer": "Poles and Lithuanians"}, {"question": "Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?", "answer": "17th or early 18th century"}, {"question": "Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?", "answer": "Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?", "answer": "Prussia"}, {"question": "What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?", "answer": "Versailles"}, {"question": "What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?", "answer": "Teutonic Knights"}, {"question": "Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?", "answer": "Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms"}, {"question": "What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?", "answer": "several wars"}, {"question": "What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?", "answer": "1466"}, {"question": "Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?", "answer": "Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach"}, {"question": "In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?", "answer": "1525"}, {"question": "What did Albert establish himself as?", "answer": "first duke of the Duchy of Prussia"}, {"question": "In what year did Maximilian III die?", "answer": "1618"}, {"question": "What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?", "answer": "Albert's line died out"}, {"question": "Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?", "answer": "Frederick William"}, {"question": "Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?", "answer": "Holy Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?", "answer": "Teutonic Order"}, {"question": "Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?", "answer": "Frederick III"}, {"question": "What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?", "answer": "Altpreu\u00dfen (\"Old Prussia\")"}, {"question": "What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?", "answer": "the plague and famine"}, {"question": "What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?", "answer": "speakers of Old Prussian"}, {"question": "What military overran much of East Prussia?", "answer": "Russian troops"}, {"question": "In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?", "answer": "1772"}, {"question": "In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? ", "answer": "31 January 1773"}, {"question": "What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?", "answer": "The Polish Partition Sejm"}, {"question": "What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?", "answer": "Battle of Jena-Auerstedt"}, {"question": "What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?", "answer": "K\u00f6nigsberg"}, {"question": "What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "Who instigated the Prussian reforms?", "answer": "Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg"}, {"question": "What was included in the reform?", "answer": "emancipation of the serfs and Jews"}, {"question": "In what year was East and West Prussia first united?", "answer": "1824"}, {"question": "When did East and West Prussia split again?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?", "answer": "1,996,626 people"}, {"question": "Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?", "answer": "Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians"}, {"question": "Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?", "answer": "Russian Empire"}, {"question": "Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?", "answer": "German Army had been directed towards the Western Front"}, {"question": "In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "In what year did Germany become a republic?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?", "answer": "Treaty of Versailles"}, {"question": "What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?", "answer": "The Seedienst Ostpreu\u00dfen"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?", "answer": "Erich Koch"}, {"question": "What large plans did Koch have?", "answer": "mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province"}, {"question": "What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?", "answer": "attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats"}, {"question": "Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?", "answer": "Gustav Sauf"}, {"question": "How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?", "answer": "publicly funded emergency relief programs"}, {"question": "What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?", "answer": "Erich Koch Plan"}, {"question": "What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?", "answer": "that unemployment had been banished entirely"}, {"question": "In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?", "answer": "1,500"}, {"question": "What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?", "answer": "sent to concentration camps"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?", "answer": "2.49 million"}, {"question": "Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "What happened to those Jews who remained?", "answer": "deported and killed in the Holocaust."}, {"question": "In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?", "answer": "Suwa\u0142ki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein"}, {"question": "Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?", "answer": "reunification with Germany"}, {"question": "What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?", "answer": "Poland and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?", "answer": "Kaliningrad"}, {"question": "What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?", "answer": "evacuated during the war"}, {"question": "How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?", "answer": "800,000"}, {"question": "Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?", "answer": "45 camps"}, {"question": "How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?", "answer": "48,000"}, {"question": "What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?", "answer": "Wolf children"}, {"question": "In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?", "answer": "Germanized Poles"}, {"question": "How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?", "answer": "18.5%"}, {"question": "What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? ", "answer": "Mikhail Kalinin"}, {"question": "Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?", "answer": "42,094"}, {"question": "What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?", "answer": "expelled by the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What did the Russians consider Curonians?", "answer": "fascists"}, {"question": "Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?", "answer": "ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians"}, {"question": "In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?", "answer": "eliminating all remnants of German history"}, {"question": "What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?", "answer": "names were replaced by new Russian names"}, {"question": "What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?", "answer": "reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of K\u00f6nigsberg"}, {"question": "What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?", "answer": "Kaliningrad"}, {"question": "How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?", "answer": "violent and aggressive"}, {"question": "What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?", "answer": "schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails"}, {"question": "What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?", "answer": "Provinzialverband"}, {"question": "What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?", "answer": "elected by the citizens of the provinces"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?", "answer": "Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey"}, {"question": "When was the Ottoman empire founded?", "answer": "1299"}, {"question": "Who founded the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "Oghuz Turks"}, {"question": "Where was the Ottoman empire founded?", "answer": "northwestern Anatolia"}, {"question": "Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?", "answer": "Murad I"}, {"question": "Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?", "answer": "Suleiman the Magnificent"}, {"question": "During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?", "answer": "16th and 17th centuries"}, {"question": "How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?", "answer": "32 provinces"}, {"question": "Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?", "answer": "vassal states"}, {"question": "What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "North Africa, and the Horn of Africa"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?", "answer": "lands around the Mediterranean basin"}, {"question": "When did the Ottoman empire decline?", "answer": "into the late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "military setbacks against European powers"}, {"question": "An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "House of Osman"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? ", "answer": "House of Osman"}, {"question": "What is the origin of Osman's name?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?", "answer": "The Supreme State of the Ottomans"}, {"question": "Who was the father of Osman I?", "answer": "Ertu\u011frul"}, {"question": "How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?", "answer": "400 horsemen"}, {"question": "When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?", "answer": "Ghazi emirates"}, {"question": "To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Which city did Osman's son capture?", "answer": "Bursa"}, {"question": "In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?", "answer": "1324"}, {"question": "What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?", "answer": "Orhan"}, {"question": "What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?", "answer": "Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?", "answer": "1389"}, {"question": "What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?", "answer": "conquest of Constantinople"}, {"question": "What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?", "answer": "Timur"}, {"question": "Timur was the founder of what?", "answer": "Timurid Empire"}, {"question": "What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?", "answer": "Battle of Ankara"}, {"question": "Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?", "answer": "Murad II"}, {"question": "On what date were the armies under W\u0142adys\u0142aw III defeated by Murad II?", "answer": "10 November 1444"}, {"question": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw III of Poland was also the king of what?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "What battle took place on 10 November 1444?", "answer": "Battle of Varna"}, {"question": "In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?", "answer": "Second Battle of Kosovo"}, {"question": "Who was the son of Murad II?", "answer": "Mehmed the Conqueror"}, {"question": "What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "its autonomy and land"}, {"question": "The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?", "answer": "Venetian rule"}, {"question": "What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??", "answer": "Albanian resistance"}, {"question": "During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?", "answer": "1520\u20131566"}, {"question": "In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?", "answer": "1521"}, {"question": "Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?", "answer": "Battle of Moh\u00e1cs"}, {"question": "After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?", "answer": "the Siege of G\u00fcns"}, {"question": "France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?", "answer": "Habsburg rule"}, {"question": "Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?", "answer": "Corsica"}, {"question": "The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?", "answer": "Francis I"}, {"question": "What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?", "answer": "Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis"}, {"question": "What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?", "answer": "Ferdinand"}, {"question": "Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?", "answer": "Stephen Lee"}, {"question": "In what year did Suleiman die?", "answer": "1566"}, {"question": "By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely \"a shadow\" of what it was in 1566?", "answer": "1699"}, {"question": "Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?", "answer": "1566 to 1703"}, {"question": "What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "war"}, {"question": "Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?", "answer": "Sultans"}, {"question": "Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? ", "answer": "military technology"}, {"question": "What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?", "answer": "religious and intellectual"}, {"question": "What battle took place in 1683?", "answer": "Battle of Vienna"}, {"question": "The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?", "answer": "new maritime trade routes"}, {"question": "What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?", "answer": "the Cape of Good Hope"}, {"question": "Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?", "answer": "the Indian Ocean"}, {"question": "Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?", "answer": "The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire"}, {"question": "New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?", "answer": "the Portuguese"}, {"question": "Which Spaniard led a battle in 1571?", "answer": "Philip II"}, {"question": "What battle did the Spanish win in 1571?", "answer": "Battle of Lepanto"}, {"question": "What siege occurred in 1565?", "answer": "Siege of Malta"}, {"question": "In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans?", "answer": "1573"}, {"question": "After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?", "answer": "The Long War"}, {"question": "During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?", "answer": "1593\u20131606"}, {"question": "What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?", "answer": "Sekban"}, {"question": "What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?", "answer": "30 million people"}, {"question": "A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?", "answer": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha"}, {"question": "Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?", "answer": "Murad IV"}, {"question": "Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?", "answer": "the Safavids"}, {"question": "When was K\u00f6sem murdered?", "answer": "1651"}, {"question": "What years define the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Era?", "answer": "1656\u20131703"}, {"question": "What territory was conquered by the K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Vizierate in 1669?", "answer": "Crete"}, {"question": "Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683?", "answer": "Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha"}, {"question": "What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as?", "answer": "the Great Turkish War"}, {"question": "Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna?", "answer": "Jan III Sobieski"}, {"question": "What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as?", "answer": "the Holy League"}, {"question": "What treaty was signed 26 January 1699?", "answer": "Treaty of Karlowitz"}, {"question": "Oltenia is also known as what?", "answer": "Little Walachia"}, {"question": "The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?", "answer": "1716\u20131718"}, {"question": "The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?", "answer": "Treaty of Passarowitz"}, {"question": "The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?", "answer": "Austro-Russian\u2013Turkish War"}, {"question": "What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?", "answer": "port of Azov"}, {"question": "What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire?", "answer": "Istanbul Technical University"}, {"question": "What type of school was established in the empire in 1734?", "answer": "an artillery school"}, {"question": "In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press?", "answer": "Ibrahim Muteferrika"}, {"question": "Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726?", "answer": "Nev\u015fehirli Damat \u0130brahim Pasha"}, {"question": "In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?", "answer": "Ukrainian Haidamaks"}, {"question": "Near what region was Balta bording?", "answer": "Bessarabia"}, {"question": "During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?", "answer": "1768\u20131774"}, {"question": "The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?", "answer": "Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca"}, {"question": "The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?", "answer": "freedom to worship"}, {"question": "During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur?", "answer": "1804\u20131815"}, {"question": "What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830?", "answer": "Suzerainty of Serbia"}, {"question": "There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it?", "answer": "the Greeks"}, {"question": "Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century?", "answer": "the \"sick man\""}, {"question": "How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?", "answer": "571"}, {"question": "How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?", "answer": "140,000"}, {"question": "Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?", "answer": "528"}, {"question": "Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?", "answer": "consuls and citizenship"}, {"question": "There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?", "answer": "654"}, {"question": "During what years did the Crimean War take place?", "answer": "1853\u20131856"}, {"question": "On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war?", "answer": "4 August 1854"}, {"question": "Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war?", "answer": "Crimean Tatars"}, {"question": "Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars?", "answer": "Circassians"}, {"question": "Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? ", "answer": "Eugene Rogan"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called?", "answer": "Ottoman Public Debt Administration"}, {"question": "Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain."}, {"question": "European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what?", "answer": "the detriment of local Ottoman interests"}, {"question": "Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876?", "answer": "Ottoman bashi-bazouks"}, {"question": "What war occurred from 1877 to 1878?", "answer": "Russo-Turkish War"}, {"question": "Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war?", "answer": "The Russo-Turkish War"}, {"question": "What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places?", "answer": "Anatolia and Eastern Thrace"}, {"question": "When did the Balkan Wars take place?", "answer": "1912\u201313"}, {"question": "What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?", "answer": "East Thrace (European Turkey)"}, {"question": "How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?", "answer": "Justin McCarthy"}, {"question": "What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "Second Constitutional Era"}, {"question": "What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "the Young Turk Revolution"}, {"question": "The restoration of what happened in 1876?", "answer": "the Ottoman constitution"}, {"question": "What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?", "answer": "Committee of Union and Progress,\u201d and \u201cFreedom and Accord Party\u201d"}, {"question": "What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?", "answer": "Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, {"question": "Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?", "answer": "Middle Eastern theatre"}, {"question": "The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?", "answer": "Ottoman victories"}, {"question": "The Arab Revolt began in what year?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?", "answer": "30 October 1918"}, {"question": "When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?", "answer": "1919\u201322"}, {"question": "When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?", "answer": "In 1915"}, {"question": "What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?", "answer": "ethnic Armenian"}, {"question": "How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "1.5 million"}, {"question": "Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?", "answer": "the Syrian desert"}, {"question": "Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?", "answer": "Greek and Assyrian minorities"}, {"question": "What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?", "answer": "Sultan was the highest position"}, {"question": "On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? ", "answer": "local administrative units based on the region's characteristics"}, {"question": "Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "the state"}, {"question": "What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?", "answer": "to defend and extend the land of the Muslims"}, {"question": "What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?", "answer": "orthodox Islamic practice"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "House of Osman"}, {"question": "What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?", "answer": "House of Habsburg"}, {"question": "From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?", "answer": "Turkish"}, {"question": "How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?", "answer": "eleven occasions"}, {"question": "When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?", "answer": "1918\u20131922"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?", "answer": "The highest position"}, {"question": "The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?", "answer": "p\u00e2di\u015f\u00e2h or \"lord of kings\""}, {"question": "What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?", "answer": "one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the palace educational system?", "answer": "eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor"}, {"question": "What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?", "answer": "Ender\u00fbn"}, {"question": "The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?", "answer": "the supreme monarch"}, {"question": "What was the council that handled state politics named?", "answer": "Divan"}, {"question": "What type of people were initially in the Divan?", "answer": "elders of the tribe"}, {"question": "At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?", "answer": "military officers and local elites"}, {"question": "A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?", "answer": "1320"}, {"question": "What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?", "answer": "Qanun (or Kanun)"}, {"question": "What was religious law known as?", "answer": "Sharia"}, {"question": "What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?", "answer": "central and local authority"}, {"question": "How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?", "answer": "three court systems"}, {"question": "What were the laws of the court system based upon?", "answer": "Turkic Yassa and T\u00f6re"}, {"question": "What were the primary courts of the empire?", "answer": "Islamic courts"}, {"question": "From what works was Sharia developed?", "answer": "the Qur'an; the Had\u012bth"}, {"question": "Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?", "answer": "the prophet Muhammad"}, {"question": "Where were the empire's law schools?", "answer": "in Istanbul and Bursa."}, {"question": "What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?", "answer": "Jews and Christians"}, {"question": "Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?", "answer": "Qadi"}, {"question": "At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?", "answer": "closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation"}, {"question": "What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?", "answer": "an appellate structure"}, {"question": "What did Qadis focus on in some areas?", "answer": "local customs and traditions"}, {"question": "What is another word for Qadi?", "answer": "judge"}, {"question": "Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?", "answer": "French models"}, {"question": "How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the new Ottoman court system known as?", "answer": "Nizamiye"}, {"question": "What code regulated marriage?", "answer": "the Mecelle"}, {"question": "In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?", "answer": "13th century"}, {"question": "From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?", "answer": "the hills of western Anatolia"}, {"question": "There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?", "answer": "Janissary, Sipahi, Ak\u0131nc\u0131 and Mehter\u00e2n"}, {"question": "The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?", "answer": "muskets and cannons"}, {"question": "In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?", "answer": "Siege of Constantinople"}, {"question": "On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?", "answer": "European continent"}, {"question": "What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?", "answer": "1517"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?", "answer": "Algeria"}, {"question": "Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?", "answer": "Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid II"}, {"question": "Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?", "answer": "Midhat Pasha"}, {"question": "Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?", "answer": "the Golden Horn"}, {"question": "When was the Young Turk Revolution?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?", "answer": "the Committee of Union and Progress"}, {"question": "What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?", "answer": "June 1909"}, {"question": "Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?", "answer": "Ye\u015filk\u00f6y"}, {"question": "On what date was the Aviation School founded?", "answer": "3 July 1912"}, {"question": "What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?", "answer": "the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started"}, {"question": "What new military academy was formed in June 1914?", "answer": "the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)"}, {"question": "The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?", "answer": "commercial and industrial centres"}, {"question": "Who was Mehmed's successor?", "answer": "Bayezid"}, {"question": "Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul?", "answer": "the Jews from different parts of Europe"}, {"question": "What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe?", "answer": "their Christian counterparts"}, {"question": "Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded?", "answer": "the conclusion of Reconquista"}, {"question": "The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler?", "answer": "consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"}, {"question": "In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system?", "answer": "making the productive classes prosperous"}, {"question": "What was the final goal of the state economic system?", "answer": "to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects"}, {"question": "What did the state economic system hope to avoid?", "answer": "the emergence of social disorder"}, {"question": "Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what?", "answer": "the treasury and chancery"}, {"question": "What were the scribes of the chancery known as?", "answer": "men of the pen"}, {"question": "Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what?", "answer": "ulama"}, {"question": "What did the scribal bureaucracy become?", "answer": "a professional body"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century?", "answer": "the 17th century"}, {"question": "What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "its geopolitical structure"}, {"question": "The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient?", "answer": "Spanish and Portuguese"}, {"question": "Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled?", "answer": "Marco Polo"}, {"question": "When were direct trade links established with India?", "answer": "1498"}, {"question": "When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe"}, {"question": "The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire itself"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?", "answer": "The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty"}, {"question": "What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?", "answer": "opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors"}, {"question": "In what direction did land routes lose their importance?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "commercial centres and routes"}, {"question": "What dominated all economic and political interests?", "answer": "interests of the state"}, {"question": "What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe?", "answer": "capitalist and mercantile economies"}, {"question": "The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what?", "answer": "developing commercial centres and routes"}, {"question": "The rise of ports caused what in populations?", "answer": "the clustering of populations"}, {"question": "Steamships and railroads rose with what else?", "answer": "The rise of port cities"}, {"question": "In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?", "answer": "1700"}, {"question": "What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?", "answer": "Improvements in health and sanitation"}, {"question": "What was the population of Salonica in 1800?", "answer": "55,000"}, {"question": "The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire?", "answer": "the Crimean and Balkan regions"}, {"question": "Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja?", "answer": "Crimean Tartars"}, {"question": "How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913?", "answer": "3.8 million"}, {"question": "What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called?", "answer": "Muhacir"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ottoman Empire end?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "Ottoman Turkish"}, {"question": "What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire?", "answer": "Persian and Arabic"}, {"question": "What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia?", "answer": "Turkish"}, {"question": "Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What language was used for religious uses in the Empire?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire?", "answer": "about 2\u20133%"}, {"question": "At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government?", "answer": "people had to hire scribes"}, {"question": "What were hired scribes known as?", "answer": "\"special request-writers\" (arzuh\u00e2lcis)"}, {"question": "What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish?", "answer": "Turkish"}, {"question": "The Empire had a Christian majority until what time?", "answer": "the second half of the 15th century"}, {"question": "What group ruled the empire until the 15th century?", "answer": "a Muslim minority"}, {"question": "What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century?", "answer": "the non-Muslim population"}, {"question": "Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims?", "answer": "19.1%"}, {"question": "The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what?", "answer": "heretical"}, {"question": "What was Sultan Selim I's nickname?", "answer": "the Grim"}, {"question": "In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics?", "answer": "1514"}, {"question": "What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter?", "answer": "Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)"}, {"question": "Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt?", "answer": "Mamluk Sultanate"}, {"question": "What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?", "answer": "the millet system"}, {"question": "What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?", "answer": "Justinian's Code"}, {"question": "What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?", "answer": "zimmi"}, {"question": "Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?", "answer": "higher taxes"}, {"question": "What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?", "answer": "The Orthodox millet"}, {"question": "The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?", "answer": "Sultanate of Rum"}, {"question": "What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?", "answer": "Persianate empire"}, {"question": "When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?", "answer": "some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures"}, {"question": "The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?", "answer": "Persianised"}, {"question": "What type of Ottoman poetry is ritualized?", "answer": "Divan poetry"}, {"question": "What kind of poetry inspired Ottoman Divan Poetry?", "answer": "Persian poetry"}, {"question": "What type of framework was Divan poetry based on?", "answer": "a strict metrical framework"}, {"question": "What was the romance genre of Divan poetry known as?", "answer": "mesnev\u00ee"}, {"question": "What make up the largest portion of Divan poetry?", "answer": "gazels (which make up the greatest part of the repertoire of the tradition), or kas\u00eedes."}, {"question": "Prose in the Ottoman empire did not develop to a higher level until which century?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "What rules did Ottoman prose have to follow?", "answer": "the rules of sec (\u0633\u062c\u0639, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose"}, {"question": "What did the rules of sec require?", "answer": "between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme"}, {"question": "Who wrote Muhayyel\u00e2t?", "answer": "Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi"}, {"question": "When was Muhayyel\u00e2t written?", "answer": "1796"}, {"question": "What was the biggest influence from the west on Ottoman literature?", "answer": "French literature"}, {"question": "During what time period was Ottoman literate most influenced by the west?", "answer": "the latter half of the 19th century"}, {"question": "During the Tanzimat what western influence could be seen?", "answer": "the influence of Romanticism"}, {"question": "The poetic tradition had its biggest influence on what Ottoman literary movements?", "answer": "the Symbolist and Parnassian movements"}, {"question": "Romanticism, and Realism were two movements from the west that influenced the Ottoman literary scene, what was the third?", "answer": "Naturalist"}, {"question": "What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?", "answer": "\u0130ntib\u00e2h (\"Awakening\")"}, {"question": "What did \u0130brahim \u015einasi write in 1860?", "answer": "the one-act comedy \"\u015eair Evlenmesi\" (\"The Poet's Marriage\")."}, {"question": "Who wrote Hasan Mell\u00e2h y\u00e2hud S\u0131rr \u0130\u00e7inde Esr\u00e2r?", "answer": "Ahmed Midhat Efendi"}, {"question": "What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?", "answer": "Hen\u00fcz On Yedi Ya\u015f\u0131nda"}, {"question": "What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?", "answer": "contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures"}, {"question": "Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?", "answer": "traditional Byzantine art"}, {"question": "The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?", "answer": "fountains and schools"}, {"question": "Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?", "answer": "the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?", "answer": "Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania"}, {"question": "Were would one find the sheets where Ottoman's created illuminated decorations?", "answer": "muraqqa"}, {"question": "What is another name for an Ottoman miniature?", "answer": "taswir"}, {"question": "Ottoman calligraphy can also be referred to as what?", "answer": "hat"}, {"question": "Who commissioned illustrated manuscripts in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "the Sultan or the administrators of the court"}, {"question": "What palace was the place of creation for illustrated manuscripts?", "answer": "Topkapi Palace"}, {"question": "Which art was important in religious symbolism and as a decoration in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "carpet weaving"}, {"question": "What was the custom for those wearing shoes indoors in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "it was customary to remove one's shoes"}, {"question": "Where did carpet weaving in the Empire originate?", "answer": "the nomadic cultures of central Asia"}, {"question": "Where did carpet weaving initially spread to inside of the Empire?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "Kilims were used by Turks to provide insulation where?", "answer": "walls and doorways"}, {"question": "The elites of the Ottoman empire found what type of music important?", "answer": "Ottoman classical music"}, {"question": "Many of the Sultans of the Ottoman empire were accomplished at being what?", "answer": "musicians and composers"}, {"question": "The sultan known by what name has compositions which are still performed today?", "answer": "Selim III"}, {"question": "What rhythmic units does Ottoman classical music use?", "answer": "units called usul"}, {"question": "What are the melodic units used by Ottoman classical music?", "answer": "makam"}, {"question": "What are the three most used Anatolian and central asian instruments in Ottoman Classical music?", "answer": "the saz, the ba\u011flama, the kemence"}, {"question": "Which Middle Eastern instruments can be heard in Ottoman classical music?", "answer": "the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney"}, {"question": "In late Ottoman classical music one can find Western instruments, what were they?", "answer": "the violin and the piano"}, {"question": "There were two main style of music in the Ottoman empire, what were they?", "answer": "classical music, and folk music"}, {"question": "What were the most distinctive style of music in the Ottoman provinces?", "answer": "Janissary Music, Roma music, Belly dance, Turkish folk music"}, {"question": "The cuisine known as Ottoman cuisine is in reference to the food eaten where?", "answer": "the capital, Istanbul, and the regional capital cities"}, {"question": "In what kitchen's was Ottoman cuisine perfected?", "answer": "the Imperial Palace's kitchens"}, {"question": "What is one type of religious event that the general public may come to experience the creations of the Imperial Palace?", "answer": "Ramadan"}, {"question": "Preparing food at the Yal\u0131s of the Pashas was one way Ottoman Cuisine might spread to whom?", "answer": "the population"}, {"question": "What did the chefs ingredients in the Imperial Palace's kitchens?", "answer": "create and experiment"}, {"question": "Turkish cuisine originates from what source?", "answer": "a shared Ottoman cuisine"}, {"question": "The cuisine of what territories are descended from Ottoman cuisine?", "answer": "former Ottoman territories"}, {"question": "Turkish and Greek cuisine are descended from Ottoman Cuisine, along with the food of what other regions?", "answer": "Balkan cuisine, Armenian cuisine, and Middle Eastern cuisine"}, {"question": "Turkish coffee is descended from what?", "answer": "Ottoman cuisine"}, {"question": "Pita bread descends from what type of cuisine?", "answer": "Ottoman cuisine"}, {"question": "In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?", "answer": "15th Century"}, {"question": "Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?", "answer": "Sultan Mehmet II"}, {"question": "Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?", "answer": "Georgios Amiroutzes"}, {"question": "How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?", "answer": "two or three years"}, {"question": "Where was Ali Qushji from?", "answer": "originally from Samarkand"}, {"question": "When did European sport clubs begin to form in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Where did football matches become to be popular in the Ottoman empire?", "answer": "Constantinople"}, {"question": "What was the leading sport club in 1905?", "answer": "Galatasaray Sports Club"}, {"question": "In what year did the Altay Sports Club form?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What was the football club known as \u00dclk\u00fcspor formerly known as?", "answer": "Turkish Fatherland Football Club"}, {"question": "Which philosophy branch is concerned with issues surrounding ontology?", "answer": "Philosophy of space and time"}, {"question": "The philosophy of space and time was inspired by what kind of philosophy?", "answer": "early analytic philosophy"}, {"question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses on whether or not time and space exist independently of what?", "answer": "the mind"}, {"question": "The  philosophy of space and time focuses what kind of flow within time? ", "answer": "unidirectional"}, {"question": "Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?", "answer": "Ptahhotep"}, {"question": "When do the Vedas date back to?", "answer": "late 2nd millennium BC"}, {"question": "Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?", "answer": "Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy"}, {"question": "What do the Vedas describe?", "answer": "ancient Hindu cosmology"}, {"question": "How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?", "answer": "4,320,000 years"}, {"question": "Which christian philosopher ruminated on time?", "answer": "St. Augustine"}, {"question": "What did St. Augustine comment on in Book 11, regarding thinking about time?", "answer": "the difficulty"}, {"question": "Who presented the first philosophical argument for the reality of Creation? ", "answer": "Augustine"}, {"question": "What did Augustine say that the knowledge of time depended on?", "answer": "the knowledge of the movement of things"}, {"question": "Where did Augustine say time could not appear?", "answer": "where there are no creatures to measure its passing"}, {"question": "Which 11th century Muslim physicist discussed space perception and its epistemological implications? ", "answer": "al-Haytham"}, {"question": "Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?", "answer": "Book of Optics"}, {"question": "Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?", "answer": "Aristotle's"}, {"question": "Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?", "answer": "Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things"}, {"question": "Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?", "answer": "next to nothing"}, {"question": "When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.", "answer": "1781"}, {"question": "What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?", "answer": "Critique of Pure Reason"}, {"question": "What did Kant describe time as?", "answer": "a priori notion"}, {"question": "What did Kant say was similar notion to time?", "answer": "space"}, {"question": "What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?", "answer": "sense experience"}, {"question": "What did Leibniz argue against?", "answer": "the absolutist position"}, {"question": "Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?", "answer": "the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles"}, {"question": "Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?", "answer": "fact"}, {"question": "What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?", "answer": "identity of indiscernibles"}, {"question": "Leibniz's example involves how many universes?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Where are Leibniz's universes situated?", "answer": "absolute space"}, {"question": "How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?", "answer": "five feet"}, {"question": "What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?", "answer": "absolute space exists"}, {"question": "What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?", "answer": "the bucket argument"}, {"question": "According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?", "answer": "flat"}, {"question": "As the buck spins, what happens to the water?", "answer": "the water will become concave"}, {"question": "If the buck stops, the water will do what?", "answer": "continue to spin"}, {"question": "What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?", "answer": "the interaction of the bucket and the water"}, {"question": "Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?", "answer": "objects"}, {"question": "According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?", "answer": "space"}, {"question": "What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?", "answer": "Newtonian space"}, {"question": "In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?", "answer": "independently"}, {"question": "For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?", "answer": "many centuries"}, {"question": "How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?", "answer": "problematic"}, {"question": "What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?", "answer": "that the bucket was indeed spinning"}, {"question": "What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?", "answer": "would remain flat."}, {"question": "What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?", "answer": "would remain flat"}, {"question": "What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?", "answer": "the bucket could be seen as rotating"}, {"question": "What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?", "answer": "increases the curvature"}, {"question": "The Mach argument is called what?", "answer": "Mach's Principle"}, {"question": "Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?", "answer": "effects of other objects in the universe"}, {"question": "lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?", "answer": "relativity"}, {"question": "The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?", "answer": "all observers"}, {"question": "In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?", "answer": "the same"}, {"question": "Einstein's theory was motivated by who?", "answer": "Maxwell"}, {"question": "Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?", "answer": "the luminiferous ether"}, {"question": "In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?", "answer": "does not accelerate"}, {"question": "What follows a geodesic of space-time?", "answer": "an inertial frame of reference"}, {"question": "An object in free fall does not experience what?", "answer": "force"}, {"question": "What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?", "answer": "the surface of the planet"}, {"question": "Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?", "answer": "it is rotating with respect to the geodesic."}, {"question": "How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?", "answer": "partially"}, {"question": "How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?", "answer": "contrary"}, {"question": "What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?", "answer": "objects exist independently of the mind"}, {"question": "Coordinative definition has how many major features?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?", "answer": "coordinating units of length with certain physical objects"}, {"question": "What is the first feature motivated by?", "answer": "we can never directly apprehend length"}, {"question": "The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?", "answer": "separated objects"}, {"question": "Sameness of length must be set how?", "answer": "by definition"}, {"question": "The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?", "answer": "all differentiable transformations"}, {"question": "What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?", "answer": "the covariance group"}, {"question": "Which theory does the relativity depart from?", "answer": "classical mechanics"}, {"question": "What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?", "answer": "single formulation"}, {"question": " The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?", "answer": "every"}, {"question": "How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?", "answer": "fundamental"}, {"question": "If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?", "answer": "physically possible process"}, {"question": "How is our experience of time at the macro level?", "answer": "not time-reversal invariant"}, {"question": "What do we not have memories of?", "answer": "the future"}, {"question": "How are things in statistical mechanics? ", "answer": "complicated"}, {"question": "What are superior to classical thermodynamics?", "answer": "statistical mechanics"}, {"question": "In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? ", "answer": "a statistical postulate"}, {"question": "Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?", "answer": "symmetric"}, {"question": "What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?", "answer": "not an absolute law"}, {"question": "What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?", "answer": "the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"}, {"question": "What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?", "answer": "weak nuclear force"}, {"question": "Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?", "answer": "macroscopic"}, {"question": "Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?", "answer": "Tim Maudlin"}, {"question": "Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?", "answer": "intrinsic"}, {"question": "What grounds the distinction between sequences?", "answer": "asymmetry"}, {"question": "Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?", "answer": "Maudlin"}, {"question": "Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?", "answer": "J. M. E. McTaggart"}, {"question": "How many \"temporal series\" did McTaggart propose?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was McTaggart's first series called?", "answer": "the A-series"}, {"question": "The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?", "answer": "each other"}, {"question": "What is McTaggart's second series called?", "answer": "The B-series"}, {"question": "According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?", "answer": "Presentism"}, {"question": "Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?", "answer": "exist"}, {"question": "Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions", "answer": "Eternalist"}, {"question": "According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?", "answer": "all things\u2014past, present, and future"}, {"question": "According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?", "answer": "special language"}, {"question": "How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?", "answer": "somewhat similar"}, {"question": "Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?", "answer": "endurantist"}, {"question": "Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?", "answer": "perdurantist"}, {"question": "Which view is seen as conventional?", "answer": "Endurantism"}, {"question": "Who is an example of a perdurantist?", "answer": "David Lewis"}, {"question": "How can asymmetry of causation be observed?", "answer": "in a non-arbitrary way"}, {"question": "How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?", "answer": "temporal"}, {"question": "What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?", "answer": "implications of form and functional capacity"}, {"question": "What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?", "answer": "the Neolithic"}, {"question": "What era preceded the Neolithic?", "answer": "Holocene Epipaleolithic period"}, {"question": "What event is associated with the start of farming?", "answer": "Neolithic Revolution"}, {"question": "What era saw an increase in metal tool use?", "answer": "Copper Age"}, {"question": "What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?", "answer": "10,200 \u2013 8,800 BC"}, {"question": "Where did the Neolithic culture begin?", "answer": "Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)"}, {"question": "What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?", "answer": "wild cereals"}, {"question": "What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?", "answer": "The Natufian period"}, {"question": "What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?", "answer": "pottery"}, {"question": "What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?", "answer": "independent domestication events"}, {"question": "When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?", "answer": "roughly 10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Where is the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple located?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "Who built the G\u00f6bekli Tepe temple?", "answer": "nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes"}, {"question": "What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?", "answer": "G\u00f6bekli Tepe"}, {"question": "When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?", "answer": "around 8,800 BCE"}, {"question": "What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?", "answer": "the Mesolithic era"}, {"question": "How many settlers were found in Jordan?", "answer": "3,000 inhabitants"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?", "answer": "Ain Ghazal"}, {"question": "When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?", "answer": "Around 10,200 BC"}, {"question": "When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?", "answer": "Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC"}, {"question": "How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?", "answer": "Jericho"}, {"question": "What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?", "answer": "stone and marble"}, {"question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?", "answer": "Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche"}, {"question": "What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?", "answer": "social, economic and cultural characteristics"}, {"question": "When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?", "answer": "Danielle Stordeur and Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Abb\u00e8s"}, {"question": "When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?", "answer": "6,000 BC"}, {"question": "How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?", "answer": "fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants"}, {"question": "What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?", "answer": "7th millennium BC"}, {"question": "Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?", "answer": "Vasht\u00ebmi, southeastern Albania"}, {"question": "What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?", "answer": "Anthropomorphic figurines"}, {"question": "What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? ", "answer": "cultural diffusion and migration of peoples"}, {"question": "Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?", "answer": "The Vin\u010da culture"}, {"question": "When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What time period was the Korean farm site dated?", "answer": "between 3600 and 3000 B.C."}, {"question": "What items were found on the Korean farm site?", "answer": "Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses"}, {"question": "What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?", "answer": "accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)"}, {"question": "What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?", "answer": "crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?", "answer": "Formative stage"}, {"question": "What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?", "answer": "Archaic Era"}, {"question": "What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?", "answer": "bow and arrow"}, {"question": "What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?", "answer": "small tribes"}, {"question": "What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?", "answer": "social stratification"}, {"question": "What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?", "answer": "Paleolithic cultures"}, {"question": "What caused a major increase in social inequality?", "answer": "domestication of large animals"}, {"question": "What started competition between families for wealth?", "answer": "Possession of livestock"}, {"question": "Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?", "answer": "Neolithic pastoralists"}, {"question": "What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?", "answer": "Catal Huyuk"}, {"question": "What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?", "answer": "the household"}, {"question": "What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?", "answer": "4800 BC and 4600 BC"}, {"question": "What did the ditches later evolve into?", "answer": "causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge"}, {"question": "What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?", "answer": "required considerable time and labour to construct"}, {"question": "Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?", "answer": "Linearbandkeramik"}, {"question": "What did some villages fortify their settlements with?", "answer": "a palisade and an outer ditch"}, {"question": "What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?", "answer": "weapon-traumatized bones"}, {"question": "What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?", "answer": "the Talheim Death Pit"}, {"question": "What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?", "answer": "Control of labour"}, {"question": "What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?", "answer": "Marxist concept of primitive communism"}, {"question": "What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?", "answer": "inter-group conflict"}, {"question": "What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?", "answer": "shelter"}, {"question": "What era consisted of people living temporary homes?", "answer": "paleolithic"}, {"question": "What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?", "answer": "mud brick houses"}, {"question": "What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?", "answer": "The growth of agriculture"}, {"question": "Where were entrances located in early homes?", "answer": "Doorways were made on the roof"}, {"question": "What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?", "answer": "crop farming and cultivation"}, {"question": "What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?", "answer": "nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique"}, {"question": "What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?", "answer": "the Bronze Age"}, {"question": "What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?", "answer": "drought or pests"}, {"question": "What type of societies were not affected by famine?", "answer": "hunter-gatherer communities"}, {"question": "What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?", "answer": "agrarian communities"}, {"question": "What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?", "answer": "diet"}, {"question": "What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?", "answer": "local plant and animal resources"}, {"question": "What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?", "answer": "cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products."}, {"question": "What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?", "answer": "the increase in population"}, {"question": "What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?", "answer": "farmers"}, {"question": "What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?", "answer": "tending, harvesting and processing of crops"}, {"question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?", "answer": "sickle blades and grinding stones"}, {"question": "What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?", "answer": "pottery, bone implements)"}, {"question": "What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?", "answer": "stone axe"}, {"question": "What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?", "answer": "houses and villages"}, {"question": "What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?", "answer": "humans and animals"}, {"question": "What were European homes constructed from?", "answer": "wattle and daub"}, {"question": "What types of sites were built for the deceased?", "answer": "Elaborate tombs"}, {"question": "Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?", "answer": "Ireland"}, {"question": "What did early humans use to make clothing?", "answer": "animal skins"}, {"question": "What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?", "answer": "finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins"}, {"question": "What were perforated stones used for?", "answer": "spindle whorls or loom weights"}, {"question": "What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?", "answer": "\u00d6tzi the Iceman"}, {"question": "In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?", "answer": "Austria-Hungary"}, {"question": "Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?", "answer": "F. A. Hayek"}, {"question": "What award did Hayek receive in 1974?", "answer": "Nobel Memorial Prize"}, {"question": "With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?", "answer": "Gunnar Myrdal"}, {"question": "Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?", "answer": "philosopher"}, {"question": "Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?", "answer": "Order of the Companions of Honour"}, {"question": "For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?", "answer": "services to the study of economics"}, {"question": "What award was Hayek the first to receive?", "answer": "Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize"}, {"question": "Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?", "answer": "President George H. W. Bush"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?", "answer": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}, {"question": "Who was Hayek's father?", "answer": "August von Hayek"}, {"question": "What was August von Hayek's occupation?", "answer": "medical doctor"}, {"question": "What was August von Hayek particularly passionate about?", "answer": "botany"}, {"question": "From whom did Felicitas inherit her wealth?", "answer": "her mother"}, {"question": "How many children did August von Hayek and his wife have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who's occupation inspired Hayek when he was older?", "answer": "His father's"}, {"question": "Eugen Bohm was friends with which of Hayek's grandfathers?", "answer": "Franz von Juraschek"}, {"question": "What occupation did Hayek's grandfather's have?", "answer": "scholars"}, {"question": "Who was August von Hayek's father?", "answer": "Gustav Edler von Hayek"}, {"question": "What did August von Hayek's father write?", "answer": "systematic works in biology"}, {"question": "Who was among the first readers of Ludwig  Wittgenstein's book?", "answer": "Hayek"}, {"question": "How often times did Hayek and Wittgenstein meet?", "answer": "on only a few occasions"}, {"question": "Whose philosophy heavily influenced Hayek?", "answer": "Ludwig Wittgenstein"}, {"question": "What did Wittgenstein and Hayek do during the first world war?", "answer": "both were officers"}, {"question": "What was the name of the book Wittgenstein published in 1921?", "answer": "Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus"}, {"question": "What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?", "answer": "they were somehow of a different generation"}, {"question": "With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?", "answer": "adults"}, {"question": "Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?", "answer": "read fluently and frequently"}, {"question": "Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Where did Hayek acquire his doctorates?", "answer": "University of Vienna"}, {"question": "Where did Hayek learn about the brain?", "answer": "Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy"}, {"question": "What was the name of Hayek's first work?", "answer": "The Sensory Order"}, {"question": "Where did first show his work?", "answer": "the Geistkreis"}, {"question": "With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis?", "answer": "Herbert Furth"}, {"question": "What work did Hayek begin in 1923?", "answer": "research assistant"}, {"question": "Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek?", "answer": "University of Vienna"}, {"question": "For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises?", "answer": "the Austrian government"}, {"question": "What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant?", "answer": "macroeconomic data"}, {"question": "What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant?", "answer": "Jeremiah Jenks"}, {"question": "What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?", "answer": "democratic socialism"}, {"question": "What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?", "answer": "reading von Mises' book Socialism"}, {"question": "During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?", "answer": "Eric Voegelin"}, {"question": "What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?", "answer": "classical liberalism"}, {"question": "Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?", "answer": "Carl Menger"}, {"question": "What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?", "answer": "director"}, {"question": "Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?", "answer": "Lionel Robbins"}, {"question": "What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?", "answer": "one of the leading economic theorists in the world"}, {"question": "What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?", "answer": "modern microeconomics"}, {"question": "In what year did Hayek come to London?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?", "answer": "The Road to Serfdom"}, {"question": "Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?", "answer": "Alexis de Tocqueville"}, {"question": "When was the Road to Serfdom published?", "answer": "March 1944"}, {"question": "Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?", "answer": "Max Eastman"}, {"question": "Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?", "answer": "University of Chicago"}, {"question": "Who supplied Hayek's salary?", "answer": "an outside foundation"}, {"question": "What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?", "answer": "departmental autonomy and control"}, {"question": "Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?", "answer": "sick of Hutchins' meddling"}, {"question": "What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?", "answer": "Committee on Social Thought"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?", "answer": "The Road to Serfdom"}, {"question": "Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?", "answer": "Aaron Director"}, {"question": "What group did Hayek form with three other people?", "answer": "Mont P\u00e8lerin Society"}, {"question": "What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?", "answer": "Intercollegiate Studies Institute"}, {"question": "What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover?", "answer": "the liberal order"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom?", "answer": "The Constitution of Liberty"}, {"question": "As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released?", "answer": "sixteen years"}, {"question": "What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter?", "answer": "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization"}, {"question": "How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960?", "answer": "disappointed"}, {"question": "What country did Hayek move to in 1962?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?", "answer": "Law, Legislation and Liberty"}, {"question": "Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?", "answer": "University of California, Los Angeles"}, {"question": "When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?", "answer": "philosophy of social science"}, {"question": "What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975?", "answer": "British Conservative Party"}, {"question": "Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party?", "answer": "Hayek"}, {"question": "What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker?", "answer": "the \"middle way\""}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department?", "answer": "The Constitution of Liberty"}, {"question": "What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977?", "answer": "Lib-Lab pact"}, {"question": "What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do?", "answer": "discourage socialist legislation"}, {"question": "The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party?", "answer": "British Liberal Party"}, {"question": "What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government?", "answer": "all title to the name 'Liberal'"}, {"question": "Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy?", "answer": "the Conservative Party"}, {"question": "With which political group was David Steel affiliated?", "answer": "Liberal Party"}, {"question": "Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978", "answer": "Hayek"}, {"question": "Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek?", "answer": "limited democracy"}, {"question": "Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives?", "answer": "unlimited"}, {"question": "What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England?", "answer": "Order of the Companions of Honour"}, {"question": "Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order?", "answer": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"question": "In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award?", "answer": "Frederick"}, {"question": "At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say?", "answer": "\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""}, {"question": "What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President?", "answer": "a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""}, {"question": "Which President presented the award to Hayek?", "answer": "George H. W. Bush"}, {"question": "Where was Hayek when he died?", "answer": "Freiburg, Germany"}, {"question": "Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna?", "answer": "northern outskirts"}, {"question": "Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published?", "answer": "American Economic Review"}, {"question": "What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?", "answer": "Theory of Money and Credit"}, {"question": "Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?", "answer": "capital"}, {"question": "What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?", "answer": "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"}, {"question": "What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?", "answer": "Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?", "answer": "artificially low interest rates"}, {"question": "Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929?", "answer": "London School of Economics"}, {"question": "In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what?", "answer": "narrow approach"}, {"question": "Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''?", "answer": "Alfred Marshall"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE?", "answer": "Lionel Robbins"}, {"question": "What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics?", "answer": "less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"}, {"question": "Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title?", "answer": "Prices and Production"}, {"question": "Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by?", "answer": "artificially low interest rates"}, {"question": "Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek?", "answer": "Piero Sraffa"}, {"question": "According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created?", "answer": "\"a remarkable crop of critics\""}, {"question": "What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?", "answer": "works were largely ignored"}, {"question": "What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?", "answer": "Profits, Interest and Investment"}, {"question": "Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?", "answer": "Nicholas Kaldor"}, {"question": "Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?", "answer": "the Austrian theory of the business cycle"}, {"question": "Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?", "answer": "Lionel Robbins"}, {"question": "What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?", "answer": "the dynamics of capital"}, {"question": "What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?", "answer": "macroeconomics"}, {"question": "What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?", "answer": "an \"ideologue\""}, {"question": "Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?", "answer": "The Road to Serfdom"}, {"question": "Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?", "answer": "Gunnar Myrdal"}, {"question": "What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most?", "answer": "enough information"}, {"question": "Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution?", "answer": "Max Weber"}, {"question": "What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed?", "answer": "through the price mechanism in free markets"}, {"question": "Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution?", "answer": "Ludwig von Mises"}, {"question": "What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument?", "answer": "general equilibrium theory"}, {"question": "What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated?", "answer": "Mises's thesis"}, {"question": "According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what?", "answer": "who was responsible for solving the equations"}, {"question": "What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid?", "answer": "free market"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?", "answer": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}, {"question": "Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?", "answer": "central planning"}, {"question": "The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?", "answer": "Oliver Williamson"}, {"question": "The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?", "answer": "the Nobel prize"}, {"question": "What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?", "answer": "collectivism"}, {"question": "How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?", "answer": "a central authority"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?", "answer": "central economic planning"}, {"question": "Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?", "answer": "totalitarianism"}, {"question": "What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?", "answer": "maintain the rule of law"}, {"question": "Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?", "answer": "creating a \"safety net\""}, {"question": "Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?", "answer": "sufficient to preserve health"}, {"question": "What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?", "answer": "social insurance"}, {"question": "In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?", "answer": "microeconomics"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?", "answer": "\"Marshallian\""}, {"question": "Whose works inspire the term \"Walrasian\" in economics?", "answer": "Abba Lerner"}, {"question": "When did Hayek start working on Abuse of Reason?", "answer": "During World War II"}, {"question": "What did Hayek specifically aim to expose in Abuse of Reason?", "answer": "fundamental misconceptions about the social science"}, {"question": "Whose beliefs in scientific philosophy were similar to Hayek's?", "answer": "Karl Popper"}, {"question": "What did Hayek use to refer to the spread of ignorance and misunderstanding within the social sciences?", "answer": "scientism"}, {"question": "In scientism, it is typically believed that explanations in science are what?", "answer": "simple two-variable linear relationships"}, {"question": "In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?", "answer": "Hebbian learning"}, {"question": "What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?", "answer": "\"Hebbian synapse\""}, {"question": "What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?", "answer": "The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology"}, {"question": "When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?", "answer": "the latter half of his career"}, {"question": "What did Hayek want society to function around?", "answer": "a market order"}, {"question": "What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?", "answer": "to enforce the legal order"}, {"question": "What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?", "answer": "would be self-regulating"}, {"question": "What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?", "answer": "good men"}, {"question": "What concept did Hayek dislike?", "answer": "social justice"}, {"question": "How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?", "answer": "there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust"}, {"question": "What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?", "answer": "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable"}, {"question": "According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?", "answer": "the opposite of a free society"}, {"question": "What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?", "answer": "non-interventionist policy"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?", "answer": "prima facie"}, {"question": "What are ecosystems views to be?", "answer": "spontaneous orders"}, {"question": "One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?", "answer": "analysis of markets"}, {"question": "What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?", "answer": "our ability to manipulate nature"}, {"question": "According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?", "answer": "Hayek"}, {"question": "Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?", "answer": "the state"}, {"question": "In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?", "answer": "The economic calculation problem"}, {"question": "Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?", "answer": "Bernard Harcourt"}, {"question": "Who criticizes Hayek's ability to provide specific facts?", "answer": "Arthur M. Diamond"}, {"question": "Diamond believes Hayek's weaknesses come out when he steps beyond the bounds of what topic?", "answer": "economic science"}, {"question": "What term does Diamond use to refer to Hayek?", "answer": "intellectual skeptic"}, {"question": "Diamond states that the final result of Hayek's statements are what?", "answer": "confused and contradictory"}, {"question": "At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?", "answer": "a transitional period"}, {"question": "What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?", "answer": "a liberal dictatorship"}, {"question": "What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?", "answer": "a liberal government"}, {"question": "As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?", "answer": "Pinochet"}, {"question": "Hayek believed that authoritarianism was very different from what?", "answer": "totalitarianism"}, {"question": "What country did Hayek arrive in where he provided his disctinction between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?", "answer": "Venezuela"}, {"question": "What did Hayek believe to be absent from Latin America?", "answer": "totalitarian governments"}, {"question": "What is Hayek's definition of totalitarian?", "answer": "the want to \u201corganize the whole of society\u201d to attain a \u201cdefinite social goal\u201d"}, {"question": "What did Hayek claim to be better than investing in government spending programs?", "answer": "private investment in the public markets"}, {"question": "What other notable figure signed the letter in which Hayek made his statement regarding private investment?", "answer": "Lionel Robbins"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for England's return to the use of gold as standard currency?", "answer": "Churchill"}, {"question": "With whom did Hayek disagree with publicly?", "answer": "John Maynard Keynes"}, {"question": "Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?", "answer": "Kenneth Arrow"}, {"question": "What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?", "answer": "Paul Samuelson"}, {"question": "On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?", "answer": "Joseph Schumpeter"}, {"question": "On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?", "answer": "Hayek's"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?", "answer": "Prices and Production"}, {"question": "Whose 1980 book mentions \"informal\" economics?", "answer": "Milton Friedman's"}, {"question": "What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?", "answer": "Free to Choose"}, {"question": "How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?", "answer": "Hayekian"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?", "answer": "The Use of Knowledge in Society"}, {"question": "Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?", "answer": "Karl Popper"}, {"question": "Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?", "answer": "Alfred Tarski"}, {"question": "Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?", "answer": "Conjectures and Refutations"}, {"question": "Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?", "answer": "Logik der Forschung"}, {"question": "Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?", "answer": "the inaugural meeting"}, {"question": "Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?", "answer": "The Road to Serfdom"}, {"question": "To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?", "answer": "Carl Menger"}, {"question": "Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??", "answer": "Scottish Enlightenment"}, {"question": "In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?", "answer": "Keith Joseph"}, {"question": "During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?", "answer": "conservative governments"}, {"question": "What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?", "answer": "director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies"}, {"question": "One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?", "answer": "Ronald Reagan's"}, {"question": "What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?", "answer": "conservatism"}, {"question": "What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?", "answer": "\"Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves.\""}, {"question": "What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?", "answer": "belief in the free market"}, {"question": "What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?", "answer": "libertarian"}, {"question": "Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?", "answer": "internationalism"}, {"question": "What did Hayek suggest as an alternative to being called a libertarian?", "answer": "Old Whig"}, {"question": "In opposition to conservatives, what group has Hayek's work influenced?", "answer": "liberal-minded economists"}, {"question": "Who wrote an essay as a result of Hayek's \"Why I Am Not a Conservative\"?", "answer": "James M. Buchanan"}, {"question": "From whom did Hayek acquire the term he proposed as an alternative to libertarian?", "answer": "Edmund Burke"}, {"question": "In his later years, what term did Hayek use to describe himself?", "answer": "a Burkean Whig"}, {"question": "What term do those who disagree with Hayek use to describe his ideals?", "answer": "neoliberalism"}, {"question": "Who was it that claimed Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty to be an thorough example of neoliberal philosophy?", "answer": "Samuel Brittan"}, {"question": "Whose ideals does Brittan believe to win out over Hayek's?", "answer": "Raymond Plant"}, {"question": "Who makes the claim that Hayek was actually a conservative?", "answer": "Madsen Pirie"}, {"question": "According to Pirie, conservatives dislike change only when its forced upon them by whom?", "answer": "people in authority who think they know how to run things better"}, {"question": "Pirie believes Hayek to be a conservative for what reason?", "answer": "mistakes the nature of the conservative outlook"}, {"question": "What does Pirie claim conservatives want for the free market?", "answer": "to function smoothly"}, {"question": "What is diarrhea?", "answer": "the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day"}, {"question": "What is one of the effects of diarrhea?", "answer": "can result in dehydration due to fluid loss"}, {"question": "What are the warning signs of dehydration?", "answer": "loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour"}, {"question": "What are other signs of dehydration?", "answer": "decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness"}, {"question": "What is the most common cause of diarrhea?", "answer": "an infection of the intestines"}, {"question": "What can cause an infection in the intestines?", "answer": "a virus, bacteria, or parasite"}, {"question": "What are the three types of diarrhea?", "answer": "short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea"}, {"question": "What is it known as if blood is present?", "answer": "dysentery"}, {"question": "What are some ways to prevent diarrhea?", "answer": "improved sanitation, clean drinking water, and hand washing with soap"}, {"question": "What else can a mom do to prevent diarrhea for her baby?", "answer": "Breastfeeding for at least six months"}, {"question": "What is the treatment of choice for diarrhea?", "answer": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS), which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar"}, {"question": "What conditions would a doctor prescribe antibiotics?", "answer": "cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever, those with severe diarrhea following travelling, and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites"}, {"question": "HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?", "answer": "1.7 to 5 billion cases"}, {"question": "How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?", "answer": "average three times a year"}, {"question": "Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?", "answer": "malnutrition"}, {"question": "What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?", "answer": "stunted growth and poor intellectual development"}, {"question": "What is secretory diarrhea?", "answer": "an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption"}, {"question": "What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?", "answer": "cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions"}, {"question": "Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?", "answer": ". There is little to no structural damage."}, {"question": "What occures with osmotic diarrhea?", "answer": "s when too much water is drawn into the bowels"}, {"question": "What causes osmotic diarrhea?", "answer": "If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel"}, {"question": "How do osmotic lazatives work?", "answer": "alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels"}, {"question": "What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?", "answer": "too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose"}, {"question": "When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?", "answer": "when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border"}, {"question": "What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?", "answer": "a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids"}, {"question": "What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?", "answer": "bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems"}, {"question": "What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?", "answer": "tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis."}, {"question": "Diarrheal disease has what effects on a person?", "answer": "a negative impact on both physical fitness and mental development"}, {"question": "What can early childhood malnutrition cause?", "answer": "reduces physical fitness and work productivity in adults"}, {"question": "What is the cause of childhood malnutrition?", "answer": "diarrhea"}, {"question": "Children who have experienced sever diarrhea are more likely to have what effect?", "answer": "significantly lower scores on a series of tests of intelligence"}, {"question": "What is IBS?", "answer": "irritable bowel syndrome"}, {"question": "What symptoms do you have with IBS?", "answer": "abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months"}, {"question": "How can symptoms be managed with IBS?", "answer": "a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications"}, {"question": "What is a good indicator of the rate of infectious diarrhea?", "answer": "Poverty"}, {"question": "Why does living in poverty raise your risk of diarrhea?", "answer": "from the conditions under which impoverished people live"}, {"question": "What causes this to be exacerbated?", "answer": "the lack of adequate, available, and affordable medical care."}, {"question": "Why is proper nutrition important?", "answer": "for health and functioning, including the prevention of infectious diarrhea"}, {"question": "What effects does lower levels of zinc have in children?", "answer": "greater number of instances of diarrhea, severe diarrhea, and diarrhea associated with fever"}, {"question": "What can having a vitamin A deficiency cause?", "answer": "cause an increase in the severity of diarrheal episodes"}, {"question": "What is the rate of  vitamin A deficiency in children worldwide?", "answer": "127 million"}, {"question": "What did Nesse and Williams learn?", "answer": "diarrhea may function as an evolved expulsion defense mechanism"}, {"question": "If diarrhea is stopped, would could happen?", "answer": "there might be a delay in recovery."}, {"question": "What happened with people with Shigella were treated with anti-diarrheal medication?", "answer": "caused people to stay feverish twice as long as those not so treated."}, {"question": "What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?", "answer": "Basic sanitation techniques"}, {"question": "How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?", "answer": "approximately 42\u201348%"}, {"question": "Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?", "answer": "access to soap and water is limited"}, {"question": "What is a solution to help this problem?", "answer": "implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours"}, {"question": "What is a major means of the spread of diarrhea disease?", "answer": "water contamination"}, {"question": "What has cut the rate of diarrhea disease incidents? ", "answer": "clean water supply and improved sanitation"}, {"question": "What would be the reduction in deisease incedence if there was better water and sanitation?", "answer": "22\u201327% reduction in disease incidence"}, {"question": "What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?", "answer": "it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination"}, {"question": "What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?", "answer": "Rotavirus"}, {"question": "What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?", "answer": "(2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence"}, {"question": "What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What can be done to combate dietary deficiences?", "answer": "promoting better eating practices"}, {"question": "What has been used and shown successful in a decrease in incidence of diarrheal disease?", "answer": "Zinc"}, {"question": "WHat strategy was found out to be more cost effective?", "answer": "zinc supplementation"}, {"question": "What is the basic treatment many cases of diarrhea need?", "answer": "replacing lost fluid and salts is the only treatment needed"}, {"question": "How is this treatment given?", "answer": "This is usually by mouth \u2013 oral rehydration therapy \u2013 or, in severe cases, intravenously"}, {"question": "What type of diet is no longer recommended?", "answer": "BRAT diet"}, {"question": "What does WHO recommend to do?", "answer": "children with diarrhea continue to eat as sufficient nutrients are usually still absorbed to support continued growth and weight gain"}, {"question": "What can be used to prevent dehydration?", "answer": "Oral rehydration solution (ORS)"}, {"question": "What are some good standard home solutions?", "answer": "salted rice water, salted yogurt drinks, vegetable and chicken soups with salt"}, {"question": "What is a commercial solution that can also be used?", "answer": "Pedialyte"}, {"question": "What is the WHO's recipe for ORS?", "answer": "one liter water with one teaspoon salt (3 grams) and two tablespoons sugar (18 grams) added"}, {"question": "What are not recommended for younger kids because it can casue more dehydration?", "answer": "Drinks especially high in simple sugars, such as soft drinks and fruit juices"}, {"question": "Why are sodas and high sugar fruit juices not recommended?", "answer": "A too rich solution in the gut draws water from the rest of the body, just as if the person were to drink sea water"}, {"question": "What can be used to give fluids when they can not drink?", "answer": "A nasogastric tube"}, {"question": "What does WHO recommend?", "answer": "a child with diarrhea continue to be fed"}, {"question": "What does continuing to eat do for your illness?", "answer": "Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function"}, {"question": "What happens when a childs food is restricted?", "answer": "children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly"}, {"question": "Are antibiotics used in diarrhea instances?", "answer": "they are usually not used except in specific situations"}, {"question": "What are the concerns with anitbiotics?", "answer": "may increase the risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome in people infected with Escherichia coli O157:H7"}, {"question": "What are bacteria doing that makes them not work as well?", "answer": "some bacteria are developing antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "What are the origins of the word madrasa?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What type of educational institution does the term madrasa refer?", "answer": "any type"}, {"question": "In Western culture, the term madrasa widely refers to the practices of what religion?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "How many students enrolled in madaris are Muslim?", "answer": "Not all"}, {"question": "What are the root origins of the word madrasah?", "answer": "triconsonantal Semitic"}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of madrasah?", "answer": "a place where learning and studying take place"}, {"question": "In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?", "answer": "same as school does in the English language"}, {"question": "During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?", "answer": "lower schools and specialised"}, {"question": "What were the students in madaris called?", "answer": "dani\u015fmends"}, {"question": "What is the English connotative understanding of the word madrash? ", "answer": "Islamic institutions"}, {"question": "What is taught through a hifz class or set of classes?", "answer": "memorization of the Qur'an"}, {"question": "What is shariah?", "answer": "Islamic law"}, {"question": "What is the discipline taught in mantiq courses?", "answer": "logic"}, {"question": "What set of courses does someone need to take for preparation to be considered as a scholar?", "answer": "\u02bb\u0101lim"}, {"question": "What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?", "answer": "all ages"}, {"question": "How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?", "answer": "approximately twelve years"}, {"question": "In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?", "answer": "people take evening classes and reside in dormitories"}, {"question": "Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?", "answer": "provide them with education and training"}, {"question": "What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?", "answer": "they study separately from the men"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of Islamic education?", "answer": "education in the light of Islam itself"}, {"question": "What book is the basis for education in Islamic traditions?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "What types of education greatly differs from Islamic education?", "answer": "Muslim education"}, {"question": "What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?", "answer": "monotheism"}, {"question": "Where was the first madrasa located?", "answer": "the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam"}, {"question": "Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?", "answer": "Hazrat Muhammad"}, {"question": "Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?", "answer": "Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit"}, {"question": "What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?", "answer": "calligraphy"}, {"question": "What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?", "answer": "athletics and martial arts"}, {"question": "Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?", "answer": "ruling elite"}, {"question": "How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?", "answer": "through a religious endowment"}, {"question": "What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?", "answer": "former slaves"}, {"question": "What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?", "answer": "Guaranteed positions within the new madaris"}, {"question": "In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?", "answer": "Cairo"}, {"question": "Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?", "answer": "royal courts"}, {"question": "What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Caliphate"}, {"question": "What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?", "answer": "maktab and madrasa institutions"}, {"question": "How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?", "answer": "several centuries"}, {"question": "When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?", "answer": "maktab"}, {"question": "Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?", "answer": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101"}, {"question": "What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?", "answer": "classes"}, {"question": "How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?", "answer": "manual skills"}, {"question": "According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?", "answer": "flexibility"}, {"question": "What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? ", "answer": "future career"}, {"question": "What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?", "answer": "religious sciences"}, {"question": "What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?", "answer": "philosophy and the secular sciences"}, {"question": "Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?", "answer": "its founder"}, {"question": "What is the most widely known madrasah?", "answer": "al-Azhar University"}, {"question": "How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What term refers to Islamic law?", "answer": "fiqh"}, {"question": "When did Islamic law school begin?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?", "answer": "ten or more years"}, {"question": "What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?", "answer": "European doctorate"}, {"question": "What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?", "answer": "licence to teach"}, {"question": "Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?", "answer": "individual scholar-teacher"}, {"question": "Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?", "answer": "chief official of the university"}, {"question": "What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?", "answer": "licentia docendi"}, {"question": "What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?", "answer": "whether certain opinions of law were orthodox"}, {"question": "What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?", "answer": "fatwa"}, {"question": "What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?", "answer": "civil as well as religious"}, {"question": "What is ijtihad?", "answer": "process of scholarly research"}, {"question": "When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris", "answer": "princely patrons"}, {"question": "What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?", "answer": "further the rulers' agenda"}, {"question": "Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?", "answer": "George Makdisi"}, {"question": "When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?", "answer": "859"}, {"question": "Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?", "answer": "Fatima al-Fihri"}, {"question": "What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?", "answer": "all levels"}, {"question": "What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?", "answer": "mosques"}, {"question": "What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?", "answer": "individual faculties for different subjects"}, {"question": "When was Al-Azhar University founded?", "answer": "975"}, {"question": "Where is Al-Azhar University located?", "answer": "Cairo, Egypt"}, {"question": "What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?", "answer": "an oral examination"}, {"question": "Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?", "answer": "Maimonides"}, {"question": "What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?", "answer": "largest university of the Medieval world"}, {"question": "What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?", "answer": "Islamic religious law of shar\u012b\u02bbah"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?", "answer": "supply religious needs"}, {"question": "Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?", "answer": "the teacher"}, {"question": "What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?", "answer": "Ptolemaic astronomy"}, {"question": "What is considered the most famous madrasa?", "answer": "al-Azhar"}, {"question": "What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?", "answer": "corporate element"}, {"question": "What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?", "answer": "Islamic college"}, {"question": "Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?", "answer": "Medievalist specialists"}, {"question": "What are two examples of waqfs?", "answer": "madrasa and j\u0101mi\u02bbah"}, {"question": "When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?", "answer": "11th and 12th centuries"}, {"question": "Where are madaris considered less desirable?", "answer": "Western Islamic lands"}, {"question": "When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?", "answer": "the donor"}, {"question": "What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?", "answer": "economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture"}, {"question": "What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?", "answer": "European university"}, {"question": "What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?", "answer": "degree and doctorate"}, {"question": "How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?", "answer": "eighteen"}, {"question": "What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?", "answer": "academic"}, {"question": "What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?", "answer": "wearing academic robes"}, {"question": "What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?", "answer": "overstating his case"}, {"question": "What is the European version of fiqh?", "answer": "civil law"}, {"question": "What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?", "answer": "parallel occurrence"}, {"question": "What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?", "answer": "less than one percent"}, {"question": "How many female Islamic scholars were on record after the 1400s?", "answer": "over 8,000"}, {"question": "In what book was a section reserved for the study of Islamic female students?", "answer": "al-\u1e0caw\u02be al-l\u0101mi\u02bb"}, {"question": "How many female students were discussed in the al-Daw' al-Iami?", "answer": "1,075"}, {"question": "What disciplines were women trained in during the first century?", "answer": "music, dancing and poetry"}, {"question": "Who was the most well known female scholar in Islamic schools?", "answer": "Shuhda"}, {"question": "Where did Shuhda attend school?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "When was formal education for Islamic women halted?", "answer": "1258"}, {"question": "During which Caliphate did Islamic women begin attending formal school?", "answer": "Abbasid"}, {"question": "What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?", "answer": "scholars and teachers"}, {"question": "Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?", "answer": "learned and scholarly families"}, {"question": "Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?", "answer": "their desire for religious knowledge"}, {"question": "Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?", "answer": "Muhammad's wives"}, {"question": "Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?", "answer": "Khadijah"}, {"question": "Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?", "answer": "Ottomans"}, {"question": "How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "complete the classes in the lower one"}, {"question": "Where were Ottoman madaris built?", "answer": "near mosques"}, {"question": "When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?", "answer": "1331"}, {"question": "What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "spiritual learning"}, {"question": "Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?", "answer": "confirm the doctrines of Islam"}, {"question": "What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?", "answer": "pluralistic"}, {"question": "What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "Islam"}, {"question": "What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?", "answer": "wide range of studies"}, {"question": "What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?", "answer": "aid to the poor through soup kitchens"}, {"question": "What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "Where did students learn about religious and social norms?", "answer": "medreses"}, {"question": "What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?", "answer": "Islamic orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?", "answer": "Deobandis"}, {"question": "What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?", "answer": "Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad"}, {"question": "What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?", "answer": "Mathematics, Computers and science"}, {"question": "In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?", "answer": "Hindu-Muslim friction"}, {"question": "How many Muslim students are there in Kerala?", "answer": "over 500,000"}, {"question": "How many Muslim teachers are there in Kerala?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "Who determines the content taught in Arabic public schools?", "answer": "State-appointed committees"}, {"question": "What types of programs provide traditional Islamic teaching?", "answer": "after-school"}, {"question": "What is the format of school for girls and boys?", "answer": "co-educational"}, {"question": "Who decides if Muslims attend secular schools or traditional madaris?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "What are madaris referred to as in Indonesia and Malaysia?", "answer": "Sekolah Agama"}, {"question": "What region of the Philippines has a large Muslim population?", "answer": "Mindanao"}, {"question": "What region of Thailand has madaris?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "How many madrasahs are in Sinagapore?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What program is being installed in madrasahs in Singapore?", "answer": "International Baccalaureate"}, {"question": "What year is it planned for IB programs to be in place at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?", "answer": "2019"}, {"question": "What will the uniform be at Madrasah Al-Arabiah Al-Islamiah?", "answer": "the songkok for boys and tudong for girls"}, {"question": "How many regions in Singapore have widely accepted madaris?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "What law protects the teaching of Arabic and Islamic traditions in Mindanao?", "answer": "Department Order No. 51"}, {"question": "What religion do most people practice in Mindanao?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What curriculum is used in non public madaris in Mindanao?", "answer": "Standard Madrasa Curriculum (SMC)"}, {"question": "When did madaris become more accepted in Mindanao?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "When was the first madrasa started in North America?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?", "answer": "Cornwall, Ontario"}, {"question": "What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?", "answer": "AlMaghrib Institute"}, {"question": "What is the common western perception of the teaching received at madaris?", "answer": "anti-Americanism and radical extremism"}, {"question": "What type of content is delivered at madaris?", "answer": "varied curricula"}, {"question": "What type of teaching is provided at Indian madaris?", "answer": "secularised"}, {"question": "What are the origins of western schools?", "answer": "institutions of the Catholic church"}, {"question": "How many science disciplines were taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?", "answer": "5.5 million"}, {"question": "In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?", "answer": "southeastern"}, {"question": "What county is Miami located in?", "answer": "Miami-Dade County"}, {"question": "Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?", "answer": "44th"}, {"question": "How many people live in Miami?", "answer": "430,332"}, {"question": "What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?", "answer": "Alpha\u2212World City"}, {"question": "Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?", "answer": "33rd"}, {"question": "What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?", "answer": "America's Cleanest City"}, {"question": "What is a nickname given to Miami?", "answer": "Capital of Latin America"}, {"question": "Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?", "answer": "international banks"}, {"question": "What is called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\"?", "answer": "Port of Miami"}, {"question": "Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?", "answer": "passenger"}, {"question": "Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?", "answer": "research institutes"}, {"question": "How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?", "answer": "two decades"}, {"question": "Where was Julia Tuttle born?", "answer": "Cleveland"}, {"question": "Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?", "answer": "Biscayne Bay Country"}, {"question": "When did the Great Freeze occur?", "answer": "1894\u201395"}, {"question": "What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?", "answer": "Florida East Coast Railway"}, {"question": "Who was \"the mother of Miami\"?", "answer": "Julia Tuttle"}, {"question": "In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?", "answer": "Avenue J"}, {"question": "Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?", "answer": "Bahamas"}, {"question": "Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?", "answer": "H. Leslie Quigg"}, {"question": "To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?", "answer": "Ku Klux Klan"}, {"question": "For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?", "answer": "speaking directly to a white woman"}, {"question": "What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?", "answer": "bellboy"}, {"question": "In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?", "answer": "Haiti"}, {"question": "What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?", "answer": "Andrew"}, {"question": "What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?", "answer": "El Paso, Texas"}, {"question": "Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?", "answer": "Cuban-American"}, {"question": "Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?", "answer": "east"}, {"question": "To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?", "answer": "Lake Okeechobee"}, {"question": "In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?", "answer": "1.8"}, {"question": "What is another name for Miami limestone?", "answer": "Miami oolite"}, {"question": "How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?", "answer": "Sangamonian"}, {"question": "How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?", "answer": "Wisconsin glaciation"}, {"question": "Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?", "answer": "Hialeah"}, {"question": "The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?", "answer": "Florida Bay"}, {"question": "After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?", "answer": "5 to 6"}, {"question": "What is limited by Miami's high water table?", "answer": "underground construction"}, {"question": "Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?", "answer": "Virginia Key"}, {"question": "On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?", "answer": "Brickell Avenue"}, {"question": "Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?", "answer": "The Roads"}, {"question": "When was Coral Way constructed?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?", "answer": "Dinner Key"}, {"question": "What notable theater is present in Overtown?", "answer": "Lyric"}, {"question": "After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?", "answer": "Adrienne Arsht"}, {"question": "In what part of Miami is Midtown?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?", "answer": "MiMo"}, {"question": "What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?", "answer": "Little Haiti"}, {"question": "What is Miami's K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "answer": "Am"}, {"question": "What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?", "answer": "hot and humid"}, {"question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?", "answer": "19.6"}, {"question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami?", "answer": "70\u201377"}, {"question": "In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?", "answer": "29\u201335"}, {"question": "How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?", "answer": "1,420"}, {"question": "What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?", "answer": "73.7"}, {"question": "What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami?", "answer": "one-thirteenth"}, {"question": "Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?", "answer": "42nd"}, {"question": "Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?", "answer": "Broward"}, {"question": "How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?", "answer": "5.5 million"}, {"question": "Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?", "answer": "22.7"}, {"question": "What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami?", "answer": "Hispanic"}, {"question": "Along with Downtown and Edgewater, what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities?", "answer": "Brickell"}, {"question": "Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami's population?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?", "answer": "1400"}, {"question": "Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?", "answer": "proximity to Latin America"}, {"question": "Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?", "answer": "Seabourn"}, {"question": "Along with UniM\u00c1S and Univisi\u00f3n, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?", "answer": "Telemundo"}, {"question": "As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?", "answer": "85"}, {"question": "Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?", "answer": "Universal Music Latin Entertainment"}, {"question": "What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?", "answer": "Telemundo Television Studios"}, {"question": "How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?", "answer": "New York City and Chicago"}, {"question": "What is Miami's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida?", "answer": "Four Seasons Hotel & Tower"}, {"question": "When did the Florida land boom occur?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?", "answer": "high foreclosure rate"}, {"question": "In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What is Florida's busiest airport?", "answer": "Miami International"}, {"question": "What is the busiest cruise port in the world?", "answer": "Port of Miami"}, {"question": "In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What street is central to the financial district of Miami?", "answer": "Brickell Avenue"}, {"question": "Along with the Caribbean, from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA?", "answer": "South America"}, {"question": "How many tourists come to Miami each year?", "answer": "38 million"}, {"question": "How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?", "answer": "$17.1 billion"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?", "answer": "South Beach"}, {"question": "Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?", "answer": "Mercedes-Benz"}, {"question": "Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?", "answer": "historical buildings"}, {"question": "As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?", "answer": "Detroit"}, {"question": "What was the second poorest US city in 2004?", "answer": "El Paso"}, {"question": "In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?", "answer": "Miami"}, {"question": "In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?", "answer": "fifth"}, {"question": "What is the largest performing arts center in the US?", "answer": "Lincoln Center"}, {"question": "What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?", "answer": "Florida Grand Opera"}, {"question": "What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts?", "answer": "Ziff Ballet Opera House"}, {"question": "Where is Lincoln Center located?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music?", "answer": "Bayfront Park Amphitheater"}, {"question": "What group performed the song \"Hot Number\"?", "answer": "Foxy"}, {"question": "In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What band performed the song \"Conga\"?", "answer": "Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine"}, {"question": "What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?", "answer": "TK Records"}, {"question": "In what decade was disco popular?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?", "answer": "hip-hop"}, {"question": "What genre of music does Uffie perform?", "answer": "electro"}, {"question": "Where did the band Nonpoint form?", "answer": "Fort Lauderdale"}, {"question": "What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?", "answer": "Cuban American"}, {"question": "Along with Cat Power, what indie/folk musician is based in Miami?", "answer": "Iron & Wine"}, {"question": "Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?", "answer": "david padilla"}, {"question": "By what other name is John Benetiz known?", "answer": "JellyBean Benetiz"}, {"question": "In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?", "answer": "SoBe"}, {"question": "What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?", "answer": "Versailles"}, {"question": "Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?", "answer": "Tony Roma's"}, {"question": "In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What ocean is Miami adjacent to?", "answer": "Atlantic"}, {"question": "Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?", "answer": "Biscayne Bay"}, {"question": "What is another term for Miami's dialect?", "answer": "Miami accent"}, {"question": "What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?", "answer": "Mid-Atlantic"}, {"question": "What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What sport do the Miami Heat play?", "answer": "Basketball"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?", "answer": "Dolphins"}, {"question": "What professional hockey team is based in Miami?", "answer": "Florida Panthers"}, {"question": "At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?", "answer": "Sony Ericsson"}, {"question": "Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?", "answer": "Homestead-Miami Speedway"}, {"question": "How many gardens and parks are in Miami?", "answer": "80"}, {"question": "In what park is the American Airlines Arena located?", "answer": "Bicentennial"}, {"question": "Due to the presence of coral reefs, what activities are popular in Biscayne Bay?", "answer": "snorkeling and scuba diving"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is Bicentennial Park located?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami?", "answer": "tropical weather"}, {"question": "Under what government system does Miami operate?", "answer": "mayor-commissioner"}, {"question": "How many members are on the city commission?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is the Mayor of Miami?", "answer": "Tom\u00e1s Regalado"}, {"question": "What is the street address of Miami City Hall?", "answer": "3500 Pan American Drive"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located?", "answer": "Coconut Grove"}, {"question": "When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "In what community is the Miami Herald currently located?", "answer": "Doral"}, {"question": "Among television markets in Florida, where dies Miami rank?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "What is the largest newspaper in Miami?", "answer": "Miami Herald"}, {"question": "What is Miami's largest newspaper written in Spanish?", "answer": "El Nuevo Herald"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?", "answer": "Midtown"}, {"question": "What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?", "answer": "Brickell"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?", "answer": "million"}, {"question": "For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper?", "answer": "Florida International"}, {"question": "What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?", "answer": "The Buccaneer"}, {"question": "When did Univisi\u00f3n announce it was building a production studio in Miami?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisi\u00f3n?", "answer": "Univisi\u00f3n Studios"}, {"question": "Where will the programs made at Univisi\u00f3n Studios be broadcast?", "answer": "all of Univisi\u00f3n Communications' television networks"}, {"question": "How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?", "answer": "35 million"}, {"question": "What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?", "answer": "American Airlines"}, {"question": "What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"}, {"question": "From Miami International Airport, to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop?", "answer": "seventy"}, {"question": "Along with \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas,\" what is another nickname for PortMiami?", "answer": "\"Cruise Capital of the World\""}, {"question": "How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?", "answer": "3,787,410"}, {"question": "How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?", "answer": "7.8 million"}, {"question": "What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?", "answer": "Port of South Louisiana"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers is PortMiami?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?", "answer": "Metrorail"}, {"question": "How many miles long is Metrorail?", "answer": "24.4"}, {"question": "How many stations does Metrorail have?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "How many lines does Metromover have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much does it cost to use Metromover?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?", "answer": "Miami International"}, {"question": "What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?", "answer": "Silver Meteor"}, {"question": "From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?", "answer": "Hialeah"}, {"question": "In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?", "answer": "Tampa"}, {"question": "Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?", "answer": "Rick Scott"}, {"question": "In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?", "answer": "Florida East Coast Railway"}, {"question": "From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?", "answer": "Orlando International Airport"}, {"question": "What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?", "answer": "Burdine's"}, {"question": "What is another name for Tamiami Trail?", "answer": "SW 8th St"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street?", "answer": "Downtown"}, {"question": "What is Miami's street plan called?", "answer": "Miami Grid"}, {"question": "If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street, what will necessarily be in its address?", "answer": "NW"}, {"question": "Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?", "answer": "Key Biscayne"}, {"question": "What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?", "answer": "MacArthur"}, {"question": "Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?", "answer": "Broad"}, {"question": "What causeway is furthest to the south?", "answer": "Rickenbacker"}, {"question": "How many major causeways are in Miami?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during \"Bike Miami\"?", "answer": "automobiles"}, {"question": "How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "Who was a recent mayor of Miami?", "answer": "Manny Diaz"}, {"question": "Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?", "answer": "Brickell"}, {"question": "In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "Who founded Philadelphia?", "answer": "William Penn"}, {"question": "What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution?", "answer": "a meeting place for the Founding Fathers"}, {"question": "What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction?", "answer": "temporary U.S. capital"}, {"question": "When did it reach 2 million occupants>", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia?", "answer": "manufacturing"}, {"question": "When did the city near bankruptcy?", "answer": "late 1980s"}, {"question": "Where did wealthy residents move?", "answer": "suburbs"}, {"question": "Who replaced the wealthy?", "answer": "immigrants"}, {"question": "What is the GDP of the city?", "answer": "$388 billion"}, {"question": "Where does it rank in comparison to other US cities in GDP?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "How many Fortune 500 companies call Philadelpia home?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many domestic tourists visit annually?", "answer": "39 million"}, {"question": "What branch of the US military was born in Philadelphia?", "answer": "United States Marine Corps"}, {"question": "What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?", "answer": "Lenape"}, {"question": "What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?", "answer": "Iroquois"}, {"question": "What disease killed the most Lenape?", "answer": "smallpox"}, {"question": "Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?", "answer": "upper Ohio River basin"}, {"question": "Where do the Lenape reside today?", "answer": "Oklahoma"}, {"question": "Who were the first settlers to the Delaware Valley?", "answer": "the Dutch"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first settlement in the area?", "answer": "Fort Nassau"}, {"question": "Who claimed the entire Delaware River?", "answer": "The Dutch"}, {"question": "When did the English conquer the New Netherland colony?", "answer": "1664"}, {"question": "Who founded the Pennsylvania colony?", "answer": "William Penn"}, {"question": "Who did Penn buy the land from?", "answer": "Lenape"}, {"question": "What religion did William Penn practice?", "answer": "Quaker"}, {"question": "When was Philadelphia established as a city?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia?", "answer": "grid plan"}, {"question": "What important revolutionary document was signed in Philadelphia?", "answer": "Declaration of Independence,"}, {"question": "When did Philadelphia host the Constitutional Convention?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "How many Revolutionary War battles were fought around Philadelphia?", "answer": "Several"}, {"question": "When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "What religion did the black community found?", "answer": "African Methodist Episcopal Church"}, {"question": "Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What type of economy did Philadelphia have?", "answer": "industrial"}, {"question": "What was Philadelphia's biggest industry during the 19th century?", "answer": "textiles"}, {"question": "When was the first World's Fair?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "Which were the two biggest immigrant groups in Philadelphia?", "answer": "Irish and German"}, {"question": "What is the size in square miles today?", "answer": "130 square miles"}, {"question": "Who carried out the first strike in North America?", "answer": "immigrants"}, {"question": "When did the strike take place?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "What did the strikers achieve?", "answer": "ten-hour workday"}, {"question": "Why did so many Irish immigrants come to Philadelphia?", "answer": "the Great Famine"}, {"question": "When did the black population explode?", "answer": "Between 1880 and 1930"}, {"question": "Which political party controlled Philadelphia in the early 20th century?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "What phrase could describe Philadelphia of the early 20th century?", "answer": "corrupt and contented"}, {"question": "When did the first major political reform occur?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "Why did the population decline after this time?", "answer": "the loss of many middle-class union jobs"}, {"question": "What is the main driver of the economy now?", "answer": "service businesses"}, {"question": "What is another large industry?", "answer": "a tourist destination"}, {"question": "How much of the population left after 1950?", "answer": "one-quarter"}, {"question": "Who planned the central city?", "answer": "Thomas Holme"}, {"question": "Which rivers run through the city?", "answer": "The Delaware River and Schuylkill Rivers"}, {"question": "How many public parks did Penn plan?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many live in the central area today?", "answer": "183,240"}, {"question": "How many planning districts make up Philadelphia?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "When was the 1980 zoning code revamped?", "answer": "2007\u20132012"}, {"question": "Which two mayors accomplished the zoning code revamp?", "answer": "John F. Street and Michael Nutter"}, {"question": "Name 6 important Philadelphia architects?", "answer": "Benjamin Latrobe, William Strickland, John Haviland, John Notman, Thomas U. Walter, and Samuel Sloan"}, {"question": "Who is Philadelphia's greatest architect of the later 19th century?", "answer": "Frank Furness"}, {"question": "When did building begin on the Philadelphia CIty Hall?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "What commission was created in 1955?", "answer": "Philadelphia Historical Commission"}, {"question": "What does this commission control?", "answer": "Philadelphia Register of Historic Places"}, {"question": "How tall is the City Hall?", "answer": "548 ft"}, {"question": "What is the tallest building?", "answer": "Comcast Center"}, {"question": "Which building under construction will surpass Comcast Center?", "answer": "Comcast Innovation and Technology Center"}, {"question": "What is the dominant type of house in Philadelphia?", "answer": "row house"}, {"question": "What are row houses called outside of Philadelphia?", "answer": "Philadelphia rows"}, {"question": "Name a type of row house in the city?", "answer": "Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia"}, {"question": "How old is most of the housing in Philadelphia?", "answer": "early 20th century or older"}, {"question": "Which neighborhood has the oldest housing in America?", "answer": "Society Hill"}, {"question": "What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate zone"}, {"question": "What is the summer weather like?", "answer": "hot and muggy"}, {"question": "What is the normal snowfall?", "answer": "22.4 in"}, {"question": "How much rain does Philly get on average?", "answer": "41.5 inches"}, {"question": "What is the most rain in one day?", "answer": "8.02 in"}, {"question": "What is the average January temp?", "answer": "33.0 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What is the July average temp?", "answer": "78.1 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What is the average time for freezing temps?", "answer": "November 6 thru April 2"}, {"question": "How long does the grow season last on average?", "answer": "217"}, {"question": "Which month is the driest?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "What is the 2014 population?", "answer": "1,560,297"}, {"question": "When was the low point in Philadelphia's population?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How much is the population predicted to grow by 2035?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What is the percent of blacks?", "answer": "43.4%"}, {"question": "What is the percent of whites?", "answer": "41.0%"}, {"question": "What is the hispanic make-up of the population?", "answer": "12.3%"}, {"question": "What is the largest European ancestry?", "answer": "Irish (12.5%)"}, {"question": "What is the density?", "answer": "11,457 people per square mile"}, {"question": "How many houses or apartments were there in 2010?", "answer": "670,171"}, {"question": "What percent are vacant as of 2013?", "answer": "13 percent"}, {"question": "What percent don't own cars?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What percent own 2 or more cars?", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "At the last census how many households had children under 18 in them?", "answer": "24.9 percent"}, {"question": "What percent were non-family households?", "answer": "43.2"}, {"question": "What is the size of the average household?", "answer": "2.45"}, {"question": "Percentage of unwed births?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "What was the median household income in 2013?", "answer": "$36,836"}, {"question": "What is the name of a wealthy neighborhood?", "answer": "Society Hill"}, {"question": "What is the lowest median income in Philadelphia?", "answer": "$14,185"}, {"question": "What is the city's largest age group?", "answer": "25- to 29-year-old"}, {"question": "How many people at the last census were under 18?", "answer": "343,837"}, {"question": "How many baby's were there in 2013?", "answer": "22,018"}, {"question": "How many deaths were there in 2013?", "answer": "13,691"}, {"question": "Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?", "answer": "Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks"}, {"question": "Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?", "answer": "South Philadelphia"}, {"question": "Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?", "answer": "Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown"}, {"question": "Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?", "answer": "Mount Airy"}, {"question": "Name three sub-cultures in the Center City?", "answer": "yuppie, bohemian, and hipster"}, {"question": "What is the name of the gay district?", "answer": "Gayborhood"}, {"question": "Name a University located in the city?", "answer": "Drexel and University of Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak English?", "answer": "79.12%"}, {"question": "What percent of 5 year olds or older speak Spanish?", "answer": "9.72%"}, {"question": "What is the total over 5's that speak another language than English?", "answer": "20.88%"}, {"question": "Unemployment rate in 2014?", "answer": "7.8%"}, {"question": "What was the average unemployment rate in the U.S. in 2014?", "answer": "6.2%"}, {"question": "How many jobs were gained in 2014?", "answer": "8,800"}, {"question": "What industries accounted for most of the city's job gains?", "answer": "education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and professional and business services"}, {"question": "What industries suffered declines?", "answer": "manufacturing and government"}, {"question": "Which is the biggest historical sites?", "answer": "Independence National Historical Park"}, {"question": "How many UNESCO sites does the U.S. have?", "answer": "22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites"}, {"question": "Where was the Declaration of Independence signed?", "answer": "Independence National Historical Park"}, {"question": "What famous bell is in Philadelphia?", "answer": "the Liberty Bell"}, {"question": "What famous writer has a house in Philadelphia?", "answer": "Edgar Allan Poe"}, {"question": "Name the archaeology museum?", "answer": "University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"}, {"question": "Name a museum named after a founding father?", "answer": "Franklin Institute"}, {"question": "Which city had the nations first zoo?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "Name Philidelphia's largest park?", "answer": "Fairmount Park"}, {"question": "Name the accent spoken in the area?", "answer": "The Philadelphia dialect"}, {"question": "Which dialect is it similar to?", "answer": "Baltimore dialect"}, {"question": "What other city is similar to Philadelphia's accent?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Who studies the accent at the University of Pennsylvania?", "answer": "William Labov"}, {"question": "Name two districts with good night life?", "answer": "South Street and Old City"}, {"question": "What is the home of the orchestra?", "answer": "Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts"}, {"question": "What is the countries oldest opera house?", "answer": "Academy of Music"}, {"question": "Who uses the opera house?", "answer": "Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet"}, {"question": "What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?", "answer": "Walnut Street Theatre"}, {"question": "Which American city has the most public art?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "What was the Assoc. for Public Art called in the past?", "answer": "Fairmount Park Art Association"}, {"question": "How many pieces of art were funded by the Percent for Art ordinance?", "answer": "more than 200"}, {"question": "Name a type of music from the 70's that influenced the nation?", "answer": "Philadelphia soul"}, {"question": "What concert did Philly host on July13th, 1985?", "answer": "Live Aid"}, {"question": "What is the name of the stadium that held Live Aid?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy Stadium"}, {"question": "Name a hip/hop artist from the city?", "answer": "The Roots, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, The Goats, Freeway, Schoolly D, Eve, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes"}, {"question": "What water sport is popular in the city?", "answer": "Rowing"}, {"question": "What is the symbol of rowing in the city?", "answer": "Boathouse Row"}, {"question": "What is the name of the big rowing races?", "answer": "Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta"}, {"question": "Where are these races held?", "answer": "Schuylkill River"}, {"question": "What type of government does Philadelphia have?", "answer": "strong-mayor version of the mayor-council"}, {"question": "How many terms can a mayor serve?", "answer": "two consecutive four-year terms"}, {"question": "Who is the current mayor?", "answer": "Jim Kenney"}, {"question": "What party does the mayor represent?", "answer": "Democratic Party"}, {"question": "What is the legislative branch called?", "answer": "Philadelphia City Council"}, {"question": "What is the main trial court called?", "answer": "The Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas (First Judicial District)"}, {"question": "What type of cases are heard here?", "answer": "felony-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $7000"}, {"question": "How are judges appointed?", "answer": "elected by the voters"}, {"question": "Who was the last Republican DA?", "answer": "Ron Castille"}, {"question": "What party dominated until the mid-20th century", "answer": "Republican Party"}, {"question": "What happened in Philadelphia in 1856?", "answer": "Philadelphia was chosen as the host city for the first Republican National Convention in 1856"}, {"question": "When did the Democrats take the city?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who won the most votes in the city in '08?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "How many congressional districts are there in the city?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many congressional districts were there at the peak population?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Who represents the 8th district?", "answer": "Mike Fitzpatrick"}, {"question": "When was the last major Republican representation of a large part of the city?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "Who was the last Republican to be fairly competitive in the mayoral race?", "answer": "Sam Katz"}, {"question": "Did the crime rate go up or down after the War years?", "answer": "pronounced rise in crime in the years following World War II"}, {"question": "How many murders occurred in 1990?", "answer": "525"}, {"question": "What was the average murder rate during the 90's?", "answer": "600"}, {"question": "How many murders occurred in 2013?", "answer": "246"}, {"question": "When did shootings peak in the city?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How many shootings were there in that year?", "answer": "1,857"}, {"question": "Has violent crime rate fallen or risen in the last 10 years?", "answer": "fell"}, {"question": "What rank in danger does Philadelphia have in the U.S.?", "answer": "54th"}, {"question": "Has public school enrollment dropped or increased in the last 5 years?", "answer": "dropped"}, {"question": "How many public schools have been closed in 2013?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "How much does the city spend per year per child?", "answer": "$12,570"}, {"question": "Have grad rates fallen or increased in the last years?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "What was the grad rate in 2005?", "answer": "52%"}, {"question": "What was it in 2014?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "Is that the above or below the national average?", "answer": "below the national and state averages"}, {"question": "What is the largest private institution in the city?", "answer": "Temple University"}, {"question": "What are the 3 research universities in the city?", "answer": "University of Pennsylvania, Temple University and Drexel University"}, {"question": "How many med schools are there?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many major papers are published?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?", "answer": "Philadelphia Inquirer"}, {"question": "Who owns the major papers in the city?", "answer": "Interstate General Media"}, {"question": "Name a smaller newspaper?", "answer": "Philadelphia Tribune"}, {"question": "What community does the Tribune serve?", "answer": "African-American community"}, {"question": "What paper serves the LGBT community?", "answer": "Philadelphia Gay News"}, {"question": "Name a Jewish newspaper?", "answer": "The Jewish Exponent"}, {"question": "Where was the first radio license granted?", "answer": "St. Joseph's College"}, {"question": "When did the first radio stations appear?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "Name the 3 public radio stations?", "answer": "WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM"}, {"question": "Who owned W3XE?", "answer": "Philco"}, {"question": "When did it become NBC's first affiliate?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What show started out in the city?", "answer": "Bandstand"}, {"question": "When did SEPTA service get cut?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "Why did SEPTA rail service get cut?", "answer": "lack of funding"}, {"question": "Has service ever been restored?", "answer": "but lack of funding has again been the chief obstacle to implementation"}, {"question": "Name a proposed project to repalce it?", "answer": "Schuylkill Valley Metro to Wyomissing, PA, and extension of the Media/Elwyn line back to Wawa, PA. SEPTA's Airport Regional Rail Line Regional Rail"}, {"question": "Name the main airport?", "answer": "Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)"}, {"question": "Where does PHL rank in the list of busiest airports?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What airline uses this airport as its primary international hub?", "answer": "American Airlines"}, {"question": "What is the main north-south freeway called?", "answer": "Delaware Expressway"}, {"question": "What is part of I-76 called?", "answer": "Schuylkill Expressway"}, {"question": "When was the Vine Street Expressway finished?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Name a bridge in the city?", "answer": "Ben Franklin Bridge"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?", "answer": "U.S. 1"}, {"question": "When was Woodhaven road built?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?", "answer": "Northeast Philadelphia,"}, {"question": "What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?", "answer": "Route 309"}, {"question": "What is US-30 also known as?", "answer": "Lancaster Avenue"}, {"question": "What bus line uses the city as a hub?", "answer": "Greyhound Lines"}, {"question": "Where is Greyhound terminal located?", "answer": "1001 Filbert Street"}, {"question": "How many other bus companies operate from Philadelphia?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is the name of the six bus companies?", "answer": "Bieber Tourways, Capitol Trailways, Martz Trailways, Peter Pan Bus Lines, Susquehanna Trailways, and the bus division for New Jersey Transit"}, {"question": "Name 2 rail companies that use the city as a hub?", "answer": "Pennsylvania Railroad and the Reading Railroad"}, {"question": "Where did the Pennsylvania Railroad have their first station?", "answer": "Broad Street Station"}, {"question": "Where did the Reading operate out of?", "answer": "Reading Terminal"}, {"question": "What is Reading Terminal called now?", "answer": "Pennsylvania Convention Center"}, {"question": "What was the first water supply system called?", "answer": "Fairmount Water Works,"}, {"question": "Who provides the city water now?", "answer": "Philadelphia Water Department"}, {"question": "Where dos PWD get it's water from?", "answer": "Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River"}, {"question": "How many pumping stations are there in the sewer system?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "How many miles of sewers are in the city?", "answer": "3,657 miles"}, {"question": "What is the largest city owned gas utility?", "answer": "Philadelphia Gas Works"}, {"question": "How many homes does PGW serve?", "answer": "500,000"}, {"question": "When was PGW founded?", "answer": "1836"}, {"question": "When did the city take PGW over?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947?", "answer": "215"}, {"question": "When was the 610 area code added?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "When was the 267 added?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What city in Poland is a sister city to Philadelphia?", "answer": "Toru\u0144"}, {"question": "What city in Israel is a sister city to Philadelphia?", "answer": "Tel Aviv"}, {"question": "When was Torun triangle built?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "What else does the Triangle contain?", "answer": "Copernicus monument"}, {"question": "How many sister cities does Philadelphia have?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's major?", "answer": "political science"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry go to college?", "answer": "Yale University"}, {"question": "What branch of the military did Kerry join?", "answer": "Naval Reserve"}, {"question": "What medals did Kerry win?", "answer": "the Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and three Purple Heart Medals"}, {"question": "What group was Kerry a spokesman for?", "answer": "Vietnam Veterans Against the War"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry get a law degree?", "answer": "Boston College Law School"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry an Lt. Gov. for?", "answer": "Michael Dukakis"}, {"question": "When did Kerry become a Senator?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "When was Kerry an Lt. Gov.?", "answer": "from 1983 to 1985"}, {"question": "When did Kerry run for president?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's running mate?", "answer": "John Edwards"}, {"question": "How much did Kerry lose by?", "answer": "35 electoral votes"}, {"question": "Who was Bush's running mate?", "answer": "Dick Cheney"}, {"question": "What is Kerry's middle name?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "At what facility was Kerry born?", "answer": "Fitzsimons Army Hospital"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's father's religion?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's mother's religion?", "answer": "Episcopalian"}, {"question": "What is Kerry's older sibling's name?", "answer": "Margaret"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?", "answer": "President of the Union"}, {"question": "What secret society did Kerry join?", "answer": "Skull and Bones Society"}, {"question": "What country did Kerry visit as a student?", "answer": "Switzerland"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's most influential professor?", "answer": "H. Bradford Westerfield"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?", "answer": "Chairman of the Liberal Party"}, {"question": "When did Kerry join the Naval Reserve?", "answer": "February 18, 1966"}, {"question": "When did Kerry become a navy officer?", "answer": "December 16, 1966"}, {"question": "How long was Officer Candidate School?", "answer": "16 weeks"}, {"question": "Where is the Navy training center?", "answer": "Newport, Rhode Island"}, {"question": "When did Kerry publish his memories of Vietnam?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "What kind of ship was the USS Gridley?", "answer": "guided missile frigate"}, {"question": "What was the formal name of 'swift boats'?", "answer": "Fast Patrol Craft"}, {"question": "How long were swift boats?", "answer": "50-foot"}, {"question": "What had Kerry expected the 'swift boats' to do?", "answer": "coastal patrolling"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry's boat on Dec 2-3, 1968?", "answer": "near a peninsula north of Cam Ranh Bay"}, {"question": "How many crew were with Kerry?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who were in Kerry's crew?", "answer": "Patrick Runyon and William Zaladonis"}, {"question": "What did Kerry's crew destroy?", "answer": "sampans"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry injured?", "answer": "in the left arm above the elbow"}, {"question": "When did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?", "answer": "February 20, 1969"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry earn his 2nd Purple Heart?", "answer": "on the B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 River"}, {"question": "What munition hit Kerry's boat?", "answer": "a B-40 rocket"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry's boat escape to safety?", "answer": "Gulf of Thailand"}, {"question": "When did Kerry earn a Silver Star?", "answer": "February 28, 1969"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry earn a Silver Star?", "answer": "the Duong Keo River"}, {"question": "How many swift boats did Kerry command?", "answer": "his Swift boat and two other Swift boats"}, {"question": "Who awarded the Silver Star to Kerry?", "answer": "Admiral Zumwalt"}, {"question": "What story described the events of Feb 28, 1969?", "answer": "The Death Of PCF 43"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's commander?", "answer": "Lieutenant Commander George Elliott"}, {"question": "What complaint did Elliot have about Kerry's actions?", "answer": "beaching the boat without orders"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry receive his Silver Star?", "answer": "An Thoi"}, {"question": "When was a press release put out about Kerry earning the Silver Star?", "answer": "March 1, 1969"}, {"question": "What was released on March 17, 1969?", "answer": "a historical summary"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry on Mar 13, 1969?", "answer": "on the B\u00e1i H\u00e1p River"}, {"question": "On what body part was Kerry wounded on Mar 13, 1969?", "answer": "in the buttocks"}, {"question": "What was Kerry doing when he was wounded on Mar 13, 1969?", "answer": "blowing up a rice bunker"}, {"question": "What was the lead boat on Mar 13?", "answer": "PCF-3"}, {"question": "What boat was Kerry on, on Mar 13?", "answer": "PCF-94"}, {"question": "What boat was Rassmann on?", "answer": "PCF-94"}, {"question": "Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?", "answer": "James Rassmann"}, {"question": "What was Rassmann's job?", "answer": "a Green Beret advisor"}, {"question": "What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?", "answer": "the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\""}, {"question": "What does the Combat V mean?", "answer": "heroic achievement"}, {"question": "Which wound allowed Kerry to leave combat duty?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry reassigned in April 1969?", "answer": "the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service"}, {"question": "When did Kerry become a lieutenant?", "answer": "January 1, 1970"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry a personal aide for?", "answer": "Rear Admiral Walter Schlech"}, {"question": "When did Kerry leave the Naval Reserve?", "answer": "February 1978"}, {"question": "Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "What military branch was George W. Bush in?", "answer": "the Texas Air National Guard"}, {"question": "How did Republicans attack Kerry?", "answer": "by calling Kerry's war record into question"}, {"question": "What did SBVT change its name to?", "answer": "Swift Vets and POWs for Truth"}, {"question": "What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?", "answer": "swiftboating"}, {"question": "How many members did VVAW have when Kerry joined it?", "answer": "about 20,000"}, {"question": "What VVAW investigation was Kerry involved in?", "answer": "the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\""}, {"question": "Who was Melvin Laird?", "answer": "Nixon Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What did Laird refuse to court-martial Kerry for?", "answer": "his antiwar activity"}, {"question": "What did Kerry do on Apr 22, 1971?", "answer": "appeared before a U.S. Senate committee hearing"}, {"question": "What was the topic of the hearing Kerry testified on?", "answer": "ending the war"}, {"question": "What did Kerry throw over a fence?", "answer": "some of his own decorations and awards as well as some given to him by other veterans to throw"}, {"question": "Why did Kerry participate in the protest?", "answer": "for peace and justice, and to try and make this country wake up once and for all"}, {"question": "How many vets participated in the protest?", "answer": "almost 1000"}, {"question": "When was Kerry arrested for protesting?", "answer": "May 30, 1971"}, {"question": "Who was being honored on May 30, 1971?", "answer": "American POWs held captive by North Vietnam"}, {"question": "How many people were arrested with Kerry?", "answer": "441"}, {"question": "At what time was Kerry arrested?", "answer": "2:30 a.m."}, {"question": "Why were the protesters arrested?", "answer": "tried to camp on the village green"}, {"question": "Who had Kerry considered running against in 1970?", "answer": "Democrat Philip J. Philbin"}, {"question": "In which district had Kerry considered running in 1970?", "answer": "Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district"}, {"question": "Who ran against Philbin instead of Kerry?", "answer": "Robert Drinan"}, {"question": "Why did Morse retire?", "answer": "to become Under-Secretary-General for Political and General Assembly Affairs at the United Nations"}, {"question": "What political party was Morse in?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "What was Paul Sheehy's job?", "answer": "attorney"}, {"question": "What was DiFruscia's position?", "answer": "State Representative"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry share a campaign headquarters with?", "answer": "Anthony R. DiFruscia"}, {"question": "Why was Kerry's brother messing with phone lines?", "answer": "they had received an anonymous call warning that the Kerry lines would be cut"}, {"question": "What is Kerry's younger brother's name?", "answer": "Cameron"}, {"question": "What party did Durkin run as?", "answer": "Independent"}, {"question": "How far ahead of Cronin did Kerry poll?", "answer": "26-points"}, {"question": "What slant did The Sun have?", "answer": "conservative"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry say tried to stop his campaign?", "answer": "President Nixon"}, {"question": "How did Kerry want to create jobs?", "answer": "a jobs programme to clean up the Merrimack River"}, {"question": "How many votes did Cronin get against Kerry?", "answer": "110,970"}, {"question": "What percent of votes did Cronin get against Kerry?", "answer": "53.45%"}, {"question": "How many votes did Kerry get against Cronin?", "answer": "92,847"}, {"question": "What percent of votes did Kerry get against Cronin?", "answer": "44.72%"}, {"question": "What did Kerry think cost him the race against Cronin?", "answer": "his failure to respond directly to The Sun's attacks"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry move after the 1972 election?", "answer": "Belvidere, Lowell"}, {"question": "What did Kerry's brother call the decade after 1972?", "answer": "\"the years in exile\""}, {"question": "What did Kerry fundraise for?", "answer": "the Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere"}, {"question": "When did Kerry enter law school?", "answer": "September 1973"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry a talk radio host?", "answer": "WBZ"}, {"question": "When did Kerry become an ADA?", "answer": "January 1977"}, {"question": "What condition did Droney have?", "answer": "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"}, {"question": "What is ALS's nickname?", "answer": "Lou Gehrig's Disease"}, {"question": "What senator did Kerry investigate in 1978?", "answer": "Edward Brooke"}, {"question": "Why was Brooke being investigated?", "answer": "\"misstatements\" in his first divorce trial"}, {"question": "When did Kerry consider running for president if Droney didn't?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "When did Kerry leave the DA's office?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Who left the DA's office with Kerry?", "answer": "Roanne Sragow"}, {"question": "What bakery did Kerry co-found?", "answer": "Kilvert & Forbes Ltd."}, {"question": "Who did Kerry start a bakery with?", "answer": "K. Dun Gifford"}, {"question": "What was Paul Tsongas's job in 1984?", "answer": "junior U.S. Senator from Massachusetts"}, {"question": "When did Kerry run for Senate?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "When did Kerry run for Lt Governor?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What was James Shannon's job?", "answer": "Congressman"}, {"question": "What was Tip O'Neill's job?", "answer": "House Speaker"}, {"question": "When did Kerry visit Nicaragua?", "answer": "April 18, 1985"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry visit Nicaragua with?", "answer": "Senator Tom Harkin"}, {"question": "Where was Tom Harkin from?", "answer": "Iowa"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry visit in Nicaragua?", "answer": "Daniel Ortega"}, {"question": "What was criticized about Ortega's administration?", "answer": "strong ties to Cuba and the USSR and were accused of human rights abuses"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?", "answer": "Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North"}, {"question": "Who had Oliver North been supporting?", "answer": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)"}, {"question": "Who were the Contras?", "answer": "right-wing Nicaraguan rebels"}, {"question": "What government agencies worked with North?", "answer": "the National Security Council and the CIA"}, {"question": "What crime had Kerry said North committed?", "answer": "illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress"}, {"question": "Who was the State Department giving money to?", "answer": "drug traffickers"}, {"question": "Where had the money given to drug traffickers come from?", "answer": "funds authorized by the Congress for humanitarian assistance to the Contras"}, {"question": "How much money did the State Department give the traffickers?", "answer": "over $806,000"}, {"question": "What was the response to Kerry's accusation of funding traffickers?", "answer": "little reaction in the media and official Washington"}, {"question": "Where is the BCCI based?", "answer": "Pakistan"}, {"question": "What bank helped Noriega?", "answer": "Bank of Credit and Commerce International"}, {"question": "When was BCCI shut down?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Who collaborated in the report about BCCI?", "answer": "Kerry and Senator Hank Brown"}, {"question": "What was the BCCI report called?", "answer": "The BCCI Affair"}, {"question": "Who ran against Kerry in 1996?", "answer": "William Weld"}, {"question": "When Weld was re-elected governor, how much of the vote did he get?", "answer": "71%"}, {"question": "When was Weld re-elected governor?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What did Kerry and Weld agree to limit their campaign spending to?", "answer": "$6.9 million"}, {"question": "Who broke the agreed-upon spending cap?", "answer": "Both candidates"}, {"question": "What was Kerry supposed to say when he 'botched a joke'?", "answer": "\"... you end up getting us stuck in a war in Iraq. Just ask President Bush.\""}, {"question": "Who was Kerry saying was stuck in Iraq?", "answer": "President Bush and not American troops in general"}, {"question": "What mistake did Kerry make in the joke?", "answer": "inadvertently left out the key word \"us\""}, {"question": "Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?", "answer": "Afghanistan and Pakistan"}, {"question": "When did the Washington Post say Kerry was important envoy?", "answer": "May 2011"}, {"question": "How, in May 2011, did the WaPo describe Bin Laden's killing?", "answer": "perhaps the most important crossroads yet"}, {"question": "What did Kerry get from the Pakistanis?", "answer": "the tail-section of the U.S. helicopter which had had to be abandoned at Abbottabad during the bin Laden strike"}, {"question": "Who was Pakistan's army chief in 2013?", "answer": "Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani"}, {"question": "Who said Kerry was the 'top Senate liberal'?", "answer": "the National Journal"}, {"question": "When was Kerry called the 'top Senate liberal'?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's actual career voting rank for 'liberalness'?", "answer": "11th most liberal"}, {"question": "What trade agreement did Kerry support?", "answer": "North American Free Trade Agreement"}, {"question": "What trade agreement did Kerry oppose?", "answer": "Central American Free Trade Agreement"}, {"question": "When did Kerry say he intended to support the Iraq War?", "answer": "October 9, 2002"}, {"question": "When did Bush declare the Iraq war?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry say we should disarm?", "answer": "Saddam Hussein"}, {"question": "When did Kerry speak at Georgetown University?", "answer": "January 23, 2003"}, {"question": "What committee did Kerry chair in 1991-1993?", "answer": "the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs"}, {"question": "What did the POW/MIA committee conclude about Vietnam POWs?", "answer": "there was \"no compelling evidence that proves that any American remains alive in captivity in Southeast Asia.\""}, {"question": "When did Kerry sponsor a resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "Who sponsored the resolution to reopen trade with Vietnam, along with Kerry?", "answer": "John McCain"}, {"question": "When did Bill Clinton normalize relations with Vietnam?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Where was John Edwards a senator?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "Where was Howard Dean a governor?", "answer": "Vermont"}, {"question": "What was Wesley Clark's former job?", "answer": "Army General"}, {"question": "Who won the 2004 Iowa Democratic Caucus?", "answer": "John Kerry"}, {"question": "When did Kerry choose John Edwards to be his VP?", "answer": "July 6, 2004"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry criticize during the 2004 campaign?", "answer": "President George W. Bush"}, {"question": "Why did Kerry criticize Bush during the 2004 campaign?", "answer": "for the Iraq War"}, {"question": "What had Kerry voted against after supporting the initial Iraq authorization?", "answer": "an $87 billion supplemental appropriations bill to pay for the subsequent war"}, {"question": "What did Bush's campaign call Kerry for changing his mind about Iraq?", "answer": "a flip-flopper"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's PAC?", "answer": "Keeping America's Promise"}, {"question": "What was the mission of Keeping America's Promise?", "answer": "\"A Democratic Congress will restore accountability to Washington and help change a disastrous course in Iraq\""}, {"question": "How many down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?", "answer": "179"}, {"question": "How many states' down-ballot candidates did Kerry help support?", "answer": "42"}, {"question": "Which election did Kerry's PAC focus on?", "answer": "the midterm elections during the 2006 election cycle"}, {"question": "When was it reported that Kerry would become SoS?", "answer": "December 15, 2012"}, {"question": "Who was Secretary of State before Kerry?", "answer": "Hillary Clinton"}, {"question": "Who backed out of becoming SoS after Hillary?", "answer": "Susan Rice"}, {"question": "Why did Rice withdraw?", "answer": "a politicized confirmation process following criticism of her response to the 2012 Benghazi attack"}, {"question": "When was Kerry's appointment confirmed?", "answer": "January 29, 2013"}, {"question": "Who complained about how Kerry ran the State Dept?", "answer": "Career State Department officials"}, {"question": "What was the complaint about how Kerry ran the State Dept?", "answer": "power has become too centralized under Kerry's leadership, which slows department operations when Kerry is on one of his frequent overseas trips"}, {"question": "How had some State employees described Kerry?", "answer": "having \"a kind of diplomatic attention deficit disorder\""}, {"question": "Who published the Ivory Tower Survey?", "answer": "Foreign Policy Magazine"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's ranking in the Ivory Tower Survey for effectiveness as SoS?", "answer": "tied for 11th place out of the 15"}, {"question": "Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?", "answer": "Archbishop Pietro Parolin"}, {"question": "What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?", "answer": "the Geneva II process"}, {"question": "How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?", "answer": "over 130,000"}, {"question": "Who was Syria's president in 2014?", "answer": "Bashar al-Assad"}, {"question": "What did Kerry say Syria could do to avoid a military strike?", "answer": "turn over every single bit of his chemical weapons to the international community in the next week"}, {"question": "Which country convinced Syria to actually give up its chemical weapons?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What was Sergey Lavrov's position?", "answer": "Russian Foreign Minister"}, {"question": "When did the UN Security Council order Syria's chemical weapons be destroyed?", "answer": "September 28"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry speak in Nov 2013?", "answer": "the Organization of American States"}, {"question": "What did Kerry say had ended, in the Nov 2013 speech?", "answer": "the era of the Monroe Doctrine"}, {"question": "When did Kerry speak to the OAS?", "answer": "in November 2013"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandmother?", "answer": "Ida Lowe"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's paternal grandfather?", "answer": "Frederick A. \"Fred\" Kerry"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandmother's career?", "answer": "musician"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's paternal grandfather's career?", "answer": "shoe businessman"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry's paternal grandparents immigrate from?", "answer": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire"}, {"question": "When did Kerry and his wife separate?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "When did Kerry and his wife divorce?", "answer": "July 25, 1988"}, {"question": "When did Kerry and his wife get an annullment?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What book did Kerry's ex-wife write?", "answer": "A Change of Heart"}, {"question": "Who did Kerry's ex-wife remarry?", "answer": "Richard Charlesworth"}, {"question": "Who is Kerry's 2nd wife?", "answer": "Maria Teresa Thierstein Sim\u00f5es Ferreira"}, {"question": "What is Kerry's 2nd wife's nationality?", "answer": "Mozambican"}, {"question": "Who was Kerry's 2nd wife's previous husband?", "answer": "Henry John Heinz III"}, {"question": "When did Kerry and Teresa meet?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Where did Kerry and Teresa meet?", "answer": "at an Earth Day rally"}, {"question": "What was Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth in 2004 according to Forbes?", "answer": "$750 million"}, {"question": "What range of estimates have been given for Teresa Heinz Kerry's net worth?", "answer": "from around $165 million to as high as $3.2 billion"}, {"question": "What was Kerry's mother's name?", "answer": "Rosemary Forbes Kerry"}, {"question": "When did Kerry's mother pass away?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Where would Kerry have ranked among richest US presidents, adjusted for inflation?", "answer": "third-richest"}, {"question": "What religion is Kerry?", "answer": "Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "What religious items did Kerry bring with him while campaigning?", "answer": "a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal"}, {"question": "What is St. Christopher the patron saint of?", "answer": "travelers"}, {"question": "What did Kerry do in the church while living in Switzerland?", "answer": "was an altar boy and prayed all the time"}, {"question": "Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving?", "answer": "the Letters of Paul"}, {"question": "Who interviewed Kerry in Oct 2004 about his religion?", "answer": "Christianity Today"}, {"question": "What did Kerry tell Christianity Today that he is open-minded to?", "answer": "many other expressions of spirituality that come through different religions"}, {"question": "What did Kerry say about major religious texts?", "answer": "he believed that the Torah, the Qur'an, and the Bible all share a fundamental story"}, {"question": "Who said Kerry is an 'avid cyclist'?", "answer": "Sports Illustrated"}, {"question": "What type of bicycle does Kerry prefer?", "answer": "a road bike"}, {"question": "What are 'centuries' in bicycling?", "answer": "long-distance rides"}, {"question": "What bicycles did Kerry use while campaigning?", "answer": "recumbent stationary bikes for his hotel rooms"}, {"question": "What other sports does Kerry participate in?", "answer": "snowboarder, windsurfer, and sailor"}, {"question": "What type of yacht did Kerry buy?", "answer": "a Friendship 75"}, {"question": "How expensive was Kerry's yacht?", "answer": "$7 million"}, {"question": "Where was Kerry's yacht built?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "How much sales tax did Kerry owe on the yacht?", "answer": "$437,500"}, {"question": "Which state received Kerry's yacht's sales tax?", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers is Rajasthan?", "answer": "342,239"}, {"question": "What percentage of India's total area is Rajasthan?", "answer": "10.4%"}, {"question": "What are alternative names the Thar Desert is known by?", "answer": "the \"Rajasthan Desert\" and \"Great Indian Desert\""}, {"question": "What province in Pakistan does Rajasthan border on its north?", "answer": "Punjab"}, {"question": "The Dilwara Temples are a pilgrimage site for whom?", "answer": "Jain"}, {"question": "When was the first usage of the word Rajasthan?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "In what publication did the name Rajasthan first appear?", "answer": "Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Rajasthan region?", "answer": "Rajputana"}, {"question": "In what year did George Thomas write the memoir known as Military Memories?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book entitled India: A History?", "answer": "John Keay"}, {"question": "Some portions of Rajasthan were involved with what ancient civilization?", "answer": "the Indus Valley Civilization"}, {"question": "In what Indus Valley Civilization district was Kalibangan within?", "answer": "Hanumangarh district"}, {"question": "What were the Saka Rulers of Western India believed to be called?", "answer": "Western Kshatrapas"}, {"question": "Over what time period were the Western Kshatrapas in power?", "answer": "405\u201335 BC"}, {"question": "The Kushans ruled what part of the Indian subcontinent?", "answer": "the northern part"}, {"question": "Members of what tribe were exterminated in Ajmer?", "answer": "Gurjars"}, {"question": "What tribe formerly ruled Kota?", "answer": "Bhils"}, {"question": "What was the name of the group that formerly ruled Bundi?", "answer": "Meenas"}, {"question": "What is another way to refer to the PhulMali?", "answer": "Saini"}, {"question": "The Jats assisted in building what state?", "answer": "Rajasthan"}, {"question": "What empire stopped Arab invasions?", "answer": "Gurjar Pratihar Empire"}, {"question": "Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?", "answer": "its successful resistance to foreign invasions"}, {"question": "Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?", "answer": "Historian R. C. Majumdar"}, {"question": "Arab conquest was limited to what region?", "answer": "Sindh"}, {"question": "How many princely states of Rajputana contain?", "answer": "nineteen"}, {"question": "What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?", "answer": "Ajmer-Merwara"}, {"question": "Bharatpur is an example of what kind of state?", "answer": "princely"}, {"question": "Under a Muslim Nawab there was a princely state, what was its name?", "answer": "Tonk"}, {"question": "What families rose to power in the 6th century?", "answer": "Rajput families"}, {"question": "What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?", "answer": "Mughals"}, {"question": "In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?", "answer": "suzerainty"}, {"question": "Where were the Marathas from?", "answer": "the state of what is now Maharashtra"}, {"question": "In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?", "answer": "1818"}, {"question": "Which mountain range goes through Rajasthan?", "answer": "the Aravalli Range"}, {"question": "What is the length in miles of the Aravalli Range?", "answer": "530 mi"}, {"question": "What peak is at the southwestern part of the Aravalli Range?", "answer": "Mount Abu"}, {"question": "Which river separates the main Aravelli ranges?", "answer": "West Banas River"}, {"question": "What portion of Rajasthan is east and south of the Aravalli Range?", "answer": "two-fifths"}, {"question": "Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan? ", "answer": "The northwestern portion"}, {"question": "Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?", "answer": "the Thar Desert"}, {"question": "What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?", "answer": "Jodhpur"}, {"question": "What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?", "answer": "Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour"}, {"question": "Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?", "answer": "400 mm"}, {"question": "What is a characteristic of the region to the east of the Aravalli range?", "answer": "more fertile and better watered"}, {"question": "What is the name of the ecoregion to the east and southeast of the Aravalli Range?", "answer": "the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion"}, {"question": "What are two examples of trees in the broadleaf forests east of the Aravalli's?", "answer": "teak, Acacia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the region which is home to Dungarpur?", "answer": "Vagad region"}, {"question": "What is the most heavily forested region in Rajasthan?", "answer": "Vagad"}, {"question": "How many meters high is Guru Shikhar?", "answer": "1,722"}, {"question": "What percentage of Rajasthan is to the northwest of the Aravalli range?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What is the average elevation of the south-eastern region of Rajasthan?", "answer": "100 to 350 m above sea level"}, {"question": "A tableland is contained within what to southeastern districts?", "answer": "Kota and Bundi"}, {"question": "What river runs along the badlands in the northeast of Rajasthan", "answer": "the Chambal River"}, {"question": "Which region contains Desert National Park?", "answer": "Jaisalmer"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Desert National Park?", "answer": "1,221 sq mi"}, {"question": "What types of large fossils are found in Desert National Park?", "answer": "massive fossilised tree trunks"}, {"question": "What are the most common types of eagles one might see in the Jaisalmer region?", "answer": "Short-toed eagles (Circaetus gallicus), tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), spotted eagles (Aquila clanga)"}, {"question": "What is another name for a laggar falcon?", "answer": "Falco jugger"}, {"question": "What Rajasthani national park is known for its tigers?", "answer": "Ranthambore National Park"}, {"question": "How many tigers were relocated to Sariska?", "answer": "five tigers"}, {"question": "Ranthamb National Park is known by photographers as what?", "answer": "one of the best place in India to spot tigers"}, {"question": "Why did tigers became extinct in Sariska?", "answer": "poaching and negligence"}, {"question": "The Rajasthan economy is largely composed of what type of industries?", "answer": "agricultural and pastoral"}, {"question": "What are Rajasthans two main cash crops?", "answer": "Cotton and tobacco"}, {"question": "What type of oil does Rajasthan produce some of the largest amounts of in India?", "answer": "edible oils"}, {"question": "Rajasthan consumes the most of what product?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "How many crop seasons are there in Rajasthan?", "answer": "two crop seasons"}, {"question": "What type of fibre is Rajasthan ranked 2nd in production of?", "answer": "polyester fibre"}, {"question": "What is the largest city for polyster blouse pieces in Rajasthan?", "answer": "Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pieces"}, {"question": "From what town did the marble in the Taj Mahal come?", "answer": "Makrana"}, {"question": "What type of deposits are found at Sambhar?", "answer": "rich salt deposits"}, {"question": "What kind of mines are found in Khetri and Jhunjhunu ?", "answer": "copper mines"}, {"question": "What are earnings from crude oil in Rajasthan expected to be in 2013?", "answer": "\u20b9250 million per day"}, {"question": "How many barrels of crude oil from Barmer is Rajasthan allowed to extract each day?", "answer": "300,000 barrels"}, {"question": "The leader in Indian crude oil production at 250,000 barrels per day is what region?", "answer": "Bombay High"}, {"question": "What group is conducting exploration for Rajasthan's crude oil??", "answer": "Cairn India"}, {"question": "How many barrels per day is currently being extracted from the Barmer region?", "answer": "175,000 barrels"}, {"question": "What type of food was preferred in Rajasthani cooking?", "answer": "Food that could last for several days and could be eaten without heating"}, {"question": "Along with scarce green vegetables, what had an impact on Rajasthani cooking?", "answer": "scarcity of water"}, {"question": "What type of snack is Rajasthan known for?", "answer": "Bikaneri Bhujia"}, {"question": "What famous dish is also known as hot garlic paste?", "answer": "lashun ki chutney"}, {"question": "Vegetarian restaurants come from which Rajasthani region?", "answer": "the Marwar region"}, {"question": "What type of dance comes from Jodhpur Marwar?", "answer": "The Ghoomar dance"}, {"question": "Kalbeliya dance is from which region?", "answer": "Jaisalmer"}, {"question": "What type of music plays a big part in the culture of Rajasthan?", "answer": "Folk music"}, {"question": "Heroic deeds are often a theme of what type of Rajasthani song?", "answer": "Folk songs"}, {"question": "What kind of song is referred to as a bhajan?", "answer": "religious or devotional"}, {"question": "Bagaru and Sanganer represent what type of art?", "answer": "prints"}, {"question": "Zari is a type of what art that is a major Rajasthani export?", "answer": "embroidery"}, {"question": "Females in Rajasthan wear what type of traditional clothing?", "answer": "ankle-length skirt and a short top"}, {"question": "What are the names for a traditional female short-top piece of clothing?", "answer": "lehenga or a chaniya choli"}, {"question": "What colors are dresses in Rajasthan typically made using?", "answer": "bright colors like blue, yellow and orange"}, {"question": "What type of possession has been documented in Rajasthan?", "answer": "Spirit possession"}, {"question": "What underworld god possess Rajasthanis?", "answer": "Bhaironji"}, {"question": "What are possessed individuals known as? ", "answer": "ghorala"}, {"question": "Ghorala is another word for what?", "answer": "mount"}, {"question": "What results from possession by even benign spirits?", "answer": "loss of self-control and violent emotional outbursts"}, {"question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 1991?", "answer": "38.55%"}, {"question": "How many females had the ability to read in Rajasthan in 1991?", "answer": "20.44%"}, {"question": "What was the rise in female literacy between 1991 and 2001 in Rajasthan?", "answer": "23%"}, {"question": "What is the national average for literacy in India?", "answer": "74.04%"}, {"question": "What was the literacy rate of Rajasthan in 2001?", "answer": "60.41%"}, {"question": "What are the to main educational hubs of Rajasthan?", "answer": "Jodhpur and Kota"}, {"question": "In what educational hub would one find AIIMS?", "answer": "Jodhpur"}, {"question": "What is is Kota known as within India?", "answer": "coaching capital of India"}, {"question": "How many universities does Rajasthan have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many engineering colleges are in Rajasthan?", "answer": "41 engineering colleges"}, {"question": "What percentage of India's foreign visitors came to Rajasthan from 2009 to 2010?", "answer": "14 percent"}, {"question": "At what level is Rajasthan ranked in India for visits by foreigners?", "answer": "fourth highest"}, {"question": "How high is Rajasthan ranked among domestic Indian tourists?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "What two palaces are frequent tourist destinations within Rajasthan?", "answer": "The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Rajasthani GDP comes from tourism?", "answer": "eight percent"}, {"question": "Who built the famous decorated havelis in Rajasthan?", "answer": "Rajput kings"}, {"question": "Jaipur is also known as what city?", "answer": "the Pink City"}, {"question": "What are the notable houses in Jaipur made from?", "answer": "a type of sandstone dominated by a pink hue"}, {"question": "What type of temples stretch from the north to the south of Rajasthan?", "answer": "Jain Temples"}, {"question": "Which Pali District temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath?", "answer": "Ranakpur Temple"}, {"question": "What country is Guam a territory of?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Where is the island of Guan located?", "answer": "northwestern Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "How many people currently call Guam home as of 2015?", "answer": "161,785"}, {"question": "What is the most populous city in Guam?", "answer": "Dededo"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest mountain in Guam?", "answer": "Mount Lamlam"}, {"question": "What is the official name given for Guam's indigenous people?", "answer": "Chamorros"}, {"question": "When did Guam's indigenous people first arrive?", "answer": "4,000 years ago"}, {"question": "Who was the first European to visit the island?", "answer": "Ferdinand Magellan"}, {"question": "What year was Guam colonized?", "answer": "1668"}, {"question": "What year did the United States capture Guam?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?", "answer": "American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines"}, {"question": "What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "December 7, 1941"}, {"question": "What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?", "answer": "Guam was captured by the Japanese"}, {"question": "How long did the Japanese occupation last?", "answer": "thirty months"}, {"question": "Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?", "answer": "chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)"}, {"question": "Where were the matua located on the island?", "answer": "coastal villages"}, {"question": "Where were the mana'chag located?", "answer": "interior of the island"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of Magellan?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?", "answer": "1521"}, {"question": "What were the name of outrigger canoes?", "answer": "Proas"}, {"question": "In what year was Guam claimed by Spain?", "answer": "1565"}, {"question": "What was the name of the general who claimed Guam?", "answer": "General Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi"}, {"question": "What did Spain build to protect their fleet at Guam?", "answer": "built several defensive structures"}, {"question": "When did Spanish colonization commence?", "answer": "June 15, 1668"}, {"question": "Which two Spaniards aided this colonization and started the first catholic church?", "answer": "Diego Luis de San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod"}, {"question": "When did Guam's Cathedral first open?", "answer": "February 2, 1669"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first Cathedral?", "answer": "Dulce Nombre de Maria"}, {"question": "When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?", "answer": "1688"}, {"question": "In what years was there intermittent war fare?", "answer": "July 23, 1670 until July 1695"}, {"question": "What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?", "answer": "50,000 to 10,000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?", "answer": "Juan de Santiago"}, {"question": "When did Captain Damian de Esplana arrive?", "answer": "1674"}, {"question": "What did Captain Damian do after his arrival?", "answer": "ordered the arrest of rebels"}, {"question": "Who was the first Spanish Governor of Guam?", "answer": "Francisco de Irrisarri y Vinar"}, {"question": "In what year did Jose de Quiroga arrive?", "answer": "1680"}, {"question": "in What year did Quiroga complete his pacification?", "answer": "1695"}, {"question": "When did the United States take control of the island?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What happened that allowed the United States to have Guam?", "answer": "Spanish\u2013American War"}, {"question": "What is the name of the executive order that transferred Guam over to the U.S?", "answer": "108-A"}, {"question": "Which two people were exiled to Guam after the Philippine-American war?", "answer": "Emilio Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini"}, {"question": "Why were the Chamorros brought to Guam?", "answer": "to serve as interpreters"}, {"question": "How were Guamanian Chamorro viewed by the Japanese?", "answer": "as an occupied enemy"}, {"question": "Who were loyal to Japan?", "answer": "Northern Mariana Chamorros"}, {"question": "What established Guam as an unincorporated territory?", "answer": "Guam Organic Act of 1950"}, {"question": "What conflict did the Organic Act come after?", "answer": "After World War II"}, {"question": "What did the Guam Act allow the population now that they were a U.S territory?", "answer": "granted the people U.S. citizenship"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Guam?", "answer": "212"}, {"question": "How was this island chain created?", "answer": "the colliding Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates"}, {"question": "How deep is the Mariana Trench located near Guam?", "answer": "35,797"}, {"question": "How many miles is Guam across?", "answer": "30 miles"}, {"question": "What natural disaster that is not predictable does Guam have to worry about?", "answer": "earthquakes"}, {"question": "Due to Guam being so close to Anatahan, what dod they have to worry about?", "answer": "volcanic smog"}, {"question": "What is Guam's climate characterized as?", "answer": "tropical marine"}, {"question": "What is the mean high temperature in Guam?", "answer": "86 \u00b0F (30 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?", "answer": "96 inches (2,180 mm)"}, {"question": "When does the dry season in Guam typical run?", "answer": "December to June"}, {"question": "Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?", "answer": "January and February"}, {"question": "hat years did the Spanish rule Guam?", "answer": "1668\u20131898"}, {"question": "What religion was the general population converted to?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism"}, {"question": "Which two major holidays become popular in Guam?", "answer": "Easter and Christmas"}, {"question": "What is the name of the modern Chamorro language?", "answer": "Malayo-Polynesian"}, {"question": "What two indiginous pre-hispanic culture has survived to this point?", "answer": "chenchule' and inafa'maolek"}, {"question": "What is the name of the intricate system in Guam?", "answer": ". Chenchule"}, {"question": "What do the Chamorro believe in according to Historian Lawrence Cinningham", "answer": "the land and its produce belong to everyone"}, {"question": "What is the culture of Pengngan Chamorro based on?", "answer": "social protocol"}, {"question": "What does mangnging refer to that directly involves one major human scense?", "answer": "sniffing over the hands of the elders"}, {"question": "What is a belembaotuyan in Guam?", "answer": "string musical instrument made from a gourd"}, {"question": "What posses some challenges for the Chamorros who find it hard to keep their culture?", "answer": "cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam"}, {"question": "What else has led to the Chamorro find it hard to keep their culture that involves it's children?", "answer": "relocating to the U.S. Mainland"}, {"question": "What has recently led to a resurgence in the Chamorros culture and preservation of their old ways?", "answer": "young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people."}, {"question": "How many people make up the Guam legislation?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Who is the current non-voting delegate for Guam?", "answer": "Democrat Madeleine Z. Bordallo"}, {"question": "How many electoral votes does Guam currently have?", "answer": "Guam has no votes"}, {"question": "What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?", "answer": "becoming a commonwealth"}, {"question": "Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?", "answer": "would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What has the U.S military proposed?", "answer": "building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam"}, {"question": "How many Marines would the United States move to Guam?", "answer": "8,600 Marines"}, {"question": "Because of the EPA, how many Marines would the United States be able to send to Guam to live?", "answer": "4,800 Marines"}, {"question": "What tourist commonly visits Guam?", "answer": "Japanese"}, {"question": "Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?", "answer": "20 large hotels"}, {"question": "How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?", "answer": "a million"}, {"question": "Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?", "answer": "Kmart"}, {"question": "What is the name of the pact held between the United States, Micronesia, Marshal Islands, and Palau?", "answer": "The Compacts of Free Association"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of the  Compacts of Free Association?", "answer": "no restrictions to reside in the United States (also its territories)"}, {"question": "What has Guam claimed about Compacts of Free Association?", "answer": "the territory has had to bear the brunt of this agreement"}, {"question": "In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?", "answer": "U.S. postage"}, {"question": "What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?", "answer": "96910\u201396932"}, {"question": "Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?", "answer": "FedEx, UPS, and DHL"}, {"question": "What determines the speed in which mail reaches Guam from the United States?", "answer": "on size and time of year"}, {"question": "Which type of service usually takes less than a week to get postage to the island?", "answer": "first-class"}, {"question": "What do most Guam residents use when receiving mail?", "answer": "post office boxes or private mail boxes"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the lifeline of Guam?", "answer": "The Commercial Port"}, {"question": "What is the name of the shipping company in Hawaii that connects Guam?", "answer": "Matson, Inc"}, {"question": "Why is the port so important?", "answer": "most products must be shipped into Guam for consumers"}, {"question": "What is the name of the international airport in Guam?", "answer": "Antonio B. Won Pat"}, {"question": "What major airline resides at the airport?", "answer": "United Airlines"}, {"question": "What is Guam responsible for when goods both come in and leave?", "answer": "operating its own customs and quarantine agency"}, {"question": "Which animal was accidentally introduced into Guam?", "answer": "brown tree snake"}, {"question": "What was accidentally introduced into Guam?", "answer": "brown tree snake"}, {"question": "With the introduction of a non native snake in the area of Guam what impact did it have the island?", "answer": "nearly eliminated the native bird population"}, {"question": "What has the U.S Department of Agriculture done to help watch for the snakes?", "answer": "has trained detector dogs to keep the snakes out of the island's cargo flow"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?", "answer": "Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher"}, {"question": "How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?", "answer": "twelve bird species"}, {"question": "What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?", "answer": "ko'ko' birds"}, {"question": "What insect was detected in 2007?", "answer": "coconut rhinoceros beetle"}, {"question": "What other American territory has these beetles that have infested Guam?", "answer": "American Samoa"}, {"question": "Where is the Coconut Beetle native to?", "answer": "Southern Asia"}, {"question": "What plagues the Guam dry season?", "answer": "Wildfires"}, {"question": "What are the cause of the majority of the fires in the area?", "answer": "man"}, {"question": "What causes water quality problems in Guam?", "answer": "sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River"}, {"question": "What has Guam recently being trying to protect?", "answer": "coral reef habitats"}, {"question": "What has led to the decrease of fish near Guam?", "answer": "pollution, eroded silt and overfishing"}, {"question": "What is the name of the flying mammal in Guam that some are concerned for?", "answer": "Mariana fruit bats"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two colleges in Guam?", "answer": "The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community College"}, {"question": "Who are these two schools accredited by?", "answer": "Western Association of Schools and Colleges"}, {"question": "What is the name of the small Christian college in Guam?", "answer": "Pacific Islands University"}, {"question": "How many students as of 2000 were attending public schools in Guam?", "answer": "32,000"}, {"question": "What has plagued Guam public schools?", "answer": "high dropout rates and poor test scores"}, {"question": "What is the name of the governing body of the school in all of Guam?", "answer": "The Guam Department of Education"}, {"question": "Who runs Guam's main health care facility?", "answer": "The Government of Guam"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main health care facility in Guam?", "answer": "Guam Memorial Hospital"}, {"question": "Which privately owned medical facility opened in 2016?", "answer": "Guam Regional Medical City"}, {"question": "What is commonly contrasted with empiricism?", "answer": "rationalism"}, {"question": "Where does rationalism say knowledge comes from?", "answer": "reason independently of the senses"}, {"question": "What is an example knowledge being derived from intuition?", "answer": "knowledge of God's existence"}, {"question": "What did Locke think some knowledge could come from?", "answer": "intuition and reasoning alone"}, {"question": "Where were the main European rationalists?", "answer": "Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz"}, {"question": "What theory was Aristotle's explanation based on?", "answer": "his theory of potentiality and actuality"}, {"question": "How did Plato's Phaedo and Apology think of the mind?", "answer": "an entity that pre-existed somewhere in the heavens, before being sent down to join a body on Earth"}, {"question": "Who thought the senses were more important, Aristotle or Plato?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Who thought the senses were less important, Aristotle or Plato?", "answer": "Plato"}, {"question": "What does \"nihil in intellectu nisi prius fuerit in sensu\" mean?", "answer": "Latin for \"nothing in the intellect without first being in the senses\""}, {"question": "What is the Stoic view?", "answer": "the mind starts blank, but acquires knowledge as the outside world is impressed upon it"}, {"question": "What was Aetius's career?", "answer": "doxographer"}, {"question": "Where was Sextus from?", "answer": "Chaeronea"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?", "answer": "Sextus"}, {"question": "Whose ideas did Sextus build on?", "answer": "Aetius"}, {"question": "Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What religion was Al Farabi?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?", "answer": "material intellect"}, {"question": "What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?", "answer": "active intellect"}, {"question": "What is crucial for understanding?", "answer": "the immaterial \"active intellect\""}, {"question": "What was 'Abubacer' normally called?", "answer": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail"}, {"question": "What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?", "answer": "Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail"}, {"question": "What was Ibn Tufail's religion?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?", "answer": "Andalusian"}, {"question": "When did Ibn Tufail live?", "answer": "12th century CE"}, {"question": "When was da Vinci born?", "answer": "1452"}, {"question": "When did da Vinci die?", "answer": "1519"}, {"question": "What did renaissance writers question?", "answer": "the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition"}, {"question": "Who did Machiavelli disdain?", "answer": "writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals"}, {"question": "What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?", "answer": "abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings"}, {"question": "When was Vincenzo Galilei born?", "answer": "ca. 1520"}, {"question": "When did Vincenzo Galilei die?", "answer": "1591"}, {"question": "Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?", "answer": "Galileo"}, {"question": "What does 'esperienza' mean?", "answer": "experiment"}, {"question": "When was the British empiricism period?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?", "answer": "empiricist"}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Descartes?", "answer": "rationalist"}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Hobbes?", "answer": "empiricist"}, {"question": "What type of philosopher was Spinoza?", "answer": "rationalist"}, {"question": "When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?", "answer": "1689"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "What does 'tabula rasa' mean?", "answer": "blank tablet"}, {"question": "What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?", "answer": "white paper"}, {"question": "What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?", "answer": "on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?", "answer": "George Berkeley"}, {"question": "When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?", "answer": "1710"}, {"question": "What religion was George Berkeley?", "answer": "Anglican"}, {"question": "What nationality was George Berkeley?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Alciphron'?", "answer": "George Berkeley"}, {"question": "What did Hume bring to empiricism?", "answer": "a new level of skepticism"}, {"question": "What was Hume's nationality?", "answer": "Scottish"}, {"question": "What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?", "answer": "demonstrative and probable"}, {"question": "When was Hume born?", "answer": "1711"}, {"question": "When did Hume die?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?", "answer": "relations of ideas and matters of fact"}, {"question": "What type of human knowledge is math?", "answer": "relations of ideas"}, {"question": "What type of human knowledge is observing the world?", "answer": "matters of fact"}, {"question": "What type of human knowledge is \"the sun rises in the East\"?", "answer": "matters of fact"}, {"question": "Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?", "answer": "their \"impressions\""}, {"question": "What did Hume think our beliefs are?", "answer": "a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences"}, {"question": "What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "What did Hume think is a circular argument?", "answer": "the justification for inductive reasoning"}, {"question": "What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?", "answer": "that the sun will continue to rise in the East"}, {"question": "Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?", "answer": "because it has repeatedly done so in the past"}, {"question": "What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?", "answer": "that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable"}, {"question": "What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?", "answer": "belief in an external world"}, {"question": "What is phenomenalism?", "answer": "physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events"}, {"question": "What is subjective idealism closely related to?", "answer": "Phenomenalism"}, {"question": "What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?", "answer": "the \"permanent possibility of sensation\""}, {"question": "What did Mill say knowledge comes from?", "answer": "an inductive inference from direct experience"}, {"question": "What sensations did Mill differentiate?", "answer": "actual and possible sensations"}, {"question": "When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What did Mill say might not actually exist?", "answer": "gap-filling entities"}, {"question": "What did Mill misrepresent about math?", "answer": "the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures"}, {"question": "What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?", "answer": "phenomenalist"}, {"question": "How can't a finite set of statements be described?", "answer": "in purely sensory terms"}, {"question": "What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?", "answer": "a second doctor"}, {"question": "What are other terms for logical empiricism?", "answer": "logical positivism or neopositivism"}, {"question": "When was logical empricism formulated?", "answer": "early 20th-century"}, {"question": "What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?", "answer": "British empiricism"}, {"question": "What was Otto Neurath an important member of?", "answer": "Logical empiricism"}, {"question": "What was AJ Ayer an important member of?", "answer": "Logical empiricism"}, {"question": "When was Bertrand Russell born?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "When did Bertrand Russell die?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What did Frege say about math?", "answer": "all mathematical truths are logical"}, {"question": "What did Wittgenstein say about logic?", "answer": "all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies"}, {"question": "What are pseudoproblems?", "answer": "most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems"}, {"question": "Who were extreme empiricists?", "answer": "neopositivists"}, {"question": "Who attacked logical positivism?", "answer": "Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty"}, {"question": "What position does Dummett take?", "answer": "anti-realists"}, {"question": "Who abandoned phenomenalism?", "answer": "Carnap and Neurath"}, {"question": "When did pragmatism arise?", "answer": "In the late 19th and early 20th century"}, {"question": "Who developed pragmatism?", "answer": "Charles Sanders Peirce and William James"}, {"question": "Where did Peirce and James meet?", "answer": "Harvard"}, {"question": "When did Peirce and James meet?", "answer": "in the 1870s"}, {"question": "What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?", "answer": "pragmaticism"}, {"question": "When was Peirce born?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "When did Peirce die?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?", "answer": "the \"data-driven\" strict-empiricist view"}, {"question": "Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?", "answer": "Charles Peirce"}, {"question": "Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?", "answer": "Descartes"}, {"question": "How long before Peirce did Hume write?", "answer": "a century"}, {"question": "How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?", "answer": "complementary"}, {"question": "How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?", "answer": "competitive"}, {"question": "What did fallibilism say?", "answer": "the conclusions of science are always tentative"}, {"question": "What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?", "answer": "its self-corrective character"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?", "answer": "Peirce"}, {"question": "When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What is 'haecceity'?", "answer": "unique individuality or \"thisness\""}, {"question": "What did Irvin Rock write about?", "answer": "indirect perception"}, {"question": "Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?", "answer": "in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research"}, {"question": "Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?", "answer": "William James"}, {"question": "Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?", "answer": "in James's published lectures"}, {"question": "When was William James born?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "When did William James die?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?", "answer": "Around the beginning of the 20th century"}, {"question": "Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?", "answer": "John Dewey"}, {"question": "What did Dewey think about reality?", "answer": "reality is determined by past experience"}, {"question": "When was Dewey born?", "answer": "1859"}, {"question": "When did Dewey die?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What was instrumentalism a modification of?", "answer": "James' pragmatism"}, {"question": "What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?", "answer": "reality"}, {"question": "What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?", "answer": "mind-independent"}, {"question": "Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?", "answer": "dualist"}, {"question": "In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?", "answer": "beliefs and values"}, {"question": "What Indian thinkers were early idealists?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?", "answer": "Neoplatonists"}, {"question": "With what sect of Buddhism was the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school affiliated?", "answer": "Mahayana"}, {"question": "In what century did the Yog\u0101c\u0101ra school arise?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "What century did George Berkeley live in?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "In what century did Hegel write?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?", "answer": "phenomenalism"}, {"question": "Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?", "answer": "Marxism"}, {"question": "What does \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd mean in English?", "answer": "to see"}, {"question": "By what year was \"idealism\" a word in English?", "answer": "1743"}, {"question": "Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?", "answer": "pragmatists"}, {"question": "What language is \u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?", "answer": "idealist"}, {"question": "What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?", "answer": "Metaphysical"}, {"question": "What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?", "answer": "Platonic"}, {"question": "Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?", "answer": "subjective"}, {"question": "What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?", "answer": "Epistemological"}, {"question": "Who is a notable subjective idealist?", "answer": "George Berkeley"}, {"question": "What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?", "answer": "Immanuel Kant"}, {"question": "Who are subjective idealists opposed to?", "answer": "realists"}, {"question": "Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?", "answer": "Gottfried Leibniz"}, {"question": "Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?", "answer": "Leibniz"}, {"question": "In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?", "answer": "Neoplatonism"}, {"question": "What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?", "answer": "Aristotelian scholasticism"}, {"question": "In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?", "answer": "12th"}, {"question": "Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?", "answer": "New Thought"}, {"question": "What notable idealist was responsible for a \"world ground\" theory?", "answer": "Hermann Lotze"}, {"question": "What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?", "answer": "ideas"}, {"question": "Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?", "answer": "Simone Klein"}, {"question": "What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?", "answer": "metaphysical and epistemological"}, {"question": "What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?", "answer": "quantum"}, {"question": "What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?", "answer": "neoplatonist"}, {"question": "According to Noir\u00e9, who was the first true Western idealist?", "answer": "Plotinus"}, {"question": "What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?", "answer": "whether we know external objects"}, {"question": "What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?", "answer": "Time"}, {"question": "Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?", "answer": "immaterialism"}, {"question": "Of what see was Berkeley bishop?", "answer": "Cloyne"}, {"question": "What was Berkeley's ethnicity?", "answer": "Anglo-Irish"}, {"question": "What does esse est percipi mean?", "answer": "to be is to be perceived"}, {"question": "What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?", "answer": "abstractions"}, {"question": "Who was known as the \"Cambridge Platonist\"?", "answer": "John Norris"}, {"question": "Who was notably influenced by John Norris?", "answer": "Arthur Collier"}, {"question": "When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?", "answer": "represented image of an external object"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"thing-in-itself\"?", "answer": "Immanuel Kant"}, {"question": "Who invented the idea of a \"table-of-commonsense\"?", "answer": "Sir Arthur Eddington"}, {"question": "Who came up with the idea of \"things-as-interacted-by-us\"?", "answer": "Arthur Fine"}, {"question": "Who spoke of the \"warning signs\" of idealism?", "answer": "Musgrave"}, {"question": "What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?", "answer": "Postmodernist"}, {"question": "What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?", "answer": "subjectivists"}, {"question": "What book was written by A.A. Luce?", "answer": "Sense without Matter"}, {"question": "What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?", "answer": "Foster"}, {"question": "Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?", "answer": "Berkeley"}, {"question": "What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?", "answer": "Subjective Idealism"}, {"question": "What sort of idealist was Descartes?", "answer": "Sceptical"}, {"question": "In what section was Descartes criticized?", "answer": "Paralogisms of Pure Reason"}, {"question": "In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?", "answer": "2nd"}, {"question": "When was the second edition published?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?", "answer": "Schopenhauer"}, {"question": "According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?", "answer": "our own minds"}, {"question": "What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?", "answer": "our own consciousness"}, {"question": "What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?", "answer": "representations"}, {"question": "What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?", "answer": "subjective"}, {"question": "Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?", "answer": "Friedrich Nietzsche"}, {"question": "Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?", "answer": "Descartes"}, {"question": "Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?", "answer": "Descartes"}, {"question": "According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?", "answer": "transcendental"}, {"question": "Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?", "answer": "Berkeley"}, {"question": "What sort of idealist did Hegel define himself as?", "answer": "Absolute"}, {"question": "How did Hegel believe historical reality to be knowable to a philosopher?", "answer": "exercise of reason and intellect"}, {"question": "When was Science of Logic written?", "answer": "1812\u20131814"}, {"question": "Who was the author of Science of Logic?", "answer": "Hegel"}, {"question": "Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?", "answer": "less self-determining"}, {"question": "Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?", "answer": "ethical communities"}, {"question": "What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?", "answer": "materialism"}, {"question": "In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?", "answer": "Spirit"}, {"question": "What is another term for Hegel's \"subject\"?", "answer": "any human observer"}, {"question": "What does Hegel mean by \"object\"?", "answer": "any external entity"}, {"question": "What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?", "answer": "Absolute Spirit"}, {"question": "Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?", "answer": "self"}, {"question": "Who was a notable critic of Hegel?", "answer": "Kierkegaard"}, {"question": "For whom did Kierkegaard argue reality cannot be a system?", "answer": "human"}, {"question": "According to Kierkegaard, why can't reality be a system for human beings?", "answer": "humans are incomplete"}, {"question": "Even though Kierkegaard does not believe in the possibility of an existential system of reality, what sort of system can exist?", "answer": "logical"}, {"question": "Who wrote Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences?", "answer": "Hegel"}, {"question": "When was Phenomenology of Spirit published?", "answer": "1807"}, {"question": "What trait did Climacus believe that Hegel suppressed?", "answer": "individuality"}, {"question": "Whose will did Hegel believe should prevail over that of the individual?", "answer": "State"}, {"question": "What conception of right and wrong did Climacus believe Hegel endorsed?", "answer": "bourgeois"}, {"question": "What sort of reality did Hegel perceive God's mind to be?", "answer": "ultimate"}, {"question": "Along with Hegel, who also argued for human incompleteness?", "answer": "Kierkegaard"}, {"question": "According to Hegel, what form does thought necessarily take?", "answer": "abstraction"}, {"question": "Why does Hegel believe we cannot know God?", "answer": "we are finite beings"}, {"question": "If something transcends time, what does it, according to Hegel, also transcend?", "answer": "human understanding"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Refutation of Idealism?", "answer": "Moore"}, {"question": "In his rejection of idealism, whose thought did Moore attack?", "answer": "Bradley"}, {"question": "Who originated the saying 'esse est percipi'?", "answer": "Berkeley"}, {"question": "Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?", "answer": "Gottfried Leibniz"}, {"question": "What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?", "answer": "Panpsychism"}, {"question": "What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?", "answer": "monads"}, {"question": "Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?", "answer": "James Ward"}, {"question": "What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?", "answer": "self- betterment"}, {"question": "Who was an exponent of so-called \"Boston Personalism\"?", "answer": "Bowne"}, {"question": "What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?", "answer": "California Personalism"}, {"question": "Who is a notable realistic personal theist?", "answer": "Saint Thomas Aquinas"}, {"question": "What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?", "answer": "dependence upon an infinite personal God"}, {"question": "What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?", "answer": "moral"}, {"question": "With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?", "answer": "Cambridge"}, {"question": "In what year was The Nature of Existence published?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?", "answer": "minds"}, {"question": "How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?", "answer": "love"}, {"question": "What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?", "answer": "unreal"}, {"question": "What was the name of the philosophy preached by Thomas Davidson?", "answer": "apeirotheism"}, {"question": "What type of idealism was Thomas Davidson's philosophy?", "answer": "pluralistic"}, {"question": "According to Davidson, how many gods are there?", "answer": "infinite"}, {"question": "By whose philosophy was Davidson influenced?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "What did Davidson believe the God of Aristotle is synonymous with?", "answer": "rational thought"}, {"question": "Among what twentieth century scientists was idealism popular?", "answer": "physicists"}, {"question": "Along with quantum physics generally, what scientific doctrine caused some physicists to embrace idealism?", "answer": "relativity"}, {"question": "In what year was the second edition of The Grammar of Science published?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "What did Pearson claim that science classifies?", "answer": "contents of the mind"}, {"question": "Who is claimed to have been influenced by The Grammar of Science?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "How do receive information from the physical world?", "answer": "messages transmitted along the nerves to the seat of consciousness"}, {"question": "What type of consciousness is similar but not identical to consciousness itself?", "answer": "subconsciousness"}, {"question": "What is the nature of the fundamental character of reality?", "answer": "mental"}, {"question": "According to the author, who would have particular trouble in accepting that reality is fundamentally mental?", "answer": "physicist"}, {"question": "What is the main thing that we experience?", "answer": "mind"}, {"question": "What was Czech formerly known as?", "answer": "Bohemian"}, {"question": "What languages strongly influenced Czech?", "answer": "Latin and German"}, {"question": "Over how many million people speak Czech?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?", "answer": "loanwords"}, {"question": "What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?", "answer": "highlighting of minor linguistic differences"}, {"question": "What language family is Czech?", "answer": "Slavic"}, {"question": "Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?", "answer": "resentment against the former Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?", "answer": "Slovak"}, {"question": "How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?", "answer": "by 80 percent"}, {"question": "What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?", "answer": "differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation"}, {"question": "When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?", "answer": "when changing from the nominative to the locative case"}, {"question": "The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?", "answer": "some scientific terminology"}, {"question": "What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?", "answer": "borrowed words"}, {"question": "Who called themselves \"Czechoslavs\"?", "answer": "a group of 19th-century scholars"}, {"question": "Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?", "answer": "The similarities"}, {"question": "When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?", "answer": "1918\u20131938"}, {"question": "What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?", "answer": "literary Czech"}, {"question": "When was the Prague Spring?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?", "answer": "sixth century AD"}, {"question": "Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?", "answer": "\u010cech"}, {"question": "What did the ninth century bring?", "answer": "state of Great Moravia"}, {"question": "Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? ", "answer": "East Francia"}, {"question": "What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?", "answer": "Glagolitic"}, {"question": "By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?", "answer": "other Slavic tongues"}, {"question": "How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?", "answer": "through the sixteenth century"}, {"question": "How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?", "answer": "did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction"}, {"question": "How many cases did Old Czech have?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?", "answer": "Lithuanian"}, {"question": "What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?", "answer": "standard"}, {"question": "Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?", "answer": "no longer exist"}, {"question": "How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?", "answer": "all at once"}, {"question": "What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?", "answer": "phonological"}, {"question": "Which \"yer\"s were vocalized as vowels?", "answer": "every odd-numbered"}, {"question": "What was Czech civilization called back in the day?", "answer": "Bohemia"}, {"question": "What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?", "answer": "Charles IV"}, {"question": "When was Charles University founded in Prague?", "answer": "1348"}, {"question": "Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?", "answer": "Jan Hus"}, {"question": "What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?", "answer": "widespread literacy"}, {"question": "How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "When was the Kralice Bible published?", "answer": "late sixteenth century"}, {"question": "What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?", "answer": "widespread nationalism"}, {"question": "In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?", "answer": "Thirty Years' War"}, {"question": "What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?", "answer": "the eighteenth century"}, {"question": "What had Czech developed by the 18th century?", "answer": "literary tradition"}, {"question": "Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?", "answer": "modern standard Czech"}, {"question": "How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?", "answer": "a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /\u028e/"}, {"question": "What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?", "answer": "widespread national pride"}, {"question": "What inspired the Czech's national pride?", "answer": "Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier"}, {"question": "What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?", "answer": "accomplishments"}, {"question": "What did Czech philologists advocate?", "answer": "the return of the language to high culture"}, {"question": "What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?", "answer": "Czech National Revival"}, {"question": "What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd?", "answer": "linguist and historian"}, {"question": "What year did Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?", "answer": "1809"}, {"question": "What didn't Dobrovsk\u00fd think Czech had a chance of returning as?", "answer": "a major language"}, {"question": "What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?", "answer": "a Czech linguistic revival"}, {"question": "Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?", "answer": "Modern scholars"}, {"question": "What is the official language of the Czech republic?", "answer": "Czech"}, {"question": "How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?", "answer": "since 2004"}, {"question": "What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?", "answer": "foreign language most often used"}, {"question": "Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?", "answer": "Jonathan van Parys"}, {"question": "Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?", "answer": "a Less Commonly Taught Language"}, {"question": "What states have large communities of Czech Americans?", "answer": "Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin"}, {"question": "What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?", "answer": "70,500"}, {"question": "How many regional dialects does Czech have?", "answer": "several"}, {"question": "Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?", "answer": "rural areas"}, {"question": "What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?", "answer": "lower class"}, {"question": "What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?", "answer": "considerable"}, {"question": "What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?", "answer": "Common"}, {"question": "What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?", "answer": "Moravian"}, {"question": "Where could citizens register \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?", "answer": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire"}, {"question": "Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?", "answer": "Moravian"}, {"question": "How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?", "answer": "62,908"}, {"question": "How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?", "answer": "45,561"}, {"question": "How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?", "answer": "loanwords"}, {"question": "What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?", "answer": "schwa sounds"}, {"question": "What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?", "answer": "first syllable"}, {"question": "What is stress unrelated to in Czech?", "answer": "vowel length"}, {"question": "In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?", "answer": "high culture"}, {"question": "What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?", "answer": "Greek and Latin"}, {"question": "How does one say the word \"music\" in Czech?", "answer": "hudba"}, {"question": "What Czech word did the English \"robot\" derive from?", "answer": "robota"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of the Czech word \"robota\"?", "answer": "labor"}, {"question": "Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?", "answer": "grammatical case"}, {"question": "In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?", "answer": "a verb"}, {"question": "What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?", "answer": "information"}, {"question": "What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?", "answer": "Enclitics"}, {"question": "Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?", "answer": "second syntactic slot"}, {"question": "What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?", "answer": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}, {"question": "Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?", "answer": "topicalization and focus"}, {"question": "What kind of passive construction does Czech have?", "answer": "periphrastic"}, {"question": "What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?", "answer": "inverted"}, {"question": "What case is the grammatical object of a verb?", "answer": "accusative"}, {"question": "How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "When are nouns in Czech inflected?", "answer": "to indicate their use in a sentence"}, {"question": "How does Czech mark subject nouns?", "answer": "with nominative case"}, {"question": "What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?", "answer": "object"}, {"question": "What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?", "answer": "the noun it describes"}, {"question": "How many genders does Czech distinguish?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?", "answer": "animate and inanimate"}, {"question": "What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?", "answer": "gender and animacy"}, {"question": "What is the main effect of gender in Czech?", "answer": "difference in noun and adjective declension"}, {"question": "What does gender also affect in Czech?", "answer": "past-tense verb endings"}, {"question": "What are inflected for number in Czech?", "answer": "Nouns"}, {"question": "What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?", "answer": "any case"}, {"question": "What case are numbers over five in?", "answer": "genitive"}, {"question": "When is the genitive case used?", "answer": "when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case"}, {"question": "What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?", "answer": "a Slavic language"}, {"question": "What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?", "answer": "marks"}, {"question": "What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?", "answer": "perfective and imperfective"}, {"question": "In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?", "answer": "completed"}, {"question": "In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?", "answer": "imperfective"}, {"question": "What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?", "answer": "Aspect"}, {"question": "How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?", "answer": "two ways"}, {"question": "What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?", "answer": "an added prefix"}, {"question": "What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?", "answer": "different infinitive ending"}, {"question": "What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?", "answer": "further morphology"}, {"question": "What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?", "answer": "repeated or regular action"}, {"question": "What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?", "answer": "infinitive"}, {"question": "How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?", "answer": "indicative, imperative and conditional"}, {"question": "What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?", "answer": "imperative"}, {"question": "Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?", "answer": "conditional"}, {"question": "What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?", "answer": "Czech"}, {"question": "How many graphemes does Czech have?", "answer": "thirty-one"}, {"question": "What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?", "answer": "corresponding sounds in other languages"}, {"question": "What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?", "answer": "\u00f3"}, {"question": "In Czech, what type of words do the characters \"q\", \"w\" and \"x\" exclusively appear in?", "answer": "foreign"}, {"question": "What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?", "answer": "those of most Latin European languages"}, {"question": "In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?", "answer": "capitalized"}, {"question": "What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?", "answer": "punctuation"}, {"question": "What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?", "answer": "only the first"}, {"question": "What makes up Education?", "answer": "knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits"}, {"question": "What methods make up Education?", "answer": "storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research"}, {"question": "Where does education usually take place under?", "answer": "the guidance of educators"}, {"question": "What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?", "answer": "Catholic Church became the sole preserver"}, {"question": "What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?", "answer": "church established cathedral schools"}, {"question": "What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?", "answer": "medieval universities"}, {"question": "What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?", "answer": "Chartres Cathedral School"}, {"question": "Where does formal education take place?", "answer": "school environment"}, {"question": "What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?", "answer": "student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,"}, {"question": "Who guides the students in a formal environment?", "answer": "certified teacher"}, {"question": "Whats the typical age range for pre-school?", "answer": "three to seven"}, {"question": "What are pre-schools also known as?", "answer": "nursery schools and as kindergarten,"}, {"question": "In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "What is another term used for Primary education?", "answer": "elementary"}, {"question": "What does primary school consist of?", "answer": "first five to seven years of formal, structured education"}, {"question": "What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?", "answer": "UNESCO"}, {"question": "What does secondary education comprise of?", "answer": "formal education that occurs during adolescence"}, {"question": "What two examples were given of what \"postsecondary\" or \"higher\" education?", "answer": "university, vocational school"}, {"question": "When does secondary schooling typically take place?", "answer": "teenage years"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of secondary education?", "answer": "to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession."}, {"question": "When did secondary education emerge in the United States?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?", "answer": "rise of large corporations and advancing technology"}, {"question": "Who benefited from secondary schools?", "answer": "employers and employees"}, {"question": "What was another name used for Higher Education?", "answer": "tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education"}, {"question": "What is High Education?", "answer": "follows the completion of a school such as a high school"}, {"question": "What does Tertiary education include?", "answer": "undergraduate and postgraduate education"}, {"question": "What does University education include?", "answer": "teaching, research, and social services activities,"}, {"question": "What are usually Universities made up of?", "answer": "several colleges"}, {"question": "What type of University would Yale fall under?", "answer": "independent"}, {"question": "What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?", "answer": "not eligible for public education"}, {"question": "Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?", "answer": "physicians or special tutors"}, {"question": "Who were some of these early physicians?", "answer": "Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet"}, {"question": "What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?", "answer": "people with severe disabilities"}, {"question": "What is another term used for Special Education Services?", "answer": "alternative"}, {"question": "When were public schools become more and more developed?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What are some examples of alternative schools?", "answer": "Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools"}, {"question": "Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?", "answer": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel's"}, {"question": "Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?", "answer": "Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi"}, {"question": "Who were the founders of progressive education?", "answer": "John Dewey and Francis Parker"}, {"question": "What makes up Indigenous education?", "answer": "indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content"}, {"question": "In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?", "answer": "formal and non-formal educational systems"}, {"question": "What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?", "answer": "improve the educational success of indigenous students"}, {"question": "Who defines informal learning?", "answer": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)"}, {"question": "Where does informal learning occur?", "answer": "home, work, and through daily interactions"}, {"question": "What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?", "answer": "language acquisition, cultural norms and manners"}, {"question": "Where does informal learning usually take place?", "answer": "outside educational establishments"}, {"question": "What is not necessary for informal learning?", "answer": "to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects"}, {"question": "What falls under the informal learning umbrella?", "answer": "unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management"}, {"question": "When was the 'education through recreation\" applied to childhood?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What changed when the concept was broadened?", "answer": "to include young adults"}, {"question": "What does Auto didacticism generally mean?", "answer": "learning on your own"}, {"question": "When can you become an Autodidact?", "answer": "any point in one's life"}, {"question": "Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?", "answer": "Thomas Alva Edison"}, {"question": "In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?", "answer": "Open education"}, {"question": "What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?", "answer": "Cost of education"}, {"question": "Which type of schooling can be most expensive?", "answer": "Online courses"}, {"question": "What is not as common in open education?", "answer": "merit-system degree"}, {"question": "Which University offers conventional degrees? ", "answer": "Open University in the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What do most open education sources offer?", "answer": "own form of certificate"}, {"question": "What does Universal Primary Education belong to?", "answer": "international Millennium Development Goals"}, {"question": "What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?", "answer": "charitable funding"}, {"question": "Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?", "answer": "Transparency International"}, {"question": "What has come from similarities in systems?", "answer": "increase in international student exchanges"}, {"question": "Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?", "answer": "The European Socrates-Erasmus Program"}, {"question": "Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?", "answer": "The Soros Foundation"}, {"question": "What does LCPS stand for?", "answer": "low cost private schools"}, {"question": "What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?", "answer": "disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor"}, {"question": "Where are these types of school spreading across?", "answer": "Africa and Asia"}, {"question": "What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?", "answer": "children did not exceed the education of their parents"}, {"question": "Who do students often blame for their education short comings?", "answer": "teachers and their textbooks"}, {"question": "What happens when someone tries to improve education?", "answer": "the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude"}, {"question": "What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?", "answer": "Developed countries have people with more resources"}, {"question": "What resources do developed countries have better access to?", "answer": "housing, food, transportation"}, {"question": "What is common in developed countries?", "answer": "criticism and blame"}, {"question": "What is one good trait about students from developed countries?", "answer": "have the will and the way to do many things"}, {"question": "What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?", "answer": "internet"}, {"question": "What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?", "answer": "gratitude for the resources they have"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of Education psychology?", "answer": "the study of how humans learn in educational settings"}, {"question": "What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?", "answer": "school psychology"}, {"question": "Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?", "answer": "researchers and theorists"}, {"question": "What is educational psychology concerned with?", "answer": "the processes of educational attainment"}, {"question": "How can Educational psychology in part be understood?", "answer": "through its relationship with other disciplines"}, {"question": "How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?", "answer": "discipline analogous"}, {"question": "Where does education psychology draw from?", "answer": "contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences"}, {"question": "In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?", "answer": "faculties of education"}, {"question": "What is important for a student in education?", "answer": "Intelligence"}, {"question": "What does education increase in a student?", "answer": "measurable intelligence"}, {"question": "What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?", "answer": "intelligence at 8"}, {"question": "Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?", "answer": "Dunn"}, {"question": "Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?", "answer": "Joseph Renzulli"}, {"question": "Who created the Type Delineator?", "answer": "David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's"}, {"question": "What do some theories believe?", "answer": "that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities"}, {"question": "What should be included in effective teaching?", "answer": "teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities"}, {"question": "What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?", "answer": "philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education"}, {"question": "What defines Philosophy education?", "answer": "the philosophical study of education and its problems"}, {"question": "What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?", "answer": "metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches"}, {"question": "What is another term used for instructors?", "answer": "teachers"}, {"question": "What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?", "answer": "reading, writing, mathematics, science and history"}, {"question": "In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?", "answer": "quality of teachers"}, {"question": "What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?", "answer": "poor countries should grow faster than rich countries"}, {"question": "What has been argued about high rates in education?", "answer": "essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth"}, {"question": "What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?", "answer": "requires knowledgeable managers and engineers"}, {"question": "Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?", "answer": "Jacob Mincer"}, {"question": "This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?", "answer": "is also controversial"}, {"question": "What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?", "answer": "not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties"}, {"question": "Which state borders Tennessee to the east?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?", "answer": "Appalachian Mountains"}, {"question": "Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?", "answer": "Mississippi River"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Tennessee?", "answer": "Nashville"}, {"question": "What is Tennessee's most populous city?", "answer": "Memphis"}, {"question": "What government formed in 1772 is considered the forerunner of Tennessee?", "answer": "Watauga Association"}, {"question": "What state held territory that would later become part of Tennessee?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "What date did Tennessee become one of the United States of America?", "answer": "June 1, 1796"}, {"question": "Which was the final state to join the Confederacy before Civil War fighting started?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "Which of the Confederate states rejoined the Union first when the Civil War concluded?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "Which part dominated Tennessee's politics in the late 1880s?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee city was received significant federal investment in the 1940s?", "answer": "Oak Ridge"}, {"question": "What part of the Manhattan Project did Tennessee host?", "answer": "uranium enrichment facilities"}, {"question": "What made Tennessee politics more competitive again in the middle of the 20th century?", "answer": "civil rights legislation"}, {"question": "What locale in Memphis is know as the place where blues was born?", "answer": "Beale Street"}, {"question": "What Tennessee recording company first promoted Elvis Presley?", "answer": "Sun Records"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee city is home to the Country Music Hall of Fame?", "answer": "Nashville"}, {"question": "Which museum celebrating popular music is located in Jackson, Tennessee?", "answer": "International Rock-A-Billy Museum"}, {"question": "In which year is W.C. Handy first known to have been playing in Tennessee clubs?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What is Tennessee's primary non-meat agricultural product?", "answer": "soybeans"}, {"question": "Which national park in Tennessee sees more visitors that any other in the United States?", "answer": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park"}, {"question": "What trail forms part of the border Tennessee shares with North Carolina?", "answer": "Appalachian Trail"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee city hosts the state's most famous aquarium?", "answer": "Chattanooga"}, {"question": "What tourist attraction is located in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee?", "answer": "Dollywood"}, {"question": "Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?", "answer": "Captain Juan Pardo"}, {"question": "Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?", "answer": "Cherokee"}, {"question": "Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?", "answer": "1725"}, {"question": "What nationality was Juan Pardo?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Which governor is given credit for the name Tennessee as it is now spelled?", "answer": "James Glen"}, {"question": "Which work by Henry Timberlake made the current spelling of Tennessee widely popular?", "answer": "Draught of the Cherokee Country"}, {"question": "Which state created a county called Tennessee in 1788?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "Which two Tennessee counties cover the area that comprised North Carolina's Tennessee County?", "answer": "Montgomery County and Robertson County"}, {"question": "In which year did a constitutional convention meet to form a new state out of the unincorporated territory that would become Tennessee?", "answer": "1796"}, {"question": "By what nickname is Tennessee officially known?", "answer": "Volunteer State"}, {"question": "Which major conflict that included the Battle of New Orleans is said to have given Tennessee its nickname?", "answer": "War of 1812"}, {"question": "What conflict overseen by President Polk might be the source of Tennessee's nickname?", "answer": "Mexican\u2013American War"}, {"question": "How many volunteers did Tennessee send to the Mexican-American War?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "Which local icon's death inspired many of the Tennessee volunteers during the Mexican-American War?", "answer": "Davy Crockett"}, {"question": "What is the elevation of Tennessee's highest point?", "answer": "6,643 feet"}, {"question": "What mountain in Tennessee is the Appalachian Trail's highest point?", "answer": "Clingmans Dome"}, {"question": "What river is situated on Tennessee point of lowest elevation?", "answer": "Mississippi River"}, {"question": "Which city marks the geographical center of Tennessee?", "answer": "Murfreesboro"}, {"question": "Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?", "answer": "55"}, {"question": "What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?", "answer": "the Great Valley"}, {"question": "Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?", "answer": "Chattanooga"}, {"question": "Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?", "answer": "the Tri-Cities"}, {"question": "What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?", "answer": "Tennessee River"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?", "answer": "McGhee Tyson Airport"}, {"question": "What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?", "answer": "Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport"}, {"question": "What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?", "answer": "I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26"}, {"question": "An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?", "answer": "TRI"}, {"question": "What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?", "answer": "Tennessee Bottoms"}, {"question": "What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?", "answer": "Mississippi Alluvial Plain"}, {"question": "What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?", "answer": "300 feet (90 m) above sea level"}, {"question": "What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?", "answer": "Memphis"}, {"question": "What is the most common climate across Tennessee?", "answer": "humid subtropical"}, {"question": "Most of Tennessee has which type of climate?", "answer": "humid subtropical"}, {"question": "Which mountains contain those parts of Tennessee with a temperate climate?", "answer": "Appalachians"}, {"question": "Which body of ocean water affects Tennessee's climate the most?", "answer": "Gulf of Mexico"}, {"question": "Which range of months is Tennessee's wettest?", "answer": "between December and April"}, {"question": "What is Tennessee's average annual precipitation in inches?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?", "answer": "32"}, {"question": "What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?", "answer": "113 \u00b0F (45 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?", "answer": "Perryville"}, {"question": "What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?", "answer": "\u221232 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?", "answer": "Mountain City"}, {"question": "Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?", "answer": "Hurricane Opal"}, {"question": "On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?", "answer": "West and Middle Tennessee"}, {"question": "How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "Which cities other than Knoxville have been the capital of Tennessee?", "answer": "Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro"}, {"question": "How many counties are part of Nashville's metropolitan area?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What distance in miles is Clarksville, TN from Nashville?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "Which city is Tennessee's sixth largest by population?", "answer": "Murfreesboro"}, {"question": "Which two of the six most populous Tennessee cities are nearest the Great Smoky Mountains?", "answer": "Chattanooga and Knoxville"}, {"question": "How many years ago was Tennessee first inhabited by humans?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "What time period corresponds with the Mississippian cultural phase in early Tennessee history?", "answer": "1000\u20131600 AD"}, {"question": "Which Native American people are the first group to inhabit Tennessee that we know by name?", "answer": "Muscogee"}, {"question": "What do archaeologists call the cultural phase of the inhabitants of Tennessee between 1000 BC and 1000 AD?", "answer": "Woodland"}, {"question": "Which European nationality first explored the Tennessee region?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "Which year did Hernando de Soto explore Tennessee?", "answer": "1540"}, {"question": "Which Native American peoples were living in Tennessee when Juan Pardo explored the area?", "answer": "Muscogee and Yuchi"}, {"question": "Which Native American people left Tennessee for the Virginia area because of encroaching Europeans?", "answer": "Cherokee"}, {"question": "By which year had most of the Native Americans been forced out of the Tennessee region?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?", "answer": "1756"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?", "answer": "Fort Loudoun"}, {"question": "Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?", "answer": "Captain Raymond Demer\u00e9"}, {"question": "Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?", "answer": "Overhill Cherokees"}, {"question": "Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?", "answer": "Captain Paul Demer\u00e9"}, {"question": "What did American settlers call the Cherokee who attacked Fort Watuaga in 1776?", "answer": "the Chickamauga"}, {"question": "Who lead the Cherokee attack on Fort Watuaga in 1776?", "answer": "Dragging Canoe"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Chickamauga leader's cousin who helped settlers escape his raids?", "answer": "Nancy Ward"}, {"question": "Who left Fort Watuaga, crossed the Appalachians, and attacked the British army in South Carolina in 1780?", "answer": "Overmountain Men"}, {"question": "Who lost the Battle of Kings Mountain in South Carolina?", "answer": "the British Army"}, {"question": "What was the name of the state that three North Carolina counties hoped to form in 1784?", "answer": "Franklin"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the land that North Carolina transferred to the federal government in 1790?", "answer": "Southwest Territory"}, {"question": "What town marked the western extent of the Cumberland Settlements?", "answer": "French Lick"}, {"question": "What other name does the North Carolina Road share with Daniel Boone's passage through the Cumberland Gap?", "answer": "Wilderness Road"}, {"question": "Which state was the first formed out of federally controlled territory?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "In addition to the original thirteen, which two states were admitted to the union before Tennessee?", "answer": "Vermont and Kentucky"}, {"question": "Which mountain marked the starting point of the Tennessee border described by the state constitution?", "answer": "Stone Mountain"}, {"question": "When Tennessee's border was first defined, territory west of which river was considered for future annexation?", "answer": "Mississippi River"}, {"question": "Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?", "answer": "Martin Van Buren"}, {"question": "How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "What Cherokee phrase means \"the trail where we cried?\"", "answer": "Nunna daul Isunyi"}, {"question": "Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term \"Trail of Tears?\"", "answer": "Choctaw"}, {"question": "Approximately how many Cherokees died along their \"Trail of Tears?\"", "answer": "4,000"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?", "answer": "Isham Harris"}, {"question": "Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?", "answer": "East Tennessee"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?", "answer": "54"}, {"question": "On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?", "answer": "May 7, 1861"}, {"question": "Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?", "answer": "Middle Tennessee"}, {"question": "Which side won more Civil War battles in Tennessee?", "answer": "Union"}, {"question": "Which Union commander seized control of the Tennessee River in February 1862?", "answer": "Ulysses S. Grant"}, {"question": "During which month in 1862 did Union forces capture Memphis?", "answer": "June"}, {"question": "Union control of Middle Tennessee was reaffirmed by what battle in January 1863?", "answer": "Battle of Murfreesboro"}, {"question": "Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?", "answer": "Sullivan County"}, {"question": "Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?", "answer": "James Longstreet"}, {"question": "Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?", "answer": "Grant"}, {"question": "Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?", "answer": "Braxton Bragg"}, {"question": "Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?", "answer": "Battle of Bean's Station"}, {"question": "Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?", "answer": "Union"}, {"question": "Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?", "answer": "Emancipation Proclamation"}, {"question": "Who was elected Vice President of the United States in 1864?", "answer": "Andrew Johnson"}, {"question": "Which Confederate state's representation was readmitted to Congress first?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "On which date were Tennessee's elected representatives restored to their offices in Washington D.C.?", "answer": "July 24, 1866"}, {"question": "Their ratification of which Amendment spared Tennessee a military governor during Reconstruction?", "answer": "Fourteenth"}, {"question": "In which year did Andrew Johnson become President?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Who were targeted by restrictive laws passed in Southern states at the end of the 19th century?", "answer": "African Americans"}, {"question": "In which year did the Tennessee General Assembly pass electoral reform laws that disenfranchised most African Americans in the state?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "Who besides African Americans were victims of Tennessee's late-19th century electoral reform?", "answer": "poor Whites"}, {"question": "What is the name for laws dating from the late-19th century which promoted segregation?", "answer": "Jim Crow laws"}, {"question": "Approximately how many African Americans lived in Tennessee in 1900?", "answer": "480,430"}, {"question": "Who was elected governor of Tennessee in 2002?", "answer": "Phil Bredesen"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee Senator was the only Republican first-time Senator elected in 2006?", "answer": "Bob Corker"}, {"question": "Who was the first Republican Speaker of the Tennessee state senate since Democrats took control in the Reconstruction era?", "answer": "Ron Ramsey"}, {"question": "Which political party did the majority of conservative Tennessee voters support in the early 20th century?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "What was Tennessee's estimated population in 2015?", "answer": "6,600,299"}, {"question": "What percentage population increase did Tennessee experience between 2010 and 2015?", "answer": "4.01%"}, {"question": "How much of Tennessee's population increase between 2010 and 2015 was due to migration?", "answer": "219,551"}, {"question": "In 2008, what percentage of Tennessee residents were born outside the South?", "answer": "Twenty percent"}, {"question": "What net population increase during Tennessee's last two US Census reports was due to immigration from outside the country?", "answer": "59,385"}, {"question": "What was Tennessee's most common self-reported ethnic group in 2000?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What percent of Tennessee residents self-reported their ethnic group as Irish in 2000?", "answer": "9.3%"}, {"question": "Which European ancestries are most common among self-identified ethnic \"Americans\" in Tennessee?", "answer": "English and Scotch-Irish"}, {"question": "What European national ancestry was claimed by 45% of Tennessee residents in 1980?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What was Tennessee's population in 1980?", "answer": "3,221,354"}, {"question": "Which Protestant denomination has its headquarters in Nashville, TN?", "answer": "National Baptist Convention"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee city contains the headquarters of the Church of God and The Church of God of Prophecy?", "answer": "Cleveland"}, {"question": "The principle Bible college of the Free Will Baptists is located in which Tennessee city?", "answer": "Nashville"}, {"question": "Which two major Protestant denominations are based in Memphis?", "answer": "Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church"}, {"question": "Roughly how many farms are located in Tennesee?", "answer": "82,000"}, {"question": "Which livestock is the major focus of Tennessee agriculture?", "answer": "beef cattle"}, {"question": "When did cotton first become a large-scale agricultural product in Tennessee?", "answer": "1820s"}, {"question": "Which river landform partly in Tennessee provided the most fertile land for cotton production?", "answer": "Mississippi Delta"}, {"question": "Where in Tennessee is the headquarters of International Paper?", "answer": "Memphis"}, {"question": "Where is Nissan Motor Company's headquarters in the United States?", "answer": "Franklin"}, {"question": "Which company has a $2 billion production plant in Bradley County?", "answer": "Wacker Chemie"}, {"question": "Hemlock Semiconductor produces electronic components in which Tennessee city?", "answer": "Clarksville"}, {"question": "Which major global shipping company is based in Memphis?", "answer": "FedEx"}, {"question": "What types of income are exempt from Tennessee state income tax?", "answer": "salaries and wages"}, {"question": "At what rate is Tennessee state sales and use tax usually applied?", "answer": "7%"}, {"question": "Above which amount is inheritance tax applied in Tennessee?", "answer": "$1,000,000"}, {"question": "What is the sales tax on foodstuffs in Tennessee?", "answer": "5.25%"}, {"question": "Which edible items are taxed at the higher non-food sales and use tax rate in Tennessee?", "answer": "candy, dietary supplements and prepared food"}, {"question": "In which year did Tennessee tourism first exceed 100 million visitors?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many billions of dollars were spend by tourists in Tennessee in 2014?", "answer": "17.7"}, {"question": "How much tax revenue did tourism generate for Tennessee in 2014?", "answer": "$1.5 billion"}, {"question": "In 2014, which three Tennessee counties took in the most money from tourism?", "answer": "Davidson, Shelby, and Sevier"}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase in Tennessee's tourism-based jobs in 2014?", "answer": "2.8%"}, {"question": "Which other state sent Tennessee the most tourists in 2013?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "What percentage of out-of-state tourists stayed in Tennessee for four or more nights?", "answer": "11%"}, {"question": "What average daily amount did a tourist spend in Tennessee in 2013?", "answer": "$118"}, {"question": "What percentage of Tennessee tourists daily spending in 2013 went toward accommodation?", "answer": "17%"}, {"question": "In which state do the greatest percentage of Tennessee tourists reside?", "answer": "Tennessee"}, {"question": "Which city is the endpoint of I-26?", "answer": "Kingsport"}, {"question": "I-24 connects which two Tennessee cities?", "answer": "Chattanooga to Clarksville"}, {"question": "Which interstate highway running north-south passes through Memphis?", "answer": "Interstate 55"}, {"question": "Which interstate ends at a junction close to Dandridge, Tennessee?", "answer": "Interstate 81"}, {"question": "What Tennessee cities are connected by I-269?", "answer": "Millington to Collierville"}, {"question": "Which are the two main parties in Tennessee politics?", "answer": "Republican and the Democratic"}, {"question": "Which part of Tennessee voted more Republican in the years following the Civil War?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "What type of farmers inhabited eastern Tennessee in the late 19th century?", "answer": "yeoman"}, {"question": "Which crops grown in West Tennessee had required a great deal of slave labor?", "answer": "tobacco and cotton"}, {"question": "Which party did most former slaves join when they were given the right to vote after the Civil War?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "In which decade did the Tennessee legislature institute a poll tax?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "Which party declined in Tennessee politics following voting reform legislation during Reconstruction?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Tennessee population was African-American in 1900?", "answer": "23.8"}, {"question": "In 1913, the Tennessee state legislature made which organizational structure the default form of city government in the state?", "answer": "Board of Commission"}, {"question": "Which Republican presidential candidate did Tennessee support in 1920?", "answer": "Warren G. Harding"}, {"question": "What religion was the Democratic presidential candidate that Tennessee voted against in 1928?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "How many times has Tennessee supported Democratic presidential candidates in the general elections since the 1950s?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which Republican won the Presidency while carrying Tennessee in 1928?", "answer": "Herbert Hoover"}, {"question": "In 1960, what group made up 16.45% of Tennessee's population?", "answer": "African Americans"}, {"question": "What Congressional Act fully re-enfranchised African-American in Tennessee?", "answer": "Voting Rights Act of 1965"}, {"question": "Which Republican Senator's 1970 victory showed the Republican Party's renewed competitiveness in Tennessee?", "answer": "Bill Brock"}, {"question": "Which constituency has become the Republican Party's staunchest supporters in Tennessee?", "answer": "white conservatives"}, {"question": "Which Republican was elected Tennessee Governor in 1970?", "answer": "Winfield Dunn"}, {"question": "Which two Tennessee cities are most supportive of the Democratic Party?", "answer": "Nashville and Memphis"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee city has the largest African-American population?", "answer": "Memphis"}, {"question": "Which two eastern Tennessee congressional districts have the longest track record of favoring Republican candidates?", "answer": "1st and 2nd"}, {"question": "Since which year has Tennessee's 1st congressional district voted overwhelmingly Republican?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "Which two Tennessee metropolitan areas have been most supportive of the Republican Party?", "answer": "Tri-Cities and Knoxville"}, {"question": "Which Democratic candidate lost his own state in the 2000 general election?", "answer": "Al Gore"}, {"question": "By what percentage of the popular vote did George W. Bush carry Tennessee in 2004?", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "Democratic presidential candidates from which region's states have fared best in recent Tennessee history?", "answer": "Southern"}, {"question": "Which 2000 presidential candidate was a former US Senator from Tennessee?", "answer": "Al Gore"}, {"question": "Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings? ", "answer": "Baker v. Carr"}, {"question": "What phrase expresses the Supreme Court's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting?", "answer": "one man, one vote"}, {"question": "A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision?", "answer": "urban"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee law enforcement agency looks for road safety violations?", "answer": "Highway Patrol"}, {"question": "Which Tennessee agency enforces state wildlife regulations outside of parks?", "answer": "TWRA"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for Tennessee's statewide criminal investigation agency?", "answer": "TBI"}, {"question": "Who provides law enforcement within Tennessee's state parks?", "answer": "Tennessee State Park Rangers"}, {"question": "Each Tennessee county must elect which law enforcement official?", "answer": "Sheriff"}, {"question": "Which law enforcement entity serves warrants in Tennessee?", "answer": "Sheriff's Office"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of policing Tennessee counties' unincorporated areas?", "answer": "County Sheriff"}, {"question": "Who polices incorporated areas of Tennessee's counties?", "answer": "Municipal Police Departments"}, {"question": "What proportion of Tennessee counties recognize their Sheriff as their head law enforcement official?", "answer": "94 of the 95"}, {"question": "What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?", "answer": "hanging"}, {"question": "In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?", "answer": "125"}, {"question": "How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?", "answer": "73"}, {"question": "What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville athletic teams?", "answer": "Volunteers"}, {"question": "In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament?", "answer": "Elite Eight"}, {"question": "How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball team claimed?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "When did post-punk arrive on the scene?", "answer": "in the wake of the punk movement of the 1970s"}, {"question": "What did post-punk artists use in their music?", "answer": "critical theory, cinema, performance art and modernist literature"}, {"question": "What began to spring up around the post-punk music?", "answer": "independent record labels and fanzines"}, {"question": "How did post-punk take on rock and roll?", "answer": "conceptual assault"}, {"question": "When was the original punk movement?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What is a name for a type of rock music that is extremely varied in sound?", "answer": "Post-punk"}, {"question": "What elements of punk rock did post-punk depart from?", "answer": "musical conventions and wider cultural affiliations"}, {"question": "What subject matter does post-punk commonly mesh its musical sensibilities with?", "answer": "art and politics"}, {"question": "What developed along with the music developments of post-punk?", "answer": "subcultures"}, {"question": "Who coined the term post-punk?", "answer": "journalists in the late 1970s"}, {"question": "What dis the new term, post-punk, cover?", "answer": "groups moving beyond punk's sonic template into disparate areas"}, {"question": "What inspired early post-punk artists?", "answer": "punk's DIY ethic and energy"}, {"question": "Why did post-punk fall out of love with punk?", "answer": "commercial formula, rock convention and self-parody"}, {"question": "What did the new post-punk artists believe?", "answer": "\"radical content demands radical form\""}, {"question": "Who were the first to use the term \"post-punk\"?", "answer": "journalists"}, {"question": "When was \"post-punk\" first used to start describing artists?", "answer": "late 1970s"}, {"question": "What were many post-punk artists originally inspired by?", "answer": "punk's DIY ethic and energy"}, {"question": "How many chords did standard punk songs typically use?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What did post-punk artists feel there was an imperative to constantly do?", "answer": "change"}, {"question": "What were the things that post-punk really got into?", "answer": "experimentation with production techniques"}, {"question": "What are non-rock styles that post-punk used as inspiration?", "answer": "dub, electronic music, disco, noise, jazz, krautrock, world music and the avant-garde"}, {"question": "What aesthetic did Matthew Bannister associate with post-punk?", "answer": "avant-garde"}, {"question": "What music did post-punk end to reject?", "answer": "high cultural references of 1960s rock artists"}, {"question": "As a movement, post-punk has been characterized by its conceptual assault on what conventions?", "answer": "rock"}, {"question": "What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?", "answer": "aesthetics"}, {"question": "What is one of the foundational aspects post-punk is deeply favorable towards?", "answer": "experimentation"}, {"question": "How did post-punk artists once again approach the studio?", "answer": "as an instrument"}, {"question": "What references did post-punk artists specifically reject of the 1960s rock artists?", "answer": "high cultural"}, {"question": "How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk?", "answer": "fusion of art and music"}, {"question": "Which artists were influential in post-punk?", "answer": "Captain Beefheart and David Bowie"}, {"question": "Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?", "answer": "William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard"}, {"question": "What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?", "answer": "postmodernism"}, {"question": "How did the post-punk movement feel about big business?", "answer": "anti-corporatist"}, {"question": "What was Nicholas Lezard's description of post-punk?", "answer": "\"a fusion of art and music\""}, {"question": "Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into?", "answer": "musical and pop cultural contexts"}, {"question": "What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie?", "answer": "art school"}, {"question": "What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists?", "answer": "postmodernism"}, {"question": "Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music?", "answer": "anti-corporatist"}, {"question": "Who described post-punk as \"a more adventurous and arty form of punk\"?", "answer": "Stephen Thomas Erlewine"}, {"question": "Who described post-punk as  \"less a genre of music than a space of possibility\"?", "answer": "Simon Reynolds"}, {"question": "Who said \"so multifarious that only the broadest use of the term is possible\" with regards to post-punk?", "answer": "Nicholas Lezard"}, {"question": "Who does music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine work for?", "answer": "AllMusic"}, {"question": "What as the blanket term \"post-punk\" been the target of?", "answer": "controversy"}, {"question": "What organization is Stephen Thomas Erlewine associated with?", "answer": "AllMusic"}, {"question": "What have some people suggested post-punk doesn't have, instead being more about approaches and sensibilities?", "answer": "unifying style"}, {"question": "Why type of scholar is music journalist Simon Reynolds?", "answer": "post-punk"}, {"question": "Why is only the broadest use of genre possible when trying to categorize what actually defines post-punk?", "answer": "multifarious"}, {"question": "What is post-punk?", "answer": "music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s"}, {"question": "What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?", "answer": "new wave music"}, {"question": "Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?", "answer": "various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement"}, {"question": "What is the acctepted era of post-punk?", "answer": "between 1978 and 1984"}, {"question": "What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?", "answer": "punk rock"}, {"question": "What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?", "answer": "punk or new wave music"}, {"question": "Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?", "answer": "predate the punk rock movement"}, {"question": "Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?", "answer": "Reynolds"}, {"question": "Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?", "answer": "1978 and 1984"}, {"question": "WHich independent music company was founded by Geoff Travis?", "answer": "Rough Trade"}, {"question": "Who founded Factory?", "answer": "Tony Wilson"}, {"question": "When did releasing music indepentently really hit popularity?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Who released Spiral Scratch on their own label?", "answer": "Buzzcocks"}, {"question": "When did the indoe music scene begin to grow?", "answer": "mid-1980s"}, {"question": "What did many entrepreneurs interested in their local punk-influenced music scenes found?", "answer": "independent record labels"}, {"question": "Who founded the record label Rough Trade?", "answer": "Geoff Travis"}, {"question": "Where was Tony Wilson's Factory based?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "When did some groups start looking for methods to release their music themselves?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Whose label did the Buzzcocks release their Spiral Scratch EP on?", "answer": "their own"}, {"question": "When did writers for Sounds first mention \"post punk\"?", "answer": "late 1977"}, {"question": "What did Wire do with sounds, lyrics and aesthetics which different a lot from their peers?", "answer": "experimenting"}, {"question": "What career path did Jon Savage take in life?", "answer": "Writer"}, {"question": "When did the Sex Pistols break up?", "answer": "January 1978"}, {"question": "Who was Siouxsie backed by?", "answer": "the Banshees"}, {"question": "What are examples of British bands termed post-punk?", "answer": "Siouxsie and the Banshees and Wire"}, {"question": "Who connsidered post-punk \"harsh urban scrapings [,] controlled white noise\" and \"massively accented drumming\"?", "answer": "Jon Savage"}, {"question": "Which band's lead singer was Johnny Rotten?", "answer": "Sex Pistols"}, {"question": "What was Johnny Rotten's real name?", "answer": "John Lydon"}, {"question": "When did the Sex Pistols break up?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "When the punk movement started shrinking, what began to fill the void left by their demise?", "answer": "vibrant new scenes"}, {"question": "What territory did the post-punk bands pursue in their works?", "answer": "wider conceptual"}, {"question": "What nationality's music magazines had an influential part of post-punk culture?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What professional is Ian Penman known from?", "answer": "writers"}, {"question": "What kind of background did many of the initial post-punk artists have?", "answer": "art"}, {"question": "Who were well known authors covering the post-punk era?", "answer": "Jon Savage, Paul Morley and Ian Penman"}, {"question": "What were popular post-punk culture media sources?", "answer": "NME and Sounds"}, {"question": "What were the bands coming in on the heels of post-punk beginning to sound like?", "answer": "experimental sounds and wider conceptual territory"}, {"question": "What was a common background of post-punk musicians?", "answer": "backgrounds in art"}, {"question": "What was a common theme to post-punk music?", "answer": "political or aesthetic agendas"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for disbanding the Sex Pistols?", "answer": "Lydon"}, {"question": "What group declared itself to be anti-music of any kind?", "answer": "Public Image Ltd"}, {"question": "Where did Joy Division hail from?", "answer": "Manchester"}, {"question": "What type of literature contributed to Joy Division's unique style?", "answer": "modernist"}, {"question": "What end of the political spectrum was the political philosophy of Gang of Four?", "answer": "Leftist"}, {"question": "What band did Johnny Rotten form after the Sex Pistols?", "answer": "Public Image Ltd"}, {"question": "What kind of group was Public Image Ltd?", "answer": "\"anti music of any kind\""}, {"question": "Which bands combined way left politics with art school studies?", "answer": "Scritti Politti, Gang of Four and This Heat"}, {"question": "What are some British post-punk bands from Manchester?", "answer": "Joy Division, The Fall and A Certain Ratio"}, {"question": "Which post-punk bands began to branch off into things like dub and dance music?", "answer": "Pop Group and the Slits"}, {"question": "What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?", "answer": "innovative"}, {"question": "What type of producer was Martin Hannett?", "answer": "post-punk"}, {"question": "What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?", "answer": "studio experimentation"}, {"question": "What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?", "answer": "crude production techniques"}, {"question": "Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?", "answer": "Throbbing Gristle's"}, {"question": "Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?", "answer": "Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell"}, {"question": "Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?", "answer": "Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle"}, {"question": "What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?", "answer": "Industrial Records"}, {"question": "Where did industrial music get it's name?", "answer": "Industrial Records"}, {"question": "What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?", "answer": "studio experimentation"}, {"question": "What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "From what region did the group Devo originate? ", "answer": "Midwestern"}, {"question": "Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?", "answer": "New York"}, {"question": "Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?", "answer": "Brian Eno"}, {"question": "What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?", "answer": "San Francisco's"}, {"question": "When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?", "answer": "mid 1970s"}, {"question": "Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?", "answer": "Television and Suicide"}, {"question": "What were some Midwestern punk bands?", "answer": "Pere Ubu and Devo"}, {"question": "What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?", "answer": "derelict industrial environments"}, {"question": "What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?", "answer": "Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon"}, {"question": "What type of worldview did New York's no wave movement tend to have?", "answer": "nihilistic"}, {"question": "The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement?", "answer": "No wave"}, {"question": "Who produced the compilation \"No New York\"?", "answer": "Eno"}, {"question": "What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978?", "answer": "ZE Records"}, {"question": "In addition to non-rock styles, what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically?", "answer": "noise, dissonance and atonality"}, {"question": "What was no wave?", "answer": "a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes"}, {"question": "What type of a view did no wave have?", "answer": "an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic"}, {"question": "What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?", "answer": "No wave"}, {"question": "When was ZE Records founded?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement?", "answer": "No New York"}, {"question": "How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?", "answer": "support"}, {"question": "What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?", "answer": "unique"}, {"question": "What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?", "answer": "BBC"}, {"question": "What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?", "answer": "record labels"}, {"question": "When did British post-punk emerge?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Who said that British post-punk was \"sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music\"?", "answer": "Greil Marcus"}, {"question": "What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?", "answer": "BBC DJ John Peel"}, {"question": "What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?", "answer": "PiL and Joy Division"}, {"question": "Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?", "answer": "Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass"}, {"question": "Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?", "answer": "underground aesthetics"}, {"question": "What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?", "answer": "increasingly esoteric writing"}, {"question": "Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?", "answer": "NME"}, {"question": "What writer advocated \"overground brightness\"?", "answer": "Paul Morley"}, {"question": "What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?", "answer": "glamour, fashion, and escapism"}, {"question": "What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?", "answer": "overground brightness"}, {"question": "What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?", "answer": "increasingly esoteric writing"}, {"question": "Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?", "answer": "engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik"}, {"question": "What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?", "answer": "attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream"}, {"question": "Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?", "answer": "New Romantic"}, {"question": "What style of music was Gary Numan associated with?", "answer": "synthpop"}, {"question": "What did the synthpop style of music benefit from the gaining popularity of?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "Synthpop heavily borrowed elements from what type of music?", "answer": "electronic and synthesizer music"}, {"question": "What type of ideas did post-punk artists attempt to sneak into mainstream pop?", "answer": "subversive"}, {"question": "What did some post-punk artists reject their previous avant-garde practices to pursue?", "answer": "commercial success"}, {"question": "What new music style focused on electronic and synthesized sounds?", "answer": "synthpop"}, {"question": "What really helped to launch synthpop?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "What else began to emerge as post-punk groups moved to a more commercial focus?", "answer": "pop"}, {"question": "How did pos-punk give rise to pop?", "answer": "post-punk artists attempted to bring subversive ideas into the pop mainstream"}, {"question": "When did Manhattan's no wave scene start becoming more dance-oriented?", "answer": "early 1980s"}, {"question": "What formula did a lot of the artists emerging from the scene adhere to?", "answer": "\"anything at all + disco bottom\""}, {"question": "What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?", "answer": "decadent"}, {"question": "Who did the venues because cultural hubs for?", "answer": "musicians and visual artists alike"}, {"question": "What movement was the group the Lounge Lizards indebted to?", "answer": "no wave"}, {"question": "What did Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transition into?", "answer": "dance-oriented sound"}, {"question": "What type of sound did no wave have before it began to transition to a more dance oriented sound?", "answer": "abrasive"}, {"question": "When was ZE's Mutant Disco released?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What clubs were frequented by artists in the emerging dance scene?", "answer": "Club 57 and the Mudd Club"}, {"question": "Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?", "answer": "industrial"}, {"question": "What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?", "answer": "compilations"}, {"question": "What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?", "answer": "UK, Germany"}, {"question": "What type of music was associated with Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten?", "answer": "industrial"}, {"question": "Where was Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten from?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Where was Madame Sat\u00e3?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "How did Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?", "answer": "avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects"}, {"question": "Who did members of Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten also collaborate with?", "answer": "the Birthday Party"}, {"question": "How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?", "answer": "turned away from its aesthetics"}, {"question": "What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?", "answer": "pop"}, {"question": "What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?", "answer": "MTV"}, {"question": "Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?", "answer": "American college radio"}, {"question": "What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?", "answer": "commercial sounds"}, {"question": "What else would the post-punk bands record under?", "answer": "pop"}, {"question": "What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?", "answer": "entryism"}, {"question": "What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?", "answer": "MTV and modern rock radio stations"}, {"question": "Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?", "answer": "U2"}, {"question": "How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?", "answer": "dismissed"}, {"question": "What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?", "answer": "significant innovations and music"}, {"question": "What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?", "answer": "the sixties"}, {"question": "Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?", "answer": "Nicholas Lezard"}, {"question": "What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?", "answer": "disturbing"}, {"question": "What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?", "answer": "post-punk"}, {"question": "What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?", "answer": "produced significant innovations and music on its own"}, {"question": "Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?", "answer": "Simon Reynolds"}, {"question": "Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?", "answer": "Nicholas Lezard"}, {"question": "What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?", "answer": "cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song"}, {"question": "What musical styles did post-punk help merge?", "answer": "white and black musical styles"}, {"question": "What beginnings rose from the dead ashes of post-punk?", "answer": "various subsequent genres"}, {"question": "New wave, industrial music, synthpop and house all share roots in what genre?", "answer": "post-punk"}, {"question": "What style of music did post-punk band the Cure play in?", "answer": "darker, more morose"}, {"question": "What genre of music did Joy Division help in the development of?", "answer": "gothic rock"}, {"question": "Which type of eclectic music had a huge variety, large innovations and an \"anything goes\" mentality?", "answer": "Post-punk"}, {"question": "Which darker post-punk bands gave rise to gothic rock?", "answer": "Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and the Cure"}, {"question": "Where did systhpop, industrial and neo-psychedelia music derive from?", "answer": "Post-punk"}, {"question": "What type of music was gothic rock?", "answer": "darker, more morose style"}, {"question": "What styles of music did post-punk pave the way for?", "answer": "new wave, dance-rock, New Pop, industrial music, synthpop, post-hardcore, neo-psychedelia alternative rock and house music"}, {"question": "When did a post-punk revival start happening in England and the Colonies?", "answer": "turn of the 21st century"}, {"question": "What early sign heralded the post-punk revival?", "answer": "emergence of various underground bands"}, {"question": "When did some of the darker post-punk bands start to appear in the indie scene?", "answer": "the 2010s"}, {"question": "The post-punk revival bands bring in a fanbase from what subculture?", "answer": "indie music"}, {"question": "What band played music similar to that of the early British post-punk bands of the late '70s as recently as 2010?", "answer": "Savages"}, {"question": "When was the post-punk revival in British and American cultures?", "answer": "turn of the 21st century"}, {"question": "What was the earliest sign of the post-punk revival?", "answer": "emergence of various underground bands in the mid-'90s"}, {"question": "Who were the most commercially successful bands of the post-punk revival?", "answer": "the Strokes, Franz Ferdinand, Interpol, Neils Children and Editors"}, {"question": "When did the commercially successful post-punk bands begin to hit the scene?", "answer": "late 1990s to early 2000s"}, {"question": "Which dark post-punk bands began to emmerge in the indie scene?", "answer": "Cold Cave, She Wants Revenge, Eagulls, the Soft Moon, She Past Away and Light Asylum"}, {"question": "Which North American version of football calls for 12 player per side on the field?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "How many yards wider is a Canadian football field than an American football field?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "How many downs does a team have to advance ten yards in Canadian football?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How far away from the line of scrimmage must Canadian football defenders be?", "answer": "1 yard"}, {"question": "On which date was the Canadian Junior Football League formed?", "answer": "May 8, 1974"}, {"question": "How old are the players in the Quebec Junior Football League?", "answer": "18\u201322"}, {"question": "What trophy is awarded to the winner of Canadian inter-university football competition?", "answer": "Vanier Cup"}, {"question": "What institution memorializes great Canadian football achievements?", "answer": "Canadian Football Hall of Fame"}, {"question": "On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?", "answer": "October 15, 1862"}, {"question": "Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?", "answer": "First Battalion Grenadier Guards"}, {"question": "What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?", "answer": "3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing"}, {"question": "What is the oldest football club in Canada?", "answer": "Hamilton Football Club"}, {"question": "Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?", "answer": "Christopher Gwynn"}, {"question": "On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?", "answer": "March 24, 1873"}, {"question": "Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?", "answer": "Canadian Rugby Football Union"}, {"question": "In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? ", "answer": "Canadian Rugby Football Union"}, {"question": "Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?", "answer": "Canadian Football Council"}, {"question": "Which Canadian football rules did the ORFU adopt in 1903?", "answer": "Burnside"}, {"question": "Which three Canadian football unions resisted the Burnside Rules?", "answer": "CIRFU, QRFU and CRU"}, {"question": "In which year did forward passes become acceptable in Canadian football?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "Which style of North American football changed the rules of their game the most from their earliest versions?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?", "answer": "Albert Grey"}, {"question": "When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?", "answer": "1940s and early 1950s"}, {"question": "Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?", "answer": "Grey Cup"}, {"question": "Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?", "answer": "Ontario Rugby Football Union"}, {"question": "What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?", "answer": "The Governor General of Canada"}, {"question": "Which one country besides Canada has hosted a professional Canadian football game?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "In which year did the CFL first attempt an expansion into the United States?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "Which American CFL team won the Grey Cup?", "answer": "Baltimore Stallions"}, {"question": "The return of an NFL team to which city contributed to the demise of the CFL's American expansion?", "answer": "Baltimore"}, {"question": "How many years did the CFL South Division last?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which organization oversees amateur Canadian football?", "answer": "Football Canada"}, {"question": "How many football teams compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport?", "answer": "26"}, {"question": "Which trophy goes to the Canadian Interuniversity Sport football champion?", "answer": "Vanier Cup"}, {"question": "What is the name of the championship game for junior Canadian football teams?", "answer": "Canadian Bowl"}, {"question": "Which provinces field teams in the Quebec Junior Football League?", "answer": "Ontario and Quebec"}, {"question": "How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?", "answer": "5.6"}, {"question": "What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a \"G\"?", "answer": "goal line"}, {"question": "What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?", "answer": "24 yards (21.9 m)"}, {"question": "Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?", "answer": "visiting"}, {"question": "Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?", "answer": "captain"}, {"question": "What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?", "answer": "which direction of the field to play in"}, {"question": "Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?", "answer": "the opposing captain"}, {"question": "What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?", "answer": "forward progress"}, {"question": "Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?", "answer": "scrimmage"}, {"question": "Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?", "answer": "feet and hands"}, {"question": "Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?", "answer": "forward"}, {"question": "What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?", "answer": "24 yards"}, {"question": "What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?", "answer": "line of scrimmage"}, {"question": "How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?", "answer": "one yard"}, {"question": "How many players does each side field in an American football game?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?", "answer": "offence"}, {"question": "What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?", "answer": "the snap"}, {"question": "Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?", "answer": "quarterback or punter"}, {"question": "What is another term for a completed play?", "answer": "down"}, {"question": "How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?", "answer": "punt"}, {"question": "What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?", "answer": "ball carrier"}, {"question": "Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?", "answer": "one yard"}, {"question": "What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?", "answer": "hold or trip"}, {"question": "Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?", "answer": "quarterback"}, {"question": "What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?", "answer": "loss of yardage"}, {"question": "How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?", "answer": "first down"}, {"question": "Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?", "answer": "one-yard line"}, {"question": "In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?", "answer": "Canadian"}, {"question": "A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?", "answer": "Penalties"}, {"question": "How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?", "answer": "half the distance to the goal line"}, {"question": "Who can decline a penalty?", "answer": "the non-penalized team"}, {"question": "A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?", "answer": "3rd down"}, {"question": "The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?", "answer": "the previous play"}, {"question": "What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?", "answer": "decline the penalty"}, {"question": "At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?", "answer": "last three minutes of a half"}, {"question": "How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?", "answer": "loss of down"}, {"question": "Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?", "answer": "referee"}, {"question": "How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?", "answer": "extended"}, {"question": "What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?", "answer": "penalty"}, {"question": "How long is a quarter in minutes?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?", "answer": "convert attempts"}, {"question": "What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?", "answer": "coin toss"}, {"question": "At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?", "answer": "playoff or championship"}, {"question": "What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?", "answer": "two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France"}, {"question": "When was the Seven Year' War fought?", "answer": "The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764"}, {"question": "What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?", "answer": "It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What country emerged as the world's predominate power?", "answer": "Britain rose as the world's predominant power"}, {"question": "What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?", "answer": "Considered a prelude to the two world wars"}, {"question": "Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?", "answer": "Prussia preemptively struck"}, {"question": "What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War", "answer": "Saxony"}, {"question": "What country allied with Prussia?", "answer": "Prussia's alliance with Britain"}, {"question": "What was the initial country to ally with France?", "answer": "Austria formed an alliance with France"}, {"question": "The smaller German states joined which side?", "answer": "Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states"}, {"question": "With whom did the Dutch Republic align?", "answer": "The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact"}, {"question": "Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?", "answer": "Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power"}, {"question": "How did the war impact the Russian population?", "answer": "The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship"}, {"question": "What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?", "answer": "being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759"}, {"question": "What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?", "answer": "Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia."}, {"question": "What did Britain gain in North America from the war?", "answer": "Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida"}, {"question": "What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?", "answer": "some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,"}, {"question": "What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?", "answer": "the colony of Senegal on the West African coast"}, {"question": "What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?", "answer": "France was deprived of many of its colonies"}, {"question": "How did the war impact France financially?", "answer": "had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle"}, {"question": "What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?", "answer": "The war has been described as the first \"world war\""}, {"question": "What does the term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" describe?", "answer": "The term \"Second Hundred Years' War\" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,"}, {"question": "What is the precedent for the \"Second Hundred Year's War?", "answer": "reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century"}, {"question": "What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?", "answer": "to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?", "answer": "Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,"}, {"question": "What country did Spain invade?", "answer": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal"}, {"question": "When did Spain invade?", "answer": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762"}, {"question": "What was the result of the invasion by Spain?", "answer": "Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion"}, {"question": "What region did Austria hope to recapture?", "answer": "Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war"}, {"question": "Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?", "answer": "The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe"}, {"question": "What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?", "answer": "the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace."}, {"question": "Why did Naples remain neutral?", "answer": "Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power"}, {"question": "Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?", "answer": "Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party"}, {"question": "What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?", "answer": "superiority over the French trading outposts"}, {"question": "What was the result for the Native American tribes?", "answer": "The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement"}, {"question": "What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?", "answer": "; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status."}, {"question": "What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?", "answer": "good luck and successful strategy"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Prussia?", "answer": "King Frederick the Great"}, {"question": "Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?", "answer": "Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced"}, {"question": "What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?", "answer": "British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British"}, {"question": "What was gained or lost by Austria?", "answer": "British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria"}, {"question": "Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?", "answer": ". Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria"}, {"question": "What alliances were formed in the \"diplomatic reversal\"?", "answer": "The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the \u201cdiplomatic revolution\u201d"}, {"question": "What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?", "answer": "June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?", "answer": "They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) to Austria"}, {"question": "What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?", "answer": "the countship of Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) to Austria"}, {"question": "What individual was the main target of the pact?", "answer": "Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick\u2019s power altogether"}, {"question": "Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?", "answer": "he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia"}, {"question": "What was the house of king George II?", "answer": "Hanover"}, {"question": "Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.", "answer": "his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas"}, {"question": "How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?", "answer": "it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest."}, {"question": "Why would France want to invade Hanover?", "answer": "France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain"}, {"question": "What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?", "answer": "Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack"}, {"question": "What was the objective of le Secret du roi?", "answer": "goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France\u2019s publicly stated policies"}, {"question": "Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?", "answer": "his kinsman Louis Fran\u00e7ois de Bourbon, prince de Conti,"}, {"question": "What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?", "answer": "Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests"}, {"question": "What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?", "answer": "Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,"}, {"question": "What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?", "answer": "Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian"}, {"question": "What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?", "answer": "Saxony and Polish west Prussia"}, {"question": "What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?", "answer": "could not expect French support"}, {"question": "What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?", "answer": "he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack"}, {"question": "What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?", "answer": "the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia"}, {"question": "Who was Poland's ancient ally?", "answer": "Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,"}, {"question": "What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?", "answer": "Frederick and Prussia"}, {"question": "What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?", "answer": "saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe."}, {"question": "What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?", "answer": "to protect Hanover's interests against France."}, {"question": "What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?", "answer": "Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria"}, {"question": "What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?", "answer": "willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid"}, {"question": "What did Russia use Britain's money for?", "answer": "to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover"}, {"question": "What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?", "answer": "Britain and Prussia"}, {"question": "When was the Convention of Westminster signed?", "answer": "January 16, 1756"}, {"question": "Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?", "answer": "Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,"}, {"question": "What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?", "answer": "Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged"}, {"question": "Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?", "answer": "France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,"}, {"question": "France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?", "answer": "France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance"}, {"question": "Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?", "answer": "Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France"}, {"question": "How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?", "answer": "24.000 troops"}, {"question": "Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?", "answer": "the Forks\" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River"}, {"question": "What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?", "answer": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?", "answer": "British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful"}, {"question": "Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?", "answer": "Led by George Washington"}, {"question": "Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?", "answer": "Fort Necessity"}, {"question": "Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?", "answer": "Britain and France"}, {"question": "What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?", "answer": "the expedition ended in disastrous defeat"}, {"question": "Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?", "answer": "British Major General Edward Braddock"}, {"question": "What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?", "answer": "Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships"}, {"question": "Who won the Battle of Lake George?", "answer": "inconclusive"}, {"question": "How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?", "answer": "It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help"}, {"question": "Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?", "answer": "geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult"}, {"question": "Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?", "answer": "several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative"}, {"question": "In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.", "answer": "in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions."}, {"question": "How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?", "answer": "France had few counterbalancing European successes."}, {"question": "How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?", "answer": "allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,"}, {"question": "Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.", "answer": "Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage"}, {"question": "Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?", "answer": "Frederick the Great of Prussia"}, {"question": "What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?", "answer": "leaving Austria to side with France"}, {"question": "How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?", "answer": "In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies"}, {"question": "What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?", "answer": "a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire"}, {"question": "What locations did Pitt want from France?", "answer": "North America and India"}, {"question": "What was Pitt's primary military advantage?", "answer": "Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy"}, {"question": "How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?", "answer": "He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies"}, {"question": "How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?", "answer": "even after that the British continued his strategy"}, {"question": "What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?", "answer": "the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe"}, {"question": "What country initiated conflict?", "answer": "the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca"}, {"question": "What was the result for Admiral Byng?", "answer": "Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed"}, {"question": "When was war declared between Britain and France?", "answer": "War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May"}, {"question": "How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?", "answer": "nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country."}, {"question": "How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?", "answer": "he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony"}, {"question": "What country was Saxony aligned with?", "answer": "Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria"}, {"question": "Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?", "answer": "pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia"}, {"question": "What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?", "answer": "he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia"}, {"question": "What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?", "answer": "to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense"}, {"question": "How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?", "answer": "leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary"}, {"question": "How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?", "answer": "leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east"}, {"question": "Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.", "answer": "a column of about 15,000 men"}, {"question": "Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.", "answer": "a column of 18,000 men"}, {"question": "Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith ", "answer": "a corps of 30,000 troops."}, {"question": "How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?", "answer": "Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered."}, {"question": "What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?", "answer": "Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne"}, {"question": "What happened to the Saxon army?", "answer": "Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army"}, {"question": "What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?", "answer": "attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage"}, {"question": "What was the result of the fury of Europe?", "answer": "led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition"}, {"question": "How did Britain Protect Hanover?", "answer": "combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover"}, {"question": "How did the British support Prussia?", "answer": "shipping supplies and \u20a4670,000"}, {"question": "Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?", "answer": "the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral"}, {"question": "Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?", "answer": "successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America."}, {"question": "Who led the force to defend Hanover?", "answer": "under the command of the Duke of Cumberland"}, {"question": "Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?", "answer": "the fortifications of Prague"}, {"question": "Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757", "answer": "Frederick II"}, {"question": "What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?", "answer": "both forces suffered major casualties"}, {"question": "Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?", "answer": "Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia"}, {"question": "How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?", "answer": "picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague."}, {"question": "What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?", "answer": "five days of artillery bombardment"}, {"question": "How did the Russians used the captured Memel?", "answer": "used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia"}, {"question": "What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?", "answer": "defeated a smaller Prussian force"}, {"question": "What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?", "answer": "he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory"}, {"question": "What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?", "answer": "the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west"}, {"question": "What was the initial result of the French invasion?", "answer": "Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757"}, {"question": "What was the result of the Austrian invasion?", "answer": "then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757"}, {"question": "Name the four opponents of Prussia.", "answer": "(France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)"}, {"question": "What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?", "answer": "a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership"}, {"question": "What Hanoverian leader lost the Battle of Hastenbeck?", "answer": "Cumberland"}, {"question": "What country won the battle at Hanover?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "How would one describe the future participation of Hanover?", "answer": "Convention removed Hanover and Brunswick from the war"}, {"question": "How did Frederick respond to the defeat at Hanover?", "answer": "Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance"}, {"question": "Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?", "answer": "Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758"}, {"question": "What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?", "answer": "the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania"}, {"question": "What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?", "answer": "occupied most of Swedish Pomerania"}, {"question": "What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?", "answer": "Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine."}, {"question": "What political development shaped the policy of the British?", "answer": "successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition"}, {"question": "What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?", "answer": "Count Andr\u00e1s Hadik"}, {"question": "What city did Hadik occupy?", "answer": "occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night"}, {"question": "How was Berlin spared?", "answer": "city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers"}, {"question": "What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?", "answer": "he immediately sent a larger force to free the city"}, {"question": "How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?", "answer": "Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines"}, {"question": "Where did Frederick invade in 1758", "answer": "Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia"}, {"question": "What city did Frederick lay siege to?", "answer": "Olm\u00fctz"}, {"question": "What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?", "answer": "Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olm\u00fctz,"}, {"question": "How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?", "answer": "Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia."}, {"question": "What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?", "answer": "an annual subsidy of \u00a3670,000"}, {"question": "How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?", "answer": "Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army"}, {"question": "Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "What caused alarm in France?", "answer": "re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces"}, {"question": "Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?", "answer": "he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine"}, {"question": "How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?", "answer": "marched to counter it."}, {"question": "How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?", "answer": "35,000 men"}, {"question": "How many Russians were in defense?", "answer": "Russian army of 43,000"}, {"question": "Which army withdrew?", "answer": "the Russians withdrew"}, {"question": "What country was Prussia fighting on another front?", "answer": "Swedish"}, {"question": "What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?", "answer": "Marshal Daun"}, {"question": "What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?", "answer": "lost much of his artillery"}, {"question": "Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?", "answer": "retreated in good order, helped by dense woods"}, {"question": "What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?", "answer": "The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough"}, {"question": "How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?", "answer": ", Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter"}, {"question": "How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/", "answer": "1759 saw several Prussian defeats"}, {"question": "How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?", "answer": "47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians"}, {"question": "What happened at Minden in 1757?", "answer": "the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French"}, {"question": "What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?", "answer": "Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000"}, {"question": "What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?", "answer": "Frederick himself lost half his army"}, {"question": "Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?", "answer": "near the mouth of the Loire"}, {"question": "How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?", "answer": "their Brest and Toulon fleets"}, {"question": "What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?", "answer": "the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet"}, {"question": "What happened to the French Brest fleet?", "answer": "caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground"}, {"question": "With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?", "answer": "putting an end to the French plans."}, {"question": "Identify a success of the Austrians?", "answer": "the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz"}, {"question": "Where is Glatz", "answer": "Glatz (now K\u0142odzko, Poland) in Silesia"}, {"question": "What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?", "answer": "outnumbered three to one"}, {"question": "Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?", "answer": "General Saltykov"}, {"question": "Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?", "answer": "he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order."}, {"question": "Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?", "answer": "Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side"}, {"question": "What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?", "answer": ". Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida"}, {"question": "Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?", "answer": "the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain"}, {"question": "How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?", "answer": "the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them"}, {"question": "What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?", "answer": ". One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons"}, {"question": "Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians", "answer": "Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania"}, {"question": "identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.", "answer": "the Austrians captured Schweidnitz."}, {"question": "What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?", "answer": ". In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent."}, {"question": "Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?", "answer": "offering concessions to secure peace"}, {"question": "How many troops did Frederick have left?", "answer": "60,000 men"}, {"question": "What development in Russia assisted Prussia?", "answer": "Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin"}, {"question": "What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?", "answer": "Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden"}, {"question": "What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?", "answer": "He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command"}, {"question": "In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?", "answer": "his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened"}, {"question": "In 1763 what was the status of Austria?", "answer": "facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army"}, {"question": "What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?", "answer": "British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute"}, {"question": "What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?", "answer": "Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war"}, {"question": "What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?", "answer": "In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe."}, {"question": "What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?", "answer": "saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise"}, {"question": "What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?", "answer": "The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay"}, {"question": "How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?", "answer": "it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan"}, {"question": "What damage was done at the alternate site?", "answer": "It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction"}, {"question": "How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?", "answer": "the expedition returned having damaged French privateering"}, {"question": "Who decided to send British troops into Germany?", "answer": "Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;"}, {"question": "Who led the invasion troops?", "answer": "The elderly General Bligh"}, {"question": "Where did the troops land?", "answer": "Cherbourg"}, {"question": "Was the landing successful?", "answer": "the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,"}, {"question": "How did the British treat Cherbourg?", "answer": "destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping."}, {"question": "What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?", "answer": "Worsening weather"}, {"question": "How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?", "answer": "the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast"}, {"question": "How did the army get to the new anchorage location?", "answer": "the army proceeded overland."}, {"question": "What happened to the British army?", "answer": "a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops"}, {"question": "How did the British army escape", "answer": "A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked"}, {"question": "What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?", "answer": "Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756"}, {"question": "What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758", "answer": "captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758"}, {"question": "Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.", "answer": "The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762"}, {"question": "What success did the British have in Cuba?", "answer": "Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba"}, {"question": "What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?", "answer": "Manila in the Philippines"}, {"question": "Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?", "answer": "These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley"}, {"question": "Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?", "answer": "the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois"}, {"question": "How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?", "answer": "the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley"}, {"question": "Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?", "answer": "The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British"}, {"question": "How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?", "answer": "The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war"}, {"question": "Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?", "answer": "France's native allies"}, {"question": "How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?", "answer": "slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children"}, {"question": "How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?", "answer": "the French refused to protect their captives"}, {"question": "How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?", "answer": "French naval deployments"}, {"question": "What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?", "answer": "securing the seaward approaches to Quebec."}, {"question": "How did the British assure numerical superiority in taking Louisbourg?", "answer": "French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the Battle of Cartagena"}, {"question": "Identify two other French possessions captured by the British.", "answer": "Fort Duquesne and Fort Frontenac"}, {"question": "Who did the British deport from Lie Saint-Jean?", "answer": "the Acadian population"}, {"question": "What is Lie Saint-Jean called today?", "answer": "\u00cele Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island)"}, {"question": "How much were the French outnumbered at the Battle of Carillion?", "answer": "4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British"}, {"question": "Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759", "answer": "All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759"}, {"question": "What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?", "answer": "Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces"}, {"question": "When did General Wolfe take Quebec?", "answer": "On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French"}, {"question": "Did the French take Quebec back?", "answer": "they were unable to retake Quebec"}, {"question": "What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?", "answer": "British naval superiority"}, {"question": "Where did the French attack in 1762?", "answer": "St. John's, Newfoundland"}, {"question": "What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?", "answer": "the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table"}, {"question": "Did the French take St. John's?", "answer": "they took St. John's"}, {"question": "Did the French hold St. John's?", "answer": "French forces were eventually defeated by British troops"}, {"question": "Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?", "answer": "Battle of Signal Hill"}, {"question": "Name two major events of the Seven Years' War In North America.", "answer": "the expulsion of the Acadians, the siege of Quebec"}, {"question": "Name two more major events of the Seven Years' War in North America.", "answer": "the death of Wolfe, and the Battle of Fort William Henry"}, {"question": "How did the events of the Seven Years' War affects the production of art?", "answer": "generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels"}, {"question": "What are some novels about the Seven Years' War period?", "answer": "Longfellow's Evangeline, Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans"}, {"question": "What other items point to the interest in the events of the Seven Years' War?", "answer": "maps and other printed materials"}, {"question": "How were the British-French hostilities concluded?", "answer": "hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris"}, {"question": "Who ended up owning Louisiana?", "answer": "the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana"}, {"question": "What part of North America did Britain end up with?", "answer": "they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi."}, {"question": "What did France get that gave them a supply of sugar?", "answer": "Caribbean island colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, France chose the latter"}, {"question": "What country ended up with Lie d'Orleans", "answer": "Spain lost control of Florida to Great Britain, but it received from the French the \u00cele d'Orl\u00e9ans"}, {"question": "What did France retain in India?", "answer": "returned all the French trading ports"}, {"question": "How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?", "answer": "treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt"}, {"question": "What French ally in the area abandoned the French?", "answer": "loss of France's ally in Bengal"}, {"question": "Who defected to the British?", "answer": "the defection of Hyderabad to the British"}, {"question": "What happened to French power in the area?", "answer": "this effectively brought French power in India to an end"}, {"question": "Where was the Treaty of Hubertusburg signed?", "answer": "at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig."}, {"question": "Who were the parties in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?", "answer": "Austria, Prussia, and Saxony"}, {"question": "What country made gains in the Treaty of Hubertusburg?", "answer": "The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748"}, {"question": "What did Austrian want in the Treaty of Hubertusburg", "answer": "The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz"}, {"question": "Did the Austrians retain Glatz?", "answer": "Frederick would not allow it"}, {"question": "What happened to Austrian prestige due to the war?", "answer": "Austria's prestige was restored in great part"}, {"question": "How would Prussia's outcome affect Austria in the long run?", "answer": "was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany."}, {"question": "What area was preserved from Prussian invasion?", "answer": "it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony"}, {"question": "Did Austria get Silesia back?", "answer": "Austria was not able to retake Silesia"}, {"question": "Who did Frederick II promise to vote for in the imperial elections?", "answer": "by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections"}, {"question": "What was the impact of the war on the wealth of Austria?", "answer": "the Austrians went almost bankrupt at the end of war."}, {"question": "What was the change in the status of Prussia because of the war?", "answer": "Beside the rise of Prussia"}, {"question": "What was Hanover's attitude toward Austria?", "answer": "-belligerent Hanover"}, {"question": "How much military aggression did Maria Theresa exert following the war?", "answer": "she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration."}, {"question": "Which British king supported Hanover following the war?", "answer": "George III of Great Britain"}, {"question": "What did the war do for the reputation of Frederick the Great?", "answer": "Frederick the Great\u2019s personal reputation was enormously enhanced"}, {"question": "What was the general opinion of Frederick the Great military acumen?", "answer": "his military genius was strenuously kept alive"}, {"question": "What good fortune from Russia assisted Frederick the Great?", "answer": "Russia\u2019s volte-face"}, {"question": "What gain did Russia make from the results of the war?", "answer": "Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland"}, {"question": "What countries were party to The First Partition of Poland?", "answer": "a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved"}, {"question": "Who was George III trying to please with the Proclamation of 1763?", "answer": "American Indian tribes"}, {"question": "Who was aggravated by the Proclamation of 1763?", "answer": "outrage in the Thirteen Colonies, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands"}, {"question": "Who did George III try to please with the Quebec Act of 1774?", "answer": "French Canadians"}, {"question": "How did the Quebec Act of 1774 affect religion?", "answer": "The act protected Catholic religion"}, {"question": "What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do about language?", "answer": "The act protected Catholic religion and French language"}, {"question": "What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?", "answer": "Lord Sandwich"}, {"question": "What countries joined Britain as allies?", "answer": "lacking any substantial ally"}, {"question": "Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?", "answer": "now saw Britain as a greater threat than France"}, {"question": "When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?", "answer": "1778\u201383"}, {"question": "What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?", "answer": "Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762"}, {"question": "Feynman proposed a integral model in particle physics, what was it?", "answer": "parton model"}, {"question": "Who were the two men that won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Feynman?", "answer": "Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga"}, {"question": "In what year did Feynman win his Nobel Prize?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "Feynman was famous for diagrams that showed how subatomic particles behaved, what are these known as?", "answer": "Feynman diagrams"}, {"question": "What honor did Feynman recieve in a 1999 poll conducted by British Journal Physics World?", "answer": "ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time"}, {"question": "What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?", "answer": "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom"}, {"question": "What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?", "answer": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics"}, {"question": "What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?", "answer": "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!"}, {"question": "What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?", "answer": "Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman"}, {"question": "Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___", "answer": "lectures"}, {"question": "What was the date of Feynman's birth?", "answer": "May 11, 1918"}, {"question": "In what city was Feynman born?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?", "answer": "atheist"}, {"question": "What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?", "answer": "Ashkenazi"}, {"question": "What did Feynam think of the Talmud?", "answer": "\"wonderful book\" and \"valuable\""}, {"question": "What personality trait did Feynman acquire from his mother?", "answer": "humor"}, {"question": "What person influenced Feynman to think deeply?", "answer": "father"}, {"question": "What electronic instrument did Feynman repair as a child?", "answer": "radios"}, {"question": "As a grade school child he created an electronic device while his parents were away, what was it?", "answer": "home burglar alarm system"}, {"question": "What talent did Feynman have, even early in his childhood?", "answer": "engineering"}, {"question": "What happened to Feyman's younger brother?", "answer": "died at four weeks of age"}, {"question": "What is Feynman's sister's name?", "answer": "Joan"}, {"question": "What science displicine did Feyman encourage his sister to study?", "answer": "astronomy"}, {"question": "Who was the one that pushed Joan to explore the universe?", "answer": "Richard"}, {"question": "What career did Joan hold?", "answer": "astrophysicist"}, {"question": "What IQ score did Feyman attain in high school?", "answer": "123"}, {"question": "What high school did Feynman go to?", "answer": "Far Rockaway High School"}, {"question": "Feyman taught himself many math subjects, including Trigonometry at what age?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What did Feyman derive before he went to college?", "answer": "half-derivative"}, {"question": "What burrough was Feynman's high school in?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?", "answer": "mathematics and physics"}, {"question": "Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?", "answer": "history and English"}, {"question": "What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?", "answer": "perfect score"}, {"question": "When did he receive his PhD?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?", "answer": "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics"}, {"question": "Which weaponry research did Feynman engage in?", "answer": "Manhattan Project"}, {"question": "Whose division was Feynman assigned to at the Manhattan Project?", "answer": "Hans Bethe"}, {"question": "What did Feynman produce with the help of Bethe?", "answer": "Bethe\u2013Feynman formula"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Bethe-Feynman formula?", "answer": "calculating the yield of a fission bomb"}, {"question": "Who had previously worked on fission bomb yields before Feynman?", "answer": "Robert Serber"}, {"question": "Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation", "answer": "truck windshield"}, {"question": "What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?", "answer": "Trinity bomb test"}, {"question": "What did Feynman see after the atomic test?", "answer": "\"purple splotch\" afterimage"}, {"question": "What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?", "answer": "ultraviolet radiation"}, {"question": "What was the Water Boiler that Feyman worked on?", "answer": "nuclear reactor"}, {"question": "Where was Feyman sent after his work at Los Alamos?", "answer": "Oak Ridge facility"}, {"question": "What did Feynman help produce at the Oak Ridge Facility?", "answer": "safety procedures"}, {"question": "Which weapon did Feynman found to not be feasible?", "answer": "uranium hydride bomb"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman work on the \"Wateer Boiler\"?", "answer": "Los Alamos"}, {"question": "Feynman quickly bored of Los Alamos because the work was all kept __?", "answer": "top secret"}, {"question": "How did Feynman spook a colleague?", "answer": "left a series of notes in the cabinets"}, {"question": "What did Frederic de Hoffmann think had happened when he found these notes?", "answer": "saboteur had gained access to atomic bomb secrets"}, {"question": "Feynman visited his wife in which New Mexico city?", "answer": "Albuquerque"}, {"question": "Feynman borrowed a car from Klaus Fuchs, who was later found to be a what?", "answer": "spy for the Soviets"}, {"question": "In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?", "answer": "The Pleasure of Finding Things Out"}, {"question": "What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?", "answer": "possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies"}, {"question": "After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?", "answer": "depression"}, {"question": "What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?", "answer": "error on his part"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman receive a job after getting his PhD?", "answer": "University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}, {"question": "Feyman received a letter to return to teaching from whom?", "answer": "Dean Mark Ingraham"}, {"question": "Which year did Feyman complete his PhD?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman spend his time during his contract at UW?", "answer": "Manhattan project"}, {"question": "At which college did Feyman turn down a job?", "answer": "Institute for Advanced Study"}, {"question": "Where did Feyman accept a job after the war?", "answer": "Cornell University"}, {"question": "Which colleague did Feynman follow to Cornell?", "answer": "Hans Bethe"}, {"question": "Why did Feynman go through a depression?", "answer": "destruction of Hiroshima by the bomb"}, {"question": "His work at Cornell helped contribute to his what?", "answer": "Nobel Prize\u2013winning work"}, {"question": "Why did Feynman decide to turn down an offer from the Institute of Advanced Study?", "answer": "no teaching duties"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman receive much inspiration?", "answer": "students"}, {"question": "The  Institute of Advanced Study and which other university colluded together to get Feynman a position?", "answer": "Princeton University"}, {"question": "Ultimately Feynman decided to take a job at which college?", "answer": "California Institute of Technology"}, {"question": "In which city did Feynman find himself affixing tire chains?", "answer": "Ithaca"}, {"question": "Which nickname did Feynman receive?", "answer": "Great Explainer"}, {"question": "Feynman believed that if a topic was not easily accessible to freshmen than it was not yet what?", "answer": "fully understood"}, {"question": "In a lecture, Feynman said that what had to exist?", "answer": "antiparticles"}, {"question": "Antiparticles had to exist because if particles only were of positive energy, they would not be in what?", "answer": "light cone"}, {"question": "What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?", "answer": "Feynman diagrams"}, {"question": "What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?", "answer": "positrons"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?", "answer": "his van"}, {"question": "What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?", "answer": "approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes"}, {"question": "What model did Murray Gell-Mann develop?", "answer": "quark model"}, {"question": "What model did Feynman produce to complement the quark model?", "answer": "parton model"}, {"question": "Quarks were thought of as what in the 1960s?", "answer": "not real particles"}, {"question": "Which scientist experimented with blasting alpha particles at the nuclei of gold?", "answer": "Ernest Rutherford"}, {"question": "After the fifth quark was discovered, Feynman said what had to also exist?", "answer": "sixth quark"}, {"question": "Where did  Feynman find success before moving to quantum gravity", "answer": "quantum electrodynamics"}, {"question": "What did Feynman investigate while working on quantum gravity?", "answer": "consequences of a free massless spin 2 field"}, {"question": "What equation did Feyman derive?", "answer": "Einstein field equation of general relativity"}, {"question": "What did Feynman's discoveries help explain?", "answer": "Yang\u2013Mills theories"}, {"question": "Which parts of the Yang-Mills theories did Feynman help explain?", "answer": "QCD and the electro-weak theory"}, {"question": "Which society was Feynman elected to?", "answer": "Royal Society"}, {"question": "After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?", "answer": "The Feynman Lectures on Physics"}, {"question": "Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?", "answer": "connections to drugs and rock and roll"}, {"question": "In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?", "answer": "drums"}, {"question": "What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?", "answer": "The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter"}, {"question": "In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?", "answer": "cargo cult science"}, {"question": "What is cargo cult science?", "answer": "pseudoscience"}, {"question": "What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?", "answer": "fool yourself"}, {"question": "What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?", "answer": "parallel computer"}, {"question": "Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?", "answer": "Stephen Wolfram"}, {"question": "Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?", "answer": "His son Carl"}, {"question": "What specifically did his son work on?", "answer": "software"}, {"question": "What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?", "answer": "influencing the interconnects"}, {"question": "What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?", "answer": "string theory and M-theory"}, {"question": "The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?", "answer": "tubes"}, {"question": "What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?", "answer": "they don't check their ideas"}, {"question": "Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?", "answer": "'Well, it still might be true.'\""}, {"question": "Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?", "answer": "What Do You Care What Other People Think?"}, {"question": "In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?", "answer": "sober narrative"}, {"question": "His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?", "answer": "NASA"}, {"question": "While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?", "answer": "1 in 200"}, {"question": "Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?", "answer": "Christa McAuliffe"}, {"question": "Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?", "answer": "Jewish"}, {"question": "Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?", "answer": "The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize"}, {"question": "What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?", "answer": "the chosen people"}, {"question": "What religious affiliation did Feynman have?", "answer": "atheist"}, {"question": "Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?", "answer": "race"}, {"question": "Who was Feynman's wife?", "answer": "Arline Greenbaum"}, {"question": "Which disease did Arline succumb to?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "In which year did his wife die?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?", "answer": "Feynman's daughter, Michelle"}, {"question": "What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?", "answer": "Infinity"}, {"question": "What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?", "answer": "ants and Martians"}, {"question": "Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?", "answer": "Mathematics"}, {"question": "What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?", "answer": "parallel computing"}, {"question": "What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?", "answer": "The Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}, {"question": "What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?", "answer": "Don Quixote"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?", "answer": "Brazilian Center for Physics Research"}, {"question": "Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?", "answer": "Tuva"}, {"question": "When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?", "answer": "The day after he died"}, {"question": "Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?", "answer": "Feynman's daughter Michelle"}, {"question": "What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?", "answer": "Genghis Blues"}, {"question": "Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?", "answer": "LSD"}, {"question": "What substance did Feynman give up later in life?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "Why did Feynman give up alcohol?", "answer": "he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain"}, {"question": "In what book did he talk about his LSD use?", "answer": "O Americano, Outra Vez"}, {"question": "Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?", "answer": "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman"}, {"question": "Where was his second office at Caltech?", "answer": "topless bar"}, {"question": "Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?", "answer": "Feynman"}, {"question": "Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?", "answer": "paper placemats"}, {"question": "Who tried to shut the topless bar down?", "answer": "county officials"}, {"question": "Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?", "answer": "New York Times"}, {"question": "Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?", "answer": "James Gleick"}, {"question": "Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?", "answer": "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm"}, {"question": "Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?", "answer": "write down the answer"}, {"question": "Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?", "answer": "compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961\u201364"}, {"question": "Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?", "answer": "professional physicists and graduate students"}, {"question": "Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?", "answer": "Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands"}, {"question": "Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?", "answer": "\"Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics"}, {"question": "Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?", "answer": "Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton"}, {"question": "When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?", "answer": "1942 \u2013 20 October 2011"}, {"question": "What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?", "answer": "Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism"}, {"question": "What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?", "answer": "his own Third International Theory"}, {"question": "What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?", "answer": "Pan-Africanism"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the \"Brotherly Leader\"?", "answer": "the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011"}, {"question": "When did Gaddafi rule as the \"Brotherly Leader\"?", "answer": "from 1977 to 2011"}, {"question": "What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?", "answer": "Pan-Africanism"}, {"question": "List Gaddafi's lifespan.", "answer": "1942 \u2013 20 October 2011"}, {"question": "When did he first gain power in Libya?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi create?", "answer": "Third International Theory"}, {"question": "By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?", "answer": "Colonel Gaddafi"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's nationality?", "answer": "Libyan"}, {"question": "What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?", "answer": "Libyan Arab Republic"}, {"question": "From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?", "answer": "Brotherly Leader"}, {"question": "What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?", "answer": "20 October 2011"}, {"question": "What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?", "answer": "The Green Book"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's first position in government?", "answer": "Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council"}, {"question": "As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.", "answer": "abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi change the legal system?", "answer": "he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?", "answer": "to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world."}, {"question": "Describe the Popular Revolution.", "answer": "formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions"}, {"question": "When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?", "answer": "abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"}, {"question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?", "answer": "Islamic socialism"}, {"question": "What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?", "answer": "goat herder"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?", "answer": "Bedouin"}, {"question": "In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?", "answer": "Benghazi"}, {"question": "From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?", "answer": "Idris"}, {"question": "What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?", "answer": "Revolutionary Command Council"}, {"question": "What does \"Jamahiriya\" mean?", "answer": "state of the masses"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?", "answer": "he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents"}, {"question": "List two reasons why Libya become an \"international pariah.\"", "answer": "Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"}, {"question": "Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.", "answer": "U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions"}, {"question": "What was Libya's socialist government called?", "answer": "Jamahiriya (\"state of the masses\")"}, {"question": "Why did Libya become an \"international pariah\"?", "answer": "Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"}, {"question": "How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?", "answer": "U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions."}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi lose power?", "answer": "an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi die?", "answer": "Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants."}, {"question": "What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?", "answer": "state of the masses"}, {"question": "In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?", "answer": "Chad"}, {"question": "What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?", "answer": "Lockerbie"}, {"question": "In what year did the United states bomb Libya?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.", "answer": "was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya"}, {"question": "How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?", "answer": "He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate."}, {"question": "When was Gaddafi born?", "answer": "Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943"}, {"question": "What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?", "answer": "Bedouin"}, {"question": "Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.", "answer": "Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?", "answer": "Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder"}, {"question": "How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?", "answer": "Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records"}, {"question": "How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?", "answer": "He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate."}, {"question": "When did Gaddafi's parents die?", "answer": "His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)"}, {"question": "Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?", "answer": "Sirte"}, {"question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?", "answer": "Qadhadhfa"}, {"question": "Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?", "answer": "Abu Meniar"}, {"question": "When did Gaddafi's mother die?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How many sisters did Gaddafi have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did Libya become an independent nation?", "answer": "In 1951"}, {"question": "When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?", "answer": "an absolute monarchy"}, {"question": "What countries occupied Libya after World War II?", "answer": "British and French forces"}, {"question": "Who was the first leader of Libya?", "answer": "a pro-western monarch, Idris"}, {"question": "What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?", "answer": "Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911"}, {"question": "How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?", "answer": "According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911"}, {"question": "What happened to Libya right after World War II?", "answer": "Libya was occupied by British and French forces"}, {"question": "When was it announced that Libya would be independent?", "answer": "In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership"}, {"question": "What was the first type of government that Libya had?", "answer": "a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy."}, {"question": "What country occupied Libya during World War II?", "answer": "his nation was occupied by Italy"}, {"question": "What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Who was Gaddafi's father's father?", "answer": "Abdessalam Bouminyar"}, {"question": "During what year did the Italians invade Libya?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.", "answer": "a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher"}, {"question": "In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.", "answer": "During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?", "answer": "Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children."}, {"question": "When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.", "answer": "Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}, {"question": "Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.", "answer": "where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done."}, {"question": "Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?", "answer": "Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children."}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?", "answer": "During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents."}, {"question": "Were Gaddafi's parents educated?", "answer": "while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done."}, {"question": "How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?", "answer": "Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud."}, {"question": "Was Gaddafi's education free?", "answer": "Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain."}, {"question": "In what religion was Gaddafi educated?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?", "answer": "Sabha"}, {"question": "What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?", "answer": "south-central"}, {"question": "Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?", "answer": "Abdul Salam Jalloud"}, {"question": "In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?", "answer": "Sirte"}, {"question": "Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?", "answer": "he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol."}, {"question": "Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk"}, {"question": "What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?", "answer": "factionalism"}, {"question": "While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?", "answer": "Arab nationalist activism"}, {"question": "Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?", "answer": "October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic"}, {"question": "What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?", "answer": "factionalism"}, {"question": "List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk"}, {"question": "Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?", "answer": "Arab nationalist activism"}, {"question": "Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?", "answer": "Misrata"}, {"question": "Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?", "answer": "Arab Nationalist Movement"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?", "answer": "October 1961"}, {"question": "Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?", "answer": "Syrian"}, {"question": "Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?", "answer": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?", "answer": "History at the University of Libya in Benghazi"}, {"question": "Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?", "answer": "Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists"}, {"question": "Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?", "answer": "at the Royal Military Academy"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?", "answer": "the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change"}, {"question": "What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?", "answer": "the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963"}, {"question": "What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?", "answer": "History"}, {"question": "Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?", "answer": "to join the military"}, {"question": "What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?", "answer": "Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change"}, {"question": "What country trained Libya's military?", "answer": "the British military"}, {"question": "What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?", "answer": "the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963"}, {"question": "Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?", "answer": "University of Libya"}, {"question": "During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?", "answer": "History"}, {"question": "After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?", "answer": "Royal Military Academy, Benghazi"}, {"question": "While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?", "answer": "imperialists"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?", "answer": "he returned home \"more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.\""}, {"question": "How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?", "answer": "he thought him an \"amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.\""}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?", "answer": "claiming British Army officers racially insulted him"}, {"question": "When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?", "answer": "finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes"}, {"question": "How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?", "answer": "an \"amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious.\""}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?", "answer": "Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him"}, {"question": "When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?", "answer": "finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes"}, {"question": "When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?", "answer": "while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home \"more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character.\""}, {"question": "What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?", "answer": "reading and playing football"}, {"question": "Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?", "answer": "playing football"}, {"question": "In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?", "answer": "Piccadilly"}, {"question": "What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?", "answer": "Bovington"}, {"question": "What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?", "answer": "racially insulted him"}, {"question": "What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?", "answer": "President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism"}, {"question": "What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?", "answer": "his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser"}, {"question": "What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?", "answer": "Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution"}, {"question": "Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.", "answer": "1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961"}, {"question": "What political ideology did Nasser implement?", "answer": "transition from capitalism to socialism"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?", "answer": "Egyptian"}, {"question": "From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?", "answer": "Cairo"}, {"question": "What notable event occurred in 1952?", "answer": "Egyptian Revolution"}, {"question": "When did the United Arab Republic end?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?", "answer": "Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s"}, {"question": "What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?", "answer": "the oil industry"}, {"question": "What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?", "answer": "corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry"}, {"question": "What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?", "answer": "Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt"}, {"question": "Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:", "answer": "they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group."}, {"question": "What country won the Six-Day War?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?", "answer": "Tripoli and Benghazi"}, {"question": "On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?", "answer": "Black Boots"}, {"question": "When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?", "answer": "They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists."}, {"question": "When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?", "answer": "In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece."}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's coup called?", "answer": "Operation Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?", "answer": "Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,"}, {"question": "What did Hameidi do during the coup?", "answer": "Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne."}, {"question": "What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?", "answer": "Turkey and Greece"}, {"question": "What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?", "answer": "Operation Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?", "answer": "Omar Meheisha"}, {"question": "Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?", "answer": "Khweldi Hameidi"}, {"question": "What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?", "answer": "Jalloud"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:", "answer": "Addressing the populace by radio"}, {"question": "List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.", "answer": "\"White Revolution\", although was later renamed the \"One September Revolution\""}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?", "answer": "freedom, socialism, and unity"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?", "answer": "a revolution"}, {"question": "What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?", "answer": "Libyan Arab Republic"}, {"question": "What was the Libyan coup called at first?", "answer": "White Revolution"}, {"question": "What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?", "answer": "One September Revolution"}, {"question": "What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?", "answer": "Free Officers"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?", "answer": "reactionary and corrupt"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?", "answer": "All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;"}, {"question": "Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?", "answer": "they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country."}, {"question": "Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?", "answer": "Gaddafi"}, {"question": "Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?", "answer": "some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses"}, {"question": "On what date were the members of the RCC announced?", "answer": "10 January 1970"}, {"question": "How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?", "answer": "young"}, {"question": "What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?", "answer": "men"}, {"question": "Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?", "answer": "middle"}, {"question": "What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?", "answer": "They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces"}, {"question": "What happened to Idris?", "answer": "Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia."}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi view the elite?", "answer": "Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged."}, {"question": "What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?", "answer": "\"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed."}, {"question": "What clan was King Idris part of?", "answer": "Senussi"}, {"question": "Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?", "answer": "monarchist politicians"}, {"question": "How many people were executed by the People's Courts?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?", "answer": "execution"}, {"question": "Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?", "answer": "monarchists"}, {"question": "What was the RCC's view of political parties?", "answer": "Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi do in 1971?", "answer": "In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month."}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi do in 1973?", "answer": "In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month."}, {"question": "What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?", "answer": "united secular and religious law codes"}, {"question": "In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?", "answer": "trade unions"}, {"question": "What publications were shut down 1972?", "answer": "newspapers"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?", "answer": "September 1971"}, {"question": "In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What was Libya's main export?", "answer": "crude oil"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?", "answer": "In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil."}, {"question": "What was the main export of Libya?", "answer": "crude oil"}, {"question": "How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?", "answer": "$1 billion"}, {"question": "What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?", "answer": "OPEC"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?", "answer": "Jalloud"}, {"question": "In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?", "answer": "by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951"}, {"question": "What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?", "answer": "In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized."}, {"question": "How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?", "answer": "while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979."}, {"question": "How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?", "answer": "starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971."}, {"question": "What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?", "answer": "British Petroleum"}, {"question": "In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?", "answer": "September 1973"}, {"question": "What was Libya's GDP in 1969?", "answer": "$3.8 billion"}, {"question": "In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?", "answer": "$40"}, {"question": "What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?", "answer": "pan-Libyan"}, {"question": "What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?", "answer": "regional and tribal"}, {"question": "What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?", "answer": "counter-revolutionary activity"}, {"question": "Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?", "answer": "Sabha"}, {"question": "Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?", "answer": "Arab Socialist Union"}, {"question": "On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?", "answer": "sharia"}, {"question": "What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?", "answer": "1969 to 1973"}, {"question": "What religion was suppressed in Libya?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What beverage did the Libyan government ban?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "What philosophy influenced the RCC?", "answer": "Arab nationalism"}, {"question": "Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?", "answer": "Egypt and Sudan"}, {"question": "In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?", "answer": "unified state"}, {"question": "Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?", "answer": "Egypt, Syria and Sudan"}, {"question": "In what year was the merger charter signed?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "When did the federation have to be implemented by?", "answer": "September 1973"}, {"question": "What nations comprised the Four Powers?", "answer": "France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?", "answer": "U.K."}, {"question": "In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?", "answer": "June 1970"}, {"question": "Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?", "answer": "France and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?", "answer": "U.S."}, {"question": "Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?", "answer": "Malta"}, {"question": "What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?", "answer": "Yasser Arafat"}, {"question": "What organization did Arafat belong to?", "answer": "Fatah"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?", "answer": "Black September Organization"}, {"question": "In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?", "answer": "Munich"}, {"question": "How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?", "answer": "Eritrean War of Independence"}, {"question": "During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?", "answer": "colonialism and neocolonialism"}, {"question": "On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What was the ANC combating?", "answer": "Apartheid"}, {"question": "On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a \"Popular Revolution\"?", "answer": "16 April 1973"}, {"question": "What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?", "answer": "dissolved"}, {"question": "How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?", "answer": "administrative"}, {"question": "Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?", "answer": "General People's Committees"}, {"question": "Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?", "answer": "traditional leaders"}, {"question": "What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?", "answer": "traditional party-based representative"}, {"question": "What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?", "answer": "tribal divisions"}, {"question": "Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?", "answer": "Marxists"}, {"question": "Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?", "answer": "General People's Committee"}, {"question": "What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?", "answer": "pyramid"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?", "answer": "June 1973"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?", "answer": "Mao Zedong"}, {"question": "What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?", "answer": "pan-Arab"}, {"question": "Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What economic philosophy was associated with the West?", "answer": "capitalism"}, {"question": "Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?", "answer": "The Green Book"}, {"question": "What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?", "answer": "socialism"}, {"question": "In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "How many students were executed in January of 1977?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?", "answer": "Amnesty International"}, {"question": "Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?", "answer": "Sadat"}, {"question": "What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?", "answer": "Israeli"}, {"question": "Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?", "answer": "sandstorm"}, {"question": "What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?", "answer": "Haifa"}, {"question": "Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?", "answer": "Gaafar Nimeiry"}, {"question": "What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?", "answer": "Sudan People's Liberation Army"}, {"question": "Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?", "answer": "Chad"}, {"question": "What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?", "answer": "uranium"}, {"question": "What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?", "answer": "Tunisia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?", "answer": "Arab Islamic Republic"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?", "answer": "Habib Bourguiba"}, {"question": "With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?", "answer": "Algeria"}, {"question": "Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?", "answer": "Moroccan"}, {"question": "What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?", "answer": "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"}, {"question": "How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?", "answer": "187"}, {"question": "What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?", "answer": "General People's Congress"}, {"question": "How often did the General People's Congress occur?", "answer": "annual"}, {"question": "What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?", "answer": "Libyan Arab Republic"}, {"question": "What was the GPC accused of being vis-\u00e0-vis Gaddafi?", "answer": "a rubber stamp"}, {"question": "What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?", "answer": "primary schools to be abolished"}, {"question": "What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?", "answer": "home schooling"}, {"question": "What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?", "answer": "allow women into the armed forces"}, {"question": "What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?", "answer": "Qur'an"}, {"question": "What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?", "answer": "protection of private property"}, {"question": "What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?", "answer": "commercial"}, {"question": "What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?", "answer": "shirk"}, {"question": "Who won a border war with Libya?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?", "answer": "Secretary-General"}, {"question": "After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?", "answer": "Leader of the Revolution"}, {"question": "What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?", "answer": "commander-in-chief"}, {"question": "In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?", "answer": "public sector"}, {"question": "What \"dictatorship\" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?", "answer": "private sector"}, {"question": "After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?", "answer": "worker cooperatives"}, {"question": "How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?", "answer": "several hundred"}, {"question": "On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?", "answer": "2 March 1979,"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?", "answer": "Mohammad Maghgoub"}, {"question": "What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?", "answer": "The Green March"}, {"question": "How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?", "answer": "Revolutionary Committees"}, {"question": "Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?", "answer": "Jefara plain"}, {"question": "When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?", "answer": "1000 dinar"}, {"question": "As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?", "answer": "black market"}, {"question": "What took the place of private businesses in 1981?", "answer": "state supermarkets"}, {"question": "What tribe did Gaddafi belong to?", "answer": "Qaddadfa"}, {"question": "What Libyan government official allegedly plotted to kill Gaddafi in 1978?", "answer": "head of military intelligence"}, {"question": "In 1981, what Libyan opposition group was founded?", "answer": "National Front for the Salvation of Libya"}, {"question": "Who founded the NFSL?", "answer": "Mohammed Magariaf"}, {"question": "What group notably murdered Libyan diplomats?", "answer": "al-Borkan,"}, {"question": "What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?", "answer": "State Sponsors of Terrorism"}, {"question": "In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?", "answer": "Tripoli"}, {"question": "What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?", "answer": "Iran hostage crisis"}, {"question": "How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?", "answer": "\u00a31 billion"}, {"question": "What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?", "answer": "Tanzanian"}, {"question": "How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?", "answer": "$5.4 billion"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?", "answer": "Gaddafi's Pet Project"}, {"question": "In what country did FROLINAT operate?", "answer": "Chad"}, {"question": "In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?", "answer": "Hassan II"}, {"question": "In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?", "answer": "1981 and 1985"}, {"question": "What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?", "answer": "a puppet regime of the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?", "answer": "Warsaw Pact"}, {"question": "What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?", "answer": "Su-22"}, {"question": "What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?", "answer": "policewoman"}, {"question": "About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?", "answer": "1986 Berlin discotheque bombing"}, {"question": "How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?", "answer": "Syria"}, {"question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?", "answer": "Hanna"}, {"question": "In what year did the \"Revolution within a Revolution\" begin?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?", "answer": "Nelson Mandela"}, {"question": "What was Mandela's nationality?", "answer": "South African"}, {"question": "What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?", "answer": "army and police"}, {"question": "What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?", "answer": "mustard gas"}, {"question": "Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?", "answer": "Rabta"}, {"question": "Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?", "answer": "Misrata"}, {"question": "Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?", "answer": "Benghazi"}, {"question": "Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?", "answer": "Mauritania"}, {"question": "How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?", "answer": "Abdelbaset al-Megrahi"}, {"question": "What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?", "answer": "748"}, {"question": "What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?", "answer": "$900 million"}, {"question": "What organization did Libya join in 1999?", "answer": "Community of Sahel-Saharan States"}, {"question": "Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?", "answer": "Algiers"}, {"question": "What organization was founded in July of 2002?", "answer": "African Union"}, {"question": "What is COMESA?", "answer": "Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa"}, {"question": "Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?", "answer": "Thabo Mbeki"}, {"question": "What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?", "answer": "Jiang Zemin"}, {"question": "What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?", "answer": "Iraq War"}, {"question": "What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?", "answer": "Tony Blair"}, {"question": "In what city is the EU headquarters located?", "answer": "Brussels"}, {"question": "How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?", "answer": "\u20ac50 million"}, {"question": "In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?", "answer": "March 2003"}, {"question": "How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?", "answer": "$40 billion"}, {"question": "By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?", "answer": "sixfold"}, {"question": "According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?", "answer": "Saif al-Islam Gaddafi"}, {"question": "In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?", "answer": "Zine El Abidine Ben Ali"}, {"question": "About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?", "answer": "17 February"}, {"question": "Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?", "answer": "patronage"}, {"question": "Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?", "answer": "al-Qaeda"}, {"question": "How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?", "answer": "National Transitional Council"}, {"question": "Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?", "answer": "eastern"}, {"question": "Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?", "answer": "al-Bayda and Tobruk"}, {"question": "As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?", "answer": "UN Human Rights Council"}, {"question": "In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?", "answer": "United Arab Emirates"}, {"question": "On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?", "answer": "30 April"}, {"question": "What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?", "answer": "Tripoli"}, {"question": "What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?", "answer": "head of state security"}, {"question": "About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?", "answer": "Istanbul"}, {"question": "Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?", "answer": "Saif al-Islam"}, {"question": "Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?", "answer": "Abdullah Senussi"}, {"question": "What is another term for the Amazigh?", "answer": "Berber"}, {"question": "What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?", "answer": "25 August"}, {"question": "What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?", "answer": "Zliten and Tripoli"}, {"question": "What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?", "answer": "Sirte"}, {"question": "Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?", "answer": "Jarref"}, {"question": "About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?", "answer": "grenade blast"}, {"question": "Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?", "answer": "Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi"}, {"question": "What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?", "answer": "Mutassim"}, {"question": "Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?", "answer": "Misrata"}, {"question": "How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?", "answer": "Dr. Othman al-Zintani"}, {"question": "Who was the prime minister of the NTC?", "answer": "Mahmoud Jibril"}, {"question": "For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?", "answer": "Omran Shaaban"}, {"question": "Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?", "answer": "Bani Walid"}, {"question": "On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?", "answer": "25 October"}, {"question": "What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?", "answer": "Nasserism"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?", "answer": "Third International Theory"}, {"question": "What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?", "answer": "Third World revolutionary theory"}, {"question": "The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?", "answer": "political scientist"}, {"question": "What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?", "answer": "Sunni"}, {"question": "In what country is Kampala Mosque located?", "answer": "Uganda"}, {"question": "In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?", "answer": "Bedouin"}, {"question": "In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What country did Gaddafi refer to as \"the embodiment of evil\"?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?", "answer": "Isratin single-state solution"}, {"question": "Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?", "answer": "Blundy and Lycett"}, {"question": "What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?", "answer": "support of Israel"}, {"question": "Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?", "answer": "Nasser"}, {"question": "What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?", "answer": "Mirella Bianco"}, {"question": "What is Mirella Biano's occupation?", "answer": "Reporter"}, {"question": "Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?", "answer": "His father"}, {"question": "What publication did Annick Cojean work for?", "answer": "Le Monde"}, {"question": "What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?", "answer": "Libyan"}, {"question": "What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?", "answer": "Luis Moreno Ocampo"}, {"question": "What book was written by Annick Cojean?", "answer": "Gaddafi's Harem"}, {"question": "How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?", "answer": "two miles"}, {"question": "Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?", "answer": "West German engineers"}, {"question": "How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?", "answer": "\u00a31 billion"}, {"question": "How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?", "answer": "$120 million"}, {"question": "Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?", "answer": "General Khalid"}, {"question": "When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?", "answer": "el-Brasai"}, {"question": "What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?", "answer": "Obeidat"}, {"question": "When did Khamis Gaddafi die?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Who referred to Gaddafi as a populist?", "answer": "Blundy and Lycett"}, {"question": "Who stated that Gaddafi was a gifted speaker?", "answer": "Bianco"}, {"question": "Who noted that Gaddafi made long speeches?", "answer": "Daniel Kawczynski"}, {"question": "What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?", "answer": "peaceful"}, {"question": "Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?", "answer": "a foreign military"}, {"question": "According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?", "answer": "tsetse fly and mosquito"}, {"question": "What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?", "answer": "malaria and sleeping sickness"}, {"question": "What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?", "answer": "Amazonian Guard"}, {"question": "In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?", "answer": "Ukrainian"}, {"question": "What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?", "answer": "nurse"}, {"question": "What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?", "answer": "professional"}, {"question": "What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?", "answer": "cholera and typhoid"}, {"question": "What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?", "answer": "economic stagnation"}, {"question": "Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?", "answer": "Euro-American far right"}, {"question": "What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?", "answer": "Libyan studies specialist"}, {"question": "What did Reagan call Gaddafi?", "answer": "mad dog of the Middle East"}, {"question": "According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?", "answer": "1,270"}, {"question": "Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?", "answer": "Not Free"}, {"question": "What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?", "answer": "stray dogs"}, {"question": "At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?", "answer": "Abu Salim"}, {"question": "Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?", "answer": "Hugo Ch\u00e1vez"}, {"question": "Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?", "answer": "Nelson Mandela"}, {"question": "Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?", "answer": "David Cameron"}, {"question": "In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?", "answer": "Sierra Leone"}, {"question": "Who said something about tyranny?", "answer": "Barack Obama"}, {"question": "Who was elected president of the GNC?", "answer": "Mohammed Magariaf"}, {"question": "Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?", "answer": "Mustafa A.G. Abushagur"}, {"question": "Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?", "answer": "failed to gain congressional approval"}, {"question": "Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?", "answer": "Ali Zeidan"}, {"question": "What official name did the GNC give to Libya?", "answer": "State of Libya"}, {"question": "What is the official name of Cypus?", "answer": "Republic of Cyprus"}, {"question": "Where is Cyprus located?", "answer": "Eastern Mediterranean Sea"}, {"question": "What countries are nearby Cyprus?", "answer": "Syria and Turkey"}, {"question": "What is Cyprus' affiliation with the European Union?", "answer": "member state"}, {"question": "Is Cyprus an island country or land-locked country? ", "answer": "island country"}, {"question": "What does Cyprus rank in terms of size in the Mediterranean? ", "answer": "third largest"}, {"question": "Which country is north of Cyprus?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?", "answer": "10th millennium BC"}, {"question": "What is Cyprus home to of?", "answer": "the oldest water wells in the world"}, {"question": "Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?", "answer": "Mycenaean Greeks"}, {"question": "What empires have occupied Cyprus?", "answer": "empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians"}, {"question": "When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?", "answer": "between 1571 and 1878"}, {"question": "When was Cyprus placed under British administration?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "What year was Cyprus annexed by Britain?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What year was Cyprus granted independence?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What year did the intercommunal violence between Greek and Cypriots occur?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the 11 year violence in 1963? ", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories? ", "answer": "Akrotiri and Dhekelia"}, {"question": "How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?", "answer": "two main parts"}, {"question": "How much area of the island does the Republic control?", "answer": "59%"}, {"question": "The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus?", "answer": "territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces"}, {"question": "During what Age did Cyprus experience two waves of Greek settlement?", "answer": "late Bronze Age"}, {"question": "Who did the first wave of Greek settlement consist of?", "answer": "Mycenaean Greek traders"}, {"question": "What year did Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus begin visiting Cyprus?", "answer": "1400 BC"}, {"question": "Cyprus is the birthplace of what two Greek mythological figures?", "answer": "Aphrodite and Adonis"}, {"question": "Cyprus is home to which Greek mythological figures?", "answer": "King Cinyras, Teucer and Pygmalion"}, {"question": "In what year did James II die?", "answer": "1473"}, {"question": "Who assumed control of the island after the death of James II?", "answer": "Republic of Venice"}, {"question": "In what year did Venice formally annex the kingdom of Cyprus?", "answer": "1489"}, {"question": "Which empire frequently raided Cyprus during Venetian rule?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ottomans destroy Limassol?", "answer": "1539"}, {"question": "In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?", "answer": "1570"}, {"question": "Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?", "answer": "Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants"}, {"question": "Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "What system did the Ottomans abolish in favor of the millet system?", "answer": "feudal system"}, {"question": "Who was invested as the leader of the Greek Cypriot population?", "answer": "head of the Church of Cyprus"}, {"question": "Who was the Church of Cyprus hoping to end encroachments of?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "How many years did Cyprus face of economic decline?", "answer": "250 years"}, {"question": "How many Muslims made up the island's population in 1777-78?", "answer": "47,000"}, {"question": "How many Christians made up the island's population in 1777-78?", "answer": "37,000"}, {"question": "What was the population of the island in 1872?", "answer": "144,000"}, {"question": "In 1872 the island contained how many Muslims?", "answer": "44,000"}, {"question": "In 1872 the island contained how many Christians?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "What year did the Greek war of independence break out?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "How many Greek Cypriots were arrested and executed by the Ottoman governor of Cyprus?", "answer": "486"}, {"question": "Who was modern Greece's first president?", "answer": "Ioannis Kapodistrias"}, {"question": "What did Ioannis Kapodistrias call for?", "answer": "union of Cyprus with Greece"}, {"question": "The island of Cyprus serves as a key military base to what western country?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What years was the Famagusta harbour completed?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "Cyprus was a naval outpost which overlooked what canal?", "answer": "Suez Canal"}, {"question": "Which side did the Ottoman Empire join in World War 1?", "answer": "Central Powers"}, {"question": "Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?", "answer": "Megali Idea"}, {"question": "The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?", "answer": "Cypriot Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers?", "answer": "Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA)."}, {"question": "In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?", "answer": "Turkish Cypriots"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?", "answer": "\"Partition or Death\""}, {"question": "In what year did the Church of Cyprus organize a referendum?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "In 1946, the Greeks made up what percent of Cyprus' population?", "answer": "80.2%"}, {"question": "In what year was the EOKA organization founded?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What is the name of the policy that the British adopted?", "answer": "\"divide and rule\""}, {"question": "What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?", "answer": "16 August 1960"}, {"question": "Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement?", "answer": "United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey"}, {"question": "What was Cyprus' total population when it gained independence?", "answer": "573,566"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population?", "answer": "(77.1%"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?", "answer": "18.2%"}, {"question": "National militants had the support of what two countries?", "answer": "Greece and Turkey"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the Akritas plan?", "answer": "reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots"}, {"question": "Which president called for constitutional changes?", "answer": "President Archbishop Makarios"}, {"question": "Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "In December of what year did intercommunal violence erupt?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "The violence beginning in 1963 resulted in the deaths of many Turks?", "answer": "364"}, {"question": "How many Turkish Cypriots were displaced due to the violence?", "answer": "25,000-30,"}, {"question": "Turkish Cypriots were prevented from doing what?", "answer": "travelling and entering government buildings"}, {"question": "Who tried to invade Cyprus in 1964?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "Which US President prevented Turkey from invading Cyprus?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "What policy could not be abandoned in 1964?", "answer": "enosis"}, {"question": "How many troops did Greece send to Cyprus?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What date was a coup d'etat carried out in Cyprus?", "answer": "15 July 1974"}, {"question": "Who lead the coup d'etat attempt?", "answer": "Dimitrios Ioannides"}, {"question": "Who replaced president Makarios Ill?", "answer": "Nikos Sampson"}, {"question": "What did the Turkish army to do respond to the coup d'etat?", "answer": "invaded the island"}, {"question": "Which organization rejected the justification used by Turkey to invade?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "What did the Turkish troops capture first on the island?", "answer": "Kyrenia"}, {"question": "What was the date of the second Turkish invasion?", "answer": "14 August"}, {"question": "What locations were seized in the second invasion?", "answer": "Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria"}, {"question": "How much of the island was controlled by Turks after international pressure led to a ceasefire?", "answer": "37%"}, {"question": "How many Greek Cypriots had been displaced from their homes?", "answer": "180,000"}, {"question": "How many Turkish Cypriots moved into areas that were under Turkish control?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "In what year did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "Why did the US impose an arms embargo on Turkey?", "answer": "using American-supplied equipment during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974"}, {"question": "What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?", "answer": "all of its ports of entry in the north were closed"}, {"question": "How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?", "answer": "Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions"}, {"question": "In what year did the last major effort to settle the Cyprus dispute take place?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How many Turkish Cypriots voted for the Annan Plan in 2004?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "How many Greek Cypriots voted against the Annan Plan in 2004?", "answer": "74%"}, {"question": "In what year did Cyprus join the European Union?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "In 2006 people fled to Cyprus from what country?", "answer": "Lebanon"}, {"question": "What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?", "answer": "Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range"}, {"question": "What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?", "answer": "the Mesaoria"}, {"question": "Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?", "answer": "Pedieos River"}, {"question": "What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?", "answer": "Mount Olympus"}, {"question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?", "answer": "1,952 m (6,404 ft)"}, {"question": "What type of climate does Cyprus have?", "answer": "one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean"}, {"question": "In Cyprus, what is the average temperature during the day?", "answer": "24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "How long do summers generally last on Cyprus?", "answer": "eight months"}, {"question": "What month typically marks the end of summer on Cyprus?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?", "answer": "Limassol"}, {"question": "What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?", "answer": "17\u201318 \u00b0C (63\u201364 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?", "answer": "6\u20138 \u00b0C (43\u201346 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "When does the middle of summer occur on Cyprus?", "answer": "July and August"}, {"question": "What is the average day temperature on the coast during summer?", "answer": "33 \u00b0C (91 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "What is the average day temperature on the coast in June and September?", "answer": "30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "Where are temperatures more extreme compared to the coast of Cyprus?", "answer": "Inland"}, {"question": "What resource is scarce on Cyprus?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What do people living in Cyprus rely on for household water?", "answer": "rain"}, {"question": "When did Cyprus receive enough rainfall to fill up their water reserves?", "answer": "Between 2001 and 2004"}, {"question": "Why has demand for water increased annually on Cyprus?", "answer": "local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists"}, {"question": "Why has the water supply shrunk in previous years?", "answer": "more frequent droughts"}, {"question": "What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water?", "answer": "Dams"}, {"question": "What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?", "answer": "107"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold?", "answer": "330,000,000 m3 (1.2\u00d71010 cu ft)."}, {"question": "What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus?", "answer": "desalination plants"}, {"question": "What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus?", "answer": "almost 50 per cent"}, {"question": "What types of branches did the 1960 Constitution provide?", "answer": "legislative and judicial branches"}, {"question": "What type of person was the vice-president?", "answer": "Turkish Cypriot"}, {"question": "Where did Legislative power rest?", "answer": "the House of Representatives"}, {"question": "In what years was Cyprus divided?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Which part of Cyprus was occupied by the Turkish army?", "answer": "northern third of the island"}, {"question": "In 1983, Turkish Cypriots declared what?", "answer": "independence"}, {"question": "What organization recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus?", "answer": "The United Nations"}, {"question": "How many members are currently in the House of Representatives?", "answer": "59 members"}, {"question": "How long is the term for an elected member of the House of Representatives?", "answer": "five-year term"}, {"question": "How many seas are allocated to the Turkish community?", "answer": "24"}, {"question": "Who became the country's first Communist head of state in 2008?", "answer": "Dimitris Christofias"}, {"question": "Who is the current president of Cyprus?", "answer": "Nicos Anastasiades"}, {"question": "Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus?", "answer": "ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island"}, {"question": "What is the rating for Cyprus in the \"Freedom in the World 2011\" report?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus?", "answer": "division of the island"}, {"question": "How much was Turkey ordered to pay in compensation to Cyprus?", "answer": "over $100m"}, {"question": "Who was accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What year was Turkey ordered to pay fines to Cyprus?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Why was Turkey accused of violating the Geneva Conventions?", "answer": "directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupied territory"}, {"question": "What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?", "answer": "Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion"}, {"question": "What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?", "answer": "11 July 2011"}, {"question": "What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?", "answer": "Supreme Commander"}, {"question": "What affected the Cypriot economy in 2012?", "answer": "Eurozone financial and banking crisis"}, {"question": "How much many did the Cypriot government initially announce it needed?", "answer": "\u20ac1.8 billion"}, {"question": "What was the amount of additional money requested by Cyprus?", "answer": "\u20ac4 billion"}, {"question": "What are the names of Cyprus' three largest banks?", "answer": "Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank"}, {"question": "What did the March 2013 agreement decide?", "answer": "split the country's second largest bank"}, {"question": "Who would eventually absorb the \"good\" bank of Cyprus Popular Bank?", "answer": "Bank of Cyprus"}, {"question": "What was the amount of bailout money given to Cyprus?", "answer": "\u20ac10 billion"}, {"question": "Who was using Cyprus as a tax haven?", "answer": "wealthy Russians"}, {"question": "What is the per capita GDP of Cyprus given by the IMF?", "answer": "$30,769"}, {"question": "Why has Cyprus been sought out by offshore businesses?", "answer": "low tax rates"}, {"question": "What are three of the largest contributors to the Cyprus economy?", "answer": "Tourism, financial services and shipping"}, {"question": "When was the Euro declared as the national currency of Cyprus?", "answer": "1 January 2008"}, {"question": "What resource has been discovered offshore in recent years?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "With what two countries did Cyprus first demarcate its maritime border?", "answer": "Egypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007"}, {"question": "Which country did Cyprus demarcate its maritime border in 2010?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "What is the name of the US-based firm in a production-sharing agreement with Cyprus?", "answer": "Noble Energy"}, {"question": "What are the three modes of transport available on Cyprus?", "answer": "road, sea and air"}, {"question": "How many miles of roads are paved on Cyprus?", "answer": "6,249 km (3,883 mi)"}, {"question": "How many miles of roads are unpaved on Cyprus?", "answer": "4,414 km (2,743 mi)"}, {"question": "Which side of the road do vehicles on Cyprus drive on?", "answer": "left-hand"}, {"question": "What was the number of Greek Cypriots on Cyprus in 1973?", "answer": "482,000"}, {"question": "What did the Cypriot government find was the Greek population on Cyprus?", "answer": "506,000 (78.9%)"}, {"question": "What did the Cypriot government find was the Turkish population on Cyprus?", "answer": "118,000 (18.4%)"}, {"question": "In what years did the Greeks conduct extra censuses?", "answer": "1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001"}, {"question": "Who was excluded from the censuses conducted by the Greeks?", "answer": "the Turkish population"}, {"question": "How many people were living in Northern Cyprus according to the 2006 census?", "answer": "256,644"}, {"question": "How many citizens born in Cyprus also have parents who were born in Cyprus?", "answer": "120,031"}, {"question": "How many of the citizens in Northern Cyprus was born in Cyprus?", "answer": "147,405"}, {"question": "What religion do most Greek Cypriots identify with?", "answer": "Greek Orthodox"}, {"question": "What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with?", "answer": "Sunni Islam"}, {"question": "What country is the second most religious in the European Union?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "Who is the current head of the Greek Orthodox church in Cyprus?", "answer": "Archbishop Chrysostomos II"}, {"question": "How many official languages does Cyprus have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the two official languages of Cyprus?", "answer": "Greek and Turkish"}, {"question": "What are the minority languages are spoken in Cyprus?", "answer": "Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic"}, {"question": "Are there any Western languages spoken in Cyprus?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Are there any Eastern languages spoken in Cyprus?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What do Cypriot universities ignore when looking at admission?", "answer": "high school grades"}, {"question": "What is required for university attendance?", "answer": "high-school diploma"}, {"question": "What plays a large factor in determining admission at a university?", "answer": "university entrance examinations"}, {"question": "What percentage do grades obtained account for in a students final grade?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "Where do most Cypriots receiver higher education?", "answer": "Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities"}, {"question": "What nation has the highest level percentage of working citizens with higher-level education?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "What percentage of the 25-34 Cyprus population has tertiary education?", "answer": "47%"}, {"question": "How many Cypriots students attend school outside of the country", "answer": "78.7%"}, {"question": "Which foods do Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots have in common?", "answer": "souvla and halloumi"}, {"question": "Which art forms are integral parts of everyday life?", "answer": "music, dance and art"}, {"question": "What is something that Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots do not have in common?", "answer": "religions and religious"}, {"question": "What religion do Greek Cypriots usually practice?", "answer": "Sunni Muslims"}, {"question": "Who was the first important Cyprus painter of modern times?", "answer": "Vassilis Vryonides"}, {"question": "Where did Vassilis Vryonides study?", "answer": "Academy of Fine Arts in Venice"}, {"question": "Name one of the individuals considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.", "answer": "Adamantios Diamantis"}, {"question": "Name the other individual considered the founding fathers of modern Cypriot art.", "answer": "Christopheros Savva"}, {"question": "Where do many Cypriot artists train?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What type of art is being promoted by art institutions in Cyprus?", "answer": "conceptual art"}, {"question": "What types of places can Cypriots visit to experience art?", "answer": "Municipal art galleries"}, {"question": "What year was Cyprus supposed to host the international art festival Manifesta?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Traditional Cyprus music has what other types of genres in common?", "answer": "Greek, Turkish, and Arabic"}, {"question": "What are the names of the Greco-Turkish dances?", "answer": "sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas"}, {"question": "What are the names of the Middle-Eastern inspired dances?", "answer": "tsifteteli and arapies"}, {"question": "What is chattista?", "answer": "form of musical poetry"}, {"question": "Where is chattista performed?", "answer": "traditional feasts and celebrations"}, {"question": "What influences popular music in Cyprus?", "answer": "Greek La\u00efka scene"}, {"question": "What are some famous Cypriot artists?", "answer": "Anna Vissi, Evridiki, and Sarbel"}, {"question": "What other genres of music are enjoyed in Cyprus?", "answer": "Hip Hop, R&B and reggae"}, {"question": "Which artists are associated with Cypriot rock music?", "answer": "Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis"}, {"question": "What are some famous metal Cypriot bands?", "answer": "Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic"}, {"question": "What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?", "answer": "Epic poetry"}, {"question": "What was the time period of Frankish rule?", "answer": "4th century\u20131489"}, {"question": "Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times?", "answer": "Ioannis Kigalas"}, {"question": "Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets?", "answer": "Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides"}, {"question": "Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice?", "answer": "Osman T\u00fcrkay"}, {"question": "Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet?", "answer": "Kostas Montis"}, {"question": "Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?", "answer": "Cyprus"}, {"question": "What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?", "answer": "Bitter Lemons"}, {"question": "Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?", "answer": "The Sunrise"}, {"question": "What is the name of a local television company in Cyprus?", "answer": "Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation"}, {"question": "Which television broadcasters produce art and cultural programming?", "answer": "Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT"}, {"question": "What is BRT?", "answer": "the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation"}, {"question": "What is the amount in Euros of money set aside for the Cinema Advisory Committee?", "answer": "850,000 Euros"}, {"question": "Who finances European film co-productions?", "answer": "Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund"}, {"question": "What was the first feature film to receive funding  from Eurimages?", "answer": "I Sphagi tou Kokora"}, {"question": "Which film was awarded the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography at the London Greek Film Festival?", "answer": "Cyprus Guilt"}, {"question": "What are some famous seafood and fish dishes?", "answer": "squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass"}, {"question": "What fruits are commonly used in foods?", "answer": "Cucumber and tomato"}, {"question": "What is lountza?", "answer": "smoked pork loin"}, {"question": "What is souvlaki?", "answer": "pork and chicken cooked over charcoal"}, {"question": "What is sheftalia?", "answer": "minced meat wrapped in mesentery"}, {"question": "Can you name some common vegetables used in Cyprus?", "answer": "courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans"}, {"question": "Can you name some common fruits used in Cyprus?", "answer": "pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines"}, {"question": "Can you name some common pulses used in Cyprus?", "answer": "beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans"}, {"question": "Which Cypriot tennis player ranked 8th in the world?", "answer": "Marcos Baghdatis"}, {"question": "How high did Kyriakos Ioannou jump in Osaka in 2007?", "answer": "2.35 m"}, {"question": "What organization does Costas Philippou participate in?", "answer": "Ultimate Fighting Championship"}, {"question": "Where does Tio Ellinas race?", "answer": "GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport"}, {"question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Schindler's List?", "answer": "the Holocaust"}, {"question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Amistad?", "answer": "the transatlantic slave trade"}, {"question": "What issue did Spielberg address in his movie Munich?", "answer": "terrorism"}, {"question": "How long has Steven Spielberg had his career so far?", "answer": "more than four decades"}, {"question": "In what film did Spielberg address humanistic issues?", "answer": "Schindler's List"}, {"question": "In what film did Spielberg cover the slave trade?", "answer": "Amistad"}, {"question": "In what films did Spielberg address war?", "answer": "Empire of the Sun, Saving Private Ryan, War Horse and Bridge of Spies"}, {"question": "In what film did Spielberg address terrorism?", "answer": "Munich"}, {"question": "What type of films did Spielberg find early success with?", "answer": "y science-fiction and adventure"}, {"question": "Where was Steven Spielberg born?", "answer": "Cincinnati, Ohio"}, {"question": "What religion was Steven Spielberg's family?", "answer": "Orthodox Jewish"}, {"question": "Where were Steven Spielberg's granparents from?", "answer": "Ukraine"}, {"question": "Where did Steven Spielberg's family move to in 1953?", "answer": "Phoenix, Arizona"}, {"question": "What job did Steven Spielberg's father have?", "answer": "electrical engineer"}, {"question": "Where was Spielberg born?", "answer": "Cincinnati, Ohio"}, {"question": "What religion was Spielberg's family?", "answer": "Orthodox Jewish"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's mother's career?", "answer": "restaurateur and concert pianist"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's father's career?", "answer": "electrical engineer involved in the development of computers"}, {"question": "Where did Spielberg's paternal grandparents immigrate from?", "answer": "Ukraine"}, {"question": "How much money has all of Steven Spielberg's movies grossed worldwide?", "answer": "exceeds $9 billion"}, {"question": "What composer has Steven Spielberg been associated with since 1974?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "How much money is Steven Spielberg worth?", "answer": "more than $3 billion"}, {"question": "What record does Steven Spielberg have?", "answer": "the highest-grossing director in history"}, {"question": "Who has composed most of Steven Spielberg's movies?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "When was Jaws released?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "When did Jurassic Park come out?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What did Spielberg win for Schindler's List?", "answer": "Academy Award for Best Director"}, {"question": "What is Spielberg's net worth?", "answer": "more than $3 billion"}, {"question": "Who composes music for most of Spielberg's movies?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "When did Steven Spielberg have trouble dealing with being an Orthodox Jew?", "answer": "As a child"}, {"question": "How did Steven Spielberg feel about being an Orhtodox Jew?", "answer": "embarrassed"}, {"question": "What kind of prejudice did Spielberg have to deal with in High school?", "answer": "anti-Semitic"}, {"question": "How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in High School?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "At what age was Spielberg embarrassed by his family being Jewish?", "answer": "seven, eight, nine years old"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg bullied because of?", "answer": "anti-Semitic prejudice"}, {"question": "How many bloody noses did Spielberg get in high school?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?", "answer": "Firelight"}, {"question": "How long was Spielberg's film \"Escape to Nowhere\"?", "answer": "40-minute"}, {"question": "How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?", "answer": "$500"}, {"question": "Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "What genre was Spielberg's first film \"The Last Gunfight\"", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?", "answer": "The Last Gunfight"}, {"question": "Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge?", "answer": "dad's still-camera was broken"}, {"question": "At what age did Spielberg make 'Escape to Nowhere'?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What film led to Close Encounters?", "answer": "Firelight"}, {"question": "What job was SPielberg offered when he was a student?", "answer": "Universal Studios"}, {"question": "Who offered Spielberg a contract at Universal Studios?", "answer": "Sidney Sheinberg"}, {"question": "What short film did Spielberg make for theatrical release?", "answer": "Amblin"}, {"question": "What did Steven Spielberg do to begin directing TV prouctions for Universal?", "answer": "dropped out of college"}, {"question": "How did Sidney Sheinberg feel about the film \"Amblin'\"", "answer": "impressed"}, {"question": "What studio gave Spielberg an unpaid internship?", "answer": "Universal Studios"}, {"question": "What department did Spielberg have an unpaid internship with?", "answer": "editing"}, {"question": "How long was 'Amblin'?", "answer": "26-minute"}, {"question": "What was Sidney Sheinberg's position with Universal?", "answer": "vice president"}, {"question": "How long of a contract did Sheinberg give Spielberg?", "answer": "seven-year"}, {"question": "Who starred in the TV show segment \"Eyes\"", "answer": "Joan Crawford"}, {"question": "What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment?", "answer": "an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\"."}, {"question": "What genre was Steven Spielberg's episode of \"The Name of the Game\"?", "answer": "science fiction"}, {"question": "What was the relatioship between Joan Crawford and Steven Spielberg?", "answer": "reportedly close friends"}, {"question": "What year was Spielberg hired to direct one of the segments for \"Night Gallery\"?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "What was the first TV episode Spielberg directed part of?", "answer": "1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery"}, {"question": "Who starred in Spielberg's TV debut?", "answer": "Joan Crawford"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's first full TV episode to direct?", "answer": "an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\""}, {"question": "What genre was 'LA 2017'?", "answer": "futuristic science fiction"}, {"question": "What law show did Spielberg work on?", "answer": "Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law"}, {"question": "How many TV films did Universal sign Spielbergo to direct?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg's career?", "answer": "Dilys Powell"}, {"question": "Who starred in the TV show \"Savage\"?", "answer": "Martin Landau"}, {"question": "How did Steven Spielberg's film \"The Sugarland Express\" do in the box office?", "answer": "poorly"}, {"question": "What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film \"The Sugarland Express\" trying to regain?", "answer": "custody of their baby"}, {"question": "How many TV movies was Spielberg signed to direct?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What kind of truck was 'Duel' about?", "answer": "Peterbilt 281 tanker"}, {"question": "Which British critic praised 'Duel'?", "answer": "Dilys Powell"}, {"question": "Which TV film Spielberg directed played off 'The Exorcist'?", "answer": "Something Evil"}, {"question": "Who starred in 'Savage'/", "answer": "Martin Landau"}, {"question": "What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct?", "answer": "Jaws"}, {"question": "Why was Jaws nearly shut down?", "answer": "delays and budget over-runs"}, {"question": "How many Academy Awards did the film \"Jaws\" win?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much money did the film \"Jaws\" gross worldwide?", "answer": "$470 million worldwide"}, {"question": "What was the film \"Jaws\" nominated for?", "answer": "Best Picture"}, {"question": "Who made Spielberg the 'Jaws' director?", "answer": "Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 'Jaws' book?", "answer": "Peter Benchley"}, {"question": "How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much did 'Jaws' earn in theaters?", "answer": "more than $470 million worldwide"}, {"question": "How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What films did Spielberg turn down in the 70s?", "answer": "Jaws 2, King Kong and Superman"}, {"question": "How many Oscars did Close Encounters win?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many Oscars did Close Encounters get nominated for, besides Best Director?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was the genre of '1941'?", "answer": "World War II farce"}, {"question": "How much did '1941' earn?", "answer": "over $92.4 million worldwide"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg re-release Close Encounters?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "What new footage did Columbia require for a Close Encounters revisit?", "answer": "the interior of the mothership"}, {"question": "What was the Close Encounters revisit called?", "answer": "Close Encounters: The Special Edition"}, {"question": "Which studio funded Close Encounters?", "answer": "Columbia Pictures"}, {"question": "When did a Close Encounters DVD come out?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for Star Wars?", "answer": "George Lucas"}, {"question": "Who played Indiana Jones?", "answer": "Harrison Ford"}, {"question": "Who played Han Solo?", "answer": "Harrison Ford"}, {"question": "What was the first Indiana Jones movie?", "answer": "Raiders of the Lost Ark"}, {"question": "When did the first Indiana Jones movie come out?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What rating did 'Temple of Doom' receive?", "answer": "PG"}, {"question": "When did 'Temple of Doom' debut?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What movie caused 'PG-13' to be created?", "answer": "Gremlins"}, {"question": "Why did Gremlins need 'PG-13'?", "answer": "the high level of violence in films targeted at younger audiences"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's future wife's career?", "answer": "actress"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The Color Purple'?", "answer": "Alice Walker"}, {"question": "What was 'The Color Purple' about?", "answer": "a generation of empowered African-American women during depression-era America"}, {"question": "Who starred in 'The Color Purple'?", "answer": "Whoopi Goldberg and future talk-show superstar Oprah Winfrey"}, {"question": "What did Ebert think of 'The Color Purple'?", "answer": "proclaimed it the best film of the year and later entered it into his Great Films archive"}, {"question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'The Color Purple' get?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Until the 1980s, when had an American film last been shot in Shanghai?", "answer": "the 1930s"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Empire of the Sun'?", "answer": "J. G. Ballard"}, {"question": "Who starred in 'Empire of the Sun'?", "answer": "John Malkovich and a young Christian Bale"}, {"question": "Who thought 'Empire of the Sun' was the best film of the year?", "answer": "Andrew Sarris"}, {"question": "What was Spielberg's role on 'Batteries Not Included'?", "answer": "co-producer"}, {"question": "When did the 3rd Indiana Jones film come out?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What was the 3rd Indiana Jones film called?", "answer": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"}, {"question": "Who played Indiana Jones's father?", "answer": "Sean Connery"}, {"question": "Who directed 'Batman'?", "answer": "Tim Burton"}, {"question": "What was 'Always' about?", "answer": "a daredevil pilot who extinguishes forest fires"}, {"question": "Whose life was 'Schindler's List' based on?", "answer": "Oskar Schindler"}, {"question": "How many Jews did Schindler save?", "answer": "1,100"}, {"question": "What did Spielberg first win Best Director for?", "answer": "Schindler's List"}, {"question": "What did Spielberg do with 'Schindler's List' profits?", "answer": "set up the Shoah Foundation, a non-profit organization that archives filmed testimony of Holocaust survivors"}, {"question": "Where did the American Film Institute rank 'Schindler's List' in 1997?", "answer": "#9"}, {"question": "Who did Tom Hanks play in 'Saving Private Ryan'?", "answer": "Capt. Miller"}, {"question": "What war was 'Saving Private Ryan' about?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "How much did 'Saving Private Ryan' earn?", "answer": "over $481 million worldwide"}, {"question": "Which film beat 'Saving Private Ryan' worldwide?", "answer": "Armageddon"}, {"question": "Who directed 'Armageddon'?", "answer": "Michael Bay"}, {"question": "What movie did Spielberg collaborate with Cruise for?", "answer": "Minority Report"}, {"question": "When is Minority Report set?", "answer": "2054"}, {"question": "What was the Rotten Tomatoes rating for Minority Report?", "answer": "92%"}, {"question": "How much did Minority Report earn?", "answer": "over $358 million worldwide"}, {"question": "When was Minority Report released?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "Which studios produced Spielberg's 'War of the Worlds'?", "answer": "Paramount and DreamWorks"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 'War of the Worlds' book?", "answer": "H. G. Wells"}, {"question": "When was the first 'War of the Worlds' movie released?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "Who did the visual effects for 'War of the Worlds'?", "answer": "Industrial Light & Magic"}, {"question": "How much did 'War of the Worlds' earn?", "answer": "over $591 million worldwide"}, {"question": "What was 'Munich' about?", "answer": "the 1972 Munich Massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games"}, {"question": "What book was 'Munich' based on?", "answer": "Vengeance"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Vengeance'?", "answer": "George Jonas"}, {"question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'Munich' get?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who composed music for 'Munich'?", "answer": "John Williams"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg announce what would become 'Interstellar'?", "answer": "June 2006"}, {"question": "Who took over directing 'Interstellar'?", "answer": "Christopher Nolan"}, {"question": "What was the concept for 'Interstellar'?", "answer": "a group of explorers who travel through a worm hole and into another dimension"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 'Interstellar' script?", "answer": "Jonathan Nolan"}, {"question": "What university provided scientific consultation for 'Interstellar'?", "answer": "Caltech"}, {"question": "What was the first non-Pixar movie to win the Best Animated Feature Film award?", "answer": "The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn"}, {"question": "Where did Adventures of Tintin debut?", "answer": "Brussels, Belgium"}, {"question": "When did Adventures of Tintin debut?", "answer": "October 22, 2011"}, {"question": "When was Adventures of Tintin released in the US?", "answer": "December 21, 2011"}, {"question": "How much did Adventures of Tintin earn?", "answer": "over $373 million worldwide"}, {"question": "Where was 'War Horse' filmed?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "When did 'War Horse' come out?", "answer": "December 25, 2011"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 'War Horse' book?", "answer": "Michael Morpurgo"}, {"question": "When did the 'War Horse' book come out?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "Who distributed 'War Horse'?", "answer": "Disney"}, {"question": "Who starred in 'Lincoln' as Abraham Lincoln?", "answer": "Daniel Day-Lewis"}, {"question": "What book was 'Lincoln' based on?", "answer": "Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln"}, {"question": "What part of Lincoln's life did the film cover?", "answer": "the final four months"}, {"question": "Where was 'Lincoln' filmed?", "answer": "Richmond, Virginia"}, {"question": "Who played Mary Todd Lincoln in 'Lincoln'?", "answer": "Sally Field"}, {"question": "When was 'Bridge of Spies' released?", "answer": "October 16, 2015"}, {"question": "How many Oscar nominations did 'Bridge of Spies' get?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "When was 'Bridge of Spies' set?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Who played Donovan in 'Bridge of Spies'?", "answer": "Tom Hanks"}, {"question": "Where was 'Bridge of Spies' filmed?", "answer": "New York City, Berlin and Wroclaw, Poland"}, {"question": "Which Warner Bros. cartoons did Spielberg produce?", "answer": "Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, Toonsylvania, and Freakazoid!"}, {"question": "What films did Spielberg produce for Don Bluth?", "answer": "An American Tail and The Land Before Time"}, {"question": "What video game did Spielberg come up with the concept for?", "answer": "The Dig"}, {"question": "When was 'The Dig' released?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What charity did Spielberg's 'Lego Moviemaker' kit fund?", "answer": "Starbright Foundation"}, {"question": "When was 'Men In Black' released?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book 'Memoirs of a Geisha' is based on?", "answer": "Arthur Golden"}, {"question": "Who did Spielberg collaborate with in 2006?", "answer": "Robert Zemeckis"}, {"question": "What film did Spielberg first collaborate with Zemeckis on?", "answer": "Back to the Future Part III"}, {"question": "Which studio produced 'Super 8'?", "answer": "Paramount Pictures"}, {"question": "When did 'Into the West' air?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How many Emmys did 'Into the West' win?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who wrote the music for 'Into the West'?", "answer": "Geoff Zanelli"}, {"question": "When was 'The Pacific' released?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How much did 'The Pacific' cost?", "answer": "$250 million"}, {"question": "Which channel aired 'Falling Skies'?", "answer": "TNT"}, {"question": "In what year does 'Terra Nova' begin?", "answer": "2149"}, {"question": "How far back in time do people in 'Terra Nova' travel?", "answer": "85 million years"}, {"question": "Which channel aired 'Terra Nova'?", "answer": "Fox"}, {"question": "What show did Spielberg work with Rodat on?", "answer": "Falling Skies"}, {"question": "Who wrote the script for 'Someone's in the Kitchen'?", "answer": "Paul Rugg"}, {"question": "When was 'Skullmonkeys' released?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "When was Boombots released?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "When was The Neverhood released?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What video game did Spielberg say in 2013 he's working on a TV show based on?", "answer": "Halo"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The BFG'?", "answer": "Roald Dahl"}, {"question": "Who wrote E.T.'s script?", "answer": "Melissa Mathison"}, {"question": "What film festival will first air 'The BFG'?", "answer": "Cannes Film Festival"}, {"question": "In what month is Cannes held?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "When will 'The BFG' be in most theaters?", "answer": "July 1, 2016"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?", "answer": "David Kertzer"}, {"question": "When does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "Where does 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara' take place?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who plays Pope Pius IX in 'The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara'?", "answer": "Mark Rylance"}, {"question": "When is 'Ready Player One' planned to be released?", "answer": "2018"}, {"question": "When was 'Robopocalypse' scheduled for release?", "answer": "April 25, 2014"}, {"question": "Who was going to star in 'Robopocalypse'?", "answer": "Anne Hathaway and Chris Hemsworth"}, {"question": "How far in the future was 'Robopocalypse' set?", "answer": "15\u201320 years"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book 'Robopocalypse' is based on?", "answer": "Daniel H. Wilson"}, {"question": "What was the budget for 'Robopocalypse'?", "answer": "$200 million"}, {"question": "What theme is common to Spielberg's films?", "answer": "ordinary characters searching for or coming in contact with extraordinary beings or finding themselves in extraordinary circumstances"}, {"question": "When in his life did Spielberg 'feel like an alien'?", "answer": "during childhood"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg give an interview saying he had 'felt like an alien'?", "answer": "August 2000"}, {"question": "Why does Spielberg think aliens would visit?", "answer": "curiosity and sharing of knowledge"}, {"question": "Which of Spielberg's parents liked sci-fi?", "answer": "his father"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?", "answer": "Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG"}, {"question": "What camera style does Spielberg often use?", "answer": "low height camera tracking shots"}, {"question": "What are some Spielberg films that included kids?", "answer": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park"}, {"question": "How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?", "answer": "from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming"}, {"question": "Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?", "answer": "Frank"}, {"question": "What was Indy's father's career?", "answer": "professor of medieval literature"}, {"question": "What artifact did Indy's father focus on?", "answer": "the Holy Grail"}, {"question": "What is Spielberg's most common theme?", "answer": "tension in parent-child relationships"}, {"question": "Whose son disappeared in 'Minority Report'?", "answer": "John Anderton"}, {"question": "Whose parents divorced in 'Catch Me If You Can'?", "answer": "Frank Abagnale"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg films has Dreyfuss been in?", "answer": "Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and Always"}, {"question": "Who was Ford going to play in E.T., until the scene was removed?", "answer": "a headteacher"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg TV shows has Frank Welker been a voice actor for?", "answer": "Tiny Toons, Animaniacs, and SeaQuest DSV"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg films has Tom Hanks been in?", "answer": "Saving Private Ryan, Catch Me If You Can, The Terminal, and Bridge of Spies"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg films has Tom Cruise been in?", "answer": "Minority Report and War of the Worlds"}, {"question": "Which film did Kathleen Kennedy first work with Spielberg on?", "answer": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial"}, {"question": "Which childhood friend worked on Spielberg's films?", "answer": "Allen Daviau"}, {"question": "Which film did Kaminski first work with Spielberg on?", "answer": "Schindler's List"}, {"question": "Which film did Daviau first work with Spielberg on?", "answer": "Amblin"}, {"question": "Which film did Kahn first work with Spielberg on?", "answer": "Close Encounters"}, {"question": "What are the only Spielberg films since Sugarland Express to not have music by John Williams?", "answer": "Bridge of Spies, The Color Purple and Twilight Zone: The Movie"}, {"question": "What happens at the end of 'Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade'?", "answer": "they ride into the sunset"}, {"question": "Who are the 'Movie Brats', besides Spielberg?", "answer": "George Lucas, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, John Milius, and Brian De Palma"}, {"question": "Who are the only screenwriters Spielberg has worked with on more than one film?", "answer": "Tony Kushner and David Koepp"}, {"question": "Who did Spielberg begin dating in 1976?", "answer": "Amy Irving"}, {"question": "What was Amy Irving's career?", "answer": "actress"}, {"question": "Who introduced Irving to Spielberg?", "answer": "Brian De Palma"}, {"question": "How did Irving describe Spielberg's house?", "answer": "\"bachelor funky\""}, {"question": "Why did Irving not want to be in Spielberg's films while dating?", "answer": "\"I don't want to be known as Steven's girlfriend,\""}, {"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving initially break up?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving get back together?", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving marry?", "answer": "November 1985"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg and Irving divorce?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "How expensive was Spielberg and Irving's divorce?", "answer": "third most costly celebrity divorce in history"}, {"question": "In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?", "answer": "2002 Winter Olympic Games"}, {"question": "Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?", "answer": "Salt Lake City"}, {"question": "How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg?", "answer": "one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century"}, {"question": "How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg?", "answer": "the most influential person of his generation"}, {"question": "What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?", "answer": "Doctor of Humane Letters"}, {"question": "When was Spielberg named the 'most influential celebrity in America'?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How much of the US believes Spielberg is influential?", "answer": "47%"}, {"question": "Who is Gerry Philpott?", "answer": "president of E-Poll Market Research"}, {"question": "How did Spielberg influence the public's behavior?", "answer": "many will think for a second before going into the water this summer"}, {"question": "When was Citizen Kane released?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?", "answer": "1938"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles' personal script copy from 'The War of the Worlds'?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys?", "answer": "donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation"}, {"question": "What was the first video game Spielberg played?", "answer": "Pong"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg first play a video game?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What movie was Spielberg working on when he first played Pong?", "answer": "Jaws"}, {"question": "What game consoles does Spielberg own?", "answer": "a Wii, a PlayStation 3, a PSP, and Xbox 360"}, {"question": "How does Spielberg feel about cutscenes in games?", "answer": "intrusive"}, {"question": "What Boy Scout merit badge did Spielberg help develop?", "answer": "cinematography"}, {"question": "When was Spielberg's merit badge launched?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Which major Spielberg movie character was a Boy Scout?", "answer": "Indiana Jones"}, {"question": "Which Spielberg movie showed its main character was a Boy Scout?", "answer": "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade"}, {"question": "What was Indy's rank in Boy Scouts when shown in a movie?", "answer": "Life Scout"}, {"question": "Who made Spielberg a knight?", "answer": "Jacques Chirac"}, {"question": "What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?", "answer": "Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award"}, {"question": "Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?", "answer": "Kennedy Center"}, {"question": "Who narrated a short Spielberg bio at the Kennedy Center?", "answer": "Tom Hanks"}, {"question": "When was Spielberg added to the Science Fiction Hall of Fame?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "When did the Visual Effects Society give Spielberg a Lifetime Achievement Award?", "answer": "February 2009"}, {"question": "When did Spielberg win the Cecil B. DeMille Award?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Why was Spielberg's Cecil B. DeMille Award postponed from 2008?", "answer": "watered-down format of the ceremony resulting from conflicts in the 2007\u201308 writers strike"}, {"question": "For which industry were elevators first used?", "answer": "coal mines"}, {"question": "In the mid 1800s what were elevators fueled by?", "answer": "steam power"}, {"question": "What were elevators originally built for?", "answer": "moving goods in bulk in mines and factories"}, {"question": "Who built the \"ascending room\", in 1823?", "answer": "Burton and Hormer"}, {"question": "The \"ascending room\" gave customers a view of what city's downtown?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?", "answer": "Sir William Armstrong"}, {"question": "Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?", "answer": "Tyneside docks"}, {"question": "In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law? ", "answer": "they provided a much greater force"}, {"question": "The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?", "answer": "encased inside a vertical cylinder"}, {"question": "besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?", "answer": "Counterweights and balances"}, {"question": "What Neapolitan architect created the \"Flying Chair\" elevator?", "answer": "Gaetano Genovese"}, {"question": "At what location was the \"Flying Chair\" installed in 1845?", "answer": "Royal Palace of Caserta"}, {"question": "What type of wood was used on the inside ?", "answer": "maple"}, {"question": "What controlled the traction?", "answer": "a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels"}, {"question": "What did the safety system consist of?", "answer": "a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring"}, {"question": "Who created the safety elevator in 1852?", "answer": "Elisha Otis"}, {"question": "What feature did the safety elevator display? ", "answer": "prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke"}, {"question": "What did the govenor device engage to lock the elevator?", "answer": "knurled roller(s)"}, {"question": "At what location was it first presented?", "answer": "New York exposition in the Crystal Palace"}, {"question": "Where was the first safety elevator installed?", "answer": "488 Broadway in New York City"}, {"question": "What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?", "answer": "first elevator shaft"}, {"question": "What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?", "answer": "cylindrical"}, {"question": "The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?", "answer": "United Technologies Corporation"}, {"question": "What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?", "answer": "world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems"}, {"question": "Who built the first electric elevator?", "answer": "Werner von Siemens"}, {"question": "The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?", "answer": "Anton Freissler"}, {"question": "Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?", "answer": "Frank Sprague"}, {"question": "To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?", "answer": "Otis Elevator Company"}, {"question": "What is another name for an elevator shaft?", "answer": "hoistway"}, {"question": "Elevator drive mechanisms have, in the past been, powered by what?", "answer": "steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand"}, {"question": "What is the weight of the elevator cage balanced by? ", "answer": "a counterweight"}, {"question": "How do elevators built in pairs work?", "answer": "their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions,"}, {"question": "How do most elevator doors work?", "answer": "have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally"}, {"question": "What design allows wider entryways within limited space?", "answer": "a cascading telescopic configuration"}, {"question": "What is a single panel door referred to as?", "answer": "\"slab\" door"}, {"question": "The single door is sometimes located where?", "answer": "on the shaft way"}, {"question": "What do elevator doors protect riders from?", "answer": "falling into the shaft"}, {"question": "Throughout history, what type of engines were used for elevator machines?", "answer": "AC motors"}, {"question": "Why were AC motors used?", "answer": "cost and lower usage applications where car speed and passenger comfort were less of an issue"}, {"question": "What problem arises for fast and large capacity elevators?", "answer": "the need for infinitely variable speed control over the traction machine"}, {"question": "Generally, what powered the relay contoller?", "answer": "MG set"}, {"question": "What is a known advantage of the MG set?", "answer": "electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical system"}, {"question": "In a gearless traction engine, what is the drive sheave attached to?", "answer": "directly attached to the end of the motor"}, {"question": "What speed is a gearless traction elevator capable of attaining?", "answer": "20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)"}, {"question": "What motivates an external drum brake held open electrically?", "answer": "spring force"}, {"question": "One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what?", "answer": "Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc"}, {"question": "What reduces the amount of force needed to propel the cab?", "answer": "cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab"}, {"question": "Where will the counterweight be found?", "answer": "in the hoist-way"}, {"question": "What guides the traction machine?", "answer": "the controller"}, {"question": "The counterweight runs equal to the cab weight plus what percentage of the elevator capacity?", "answer": "40-50%"}, {"question": "Maintaining that the ropes all have equal tension may reduce what?", "answer": "Sheave and rope wear"}, {"question": "\"Compensation\" is the name of the system used for what type of elevators?", "answer": "Elevators with more than 30 m (98 ft) of travel"}, {"question": "\"Compensation\" consists of what?", "answer": "a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab"}, {"question": "What exactly does this system compensate for?", "answer": "the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab"}, {"question": "What is the chain guided by in a compensation system that uses chains?", "answer": "a bar mounted between the counterweight railway lines"}, {"question": "What type of installations are hydraulic elevators best suited for?", "answer": "low rise, low traffic installations"}, {"question": "Why do hydraulic elevators use more energy?", "answer": "the pump works against gravity to push the car and its passengers upwards; this energy is lost when the car descends on its own weight"}, {"question": "What else contributes to a higher demand from the electrical system?", "answer": "The high current draw of the pump when starting up"}, {"question": "What concerns arise when the lifting cylinder leaks fluid into the ground?", "answer": "environmental concerns"}, {"question": "What defines a climbing elevator?", "answer": "a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion"}, {"question": "What settings are climbing elevators used in?", "answer": "guyed masts or towers"}, {"question": "What is the Glasgow Tower?", "answer": "an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland"}, {"question": "How is the propulsion powered in a climbing elevator?", "answer": "by an electric or a combustion engine"}, {"question": "What does this type of elevator use to propel the cage?", "answer": "a vacuum on top of the cab and a valve on the top of the \"shaft\""}, {"question": "For sudden surges in pressure above the cab, what is used as a \"brake\"?", "answer": "a diaphragm or a piston"}, {"question": "How does it enable the cab to go down by it's own weight?", "answer": "it opens the valve so that the air can pressurize the top of the \"shaft\""}, {"question": "What is the shaft made of?", "answer": "acrilic"}, {"question": "How much weight is permitted on a low capacity elevator?", "answer": "up to 525 lbs"}, {"question": "Until the mid 1900s most elevators lacked what?", "answer": "automatic positioning of the floor on which the cab would stop"}, {"question": " Many earlier built  freight elevators were controlled by what?", "answer": "switches operated by pulling on adjacent ropes"}, {"question": "How were most elevators built before 1939 powered? ", "answer": "by elevator operators using a rheostat connected to the motor"}, {"question": "A rheostat is the size and shape of what?", "answer": "a cake"}, {"question": "Where was the rheostat mounted?", "answer": "upright or sideways on the cab wall"}, {"question": "Where is the elevator motor found?", "answer": "at the top of the shaft or beside the bottom of the shaft"}, {"question": "Moving the helve forward causes the cab to do what?", "answer": "to rise"}, {"question": "The more pressure applied to the handle caused what?", "answer": "the faster the elevator would move"}, {"question": "Why was the handle considered a \"dead man switch\"?", "answer": "if the operator let go of the handle, it would return to its upright position, causing the elevator cab to stop"}, {"question": "Eventually safety locks were used to guarantee what?", "answer": "that the inner and outer doors were closed before the elevator was allowed to move"}, {"question": "What function does a \"destination operating panel\" feature?", "answer": "a passenger registers their floor calls before entering the car"}, {"question": "What is one benefit of a \"destination operating panel\"", "answer": "travel time is reduced as the elevator makes fewer stops for individual passengers"}, {"question": "What is another benefit of a \"destination operating panel\"?", "answer": "the computer distributes adjacent stops to different cars in the bank"}, {"question": "What is the downside to a :destination operating panel\"?", "answer": "passenger waiting times may be longer as they will not necessarily be allocated the next car to depart"}, {"question": "What is one example of a limitation on the system? ", "answer": "the system is subject to gaming"}, {"question": "What is generally unable to support variations in the number of people for a particular destination?", "answer": "The dispatching algorithm"}, {"question": "For what reason do people repeatedly push the up/down buttons on a panel?", "answer": "people believe this to be an effective way to hurry elevators"}, {"question": "Why is this a bad practice?", "answer": "this will make the computer think multiple people are waiting and will allocate empty cars to serve this one person"}, {"question": "What is one way to implement destination control?", "answer": "every user gets an RFID card to identify himself"}, {"question": "How does this help the system?", "answer": "the system knows every user call and can cancel the first call if the passenger decides to travel to another destination to prevent empty calls"}, {"question": "Newer systems know where and how many people are at a location for what reasons?", "answer": "either for the purposes of evacuating the building or for security reasons"}, {"question": "What is another name for up-peak mode?", "answer": "moderate incoming traffic"}, {"question": "Generally, up-peak mode takes place during what times of the day?", "answer": "most typically in the morning"}, {"question": "What are the reasons for up-peak mode early in the day?", "answer": "people arrive for work or at the conclusion of a lunch-time period"}, {"question": "For what reasons are elevators routed one-by-one?", "answer": "when they reach a pre-determined passenger load, or when they have had their doors opened for a certain period of time"}, {"question": "Why is a \"this car leaving next\" sign used?", "answer": "to encourage passengers to make maximum use of the available elevator system capacity"}, {"question": "How is the special sercice mode enabled?", "answer": "by a key switch either inside the elevator itself or on a centralized control panel in the lobby"}, {"question": "What is the impact on an elevator set to independant service mode?", "answer": "it will no longer respond to hall calls"}, {"question": "At what times is Independant service best utilized?", "answer": "when transporting large goods or moving groups of people between certain floors"}, {"question": "During independant service mode how is a single cab in a hall kept from being used?", "answer": "the hall buttons are disabled"}, {"question": "Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?", "answer": "qualified elevator mechanics"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Inspection service? ", "answer": "to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance"}, {"question": "What action initiates it's activation?", "answer": "a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB"}, {"question": "WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?", "answer": "the elevator will come to a stop if moving"}, {"question": "Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?", "answer": "The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches"}, {"question": "What initiates Phase one mode?", "answer": "a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor in the building"}, {"question": "What happens when an elevator goes into Phase one mode?", "answer": "The elevator will wait an amount of time, then proceed to go into nudging mode to tell everyone the elevator is leaving the floor"}, {"question": "Where does the elevator go from there?", "answer": "the elevator will go to the fire-recall floor"}, {"question": "What happens if the mode is activated on the fire-recall floor?", "answer": "the elevator will have an alternate floor to recall to"}, {"question": "How is the elevator enabled for service after the incident?", "answer": "The only way to return the elevator to normal service is to switch it to bypass after the alarms have reset"}, {"question": "How is the Phase-two mode enabled?", "answer": "Phase-two mode can only be activated by a key switch located inside the elevator on the centralized control panel"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Phase-two mode?", "answer": "This mode was created for firefighters so that they may rescue people from a burning building"}, {"question": "Where is the Phase-two key switch to be found?", "answer": "on the COP"}, {"question": "What does Phase-two do?", "answer": "enables the car to move"}, {"question": "What actions must a firefighter take to activate Phase-two mode?", "answer": "manually pushes and holds the door close button"}, {"question": "Upon arriving at the desinated floor, what does the elevator do?", "answer": "it will park with its doors open and the car buttons will be disabled to prevent a passenger from taking control of the elevator"}, {"question": "What steps do medical personnel take at that point?", "answer": "Medical personnel must then activate the code-blue key switch inside the car, select their floor and close the doors with the door close button"}, {"question": "Where then does the elevator go?", "answer": "The elevator will then travel non-stop to the selected floor"}, {"question": "Once it arrives what does the elevator do", "answer": "will remain in code-blue service until switched off in the car"}, {"question": "What does the hold feature do?", "answer": "allows the elevator to remain at a floor locked out of service until code blue is deactivated"}, {"question": "What sequence of events happens when the power shuts off in a traction elevator and the elevators all stop?", "answer": "One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down"}, {"question": "What do any passengers experience at this point?", "answer": "People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly"}, {"question": "After all cars go to the lobby, what is the next step?", "answer": "the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service"}, {"question": "How are the selected cars then readied for passengers? ", "answer": "The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby"}, {"question": "What is a safety feature to prevent entrapment?", "answer": "when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down"}, {"question": "How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?", "answer": "emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit"}, {"question": "Once the passengers have exited, what happens?", "answer": "The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch"}, {"question": "For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?", "answer": "due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor"}, {"question": "What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?", "answer": "\"soft-start\" contactors"}, {"question": "What types of elevator hold the highest safety record?", "answer": "cable-borne elevators"}, {"question": "In the late nineties, what was considered the rate of cable-borne elevator problems? ", "answer": "eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides"}, {"question": "What was the severity of the majority of elevator failures recorded?", "answer": "minor things such as the doors failing to open"}, {"question": "What is an example of a maintenance-related elevator death?", "answer": "technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts"}, {"question": "Before the Twin Towers attack in 2001 , what was the only reported freefall accident attributed to a modern cable-borne elevator?", "answer": "1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building"}, {"question": "Underground electrolytic malfunctions in hydraulic elevators can result in the destruction of what? ", "answer": "the cylinder and bulkhead"}, {"question": "What Elevator Safety Code change required a second dished bulkhead? ", "answer": "1972 ASME A17.1"}, {"question": "Before the code change was enacted what was the only permitted hydraulic cylinder type?", "answer": "single-bottom"}, {"question": "Once the cylinder is breached, what calamity does the loss of fluid cause?", "answer": "uncontrolled down movement of the elevator"}, {"question": "What testing does the code require?", "answer": "periodic testing of the pressure capability"}, {"question": "What part of the mine shaft requires routine testing?", "answer": "elevator rails"}, {"question": "What type of testing is done to the an area of the cable?", "answer": "destructive testing"}, {"question": "What is  the first step in destructive testing?", "answer": "The ends of the segment are frayed, then set in conical zinc molds"}, {"question": "Afterwards, what type of machine is the segment secured in?", "answer": "hydraulic stretching machine"}, {"question": "What types of information are collected in the process?", "answer": "Data about elasticity, load, and other factors is compiled"}, {"question": "What dictates passenger elevator capacities?", "answer": "the available floor space"}, {"question": "What capacities are passenger elevators availablee in?", "answer": "from 500 to 2,700 kg (1,000\u20136,000 lb) in 230 kg (500 lb) increments"}, {"question": "What types of passenger elevators are installed in structures of up to eight floors?", "answer": "hydraulic or electric"}, {"question": "Hydraulic elevators can reach speeds up to 1m/s or how many feet per minute?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "Electric elevators can reach speeds up to 3 m/s or how many feet per minute?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "Passenger elevators, used in city transport share similarities to what other ascending and descending vehicles counterbalancing each other?    ", "answer": "funiculars"}, {"question": "What type of public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, transport passengers from a hill above the Black Sea to a tunnel down on the beach?", "answer": "underground public elevator"}, {"question": "The elevator located at the Casco Viejo station in the Bilbao Metro is also used for what?", "answer": "city transportation"}, {"question": "How is that set up?", "answer": "ticket barriers are set up in such a way that passengers can pay to reach the elevator from the entrance in the lower city, or vice versa"}, {"question": "What is another name for a freight elevator?", "answer": "goods lift"}, {"question": "What type of notice is required to be visible in most freight elevators?", "answer": "a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited"}, {"question": "Some freight elevators allow transport of both freight and passengers by using what?", "answer": "an inconspicuous riser"}, {"question": "How do freight elevators differ from passenger elevators?", "answer": "Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator"}, {"question": "What type of elevator is better suited for carrying freight?", "answer": "electric elevators"}, {"question": "How are stage lifts powered?", "answer": "by hydraulics"}, {"question": "How many hydraulic elevators are there at Radio City Music Hall?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is an orchestra lift used for?", "answer": "to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below"}, {"question": "What is on the background of the image which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism?", "answer": "a barrel"}, {"question": "What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?", "answer": "residential"}, {"question": "What type of doors do commercial elevators use?", "answer": "metal sliding"}, {"question": "What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?", "answer": "locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones"}, {"question": "What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?", "answer": "residential"}, {"question": "What types of elevators occassionaly do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room or hoistway?", "answer": "residential"}, {"question": "What benefits does this serve?", "answer": "allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation"}, {"question": "In what year were Machine-room-less elevators first allowed?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "This decision reflected a revision of what?", "answer": "the ASME A17.1"}, {"question": "What are small freight elevators used for things such as food, called?", "answer": "Dumbwaiters"}, {"question": "What rooms are dumbwaiters frequently used in?", "answer": "They often connect kitchens to rooms on other floors"}, {"question": "What is a safety feature found in passenger elevators they generally do not have?", "answer": "various ropes for redundancy"}, {"question": "What is the height restriction on dumbwaiters?", "answer": "they can be up to 1 meter (3 ft.) tall"}, {"question": "What features do they have that mimic passenger elevators?", "answer": "calling, door control, floor selection"}, {"question": "An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?", "answer": "Material transport elevators"}, {"question": "What do the partians do on the conveyor?", "answer": "ensure that the material moves forward"}, {"question": "What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?", "answer": "industrial and agricultural applications"}, {"question": "What are spiral screws used for?", "answer": "to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos"}, {"question": "What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?", "answer": "Belt elevators"}, {"question": "The invention of elevators brought with it questions of social etiquette and formalities, generally referred to as what?", "answer": "social protocols"}, {"question": "The last tsar of Russia, Nicholas ll encountered his first elevator at the Hotel Adloin in what city?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "This caused a stir in deciding who should enter first and who should do what?", "answer": "press the buttons"}, {"question": "Andreas Bernard wrote about the social aspects of the new elevators in what book?", "answer": "Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator"}, {"question": "Modern elevator position or floor indicaters often use what type of bulbs?", "answer": "LED"}, {"question": "What type of lanterns are used outside elevators as well as inside most cabs?", "answer": "direction lanterns"}, {"question": "What do floor indicaters often consist of?", "answer": "successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs"}, {"question": "What generally indicates the arrival of the elevator at a new floor?", "answer": "a sound"}, {"question": "What is the main function of direction lanterns?", "answer": "to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator"}, {"question": "What might change your mind about whether or not to enter an elevator?", "answer": "If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down"}, {"question": "What type of etching might you see on a direction indicator?", "answer": "arrows or shaped like arrows"}, {"question": "Some elevators may use the color convention for only what purpose?", "answer": "to differentiate between directions"}, {"question": "New technologies aim to provide a better elevator experience to passengers who suffer from what?", "answer": "claustrophobia, anthropophobia or social anxiety"}, {"question": "What Israeli company uses motion sensors to display information on a screen embedded in the wall of the cabs?", "answer": "DigiGage"}, {"question": "LiftEye uses virtual window technology for what?", "answer": "to turn common elevator into panoramic"}, {"question": "How does it produce the panoramic effects?", "answer": "It creates 3d video panorama using live feed from cameras placed vertically along the facade and synchronizes it with cab movement"}, {"question": "Where is the video projected?", "answer": "on a wall-sized screens"}, {"question": "In what neighboring countries are passenger elevators required to adhere to Standard A17.1?", "answer": "most US and Canadian jurisdictions"}, {"question": " What is Standard A17.1?", "answer": "Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators"}, {"question": "What is the equivilent to the US Standard A17.1 called in Canada?", "answer": "CAN/CSA B44 Safety Standard"}, {"question": "What are passenger elevators tested with?", "answer": "ASME A17.2 Standard"}, {"question": "Whose name is on the permit required for operation of an elevator? ", "answer": "the building owner"}, {"question": "Do all jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator?", "answer": "some jurisdictions require the permit to be displayed in the elevator cab, other jurisdictions allow for the operating permit to be kept on file elsewhere"}, {"question": "Aside from the elevator, where else might a permit be displayed?", "answer": "the maintenance office"}, {"question": "What type of notice can be displayed in the elevator in lieu of the permit?", "answer": "a notice is posted in its place informing riders of where the actual permits are kept."}, {"question": "In 2008, what country had the largest number of elevators?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What country had the second most elevators installed?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "How many elevators had China installed since 1949?", "answer": "610,000"}, {"question": "What country boasts the worlds largest market for elevators?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "How many elevators are in Brazil?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "What type of elevators are used in the Taipei 101 office tower?", "answer": "Double deck elevators"}, {"question": "During what hours is the lower deck turned off?", "answer": "low-volume hours"}, {"question": "During the low volume hours, what can the upper deck function as?", "answer": "a single-level elevator stopping at all adjacent floors"}, {"question": "On what floor must restaurant customers clear their reservations?", "answer": "at the reception counter on the 2nd floor"}, {"question": "What levels make up the \"sky lobby\"?", "answer": "36 and 60, upper-deck car"}, {"question": "How fast do the observation deck elevators travel?", "answer": "1,010 metres per minute (61 km/h) in 16 seconds"}, {"question": "This speed holds what record?", "answer": "world-record certified speed"}, {"question": "What does cabin pressure control do? ", "answer": "help passengers adapt smoothly to pressure changes"}, {"question": "How fast does the elevator drop down?", "answer": "600 meters per minute"}, {"question": "At what floor do the doors open on the way down?", "answer": "52nd"}, {"question": "What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?", "answer": "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror"}, {"question": "What is the main feature of this attraction?", "answer": "a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system"}, {"question": "Do ride goers stand or sit?", "answer": "passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing"}, {"question": "What unique feature does this ride provide guests?", "answer": "downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity"}, {"question": "What type of motor is used?", "answer": "high-speed drive motor"}, {"question": "How are passenger cabs separated from the lift?", "answer": "mechanically"}, {"question": "What type of vehicles are the passenger cabs?", "answer": "automated guided vehicles or AGVs"}, {"question": "What action do the cabs take before the elevator begins to move?", "answer": "move into the vertical motion shaft and lock themselves in"}, {"question": "What is special about the doorways of the top floors?", "answer": "The doorways of the top few \"floors\" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment"}, {"question": "What does this allow riders to do at the top?", "answer": "look out from the top of the structure"}, {"question": "What are the 67th, 69th, and 70th floors of the GE Building at Rockerfeller Center nicknamed?", "answer": "\"Top of the Rock\""}, {"question": "What do these floors serve as?", "answer": "observation decks"}, {"question": "What type of elevator is featured?", "answer": "high-speed glass-top"}, {"question": "How long is the short trip?", "answer": "about 60 seconds"}, {"question": "The special effects include blue light, music playing and what else?", "answer": "various animations are also displayed on the ceiling"}, {"question": " The Haunted Mansion at Disneyland in California and the one in Paris, France sharewhat attribute?", "answer": "takes place on an elevator"}, {"question": "What is the name of area that is really an elevator?", "answer": "The \"stretching room\""}, {"question": "What is included in the elevator's design?", "answer": "The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion"}, {"question": "What is the illusion given by these effects?", "answer": "the illusion of the room stretching"}, {"question": "What planet is Neptune's near-twin? ", "answer": "Uranus"}, {"question": "How much more dense is Neptune compared to Earth?", "answer": "17 times"}, {"question": "What is Neptune named after?", "answer": "Roman god of the sea"}, {"question": "What does the astronomical sign of Neptune represent?", "answer": "god Neptune's trident"}, {"question": "How many Earth years does Neptune orbit the sun? ", "answer": "164.8 years"}, {"question": "How was Neptune found? ", "answer": "mathematical prediction"}, {"question": "Who discovered Neptune? ", "answer": "Alexis Bouvard"}, {"question": "When was Neptune first observed? ", "answer": "23 September 1846"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's largest moon? ", "answer": "Triton"}, {"question": "What flew by Neptune in 1989? ", "answer": "Voyager 2"}, {"question": "Which planet is compositionally similar to Neptune? ", "answer": "Uranus"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere primarily composed of? ", "answer": "hydrogen and helium"}, {"question": "What is the interior of Neptune composed of? ", "answer": "ices and rock"}, {"question": "What makes Neptune blue? ", "answer": "methane"}, {"question": "What \"ices\" makes up Neptune? ", "answer": "water, ammonia, and methane"}, {"question": "What weather did Voyager 2 observe on Neptune? ", "answer": "Great Dark Spot"}, {"question": "What weather feature does Neptune have stronger than any other planet? ", "answer": "sustained winds"}, {"question": "What were the wind speeds recorded on Neptune? ", "answer": "2,100 kilometres per hour"}, {"question": "What is the cloud tops on Neptune temperature? ", "answer": "55 K (\u2212218 \u00b0C)."}, {"question": "What is Neptune's planet center temperature? ", "answer": "5,400 K (5,100 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "Who drew Neptune after observing it with a telescope? ", "answer": "Galileo"}, {"question": "What was Neptune mistaken for at first? ", "answer": "a fixed star"}, {"question": "What happens when Neptune goes retrograde? ", "answer": "Earth's orbit takes it past an outer planet"}, {"question": "What date was Neptune drawn first? ", "answer": "28 December 1612"}, {"question": "Who recently researched the original observation of Neptune? ", "answer": "David Jamieson"}, {"question": "What year did Alexis Bouvard publish relevant astronomical tables? ", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "What did Alexis Bouvard study? ", "answer": "the orbit of Neptune's neighbour Uranus"}, {"question": "When did John Couch Adams begin working on the orbit of Uranus? ", "answer": "1843"}, {"question": "Who gave John Couch Adams extra data? ", "answer": "Sir George Airy"}, {"question": "What did the extra data John Couch Adams received produce? ", "answer": "several different estimates of a new planet"}, {"question": "Who was Henrich d'Arrest? ", "answer": "student at the observatory"}, {"question": "What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? ", "answer": "the displacement characteristic of a planet"}, {"question": "When did Galle discover Neptune? ", "answer": "23 September 1846"}, {"question": "How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?", "answer": "12\u00b0"}, {"question": "What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? ", "answer": "comet observations"}, {"question": "What two countries argued over credit for the discovery of Neptune? ", "answer": "French and the British"}, {"question": "Who ultimately deserved credit for the discovery of Neptune? ", "answer": "Le Verrier and Adams"}, {"question": "Who questioned Adams's claim to co-discovery of Neptune? ", "answer": "Dennis Rawlins"}, {"question": "Who did not deserve credit to co-discovery of Neptune? ", "answer": "Adams"}, {"question": "Who predicted Neptune's place and convinced astronomer's to search for it? ", "answer": "Le Verrier"}, {"question": "Who claimed the right to name Neptune? ", "answer": "Le Verrier"}, {"question": "What did the discoverer want to name Neptune first? ", "answer": "Le Verrier"}, {"question": "What country approved Neptune's first name? ", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What first introduced Neptune and Uranus's names? ", "answer": "French almanacs"}, {"question": "Who did not approve of the first name for Neptune? ", "answer": "French Bureau des Longitudes"}, {"question": "What is the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations for Neptune? ", "answer": "sea king star"}, {"question": "What god was Neptune? ", "answer": "god of the sea"}, {"question": "What is the Mongolian name for Neptune? ", "answer": "Dalain Van"}, {"question": "What did the Greeks call Neptune? ", "answer": "Poseidon"}, {"question": "What was the Biblical sea monster that Neptune is named in Hebrew? ", "answer": "Rahab"}, {"question": "What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? ", "answer": "farthest known planet"}, {"question": "What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? ", "answer": "between 1979 and 1999"}, {"question": "What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? ", "answer": "the Kuiper belt"}, {"question": "What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? ", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system? ", "answer": "the outermost known planet"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's mass? ", "answer": "1.0243\u00d71026 kg"}, {"question": "How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth? ", "answer": "17 times"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar? ", "answer": "11.15 m/s2"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's equatorial radius? ", "answer": "24,764 km"}, {"question": "What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles? ", "answer": "ice giant"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's mantle rich in? ", "answer": "water, ammonia and methane"}, {"question": "What is the hot, dense fluid in Neptune referred to as? ", "answer": "icy"}, {"question": "What does the fluid in Neptune have a high conductivity of? ", "answer": "electrical"}, {"question": "How deep does Neptune's water-ammonia ocean go? ", "answer": "7000 km"}, {"question": "What rains on Neptune? ", "answer": "diamond crystals"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's atmosphere made of? ", "answer": "80% hydrogen and 19% helium"}, {"question": "Where are absorption bands of methane on Neptune? ", "answer": "wavelengths above 600 nm"}, {"question": "What gives Neptune it's blue hue? ", "answer": "absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane"}, {"question": "What planet also gets it's color from atmospheric constituent? ", "answer": "Uranus"}, {"question": "What color is Uranus, compared to Neptune? ", "answer": "cyan"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? ", "answer": "altitude"}, {"question": "Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  ", "answer": "upper-level"}, {"question": "What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? ", "answer": "ammonia and hydrogen sulfide"}, {"question": "On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? ", "answer": "ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water"}, {"question": "What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? ", "answer": "273 K (0 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "On Neptune, which clouds cast shadows on the cloud deck below it? ", "answer": "High-altitude clouds"}, {"question": "What are the widths of the cloud bands on Neptune? ", "answer": "50\u2013150 km"}, {"question": "Where are the high altitude bands of clouds on Neptune? ", "answer": "50\u2013110 km above the cloud deck."}, {"question": "Where on Neptune does weather not occur? ", "answer": "higher stratosphere or thermosphere"}, {"question": "What does Neptune have more of compared to Uranus? ", "answer": "volume of ocean"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's temperature in the thermosphere? ", "answer": "750 K"}, {"question": "What would interact with Neptune's magnetic field to make it warm?", "answer": "atmospheric interaction with ions"}, {"question": "Where would gravity waves in Neptune's interior dissipate? ", "answer": "in the atmosphere"}, {"question": "What does Neptune's thermosphere containers traces of? ", "answer": "carbon dioxide and water"}, {"question": "What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field? ", "answer": "47\u00b0"}, {"question": "Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre? ", "answer": "0.55 radii"}, {"question": "What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation? ", "answer": "Uranus's"}, {"question": "What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation? ", "answer": "flows in the planets' interiors"}, {"question": "What fluids are in Neptune's interior? ", "answer": "ammonia, methane and water"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? ", "answer": "2.2 \u00d7 1017 T\u00b7m3"}, {"question": "What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? ", "answer": "strong quadrupole moment"}, {"question": "Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?", "answer": "Earth, Jupiter and Saturn"}, {"question": "Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?", "answer": "the planet's centre"}, {"question": "What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?", "answer": "14 microteslas (0.14 G)"}, {"question": "What system, like Saturn, does Neptune have? ", "answer": "planetary ring system"}, {"question": "What might Neptune's rings consist of?", "answer": "ice particles"}, {"question": "What might the ice particles of Neptune's rings be coated with?", "answer": "silicates or carbon-based material"}, {"question": "Where is Adams ring from the center of Neptune?", "answer": "63,000 km"}, {"question": "Where is the La Verrier ring from the center of Neptune?", "answer": "53,000 km"}, {"question": "What dynamic weather does Neptune have?", "answer": "storm"}, {"question": "What does Neptune's wind speeds reach? ", "answer": "600 m/s (2,200 km/h; 1,300 mph)"}, {"question": "What is the high wind speed on Neptune's cloud tops?", "answer": "400 m/s"}, {"question": "Which direction does Neptune's winds move relevant to the plant's rotation?", "answer": "opposite"}, {"question": "What is the effect called that describes the flow direction on Neptune? ", "answer": "skin effect"}, {"question": "How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere? ", "answer": "10 K"}, {"question": "What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole? ", "answer": "73 K (\u2212200 \u00b0C)."}, {"question": "Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune? ", "answer": "the stratosphere near the pole."}, {"question": "How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?", "answer": "north pole"}, {"question": "What white cloud group on Neptune is farther south than the dark great spot?", "answer": "The Scooter"}, {"question": "When was The Scooter on Neptune observed?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What type of storm is The Scooter on Neptune? ", "answer": "southern cyclonic storm"}, {"question": "What detected the storms on Neptune? ", "answer": "Voyager 2)"}, {"question": "What is the second most intense storm on Neptune? ", "answer": "The Small Dark Spot"}, {"question": "Where are Neptune's dark spots thought to occur? ", "answer": "in the troposphere"}, {"question": "What do Neptune's dark spots appear as in the cloud decks? ", "answer": "holes"}, {"question": "Since Neptune's dark spots persist for several months, what are they thought to be?", "answer": "vortex structures"}, {"question": "What on Neptune are associated with dark spots that are brighter?", "answer": "methane clouds"}, {"question": "When Neptune's dark spots migrate too close to the equator, what do they do?", "answer": "dissipate"}, {"question": "Why might Neptune have more varied weather than Uranus?", "answer": "higher internal heating"}, {"question": "How much farther is Neptune from the Sun than Uranus?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "How much percentage of the sun does Neptune get compared to Uranus?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How much more energy does Neptune radiate than it receives? ", "answer": "2.61"}, {"question": "The current heat flow on Neptune might be explained by what?", "answer": "heat left over from Neptune's formation"}, {"question": "When did Neptune complete it's first barycentric orbit since it's discovery?", "answer": "11 July 2011"}, {"question": "What is the Earth's orbit?", "answer": "365.26-day"}, {"question": "Using the heliocentric coordinate system, when did Neptune reach the discovery longitude? ", "answer": "12 July 2011"}, {"question": "Why didn't Neptune appear to be in it's exact discover position? ", "answer": "Earth was in a different location"}, {"question": "What is the region behind Neptune called? ", "answer": "Kuiper belt"}, {"question": "What does the Kuiper belt consist of?", "answer": "small icy worlds"}, {"question": "Where is the Kuiper belt relative to Neptune?", "answer": "30 AU out to about 55 AU from the Sun"}, {"question": "What dominates the Kuiper belt? ", "answer": "Neptune's gravity"}, {"question": "What did Neptune's gravity do to Kuiper belt? ", "answer": "gaps in the Kuiper belt's structure"}, {"question": "What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? ", "answer": "2:3 resonance"}, {"question": "How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?", "answer": "Pluto"}, {"question": "What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?", "answer": "2:3"}, {"question": "Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?", "answer": "3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5"}, {"question": "What is the resonance of Neptune trojans?", "answer": "1:1"}, {"question": "Where did most Neptune trojans form?", "answer": "alongside Neptune"}, {"question": "What is the only object identified with Neptune's trailing L5 Lagrangian point?", "answer": "2008 LC18"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's temporary quasi-satellite named?", "answer": "(309239) 2007 RW10"}, {"question": "How long has Neptune's quasi-satellite been with Neptune? ", "answer": "12,500 years"}, {"question": "What could have blasted Neptune and Uranus's atmosphere with radiation, aiding in creation? ", "answer": "nearby massive OB star"}, {"question": "What is too low to account for the formation of Neptune?", "answer": "matter density"}, {"question": "If Neptune was formed from instabilities within the original protoplanetary disc, what was it not formed by?", "answer": "core accretion"}, {"question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what is the matter density?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "If Neptune formed closer to the sun, what caused it to migrate to it's current orbit?", "answer": "removal of the gaseous protoplanetary disc"}, {"question": "What is the most widely accepted explanation of Neptune's formation called?", "answer": "the Nice model"}, {"question": "What does The Nice model consider effected the migration of Neptune?", "answer": "Kuiper belt."}, {"question": "How many moons does Neptune have?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's largest moon?", "answer": "Triton"}, {"question": "Who discovered Triton? ", "answer": "William Lassell"}, {"question": "What orbit does Triton have around Neptune? ", "answer": "retrograde orbit"}, {"question": "What does Triton's orbit suggest about it's relation to Neptune?", "answer": "that it was captured"}, {"question": "What discovered six moons of Neptune in 1989?", "answer": "Voyager 2"}, {"question": "What is the second most massive Neptunian moon? ", "answer": "Proteus"}, {"question": "What is notable about the moon Proteus?", "answer": "irregularly shaped"}, {"question": "Which are Neptune's four innermost moons?", "answer": "Naiad, Thalassa, Despina and Galatea"}, {"question": "When was Neptune's moon Larissa discovered? ", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What is Neptune's angular diameter range?", "answer": "2.2 to 2.4 arcseconds"}, {"question": "The advent of what telescope made it easier to study Neptune?", "answer": "Hubble Space Telescope"}, {"question": "When was the first useful observation of Neptune from the ground?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What seasons are Neptune currently entering?", "answer": "spring and summer"}, {"question": "What was discovered around Neptune in 2004 and 2005?", "answer": "five new small satellites"}, {"question": "What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?", "answer": "Voyager 2"}, {"question": "When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?", "answer": "25 August 1989"}, {"question": "What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?", "answer": "Triton"}, {"question": "What program aired on PBS about Neptune?", "answer": "Neptune All Night"}, {"question": "When is the next hypothetical mission to Neptune?", "answer": "late 2020s"}, {"question": "What about Neptune did NASA propose in 2003 in their \"Vision Missions Studies\"?", "answer": "Neptune Orbiter with Probes"}, {"question": "When will Argo be launched?", "answer": "2019"}, {"question": "What will Argo visit?", "answer": "Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and a Kuiper belt object"}, {"question": "When can we expect Argo to visit Triton?", "answer": "2029"}, {"question": "What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?", "answer": "maintenance"}, {"question": "How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?", "answer": "can switch to different supply voltages"}, {"question": "What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?", "answer": "significant capital expenditure"}, {"question": "What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?", "answer": "freight and passenger traffic"}, {"question": "What is used to haul passengers cars?", "answer": "electric locomotives"}, {"question": "How is electricity being generated for electric locomotives?", "answer": "generating stations"}, {"question": "What entity provides distribution lines, switches and transformers?", "answer": "railway"}, {"question": "What is the principal alternative to electric railways?", "answer": "diesel engine"}, {"question": "What locomotives are usually more reliable?", "answer": "Electric locomotives"}, {"question": "What do some electric traction systems provide?", "answer": "regenerative braking"}, {"question": "What type of fuel do diesel locomotives use?", "answer": "petroleum"}, {"question": "What is one of the sources electricity is being generated from?", "answer": "geothermal"}, {"question": "What issue can complicate electric railway service?", "answer": "different supply voltages and frequencies,"}, {"question": "What is a safety hazard to track workers?", "answer": "voltages on contact wires"}, {"question": "What is a safer alternative to third rails?", "answer": "Overhead wires"}, {"question": "Why overhead wires are not being widely used?", "answer": "considered unsightly."}, {"question": "What is speed limit for railways?", "answer": "variable speeds"}, {"question": "Why is DC motor being used more than AC type?", "answer": "conversion was not well developed"}, {"question": "What are two types of railway transportation still use DC motor?", "answer": "rapid transit (subways) and trams"}, {"question": "Why do motors have little space for insulation?", "answer": "low voltage ratings"}, {"question": "What is most common volatage range used by railway system?", "answer": "below 1 kV"}, {"question": "Why 1kV voltage is almost always used by rail systems?", "answer": "safety reasons"}, {"question": "Which system uses higher voltages?", "answer": "overhead wires"}, {"question": "Is \"low\" voltage used by trains safe for people?", "answer": "lethal"}, {"question": "What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?", "answer": "DC"}, {"question": "Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?", "answer": "signalling and communications"}, {"question": "Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What is most common voltage for DC supply?", "answer": "1,500 V"}, {"question": "How many narrow-gauge lines in Slovakia?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What railway line is DC being used in Portugal?", "answer": "the Cascais Line"}, {"question": "Where in India line has been converted to AC?", "answer": "Mumbai area"}, {"question": "What voltage is being used in railway system of South Africa and Chile?", "answer": "3 kV DC"}, {"question": "Besides using 3kV DC what other power type is used in the former Soviet Union countries?", "answer": "25 kV 50 Hz AC"}, {"question": "What was New Jersey Transit called before?", "answer": "Western Railroad"}, {"question": "What does the railway system of US use DC or AC?", "answer": "AC"}, {"question": "What type is mostly used third rail or overhead wires?", "answer": "overhead wires"}, {"question": "Is trird rail system being used exclusively with AC or DC ?", "answer": "DC distribution"}, {"question": "What depth does the alternating current penetrate in a steel rail?", "answer": "skin depth"}, {"question": "What is physically more compact tird rail or overhead wires?", "answer": "Third rail"}, {"question": "What is more prefferable for subway lines?", "answer": "Third rail"}, {"question": "Why DC system can effect the speed of trains?", "answer": "low voltages"}, {"question": "Can DC systems use low-level platform?", "answer": "cannot"}, {"question": "Besides speed and size what else the low voltage of DC system can effect?", "answer": "air-conditioning"}, {"question": "What is the speed limit for third rail system trains?", "answer": "160 km/h"}, {"question": "What can become unreliable if the speed exceeds the limit of 100 mph for DC system trains?", "answer": "contact between the shoe and the rail"}, {"question": "What is the other name for the street trams?", "answer": "streetcars"}, {"question": "Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?", "answer": "below street level"}, {"question": "What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?", "answer": "Washington, D.C."}, {"question": "What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?", "answer": "leaves and snow"}, {"question": "What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?", "answer": "cost and operating efficiency"}, {"question": "What year the \"second generation\" of tram system began to operate in France?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "When was the original system discontinued?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "How is the circuit of the third rail divided?", "answer": "energized segment"}, {"question": "Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?", "answer": "no danger"}, {"question": "What type of system does London Underground use?", "answer": "four-rail system"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the forth rail?", "answer": "carries the electrical return"}, {"question": "What is the volatage surge of the third rail of London Underground system?", "answer": "+420v DC"}, {"question": "What is the voltage of the return rail?", "answer": "\u2212210v DC"}, {"question": "Where was the system similar to London Underground used as well?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "What is the crucial advantage of four-rail system?", "answer": "running rail carries any current"}, {"question": "What danger can return currents cause?", "answer": "electrolytic damage"}, {"question": "How did return current effect water and gas in iron pipes?", "answer": "water and gas mains"}, {"question": "How are stray earth currents kept to a manageable levels? ", "answer": "by using resistors"}, {"question": "What insures minimal current leak during power rails instalation?", "answer": "ceramic chairs"}, {"question": "What is the voltage shared two types of trains UK railroad system?", "answer": "660 V"}, {"question": "Why some sections of Bakerloo and District lines were rewired to three-rail system?", "answer": "to simplify rolling stock use"}, {"question": "How did it become possible to share the voltage for different types of train?", "answer": "the centre rail is connected to the running rails"}, {"question": "Why some lines of Paris Metro have to operate on a four-rail system?", "answer": "rubber tyres"}, {"question": "What was the solution for the return current problem in Paris Metro?", "answer": "two guide rails"}, {"question": "What is required in order for the guide rails to operate properly?", "answer": "a single polarity supply"}, {"question": "How train is able to turn around after each completed journey?", "answer": "reversing loops"}, {"question": "Why was the reversing loop created?", "answer": "having to 'run around' the rest of the train"}, {"question": "What was a disadvantage of DC system?", "answer": "power-wasting resistors"}, {"question": "How can different range of voltages be supplied for AC locomotives?", "answer": "multiple taps on the transformer"}, {"question": "What taps can provide lighting supply?", "answer": "low-voltage transformer windings"}, {"question": "What will AC/DC motor be replaced with?", "answer": "three-phase induction motor"}, {"question": "What is the main advantage of an induction motor?", "answer": "can run equally well on DC or AC of any frequency"}, {"question": "How can DC motor turn universal?", "answer": "if fitted with laminated pole pieces"}, {"question": "What problems did AC distribution cause?", "answer": "inductive reactance and eddy current losses"}, {"question": "How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?", "answer": "low AC frequencies"}, {"question": "How can low frequencies be obtained?", "answer": "converted from utility power"}, {"question": "How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?", "answer": "adopting the already proven RhB system."}, {"question": "When was the first trail of RhB system tested?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "What frequency was typically used on US Amtrak?", "answer": "25 Hz"}, {"question": "What voltage does SEPTA system use?", "answer": "12 kV voltage"}, {"question": "What specification is similar for both Amtrak and Septa systems?", "answer": "catenary voltage"}, {"question": "When was a 11kV system of NY, New Haven and Hartford was converted to 12.5 kV?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "When was overhead wires system being used for the first time in UK?", "answer": "1 December 1909"}, {"question": "What line used the overhead wire system first Victoria to Crystal Palace or Peckham Rye to West Noorwood?", "answer": "Victoria to Crystal Palace"}, {"question": "What was the cause of lines not being extended?", "answer": "the First World War"}, {"question": "What voltage was used in the two lines opened in 1925 of Southern Railway?", "answer": "6.7 kV 25 Hz"}, {"question": "What countries  used three-phase AC system in the the beginning of 20th century?", "answer": "Italy, Switzerland and the United States"}, {"question": "What country was a bigger user compare to the three of them?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Where did Italy start using the AC system?", "answer": "in the mountainous regions of northern Italy"}, {"question": "How long did the AC system last in northern Italy?", "answer": "1901 until 1976"}, {"question": "How long did three-phase system operate in Cascade Tunnel?", "answer": "1909 to 1927"}, {"question": "What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?", "answer": "16 kV at 50 Hz"}, {"question": "What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?", "answer": "four-pole rotating phase converter"}, {"question": "How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?", "answer": "motor could be changed using slip rings"}, {"question": "What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What was the main requirement for electric feeder stations?", "answer": "line fed from different feeder stations must be kept strictly isolated"}, {"question": "What invention prevented lines from getting mixed?", "answer": "Phase Breaks"}, {"question": "What was the part of wire in Phase Break sections an arc being drawn from one wire to another?", "answer": "The earthed section"}, {"question": "How were the drivers warned to start coasting the train?", "answer": "warning board"}, {"question": "What should the driver do in order to open and close the circuit breaker?", "answer": "to shut off power and coast"}, {"question": "What nowdays electrification systems can use?", "answer": "DC motors which directly use the DC or they may be 3-phase AC motors"}, {"question": "What is the main action AC and DC systems have to deal with?", "answer": "converting and transporting"}, {"question": "What type of losses happen during conversion and transmission in wires and electronics?", "answer": "ohmic losses"}, {"question": "What kind of losses take place in transformers and inductors during conversion/transmission process?", "answer": "magnetic field losses"}, {"question": "What two systems were compare in the Soviet Union in 1970?", "answer": "3 kV DC and 25 kV AC (50 Hz"}, {"question": "Which system had higher losses in overhead wires?", "answer": "3 kV DC"}, {"question": "Which system was used in Soviet Union after all calculations?", "answer": "3 kV DC"}, {"question": "What came with lesser lesser cost mobile conversion hardware or stationary hardware?", "answer": "stationary hardware"}, {"question": "What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?", "answer": "\"sparks effect\""}, {"question": "What can electrification of modern trains effect? ", "answer": "patronage / revenue"}, {"question": "How can better service quality be achieved?", "answer": "rolling stock overhaul / replacement"}, {"question": "What is a major factor whn it comes to electrification?", "answer": "Network effects"}, {"question": "What was the reason some electrifications were removed after a while?", "answer": "through traffic to non-electrified lines"}, {"question": "Where can the issue of through traffic benefits occur?", "answer": "long distance trips"}, {"question": "What can be a drawback of electrification of long distance freight trains?", "answer": "electrification to isolated areas"}, {"question": "What does the increasing demand for container traffic make companies use more often?", "answer": "diesel trains"}, {"question": "What is the other issue that comes to sight when using electrification system?", "answer": "connections between different electrical services"}, {"question": "Why the commuter lines built to different standards can cause be complicated?", "answer": "the implications on the sections it is connecting"}, {"question": "What is the solution many lines came up with in order to avoid replacing present rolling stock?", "answer": "to be overlaid with multiple electrification standards"}, {"question": "Why are disel trains  still used on electrified routes?", "answer": "due to incompatibility of electrification standards"}, {"question": "Which of two can be more efficiently electricified?", "answer": "Central station"}, {"question": "How can electric power plant become more power efficient?", "answer": "it will shut down its least efficient generators"}, {"question": "How can electric train be more energy efficient?", "answer": "by regenerative braking"}, {"question": "Which type of train continues to use energy while coasting or being stopped?", "answer": "diesel"}, {"question": "What causes electric trains to waste energy?", "answer": "cooling blowers"}, {"question": "Can renewable source of electricity be used in mobile power plants?", "answer": "unsuitable"}, {"question": "What type of natural resources is more scarce?", "answer": "liquid fuel"}, {"question": "What is the recent incentive in  order to overcome oil scarcity?", "answer": "to substitute other fuels"}, {"question": "What research can be used in the future if translated?", "answer": "Soviet studies from the 1980s"}, {"question": "What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?", "answer": "electric"}, {"question": "What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?", "answer": "25% less fuel per ton-km"}, {"question": "What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?", "answer": "better operating conditions on electrified lines"}, {"question": "How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?", "answer": "1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content"}, {"question": "What caused the energy efficiency to go up?", "answer": "energy-intensity dropping"}, {"question": "Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?", "answer": "2-axle freight cars"}, {"question": "What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?", "answer": "electric"}, {"question": "How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?", "answer": "2.65%"}, {"question": "Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?", "answer": "no improvement"}, {"question": "How many people speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States?", "answer": "There are 45 million Hispanophones who speak Spanish as a first or second language in the United States,"}, {"question": "How many Hispanics speak English too?", "answer": "Roughly half of all American Spanish-speakers also speak English \"very well,\" based on their self-assessment in the U.S. Census."}, {"question": "What other language is often spoken in the United states?", "answer": "The Spanish language is the second most spoken language in the United States."}, {"question": "What type of language id Spanish?", "answer": "Spanish is the Romance language and the Indo-European language with the largest number of native speakers in the world."}, {"question": "How many Spanish speaking students are there in the United States?", "answer": "six million Spanish language students."}, {"question": "How old is the Spanish language in the United States?", "answer": "The Spanish language has been present in what is now the United States since the 16th and 17th centuries"}, {"question": "Did the Spanish conquer land in the United States?", "answer": "Spanish colonization in North America that would later become the states of Florida, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and California."}, {"question": "Where in the United States did the Spanish explore?", "answer": "The Spanish explorers explored areas of 42 future U.S. states"}, {"question": "Were there states ruled by the Spanish?", "answer": "western regions of the Louisiana Territory were under Spanish rule between 1763 to 1800,"}, {"question": "Do the Spanish have a legacy in America from their forefathers?", "answer": "after the French and Indian War, further extending the Spanish influence throughout modern-day United States of America."}, {"question": "When did the Spanish arrive to America?", "answer": "Spanish arrived in the territory of the modern United States with Ponce de Le\u00f3n in 1513."}, {"question": "Did Europeans speak Spanish in America?", "answer": "Spanish was the language spoken by the first permanent European settlers in North America."}, {"question": "Where is the oldest settlement in America?", "answer": "St. Augustine, Florida"}, {"question": "What is the oldest city of the United States territory?", "answer": "The oldest city in all of the U.S. territory, as of 1898, is San Juan, capital of Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "How was St. Augustine founded?", "answer": "the Spaniards, by way of Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, founded St. Augustine, Florida"}, {"question": "Was Texas a part of Mexico?", "answer": "In 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence from Spain, Texas was part of the United Mexican States as the state of Coahuila y Tejas"}, {"question": "When did the Americans come to Texas?", "answer": "A large influx of Americans soon followed, originally with the approval of Mexico's president. In 1836"}, {"question": "Was there a war between the Mexicans and the Texans?", "answer": "Texans, fought a war of independence from the central government of Mexico"}, {"question": "When did Texas become a state?", "answer": "In 1846, the Republic dissolved when Texas entered the United States of America as a state."}, {"question": "Was Texas a primarily a Spanish speaking state?", "answer": "Per the 1850 U.S. census, fewer than 16,000 Texans were of Mexican descent, and nearly all were Spanish-speaking people"}, {"question": "When did other states become part of Mexico?", "answer": "After the Mexican War of Independence from Spain"}, {"question": "What states made up of Alta California", "answer": "California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado and southwestern Wyoming became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California"}, {"question": "What states were part of Santa Fe de Nuevo", "answer": "most of New Mexico, western Texas, southern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, and Oklahoma panhandle were part of the territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico"}, {"question": "Why is  there still Bilingual  spoken in these states?", "answer": "The geographical isolation and unique political history of this territory"}, {"question": "Why isn't the southwest Spanish speaking?", "answer": "Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law"}, {"question": "Is Canada bilingual?", "answer": "United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did."}, {"question": "Was California a bilingual state?", "answer": "California constitutional convention of 1849 had eight Californio participants; the resulting state constitution was produced in English and Spanish,"}, {"question": "Why didn't California officially become  bilingual?", "answer": "the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English"}, {"question": "Was there a court ruling?", "answer": "the convention ultimately voted 46-39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English."}, {"question": "Did America try to make Puerto Rico an English speaking territory?", "answer": "U.S. federal government strenuously tried to force Puerto Ricans to adopt English"}, {"question": "How did America try to make Puerto Rico's language English?", "answer": "making them use English as the primary language of instruction in their high schools."}, {"question": "Was English in Puerto Rico successful?", "answer": "It was completely unsuccessful,"}, {"question": "How did Puerto Rico stay a Spanish speaking territory?", "answer": "Puerto Rico was able to maintain its Spanish language, culture, and identity because the relatively small, densely populated island"}, {"question": "Does Puerto Rico have many English speaking residents?", "answer": "the territory was never hit with a massive influx of millions of English speakers like the vast territory acquired from Mexico 50 years earlier."}, {"question": "How many Puerto Ricans are there?", "answer": "At over 5 million, Puerto Ricans are easily the 2nd largest Hispanic group. Of all major Hispanic groups"}, {"question": "Do they speak Spanish fluently?", "answer": "Puerto Ricans are the least likely to be proficient in Spanish"}, {"question": "Where are the biggest population of Puerto Ricans on the mainland?", "answer": "many Puerto Ricans have migrated to New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, and other areas of the Eastern United States"}, {"question": "Does Florida have a high Hispanic population?", "answer": "increasing the Spanish-speaking populations and in some areas being the majority of the Hispanophone population, especially in Central Florida. In Hawaii"}, {"question": "Are Hispanics in Hawaii?", "answer": "7.0 per cent of the islands' people are either Hispanic or Hispanophone or both."}, {"question": "Why did Cubans come to the United States?", "answer": "Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability"}, {"question": "What year did most Cubans start coming to America?", "answer": "The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States"}, {"question": "Where do most Cuban Americans live?", "answer": ", most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States"}, {"question": "Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?", "answer": "most are fluent in Spanish"}, {"question": "Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?", "answer": "In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration."}, {"question": "What other Spanish Speaking people come to America?", "answer": "Spanish-speaking Nicaraguans"}, {"question": "Why did the Nicaraguans come to America?", "answer": "political instability during the end of the 1970s and the 1980s"}, {"question": "When did the Nicaraguans arrive?", "answer": "Throughout the 1980s with the United States supported Contra War (or Contra-revolutionary war) which continued up until 1988"}, {"question": "Where did Nicaraguans settle in America?", "answer": "The states of the United States where most Nicaraguans migrated to include Florida, California and Texas."}, {"question": "Was there a specific reason many Nicaraguans fled to the U.S.?", "answer": "the economic collapse of the country many more Nicaraguans migrated to the United States amongst other countries."}, {"question": "Why did Salvadorans come to America?", "answer": "The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems."}, {"question": "When did Salvadorans come to America?", "answer": "The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s"}, {"question": "How many Salvadorans immigrated?", "answer": "20\u201330% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,"}, {"question": "What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?", "answer": "United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group"}, {"question": "Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?", "answer": "Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans."}, {"question": "Why did Central Americans flee to the U.S.?", "answer": "civil wars engulfed several Central American countries in the 1980s"}, {"question": "When did Salvadorans flee ", "answer": "Salvadorans fled their country and came to the United States. Between 1980 and 1990"}, {"question": "Are the Salvadorans a large population in the U.S.?", "answer": "the Salvadoran immigrant population in the United States increased nearly fivefold from 94,000 to 465,000."}, {"question": "Is the  Salvadoran population still growing?", "answer": "the United States continued to grow in the 1990s and 2000s as a result of family reunification and new arrivals fleeing a series of natural disasters"}, {"question": "How many  Salvadorans  are in America now?", "answer": "By 2008, there were about 1.1 million Salvadoran immigrants in the United States."}, {"question": "When did the Venezuelans emigrate to the united states?", "answer": "Until the 20th century, there was no clear record of the number of Venezuelans who emigrated to the United States."}, {"question": "Does Venezuela have immigrates from other countries?", "answer": "Between the 18th and early 19th centuries, there were many European immigrants who went to Venezuela"}, {"question": "Why did Venezuelans come to America?", "answer": "Many Venezuelans settled in the United States with hopes of receiving a better education, only to remain in there following graduation."}, {"question": " Do Venezuelans still come to America for the same reasons as they did before?", "answer": "since the early 1980s, the reasons for Venezuelan emigration have changed to include hopes of earning a higher salary"}, {"question": "How did Chavez affect the Venezuelans?", "answer": "In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez migrated to the United States"}, {"question": "What areas of America did the Venezuelans settle in?", "answer": "mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida"}, {"question": "Are there any other areas of America Venezuelans settled in?", "answer": "New York, California, Texas (adding their existing Hispanic populations), New Jersey, Massachusetts and Maryland."}, {"question": "Where are the most populated city's Venezuelan live in?", "answer": "Some of the urban areas with a high Venezuelan community include Miami, New York City, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C."}, {"question": "What language is spoken in the U.S.A?", "answer": "English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere."}, {"question": "Is there such a thing as bilingual state?", "answer": "Some states, such as New Mexico, provide bilingual legislated notices and official documents"}, {"question": "Do American Hispanics speak English in the home?", "answer": "there was a trend that most Americans and American residents who are of Hispanic descent speak only English in the home."}, {"question": "Is there an official language of the United States?", "answer": "United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language"}, {"question": "Has some states like Arizona embraced their Mexican history?", "answer": "The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico"}, {"question": "What is the states history?", "answer": "The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory."}, {"question": "Has New Mexico had a majority of Spanish speaking natives.", "answer": "The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s"}, {"question": "Are Arizona and New Mexico residents speaking Spanish or English?", "answer": "the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish-speakers."}, {"question": "Does New Mexico have an official language?", "answer": "the state has no official language."}, {"question": "What language is New Mexico's language written in?", "answer": "New Mexico's laws are promulgated bilingually in Spanish and English."}, {"question": "How long has New Mexico been speaking Spanish?", "answer": "Spanish has been spoken in the New Mexico-Colorado border and the contemporary U.S.\u2013Mexico border since the 16th century"}, {"question": "Is New Mexico known for the Spanish language?", "answer": "New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside English because of its wide usage and legal promotion of Spanish in the state"}, {"question": "Why is New Mexico always an after thought in American -Spanish speaking society?", "answer": "Because of its relative isolation from other Spanish-speaking areas over most of its 400-year existence"}, {"question": "Is New Mexico's language different than from other Spanish dialect ", "answer": ", New Mexico Spanish, and in particular the Spanish of northern New Mexico and Colorado has retained many elements of 16th- and 17th-century Spanish"}, {"question": "How does New Mexico's Spanish dialect differ?", "answer": "has developed its own vocabulary. In addition, it contains many words from Nahuatl, the language spoken by the ancient Aztecs of Mexico."}, {"question": "Does New Mexico's language also include other dialect?", "answer": "New Mexican Spanish also contains loan words from the Pueblo languages of the upper Rio Grande Valley, Mexican-Spanish words (mexicanismos)"}, {"question": "Does New Mexico also use language from the  American language when spoken in Spanish?", "answer": "borrowings from English. Grammatical changes include the loss of the second person verb form, changes in verb endings"}, {"question": "What is Texas official language?", "answer": "In Texas, English is the state's de facto official language"}, {"question": "Are there exceptions to Texas official language?", "answer": ", the continual influx of Spanish-speaking immigrants increased the import of Spanish in Texas."}, {"question": "How does Texas handle people who don't speak English, but live in Mexico?", "answer": ". The Government of Texas, through Section 2054.116 of the Government Code, mandates that state agencies provide information on their websites in Spanish"}, {"question": "How does this mandate help Spanish speaking residents?", "answer": "websites in Spanish to assist residents who have limited English proficiency."}, {"question": "What language, other than English, is spoken in the U.S.?", "answer": "Spanish is currently the most widely taught non-English language"}, {"question": "Are students taught Spanish in american schools?", "answer": "More than 1.4 million university students were enrolled in language courses"}, {"question": "How popular are Spanish language classes in the U.S,?", "answer": "Spanish is the most widely taught language in American colleges and universities with 53 percent of the total number of people enrolled"}, {"question": "What other languages are popular among American students?", "answer": "French (14.4%), German (7.1%), Italian (4.5%), American Sign language (4.3%), Japanese (3.7%), and Chinese (2.4%)"}, {"question": "Are these other languages learned in the U.S. as popular as Spanish?", "answer": "totals remain relatively small in relation to the total U.S population."}, {"question": "What political speaches are delivered in English and Spanish?", "answer": "The State of the Union Addresses and other presidential speeches are translated to Spanish"}, {"question": "Was this always the case in American political addresses?", "answer": "following the precedent set by the Bill Clinton administration. Official Spanish translations are available at WhiteHouse.gov."}, {"question": "Does Washington (government) operate in both languages (bilingual-Spanish?)", "answer": "politicians fluent in Spanish-speak in Spanish to Hispanic majority constituencies"}, {"question": "If someone is not bilingual and only speaks Spanish, how do they learn about current events?", "answer": "There are 500 Spanish newspapers, 152 magazines, and 205 publishers in the United States; magazine and local television"}, {"question": "Is the Hispanic population relevant to the American media?", "answer": "local television advertising expenditures for the Hispanic market have increased much from 1999 to 2003, with growth of 58 percent and 43 percent, respectively."}, {"question": "Are there studies on Hispanic-American language?", "answer": "Calvin Veltman undertook, for the National Center for Education Statistics and for the Hispanic Policy Development Project"}, {"question": "What is Calvin Veltman' study about?", "answer": "the most complete study of English language adoption by Hispanophone immigrants"}, {"question": "What was Calvin Veltman' findings?", "answer": "high bilingualism rates and subsequent adoption of English as the preferred language of Hispanics, particularly by the young and the native-born."}, {"question": "Is Calvin Veltman' relevant to today's Hispanic Americans?", "answer": "his study based itself upon a large 1976 sample from the Bureau of the Census (which has not been repeated),"}, {"question": "Are there other similar findings similar to Calvin Veltman' for the modern age?", "answer": "data from the 1990 Census tend to confirm the great Anglicization of the US Hispanic American origin population."}, {"question": "What is the oldest city in South Carolina?", "answer": "Charleston"}, {"question": "What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?", "answer": "Charleston County"}, {"question": "Charleston is located on what harbor?", "answer": "Charleston Harbor"}, {"question": "Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?", "answer": "Ashley Rivers"}, {"question": "What county is Charleston located in?", "answer": "Charleston County"}, {"question": "Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?", "answer": "Cooper Rivers"}, {"question": "What year was Charleston founded?", "answer": "1670"}, {"question": "What was Charleston's original name?", "answer": "Charles Town"}, {"question": "Charles Town was named after which king?", "answer": "King Charles II of England"}, {"question": "Where was the city originally located?", "answer": "Albemarle Point"}, {"question": "What was Charleston's population in 2010?", "answer": "120,083"}, {"question": "What year was Charleston originally founded?", "answer": "1670"}, {"question": "What was the originally name of Charleston?", "answer": "Charles Town"}, {"question": "Who was Charles Town named after?", "answer": "King Charles II of England"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Charleston in 2010?", "answer": "120,083"}, {"question": "Where was Charleston's first location?", "answer": "Albemarle Point"}, {"question": "How large is Charleston, South Carolina?", "answer": "127.5 square miles (330.2 km2)"}, {"question": "Which city blocks Charleston for expanding up the peninsula? ", "answer": "North Charleston"}, {"question": "How much of Charleston is covered by water?", "answer": "18.5 square miles (47.9 km2)"}, {"question": "How of Charleston's total area is dry land?", "answer": "109.0 square miles (282.2 km2)"}, {"question": "What town occupies the land directly east of the Cooper River?", "answer": "Mount Pleasant"}, {"question": "What season is the wettest in Charleston?", "answer": "Summer"}, {"question": "In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?", "answer": "thundershowers"}, {"question": "What season is characterized as short in Charleston?", "answer": "Winter"}, {"question": "What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?", "answer": "8.0 in (20 cm)"}, {"question": "What season is considered short in Charleston?", "answer": "Winter"}, {"question": "What is the wettest season in Charleston?", "answer": "Summer"}, {"question": "Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?", "answer": "thundershowers"}, {"question": "How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?", "answer": "6.0 in (15 cm"}, {"question": "What is hottest temperature recorded with Charleston's city limits?", "answer": "104 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What type of storm is a major threat to Charleston in the summer and early fall?", "answer": "Hurricanes"}, {"question": "What hurricane hit Charleston in 1989?", "answer": "Hurricane Hugo"}, {"question": "What was the lowest temperature ever recorded Charleston's city limit?", "answer": "7 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What day did Charleston's airport hit the coldest day on record?", "answer": "January 21, 1985"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the Charleston=North Charleston Urban Area in 2010?", "answer": "548,404"}, {"question": "What is the third largest city in South Carolina?", "answer": "North Charleston"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Moncks Corner in 2000?", "answer": "9,123"}, {"question": "Charleston and Berkeley is combined with what other county to form a metropolitan statistical area?", "answer": "Dorchester"}, {"question": "In which county is Moncks Corner located?", "answer": "Berkeley County"}, {"question": "What era brought counties to South Carolina?", "answer": "Reconstruction Era"}, {"question": "Counties replaced what system in South Carolina?", "answer": "traditional parish system"}, {"question": "What is the main use of the parish system nowadays?", "answer": "public service districts"}, {"question": "The city of Charleston is defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Michael and what other parish?", "answer": "Parish of St. Philip"}, {"question": "What other parish besides St. John's Parish is  mostly an incorporated rural parish? ", "answer": "St. Andrew's Parish"}, {"question": "What year was Charles Town founded?", "answer": "1670"}, {"question": "How long did it take to establish settlement expeditions for the Province of Carolina?", "answer": "seven years"}, {"question": "What was the plan to settle and develop the Province of Carolina?", "answer": "the Grand Model"}, {"question": "Who prepared the plan known as \"the Grand Model\"?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "When was Charles II of England restored to the throne?", "answer": "1660"}, {"question": "Where did Charleston's original settlers come from?", "answer": "Bermuda"}, {"question": "Bermuda is located near which North Carolina town?", "answer": "Cape Hatteras"}, {"question": "Who was the first governor of Charleston?", "answer": "William Sayle"}, {"question": "Who predicted Charleston would become a 'great port towne'?", "answer": "Earl of Shaftesbury"}, {"question": "The settlement was relocated east to what river?", "answer": "Ashley River"}, {"question": "What religious group was not allowed to settle in South Carolina?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "About what year did Charleston cease to have the wealthiest Jewish community in America?", "answer": "1830"}, {"question": "What European country did many of the first Charleston settlers come from?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "After what war did the state ban on Catholics end?", "answer": "American Revolution"}, {"question": "Along with Bermuda, what other English colony did many settlers come from?", "answer": "Barbados"}, {"question": "Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?", "answer": "Governor Johnson"}, {"question": "The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?", "answer": "1720s"}, {"question": "Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?", "answer": "pirates"}, {"question": "What author paid for the simple bench at Sullivan's Island?", "answer": "Toni Morrison"}, {"question": "What percentage of those sold as slaves in North America landed at Sullivan's Island?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "What stage of the slave trade provided slaves to Charles Town?", "answer": "Middle Passage"}, {"question": "What peoples were brought to Charles Town to be slaves?", "answer": "Africans"}, {"question": "Which African coast did many slaves that were sold in Charles Town come from?", "answer": "Windward Coast"}, {"question": "African slaves had great knowledge of the cultivation of what product?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "Which nation subsidized indigo crops from the Lowcountry?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "By what year was indigo was a leading export for the Lowcountry?", "answer": "1750"}, {"question": "By what year was rice a successful commodity crop for the Lowcountry?", "answer": "1700"}, {"question": "What products were exported along with indigo from the Lowcountry?", "answer": "naval stores"}, {"question": "What lucrative trade contributed greatly to Charles Town's growth?", "answer": "slave trade"}, {"question": "When did Charles Town become the fourth largest colonial port?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "Who made up the majority of Charles Town population in 1708?", "answer": "slaves"}, {"question": "People of African descent were the majority in Charleston until what mass movement?", "answer": "the Great Migration"}, {"question": "When did the Great Migration occur?", "answer": "the early 20th century"}, {"question": "What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?", "answer": "Creek nations"}, {"question": "What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?", "answer": "500,000 to 1,250,000"}, {"question": "Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?", "answer": "5,239,350"}, {"question": "What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?", "answer": "the deerskin trade"}, {"question": "What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? ", "answer": "54,000"}, {"question": "What is the oldest college in South Carolina?", "answer": "College of Charles Towne"}, {"question": "Charleston supported the College of Charles Towne until what year?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What year was the Charles Towne Library Society established?", "answer": "1748"}, {"question": "When was the College of Charles Towe founded?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "What is located where the first theatre building in Charles Town once stood?", "answer": "Dock Street Theatre"}, {"question": "Which general tried to seize Charles Town during the American Revolution?", "answer": "General Sir Henry Clinton"}, {"question": "When did General Clinton attack South Carolina?", "answer": "June 28, 1776"}, {"question": "Who was the commander of the American forces defending South Carolina?", "answer": "Col. Moultrie"}, {"question": "What was the British hoping to inspire by their attack on Charles Town?", "answer": "a simultaneous Loyalist uprising"}, {"question": "Fort Sullivan was renamed  what after the battle?", "answer": "Fort Moultrie"}, {"question": "What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?", "answer": "Siege of Charles Towne"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?", "answer": "14,000"}, {"question": "In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?", "answer": "1780"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?", "answer": "General Benjamin Lincoln"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?", "answer": "5,400"}, {"question": "What city became the state capital of South Carolina?", "answer": "Columbia"}, {"question": "Charleston was the state capital of South Carolina until what year?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "In what year was the cotton gin invented?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "What became South Carolina's major export commodity after 1793?", "answer": "cotton"}, {"question": "Who made up most of the primary labor force of cotton plantations? ", "answer": "Slaves"}, {"question": "How many free people of color lived in Charleston in 1860?", "answer": "3,785"}, {"question": "What percentage of Charleston's population were free people of color?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Charleston's black population were free people of color?", "answer": "18%"}, {"question": "In what year was the Brown Fellowship Society created?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "In what year did the Brown Fellowship Society end?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "What was planned by Denmark Vesey?", "answer": "slave revolt"}, {"question": "When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?", "answer": "May 1822"}, {"question": "How was Vesey executed in 1822?", "answer": "hanged"}, {"question": "How many slaves were executed with Vesey? ", "answer": "five slaves"}, {"question": "What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?", "answer": "Haitian Revolution"}, {"question": "How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?", "answer": "17,000"}, {"question": "How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?", "answer": "27,000"}, {"question": "Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?", "answer": "Southern Baptist Church"}, {"question": "AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?", "answer": "the North"}, {"question": "What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?", "answer": "liquor"}, {"question": "What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?", "answer": "the American Missionary Association"}, {"question": "What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?", "answer": "free secondary school"}, {"question": "Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?", "answer": "Charleston's African American population"}, {"question": "What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?", "answer": "William T. Sherman"}, {"question": "Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?", "answer": "war"}, {"question": "What percentage of Charleston's population was black in 1875?", "answer": "57%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Charleston County's was black in 1875?", "answer": "73%"}, {"question": "In 1876, Charleston's Black Republicans fought against whom?", "answer": "white Democrats"}, {"question": "The second riot of 1876 happened when?", "answer": "the day after the election in November"}, {"question": "How many major riots between blacks and whites occurred in Charleston in 1876?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?", "answer": "the Red Shirts"}, {"question": "What granted Freeman were American citizenship?", "answer": "federal constitutional amendments."}, {"question": "The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?", "answer": "October 15"}, {"question": "The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?", "answer": "September 6"}, {"question": "Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?", "answer": "Wade Hampton"}, {"question": "What nearly destroyed Charleston in 1886?", "answer": "an earthquake"}, {"question": "What date was the Charleston earthquake of 1886?", "answer": "August 31, 1886"}, {"question": "How many buildings were damaged by the 1886 earthquake in Charleston?", "answer": "2,000 buildings"}, {"question": "What was the cost of the damage of the 1886 earthquake to the city of Charleston?", "answer": "$6 million"}, {"question": "What was the total value of all of Charleston's city buildings before the earthquake?", "answer": "$24 million"}, {"question": "Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?", "answer": "Democrat"}, {"question": "What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "The William Enston Home was built in what year?", "answer": "1889."}, {"question": "Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?", "answer": "June 17, 2015"}, {"question": "What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?", "answer": "Dylann Roof"}, {"question": "Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?", "answer": "state senator"}, {"question": "On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?", "answer": "July 10, 2015"}, {"question": "A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?", "answer": "College of Charleston"}, {"question": "What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?", "answer": "composer"}, {"question": "Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?", "answer": "Festival dei Due Mondi"}, {"question": "What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?", "answer": "Pulitzer Prize"}, {"question": "What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?", "answer": "the Footlight Players"}, {"question": "The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?", "answer": "Marion Square"}, {"question": "Charleston is known for what type of food?", "answer": "seafood"}, {"question": "Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?", "answer": "British and French"}, {"question": "\"Charleston's Provincialisms\" was published in what year?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the work entitled, \"The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms\"?", "answer": "Sylvester Primer"}, {"question": "To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?", "answer": "College of Charleston"}, {"question": "To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?", "answer": "French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews"}, {"question": "What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?", "answer": "German journal"}, {"question": "How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?", "answer": "art festival"}, {"question": "The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?", "answer": "James Island County Park"}, {"question": "About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?", "answer": "over 100 performances"}, {"question": "Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?", "answer": "Gian Carlo Menotti"}, {"question": "Who wrote the \"Charleston\"?", "answer": "Chris Smith"}, {"question": "What decade was the Charleston dance popular nationally?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "Who created the song \"Charleston Rag\"?", "answer": "Eubie Blake"}, {"question": "Which Charleston community had a large influence on jazz music?", "answer": "the Gullah community"}, {"question": "Geechee dances are associated with the music of what type of worker?", "answer": "dock workers"}, {"question": "What year was the Jenkins Orphanage created?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "What Charleston Reverend established the Jenkins Orphanage?", "answer": "Daniel J. Jenkins"}, {"question": "What type of donations did the Jerkins Orphanage accept?", "answer": "donations of musical instruments"}, {"question": "Whose graduates tutored many boys from the Jenkins Orphanage?", "answer": "Avery Institute Graduates"}, {"question": "What city was Louis Armstrong from?", "answer": "New Orleans"}, {"question": "What other president did the Jenkins Orphanage play for other than Taft?", "answer": "Theodore Roosevelt"}, {"question": "What play did the Jenkins Orphanage band play for on Broadway ?", "answer": "Porgy"}, {"question": "What was the name of the \"folk opera\" based on 'Porgy'?", "answer": "Porgy and Bess"}, {"question": "Where did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?", "answer": "Folly Beach outside of Charleston"}, {"question": "When did Gershwin and Heyward write their folk opera?", "answer": "summer of 1934"}, {"question": "How many companies are there in the City of Charleston Fire Department?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How many full time firefighters do Charleston have?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "Who was the Fire Chief until June 2008?", "answer": "Russell (Rusty) Thomas"}, {"question": "Who became the Fire Chief in November 2008?", "answer": "Chief Thomas Carr"}, {"question": "How many tower companies does the fire department have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the largest police department of South Carolina?", "answer": "The City of Charleston Police Department"}, {"question": "How many reserve police officers do the Charleston Police Department have?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "How many civilians serve on the Charleston Police Department?", "answer": "137"}, {"question": "Who is the current Chief of the Charleston Police Department?", "answer": "Greg Mullen"}, {"question": "What year did Reuben Greenberg retire as Chief of Charleston Police Department?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is the state's first school of medicine?", "answer": "Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center"}, {"question": "Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?", "answer": "Mount Pleasant"}, {"question": "Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?", "answer": "City of North Charleston"}, {"question": "Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?", "answer": "West Ashley portion"}, {"question": "What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?", "answer": "The downtown medical district"}, {"question": "What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?", "answer": "Charleston International Airport"}, {"question": "The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?", "answer": "North Charleston"}, {"question": "How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?", "answer": "12 miles (20 km)"}, {"question": "Charleston Executive Airport is located where?", "answer": "the John's Island section of the city of Charleston"}, {"question": "What military base is located near the airport?", "answer": "Charleston Air Force Base"}, {"question": "What area in Charleston is considered the 'industrial area'?", "answer": "the city's Neck area"}, {"question": "What highways is King Street in downtown Charleston?", "answer": "U.S. Highway 78"}, {"question": "U.S. Highway 78 merges with what street?", "answer": "Meeting Street"}, {"question": "Interstate 526 begins and ends at what Highway?", "answer": "U.S. Highway 17"}, {"question": "Interstate 26 begins on what part of Charleston?", "answer": "downtown Charleston"}, {"question": "What year did the Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge open?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is linked to downtown Charleston by the bridge?", "answer": "Mount Pleasant"}, {"question": "What year was the Grace Memorial Bridge built?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What year was the Silas N. Pearman Bridge built?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge crosses what river?", "answer": "Cooper River"}, {"question": "Some of the oldest private schools in Charleston date back how long?", "answer": "150 years"}, {"question": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston oversees what kind of schools?", "answer": "K-8 parochial schools"}, {"question": "How old are some of Charleston's private school?", "answer": "150 years"}, {"question": "Which school is Charleston's diocesan high school?", "answer": "Bishop England High School"}, {"question": "Which organization oversees several K-8 Parochial Schools?", "answer": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston Office of Education"}, {"question": "Bishop England High school , Porter-Gaud School and a what other school is among Charleston's most prominent private schools?", "answer": "Ashley Hall"}, {"question": "What is the nation's 13th-oldest university?", "answer": "College of Charleston"}, {"question": "Where is the Art Institute of Charleston located?", "answer": "downtown on North Market Street"}, {"question": "What year did the Art institute of Charleston open?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What Charleston College offers a degree in Building Arts?", "answer": "The American College of the Building Arts"}, {"question": "What Technical college have a campus at downtown Charleston?", "answer": "Trident Technical College"}, {"question": "What is the name of Charleston's sister city?", "answer": "Spoleto"}, {"question": "In what country is Spoleto located?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?", "answer": "Gian Carlo Menotti"}, {"question": "What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?", "answer": "Festival of Two Worlds"}, {"question": "What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?", "answer": "composer"}, {"question": "What year was the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station closed?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "How many nuclear warheads were stored at the Polaris Missile Facility Atlantic station?", "answer": "2,500 nuclear warheads"}, {"question": "How many SSBN \"Boomer\" squadrons were homeported at the Weapons Station?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Submarine Squadron 4 is homeported at what type of military base?", "answer": "Naval Base"}, {"question": "What type of security force guards the 2500 nuclear warheads?", "answer": "a U.S. Marine Corps security force company."}, {"question": "What year did South Carolina pass a law allowing them to repeal Federal Law?", "answer": "1832"}, {"question": "After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston's forts?", "answer": "federal soldiers"}, {"question": "After South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, who was sent to Charleston Harbor?", "answer": "five United States Coast Guard cutters"}, {"question": "The federal action of sending soldiers to Charleston in 1832 is known as what?", "answer": "the Charleston incident"}, {"question": "A compromise law from the state politicans achieved what?", "answer": "in Washington to gradually reduce the tariffs"}, {"question": "What industry depended on the port of Charleston?", "answer": "The slave trade"}, {"question": "Where was  fresh food sold daily in Charleston in 1840?", "answer": "the Market Hall and Sheds"}, {"question": "What year did the legal importation of slaves end?", "answer": "1808"}, {"question": "The region where cotton plantations were developed was known as what?", "answer": "Black Belt"}, {"question": "In what era did one million slaves get trade throughout the South?", "answer": "in the antebellum years"}, {"question": "What percentage of those elected from 1868 to 1876 were Freemen?", "answer": "26%"}, {"question": "Freeman became the leaders of what party in Charleston?", "answer": "postwar Republican Party"}, {"question": "What else did freed slaves face in postwar Charleston besides discrimination?", "answer": "poverty"}, {"question": "For what did the Federal forces remain in Charleston?", "answer": "city's reconstruction"}, {"question": "Which side was defeated in the war before Reconstruction?", "answer": "Confederacy"}, {"question": "What was the beginning date of the aerial raids on Great Britain?", "answer": "7 September 1940"}, {"question": "How many days did the aerial raids on Great Britain last?", "answer": "267 days"}, {"question": "How many times was London attacked?", "answer": "71 times"}, {"question": "Who was the UK Prime Minster at the time of the aerial raids?", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "What city did Winston Churchill bomb in retaliation for the killing of civilians? ", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?", "answer": "57 consecutive nights"}, {"question": "What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?", "answer": "Sea port of Hull"}, {"question": "How many homes in London were destroyed in London?", "answer": "More than one million"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in Liverpool?", "answer": "nearly 4,000 deaths"}, {"question": "Which city centre was destroyed?", "answer": "Coventry"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe plan to invade Britain?", "answer": "Operation Sea Lion"}, {"question": "How many people died in the bombing of Hamburg?", "answer": "42,000"}, {"question": "What was the date of the bombing of Hamburg?", "answer": "July 1943"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Luftwaffe? ", "answer": "Hitler"}, {"question": "In the 1920's and 30's to theorist thought wars could be won by air forces what were their names?", "answer": "Giulio Douhet and Billy Mitchell"}, {"question": "Bombing of civilian's was believed to cause what?", "answer": "collapse of civilian will"}, {"question": "What kind of populace was believed to be most vulnerable?", "answer": "Democracies"}, {"question": "What does USAAC stand for?", "answer": "United States Army Air Corps"}, {"question": "What kind of bombing raids were most favored?", "answer": "night"}, {"question": "Who believe air power alone would not be decisive?", "answer": "Luftwaffe"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Luftwaffe's bombing raids?", "answer": "terror bombing"}, {"question": "What year did the terror bombing policy become official?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "Who said the Luftwaffe General Staff should be taught grand strategy?", "answer": "Wever"}, {"question": "What is the mentality of potential opponents also known as?", "answer": "mirror imaging"}, {"question": "What did the Air Academies not focus on?", "answer": "independent strategic air offensives"}, {"question": "What army does the general staff belong to?", "answer": "the Luftwaffe"}, {"question": "How did Wever die?", "answer": "air crash"}, {"question": "What year did Wever die?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who took over for Wever after his death?", "answer": "Albert Kesselring and Hans-J\u00fcrgen Stumpff"}, {"question": "What two men were the most important in ground support?", "answer": "Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek"}, {"question": "What long time careers were Sperrle and Jeschonnek involved in?", "answer": "German air services"}, {"question": "What year was the beginning of enemy bombing first promoted by Hitler?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "Who had skepticism towards strategic bombing? ", "answer": "Adolf Hitler"}, {"question": "Why did Hitler feel bombing wasn't working?", "answer": "inability to damage industries"}, {"question": "In 1939 Hitler said bombing of Britain would begin when?", "answer": "the moment was right"}, {"question": "Why did Hitler feel the Luftwaffe was unsuccessful in bombing raids?", "answer": "prescribed targets are not hit"}, {"question": "How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?", "answer": "air bombardment"}, {"question": "What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause? ", "answer": "policy of moderation"}, {"question": "What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?", "answer": "political"}, {"question": "Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain? ", "answer": "to produce a stalemate"}, {"question": "Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?", "answer": "Hermann G\u00f6ring"}, {"question": "What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?", "answer": "strangle British sea communications"}, {"question": "Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?", "answer": "the Kriegsmarine"}, {"question": "What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?", "answer": "aircraft"}, {"question": "What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?", "answer": "communications gap"}, {"question": "What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?", "answer": "misrepresent what information"}, {"question": "What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?", "answer": "Rechlin"}, {"question": "Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939? ", "answer": "Wever"}, {"question": "Which two countries declared war on Germany on September 3 1939?", "answer": "UK and France"}, {"question": "The RAF bombed what Germany coast?", "answer": "Wilhelmshaven"}, {"question": "What kind of leaflets were dropped?", "answer": "propaganda"}, {"question": "What were the RAF operations trying to lessen?", "answer": "civilian casualties"}, {"question": "What year did the Luftwaffe destroy Rotterdam center?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Which tactics were the Luftwaffe excepted to use against Britain? ", "answer": "air operations"}, {"question": "Why did the Luftwaffe bomb the RAF Fighter Command?", "answer": "to gain air superiority"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Channel the Luftwaffe bomb to try to gain air superiority?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Which Navy was assumed not to be able to operate under German air superiority?", "answer": "Royal"}, {"question": "Why did the Luftwaffe fail to locate their targets?", "answer": "poor intelligence"}, {"question": "Britain's  fabrication  of fighter planes out paced Germany by what margin?", "answer": "2 to 1"}, {"question": "How many aircraft did Britain produce in 1940?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What did German crew members face if they were shot down over Britain?", "answer": "capture"}, {"question": "How big was the crew of a bomber?", "answer": "four to five crewmen"}, {"question": "What does OKL stand for?", "answer": "Oberkommando der Luftwaffe"}, {"question": "What month would the weather window begin to decline?", "answer": "October"}, {"question": "If serious loss had happened to the RAF where might they have pulled out of?", "answer": "the north"}, {"question": "What is the German name of Operation Sea Lion?", "answer": "Unternehmen Seel\u00f6we"}, {"question": "Who had exponential larger naval forces?", "answer": "British naval forces"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe air fleets were taking what kind of losses?", "answer": "punishing"}, {"question": "What did the punishing losses to the air fleet cause the Luftwaffe to do?", "answer": "change in strategy"}, {"question": "What kind of strategy did the Luftwaffe use to give their bombers better protection?", "answer": "cover of darkness"}, {"question": "What city did Hitler give a speech where he said he would erase British cities?", "answer": "Sportspalast"}, {"question": "In what year did Hitler give the speech at Sportspalast? ", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?", "answer": "Battle of Britain Day"}, {"question": "What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?", "answer": "bomb-load limitations"}, {"question": "What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?", "answer": "four-engined bombers"}, {"question": "Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?", "answer": "unclear strategy"}, {"question": "What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?", "answer": "early 1938"}, {"question": "What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?", "answer": "tactics"}, {"question": "What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?", "answer": "failure before it began"}, {"question": "Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?", "answer": "limitations in weapons technology"}, {"question": "What was an important fuel in the Second World War?", "answer": "coal"}, {"question": "What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?", "answer": "delayed-action bombs"}, {"question": "What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? ", "answer": "dispersed its production facilities"}, {"question": "Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?", "answer": "Regional commissioners"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day? ", "answer": "644"}, {"question": "What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?", "answer": "Imperial Defence"}, {"question": "How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?", "answer": "3,500"}, {"question": "Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?", "answer": "Basil Liddell-Hart"}, {"question": "What was the biggest fear aerial attacks would cause besides death and wounded?", "answer": "psychological trauma"}, {"question": "Psychiatrists believe in 1938  that mental trauma could reach how many millions?", "answer": "three to four"}, {"question": "Where did 150,000 migrate during the Munich crisis?", "answer": "Wales"}, {"question": "Who told Parliament that after long periods of attacks people would leave the cities for the country? ", "answer": "Winston Churchill"}, {"question": "The government planned to evacuate 1.4 million from which city?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "What trial took place on August 10 1939?", "answer": "a blackout"}, {"question": "How long were lights not allowed on after dark?", "answer": "almost six years"}, {"question": "What was most unpopular affect of the war with civilians ?", "answer": "the blackout"}, {"question": "Why did the government  and civil service not want to relocate during the war?", "answer": "damage civilian morale"}, {"question": "What civil-defense efforts were left to local authorities to handle?", "answer": "shelters"}, {"question": "What year did the shelter program finish?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "Why were the shelters soon abandoned in 1940? ", "answer": "unsafe"}, {"question": "Why were Londoners forced to sleep in shelters?", "answer": "attacks by night"}, {"question": "What kind of sentiment did the government fear would developed in large group shelters? ", "answer": "anti-war"}, {"question": "Who did the government see as a leading advocate for building deep shelters?", "answer": "the Communist Party's"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Pact of August 1939?", "answer": "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact"}, {"question": "Why did the government refuse to allow the London Underground stations to be used as shelters?", "answer": "interfere with commuter and troop travel"}, {"question": "Underground officials were ordered to lock the stations during raids but opened how long after the orders?", "answer": "by the second week"}, {"question": "In 1940 how many people were sleeping in the Underground stations?", "answer": "150,000 a night"}, {"question": "Muffling the sound of batter made what easier in the Underground Stations?", "answer": "sleep"}, {"question": "Why were many killed in Underground Stations?", "answer": "direct hits"}, {"question": "What was the largest number to use Underground shelters in September  27, 1940?", "answer": "177,000"}, {"question": "In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?", "answer": "4%"}, {"question": "Where did 60% of populations stay?", "answer": "at home"}, {"question": "What year did the government start giving out Morrison shelters?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Where could the Morrison shelters be used?", "answer": "inside homes"}, {"question": "What year did the government start to build new deep shelters?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "How many people were the new shelters going to hold?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "What helped cut down time standing in the queue for shelters?", "answer": "Tickets"}, {"question": "Which two groups help improve life in the shelters?", "answer": "British Red Cross and the Salvation Army"}, {"question": "What kind of trains provided food in the shelters?", "answer": "canteen"}, {"question": "With the intense bomb what did not happen as great as prewar predictions expected?", "answer": "psychiatric crisis"}, {"question": "What witness wrote that these people are staunch to the bone and won't quit?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "People called the raids very blitzy like they were talking about what?", "answer": "weather"}, {"question": "Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?", "answer": "widespread shell shock"}, {"question": "Why did the psychiatric clinics close?", "answer": "lack of need"}, {"question": "What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?", "answer": "suicides and drunkenness"}, {"question": "The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?", "answer": "accept and deal"}, {"question": "What drink was never rationed?", "answer": "beer"}, {"question": "How many people attended cricket at Lord's?", "answer": "13,000"}, {"question": "What percent of Briton's expected to lose the war?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "What was Churchill's highest rating? ", "answer": "89%"}, {"question": "What were Spitfire Funds used for?", "answer": "to build fighters"}, {"question": "What is ARP?", "answer": "Air Raid Precautions"}, {"question": "The Auxiliary Fire Service had how many members in July of 1939?", "answer": "138,000"}, {"question": "Who was given the name Blitz Scouts?", "answer": "Scout Association"}, {"question": "The Royal Army Pay Corps and what other group were in charge of salvage and clean-up?", "answer": "Pioneer Corps"}, {"question": "What group did Samuel Hoare set up in 1938?", "answer": "Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence"}, {"question": "Who was Home Secretary in 1938?", "answer": "Samuel Hoare"}, {"question": "How many members did the WVS have at the end of 1941?", "answer": "one million"}, {"question": "How many gas mask were issued before the war?", "answer": "50 million"}, {"question": "Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?", "answer": "Hugh Dowding"}, {"question": "What credit did Dowding receive?", "answer": "defence of British air space"}, {"question": "What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?", "answer": "bombing at night"}, {"question": "Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?", "answer": "lack of reaction to the new crisis"}, {"question": "Who was reluctant to act quickly when urgent changes need to be made?", "answer": "Dowding"}, {"question": "Who thought Dowding was stubborn and didn't like to cooperate?", "answer": "Air Staff"}, {"question": "The Air Ministry was critical of Dowding after which battle?", "answer": "Battle of Britain Day"}, {"question": "What did the Air Ministry plan to do with his failures?", "answer": "attack him and his abilities"}, {"question": "Who was summoned to the Air Ministry conference on October 17, 1940?", "answer": "Dowding"}, {"question": "Lord Beaverbrook and Churchill's support of Dowding was what?", "answer": "waning"}, {"question": "Neglect of the RAF until 1938 caused what to happen?", "answer": "sparse resources to build defences"}, {"question": "The Air Ministry and which other group decided to not make night defense a top priority?", "answer": "Chamberlain Government"}, {"question": "People over the age of 35 reacted to the bombings with what?", "answer": "great trepidation"}, {"question": "Why had German raids decreased between 1916-1918?", "answer": "countermeasures"}, {"question": "How many people were killed by bomb drops during the first World War?", "answer": "1,413"}, {"question": "How many bombs had been dropped?", "answer": "9,000"}, {"question": "What did the RAF put most of their resources into?", "answer": "daylight fighter defences"}, {"question": "RAF bombers had trouble flying at night, so the British believe the Germans would do what?", "answer": "suffer the same problems"}, {"question": "Britain believe German bombers would be unable to reach and identify what?", "answer": "targets"}, {"question": "What did the Air Force believe they could avoid if they carried out effective day missions?", "answer": "night missions and their disadvantages"}, {"question": "What did the British offence become know as?", "answer": "cult of the offensive"}, {"question": "Why was the tactic of bombing German aircraft bases, factories and fuel reserves impractical?", "answer": "lacked the technology and equipment"}, {"question": "Until 1940 what type of aircraft did the RAF lacked?", "answer": "specialist night-fighting"}, {"question": "What was wrong with the anti aircraft units?", "answer": "poorly equipped and lacking in numbers"}, {"question": "What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?", "answer": "land at night or in bad weather"}, {"question": "The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?", "answer": "Knickebein"}, {"question": "The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?", "answer": "two Lorenz beams"}, {"question": "The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what?", "answer": "dropping their bombs"}, {"question": "While Knickebein was used my most German crews who used the X-Gerat system?", "answer": "specially trained pathfinder crews"}, {"question": "What frequency did the X-Gerat system use?", "answer": "66\u201377 MHz"}, {"question": "What rate per minute did ground transmitters send?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "When the bomber crossed the first beam the bomber-aimer did what?", "answer": "start the bombing-clock"}, {"question": "What mechanism cause the bombs to be released?", "answer": "clock's timing"}, {"question": "Which system was the most complex of the three?", "answer": "Y-Ger\u00e4t"}, {"question": "Who operated the automatic beam system?", "answer": "the bomber's autopilot"}, {"question": "What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?", "answer": "Direction-finding"}, {"question": "The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what?", "answer": "a code word"}, {"question": "Who issued the code word to the bombers?", "answer": "ground controller"}, {"question": "In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?", "answer": "Knickebein"}, {"question": "Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?", "answer": "Dr. R. V. Jones"}, {"question": "The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? ", "answer": "30 MHz receiver"}, {"question": "The beam was traced to what town?", "answer": "Derby"}, {"question": "The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?", "answer": "electrocautery machines"}, {"question": "The German beacons used what frequency band?", "answer": "medium"}, {"question": "What two letter identifier did the signal have?", "answer": "Morse"}, {"question": "What system used a separate locations for a receiver and a directional aerial?", "answer": "Meacon"}, {"question": "When a German bomber flew to close to its own beam what happened to the signal?", "answer": "stronger on the direction finder"}, {"question": "Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?", "answer": "Blitz was over"}, {"question": "What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?", "answer": "ruses"}, {"question": "What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? ", "answer": "dummy"}, {"question": "What was the name given to these dummy airfields?", "answer": "Starfish"}, {"question": "Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?", "answer": "diversionary"}, {"question": "Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?", "answer": "boiler"}, {"question": "What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What did these flashes simulate?", "answer": "German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of these fires?", "answer": "deceive German bombardiers"}, {"question": "The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?", "answer": "1,600"}, {"question": "How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?", "answer": "around 400"}, {"question": "How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?", "answer": "41"}, {"question": "How many German pilots were killed?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night?", "answer": "247"}, {"question": "What was the name of the airfield where heavy raids took place?", "answer": "Farnborough"}, {"question": "How many Bf 109s were lost?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "FighterCommand lost how many fighters?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "How many pilots did Fighter Command lose?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What caused the delay in the effort?", "answer": "weather was poor"}, {"question": "On September 15 the Luftwaffe made daylight raids on what target in London?", "answer": "Thames Estuary"}, {"question": "What two targets were the Luftwaffe trying to destroy?", "answer": "docks and rail communications"}, {"question": "What was the reason to try and draw the RAF into a battle?", "answer": "destroy their fighters in large numbers"}, {"question": "What was this air battle called?", "answer": "Battle of Britain Day"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe lost what percentage of its bombers sent that day?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "Who thought the Luftwaffe could win?", "answer": "G\u00f6ring"}, {"question": "What day did Hitler postponed Operation Sea Lion?", "answer": "17 September"}, {"question": "What was the name of the man from the Soviet Union who was doubtful of Operation Sea Lion?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "Who did the Luftwaffe try to lure into battle using its bombers?", "answer": "RAF"}, {"question": "When did the OKL switch to night raids?", "answer": "7 October"}, {"question": "On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?", "answer": "380"}, {"question": "How many people were killed?", "answer": "Around 200"}, {"question": "Who fired anti-defense rounds?", "answer": "General Frederick Alfred Pile"}, {"question": "How many rounds of anti-defense were fired?", "answer": "8,326 rounds"}, {"question": "How many German bombers were shot down?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How much of the short tons of bombs were dropped during the day?", "answer": "10 percent"}, {"question": "What two cities had 500 short tons of bombs dropped on them during the end of October?", "answer": "Birmingham and Coventry"}, {"question": "Liverpool had how many short tons dropped on it?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What was targeted with 12 short tons of bombs?", "answer": "The Metropolitan-Vickers works in Manchester"}, {"question": "Which was targeted more heavily, bomber or fighter command airfields?", "answer": "Bomber Command airfields"}, {"question": "What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?", "answer": "to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands"}, {"question": "Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?", "answer": "Kesselring"}, {"question": "How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing?", "answer": "250"}, {"question": "What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on?", "answer": "mining operations against shipping"}, {"question": "By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped?", "answer": "3,984 mines"}, {"question": "By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?", "answer": "1,000,000"}, {"question": "What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?", "answer": "Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool"}, {"question": "In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?", "answer": "no less than 667"}, {"question": "What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?", "answer": "the slightest sign of a break in morale"}, {"question": "About how many civilians were injured in September and October?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the American observer?", "answer": "Ingersoll"}, {"question": "The American observer said what about the damage to London?", "answer": "to sum up, was more general and more extensive than I had imagined."}, {"question": "The Battersea Power Station took how many hits in two months?", "answer": "one minor hit (\"a nick\")"}, {"question": "How many bridges over the Thames were struck?", "answer": "No bridge over the Thames had been hit"}, {"question": "What did German pilots use to gain knowledge of an airfield?", "answer": "prewar commercial flights."}, {"question": "British night air defenses were effective to what height?", "answer": "12,000 ft (3,700 m)"}, {"question": "By July of 1940 how many guns were deployed in Britain?", "answer": "only 1,200 heavy and 549 light guns"}, {"question": "What was the practical ceiling of the effective heavy guns?", "answer": "25,000 ft (7,600 m)"}, {"question": "What type of light gun dealt with aircraft up to 6000 ft.?", "answer": "Bofors 40 mm"}, {"question": "What is believed to have caused many civilian casualties from anti-aircraft guns?", "answer": "falling shell fragments"}, {"question": "Who reorganised London's defences?", "answer": "General Pile"}, {"question": "The British were how far below the establishment of heavy anti-aircraft artillery?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "Who relied on night fighters?", "answer": "Dowding"}, {"question": "Who's four squadrons shot down more enemy aircraft than any other type?", "answer": "Boulton Paul Defiant"}, {"question": "How were AA defenses improved?", "answer": "by better use of radar and searchlights"}, {"question": "What was considered unreliable?", "answer": "Airborne Interception radar"}, {"question": "What used most of Fighter Command's resources?", "answer": "the Battle of Britain"}, {"question": "The bombers used what out of desperation?", "answer": "airborne search lights"}, {"question": "Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?", "answer": "Ground Control-led Interception"}, {"question": "Who replaced Dowding on November 25?", "answer": "Sholto Douglas"}, {"question": "How many pilots remained in February 1941?", "answer": "87 pilots"}, {"question": "What supported the GL carpet?", "answer": "six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters"}, {"question": "How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?", "answer": "204 and 74"}, {"question": "What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?", "answer": "spot the fighter first"}, {"question": "What was critical in the night battles over Britain?", "answer": "radar"}, {"question": "What concept eventually became successful?", "answer": "airborne radar"}, {"question": "On what day did airborne radar help intercept and destroy enemy aircraft for the first time?", "answer": "the night of 22/23 July 1940"}, {"question": "Who was the RAF night fighter ace that used airborne radar to destroy a Ju 88 bomber?", "answer": "John Cunningham"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe's change in strategy targeted what primarily?", "answer": "the West Midlands"}, {"question": "How many parachute mines were dropped?", "answer": "127"}, {"question": "The Coventry raid led to what phrase being in widespread use?", "answer": "\"to conventrate\""}, {"question": "What stopped work in 9 factories in Coventry?", "answer": "loss of public utilities"}, {"question": "What effect did the raid have strategically? ", "answer": "a brief 20 percent dip in aircraft production"}, {"question": "How many bombers hit Birmingham?", "answer": "369"}, {"question": "For how many months did the night raids continue for?", "answer": "two months"}, {"question": "How many tons of bombs had to be dropped to be considered a major attack?", "answer": "more than 100 tons of bombs dropped"}, {"question": "December saw how many attacks?", "answer": "only 11 major and five heavy attacks"}, {"question": "On what day was London itself attacked?", "answer": "the evening of 29 December"}, {"question": "What group was the first to use incendiaries?", "answer": "Kampfgruppe 100"}, {"question": "How many fire bombs were dropped per minute?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How many civilians were killed in the bombing?", "answer": "28,556 killed"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe dropped how many short tons of bombs?", "answer": "18,291 short tons"}, {"question": "Why were port cities targeted by the Luftwaffe?", "answer": "to try to disrupt trade and sea communications"}, {"question": "How many times was Swansea bombed heavily?", "answer": "four times"}, {"question": "What was primarily damaged in the attacks?", "answer": "commercial and domestic areas"}, {"question": "What cities had large sections of them destroyed?", "answer": "Portsmouth Southsea and Gosport"}, {"question": "What was left mostly unharmed?", "answer": "the docks"}, {"question": "What was the primary goal of the German air doctrine?", "answer": "target civilian morale"}, {"question": "In November and December of 1940 what changed to make attacks on civilians a moot point?", "answer": "large-scale raids"}, {"question": "What had nearly been considered indiscriminate bombing?", "answer": "use of mines and incendiaries, for tactical expediency"}, {"question": "Lighting targets hidden by haze had to be done without what?", "answer": "regard for the civilian population"}, {"question": "What was the group that used incendiaries and high explosives to mark targets?", "answer": "Beleuchtergruppe"}, {"question": "The Feuerleitung (Blaze Control) tactic led to what creation for marking targets?", "answer": "Brandbombenfelder (Incendiary Fields)"}, {"question": "What was the nickname of bombs used in streets and residential areas?", "answer": "\"Satan\""}, {"question": "What was the weight of the \"Max\" bomb?", "answer": "2,500 kg (5,512 lb)"}, {"question": "Decision changes at organizational levels led to what type of attacks?", "answer": "unrestricted area attack or Terrorangriff (Terror Attack)"}, {"question": "What was one of the reasons for unrestricted area attacks?", "answer": "inaccuracy of navigation"}, {"question": "How was it known that precision bombing was changed to area attacks?", "answer": "tactical methods and weapons dropped"}, {"question": "What percentage of incendiaries were used in December?", "answer": "92 percent"}, {"question": "How was it determined that homes of industrial workers were targeted?", "answer": "Captured German air crews"}, {"question": "What did Erich Raeder believe the Luftwaffe needed to do?", "answer": "support the German submarine force"}, {"question": "Raeder convinced Hitler to do what?", "answer": "attack British port facilities."}, {"question": "What ultimately convinced Hitler that Raeder was right?", "answer": "the high success rates of the U-Boat force"}, {"question": "Submarines and naval aircraft damaged what primarily?", "answer": "British war economy"}, {"question": "What became the new targets for the Kriegsmarine?", "answer": "British coastal centres and shipping at sea west of Ireland"}, {"question": "What was Hitler's Directive 23?", "answer": "Directions for operations against the British War Economy"}, {"question": "What was a top priority of Directive 23?", "answer": "aerial interdiction of British imports by sea"}, {"question": "What prevented the targeting of sea communications before?", "answer": "Operation Eagle Attack and the following Battle of Britain"}, {"question": "What was considered more important than the interdiction of sea communications?", "answer": "bombing land-based aircraft industries"}, {"question": "What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?", "answer": "Directive 23"}, {"question": "What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?", "answer": "control of more Luftwaffe units"}, {"question": "Who was Raeder's successor? ", "answer": "Karl D\u00f6nitz"}, {"question": "What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?", "answer": "G\u00f6ring's lack of cooperation"}, {"question": "How did Goring expect to regain prestige?", "answer": "by subduing Britain by air power alone"}, {"question": "What was the first consideration for the OKL to support Directive 23?", "answer": "difficulty in estimating the impact of bombing upon war production"}, {"question": "What was the second consideration?", "answer": "the conclusion British morale was unlikely to break"}, {"question": "What did the OKL insist on maintaining?", "answer": "pressure, or diverting strength, onto industries"}, {"question": "When would other targets be considered available?", "answer": "if the primary ones could not be attacked because of weather conditions"}, {"question": "What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?", "answer": "create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941"}, {"question": "What was preventing escalation of air operations?", "answer": "meteorological conditions over Britain"}, {"question": "What happened to airfields?", "answer": "Airfields became water-logged"}, {"question": "How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many sorties were flown in March 1941?", "answer": "4,000"}, {"question": "When did the Luftwaffe fly inland missions?", "answer": "only on moonlit nights"}, {"question": "Why were ports better targets?", "answer": "Ports were easier to find"}, {"question": "How did the Germans confuse the British?", "answer": "radio silence was observed until the bombs fell"}, {"question": "Why was the X-Gerat frequencies used more?", "answer": "British selective jamming was degrading the effectiveness of Y-Ger\u00e4t"}, {"question": "What was focused in March?", "answer": "western ports"}, {"question": "What did these attacks accomplish?", "answer": "breaks in morale"}, {"question": "Why was the OKL forced to improvise?", "answer": "shortage of bombers"}, {"question": "How many Ju 87 Stuka dive-bombers and Jabos were used?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "How many German bombs hit their target?", "answer": "only one-third"}, {"question": "How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?", "answer": "two or three sorties"}, {"question": "What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?", "answer": "Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly"}, {"question": "What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?", "answer": "woke up to discover the entire crew asleep."}, {"question": "What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?", "answer": "oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets"}, {"question": "What did the British fear most?", "answer": "intensification of submarine and air attack"}, {"question": "What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?", "answer": "39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping"}, {"question": "How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?", "answer": "57 ships"}, {"question": "How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?", "answer": "one-third of overseas trade"}, {"question": "How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many people per week were losing housing?", "answer": "40,000 people"}, {"question": "Why was Plymouth targeted the most?", "answer": "because of its vulnerable position on the south coast"}, {"question": "What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs?", "answer": "aerial mines"}, {"question": "How many AAA shells were fired?", "answer": "Over 2,000"}, {"question": "What were two large ports on the English east coast in the North?", "answer": "Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Sunderland"}, {"question": "How many bombers were used in a five-hour attack?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Sunderland saw how many incendiaries used against it on 25 April?", "answer": "9,000 incendiaries"}, {"question": "What was the result of the German attacks?", "answer": "the Germans failed to prevent maritime movements or cripple industry in the regions"}, {"question": "When was the last major attack London saw?", "answer": "10/11 May 1941"}, {"question": "How many tonnes of bombs did the Luftwaffe use on London?", "answer": "800 tonnes"}, {"question": "How many casualties were inflicted?", "answer": "1,436 people were killed and 1,792 seriously injured"}, {"question": "What was the damage done to London's streets?", "answer": "One-third of London's streets were impassable"}, {"question": "What showed RAF night fighter effectiveness was increasing?", "answer": "63 German fighters were sent with the bombers"}, {"question": "How was the British night fighter operations faring?", "answer": "were proving highly successful."}, {"question": "How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?", "answer": "was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns"}, {"question": "How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?", "answer": "struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers"}, {"question": "What did interception rely upon?", "answer": "visual sighting"}, {"question": "What performed better during night fighting?", "answer": "The Boulton Paul Defiant"}, {"question": "How could aircraft engage bombers when fitted with a turret?", "answer": "engage the unsuspecting German bomber from beneath"}, {"question": "What benefits did attacking from below offer?", "answer": "larger target, compared to attacking tail-on, as well as a better chance of not being seen by the bomber"}, {"question": "What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?", "answer": "320 mph (510 km/h)"}, {"question": "What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?", "answer": "26,000 ft (7,900 m)"}, {"question": "how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include?", "answer": "six .303 in Browning machine guns"}, {"question": "What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar?", "answer": "19 November"}, {"question": "What was the most losses the Luftwaffe suffered on any mission?", "answer": "one- to two-percent losses"}, {"question": "How many bombers hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?", "answer": "712"}, {"question": "How many bombs hit Plymouth on Hitler's birthday?", "answer": "1,000 tons of bombs"}, {"question": "On May 3/4 how many German bombers were lost?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many German bombers were shot down by the RAF in May?", "answer": "38 German bombers"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe used how many short tons of bombs during the Blitz?", "answer": "45,000 short tons"}, {"question": "The Luftwaffe helped the U-boats by sinking how much shipping?", "answer": "58,000 long tons"}, {"question": "How did the British production fare as a result of all the bombing?", "answer": "overall the British production rose steadily throughout this period"}, {"question": "What was the greatest achievement of the bombings?", "answer": "British were denied the opportunity to reach the planned target of 2,500 aircraft in a month"}, {"question": "How long was the recovery of industrial cities from raids?", "answer": "most took from 10\u201315 days"}, {"question": "How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?", "answer": "had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot"}, {"question": "What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?", "answer": "about tactics rather than strategy"}, {"question": "What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?", "answer": "an economic-industrial analysis"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?", "answer": "cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000"}, {"question": "What helped increase the Bomber Command's offensives?", "answer": "the German experience"}, {"question": "What did the RAF conclude?", "answer": "bombers should strike a single target each night and use more incendiaries because they had a greater impact on production than high explosives"}, {"question": "What caused the most production disruption?", "answer": "when city centres were devastated through the loss of administrative offices, utilities and transport."}, {"question": "What did the Luftwaffe fail?", "answer": "failed in precision attack"}, {"question": "What did the experience of German's using incendiaries mean?", "answer": "using incendiaries was the way forward for operations over Germany."}, {"question": "What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?", "answer": "Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful."}, {"question": "Aviation strategists disputed over what? ", "answer": "that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command."}, {"question": "What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?", "answer": "morale as a target."}, {"question": "When was morale finally mentioned?", "answer": "ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940"}, {"question": "When were industrial cities to be targeted?", "answer": "if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil."}, {"question": "Without what could morale collapse occur according to Arthur Harris?", "answer": "without the destruction of the German economy."}, {"question": "What was the primary strategy for Bomber Command offensives?", "answer": "to destroy the German industrial base (economic warfare), and in doing so reduce morale"}, {"question": "Arthur Harris announced that Bomber Command would enable economic warfare to achieve what?", "answer": "\"a state of devastation in which surrender is inevitable.\""}, {"question": "What view became popular of the British people in WWII?", "answer": "people locked in national solidarity."}, {"question": "When did this popular view come to be?", "answer": "in the 1980s and 1990s, especially after the publication of Angus Calder's book The Myth of the Blitz (1991)."}, {"question": "Political factions in Britain supported what view of Britains in WWII?", "answer": "aggressive British patriotism successfully defending democracy."}, {"question": "What was the Historians' critical response to this view?", "answer": "over-emphasised claims of righteous nationalism and national unity."}, {"question": "What did Calder try to expose in his book?", "answer": "some of the counter-evidence of anti-social and divisive behaviours"}, {"question": "What was the communist party agitated over?", "answer": "the need for bomb-proof shelters."}, {"question": "What did Londoners use for bomb-shelters?", "answer": "Underground railway system"}, {"question": "What did Morrison warn he couldn't do?", "answer": "that he could not counter the Communist unrest unless provision of shelters were made."}, {"question": "Who did the Communists blame for the damage in the Conventry raids?", "answer": "the rich factory owners, big business and landowning interests"}, {"question": "What was Morrison forced to do in response to the Communist Party?", "answer": "the stoppage of the Daily Worker and The Week; the Communist newspaper and journal."}, {"question": "The success of the Communists helped what political group?", "answer": "British Union of Fascists (BUF)"}, {"question": "Where did anti-semitic attitude spread primarily?", "answer": "particularly in London"}, {"question": "What was one the rumors that Jews were doing in regard to shelters?", "answer": "secured the best shelters via underhanded methods"}, {"question": "What was feared would happen when different races were mixed in shelters?", "answer": "race riots"}, {"question": "How much of London's population left?", "answer": "Over a quarter"}, {"question": "What locations saw an increase in populations?", "answer": "south Wales and Gloucester"}, {"question": "What was another reason for populations moving?", "answer": "industry dispersal may have been a factor"}, {"question": "How many evacuees were there?", "answer": "1.4 million"}, {"question": "How much of the population returned in four months?", "answer": "88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children"}, {"question": "What are the audiobooks with wartime recordings?", "answer": "The Blitz, The Home Front and British War Broadcasting"}, {"question": "What are some of the things included in these recordings?", "answer": "period interviews with civilians, servicemen, aircrew, politicians and Civil Defence personnel, as well as Blitz actuality recordings"}, {"question": "What is one of the notable recordings included?", "answer": "Thomas Alderson, the first recipient of the George Cross, John Cormack, who survived eight days trapped beneath rubble on Clydeside"}, {"question": "What is a second recording that is of note?", "answer": "Herbert Morrison's famous \"Britain shall not burn\" appeal for more fireguards in December 1940."}, {"question": "In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "Which president signed the Act into law?", "answer": "Richard Nixon"}, {"question": "Which two federal agencies administer the Act?", "answer": "the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"}, {"question": "On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?", "answer": "December 28"}, {"question": "What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?", "answer": "to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost"}, {"question": "What was the historical range of the whooping crane?", "answer": "central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast"}, {"question": "What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?", "answer": "Unregulated hunting and habitat loss"}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?", "answer": "16 birds"}, {"question": "How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass", "answer": "eight years"}, {"question": "What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?", "answer": "Lacey Act of 1900"}, {"question": "What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?", "answer": "interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws"}, {"question": "What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?", "answer": "all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants"}, {"question": "What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?", "answer": "Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940"}, {"question": "What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?", "answer": "list endangered domestic fish and wildlife"}, {"question": "The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?", "answer": "$15 million per year"}, {"question": "The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?", "answer": "the National Wildlife Refuge System"}, {"question": "How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?", "answer": "The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts"}, {"question": "How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?", "answer": "Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?", "answer": "\"Class of '67\""}, {"question": "What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?", "answer": "habitat destruction"}, {"question": "How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?", "answer": "It included only vertebrates"}, {"question": "How did being listed initially impact species?", "answer": "the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction"}, {"question": "When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?", "answer": "December, 1969"}, {"question": "How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?", "answer": "by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States"}, {"question": "What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?", "answer": "mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans"}, {"question": "What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of \"reptiles\" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?", "answer": "alligators and crocodiles"}, {"question": "What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?", "answer": "This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection"}, {"question": "Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?", "answer": "Dr. Russell E. Train"}, {"question": "The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?", "answer": "the Council on Environmental Quality"}, {"question": "Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?", "answer": "Dr. Gerard A. \"Jerry\" Bertrand"}, {"question": "Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?", "answer": "Dr. Earl Baysinger"}, {"question": "What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?", "answer": "the 93rd United States Congress"}, {"question": "How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?", "answer": "two ways"}, {"question": "What federal program is used to list a species?", "answer": "candidate assessment program"}, {"question": "How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list", "answer": "90-day screening period"}, {"question": "In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of \"species\"?", "answer": "a \"distinct population segment.\""}, {"question": "What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?", "answer": "\"solely\""}, {"question": "Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?", "answer": "the biological status of the species"}, {"question": "Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?", "answer": "Ronald Reagan"}, {"question": "What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?", "answer": "Congress rejected"}, {"question": "How is public notice given regarding a listing?", "answer": "through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area"}, {"question": "How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?", "answer": "45 days"}, {"question": "Do listing notices cross international soil?", "answer": "Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing"}, {"question": "What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?", "answer": "Section 4"}, {"question": "Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?", "answer": "habitat protection and recovery goals"}, {"question": "What does critical habitat regulation require?", "answer": "the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species"}, {"question": "What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?", "answer": "seed germination and dispersal needs"}, {"question": "What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?", "answer": "federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that \"destroy or adversely modify\" critical habitats"}, {"question": "How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?", "answer": "require a federal permit"}, {"question": "What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?", "answer": "land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves"}, {"question": "What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?", "answer": "within one year"}, {"question": "Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?", "answer": "the Reagan Administration"}, {"question": "After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?", "answer": "Hawaii, California and other western states"}, {"question": "Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?", "answer": "primarily on rivers and coastlines"}, {"question": "What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "answer": "goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species"}, {"question": "What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "answer": "The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed."}, {"question": "What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies?", "answer": "completion within three years"}, {"question": "What is the average time of completion of an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?", "answer": "approximately six years"}, {"question": "Which president had the most completed Recovery Plans during their administration?", "answer": "Clinton (72)"}, {"question": "What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?", "answer": "whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized"}, {"question": "If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?", "answer": "the Endangered Species Committee"}, {"question": "How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?", "answer": "at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur"}, {"question": "Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?", "answer": "the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS"}, {"question": "During informal consultation, what is the goal?", "answer": "to determine if harm may occur"}, {"question": "What prompts the need for formal consultation?", "answer": "if the harm is believed to be likely"}, {"question": "What considerations are weighed during the consultations?", "answer": "whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery"}, {"question": "How many times has the exemption process been used, as of 2009?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What were the results of those exemption petitions?", "answer": "one was granted, one was partially granted, one was denied and three were withdrawn"}, {"question": "Why is this exemption provision often considered a nonfactor?", "answer": "few consultations result in jeopardy opinions"}, {"question": "How can jeopardy opinions be dissuaded?", "answer": "in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy."}, {"question": "Who owns the majority of critical habitat?", "answer": "non-federal property, owned by citizens, states, local governments, tribal governments and private organizations"}, {"question": "What program gives incentives to private landowners to protect species on their land?", "answer": "Habitat Conservation Plan"}, {"question": "Before the amendment in 1982, under what situations could a listed species be displaced?", "answer": "only for scientific or research purposes"}, {"question": "An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?", "answer": "an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)"}, {"question": "How long do ITPs last?", "answer": "allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time"}, {"question": "How is the public made aware of ITP applications?", "answer": "A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register"}, {"question": "How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?", "answer": "30 to 90 days"}, {"question": "What location held the first HCP?", "answer": "San Bruno Mountain, California"}, {"question": "What percentage of the critical habitat was protected for the area that received the first HCP?", "answer": "87%"}, {"question": "What type of animal was being protected in the area that received the first HCP?", "answer": "butterflies"}, {"question": "What 1981 court decision added to the power of HCPs and ITPs for conservation?", "answer": "Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources"}, {"question": "Who wrote the article \"Searching for Consensus and Predictability: Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.\"", "answer": "Robert D.Thornton"}, {"question": "What did Thornton compare the scientific and legal advances to, from the viewpoint of the development community?", "answer": "a major headache"}, {"question": "What is the name of the rule that protects the landowner if their conservation efforts fall short?", "answer": "The \"No Surprises\" rule"}, {"question": "Why is this particular rule so controversial?", "answer": "the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient."}, {"question": "If the landowner fails to adequately protect the species, what penalties do they face with the \"No Surprises\" rule?", "answer": "The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money"}, {"question": "Who covers the cost of additional efforts if the ITP holder's efforts fall short?", "answer": "The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures"}, {"question": "What two groups are bound by a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement?", "answer": "the private landowner and FWS"}, {"question": "In exchange for altering the property to a more beneficial state, what does the landowner gain from the Safe Harbor agreement?", "answer": "assurances that the FWS will permit future \"takes\" above a pre-determined level"}, {"question": "Which presidential administration developed Safe Harbor policy?", "answer": "the Clinton Administration"}, {"question": "Are Safe Harbor agreements and ITPs mutually exclusive?", "answer": "A landowner can have either a \"Safe Harbor\" agreement or an Incidental Take Permit, or both."}, {"question": "How do Candidate Conservation Agreements differ from Safe Harbor agreements?", "answer": "Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances(CCA) are meant to protect unlisted species"}, {"question": "How does a CCA help protect a private landowner?", "answer": "if, in the future the unlisted species becomes listed, the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA."}, {"question": "How does a CCA impact unlisted species?", "answer": "enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered"}, {"question": "What animal species was delisted in August 2008?", "answer": "the Virginia northern flying squirrel"}, {"question": "How long had the squirrel been listed as endangered?", "answer": "listed since 1985"}, {"question": "Which president signed an Act directing the delisting of the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf?", "answer": "President Obama"}, {"question": "As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?", "answer": "twenty-eight"}, {"question": "Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status?", "answer": "Twenty-five"}, {"question": "How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many species are currently listed?", "answer": "over 2,000"}, {"question": "What is the success rate of the list and the Endangered Species Act initiatives?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the act of pre-emptive habitat destruction by landowners fearing a protected species?", "answer": "\"Shoot, Shovel and Shut-Up.\""}, {"question": "How did a land owner impact the protected red-cockaded woodpecker species?", "answer": "increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat"}, {"question": "What is one particular industry that exploits Endangered Species Act loopholes?", "answer": "exotic pet trade"}, {"question": "What is one particular loophole that aids roadside zoos and private collectors?", "answer": "no provisions are made for in-state commerce"}, {"question": "What allows exploitation of interstate commerce regulations?", "answer": "the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold"}, {"question": "How can fake breeding loans be used to sell wildlife?", "answer": "in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary \"donation\" from the receiving party."}, {"question": "Why are there not more arrests from undercover investigations of interstate wildlife commerce?", "answer": "the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations"}, {"question": "The Center for Public Integrity found that 151 of what primate were moved from the New England Primate Research Center into exotic pet trade?", "answer": "cotton-top tamarin"}, {"question": "What happened in 1976 that impacted this primate's classification as Endanger?", "answer": "over 800 cotton-top tamarins were imported into the United States"}, {"question": "What school is affiliated with the New England Primate Research Center?", "answer": "Harvard"}, {"question": "Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?", "answer": "development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies"}, {"question": "What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?", "answer": "These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states"}, {"question": "What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?", "answer": "Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California"}, {"question": "Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?", "answer": "A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license"}, {"question": "Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?", "answer": "The Secretary"}, {"question": "Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?", "answer": "$500,000"}, {"question": "The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?", "answer": "vacuus"}, {"question": "What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?", "answer": "imperfect vacuum"}, {"question": "What is a vacuum?", "answer": "space void of matter"}, {"question": "What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?", "answer": "gaseous"}, {"question": "What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?", "answer": "in vacuo"}, {"question": "The Vacuum state is considered what?", "answer": "the ground state of matter."}, {"question": "A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?", "answer": "reduce air pressure by around 20%"}, {"question": "The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?", "answer": "how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum"}, {"question": "Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?", "answer": "a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter"}, {"question": "If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?", "answer": "it would still not be \"empty\""}, {"question": "What did Aristotle believe about a void?", "answer": "no void could occur naturally,"}, {"question": "What was historically disputed about vacuums?", "answer": "whether such a thing as a vacuum can exist."}, {"question": "What did something that was literally nothing at all,According to Plato, mean?", "answer": "cannot rightly be said to exist"}, {"question": "Aristotle thought what would fill any rarity that might give rise to a void?", "answer": "denser surrounding material continuum"}, {"question": "In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?", "answer": "Stoic physics"}, {"question": "What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?", "answer": "a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself"}, {"question": "Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?", "answer": "13th and 14th"}, {"question": "What does Rapid decompression do to the lungs?", "answer": "rupture of the delicate alveoli"}, {"question": "What causes barotrauma?", "answer": "rapid decompression"}, {"question": "What amount of pressure drop can kill you if it occurs suddenly?", "answer": "13 kPa (100 Torr),"}, {"question": "What does acceleration of oxygen consumption do?", "answer": "hypoxia"}, {"question": "rapid decompression is more dangerous than what?", "answer": "vacuum exposure"}, {"question": "What did Descartes believe about vacuums in nature?", "answer": "that a vacuum does not occur in nature"}, {"question": "Whose work with metaphysics would come to define the notion of empty space?", "answer": "Descartes"}, {"question": "What philosophy combined with Descartes to push quantum activity in the 20th century?", "answer": "Cartesian mechanical philosophy"}, {"question": "An infinite sea of particles with negative energy  was a model propesed by whom?", "answer": "Paul Dirac"}, {"question": "What year was the Dirac sea modeled?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "When werer virtual particles confirmed?", "answer": "late 20th century"}, {"question": "What year was the uncertainty principle formed?", "answer": "1927,"}, {"question": "What theorized that time and energy can be measured?", "answer": "Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle"}, {"question": "what is a perfect example of a filled vacuum showing a curvature?", "answer": "The black hole"}, {"question": "Who's equations  helped to imply vanishing of the Ricci tensor?", "answer": "Einstein"}, {"question": "what produces curvature in a vacuum?", "answer": "tidal forces and gravitational waves"}, {"question": "What has no electric charge?", "answer": "black hole"}, {"question": "Where do most satellites operate?", "answer": "low Earth orbit"}, {"question": "What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?", "answer": "solar sails"}, {"question": "why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?", "answer": "atmospheric density"}, {"question": "above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?", "answer": "K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line"}, {"question": "Al-Farabi concluded a perfect vacuum was incoherent using what?", "answer": "handheld plungers in water."}, {"question": "Ibn al-Haytham used geometry to demonstrate  what?", "answer": "place (al-makan) is the imagined three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body"}, {"question": "who stated that there was no evidence to rule out a vacuum?", "answer": "Ab\u016b Rayh\u0101n al-B\u012br\u016bn\u012b"}, {"question": "what did Al-Farabi say expanded to fill available space", "answer": "air's volume"}, {"question": "What type of pump appeared in the 15th century?", "answer": "suction pump"}, {"question": "Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?", "answer": "Bishop Etienne Tempier"}, {"question": "When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?", "answer": "God could create a vacuum if he so wished."}, {"question": "What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?", "answer": "nature abhorred a vacuum"}, {"question": "what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?", "answer": "horror vacui"}, {"question": "What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?", "answer": "partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr)."}, {"question": "What year was the Toepler Pump invented?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?", "answer": "vacuum pump"}, {"question": "Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?", "answer": "Otto von Guericke"}, {"question": "What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?", "answer": "A number of electrical properties"}, {"question": "What was originally believed the heavens were filled with?", "answer": "aether"}, {"question": "Why were experiments done on luminiferous aether in the 19 Century?", "answer": "\"While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, [it] is characteris"}, {"question": "Who stated that the character of a gas and free molecule were in ether?", "answer": "Henry Pickering"}, {"question": "Where are the highest amounts of naturally occurring partial vacuums?", "answer": "outer space"}, {"question": "What was ether originally thought to be made of?", "answer": "rigid indestructible material"}, {"question": "What indicated the quality of a vacuum?", "answer": "amount of matter remaining in the system"}, {"question": "How is vacuum generally measured?", "answer": "its absolute pressure"}, {"question": "What does the MFP of residual gases show?", "answer": "average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other."}, {"question": "What is particle gas dynamics?", "answer": "study of fluid flows"}, {"question": "Absolute pressure  being equal to current atmospheric pressure means what?", "answer": "\"Below atmospheric\""}, {"question": "What is a torr equal to?", "answer": "displacement of a millimeter of mercury"}, {"question": "What is another often used options to measure vacuum?", "answer": "barometric scale"}, {"question": "Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?", "answer": "its high density and low vapour pressure"}, {"question": "What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?", "answer": "Hydrostatic gauges"}, {"question": "What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?", "answer": "measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric"}, {"question": "Why is the McLeod gauge special?", "answer": "can measure vacuums as high as 10\u22126 torr"}, {"question": "An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?", "answer": "McLeod gauge"}, {"question": "The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?", "answer": "Thermal conductivity gauges"}, {"question": "How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?", "answer": "by running current through it"}, {"question": "What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?", "answer": "chemical composition of the gases being measured"}, {"question": "What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?", "answer": "to measure the temperature of the filament"}, {"question": "A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?", "answer": "10 torr to 10\u22123 torr"}, {"question": "What are the two types of Ion gauges?", "answer": "hot cathode and cold cathode."}, {"question": "What affects the number of ions in a gauge?", "answer": "the pressure in the gauge"}, {"question": "What gauge is accurate from 10-2 torr to 10-9 torr?", "answer": "Cold cathode gauges"}, {"question": "What must be used for accurate measurement on the composition of gases at a high vacuums?", "answer": "mass spectrometer must be used in conjunction with the ionization gauge"}, {"question": "Why does a mass spectrometer need to be used with gauge to be accurate at high vacuum gas measurement?", "answer": "composition of gases at high vacuums will usually be unpredictable"}, {"question": "density of oxygen like that of sea-level atmosphere is needed to do what?", "answer": "sustain life at pressures much lower than atmospheric,"}, {"question": "What is the lowest altitude where acclimatization or a suit is not needed to prevent sickness in humans?", "answer": "of up to 3 km"}, {"question": "When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?", "answer": "after a few seconds"}, {"question": "A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?", "answer": "the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)"}, {"question": "What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?", "answer": "ebullism"}, {"question": "What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?", "answer": "tissues are elastic and porous"}, {"question": "What can boil away in extreme vaccum exposure?", "answer": "Some oils and greases"}, {"question": "How should the grain direct of metallic flanges run to flange faces?", "answer": "parallel"}, {"question": "What are 2 metals that can be absorbed in an ultra high vacuum system?", "answer": "stainless steel or titanium"}, {"question": "What becomes a concern in an ultra high vacuum system regarding aluminum or palladium?", "answer": "water absorption"}, {"question": "The state with the lowest possible energy in quantum mechanics defines what ?", "answer": "vacuum"}, {"question": "A vacuum state with no matter particles or photons is called what?", "answer": "QED"}, {"question": "why is a QED vacuum impossible to achieve ?", "answer": "impossible to eliminate all the blackbody photons"}, {"question": "What is a QCD?", "answer": "vacuum of quantum chromodynamics,"}, {"question": "When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?", "answer": "In QED vacuum"}, {"question": "What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?", "answer": "spontaneous emission"}, {"question": "what is  vacuum fluctuation?", "answer": "virtual particles that hop into and out of existence"}, {"question": "Finite energy in a QED is called what?", "answer": "vacuum energy"}, {"question": "What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?", "answer": "vacuum near an electric charge"}, {"question": "`Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?", "answer": "due to space weather"}, {"question": "What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?", "answer": "the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line"}, {"question": "What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?", "answer": "number density"}, {"question": "What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?", "answer": "radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds"}, {"question": "What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?", "answer": "incandescent light bulb"}, {"question": "What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?", "answer": "chemical inertness"}, {"question": "Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?", "answer": "obstruction of air,"}, {"question": "How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?", "answer": "Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing"}, {"question": "What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?", "answer": "electron microscopes and vacuum tubes"}, {"question": "What provides power assistance for auto brakes?", "answer": "vacuum servo"}, {"question": "What are two available sources of vacuum on a moving airplane?", "answer": "engine and an external venturi"}, {"question": "Why are the Attitude indicator and heading indicator vacuum-powered?", "answer": "protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments,"}, {"question": "What does a manifold vacuum do on a car?", "answer": "drive accessories"}, {"question": "What no longer used accessories were powered by vacuum?", "answer": "vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps"}, {"question": "what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?", "answer": "outgassing"}, {"question": "When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?", "answer": "vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure"}, {"question": "Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?", "answer": "obscure optical instruments"}, {"question": "Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?", "answer": "continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth"}, {"question": "How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?", "answer": "a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity"}, {"question": "Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?", "answer": "Because of the pressure differential"}, {"question": "What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?", "answer": "displacement pumps"}, {"question": "What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?", "answer": "Entrapment pumps"}, {"question": "Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?", "answer": "no vibration."}, {"question": "What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?", "answer": "Momentum transfer pumps"}, {"question": "When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?", "answer": "stages"}, {"question": "The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?", "answer": "vacuum technique"}, {"question": "What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?", "answer": "oil contamination, vibration"}, {"question": "What period followed the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Three Kingdoms"}, {"question": "What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Qin"}, {"question": "Who founded the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Liu Bang"}, {"question": "When did the Former Han period begin?", "answer": "206 BC"}, {"question": "When did the Later Han period end?", "answer": "220 AD"}, {"question": "When did the Qing dynasty fall?", "answer": "AD 1911"}, {"question": "What innovation was acquired from the Qin?", "answer": "commanderies"}, {"question": "What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?", "answer": "Confucianism"}, {"question": "What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?", "answer": "the Rebellion of the Seven States"}, {"question": "What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?", "answer": "scholarly gentry"}, {"question": "In what year did the central government issue coins?", "answer": "119 BC"}, {"question": "What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?", "answer": "iron"}, {"question": "In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?", "answer": "Eastern Han"}, {"question": "A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?", "answer": "Zhou"}, {"question": "A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?", "answer": "inverted"}, {"question": "Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?", "answer": "The Xiongnu"}, {"question": "What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?", "answer": "military"}, {"question": "In what year was Nanyue annexed?", "answer": "111 BC"}, {"question": "Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?", "answer": "Xianbei"}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?", "answer": "87 BC"}, {"question": "Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?", "answer": "Daoist"}, {"question": "Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?", "answer": "military officers"}, {"question": "Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?", "answer": "Cao Pi"}, {"question": "Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Xian"}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Ling die?", "answer": "189 AD"}, {"question": "With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?", "answer": "conquest"}, {"question": "Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?", "answer": "Xiang Yu"}, {"question": "Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?", "answer": "Qin Shi Huangdi"}, {"question": "What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?", "answer": "rebellion"}, {"question": "Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?", "answer": "his followers"}, {"question": "How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "Who could appoint staff to the kings?", "answer": "imperial court"}, {"question": "When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?", "answer": "154 BC"}, {"question": "From what source did kings derive their personal income from?", "answer": "tax revenues"}, {"question": "The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?", "answer": "Liu"}, {"question": "Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?", "answer": "Modu Chanyu"}, {"question": "What group had a trade embargo created against them?", "answer": "the Xiongnu"}, {"question": "In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?", "answer": "200 BC"}, {"question": "What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?", "answer": "heqin"}, {"question": "What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?", "answer": "silk clothes"}, {"question": "The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?", "answer": "135 BC"}, {"question": "In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?", "answer": "133 BC"}, {"question": "What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?", "answer": "119 BC"}, {"question": "Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?", "answer": "Wei Qing"}, {"question": "Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?", "answer": "soldiers"}, {"question": "Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?", "answer": "the court"}, {"question": "In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?", "answer": "111 BC"}, {"question": "Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?", "answer": "the frontier"}, {"question": "How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?", "answer": "glasswares"}, {"question": "Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?", "answer": "Zhang Qian"}, {"question": "When did Zhang Qian end his travels?", "answer": "125 BC"}, {"question": "Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?", "answer": "Silk Road"}, {"question": "What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?", "answer": "the Xiongnu"}, {"question": "When was the first national census taken in China?", "answer": "2 AD"}, {"question": "What was the population of China in 2 AD?", "answer": "57,671,400"}, {"question": "What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?", "answer": "60 BC"}, {"question": "Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?", "answer": "Dian"}, {"question": "Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?", "answer": "former merchants"}, {"question": "When was the liquor monopoly abolished?", "answer": "81 BC"}, {"question": "Which faction did the Reformists oppose?", "answer": "Modernist"}, {"question": "Which political faction favored budgetary reform?", "answer": "The Reformists"}, {"question": "In what year did Huo Guang die?", "answer": "68 BC"}, {"question": "Who tried to outlaw slavery?", "answer": "Wang Mang"}, {"question": "What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?", "answer": "Gradual silt buildup"}, {"question": "Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?", "answer": "Han engineers"}, {"question": "What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?", "answer": "The Yellow River"}, {"question": "What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?", "answer": "massive floods"}, {"question": "Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?", "answer": "Luoyang"}, {"question": "What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?", "answer": "Eastern Han dynasty"}, {"question": "What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?", "answer": "Later Han dynasty"}, {"question": "Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?", "answer": "Chang'an"}, {"question": "What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?", "answer": "Former Han dynasty"}, {"question": "On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?", "answer": "5 August 25"}, {"question": "Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?", "answer": "Goguryeo"}, {"question": "Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?", "answer": "The Tr\u01b0ng Sisters of Vietnam"}, {"question": "In what year did Ma Yuan die?", "answer": "AD 49"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?", "answer": "Bi"}, {"question": "Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?", "answer": "Tarim"}, {"question": "When did Chen Mu die?", "answer": "AD 75"}, {"question": "Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?", "answer": "Ili River valley"}, {"question": "Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?", "answer": "Chen Mu"}, {"question": "Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?", "answer": "the Northern Xiongnu"}, {"question": "Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?", "answer": "Vima Kadphises"}, {"question": "Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?", "answer": "Ban Chao"}, {"question": "Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?", "answer": "Kushan"}, {"question": "Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?", "answer": "Kushan"}, {"question": "Who was allied with Kashgar?", "answer": "Sogdiana"}, {"question": "Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?", "answer": "Gan Ying"}, {"question": "Who translated written works into Chinese?", "answer": "Buddhist monks"}, {"question": "Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?", "answer": "A Roman embassy"}, {"question": "When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?", "answer": "AD 146"}, {"question": "Which empire sent the Han gifts?", "answer": "Parthian"}, {"question": "Who was prevented from leaving their house?", "answer": "Empress Dowager Dou"}, {"question": "When did Emperor He's reign end?", "answer": "105 AD"}, {"question": "Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?", "answer": "Empress Deng Sui"}, {"question": "When did the Qiang rebellion end?", "answer": "118 AD"}, {"question": "Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?", "answer": "Empress Dowager Dou"}, {"question": "Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?", "answer": "Emperor An"}, {"question": "Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?", "answer": "Sun Cheng"}, {"question": "Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?", "answer": "eunuchs"}, {"question": "Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?", "answer": "Yan"}, {"question": "How did Liang Ji die?", "answer": "forced to commit suicide"}, {"question": "On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?", "answer": "treason"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?", "answer": "Palace eunuchs"}, {"question": "During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?", "answer": "economic"}, {"question": "Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?", "answer": "Imperial"}, {"question": "When did Dou Wu die?", "answer": "168 AD"}, {"question": "Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?", "answer": "the eunuchs"}, {"question": "Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?", "answer": "General Zhang Huan"}, {"question": "How did Dou Wu pass away?", "answer": "he was forced to commit suicide"}, {"question": "Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?", "answer": "the eunuchs"}, {"question": "What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?", "answer": "coup d'\u00e9tat"}, {"question": "In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?", "answer": "184 AD"}, {"question": "In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?", "answer": "215 AD"}, {"question": "How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What type of healer was Zhang Jue?", "answer": "faith"}, {"question": "What religion did Zhang Jue practice?", "answer": "Daoist"}, {"question": "Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?", "answer": "He Jin"}, {"question": "Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?", "answer": "Empress He"}, {"question": "Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?", "answer": "He Miao"}, {"question": "Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?", "answer": "Liu Xie"}, {"question": "What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?", "answer": "the eunuchs' execution"}, {"question": "How was Luoyang destroyed?", "answer": "burned"}, {"question": "Who demoted Emperor Shao?", "answer": "Dong Zhuo"}, {"question": "What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?", "answer": "Emperor Xian"}, {"question": "Who had taken control of Luoyang?", "answer": "General Dong Zhuo"}, {"question": "When did Dong Zhuo die?", "answer": "192 AD"}, {"question": "Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?", "answer": "Cao"}, {"question": "Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?", "answer": "Cao Pi"}, {"question": "What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?", "answer": "Cao Wei"}, {"question": "Who was in control of the south of China?", "answer": "Sun Quan"}, {"question": "In what month did Cao Cao die?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?", "answer": "mid-to-late Eastern Han"}, {"question": "What rank provided its holder territorial rule?", "answer": "full marquess"}, {"question": "What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?", "answer": "commoner social"}, {"question": "What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?", "answer": "cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships"}, {"question": "What rank is below that of full marquess?", "answer": "ordinary marquess"}, {"question": "Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?", "answer": "The farmer"}, {"question": "What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?", "answer": "white-colored"}, {"question": "Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?", "answer": "bandits"}, {"question": "Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?", "answer": "State-registered merchants"}, {"question": "How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?", "answer": "working between a network of cities"}, {"question": "How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?", "answer": "four to five"}, {"question": "Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?", "answer": "the father's"}, {"question": "Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?", "answer": "nobles and high officials"}, {"question": "What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?", "answer": "patrilineal"}, {"question": "What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?", "answer": "Arranged marriages"}, {"question": "Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?", "answer": "the father"}, {"question": "What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?", "answer": "a will"}, {"question": "How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?", "answer": "marriage dowries"}, {"question": "Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?", "answer": "inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture"}, {"question": "What type of title could be passed down?", "answer": "noble"}, {"question": "Which gender was exempt from performing the yearly corvee labor duties?", "answer": "Women"}, {"question": "What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?", "answer": "openly humiliated"}, {"question": "What type of occupation did women commonly take part in?", "answer": "income-earning"}, {"question": "Who were women obligated to obey in their old age?", "answer": "their adult son"}, {"question": "Which parental figures often avoided the common familial rules?", "answer": "mothers"}, {"question": "What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?", "answer": "Confucianism"}, {"question": "Who put an end to all erudites?", "answer": "Emperor Wu"}, {"question": "How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?", "answer": "over 30,000"}, {"question": "What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?", "answer": "Confucian"}, {"question": "Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?", "answer": "tuition payments"}, {"question": "Who had produced biographies of individuals of significant importance?", "answer": "various gentrymen"}, {"question": "What type of poetry had much influence in the Han dynasty?", "answer": "fu"}, {"question": "Who had written the dictionary Fangyan?", "answer": "Yang Xiong"}, {"question": "Which person had authored the Book of Han?", "answer": "Ban Biao"}, {"question": "What was the name of Ban Biao's female offspring?", "answer": "Ban Zhao"}, {"question": "What type of torture was acquired from Qin law?", "answer": "mutilation"}, {"question": "What eventually replaced torturous mutilation as a type of punishment?", "answer": "progressively less-severe beatings"}, {"question": "What type of extreme punishment was likely to be laid upon those who committed the harshest of crimes?", "answer": "death by beheading"}, {"question": "What could a criminal in this era expect not to happen if he was convicted of a crime?", "answer": "criminals were never imprisoned"}, {"question": "What did women commonly have less of?", "answer": "rights"}, {"question": "What type of crop was rice considered to be during this period?", "answer": "staple crops"}, {"question": "What were dogs in this era most likely to be considered?", "answer": "pets"}, {"question": "What type of partridge was commonly consumed?", "answer": "Chinese bamboo"}, {"question": "Where were turtles acquired from?", "answer": "streams and lakes"}, {"question": "What was the color of the bayberries?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?", "answer": "hollow clay tiles"}, {"question": "What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?", "answer": "hollow clay tiles"}, {"question": "What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?", "answer": "xian"}, {"question": "What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?", "answer": "two-part soul"}, {"question": "What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?", "answer": "allowing it to pivot"}, {"question": "Who made sacrifices to the main deities in this period?", "answer": "the emperor"}, {"question": "What type of geological event was feared could be caused by the morals of the emperor?", "answer": "earthquakes"}, {"question": "What is another term that could be used to label the main deities?", "answer": "the Five Powers"}, {"question": "How many realms were commonly thought of as being linked by a natural cycle?", "answer": "three realms"}, {"question": "What type of swarm was a concern because of the emperor's ethics?", "answer": "locusts"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of breathing exercises to a Daoist?", "answer": "achieve immortality"}, {"question": "What type of religion did the society of the Way of the Five Pecks of Rice practice?", "answer": "Daoists"}, {"question": "What could the prophet Laozi offer in return for the confession of sins?", "answer": "salvation and good health"}, {"question": "What literal work were followers of Laozi expected to chant?", "answer": "Daodejing"}, {"question": "What could be earned if an individual had reached the lands of the Queen Mother of the West?", "answer": "immortality"}, {"question": "During was era did Buddhism first appear in the region?", "answer": "Eastern Han"}, {"question": "When did Emperor Ming of Han's reign end?", "answer": "75 AD"}, {"question": "What philosophical practice did Liu Ying believe in?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "What is believed to be the first Buddhist temple in this area?", "answer": "the White Horse Temple"}, {"question": "During which century were important Buddhist notions translated to Chinese?", "answer": "2nd century AD"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?", "answer": "the emperor"}, {"question": "Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?", "answer": "sometimes did reject the majority opinion"}, {"question": "Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?", "answer": "court conference"}, {"question": "What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?", "answer": "alienating his high ministers"}, {"question": "Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?", "answer": "the emperor"}, {"question": "Which individual had a duty to maintain the imperial stables?", "answer": "The Minister Coachman"}, {"question": "Which Minister had the responsibility to interpret laws in this period?", "answer": "The Minister of Justice"}, {"question": "Which Minister could an honored guest of the court be expected to see?", "answer": "The Minister Herald"}, {"question": "Who provided  the emperor with sustenance and medical aid?", "answer": "The Minister Steward"}, {"question": "Which individual held the responsibility to oversee the interactions of the empire's nobles with the court?", "answer": "The Minister of the Imperial Clan"}, {"question": "What individual was typically in charge of a commandery?", "answer": "an Administrator"}, {"question": "Around how many households was a Prefect responsible for?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?", "answer": "A Magistrate"}, {"question": "What Emperor initially created the quota system?", "answer": "Emperor Wu"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of counties that had fewer than 10,000 people in them?", "answer": "Chiefs"}, {"question": "What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?", "answer": "twenty-three"}, {"question": "How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?", "answer": "one year"}, {"question": "What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?", "answer": "twenty"}, {"question": "Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?", "answer": "Minister of the Guards"}, {"question": "How could conscription into military service be avoided?", "answer": "one paid a commutable tax"}, {"question": "What army was based near the capital?", "answer": "Northern Army"}, {"question": "What army was considered to be the volunteer army?", "answer": "Southern Army"}, {"question": "How many regiments were in the Northern Army?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?", "answer": "several thousand soldiers"}, {"question": "Where did the Han dynasty receive their coin type from?", "answer": "the Qin"}, {"question": "Who closed the government mint?", "answer": "Emperor Gaozu"}, {"question": "In what year was the decision reversing the closure of the government mint implemented?", "answer": "186 BC"}, {"question": "Who released new lighter coinage that caused significant amounts of inflation because of it's weight?", "answer": "L\u00fc Zhi"}, {"question": "In what year were private manufactures allowed to create coins that were exactly 2.6g in mass?", "answer": "175 BC"}, {"question": "Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?", "answer": "Emperor Wu"}, {"question": "What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?", "answer": "wuzhu"}, {"question": "During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?", "answer": "Tang dynasty"}, {"question": "What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?", "answer": "3.2 g"}, {"question": "What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?", "answer": "several new currencies"}, {"question": "Which group made up the bulk of the Han tax base?", "answer": "landowner-cultivators"}, {"question": "Who made reductions in the taxes that landowner-cultivators were forced to pay?", "answer": "The Han government"}, {"question": "During what period did a large number of peasants incur debt?", "answer": "Eastern Han"}, {"question": "What type of housing did the Han government provide to landless indebted peasants?", "answer": "temporary"}, {"question": "What did the Han government do to help out smaller landowners?", "answer": "enacted reforms"}, {"question": "In which year did Emperor Wu monopolize several industries?", "answer": "117 BC"}, {"question": "Who allowed industrialists to become officials in the newly state sanctioned industries?", "answer": "Emperor Wu"}, {"question": "During what period did the governmental monopolies become privatized once again?", "answer": "Eastern Han"}, {"question": "What did Emperor Wu do to negate the influence of private entrepreneurs?", "answer": "nationalized the salt and iron industries"}, {"question": "During what era could a wealthy iron industrialist be able to rival the treasury in funds?", "answer": "Western Han"}, {"question": "What industry was monopolized by the government in 98 BC?", "answer": "Liquor"}, {"question": "In what year did the liquor industry once again become privatized?", "answer": "81 BC"}, {"question": "What was mostly missing during the Eastern Han?", "answer": "price control regulations"}, {"question": "What did Emperor Wu sell that offended the merchants?", "answer": "grain"}, {"question": "What office did Emperor Ming create?", "answer": "Office for Price Adjustment and Stabilization"}, {"question": "What type of furnace was functional in China in 722 BC?", "answer": "blast"}, {"question": "What element was used in the production of wrought iron?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "What type of iron could pig iron be converted into?", "answer": "wrought"}, {"question": "What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel?", "answer": "fining"}, {"question": "What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace?", "answer": "pig iron"}, {"question": "What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows?", "answer": "The three-legged iron seed drill"}, {"question": "How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow?", "answer": "two oxen"}, {"question": "How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day?", "answer": "11.3 acres"}, {"question": "What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools?", "answer": "improved iron-smelting techniques"}, {"question": "How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow?", "answer": "one man"}, {"question": "What helped insure the safety of crops from wind?", "answer": "the alternating fields system"}, {"question": "What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows?", "answer": "pit field system"}, {"question": "What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What system did the government recommend the usage of?", "answer": "alternating fields system"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Grain Intendant?", "answer": "Zhao Guo"}, {"question": "What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Timber"}, {"question": "What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to?", "answer": "Tang"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty?", "answer": "907 AD"}, {"question": "What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions?", "answer": "ceramic roof tiles"}, {"question": "What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty?", "answer": "Timber"}, {"question": "How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era?", "answer": "twenty-nine"}, {"question": "What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade?", "answer": "stone pillar-gates"}, {"question": "What building material were tomb chambers constructed with?", "answer": "brick"}, {"question": "What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of?", "answer": "rammed-earth"}, {"question": "What type of system used ceramic water pipes?", "answer": "drainage systems"}, {"question": "What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period?", "answer": "Confucian"}, {"question": "Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive?", "answer": "Yang Xiong"}, {"question": "Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp?", "answer": "Ding Huan"}, {"question": "What can be used as a support structure in incense burners?", "answer": "gimbals"}, {"question": "What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings?", "answer": "rotary fan"}, {"question": "During which period was the odometer cart first created?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "What item was used to make very small measurements during this era?", "answer": "sliding metal calipers"}, {"question": "What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era?", "answer": "artwork"}, {"question": "What was used to separate parts of grain?", "answer": "winnowing machines"}, {"question": "What use did the odometer cart provide?", "answer": "measured journey lengths"}, {"question": "What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?", "answer": "Waterwheels"}, {"question": "What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?", "answer": "Nanyang"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?", "answer": "Wang Chong"}, {"question": "During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?", "answer": "about the 5th century"}, {"question": "During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer?", "answer": "Zhang Heng"}, {"question": "In what year was the seismometer first invented?", "answer": "132 AD"}, {"question": "What invention included an inverted pendulum?", "answer": "seismometer"}, {"question": "How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer?", "answer": "metal ball"}, {"question": "What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?", "answer": "mathematical"}, {"question": "How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?", "answer": "Gaussian elimination"}, {"question": "During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "What can be used to help find the roots of equations?", "answer": "continued fractions"}, {"question": "In what treatise did negative numbers first appear?", "answer": "the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"}, {"question": "How were negative numbers first described during the Han period?", "answer": "as black counting rods"}, {"question": "In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe?", "answer": "16th century AD"}, {"question": "What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers?", "answer": "Bakhshali"}, {"question": "What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art?", "answer": "red counting rods"}, {"question": "In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted?", "answer": "Han"}, {"question": "Who was able to describe the process of evaporation?", "answer": "Wang Chong"}, {"question": "What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse?", "answer": "the Earth"}, {"question": "What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era?", "answer": "spherical"}, {"question": "What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe?", "answer": "the earth"}, {"question": "What textile were some of the early Han maps made from?", "answer": "silk"}, {"question": "In what type of building were silken maps found?", "answer": "tomb"}, {"question": "Which individual created the very first raised relief map?", "answer": "Ma Yuan"}, {"question": "What food stable was the first raised relief map created from?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era?", "answer": "The junk design"}, {"question": "In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder?", "answer": "high seas"}, {"question": "What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull?", "answer": "Junks"}, {"question": "What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during?", "answer": "riverine transport"}, {"question": "Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?", "answer": "Han-era medical physicians"}, {"question": "What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?", "answer": "anesthesia"}, {"question": "What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?", "answer": "physician"}, {"question": "How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?", "answer": "prescribed regulated diets"}, {"question": "When did Hua Tuo die?", "answer": "208 AD"}, {"question": "Which angel is believed to have communicated the Quran to Muhammad?", "answer": "Gabriel"}, {"question": "On which date did Muhammad begin receiving the Quran?", "answer": "22 December 609 CE"}, {"question": "In which year CE did Muhammad die?", "answer": "632"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic variant of Gabriel?", "answer": "Jibril"}, {"question": "How many times is the word \"Quran\" used in the Quran?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Who first recorded Muhammad revelations?", "answer": "companions of Muhammad"}, {"question": "Who first standardized the earliest versions of the Quran?", "answer": "Caliph Uthman"}, {"question": "By what name is the first standardized version of the Quran known?", "answer": "Uthman's codex"}, {"question": "In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?", "answer": "sharia"}, {"question": "What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?", "answer": "Biblical scriptures"}, {"question": "Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "From which Arabic verb might \"Quran\" be derived?", "answer": "qara\u02bca"}, {"question": "What Syriac word might be related to \"Quran\"?", "answer": "qery\u0101n\u0101"}, {"question": "The words from which the name \"Quran\" might be described are related to which act?", "answer": "reciting"}, {"question": "Which word do most Muslim scholars point to as the origin of the Quran's name?", "answer": "qara\u02bca"}, {"question": "Which term used in the Quran to indicate itself means \"book\"?", "answer": "kit\u0101b"}, {"question": "Which term does the Quran use to refer to itself as \"scripture\"?", "answer": "s\u016brah"}, {"question": "What meaning does the Quran take when it calls itself hikmah?", "answer": "wisdom"}, {"question": "What name does the Quran use for itself that means \"revelation\"?", "answer": "wa\u1e25y"}, {"question": "Which term meaning \"the mother book\" does the Quran apply to itself?", "answer": "umm al-kit\u0101b"}, {"question": "What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?", "answer": "mus'haf"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?", "answer": "al-kit\u0101b"}, {"question": "What is an English translation of huda?", "answer": "the guide"}, {"question": "In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?", "answer": "Cave of Hira"}, {"question": "Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?", "answer": "Medina"}, {"question": "Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?", "answer": "Badr"}, {"question": "Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?", "answer": "date palm"}, {"question": "When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "What is the most common interpretation of the word \"ummi\" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?", "answer": "illiterate"}, {"question": "Because Mohammed was \"ummi,\" what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?", "answer": "earlier sacred texts"}, {"question": "What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?", "answer": "ummi"}, {"question": "What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?", "answer": "writing and reading"}, {"question": "Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?", "answer": "Abu Bakr"}, {"question": "Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?", "answer": "Zayd ibn Thabit"}, {"question": "In which year did Abu Bakr die?", "answer": "634"}, {"question": "Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?", "answer": "Hafsa bint Umar"}, {"question": "Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?", "answer": "Uthman ibn Affan"}, {"question": "What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?", "answer": "palimpsests"}, {"question": "Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?", "answer": "671 AD"}, {"question": "In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?", "answer": "Sana'a, Yemen"}, {"question": "What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?", "answer": "Uthmanic"}, {"question": "How many years old were the Quran fragments discovered in Birmingham in 2015?", "answer": "1370"}, {"question": "What script were the Birmingham Quran fragments written in?", "answer": "Hijazi"}, {"question": "Which modern script descends from the script on the Birmingham Quran fragments?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "What feature of the Birmingham Quran fragments' text make some doubt that it is older than other known versions of the Quran?", "answer": "dots and chapter separators"}, {"question": "Which section of the Quran inspires some Muslims to ritually wash themselves before touching their copy?", "answer": "56:79"}, {"question": "What is done with the ashes of burned copies of the Quran?", "answer": "buried or scattered over water"}, {"question": "In what state are copies of the Quran sometime wrapped in cloth and buried?", "answer": "Worn-out"}, {"question": "Which are the safest places to inter an older copy of the Quran?", "answer": "a mosque or a Muslim cemetery"}, {"question": "What term indicates that the contents of the Quran cannot be reproduced in speech?", "answer": "I'jaz"}, {"question": "Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect?", "answer": "Day of Resurrection"}, {"question": "In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die?", "answer": "1013"}, {"question": "Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran's inimitability until his death in 1078?", "answer": "al-Jurjani"}, {"question": "What is a chapter of the Quran called?", "answer": "sura"}, {"question": "How many suras are in the Quran?", "answer": "114"}, {"question": "What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?", "answer": "Meccan or Medinan"}, {"question": "What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?", "answer": "size"}, {"question": "Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?", "answer": "Bismillah"}, {"question": "What division of the Quran is used for a month-long reading?", "answer": "juz'"}, {"question": "How many ajz\u0101 cover the entire Quran?", "answer": "30"}, {"question": "How many ahzab are in a juz'?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the term for a subdivision of a hizb?", "answer": "rub\u02bb al-ahzab"}, {"question": "What division is used for a week-long recital of the Quran?", "answer": "manzil"}, {"question": "Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?", "answer": "natural"}, {"question": "What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?", "answer": "historical"}, {"question": "Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?", "answer": "Muhammad's"}, {"question": "What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "What general topic is eschatology about?", "answer": "the final fate of the universe"}, {"question": "Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?", "answer": "earthquake"}, {"question": "What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?", "answer": "afterlife"}, {"question": "In what form does the Quran say God sends his messages to people?", "answer": "signs and revelations"}, {"question": "Who intermediates between God and prophets?", "answer": "Angels"}, {"question": "Which part of the Quran describes God's use of intermediaries between himself and his prophets?", "answer": "42:51"}, {"question": "How does the Quran describe the similarity of messages God has delivered throughout human history?", "answer": "identical"}, {"question": "Which humans are the messengers of God?", "answer": "Prophets"}, {"question": "What mental state is the foundation of morality as described by the Quran?", "answer": "Belief"}, {"question": "What finance-related acts are forbidden by the Quran?", "answer": "usury and gambling"}, {"question": "What is the name of the formal prayer proscribed by the Quran?", "answer": "salat"}, {"question": "Which month is designated for fasting in the Quran?", "answer": "Ramadan"}, {"question": "The Quran uses a term that also means purification for what social act?", "answer": "charity"}, {"question": "Which astrophysicist has written about the ways the Quran encourages scientific thinking?", "answer": "Nidhal Guessoum"}, {"question": "Verse 2:111 of the Quran supports which aspect of scientific thought and practice?", "answer": "proof"}, {"question": "Whose scholarship on the concept of proof in the Quran does Guessoum cite?", "answer": "Ghaleb Hasan"}, {"question": "Which philosopher believed the Quran had a rational and empirical basis like science?", "answer": "Muhammad Iqbal"}, {"question": "Nature and its phenomena are mentioned in approximately how many of the Quran's verses?", "answer": "750"}, {"question": "Al-Battani is an example of a Muslim scientist who drew inspiration from which text?", "answer": "Quran"}, {"question": "Who recommended science as a way to achieve the goals of the Quran?", "answer": "Mohammad Hashim Kamali"}, {"question": "Who argued that the Quran inspired the first practitioners of the scientific method we use today?", "answer": "Ziauddin Sardar"}, {"question": "Al-Biruni is a example of a scientists of which religion?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?", "answer": "Abdus Salam"}, {"question": "Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?", "answer": "67:3-4"}, {"question": "Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?", "answer": "Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni"}, {"question": "Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?", "answer": "metaphysics"}, {"question": "What description of the writing in the Quran highlights its poetic aspect?", "answer": "rhymed prose"}, {"question": "Which suras in the Quran are particularly rhythmic?", "answer": "earlier Meccan suras"}, {"question": "What often changes along with the rhyming of Quranic verses?", "answer": "subject of discussion"}, {"question": "Which parts of the Quran are the least poetic?", "answer": "Later"}, {"question": "What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?", "answer": "continuity"}, {"question": "To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?", "answer": "Norman O. Brown"}, {"question": "How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?", "answer": "a literary device"}, {"question": "Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?", "answer": "Michael Sells"}, {"question": "What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?", "answer": "Self-referentiality"}, {"question": "What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself?", "answer": "Divinity"}, {"question": "Which term that the Quran uses for itself means \"news\"?", "answer": "naba'"}, {"question": "The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras?", "answer": "early Meccan suras"}, {"question": "What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean?", "answer": "Tafsir"}, {"question": "Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir?", "answer": "Muhammad"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis?", "answer": "Tafsir"}, {"question": "Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?", "answer": "Companions of Muhammad"}, {"question": "In which language is the Quran recited?", "answer": "classical Arabic"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for the cancellation of one part of the Quran by another?", "answer": "n\u0101sikh"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's published Quran commentary?", "answer": "Tafseer e Kabir"}, {"question": "In which language is the Tafseer e Kabir written?", "answer": "Urdu"}, {"question": "What is the term for earlier portions of the Quran that may have been superseded by later parts?", "answer": "mans\u016bkh"}, {"question": "What is another term for Sufi Quranic interpretation?", "answer": "Esoteric"}, {"question": "What Arabic word describes the aspects of Quranic verses that Sufism tries to push beyond?", "answer": "zahir"}, {"question": "Sands says Sufi interpretations tend to use which literary device rather than direct explanation?", "answer": "allusions"}, {"question": "What is an Arabic term for allusions?", "answer": "isharat"}, {"question": "Beloved is a term for God used by which style of Quranic interpretation?", "answer": "Sufi"}, {"question": "Which Quranic verse describes Moses' encounter with God at the mountain?", "answer": "7:143"}, {"question": "In Sufi thought, what experiences bring one closer to truth?", "answer": "longing and suffering"}, {"question": "Who wrote that Moses had lost the Moses in himself along the way to his encounter with God?", "answer": "Qushayri"}, {"question": "Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century?", "answer": "Sulami"}, {"question": "What is the English name of Sulami's major work?", "answer": "Truths of Exegesis"}, {"question": "In which language did Maybudi write?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "In which year did the poet Rumi die?", "answer": "1273"}, {"question": "Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation?", "answer": "Ismail Hakki Bursevi"}, {"question": "What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?", "answer": "zahir"}, {"question": "What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?", "answer": "ta'wil"}, {"question": "Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?", "answer": "Salafis and Zahiris"}, {"question": "In which language was the Quran first translated?", "answer": "Persian"}, {"question": "Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?", "answer": "Tafsir al-Tabari"}, {"question": "Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?", "answer": "Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari"}, {"question": "Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?", "answer": "Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi"}, {"question": "To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?", "answer": "Samanid"}, {"question": "In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?", "answer": "1143"}, {"question": "Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?", "answer": "Robert of Ketton"}, {"question": "Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?", "answer": "Andre du Ryer"}, {"question": "Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?", "answer": "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community"}, {"question": "In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?", "answer": "tajwid"}, {"question": "Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?", "answer": "pronunciation"}, {"question": "Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?", "answer": "pause in recitation"}, {"question": "Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?", "answer": "musical and melodious"}, {"question": "The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?", "answer": "Vocalization markers"}, {"question": "Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?", "answer": "Ibn Muj\u0101hid"}, {"question": "Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?", "answer": "\u02bbAsim's"}, {"question": "Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Muj\u0101hid?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?", "answer": "Kufa"}, {"question": "Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?", "answer": "calligraphers and copyists"}, {"question": "What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?", "answer": "Kufic scripts"}, {"question": "Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?", "answer": "naskh"}, {"question": "Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?", "answer": "North Africa and Spain"}, {"question": "Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?", "answer": "Bihari"}, {"question": "In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran?", "answer": "ninth century"}, {"question": "Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own?", "answer": "mosques"}, {"question": "What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total?", "answer": "juz\u02bc"}, {"question": "Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?", "answer": "Moses"}, {"question": "Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?", "answer": "Sahih al-Bukhari"}, {"question": "Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?", "answer": "Syriac"}, {"question": "Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament?", "answer": "Mary"}, {"question": "What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran?", "answer": "common divine source"}, {"question": "What are the two type of ta'wil?", "answer": "acceptable and unacceptable"}, {"question": "Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?", "answer": "Unacceptable"}, {"question": "The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?", "answer": "Acceptable"}, {"question": "Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?", "answer": "his companions"}, {"question": "What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?", "answer": "standardized"}, {"question": "Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?", "answer": "University of Chicago"}, {"question": "The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?", "answer": "Muhammad"}, {"question": "What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?", "answer": "seizures"}, {"question": "What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?", "answer": "two bows' length"}, {"question": "In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate? ", "answer": "Encyclopaedia of Islam"}, {"question": "Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?", "answer": "a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician"}, {"question": "What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?", "answer": "a spiritual reality"}, {"question": "What was the original meaning of ta'wil?", "answer": "\"to return\" or \"the returning place\""}, {"question": "What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?", "answer": "hermeneutic"}, {"question": "Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?", "answer": "imams"}, {"question": "According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?", "answer": "purified"}, {"question": "During the period from 1989 - 1996, what was the total are of the US in miles?", "answer": "3,618,780 sq mi"}, {"question": "According to the CIA World Factbook, what is the total area of the US in miles?", "answer": "3,794,100 sq mi"}, {"question": "According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, what is the total area of the US in miles?", "answer": "3,676,486 sq mi"}, {"question": "Compared to other countries, how large is the US?", "answer": "third or fourth largest country"}, {"question": "Which country is the worlds fourth largest?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Who may also be the third largest country?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Who does the US share land borders with?", "answer": "Canada (to the north) and Mexico (to the south),"}, {"question": "Who does the US share water borders with in the northwest?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "How many contiguous states are there?", "answer": "forty-eight"}, {"question": "Which ocean does Alaska border to the south?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "What is the capital city of the US?", "answer": "Washington, District of Columbia"}, {"question": "Which US state donated Washington, D.C.?", "answer": "Maryland"}, {"question": "What are the US territories overseas located in the Pacific?", "answer": "Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands"}, {"question": "Which US state also donated territory to Washington, D.C., but had it returned?", "answer": "Virginia"}, {"question": "How many Great Lakes form a border with Canada?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which of the Great Lakes is entirely located in US territory?", "answer": "Lake Michigan"}, {"question": "Which major river is located west of the Appalachian mountains?", "answer": "Mississippi River"}, {"question": "What type of land makes up the Ohio and Tennessee valleys?", "answer": "rolling hills and productive farmland"}, {"question": "Which section of the US contains subtropical forests and mangrove wetlands?", "answer": "southeast United States"}, {"question": "What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "The Great Plains"}, {"question": "In which area are a large number of the country's agricultural products grown?", "answer": "the Great Plains"}, {"question": "How high does elevation rise in the Great Plains?", "answer": "a mile high"}, {"question": "What is the only major mountain ranged located between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "Interior Highlands"}, {"question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains begin at?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Which northern country do the Rocky Mountains terminate at?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "In the US, which region is the highest by elevation?", "answer": "The Rocky Mountain"}, {"question": "In which state are the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains found?", "answer": "Colorado"}, {"question": "What is the name of the plateau that lies west of the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "Intermontane Plateaus"}, {"question": "What is the name of the large southern portion of the Intermontane Plateaus?", "answer": "the Great Basin"}, {"question": "What type of flats compose the Great Basin?", "answer": "salt flats"}, {"question": "What region is centered around the Four Corners?", "answer": "Colorado Plateau"}, {"question": "What is the name of the range where the Intermontane plateaus end?", "answer": "Cascade Range"}, {"question": "What type of mountains compose the Cascades?", "answer": "volcanic mountains"}, {"question": "Which mountain range contains Mount Whitney?", "answer": "Sierra Nevada"}, {"question": "What is the largest point in the Sierra Nevadas?", "answer": "Mount Whitney"}, {"question": "How tall is Mount Whitney?", "answer": "14,505 ft"}, {"question": "What are two national parks located in the mountainous regions?", "answer": "Yosemite and Mount Rainier"}, {"question": "What is the name of the famous valley located in California?", "answer": "Central Valley"}, {"question": "What is the name of the famous valley located in Oregon?", "answer": "Willamette Valley"}, {"question": "What are the low mountain ranges that are located along the pacific coast called?", "answer": "Pacific Coast Ranges"}, {"question": "What are the tallest trees in the world?", "answer": "Redwoods"}, {"question": "Why does the Appalachian Highland have the terrain it does?", "answer": "crustal deformations"}, {"question": "During what geological period did the Appalachian mountains reach their highest formation point?", "answer": "Permian time"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mountaneous region along the Atlantic cost. ", "answer": "The Appalachian Highland"}, {"question": "What originally covered the east coast of the Appalachians?", "answer": "forest"}, {"question": "What are the two branches of the Cordilleran system?", "answer": "Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System"}, {"question": "Which two major rivers are located in the Cordilleran system?", "answer": "Columbia River and Colorado River"}, {"question": "Which region of the Appalachians is the most arid?", "answer": "southwest"}, {"question": "What is one of the two major highlands that stretch from the gulf of mexico to the Arctic ocean?", "answer": "Laurentian Highlands"}, {"question": "How far north do the Interior Highlands reach?", "answer": "Arctic Ocean"}, {"question": "Which two nations are the central plains divided in?", "answer": "Canadian and a United States"}, {"question": "Where does the Mississippi discharge?", "answer": "Gulf of Mexico"}, {"question": "What is the climate like in the Southern United States?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "Hawaii has what type of climate?", "answer": "tropical"}, {"question": "Which state is known for its Mediterranean climate?", "answer": "California"}, {"question": "What contributed to the rise of the US as a world power?", "answer": "agricultural climate"}, {"question": "What is the climate like in most areas of the US?", "answer": "temperate"}, {"question": "Which areas have arid regions?", "answer": "The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau"}, {"question": "What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus?", "answer": "15 inches"}, {"question": "In the southwest, how high do temperatures get?", "answer": "100 \u00b0F (37.8 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California?", "answer": "July to September"}, {"question": "What type of weather do monsoons bring?", "answer": "severe thunderstorms"}, {"question": "What is the most prevalent type of climate nCalifornia?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "During what time of the year does California receive the most rainfall?", "answer": "October\u2013April"}, {"question": "Which region of the US experiences rain year round?", "answer": "Pacific Northwest"}, {"question": "Which region in the US is also one of the most snowiest places in the world?", "answer": "The Cascades"}, {"question": "How many inches of snow do regions of the Cascades receive?", "answer": "600 inches"}, {"question": "Which mountainous region receives the highest snowfall on Earth?", "answer": "mountains of the western states"}, {"question": "Which mountain in Washington receives the most amount of snowfall?", "answer": "Mount Rainier"}, {"question": "What is the record amount of snowfall at Mount Rainer?", "answer": "1,122 inches"}, {"question": "In what year did Mount Rainer receive a record amount of snowfall?", "answer": "1998-99"}, {"question": "The Sierra Nevadas are located near which lake?", "answer": "Lake Tahoe"}, {"question": "Which regions in the East receives the most amount of snowfall?", "answer": "Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast"}, {"question": "Which region of the US receives the most amount of rainfall?", "answer": "northwestern Pacific coast"}, {"question": "What is the average amount of rainfall that the Quinault rainforest in Washington receives?", "answer": "137 inches"}, {"question": "Which state receives an average of 460 inches of rainfall per year?", "answer": "Hawaii"}, {"question": "What is the name of the desert that is located in the driest region in the US?", "answer": "Mojave Desert"}, {"question": "Where are tornadoes most common on Earth?", "answer": "central portions of the U.S."}, {"question": "During which seasons are tornados most common?", "answer": "spring and summer"}, {"question": "Which regions experience the worst flooding in the US?", "answer": "Appalachian region and the Midwest"}, {"question": "Which region experiences the worst droughts in the US?", "answer": "Southwest"}, {"question": "What type of disasters affects the western US every year?", "answer": "wildfires"}, {"question": "The Great Mississippi occurred during what year?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west?", "answer": "desert shrub"}, {"question": "What type of storms can cause most activity to stop?", "answer": "Nor'Easter snowstorms"}, {"question": "What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US?", "answer": "El Ni\u00f1o"}, {"question": "What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?", "answer": "Pacific Ring of Fire"}, {"question": "The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?", "answer": "Kilauea"}, {"question": "When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What does CD stand for?", "answer": "Compact Disc"}, {"question": "What were CD's originally created to store?", "answer": "sound recordings"}, {"question": "What does SVCD stand for?", "answer": "Super Video Compact Disc"}, {"question": "In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What was the original intended format for CDs?", "answer": "data storage"}, {"question": "In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?", "answer": "200 billion"}, {"question": "What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?", "answer": "200 billion"}, {"question": "In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?", "answer": "30 billion"}, {"question": "Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?", "answer": "Philips and Sony"}, {"question": "How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "What did the CD evolve from?", "answer": "LaserDisc"}, {"question": "What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?", "answer": "unified design"}, {"question": "To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?", "answer": "cooperation between Philips and Sony"}, {"question": "What year did CD players become available for purchase?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?", "answer": "11.5 cm"}, {"question": "What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?", "answer": "L. Ottens"}, {"question": "Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?", "answer": "Brussels"}, {"question": "Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?", "answer": "Heitaro Nakajima"}, {"question": "What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?", "answer": "Eindhoven, Netherlands"}, {"question": "What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?", "answer": "Betamax video recorder"}, {"question": "When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?", "answer": "1 March 1979"}, {"question": "In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?", "answer": "Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi"}, {"question": "Who first sold a million copies on CD?", "answer": "Dire Straits"}, {"question": "Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?", "answer": "David Bowie"}, {"question": "What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?", "answer": "400 million"}, {"question": "How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What does ROM stand for?", "answer": "read-only memory"}, {"question": "What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What year was the 73rd AES Convention?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What was the CDs predecessor?", "answer": "gramophone record"}, {"question": "What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?", "answer": "34 percent"}, {"question": "Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "How are MP3s compressed?", "answer": "lossily-compressed"}, {"question": "When did CD sales experience their original decline?", "answer": "2000s"}, {"question": "What has caused a decrease in CD sales?", "answer": "Internet-based distribution of files"}, {"question": "How are CDs mass produced?", "answer": "hydraulic press"}, {"question": "What type of material is used to make CDs?", "answer": "raw polycarbonate plastic"}, {"question": "What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?", "answer": "15 mm"}, {"question": "How long does it take to stamp out one CD?", "answer": "two to three seconds"}, {"question": "What is the term for the center hole in a CD?", "answer": "stacking ring"}, {"question": "What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?", "answer": "usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal"}, {"question": "What type of light is used to cure CDs?", "answer": "UV"}, {"question": "What is a glass master?", "answer": "positive image of the desired CD surface"}, {"question": "How are glass masters created?", "answer": "high-powered laser"}, {"question": "What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?", "answer": "die"}, {"question": "How is the positive image on a CD protected? ", "answer": "lacquer"}, {"question": "How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?", "answer": "rapid spinning"}, {"question": "What is the priciest component of a CD?", "answer": "jewel case"}, {"question": "Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?", "answer": "value increased"}, {"question": "What did CDs retail for in 1995?", "answer": "$16.98"}, {"question": "Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?", "answer": "the store"}, {"question": "How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?", "answer": "30 cents"}, {"question": "How long are CDs expected to last?", "answer": "20 to 100 years"}, {"question": "What can cause sudden disc degradation?", "answer": "disc rot"}, {"question": "Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?", "answer": "permanent"}, {"question": "What does SCMS stand for?", "answer": "Serial Copy Management System"}, {"question": "What does DRM stand for?", "answer": "digital rights management"}, {"question": "What does AHRA stand for?", "answer": "Audio Home Recording Act"}, {"question": "What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?", "answer": "ReWritable Audio CD"}, {"question": "Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?", "answer": "CD-RW"}, {"question": "How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?", "answer": "4x speed"}, {"question": "Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?", "answer": "High Speed ReWritable CD"}, {"question": "How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?", "answer": "32x"}, {"question": "How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?", "answer": "16x to 24x"}, {"question": "Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?", "answer": "on a swing arm"}, {"question": "What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?", "answer": "780 nm"}, {"question": "In what pattern is data stored on a CD?", "answer": "spiral"}, {"question": "What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?", "answer": "photodiode"}, {"question": "What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?", "answer": "change in height between pits and lands"}, {"question": "What type of encoding do CDs implement?", "answer": "non-return-to-zero"}, {"question": "Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?", "answer": "Red Book"}, {"question": "What type of result from a CD will return a one?", "answer": "change from pit to land or land to pit"}, {"question": "What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?", "answer": "eight-to-fourteen"}, {"question": "Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?", "answer": "label side of the disc"}, {"question": "How are scratches on a CD fixed?", "answer": "refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing"}, {"question": "What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?", "answer": "fungus Geotrichum candidum"}, {"question": "Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?", "answer": "Belize"}, {"question": "Where is the start of data on a CD?", "answer": "the center"}, {"question": "What size CD is most frequently used?", "answer": "120 millimetres (4.7 in)"}, {"question": "What is the size of a Mini CD?", "answer": "Eighty-millimeter"}, {"question": "What is the size of a Maxi Single?", "answer": "120 mm"}, {"question": "Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?", "answer": "Norio Ohga"}, {"question": "Where does the Red Book get it's name from?", "answer": "the colour of its cover"}, {"question": "What is the formal name for a CD? ", "answer": "Compact Disc Digital Audio"}, {"question": "Do CDs have a two or four channel format?", "answer": "two-channel"}, {"question": "What format has never been implemented on CDs?", "answer": "Four-channel sound"}, {"question": "What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?", "answer": "to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke"}, {"question": "How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?", "answer": "television set or a computer monitor"}, {"question": "Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?", "answer": "channels R through W"}, {"question": "How much video can a CD-R contain?", "answer": "60 minutes"}, {"question": "Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?", "answer": "SVCD"}, {"question": "How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?", "answer": "lower the video bit rate"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?", "answer": "100 minutes"}, {"question": "Who created Photo CDs?", "answer": "Kodak"}, {"question": "When were Photo CDs initially released?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?", "answer": "100"}, {"question": "What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?", "answer": "photographic paper"}, {"question": "In what book are Photo CD standards defined?", "answer": "Beige Book"}, {"question": "When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?", "answer": "Philips"}, {"question": "Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?", "answer": "in the subcode"}, {"question": "What is the use of a transistor?", "answer": "to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power"}, {"question": "What is a transistor made of?", "answer": "semiconductor material"}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Why does a transistor increase a signal?", "answer": "the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power"}, {"question": "Where are most transistors found?", "answer": "embedded in integrated circuits"}, {"question": "When was the first transistor created?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "Who invented the first transistor?", "answer": "Julius Lilienfeld"}, {"question": "When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What list is the transistor on?", "answer": "list of IEEE milestones in electronics"}, {"question": "When was the thermionic triode invented?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?", "answer": "amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony"}, {"question": "Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?", "answer": "Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld"}, {"question": "Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?", "answer": "November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947"}, {"question": "What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?", "answer": "germanium"}, {"question": "Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?", "answer": "William Shockley"}, {"question": "Who came up with the term transistor?", "answer": "John R. Pierce"}, {"question": "Why was the term transistor used?", "answer": "a contraction of the term transresistance"}, {"question": "In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who invented the point-contact transistor?", "answer": "Herbert Matar\u00e9 and Heinrich Welker"}, {"question": "Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?", "answer": "Compagnie des Freins et Signaux"}, {"question": "What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?", "answer": "transistron"}, {"question": "What was the transistron used for?", "answer": "amplified use in France's telephone network"}, {"question": "How many transistors make up a logic gate?", "answer": "up to about twenty transistors"}, {"question": "How many transistors make up a microprocessor?", "answer": "as many as 3 billion transistors"}, {"question": "How many transistors were made in 2002?", "answer": "60 million transistors were built in 2002\u2026 for [each] man, woman, and child"}, {"question": "How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?", "answer": "over a billion"}, {"question": "What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?", "answer": "IC, microchips or simply chips"}, {"question": "Why is a transistor so useful?", "answer": "gain"}, {"question": "What is gain?", "answer": "it can act as an amplifier"}, {"question": "What is an additional use of the transistor?", "answer": "turn current on or off in a circuit"}, {"question": "What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?", "answer": "other circuit elements"}, {"question": "How many types of transistors are there?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the components of a bipolar transistor?", "answer": "base, collector, and emitter"}, {"question": "What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?", "answer": "A small current at the base terminal"}, {"question": "What are the components of a field-effect transistor?", "answer": "gate, source, and drain"}, {"question": "In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?", "answer": "a voltage at the gate"}, {"question": "Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?", "answer": "reduced resistance from collector to emitter"}, {"question": "What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?", "answer": "the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage"}, {"question": "What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?", "answer": "saturation"}, {"question": "Why is the term saturation named as such?", "answer": "current is flowing from collector to emitter freely"}, {"question": "What position is the switch in when saturated?", "answer": "on"}, {"question": "What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?", "answer": "Providing sufficient base drive current"}, {"question": "What does the transistor provide?", "answer": "current gain"}, {"question": "What determines the current ratio in transistors?", "answer": "the type of transistor"}, {"question": "If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?", "answer": "collector current"}, {"question": "How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?", "answer": "the \"off\" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry"}, {"question": "What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?", "answer": "short circuit"}, {"question": "What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?", "answer": "open circuit"}, {"question": "How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?", "answer": "instantaneous"}, {"question": "What gives bipolar transistors their name?", "answer": "they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers"}, {"question": "What was the first mass-produced transistor?", "answer": "bipolar junction transistor"}, {"question": "What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?", "answer": "two junction diodes"}, {"question": "What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?", "answer": "n\u2013p\u2013n transistor"}, {"question": "What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?", "answer": "p\u2013n\u2013p transistor"}, {"question": "How many terminals do BJTs have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?", "answer": "an emitter, a base, and a collector"}, {"question": "How can one find the amount of collector current?", "answer": "\u03b2 (common-emitter current gain) times the base current"}, {"question": "What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?", "answer": "greater than 100"}, {"question": "What determines the conductivity in a FET?", "answer": "electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals"}, {"question": "What controls the current between the drain and source?", "answer": "the voltage applied between the gate and source"}, {"question": "At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?", "answer": "a roughly quadratic rate"}, {"question": "Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?", "answer": "in modern devices"}, {"question": "How many groups are FETs split into?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What are the names of the groups of FETs", "answer": "junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)"}, {"question": "What is the common term for an IFGET?", "answer": "a metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor FET (MOSFET)"}, {"question": "How is a JFET different from an IGFET?", "answer": "the JFET gate forms a p\u2013n diode with the channel"}, {"question": "What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?", "answer": "depletion mode"}, {"question": "How are FET's separated?", "answer": "depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types"}, {"question": "At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?", "answer": "at zero bias"}, {"question": "At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?", "answer": "at zero bias"}, {"question": "What channel corresponds with high current?", "answer": "n-channel devices"}, {"question": "What channel corresponds with low current?", "answer": "p-channel devices"}, {"question": "What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?", "answer": "bipolar junction transistor"}, {"question": "Why were BJTs so popular?", "answer": "their greater linearity and ease of manufacture"}, {"question": "What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?", "answer": "transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers"}, {"question": "What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?", "answer": "MOSFETs"}, {"question": "What is the Pro Electron standard?", "answer": "European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme"}, {"question": "How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?", "answer": "two letters"}, {"question": "What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?", "answer": "the semiconductor type"}, {"question": "What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?", "answer": "the intended use"}, {"question": "What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?", "answer": "A 3-digit sequence number"}, {"question": "What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?", "answer": "2N"}, {"question": "what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?", "answer": "a three-terminal device"}, {"question": "What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?", "answer": "a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties"}, {"question": "What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?", "answer": "a newer variant"}, {"question": "What does the number 2N1301 indicate?", "answer": "a p\u2013n\u2013p germanium switching transistor"}, {"question": "What was once an indicator of the devices creator?", "answer": "a manufacturer's prefix"}, {"question": "What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?", "answer": "devices are second-sourced"}, {"question": "What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case?", "answer": "PN2222A"}, {"question": "What is a plastic version of a BC108?", "answer": "PN108"}, {"question": "What is the junction forward voltage?", "answer": "the voltage applied to the emitter\u2013base junction of a BJT"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?", "answer": "to make the base conduct a specified current"}, {"question": "What is the ideal junction forward voltage?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?", "answer": "less power is required to \"drive\" the transistor"}, {"question": "When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?", "answer": "decreases"}, {"question": "What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?", "answer": "a given bipolar n\u2013p\u2013n transistor"}, {"question": "What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?", "answer": "GaAs"}, {"question": "What is the common application of GaAs?", "answer": "high-frequency applications"}, {"question": "What does HEMT stand for?", "answer": "high-electron-mobility transistor"}, {"question": "What are common applications of HEMT?", "answer": "satellite receivers"}, {"question": "What is a discrete transistor?", "answer": "individually packaged transistors"}, {"question": "What are the two most common types of transistor?", "answer": "through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount"}, {"question": "What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?", "answer": "surface-mount device (SMD)"}, {"question": "What is the newest surface-mount transistor?", "answer": "ball grid array (BGA)"}, {"question": "What is a ball grid array composed of?", "answer": "solder \"balls\" on the underside in place of leads"}, {"question": "What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?", "answer": "via a faith in some form of deity"}, {"question": "What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?", "answer": "spiritual intermediaries"}, {"question": "Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?", "answer": "Religious officials"}, {"question": "What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?", "answer": "Tradition"}, {"question": "How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?", "answer": "strictly"}, {"question": "Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?", "answer": "via a faith in some form of deity"}, {"question": "Who were spiritual intermediates? ", "answer": "Religious officials"}, {"question": "Through who did the masses have access to the divine?", "answer": "spiritual intermediaries"}, {"question": "What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?", "answer": "Tradition"}, {"question": "What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?", "answer": "ceremony and morals"}, {"question": "What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?", "answer": "modern"}, {"question": "The term \"modern\" was derived from what Latin adverb?", "answer": "modo"}, {"question": "What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?", "answer": "The European Renaissance"}, {"question": "In what country did The European Renaissance start?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?", "answer": "telescope and microscope"}, {"question": "What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?", "answer": "modern"}, {"question": "The phrase modern originated form what?", "answer": "Latin adverb modo"}, {"question": "What did The European renaissance mark?", "answer": "transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times"}, {"question": "Through what time period did The European renaissance last?", "answer": "1420\u20131630)"}, {"question": "In what country did The European renaissance begin?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?", "answer": "Early Modern"}, {"question": "The 1800\"s are referred to as?", "answer": "time of the late Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What do the terms \"Early Modern\" and  'Modern Ages\" originate from?", "answer": "European history"}, {"question": "What are the terms \"Early Modern\" and \"Modern Ages\" used for i other countries?", "answer": "in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery."}, {"question": "When was the term \"Early Modern\" implemented into the English language?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What does the term \"Early Modern\" mean?", "answer": "to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Where do the terms \"Middle Ages\" and \"Modern Ages\" originate from?", "answer": "European history"}, {"question": "What are the terms \"Middle Ages\" and \"Modern Ages\" used for in other countries?", "answer": "in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery."}, {"question": "In what era were there many socio-technological trends?", "answer": "Contemporary era"}, {"question": "The 21st century is refereed to as what?", "answer": "the Information age"}, {"question": "What device was used most during the The Information age?", "answer": "computers"}, {"question": "What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?", "answer": "terrorist acts"}, {"question": "In what time were there many socio-technological trends?", "answer": "Contemporary era"}, {"question": "What is the 21st century also known as?", "answer": "the Information age"}, {"question": "What device was used most during 21st century?", "answer": "computers"}, {"question": "What was considered a threat to Western civilization?", "answer": "terrorist acts"}, {"question": "Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?", "answer": "Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates"}, {"question": "What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?", "answer": "the Edo period"}, {"question": "What is the Edo period also known as?", "answer": "the early modern period"}, {"question": "What is time is considered the \"Modern Period\" in Korea?", "answer": "from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong"}, {"question": "Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.", "answer": "Aztec Empire"}, {"question": "What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?", "answer": "Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates"}, {"question": "What time is referred to as the Edo period?", "answer": "1600 to 1868"}, {"question": "What is the 'Early Modern period\" known as in Japan?", "answer": "the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong"}, {"question": "Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?", "answer": "Aztec Empire"}, {"question": "Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.", "answer": "population grew"}, {"question": "What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?", "answer": "growth of private industry"}, {"question": "What are Nanjing and Beijing?", "answer": "Large urban centers"}, {"question": "Under what rule was China not isolated?", "answer": "the early Ming dynasty"}, {"question": "During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?", "answer": "Indian Ocean"}, {"question": "What caused urbanization to increase in China?", "answer": "the population grew"}, {"question": "Where did Chinese merchants explore? ", "answer": "all of the Indian Ocean"}, {"question": "What was founded after the fall of the Ming?", "answer": "The Qing dynasty"}, {"question": "The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?", "answer": "1644\u20131911"}, {"question": "What were the Manchus originally known as?", "answer": "the Jurchens"}, {"question": "Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?", "answer": "Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels"}, {"question": "Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?", "answer": "former Ming general Wu Sangui"}, {"question": "The Qing dynasty formed after what event?", "answer": "after the fall of the Ming"}, {"question": "During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?", "answer": "1644\u20131911"}, {"question": "What were the Manchus originally named?", "answer": "Jurchens"}, {"question": "Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?", "answer": "Li Zicheng's peasant rebels"}, {"question": "Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?", "answer": "former Ming general Wu Sangui"}, {"question": "What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?", "answer": "strict class hierarchy"}, {"question": "Strict class hierarchy was established by who?", "answer": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi"}, {"question": "What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?", "answer": "The daimyo, or lords"}, {"question": "How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?", "answer": "set at fixed amounts"}, {"question": "What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?", "answer": "tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time."}, {"question": "What is the Tokugawa period also known as?", "answer": "Edo society"}, {"question": "What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?", "answer": "strict class hierarchy"}, {"question": "What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?", "answer": "The daimyo, or lords,"}, {"question": "How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?", "answer": "set at fixed amounts"}, {"question": "What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.", "answer": "revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time."}, {"question": "Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?", "answer": "Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "How did the \"Classic Period\" end?", "answer": "the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707"}, {"question": "Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?", "answer": "Hindu Maratha Empire"}, {"question": "Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?", "answer": "south west of present-day India"}, {"question": "What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?", "answer": "the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states."}, {"question": "Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?", "answer": "Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "What event ended the \"classic period\"?", "answer": "the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb"}, {"question": "What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? ", "answer": "the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,"}, {"question": "Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?", "answer": "south west of present-day India"}, {"question": "What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?", "answer": "the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat"}, {"question": "What did the development of new imperialism cause?", "answer": "the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers."}, {"question": "When did the commercial colonization of India begin?", "answer": "1757"}, {"question": "What happened n the battle of Plassey?", "answer": "Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company"}, {"question": "When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?", "answer": "1765"}, {"question": "What is the term used to describe the \"Right to collect revenue\"?", "answer": "diwani"}, {"question": "In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?", "answer": "1818"}, {"question": "What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?", "answer": "the Third Anglo-Maratha War"}, {"question": "How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?", "answer": "the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858"}, {"question": "What did Britain establish in 1824?", "answer": "Singapore as a key trading post"}, {"question": "What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?", "answer": "their respective governments"}, {"question": "What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?", "answer": "Thailand"}, {"question": "Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?", "answer": "colonial powers"}, {"question": "In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? ", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "When is the modern period dated in England?", "answer": "Battle of Bosworth in 1485"}, {"question": "Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?", "answer": "Richard III"}, {"question": "When did Russia experience territorial growth?", "answer": "the 17th century"}, {"question": "The 17th century is also known as?", "answer": "age of Cossacks."}, {"question": "Who are Cossacks?", "answer": "warriors organized into military communities"}, {"question": "Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?", "answer": "peasants of Ukraine"}, {"question": "Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?", "answer": "in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania"}, {"question": "What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?", "answer": "European intellectual transformation"}, {"question": "What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? ", "answer": "The Age of Reason"}, {"question": "What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?", "answer": "the Age of Rationalism"}, {"question": "What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? ", "answer": "Renaissance philosophy"}, {"question": "What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? ", "answer": "secularization"}, {"question": "What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?", "answer": "the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority."}, {"question": "Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?", "answer": "Europe and America"}, {"question": "What is the basic training of a humanist?", "answer": "speak well and write"}, {"question": "From where does the phrase humanist originate? ", "answer": "the 15th century"}, {"question": "What were the studia humanitatis competing against?", "answer": "quadrivium and scholastic logic."}, {"question": "What did renaissance humanism reference?", "answer": "Latin and Greek classical texts"}, {"question": "renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?", "answer": "scholasticism"}, {"question": "What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?", "answer": "accumulated commentaries"}, {"question": "What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?", "answer": "literary and artistic"}, {"question": "In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?", "answer": "early 1690s"}, {"question": "Moderns support the merits of whom?", "answer": "authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle"}, {"question": "What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?", "answer": "modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge."}, {"question": "What s the Scientific Revolution?", "answer": "a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected"}, {"question": "What did the Scientific Revolution cause?", "answer": "a transition to modern science"}, {"question": "What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?", "answer": "question all manners of things"}, {"question": "What did Scientific Revolution form?", "answer": "several modern scientific fields."}, {"question": "What happened to the king after the trial?", "answer": "execution of the king"}, {"question": "Who else was involved in the warfare?", "answer": "every other major European power."}, {"question": "name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.", "answer": "the Napoleonic Wars"}, {"question": "What characterized the Napoleonic Era?", "answer": "The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte"}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?", "answer": "Corsica"}, {"question": "Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? ", "answer": "St. Helena"}, {"question": "From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?", "answer": "surge of Republicanism"}, {"question": "What is Italian Unification?", "answer": "social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy"}, {"question": "When did the Italian Unification occur?", "answer": "in the 19th century"}, {"question": "In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?", "answer": "World War I."}, {"question": "What event did the American revolution cause?", "answer": "British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America."}, {"question": "How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?", "answer": "overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy"}, {"question": "Why did the United States form independent states?", "answer": "the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation"}, {"question": "Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?", "answer": "American Revolutionary War"}, {"question": "Where did the American Revolution start?", "answer": "Lexington and Concord"}, {"question": "What was issued on July 4, 1776?", "answer": "Declaration of Independence"}, {"question": "What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?", "answer": "independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union."}, {"question": "What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?", "answer": "member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence."}, {"question": "What was Ben Franklin disabled by? ", "answer": "gout"}, {"question": "What is the decolonization of the Americas? ", "answer": "the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule."}, {"question": "When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?", "answer": "18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries."}, {"question": "When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?", "answer": "1808 until 1829"}, {"question": "What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?", "answer": "Napoleonic French invasion of Spain."}, {"question": "How did the Spanish conflict begin?", "answer": "short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville."}, {"question": "Who did the central Junta fall to?", "answer": "the French"}, {"question": "What king died in 1833?", "answer": "king Ferdinand VII"}, {"question": "After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?", "answer": "Cuba and Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "When did the Spanish-American war occur?", "answer": "in 1898"}, {"question": "Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? ", "answer": "Salvador"}, {"question": "When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? ", "answer": "around 1850"}, {"question": "What caused technological and economical progress?", "answer": "development of steam-powered ships and railways"}, {"question": "The 19th century was also known as? ", "answer": "the internal combustion engine and electric power generation."}, {"question": "What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?", "answer": "separate Technical Revolution"}, {"question": "What is industrialization? ", "answer": "social and economic change"}, {"question": "During industrialization a human group is turned into what?", "answer": "from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one."}, {"question": "industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?", "answer": "technological innovation"}, {"question": "When did the modern petroleum industry start? ", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "What started the modern petroleum industry ?", "answer": "the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal"}, {"question": "Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?", "answer": "Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner"}, {"question": "Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?", "answer": "Ignacy \u0141ukasiewicz"}, {"question": "Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?", "answer": "B\u00f3brka"}, {"question": "In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?", "answer": "electrification to developments in materials science."}, {"question": "What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?", "answer": "quality of life"}, {"question": "What did Lewis Paul invent?", "answer": "roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill."}, {"question": "In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning\"?", "answer": "the first revolution"}, {"question": "Who improved the steam engine?", "answer": "Matthew Boulton and James Watt"}, {"question": "Thomas Edison is credited with?", "answer": "the creation of the first industrial research laboratory"}, {"question": "What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?", "answer": "the world's first large-scale electrical supply network"}, {"question": "How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?", "answer": "110 volts"}, {"question": "How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?", "answer": "fifty-nine"}, {"question": "Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?", "answer": "lower Manhattan"}, {"question": "When did the European revolutions occur?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "What are European revolutions known as in other countries?", "answer": "Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution"}, {"question": "In what country did the revolutions begin?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? ", "answer": "tens of thousands"}, {"question": "What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?", "answer": "Scientific Revolution and industrial progress"}, {"question": "What is Newton Natural philosophy?", "answer": "a coherent system of verifiable predictions"}, {"question": "What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?", "answer": "reliance on revelation and inspired truth."}, {"question": "What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, ", "answer": "yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy."}, {"question": "Under whom was Russia declared an empire?", "answer": "Peter I"}, {"question": "In what year was Russia declared an empire?", "answer": "1721"}, {"question": "Through what period did Peter I rule?", "answer": "1682 to 1725"}, {"question": "Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?", "answer": "Sweden"}, {"question": "What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?", "answer": "a new capital called Saint Petersburg"}, {"question": "What was the Victorian era of the United Kingdom? ", "answer": "the period of Queen Victoria's reign"}, {"question": "Through what Period did Queen Victoria reign? ", "answer": "1837 to January 1901"}, {"question": "What did the people consider Queen Victoria reign to be?", "answer": "a long period of prosperity for the British people"}, {"question": "How far back would some scholars extend Victoria's reign?", "answer": "five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832."}, {"question": "What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?", "answer": "any serious international rival"}, {"question": "Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?", "answer": "Unchallenged at sea"}, {"question": "Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as", "answer": "Pax Britannica"}, {"question": "What was Britain's foreign policy called?", "answer": "splendid isolation"}, {"question": "Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?", "answer": "effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam"}, {"question": "What was British imperial strength replace by?", "answer": "steamship and the telegraph"}, {"question": "When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?", "answer": "the second half of the 19th century"}, {"question": "What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?", "answer": "a network of telegraph cables"}, {"question": "How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?", "answer": "458 million"}, {"question": "When did the British establish colonies in Australia?", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?", "answer": "Napoleon I of France"}, {"question": "What is the Bourbon Restoration? ", "answer": "Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne."}, {"question": "What is the July Monarchy? ", "answer": "a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe"}, {"question": "What is the second empires?", "answer": "the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III"}, {"question": "Through what period did the second empire last?", "answer": "1852 to 1870"}, {"question": "What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?", "answer": "France and Prussia"}, {"question": "Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?", "answer": "North German Confederation"}, {"question": "What did the Prussian and German victory mark?", "answer": "final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia."}, {"question": "Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?", "answer": "Alsace-Lorraine"}, {"question": "Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?", "answer": "World War I."}, {"question": "Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?", "answer": "exhibit a sphere of influence over the area"}, {"question": "What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?", "answer": "These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate."}, {"question": "What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?", "answer": "mandate to rule that region as a national colony."}, {"question": "How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?", "answer": "colony\u2019s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition."}, {"question": "What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?", "answer": "hell on earth."}, {"question": "What percent of the worlds population did Africa posses at the Berlin Conference?", "answer": "one-fifth"}, {"question": "What was Europe's perspective o Africa containing one-fifth of the worlds population?", "answer": "they were dividing an unknown continent."}, {"question": "When did European countries establish colonies in Africa?", "answer": "the mid-nineteenth century,"}, {"question": "Europe did not feel the need to posses territory in Africa until?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "How did maps show Africa Before 1880?", "answer": "generally showing blank spaces for the continent\u2019s interior."}, {"question": "Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?", "answer": "1880s to 1914"}, {"question": "What was Europe competing for? ", "answer": "Africa\u2019s land and resources."}, {"question": "What did Great Britain control?", "answer": "various colonial holdings in East Africa"}, {"question": "Where in Africa did the French have control? ", "answer": "West Africa"}, {"question": "Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? ", "answer": "southern Africa"}, {"question": "What was the Meija era marked by?", "answer": "the reign of the Meiji Emperor"}, {"question": "How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?", "answer": "modernization"}, {"question": "What does \"Meija era\"", "answer": "Enlightened Rule"}, {"question": "When did the Meija restoration begin?", "answer": "1860s"}, {"question": "What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?", "answer": "bureaucratic superstate"}, {"question": "Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?", "answer": "serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves."}, {"question": "Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?", "answer": "peasant and warrior alike."}, {"question": "What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?", "answer": "ketsu-eki"}, {"question": "Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?", "answer": "French military"}, {"question": "Where was the military academy located?", "answer": "Kyoto"}, {"question": "What is the antebellum age?", "answer": "a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery"}, {"question": "When did the civil was begin?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?", "answer": "with the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act of 1854"}, {"question": "What did The Antebellum age mark?", "answer": "the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution."}, {"question": "What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?", "answer": "all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated."}, {"question": "What did Lincoln do well in the war?", "answer": "mobilizing support for the war goals"}, {"question": "Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?", "answer": "The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend"}, {"question": "The south could barely do what for their souldiers?", "answer": "feed and clothe"}, {"question": "General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? ", "answer": "the East"}, {"question": "What happened in the Glided Age/", "answer": "extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class"}, {"question": "In what time period did the Glided Age occur?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?", "answer": "industrial and population expansion."}, {"question": "What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?", "answer": "robber barons"}, {"question": "What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?", "answer": "effective tactics and aggressive practices"}, {"question": "What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?", "answer": "transportation and communication infrastructure"}, {"question": "What became the dominant form of business organization? ", "answer": "the corporation"}, {"question": "What transformed business organization in 1890?", "answer": "managerial revolution"}, {"question": "The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?", "answer": "all American anti-monopoly laws."}, {"question": "What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?", "answer": "an \"unreasonable\" monopoly"}, {"question": "When did modern physics arise?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "What is the old Quantum  theory?", "answer": "a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent."}, {"question": "The \"fifth element\" was disproved by what?", "answer": "Michelson-Morley experiment"}, {"question": "What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?", "answer": "an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether"}, {"question": "What does Darwinism promote?", "answer": "the theory of natural selection."}, {"question": "Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?", "answer": "as steps toward modernization"}, {"question": "When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What is the May Forth Movement?", "answer": "to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China"}, {"question": "What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? ", "answer": "Marxist-Leninist thought"}, {"question": "During what event was Legalism abolished?", "answer": "the Cultural Revolution"}, {"question": "When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?", "answer": "in various quarters around the 1900s."}, {"question": "What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?", "answer": "earlier secular traditions"}, {"question": "Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? ", "answer": "it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose"}, {"question": "What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?", "answer": "a secular version of theism"}, {"question": "Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?", "answer": "as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong."}, {"question": "What is Albert Einstein known for? ", "answer": "his theories of special relativity and general relativity"}, {"question": "What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?", "answer": "mathematical treatment"}, {"question": "What did Einstein discover a resolution to?", "answer": "the paradox of specific heats"}, {"question": "What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?", "answer": "quantum field theory"}, {"question": "What is the federation of Australia?", "answer": "six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation."}, {"question": "What was the federal Government responsible for? ", "answer": "matters concerning the whole nation."}, {"question": "When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?", "answer": "When the Constitution of Australia came into force"}, {"question": "What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? ", "answer": "civil unrest and foreign invasions."}, {"question": "What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? ", "answer": "attempt to reform the government in various"}, {"question": "What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? ", "answer": "either imprisoned or executed outright."}, {"question": "What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization"}, {"question": "When was the Republic of China established?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? ", "answer": "Sun Yat-sen"}, {"question": "Who had control of the Beiyang army?", "answer": "Yuan Shikai"}, {"question": "What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?", "answer": "agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government."}, {"question": "Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?", "answer": "Beijing, Shikai"}, {"question": "What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?", "answer": "shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government."}, {"question": "Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?", "answer": "various warlords"}, {"question": "Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? ", "answer": "because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves."}, {"question": "What were the military dominated governments known as?", "answer": "the Beiyang government"}, {"question": "When did the warlord era end?", "answer": "around 1927"}, {"question": "When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?", "answer": "Four years into the 20th century"}, {"question": "What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?", "answer": "the Empire of Japan as a world power."}, {"question": "What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?", "answer": "warm water port"}, {"question": "Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. ", "answer": "over Manchuria and Korea."}, {"question": "How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?", "answer": "unexpected"}, {"question": "What is the Edwardian era?", "answer": "the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,"}, {"question": "What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?", "answer": "Second Boer War"}, {"question": "In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?", "answer": "Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget"}, {"question": "Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?", "answer": "Labour and Irish Nationalist members."}, {"question": "What is The Triple Entente?", "answer": "the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907."}, {"question": "When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?", "answer": "1907."}, {"question": "The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? ", "answer": "Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,"}, {"question": "What was the origin of the war?", "answer": "the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914"}, {"question": "Who was murdered in Austria?", "answer": "Archduke Franz Ferdinand"}, {"question": "Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq"}, {"question": "What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?", "answer": "tensions over territory in the Balkans."}, {"question": "Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?", "answer": "Serbia and Russia"}, {"question": "Where did the Balkan wars take place?", "answer": "South-eastern Europe"}, {"question": "Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?", "answer": "over the division of the spoils"}, {"question": "When did the first World War begin? ", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Who led the Allied powers?", "answer": "British Empire, France, Russia"}, {"question": "Who defeated the Central Powers led by the German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire??", "answer": "Japan and the United States"}, {"question": "What were the Allied powers referred to before 1917?", "answer": "Triple Entente"}, {"question": "How many Empires did the war cause destruction to?", "answer": "four empires"}, {"question": "Where did most of the fighting in World War I take place?", "answer": "along the Western Front"}, {"question": "What is the Western Front?", "answer": "a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a \"No man's land\") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland."}, {"question": "What prevented a trench warfare stalemate?", "answer": "On the Eastern Front, the vast eastern plains and limited rail network"}, {"question": "How many soldiers died? in World War I?", "answer": "More than 9 million"}, {"question": "Where did hostiles appear for the first time during the war?", "answer": "from the air."}, {"question": "In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?", "answer": "mid-19th century's"}, {"question": "How many years after world war I did world war II start?", "answer": "20 years later."}, {"question": "What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?", "answer": "partitioning of the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about? ", "answer": "the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey."}, {"question": "Who did The League of Nations grant  France mandates over?", "answer": "Syria and Lebanon"}, {"question": "What is the Russian Revolution?", "answer": "the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union."}, {"question": "What happened when Nicholas II was removed from power?", "answer": "the Russian Provisional Government was established."}, {"question": "What event happened in October of 1917?", "answer": "a red faction revolution"}, {"question": "What happened during the red faction revolution?", "answer": "armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party, seized control of Saint Petersburg"}, {"question": "When was the armistice signed between Russia and Central powers?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What did Central powers concede in exchange for peace?", "answer": "huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Who did the Bolsheviks make peace with?", "answer": "the German Empire"}, {"question": "What were Vladimir Lenin's decisions caused by? ", "answer": "his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II"}, {"question": "Who did the German sponsorship of Lenin's Petrograd upset?", "answer": "Western Allies"}, {"question": "Where did Soviets under the rule of the  Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?", "answer": "Petrograd (St. Petersburg)"}, {"question": "In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?", "answer": "demobilized"}, {"question": "What was Bolshevik's main military force?", "answer": "volunteer-based Red Guard"}, {"question": "How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?", "answer": "by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance."}, {"question": "How were former Tsarist Officers utilized? ", "answer": "as \"military specialists\""}, {"question": "Who was the principal fighting between?", "answer": "Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army."}, {"question": "In what time period did the most brutal battles occur?", "answer": "1918 to 1920"}, {"question": "When did the major military operation end?", "answer": "25 October 1922"}, {"question": "What general was defeated in 1920?", "answer": "General Pyotr Wrangel"}, {"question": "Where did the last Resistance from the White movement occur?", "answer": "Far East"}, {"question": "What did the May Fourth movement help do?", "answer": "rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution."}, {"question": "Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.", "answer": "a rival military government in Guangzhou"}, {"question": "What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?", "answer": "aid"}, {"question": "Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "How did the Soviets try to befriend  the Chinese Revolutionist?", "answer": "by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism."}, {"question": "What is the \"Roaring Twenties\" ?", "answer": "social and societal upheaval"}, {"question": "Where did the \"Roaring Twenties\" begin?", "answer": "North America"}, {"question": "Where did the \"Roaring Twenties\"  spread to after the war?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "What is the \"Roaring Twenties\" also known as?", "answer": "The Jazz Age"}, {"question": "what did the \"Jazz Age\" usher in? ", "answer": "an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism."}, {"question": "When did the hyperinflation of  1923 occur?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Who invested in European debts?", "answer": "Wall Street"}, {"question": "Europe has a large market for what?", "answer": "American mass-produced goods"}, {"question": "What changed worldwide property drasrically?", "answer": "the onset of the Great Depression"}, {"question": "In what year did The wall Street crash occur?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What is the Great Depression?", "answer": "a worldwide economic downturn"}, {"question": "When did the great Depression end?", "answer": "1930s or early 1940s"}, {"question": "The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "Where did the depression cause negative effects?", "answer": "virtually every country"}, {"question": "How much did international trade fall?", "answer": "by half to two-thirds,"}, {"question": "What happened to construction during the Depression?", "answer": "virtually halted in many countries"}, {"question": "How far did crop prices fall?", "answer": "60 percent"}, {"question": "When did Americas Great Depression end?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "In some world states who did the people turn to? ", "answer": "nationalist demagogues"}, {"question": "Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to? ", "answer": "Adolf Hitler"}, {"question": "What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?", "answer": "the rise of Nazism"}, {"question": "What was the Interwar period marked by?", "answer": "radical change in the international order"}, {"question": "What institution was meant to bring stability?", "answer": "the League of Nations"}, {"question": "When was The League of Nations created?", "answer": "after the First World War"}, {"question": "Who undermined  The League Of Nations?", "answer": "bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States"}, {"question": "What effect did the  undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?", "answer": "leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy."}, {"question": "Who was first to invade Manchuria?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What is the Abyssinian crisis?", "answer": "Italy invaded Abyssinia"}, {"question": "What is Abyssinia?", "answer": "one of the only free African nations at that time"}, {"question": "When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?", "answer": "1935/36"}, {"question": "Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "When did the seizure of Manchuria occur?", "answer": "September 1931"}, {"question": "Who was named the head of the puppet state after the seizure of Manchuria?", "answer": "ex-Qing emperor Puyi"}, {"question": "What dealt a blow to the Kuomintang economy?", "answer": "loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries,"}, {"question": "In what year did conflict between the Kuomintang and Communist intensify? ", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What was Kuomintang's main goal pertaining to Communist? ", "answer": "neutralize the spread of Communist influence."}, {"question": "What war saw tensions arise between between Imperial Japan and the United States?", "answer": "The Second Sino-Japanese War"}, {"question": "What did the United States place on Japans war efforts?", "answer": "embargoes"}, {"question": "What did the American Embargoes prevent Japan from aquiring?", "answer": "strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil"}, {"question": "Who did Imperial Japan sign a Tripartite pact with? ", "answer": "Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy."}, {"question": "Where did Japan attack the United States?", "answer": "Pearl Harbor"}, {"question": "When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?", "answer": "December 7, 1941"}, {"question": "What countries were referred to as \"The Trusteeship Of The Powerful\"?", "answer": "The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China"}, {"question": "What did The United Nations name \"The Trusteeship Of The Powerful\"", "answer": "\"Four Policemen\""}, {"question": "Who were the victors of World War II? ", "answer": "The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China"}, {"question": "What Was estimated amount of deaths during the war?", "answer": "62 million"}, {"question": "What percent of the deaths during the war were civilians?", "answer": "About 60%"}, {"question": "What countries suffered the most casualties in the war?", "answer": "The former Soviet Union and China"}, {"question": "What percentage of it's population did Poland lose in the war?", "answer": "16%,"}, {"question": "How many deaths did the Soviet Union suffer in the war?", "answer": "23 million"}, {"question": "What is the Holocaust?", "answer": "was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other \"unwanted\""}, {"question": "During what word event did the Holocaust happen? ", "answer": "during World War II"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for the Holocaust? ", "answer": "Nazi regime in Germany."}, {"question": "How did the Nazis conjure up anti-Semitic feelings in civilians?", "answer": "propaganda"}, {"question": "When did the suffering of the Jews begin?", "answer": "before the war even started"}, {"question": "What was Europe split into after World War II?", "answer": "Western and Soviet spheres of influence."}, {"question": "What does the term NATO represent?", "answer": "North Atlantic Treaty Organization"}, {"question": "Who battled in the cold war?", "answer": "United States and the Soviet Union."}, {"question": "What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?", "answer": "led to its democratization."}, {"question": "What did China name themselves after the war?", "answer": "the People's Republic of China."}, {"question": "By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?", "answer": "a factor of five"}, {"question": "What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?", "answer": "two decades"}, {"question": "What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?", "answer": "the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider"}, {"question": "What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?", "answer": "brutal dictatorships"}, {"question": "What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?", "answer": "wars"}, {"question": "What did increased communications lead contribute to?", "answer": "democratization"}, {"question": "What time period did technological advances lead to?", "answer": "the Information Age"}, {"question": "what did the Soviet Union annex some of it's territory as?", "answer": "Soviet Socialist Republics"}, {"question": "What did the territory the Soviet Union maintained as satellite states, later became known as?", "answer": "the Warsaw Pact"}, {"question": "The United States and many Western countries began what policy to fight communism?", "answer": "\"containment\""}, {"question": "What did the soviets opposed rebuilding?", "answer": "rebuilding of western Europe"}, {"question": "What actions of the Soviet Union did The United States oppose?", "answer": "the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements,"}, {"question": "What types of periods did the cold war see?", "answer": "heightened tension and relative calm."}, {"question": "Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade  last?", "answer": "1948\u20131949"}, {"question": "Through what time period did the Korean War last?", "answer": "1950\u20131953)"}, {"question": "Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?", "answer": "1959\u20131975"}, {"question": "When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "During what time was the cold war close to happening?", "answer": "1980s and the early 1990s"}, {"question": "What did  the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?", "answer": "diplomatic, military, and economic pressure"}, {"question": "What was  the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?", "answer": "severe economic stagnation"}, {"question": "What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?", "answer": "introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms."}, {"question": "In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What caused Latin America's right-wing authorities to support coup o'etats?", "answer": "in the 1970s, leftists acquired a significant political influence"}, {"question": "Why did the Latin Americas Upper class support coup o'etats?", "answer": "to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat."}, {"question": "The regimes in the southern cone collaborated in killing of who?", "answer": "leftist dissidents"}, {"question": "What did all countries restore in the 1990's ", "answer": "their democracies."}, {"question": "Where did the United States support dictatorships in the 1970\"s?", "answer": "South American countries"}, {"question": "What is the space age?", "answer": "a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events."}, {"question": "Who launched  Sputnik 1?", "answer": "the Soviet Union."}, {"question": "How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?", "answer": "98.1 minutes"}, {"question": "What did Sputnik 1 usher in?", "answer": "The Space Age"}, {"question": "How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?", "answer": "500 million"}, {"question": "What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative \"51st state\" label?", "answer": "excessive American cultural or military influence or control"}, {"question": "Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?", "answer": "their local or national culture has become too Americanized"}, {"question": "What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the \"51st state\" in a positive way?", "answer": "a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state"}, {"question": "What is a positive connotation of the label \"51st state\"?", "answer": "a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States"}, {"question": "What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?", "answer": "an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control"}, {"question": "If a country refers to themselves as the \"51st state\" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?", "answer": "their local or national culture has become too Americanized"}, {"question": "What does Article IV, Section three of the US Constitution outline?", "answer": "the relationship among the states"}, {"question": "Article IV, Section Three of th United States Constitution gives Congress the power to do what?", "answer": "the power to admit new states to the union"}, {"question": "What does the states' requirement to give \"full faith and credit\" help recognize?", "answer": "legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments"}, {"question": "What are all states guaranteed by the federal government?", "answer": "military and civil defense"}, {"question": "What does Article 4, Section 4 guarantee?", "answer": "guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government"}, {"question": "What part of the US Constitution outlines the relationship among the states?", "answer": "Article IV, Section Three"}, {"question": "Article IV, Section Three allows Congress to do what?", "answer": "admit new states to the union"}, {"question": "What does the concept of \"full faith and credit\" protect?", "answer": "the recognition of legal contracts, marriages, and criminal judgments"}, {"question": "What is guaranteed to the states by the federal government?", "answer": "military and civil defense"}, {"question": "What country has been regarded as a potential new addition to the United States?", "answer": "Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters supported statehood?", "answer": "61%"}, {"question": "When did Puerto Rico resolve to request that the United States act on these results?", "answer": "December 11, 2012"}, {"question": "What would be an ideal reaction from the United States, according to Puerto Rico?", "answer": "end the current form of territorial status and begin the process of admitting Puerto Rico to the Union as a state"}, {"question": "What territory has been suggested as a new addition to the United States?", "answer": "Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What percentages of voters expressed unhappiness with the current political relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "When did the legislature of Puerto Rico request that they be considered for statehood?", "answer": "December 11, 2012"}, {"question": "How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?", "answer": "Since 1898"}, {"question": "Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?", "answer": "a Resident Commissioner"}, {"question": "Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?", "answer": "The 110th Congress"}, {"question": "What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?", "answer": "on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation"}, {"question": "What types of taxes do Puerto Ricans pay?", "answer": "U.S. federal taxes"}, {"question": "What makes up the federal taxes Puerto Rican citizens pay?", "answer": "import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes, social security taxes"}, {"question": "How else can they serve the U.S.?", "answer": "Puerto Ricans may enlist in the U.S. military."}, {"question": "How many Puerto Ricans have died in the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan?", "answer": "52"}, {"question": "In the aftermath of which war was the U.S. granted Puerto Rico?", "answer": "Spanish\u2013American War"}, {"question": "What country handed over Puerto Rico to the US?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "How long have Puerto Ricans been U.S. citizens?", "answer": "since 1917"}, {"question": "What form of government do the Puerto Ricans have?", "answer": "republican"}, {"question": "How was the Puerto Rican constitution brought about?", "answer": "the U.S. Congress directed local government to organize a constitutional convention to write the Puerto Rico Constitution"}, {"question": "When was the Puerto Rican constitution written?", "answer": "1951"}, {"question": "When was the constitution accepted by the electorate, U.S. Congress, and U.S. President?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What clause gives Puerto Rican citizens the same rights as US citizens?", "answer": "Privileges and Immunities Clause"}, {"question": "How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?", "answer": "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"}, {"question": "What title does the country have?", "answer": "Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as \"Free Associated State\")"}, {"question": "What is the island under jurisdiction of?", "answer": "Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution"}, {"question": "What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?", "answer": "The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?", "answer": "54 percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters preferred statehood?", "answer": "61 percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?", "answer": "one in four voters"}, {"question": "What argument do those opposing statehood use?", "answer": "the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included"}, {"question": "What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?", "answer": "The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald"}, {"question": "What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?", "answer": "The Hill"}, {"question": "When was that article published?", "answer": "November 8, 2012"}, {"question": "What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?", "answer": "U.S. Congressman Luis Guti\u00e9rrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Vel\u00e1zquez"}, {"question": "What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?", "answer": "Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortu\u00f1o"}, {"question": "What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?", "answer": "Governor-elect Alejandro Garc\u00eda Padilla"}, {"question": "How did these politicians voice their concerns?", "answer": "wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama"}, {"question": "What was the White House stance?", "answer": "the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved"}, {"question": "When was H.R. 2000 introduced?", "answer": "On May 15, 2013"}, {"question": "What would H.R. 2000 do?", "answer": "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union"}, {"question": "What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?", "answer": "a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state."}, {"question": "What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?", "answer": "the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state"}, {"question": "Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?", "answer": "James Madison"}, {"question": "Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?", "answer": "Federalist No. 43"}, {"question": "What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?", "answer": "the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District"}, {"question": "What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?", "answer": "Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac"}, {"question": "What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?", "answer": "\"No taxation without representation\", omitting the initial \"No\""}, {"question": "What does the phrase protest?", "answer": "their lack of Congressional representation"}, {"question": "In what way has the phrase been spread wide?", "answer": "the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates"}, {"question": "When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?", "answer": "at the beginning of his second term"}, {"question": "What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?", "answer": "D.C. Statehood Party"}, {"question": "What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?", "answer": "the local Green Party affiliate"}, {"question": "When did the movement get closest to success?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What would be the new name of the D.C. State?", "answer": "New Columbia"}, {"question": "When did the drive for statehood falter?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What is another likely country for statehood?", "answer": "United States Virgin Islands"}, {"question": "What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?", "answer": "Radio Australia"}, {"question": "What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?", "answer": "The Philippines"}, {"question": "What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?", "answer": "Federalista Party"}, {"question": "What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What is another connotation for the 51st state label?", "answer": "if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States"}, {"question": "When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "When did the Clarity Act go into effect?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?", "answer": "Liberals"}, {"question": "When was this campaign ran?", "answer": "In the 1988 federal election"}, {"question": "Who erased the border in the ad?", "answer": "Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists"}, {"question": "What was the slogan of this ad?", "answer": "\"Here's where we draw the line.\""}, {"question": "When did Quebec land in British hands?", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "When did Ontario land in British hands?", "answer": "1763"}, {"question": "During which the US invade Canada?", "answer": "the War of 1812"}, {"question": "What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?", "answer": "annexing Canada"}, {"question": "When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?", "answer": "In the late 1940s"}, {"question": "What was the result of the 1948 referendum?", "answer": "The movement ultimately failed"}, {"question": "What did the Economic Union Party support?", "answer": "an independent \"responsible government\""}, {"question": "What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?", "answer": "can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada"}, {"question": "What is a negative connotation of the term?", "answer": "to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor"}, {"question": "How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?", "answer": "just 3,846 votes"}, {"question": "What did the other parties receive that year?", "answer": "40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)"}, {"question": "When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?", "answer": "from 1903 to 1979"}, {"question": "When did the British Honduras become Belize?", "answer": "since 1981"}, {"question": "When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What country was Cuba a territory of?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?", "answer": "Maine"}, {"question": "When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What government did Castro install?", "answer": "Marxist\u2013Leninist government"}, {"question": "Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?", "answer": "the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States"}, {"question": "What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?", "answer": "Two Stars for Peace"}, {"question": "When was Two Stars for Peace published?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?", "answer": "Alfred de Grazia"}, {"question": "When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?", "answer": "April 1952"}, {"question": "How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?", "answer": "over 1 million"}, {"question": "When was Okinawa finally returned?", "answer": "May 15, 1972"}, {"question": "Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?", "answer": "as a defense for Japan."}, {"question": "When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What does the 51st State Party advocate?", "answer": "The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America"}, {"question": "Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?", "answer": "Paulus Telfer"}, {"question": "Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?", "answer": "the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot."}, {"question": "Who is the mayor of Tirana?", "answer": "Edi Rama,"}, {"question": "Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?", "answer": "Edi Rama"}, {"question": "When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?", "answer": "Camp Bondsteel"}, {"question": "When did the US control Greenland?", "answer": "when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany"}, {"question": "How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?", "answer": "$100 million"}, {"question": "What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?", "answer": "University of Akureyri"}, {"question": "What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?", "answer": "the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast."}, {"question": "What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?", "answer": "staunchly pro-American"}, {"question": "What led to the creation of an independent Poland?", "answer": "favorable American intervention in World War I"}, {"question": "What did Poland contribute to the \"Coalition of the Willing\"?", "answer": "a large force"}, {"question": "How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?", "answer": "40,000 members"}, {"question": "What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?", "answer": "for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state"}, {"question": "When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?", "answer": "July\u2013August 1943"}, {"question": "When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What are the four categories of terra nullius?", "answer": "the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies"}, {"question": "What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?", "answer": "the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty"}, {"question": "What do the treaties defend against?", "answer": "prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories."}, {"question": "Where is Bir Tawil located?", "answer": "between Egypt and Sudan"}, {"question": "What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?", "answer": "An antenna"}, {"question": "What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?", "answer": "radio transmitter or radio receiver"}, {"question": "What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?", "answer": "transmission"}, {"question": "What else can radio waves be called?", "answer": "electromagnetic waves"}, {"question": "When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?", "answer": "reception"}, {"question": "What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?", "answer": "transmission line"}, {"question": "What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?", "answer": "electrons"}, {"question": "During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?", "answer": "radiate away"}, {"question": "During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?", "answer": "reception"}, {"question": "What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?", "answer": "aerial"}, {"question": "What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?", "answer": "wire antenna"}, {"question": "What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?", "answer": "antennae"}, {"question": "What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?", "answer": "antenna"}, {"question": "Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?", "answer": "Guglielmo Marconi"}, {"question": "When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?", "answer": "raising the \"aerial\" wire"}, {"question": "How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?", "answer": "1.5 mi"}, {"question": "What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?", "answer": "Antennas"}, {"question": "How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?", "answer": "speed of light"}, {"question": "What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?", "answer": "mobile telephones"}, {"question": "What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?", "answer": "GPS"}, {"question": "What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?", "answer": "antennas"}, {"question": "What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?", "answer": "metal rod"}, {"question": "What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?", "answer": "dipole"}, {"question": "In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?", "answer": "horizontally"}, {"question": "What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?", "answer": "null"}, {"question": "Are basic antennas expensive?", "answer": "relatively inexpensive"}, {"question": "What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?", "answer": "dipole antenna"}, {"question": "What category do vertical antennas fall under?", "answer": "monopole antenna"}, {"question": "What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?", "answer": "large conductive surface"}, {"question": "What are different designs aimed at increasing?", "answer": "gain of the antenna"}, {"question": "What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?", "answer": "balanced line"}, {"question": "Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?", "answer": "concentration"}, {"question": "Where is the power that is distributed originating from?", "answer": "the transmitter"}, {"question": "How many antenna would make up a phased array?", "answer": "two or more"}, {"question": "How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?", "answer": "parallel"}, {"question": "What are the two standard antenna types?", "answer": "omnidirectional or weakly directional"}, {"question": "What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?", "answer": "relative phase"}, {"question": "What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?", "answer": "log-periodic dipole array"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of this formation type?", "answer": "extremely wide bandwidth"}, {"question": "What is the main application of these set ups?", "answer": "television reception"}, {"question": "What is a variation of this antenna type?", "answer": "Yagi-Uda Antenna"}, {"question": "For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?", "answer": "vertical"}, {"question": "Why is this specific antenna type used?", "answer": "achieve directionality"}, {"question": "If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?", "answer": "short vertical antenna"}, {"question": "What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?", "answer": "impedance matching"}, {"question": "What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?", "answer": "antenna lead-in"}, {"question": "What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?", "answer": "antenna feed"}, {"question": "What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?", "answer": "aperture antenna"}, {"question": "What can be used in place of  a standard transmission line?", "answer": "microwave antenna"}, {"question": "Monopole antennas consist of what element?", "answer": "metal rod"}, {"question": "What the most common form? ", "answer": "quarter-wave monopole"}, {"question": "What are small monopoles used as?", "answer": "nondirectional antennas"}, {"question": "What has vertical polarization?", "answer": "Monopoles"}, {"question": "What is the most widley used antenna class?", "answer": "dipole antenna"}, {"question": "                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 What radiates two lobes perpendicular to the antennas axis?                                                                                                                                       ", "answer": "horizontal dipole"}, {"question": "Besides low gain antennas, what is also used as driven elements in complicated higher gain types of antennas?", "answer": "dipoles"}, {"question": "How much gain does a half-wave dipole have?", "answer": "2.15 dBi"}, {"question": "What must be true of the antenna and transmission medium for the repiprocity rule to apply ?", "answer": "linear and reciprocal"}, {"question": "What is called when the direction of the elctrical current does not make a difference to the current?", "answer": "Reciprocal"}, {"question": "What is one material that does not have this quality?", "answer": "ferrite"}, {"question": "How can the lack of this quality be used in an everyday way?", "answer": "radar"}, {"question": "How could one deide what type of antenna is nedded for a project?", "answer": "performance measures"}, {"question": "What would most likely be the main concern in making this decision?", "answer": "directional characteristics"}, {"question": "How would you distribute power to allow for a greater gain?", "answer": "horizontal directions"}, {"question": "What is often the most imprtant crediting factor of antennas?", "answer": "efficiency"}, {"question": "Which antenna type would be best for a project requiring a specific frequency?", "answer": "Resonant antennas"}, {"question": "How could an antenna be made to coordinate with the needed frequency?", "answer": "built or ordered"}, {"question": "What factor would result in a desired feedback independence?", "answer": "particular antenna design"}, {"question": "If you were unable to choose the antenna you wanted how could you still achieve this result?", "answer": "matching network"}, {"question": "What is the essential difference in radio waves transmitted by an antenna?", "answer": "polarization"}, {"question": "How can this be adjusted more easily than changing antenna types?", "answer": "tilting the axis"}, {"question": "When might the size of an antenna cause an issue?", "answer": "at lower frequencies"}, {"question": "There is a relationship between the size of the antenna and the size of the wavelength with what antenna type?", "answer": "Highly directional"}, {"question": "What size antenna would not be good when the antenna needs to be directional?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "What is the basis for the way most antennas are developed?", "answer": "resonance principle"}, {"question": "What particle's migration does the resonance principle rely on?", "answer": "electrons"}, {"question": "What type of surface is formed by the tip of a conductor?", "answer": "reflective"}, {"question": "How would you place the conductor in relation to the signal you wished to obtain?", "answer": "perpendicular"}, {"question": "What part of the radio signal creates voltage?", "answer": "electrical component"}, {"question": "What would the electric current always gravitate to?", "answer": "instantaneous field"}, {"question": "What is the outcome when a curren is reflected>", "answer": "180 degree change in phase"}, {"question": "What amount of phase change would return a signal to its originial state?", "answer": "360 degree"}, {"question": "What is the most popular antenna type?", "answer": "half-wave dipole"}, {"question": "Elements in a half wave dipole and on an identical axis are said to be what?", "answer": "collinear"}, {"question": "What is the current usually beng put into it or pulled out of?", "answer": "transmission line"}, {"question": "What antenna type is a portion of the half wave dipole?", "answer": "Monopoles"}, {"question": "What popular type combines more that one antenna?", "answer": "folded dipole"}, {"question": "What frequency are antennas normally designed to be?", "answer": "f0"}, {"question": "What can be added to f0 to create a standing wave pattern?", "answer": "3f0"}, {"question": "What multiple is essential for wavelengths?", "answer": "1\u20444"}, {"question": "How are waves which are used in the ways discussed controlled?", "answer": "harmonically"}, {"question": "How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?", "answer": "imitate"}, {"question": "What frequency develops a current peak?", "answer": "resonant frequency"}, {"question": "How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?", "answer": "minimum reactance"}, {"question": "What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?", "answer": "lossless"}, {"question": "What could be coupled with an antenna to form pure resistance?", "answer": "inductance"}, {"question": "What element would this pure resistance be coupled with?", "answer": "transmission line"}, {"question": "What phrase describes the process of purposely using a lower standing antenna at a less than peak frequency?", "answer": "electrical lengthening"}, {"question": " If your were unable to match the source frequency with the design frequency of the antenna what could you use?", "answer": "resonant multiples"}, {"question": "What is the most common application of resonant antennas?", "answer": "single target signal"}, {"question": "What antenna setup type is generally used for TV viewing?", "answer": "resonant"}, {"question": "For use with more than one channel changes are made to increase what property?", "answer": "bandwidth"}, {"question": "What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?", "answer": "inverse square law"}, {"question": " How is the compactness of the signal measured?", "answer": "Watts per square metre"}, {"question": "What type of project would call for more than one element used together?", "answer": "higher performance"}, {"question": "What is a half wave dipole need to be coupled with in most instances?", "answer": "feed point"}, {"question": "What part of the current is usually strongest?", "answer": "center"}, {"question": "What does this result in?", "answer": "standing wave pattern"}, {"question": "Element used to provide support to the original signal are called?", "answer": "passive elements"}, {"question": "What can take advantage of these elements to add more gain?", "answer": "Yagi-Uda array"}, {"question": "Does this device improve the operation of the antenna?", "answer": "does not contribute"}, {"question": "What is the name for passive elements nearer to the source of the signal?", "answer": "directors"}, {"question": "Adding more elements to a Yagi-Uda would have what effect?", "answer": "increasingly directional"}, {"question": "What can be paired with transmission lines to create phases that would support output?", "answer": "active elements"}, {"question": "What is the most common element used to create a single in phase signal?", "answer": "half-wave dipoles"}, {"question": "What must be precise in order to create this signal at output?", "answer": "phase lengths"}, {"question": "What is a more complicated occurrence of the single in-phase producing antenna?", "answer": "log-periodic"}, {"question": "If you wanted to somehow clone the original signal you could use?", "answer": "extended conductive surface"}, {"question": "What effect would the use of a reflector have on a signal?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "What allowance can be made for gaps without loss of performance?", "answer": "less than 1\u204410"}, {"question": "What is the most recognized type of an antenna that has its basis in reflection?", "answer": "parabolic reflector"}, {"question": "What magnifies the small radiation resistance of a loop?", "answer": "a capacitor at the frequency of operation"}, {"question": "What is used in most AM broadcaster receivers?", "answer": "loop"}, {"question": "What is resonated by a capacitor along with the receiver tuning that maintains resonance over the AM broadcast band?", "answer": "small ferrite loop antenna"}, {"question": "When using a small loop antenna at a low frequency, what may occur?", "answer": "impedance matching"}, {"question": "Where does cancellation of any reactance seen?", "answer": "antenna terminals"}, {"question": "What is left after antenna tuning?", "answer": "resistive impedance"}, {"question": "What can be used to cancel a inductibe reactance or residual capacitative?", "answer": "parallel capacitance"}, {"question": "What is an antenna designed to have?", "answer": "purely resistive feedpoint"}, {"question": "What type of antenna has impedance at a specific frequency?", "answer": "resonant"}, {"question": "What term can be used to refer to the usable spectrum of an antennas frequency?", "answer": "bandwidth"}, {"question": "What causes the frequencies outside of the bandwidth to be unusable?", "answer": "impedance match"}, {"question": "What is lessened by the Yagi-Uda design?", "answer": "directivity"}, {"question": "What characteristic would be better if it were steady?", "answer": "reactance"}, {"question": "What characteristic of the conductor changes the amount of reactance?", "answer": "diameter"}, {"question": "What would be used to create a half wave or quarter wave dipole?", "answer": "A long thin wire"}, {"question": "What type of tubes are generally used for sturdier always of antennas?", "answer": "cages"}, {"question": "What effect do cages have on the spectrum of usable frequencies?", "answer": "widens"}, {"question": "How could one achieve the task of creating an antenna that can be Used over various bands?", "answer": "connecting resonant elements"}, {"question": "What is an essential for dealing with directing the flow of power?", "answer": "trap's"}, {"question": "What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?", "answer": "gain"}, {"question": "What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?", "answer": "power gain"}, {"question": "What is the meaning of intensity?", "answer": "power per unit surface area"}, {"question": "What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?", "answer": "isotropic"}, {"question": "Antennas with higher gain have what positive feature?", "answer": "longer range"}, {"question": "Dish network Tv takes example of what type of antenna?", "answer": "parabolic dish"}, {"question": "What type of antenna would be best if placement was tricky?", "answer": "Low-gain"}, {"question": "What is a measure of how much efficient is improved by adding a device designed to make something stronger?", "answer": "amplifier gain"}, {"question": "What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?", "answer": "proportional"}, {"question": "what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?", "answer": "no loss"}, {"question": "hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "Another term for the effective area is?", "answer": "Aeff"}, {"question": "A plot of the radiation behaviors of an antenna would show what?", "answer": "relative field strength"}, {"question": "What type of pictoral aid is often used to show this?", "answer": "three-dimensional graph"}, {"question": " A sphere shows what type of antennas radiation?", "answer": "isotropic"}, {"question": "Dipoles are considered to be what antenna type?", "answer": "nondirectional"}, {"question": "What would an omnidirectional antenna look like if plotted?", "answer": "donut"}, {"question": "What is the term that refers to areas where an antennas radiation is zero? ", "answer": "nulls"}, {"question": "What do radio waves do that account for maxima or nulls in an antenna pattern?", "answer": "interfere"}, {"question": "If you desired to project radio waves to the south, what part of the antenna would you build larger in that direction?", "answer": "lobe"}, {"question": "What is the main distinction of side lobes?", "answer": "represent unwanted radiation"}, {"question": "What is one piece that makes up an antenna system?", "answer": "radio"}, {"question": "What is created by a portion of a radio waves energy reversing?", "answer": "standing wave"}, {"question": "A term that refers to the highs and lows of power in electro magnetic waves is?", "answer": "standing wave ratio"}, {"question": "Impedance matching makes an important difference in what antenna function?", "answer": "power transfer"}, {"question": "A measure of the power that is useable and the power absorbed by the terminals?", "answer": "Efficiency"}, {"question": "What happens to the power that is not absorbed by the antenna?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "What can cause that reaction?", "answer": "transmitter"}, {"question": "What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth? ", "answer": "100 W"}, {"question": "What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?", "answer": "impedance matching"}, {"question": "What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?", "answer": "electrical measurements"}, {"question": "What can increase the feedpoint impedance of a component?", "answer": "loss resistance"}, {"question": "The addition of Rr and Rloss equals what?", "answer": "resistance"}, {"question": "What equation an determine an antennas effectiveness?", "answer": "Rr / (Rr + Rloss)"}, {"question": "What is the single factor that can be precisely measured?", "answer": "total resistance"}, {"question": "In what type of programs would low efficiency antennas not make a difference in effectiveness?", "answer": "receiving"}, {"question": "At lesser frequencies what can account for incorrect assumptions about efficiency?", "answer": "man-made noise"}, {"question": "What is the median level for measuring atmospheric noise?", "answer": "thermal noise floor"}, {"question": "What is SNR?", "answer": "signal to noise ratio"}, {"question": "What else is also known as power gain?", "answer": "antenna gain"}, {"question": "What is used to signal toward a reciever?", "answer": "transmitter"}, {"question": "Which gain does not iclude the effect of an antenna?", "answer": "directive gain"}, {"question": "Wats divided by the antennas efficiency?", "answer": "published gain"}, {"question": "Small and minimal frequency antennas are know to be what?", "answer": "inefficient"}, {"question": "What is added to to increase ability for reception?", "answer": "small loop antenna"}, {"question": "How would this antenna rate in the greater scheme of things?", "answer": "little effect"}, {"question": "When talking about much larger network what effect can reduced antenna effectiveness have?", "answer": "substantial cost"}, {"question": "What is another name for electric-field?", "answer": "E-plane"}, {"question": "How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?", "answer": "polarization"}, {"question": "When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?", "answer": "transverse wave"}, {"question": "What mostly affects polarization?", "answer": "Reflections"}, {"question": "What reflector can change the waves polarization?", "answer": "ionosphere"}, {"question": "What will you be matching with the  receiving antenna's polarization?", "answer": "transmitter"}, {"question": "What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?", "answer": "polarized transmissions"}, {"question": "What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?", "answer": "a skywave"}, {"question": "Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?", "answer": "Polarization"}, {"question": "What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?", "answer": "quad antenna"}, {"question": "The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?", "answer": "commercial antenna"}, {"question": "Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?", "answer": "horizontal"}, {"question": "What are electrical fields projected on to?", "answer": "imaginary plane"}, {"question": "What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?", "answer": "radio wave"}, {"question": "What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?", "answer": "elliptical"}, {"question": "How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?", "answer": "one direction"}, {"question": "What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?", "answer": "match the polarization"}, {"question": "What loses signal strength?", "answer": "Intermediate matchings"}, {"question": "What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?", "answer": "circularly polarized"}, {"question": "A transmission can cause reduction in what?", "answer": "signal-to-noise ratio"}, {"question": "What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?", "answer": "Maximum power transfer"}, {"question": "What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?", "answer": "50 ohms"}, {"question": "Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?", "answer": "\"tweak\" the match"}, {"question": "What is SWR?", "answer": "standing wave ratio"}, {"question": "What can be shorter than 1/4 wavelength long?", "answer": "whip antenna"}, {"question": "What is the opposite of inductive reactance?", "answer": "capacitative reactance"}, {"question": "What is at the base of the antenna?", "answer": "loading coil"}, {"question": "Where is the resistance seen on the loading foil?", "answer": "feedpoint"}, {"question": "What is not adjustable when it comes to a transformer?", "answer": "turns ratio"}, {"question": "A general matching network needs a minimum of how many adjustments to correct all components of impedance?", "answer": "two adjustments"}, {"question": "How many ohms are in are in a standard coax?", "answer": "50 or 75"}, {"question": "What is included between the transmission line and the antenna element?", "answer": "balun"}, {"question": "A balun should be integrated into what?", "answer": "matching network"}, {"question": "What antenna's are nonresonant?", "answer": "traveling wave antennas"}, {"question": "How long are the wire antenna's that the voltage and current waves travel in the same direction?", "answer": "one direction"}, {"question": "What antenna does not have linear polarization?", "answer": "helical antenna"}, {"question": "What are undirectional traveling wave directions terminated by?", "answer": "resistor"}, {"question": "What is the resistor equal to?", "answer": "antenna's characteristic resistance"}, {"question": "What is the radiation patter influenced by?", "answer": "dielectric constant"}, {"question": "The ground is important for what antenna?", "answer": "terrestrial antenna"}, {"question": "Whats another name for the ground?", "answer": "artificial ground plane"}, {"question": "What does the artificial ground plane do for the antenna current?", "answer": "return connection"}, {"question": "What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?", "answer": "topography"}, {"question": "What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?", "answer": "reflection"}, {"question": "What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?", "answer": "higher frequencies"}, {"question": "When will reflections not be coherent?", "answer": "ground has irregularities"}, {"question": "What is the refractive index of the ground?", "answer": "n=2"}, {"question": "What is the refractive index of air?", "answer": "n=1"}, {"question": "When is polarized radiation reversed?", "answer": "reflection"}, {"question": "Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?", "answer": "electrical conductor"}, {"question": "what is reflected and transmitted into the ground when a plane surface is struck?", "answer": "electromagnetic wave"}, {"question": "Who proposed this theory?", "answer": "Fresnel coefficients"}, {"question": "Is the ground has a great conductor, how much of the wave will be reflected?", "answer": "180\u00b0 out of phase"}, {"question": "What depends on the polarization and waves angle?", "answer": "power remaining"}, {"question": "What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called?", "answer": "aperture"}, {"question": "What is a measure of the power of an antenna?", "answer": "microvolts"}, {"question": "What effects the function of signals received by an antenna?", "answer": "direction"}, {"question": "How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2?", "answer": "12 pW of RF power"}, {"question": "The properties of a usable radio frequency can be called its?", "answer": "Q"}, {"question": "What is a measure of the comparison between reactance and resistance?", "answer": "Q"}, {"question": "What is the largest Q that could be achieved with a slimmer band antenna?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What type of element would be used to encounter less reactance?", "answer": "thick"}, {"question": "What can be added to allow for an antenna shorter than the needed height to produce desired results?", "answer": "loading coil"}, {"question": "How would the resistive impedance from this scenario compare to if the antenna was the proper height?", "answer": "lower"}, {"question": "The coil has lengthed the antenna to reach how much length electrically?", "answer": "2.5 meters"}, {"question": "What is the major thing that sets the size of antennas at lower frequencies?", "answer": "reactance"}, {"question": "How big would an antenna be used to with with one m wavelengths?", "answer": "50 cm"}, {"question": "How could the rection of output be adressed by?", "answer": "changing the matching system"}, {"question": " What unit is used to measure current?", "answer": "ampere"}, {"question": "What effect occurs when the signal is reflected back into the antenna?", "answer": "reducing output"}, {"question": "What sort of changes in material would a current reflect?", "answer": "electrical"}, {"question": " What must match between the transmission line and elements?", "answer": "impedance"}, {"question": "What technique is used to prevent unintentional decrease in signal?", "answer": "Impedance matching"}, {"question": "How is this process usually used for transmission lines and antennas?", "answer": "balun"}, {"question": "What is used to allow one to control the function of wave fronts moving through an antenna?", "answer": "selectively delay"}, {"question": "What changes the structuak traits of a wave on either side?", "answer": "refractor"}, {"question": "What is the main purpose of a refractor?", "answer": "spatial characteristics"}, {"question": "A refractor can be compared to what type of viewing?", "answer": "optical lens"}, {"question": "What can receive a stron signal by transmitting an original wave?", "answer": "actual antenna"}, {"question": "Where will the additional current be induced?", "answer": "antenna element"}, {"question": "What is altered because of the proximity to the ground?", "answer": "antenna's impedance"}, {"question": "what happens to the reflected wave which allows the antenna to reach its asympotic feedpoint impedance?", "answer": "reduced power"}, {"question": "What is between recieving and transmitting antenna's?", "answer": "horizontal propagation"}, {"question": "When is the emission at maximized recieved signal?", "answer": "polarized vertically"}, {"question": "Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown?", "answer": "image at right"}, {"question": "What is also increased along with the antenna's height?", "answer": "lobes"}, {"question": "What is another name for classical television transmissions?", "answer": "analog"}, {"question": "Buildings can create ghost images because of what?", "answer": "multipath propagation"}, {"question": "When is ghosting reduced?", "answer": "horizontal polarization"}, {"question": "What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?", "answer": "Vertically polarized analog television"}, {"question": "Where are the indiviual array elements known?", "answer": "antenna arrays"}, {"question": "What induces a feedpoint to antennas nearby?", "answer": "Current circulating"}, {"question": "What are the mathmatic useful towards?", "answer": "electrical behaviour"}, {"question": "What cause mutual interactions between the elements electric and magnetic fields?", "answer": "proximity"}, {"question": "a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?", "answer": "open circuited"}, {"question": "When is the element not allowed voltage?", "answer": "short circuited"}, {"question": "What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?", "answer": "Parasitic"}, {"question": "What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?", "answer": "Yagi-Uda"}, {"question": "Where can this solid rod be viewed?", "answer": "feedpoint"}, {"question": "What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?", "answer": "broadcasting"}, {"question": "If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?", "answer": "cancellation"}, {"question": "What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?", "answer": "mobile phones"}, {"question": "If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?", "answer": "circular polarization."}, {"question": "What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?", "answer": "mixed polarization"}, {"question": "What type of antenna can be formed by a circular segment of wire?", "answer": "Loop antennas"}, {"question": "What is a loop antenna compared with to determine its beahvior?", "answer": "circumference of a wavelength"}, {"question": "If you needed to place an antenna somewhere with a large amount of interference, which type would be best?", "answer": "loops small"}, {"question": "Why would this type be good for receiving but not transmtting?", "answer": "low radiation resistance"}, {"question": "What else would be an effective application of this antenna type?", "answer": "direction finding"}, {"question": "Are essential properties of an antenna changed based on what fungtion they are performing", "answer": "the same"}, {"question": "What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?", "answer": "reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics"}, {"question": "Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?", "answer": "either transmitting or receiving"}, {"question": "What is one electrical trait of an antenna?", "answer": "radiation pattern"}, {"question": "What are the most diverse group of land plants?", "answer": "angiosperms"}, {"question": "How many species of flowering plants are there about?", "answer": "350,000"}, {"question": "What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms?", "answer": "seed-producing plants"}, {"question": "What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within?", "answer": "an enclosure"}, {"question": "What is the Greek word for \"case\" or \"casing\"?", "answer": "angeion"}, {"question": "How long have higher plants lived on land?", "answer": "at least 475 million years"}, {"question": "How did early plants reproduce sexually?", "answer": "with flagellated, swimming sperm"}, {"question": "Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?", "answer": "spores"}, {"question": "What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?", "answer": "Charophycean green algae"}, {"question": "What is the common name for Selaginella?", "answer": "the spike-moss"}, {"question": "What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?", "answer": "abominable mystery"}, {"question": "What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?", "answer": "angiosperm"}, {"question": "What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?", "answer": "evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved"}, {"question": "From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?", "answer": "Middle Triassic"}, {"question": "What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?", "answer": "relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes"}, {"question": "How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?", "answer": "319 million years ago"}, {"question": "What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?", "answer": "whole genome duplication"}, {"question": "How are duplication events studied?", "answer": "by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant"}, {"question": "Who coined the term \"abominable mystery\"?", "answer": "Darwin"}, {"question": "When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?", "answer": "about 125 million years BP"}, {"question": "What is the earliest known angiosperm?", "answer": "Archaefructus liaoningensis"}, {"question": "What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?", "answer": "pollen"}, {"question": "How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?", "answer": "250 million years ago"}, {"question": "What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?", "answer": "Gigantopterids"}, {"question": "When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?", "answer": "approximately 100 million years ago"}, {"question": "What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?", "answer": "great angiosperm radiation,"}, {"question": "When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?", "answer": "40 million years ago"}, {"question": "What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?", "answer": "dominated environments"}, {"question": "Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?", "answer": "Cretaceous"}, {"question": "What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?", "answer": "Island genetics"}, {"question": "What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?", "answer": "speciation"}, {"question": "What did radical adaptations seem to have required?", "answer": "inferior transitional forms"}, {"question": "How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?", "answer": "highly specialized relationship with some specific animal"}, {"question": "What are bees descended from?", "answer": "wasps"}, {"question": "What are animals also a part of?", "answer": "distribution of seeds"}, {"question": "What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?", "answer": "Fruit"}, {"question": "What does a plant get out of forming fruit?", "answer": "seed-dispersal"}, {"question": "What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition? ", "answer": "fragile"}, {"question": "What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?", "answer": "flowering"}, {"question": "What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?", "answer": "Flower ontogeny"}, {"question": "What were plant parts like in their primitive days?", "answer": "separate from (but in contact with) each other"}, {"question": "How did flowers become bixsexual?", "answer": "grow in a spiral pattern"}, {"question": "What did some plant parts do as they evolved?", "answer": "fused together"}, {"question": "What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?", "answer": "\"ovary-inferior\""}, {"question": "How long has flower evolution occurred? ", "answer": "present day"}, {"question": "Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?", "answer": "pollinated"}, {"question": "What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?", "answer": "formerly simple weeds"}, {"question": "Why did weeds grow with human crops?", "answer": "symbiotic companion plant relationships"}, {"question": "What feature helped flowers not get plucked?", "answer": "prettiest"}, {"question": "What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?", "answer": "Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales"}, {"question": "What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?", "answer": "basal"}, {"question": "How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?", "answer": "unclear"}, {"question": "What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?", "answer": "magnoliids"}, {"question": "What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?", "answer": "Angiosperm"}, {"question": "What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?", "answer": "primary"}, {"question": "Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?", "answer": "Carl Linnaeus"}, {"question": "What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?", "answer": "naked ovules"}, {"question": "What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?", "answer": "other dicotyledonous plants"}, {"question": "In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?", "answer": "coherent"}, {"question": "What does anthophyta mean?", "answer": "flowering plants"}, {"question": "What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?", "answer": "Angiospermae"}, {"question": "How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?", "answer": "a clade called angiosperms"}, {"question": "What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?", "answer": "Magnoliidae"}, {"question": "What internal component has undergone considerable revision?", "answer": "classification"}, {"question": "What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?", "answer": "The Cronquist system"}, {"question": "What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?", "answer": "how the flowering plants should be arranged"}, {"question": "Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?", "answer": "APG"}, {"question": "What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?", "answer": "monophyletic"}, {"question": "Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?", "answer": "dicot"}, {"question": "What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?", "answer": "magnoliids"}, {"question": "How many species dicot species are magnoliids?", "answer": "about 9,000"}, {"question": "Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?", "answer": "paraphyletic"}, {"question": "What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?", "answer": "250,000 to 400,000"}, {"question": "How many species of moss is there?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?", "answer": "diverse"}, {"question": "What are the minimum number of families in the APG system?", "answer": "402"}, {"question": "How many families are in AGP III?", "answer": "415"}, {"question": "What shape are the bundles in the young stem of dicotyledons arranged in?", "answer": "an open ring"}, {"question": "What does the cambium separate?", "answer": "xylem and phloem"}, {"question": "What is a layer of meristem or formative tissue known as?", "answer": "cambium"}, {"question": "What results from the development of xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside?", "answer": "increase in thickness"}, {"question": "What's another name for the concentric rings in trees?", "answer": "annual rings"}, {"question": "What is the defining feature of angiosperms?", "answer": "flower"}, {"question": "What characteristic flowers show variation in?", "answer": "form and elaboration"}, {"question": "What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing?", "answer": "establishing relationships among angiosperm species"}, {"question": "What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of?", "answer": "the ovule"}, {"question": "What is the name of a branch system?", "answer": "inflorescence"}, {"question": "What is a willow's flower comprised of?", "answer": "only a few stamens or two carpels"}, {"question": "What have some structures evolved to protect?", "answer": "the sporophylls"}, {"question": "Individual members of enveloping structures are known by what terms?", "answer": "sepals and petals"}, {"question": "What appearance are calyx of sepals typically?", "answer": "green and leaf-like"}, {"question": "The features of flowers which attract pollinators also attract what other creature?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?", "answer": "hermaphrodite"}, {"question": "Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?", "answer": "reduce or prevent self-fertilization"}, {"question": "Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?", "answer": "so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil"}, {"question": "What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?", "answer": "biochemical"}, {"question": "How are some male and female parts separated for some species?", "answer": "different flowers"}, {"question": "What process does double fertilization refer to?", "answer": "two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary"}, {"question": "What does a pollen grain adhere to, to start the process of double fertilization?", "answer": "the stigma of the pistil"}, {"question": "What type of cell travels down the pollen tube while it's growing?", "answer": "haploid generative"}, {"question": "Where does the pollen tube release its sperm cells?", "answer": "one of the synergids"}, {"question": "What serves as the embryo's food supply?", "answer": "endosperm"}, {"question": "The appearance of the seed coat bears a definite relation to that of what?", "answer": "the fruit"}, {"question": "What does the seed coat protect?", "answer": "embryo"}, {"question": "What does the fruit of the flower secure?", "answer": "dissemination"}, {"question": "How developed is the seed coat when it's used for dissemination?", "answer": "slightly"}, {"question": "On what is agriculture almost completely dependent?", "answer": "angiosperms"}, {"question": "What family of plants is most important for human sustenance?", "answer": "Poaceae"}, {"question": "What is the more common name of the Fabaceae?", "answer": "legume"}, {"question": "What family do potatoes, tomatoes and peppers belong to?", "answer": "Solanaceae"}, {"question": "What family would you find cherries in?", "answer": "Rosaceae"}, {"question": "Which city is the capital of Telangana?", "answer": "Hyderabad (i/\u02c8ha\u026ad\u0259r\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/ HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; often /\u02c8ha\u026adr\u0259\u02ccb\u00e6d/) is the capital of the southern Indian state of Telangana"}, {"question": "How many square miles does Hyderabad cover?", "answer": "250 sq mi"}, {"question": "What river is Hyderabad next to?", "answer": "the Musi River"}, {"question": "What is the population of Hyderabad?", "answer": "about 6.7 million"}, {"question": "At what altitude is Hyderabad, in meters?", "answer": "an average altitude of 542 metres"}, {"question": "In what year was Hyderabad established?", "answer": "Established in 1591"}, {"question": "Who is the person that established Hyderabad?", "answer": "Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah"}, {"question": "What dynasty controlled Hyderabad until the early 18th century?", "answer": "the Qutb Shahi dynasty"}, {"question": "Which Mughal viceroy created a dynasty in early 18th century Hyderabad?", "answer": "Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I declared his sovereignty and created his own dynasty"}, {"question": "Which dynasty did Asif Jah I create?", "answer": "Nizams of Hyderabad"}, {"question": "Which individual commissioned Chaminar?", "answer": "Muhammad Quli Qutb"}, {"question": "When did Hyderabad become important culturally in India?", "answer": "the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "Which two groups had an influence in making Hyderabad a cultural center?", "answer": "The Qutb Shahis and Nizams"}, {"question": "What culture is most represented in the food of Hyderabad?", "answer": "Mughlai culture"}, {"question": "Hyderabad has India's second biggest film production industry, what is it called?", "answer": "Telugu film industry"}, {"question": "What items had been historically traded in Hyderabad?", "answer": "pearl and diamond"}, {"question": "What is a nickname for Hyderabad?", "answer": "City of Pearls"}, {"question": "What are three historic bazaars in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Laad Bazaar, Begum Bazaar and Sultan Bazaar"}, {"question": "What is the economic output of Hyderabad?", "answer": "US$74 billion"}, {"question": "What is the rank of Hyderabad among cities contributing to India's GDP?", "answer": "fifth-largest"}, {"question": "What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means?", "answer": "\"Haydar's city\" or \"lion city\""}, {"question": "Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it?", "answer": "Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib"}, {"question": "What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as?", "answer": "Baghnagar (city of gardens)."}, {"question": "Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad?", "answer": "Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah"}, {"question": "What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?", "answer": "\"Bhagyanagar\" or \"Bh\u0101gnagar\" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl"}, {"question": "There may be Iron Age findings near Hyderabad, what age are they thought to be from?", "answer": "500 BCE"}, {"question": "What was the Hyderabad region known as under the Chalukya dynasty?", "answer": "Golkonda (Golla Konda-\"shepherd's hill\")"}, {"question": "What time period did the Chalukya dynasty rule the Hyderabad region?", "answer": "624 CE to 1075 CE"}, {"question": "When did the Calukya empire split into four?", "answer": "the 11th century"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Golkonda in the mid 12th century?", "answer": "Warangal"}, {"question": "Who defeated the Kakatiya dynasty in 1310?", "answer": "Sultan Alauddin Khilji"}, {"question": "Which entity subsumed the Kakatiya dynasty?", "answer": "Khilji dynasty"}, {"question": "What did the Malik Kafur do to the Kakatiya dynasty in 1321?", "answer": "the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed"}, {"question": "In what year did Muhammad bin Tughluq succeed the Delhi sultanate?", "answer": "1325"}, {"question": "When was the Behmani Sultanate established?", "answer": "1347"}, {"question": "What position did Sultan Quli hold?", "answer": "governor of Golkonda"}, {"question": "Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?", "answer": "the Bahmani Sultanate"}, {"question": "In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?", "answer": "1518"}, {"question": "When was Hyderabad founded?", "answer": "1591"}, {"question": "In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?", "answer": "Aurangabad"}, {"question": "What position did Farrukhsiyar hold?", "answer": "emperor"}, {"question": "Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?", "answer": "Asif Jah I"}, {"question": "What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?", "answer": "Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)"}, {"question": "In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?", "answer": "1724"}, {"question": "What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?", "answer": "Hyderabad Deccan"}, {"question": "In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?", "answer": "1769"}, {"question": "Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?", "answer": "East India Company"}, {"question": "Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?", "answer": "British Indian Army"}, {"question": "What was the title of Baji Rao I?", "answer": "Peshwa of the Maratha Empire"}, {"question": "What was the title of Hyder Ali?", "answer": "Dalwai of Mysore"}, {"question": "On what date did the Indian Army take control of Hyderabad?", "answer": "1948. On 17 September"}, {"question": "What was the code name for the Indian Army invasion of Hyderabad?", "answer": "Operation Polo"}, {"question": "Which Nizam defeated by the Indian Army?", "answer": "Nizam VII"}, {"question": "Which uprising occurred from 1946 to 1951?", "answer": "the Telangana uprising"}, {"question": "On what date did the constitution of India become active?", "answer": "26 January 1950"}, {"question": "On what date was Hyderabad state divided into three?", "answer": "1 November 1956"}, {"question": "Which three states was Hyderabad state divided into?", "answer": "Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh"}, {"question": "Hyderabad city became the capital of what state in the mid 20th century?", "answer": "Andhra Pradesh"}, {"question": "When was Telangana state announced?", "answer": "30 July 2013"}, {"question": "What date was the official formation of Telangana state?", "answer": "June 2014"}, {"question": "How far south of Delhi, in miles, is Hyderabad?", "answer": "973 mi"}, {"question": "In what region of the Deccan Plateau is Hyderabad?", "answer": "northern part"}, {"question": "How large in square kilometers is Greater Hyderabad?", "answer": "650 km2"}, {"question": "What are the highest hills in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Banjara Hills"}, {"question": "When was Hussain Sagar lake built?", "answer": "1562"}, {"question": "What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius?", "answer": "26.6 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "K\u00f6ppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?", "answer": "tropical wet and dry climate"}, {"question": "During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?", "answer": "March\u2013June"}, {"question": "What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad?", "answer": "10 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest zoo in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Nehru Zoological Park"}, {"question": "Hyderabad's largest zoo is known as India's first to have what two kinds of animals in a safari park setting?", "answer": "lion and tiger"}, {"question": "How many national parks does Hyderabad have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Two of the national parks in Hyderabad are Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, what is the third?", "answer": "Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park"}, {"question": "Which environmental preserve in Hyderabad is known to be a home for migratory birds?", "answer": "Patancheru Lake"}, {"question": "What is the entity that controls the infrastructure of Hyderabad?", "answer": "The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC)"}, {"question": "How many municipal wards are within Hyderabad?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "In what year did the GHMC form?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How much area, in square miles, does the GHMC oversee?", "answer": "250 sq mi"}, {"question": "Which board oversees military areas within Hyderabad?", "answer": "The Secunderabad Cantonment Board"}, {"question": "Which Hyderabad agency is responsible for the largest area?", "answer": "Hyderabad Police"}, {"question": "What is the HMDA mainly responsible for?", "answer": "urban planning"}, {"question": "What does the acronym HMDA stand for?", "answer": "Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority"}, {"question": "What does the acronym HMWSSB represent?", "answer": "Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board"}, {"question": "Hyderabad city can be referred to as something else as administrative agencies are concerned, what?", "answer": "GHMC area"}, {"question": "What dam began to provide water to Hyderabad in 2005?", "answer": "Nagarjuna Sagar Dam"}, {"question": "Along with dealing with sewerage and the water supply, what is one other thing the HMWSSB regulates?", "answer": "rainwater harvesting"}, {"question": "How long is the pipeline from the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam which the HMWSSB operates?", "answer": "116-kilometre-long (72 mi)"}, {"question": "Which company is responsible for electricity in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited"}, {"question": "Which entity is responsible for the fire stations in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department"}, {"question": "Where is the site where Hyderabad's solid waste is dumped?", "answer": "Jawaharnagar"}, {"question": "Which entity is responsible for disposing Hyderabad's solid waste?", "answer": "Integrated Solid Waste Management project"}, {"question": "What percentage of the air pollution in Hyderabad comes solely from vehicles?", "answer": "20\u201350%"}, {"question": "How many deaths are believed to be caused in Hyderabad due to air pollution each year?", "answer": "1,700\u20133,000"}, {"question": "What is the rating for the hardness of Hyderabad's water?", "answer": "1000 ppm"}, {"question": "Which agency is in charge of health and wellness services in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare"}, {"question": "How many government hospitals did Hyderabad have in 2010?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "How many beds are available in all of Hyderabad's hospitals and nursing homes combined?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "How many nurses per 10,000 persons are there in Hyderabad?", "answer": "14 nurses"}, {"question": "People choose to use what type of facility due to long distances and poor care at Government hospitals? ", "answer": "Private clinics"}, {"question": "What percentage of the children in Hyderabad city had basic vaccinations in 2005?", "answer": "61%"}, {"question": "What is the only city that had a lower vaccination rate for children than Hyderabad in the 2005 National Family Health Survey?", "answer": "Meerut"}, {"question": "What was the fertility rate of Hyderabad according to a 2005 survey?", "answer": "1.8"}, {"question": "What was the child vaccination rate according to a 2005 survey of Hyderabad?", "answer": "61%"}, {"question": "Only one city, according to a 2005 survey, had a lower child vaccination rate than Hyderabad, what was it?", "answer": "Meerut"}, {"question": "According to a 2005 survey what was in Hyderabad?", "answer": "35 per 1,000 live births"}, {"question": "What percentage of children in a 2005 survey of people in Hyderabad were underweight?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What was the area of Hyderabad before the GHMC?", "answer": "175 km2 (68 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What was the population of Hyderabad in the 2011 census?", "answer": "6,809,970"}, {"question": "What was the population density in Hyderabad in 2011?", "answer": "18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)"}, {"question": "How many females were in Hyderabad for the 2011 census?", "answer": "3,309,168"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate of Hyderabad?", "answer": "82.96%"}, {"question": "What are the people who live in Hyderabad called?", "answer": "Hyderabadi"}, {"question": "There are two main languages spoken by the people of Hyderabad, what are they?", "answer": "Telugu and Urdu"}, {"question": "What is the main language of most Muslims from Hyderabad?", "answer": "Hyderabadi Urdu"}, {"question": "Which is the largest ethnic community in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Hadhrami"}, {"question": "Hyderabadi is a type of what langauge?", "answer": "Dakhini"}, {"question": "Which percentage of Hyderabad's population is below the poverty line?", "answer": "13%"}, {"question": "What population of Hyderabad lived in slums in 2012?", "answer": "1.7 million"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in the slums of Hyderabad?", "answer": "60\u201380%"}, {"question": "In the slums of Hyderabad how many private schools are there?", "answer": "175"}, {"question": "What percentage of children in Hyderabad are working hazardous jobs?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "In what region of Hyderabad is Mecca Masjid?", "answer": "south central Hyderabad"}, {"question": "On what side of the river is Begum Bazaar?", "answer": "North"}, {"question": "South central Hyderabad is generally the home to what attractions?", "answer": "historic and tourist sites"}, {"question": "Where in Hyderabad is the Secunderabad Railway Station?", "answer": "North of central Hyderabad"}, {"question": "In what region of Hyderabad city is Jubilee Hills located?", "answer": "the northwest part"}, {"question": "Where in Hyderabad would one find defence centres?", "answer": "the eastern part"}, {"question": "What area in Hyderabad contains the Hyderabad Airport?", "answer": "Cyberabad"}, {"question": "Cyberabad contains a national park, what is it?", "answer": "Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park"}, {"question": "After a flood in what year did Hyderabad expand?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "Which river flooded in 1908, preceding the expansion of Hyderabad?", "answer": "Musi River"}, {"question": "The Mir Osman Ali Khan had a title, what was it?", "answer": "the VIIth Nizam"}, {"question": "What did India declare Hyderabad om 2012?", "answer": "Best heritage city of India"}, {"question": "What type of heritage architecture is mainly displayed in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Indo-Islamic architecture"}, {"question": "What influence did Qutb Shahi architecture borrow from?", "answer": "classical Persian architecture"}, {"question": "What is the oldest piece of Qutb Shahi architecture in Hyderabad?", "answer": "the ruins of Golconda fort"}, {"question": "What iconic historic structure is in the center of old Hyderabad?", "answer": "the Charminar"}, {"question": "The government of India proposed that The Charminar become a UNESCO World Heritage site, what other two monuments were suggested for the same status?", "answer": "Qutb Shahi tombs and Golconda fort"}, {"question": "How high are the minarets on the Charminar?", "answer": "56 m (184 ft)"}, {"question": "The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?", "answer": "Nizam architecture"}, {"question": "The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?", "answer": "Neoclassical"}, {"question": "Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?", "answer": "Falaknuma Palace"}, {"question": "What century was Bella Vista Palace built?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?", "answer": "Paigah family"}, {"question": "Where was Hyderabad ranked in 2012 as a producer of GDP in Talangana?", "answer": "the largest"}, {"question": "Where was Hyderabad ranked in India in 2012 in terms of deposits?", "answer": "sixth largest"}, {"question": "What was the GDP of Hyderabad in US dollars in 2011-2012?", "answer": "$74 billion"}, {"question": "How many people were employed by the Andhra Pradesh government in 2006?", "answer": "113,098"}, {"question": "What percentage of females in Hyderabad were employed in 2005?", "answer": "19%"}, {"question": "In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds, what was it?", "answer": "Hyderabad"}, {"question": "When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur?", "answer": "the late 19th century"}, {"question": "During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded?", "answer": "From the 1950s to the 1970s"}, {"question": "What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as?", "answer": "Hyderabad Securities"}, {"question": "At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai?", "answer": "Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)"}, {"question": "In what year was Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited established?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "In 2010 what percentage of India's bulk pharmaceuticals were produced in Hyderabad?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "What percentage of Andhra Pradesh's IT infrastructure exports originated from Cyberabad in 2013?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "How many ITES and IT companies are located in HITEC city?", "answer": "more than 1300"}, {"question": "What rank within India was HITEC City given by the World Bank Group in 2009?", "answer": "second best"}, {"question": "What percentage of Hyderabad's employed are employed informally?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "In 2007 how many street vendors did Hyderabad have?", "answer": "40\u201350,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of the street vendors in Hyderabad were male in 2007?", "answer": "84%"}, {"question": "Of the street vendors in Hyderabad what percentage owned their own stall in 2007?", "answer": "four fifths"}, {"question": "In 2007 what percentage of street vendors in Hyderabad borrowed money to finance their operations?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "What event pushed Hyderabad to the top of India's cultural centres?", "answer": "the decline of the Mughal Empire"}, {"question": "What major event in India in 1857 caused migration of peformance artists into Hyderabad?", "answer": "the fall of Delhi"}, {"question": "What are the official languages of Telangana?", "answer": "Telugu and Urdu"}, {"question": "Which religious group holds the Eid ul-Fitr festival in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Muslims"}, {"question": "The festival of Diwali is a tradition of what faith?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What are mushairas?", "answer": "poetic symposia"}, {"question": "Which dynasty supported the Deccani Urdu literature movement?", "answer": "The Qutb Shahi dynasty"}, {"question": "When was Lazzat Un Nisa completed?", "answer": "the 15th century"}, {"question": "At what location did Lazzat Un Nisa get compiled?", "answer": "Qutb Shahi courts"}, {"question": "Who wrote Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa?", "answer": "Mah Laqa Bai"}, {"question": "In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad?", "answer": "State Central Library"}, {"question": "What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging?", "answer": "the advancement of literature"}, {"question": "What is the Deccan region known for culturally?", "answer": "music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam"}, {"question": "During the rule of what two groups did dance and music from North India become popular?", "answer": "the Mughals and Nizams"}, {"question": "What is a tawaif?", "answer": "courtesans"}, {"question": "What kind of music is dholak ke geet?", "answer": "songs based on local Folklore"}, {"question": "What entity is responsible for the Taramati Music Festival?", "answer": "The state government"}, {"question": "What type of art might one encounter at Lalithakala Thoranam?", "answer": "theatre and drama"}, {"question": "What is Numaish?", "answer": "annual exhibition of local and national consumer products"}, {"question": "What is a popular name for the Telugu film industry?", "answer": "Tollywood"}, {"question": "Where was the Telugu film industry ranked in 2012 in India in comparison to Bollywood?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "What did Guinness World Records say of Ramoji Film City was in 20015?", "answer": "world's largest film studio"}, {"question": "Golconda is a type of what kind of painting?", "answer": "Deccani painting"}, {"question": "In what century did Golconda painting develop?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "What type of colors would one generally find in Golconda painting?", "answer": "luminous gold and white"}, {"question": "In what century did Hyderabad style painting develop?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What types of scenes does Hyderabad style painting generally contain?", "answer": "regional landscape, culture, costumes and jewellery"}, {"question": "In which century did metalwork become popular in Hyderabad?", "answer": "the 18th century"}, {"question": "Under which act is the Geographical Indication tag granted?", "answer": "the WTO act"}, {"question": "What is Zardozi an example of?", "answer": "embroidery works on textile"}, {"question": "What is Kalamkari?", "answer": "a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile"}, {"question": "In what style is Kalamkari made?", "answer": "a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti"}, {"question": "What type of foods are generally thought of as a part of Hyderabadi cuisine?", "answer": "rice, wheat and meat dishes"}, {"question": "What is a large influence on Hyderabadi food?", "answer": "Mughlai"}, {"question": "What is kaddu ki kheer?", "answer": "a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd"}, {"question": "What types of cuisine are noted within Hyderabadi haleem?", "answer": "Mughlai and Arab"}, {"question": "When was The Deccan Times founded?", "answer": "the 1780s"}, {"question": "What is The Deccan Chronicle?", "answer": "major English papers"}, {"question": "What type of paper is The Siasat Daily?", "answer": "major Urdu papers"}, {"question": "What year was the first radio station in Hyderabad formed?", "answer": "around 1919"}, {"question": "On what date did the first public radio station in Hyderabad begin broadcasting?", "answer": "starting on 3 February 1935"}, {"question": "When did Doordarshan begin broadcasting in Hyderabad?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What satellite network began broadcasting to Hyderabad in July 1992?", "answer": "Star TV"}, {"question": "In what year did the general public first get access to the internet in Hyderabad?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "The first private company to offer Hyderabad internet service began offering it in what year?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What is Doordarshan?", "answer": "the Government of India's public service broadcaster"}, {"question": "What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Central Board of Secondary Education"}, {"question": "What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad?", "answer": "English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu"}, {"question": "What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad?", "answer": "a \"10+2+3\" plan"}, {"question": "Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates, one is  the Secondary School Certificate, what is the other?", "answer": "Indian Certificate of Secondary Education"}, {"question": "How many universities are in Hyderabad?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Of the universities in Hyderabad how many are state run?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a type of university that represents what type of university?", "answer": "central universities"}, {"question": "What year was Osmania University formed?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India, what is it's name?", "answer": "The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University"}, {"question": "How many medical schools are in Hyderabad?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What type of medicine is taught at The Government Nizamia Tibbi College?", "answer": "Unani medicine"}, {"question": "What non-profit cardiovascular educational association is headquartered in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Indian Heart Association"}, {"question": "What type of school is Raffles Millennium International?", "answer": "fashion design"}, {"question": "What is the school otherwise known as IIT-H?", "answer": "Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad"}, {"question": "There is a research institute in Hyderabad known as ICRISAT, what does the acronym represent?", "answer": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}, {"question": "What type of is Wigan and Leigh College?", "answer": "fashion design"}, {"question": "Two of the most popular sports played in Hyderabad include association football, what is the other?", "answer": "cricket"}, {"question": "What two world championships were held in Hyderabad in 2009?", "answer": "the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship"}, {"question": "What sport is played at the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex?", "answer": "field hockey"}, {"question": "Where is the G.M.C. Balayohi Stadium located?", "answer": "Gachibowli"}, {"question": "What is the home stadium of the Hyderabad cricket association?", "answer": "Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium"}, {"question": "At what time was Secunderabad an important sport center?", "answer": "During British rule"}, {"question": "What type of racing is the Hyderabad Race Club popular for?", "answer": "horse racing"}, {"question": "What organization holds the TSD Rally?", "answer": "Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club"}, {"question": "Under whom did the Secunderabad Club and the Nizam Club form?", "answer": "the Nizams and the British"}, {"question": "Which annual derby is held at the Hyderabad Race Club?", "answer": "Deccan derby"}, {"question": "Ghulam Ahmed and Shivlal Yadav are what kind of sportsmen?", "answer": "cricketers"}, {"question": "What sport does Sania Mirza play?", "answer": "tennis"}, {"question": "Gagan Narang does what sporting activity?", "answer": "rifle shooters"}, {"question": "Who is a notable bodybuilder from Hyderabad?", "answer": "Mir Mohtesham Ali Khan"}, {"question": "Pullela Gopichand and Saina Nehwal are known in Hyderabad for being what?", "answer": "badminton players"}, {"question": "What type of transport that is not government owned is commonly used in Hyderabad?", "answer": "taxis and auto rickshaws"}, {"question": "How many people are carried each day by the bus service network in Hyderabad?", "answer": "130 million"}, {"question": "What is the light rail system in Hyderabad known as?", "answer": "Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS)"}, {"question": "How many passengers use the Hyderabad light rail system each day?", "answer": "160,000"}, {"question": "What is Setwin otherwise known as?", "answer": "Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities"}, {"question": "In 2012 how many vehicles were driving in Hyderabad?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of the vehicles in Hyderabad were cars in 2012?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Hyderabad city was covered by roads in 2012?", "answer": "9.5%"}, {"question": "In 2012 what percentage of Hyderabad freight was moved by road?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What is the maximum speed for buses in Hyderabad?", "answer": "40 km/h (25 mph)"}, {"question": "How many national highways form a junction in Hyderabad?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many states are linked to from highways in Hyderabad?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many miles long is NH-7?", "answer": "1,472 mi"}, {"question": "How many state highways pass through or begin in Hyderabad?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What road connects Hyderabad to Bhopalpatnam?", "answer": "NH-163"}, {"question": "What type of city is Santa Monica?", "answer": "beachfront"}, {"question": "What part of Los Angeles County is it located in?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "What is Santa Monica named after?", "answer": "Christian saint, Monica"}, {"question": "Approximately how many residents of Santa Monica rent their property?", "answer": "two-thirds"}, {"question": "What was the population in 2010 according to the Census Bureau?", "answer": "89,736"}, {"question": "What did indigenous people that lived in Santa Monica call it previously?", "answer": "Kecheek"}, {"question": "What was the local population called indigenous to the Santa Monica Area?", "answer": "Tongva"}, {"question": "What was the first explorers name that came in contact with the natives?", "answer": "Gaspar de Portol\u00e0"}, {"question": "What day is the Santa Monica Feast held on?", "answer": "May 4"}, {"question": "What date did the explorer reach Santa Monica?", "answer": "August 3, 1769"}, {"question": "What ethic group grew in the 20th century?", "answer": "Asian"}, {"question": "What type of Village was located on the Long Wharf?", "answer": "Japanese fishing"}, {"question": "What other ethic minority did white american's treat poorly?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "How many ethnic minorities were looked at differently in Santa Monica?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What role did the fishing village play in Santa Monica?", "answer": "economic part"}, {"question": "Who built a plant in Clover field?", "answer": "Donald Wills Douglas, Sr"}, {"question": "What company was the structure at Clover Field for?", "answer": "Douglas Aircraft"}, {"question": "What did Clover Field built airplanes attempt the first of?", "answer": "aerial circumnavigation of the world"}, {"question": "The Douglas Company had facilities in Santa Monica through what decade?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "How Many Planes returned from the circumnavigation in 1924?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "What brought on the Douglas business's company growth?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "How many people did the company employ in 1943?", "answer": "44,000"}, {"question": "The company used camouflage from what designers?", "answer": "Warner Brothers Studios"}, {"question": "What was the camouflage designed to do?", "answer": "defend against air attack"}, {"question": "What company started as a project in 1945?", "answer": "RAND"}, {"question": "What year was the Sanat Monica Pier buildt?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What historic landmark is located on the Pier?", "answer": "Looff Hippodrome"}, {"question": "La Monica Ballroom used to be what type of ballroom in the United States?", "answer": "largest"}, {"question": "Where were the Academy Awards held in the 1960's?", "answer": "Santa Monica Civic Auditorium"}, {"question": "What place is still considered a prominent acoustic performance area?", "answer": "McCabe's Guitar Shop"}, {"question": "The Third Street Promenade is located in what part of Santa Monica?", "answer": "Downtown District"}, {"question": "How large is the Third Street Promenade?", "answer": "three blocks"}, {"question": "What is Third Street access shut off from?", "answer": "vehicles"}, {"question": "What two major department stores are located at the Third Street Promenade?", "answer": "Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom"}, {"question": "What year did the mall reopen?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What event does the Chamber of commerce host in the fall?", "answer": "The Taste of Santa Monica"}, {"question": "Where is the Taste of Santa Monica held each year?", "answer": "Santa Monica Pier"}, {"question": "What can visitors do at the Taste of Santa Monica?", "answer": "sample food and drinks"}, {"question": "Who provides the guests with these samples at the event?", "answer": "Santa Monica restaurants"}, {"question": "What hotel offers a trip to the famer's market to influence dinner?", "answer": "The swanky Shutters"}, {"question": "Roughly how many days of sunshine does Santa Monica get annually? ", "answer": "310"}, {"question": "What USDA hardiness zone is Santa Monica located in?", "answer": "11a"}, {"question": "What commonly occurs on the mornings in May?", "answer": "fog"}, {"question": "What have locals coined the morning time in May?", "answer": "\"May Gray\""}, {"question": "What is the beach temperature in Fahrenheit during the summer ? ", "answer": "5 to 10 degrees"}, {"question": "In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?", "answer": "1992 and in 1994"}, {"question": "Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?", "answer": "public and private"}, {"question": "What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?", "answer": "Eighty-two"}, {"question": "What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?", "answer": "100%"}, {"question": "What company provides the city with natural gas?", "answer": "Redeem"}, {"question": "What is the name of the urban runoff facility?", "answer": "(SMURFF)"}, {"question": "How many gallons of water does (SMURFF) treat every week?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "Santa Monica plans on water independence by what year?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "How much money do residents get back for participating in water conservation per square foot?", "answer": "$1.50"}, {"question": "If (SMURFF) did not collect water where would it go?", "answer": "into the bay"}, {"question": "What year does the city plan on having a bicycle infrastructure?", "answer": "2030"}, {"question": "The city's bus system is being over hauled to work with what other program?", "answer": "Expo Line"}, {"question": "The city has two bike Action Plans of how many years?", "answer": "5-year and 20"}, {"question": "What percentages does the city Bike transportation mode's target?", "answer": "14 to 35%"}, {"question": "What type of business certification do they plan on expanding?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What was the total average family size?", "answer": "2.79"}, {"question": "What percent of households were made of one person?", "answer": "48.4%"}, {"question": "What percent of households had someone over 65 living in it?", "answer": "11.8%"}, {"question": "Roughly how many same-sex couples were there?", "answer": "416"}, {"question": "What percent of household have children under 18?", "answer": "16.7%"}, {"question": "How many citizen's were in the year 2000 census?", "answer": "84,084"}, {"question": "How many urban families were there?", "answer": "16,775"}, {"question": "What is the population density per square mile?", "answer": "10,178.7"}, {"question": "What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18?", "answer": "15.8%"}, {"question": "From 2000 what was the average family size?", "answer": "2.80"}, {"question": "What year was the Santa Monica junior college founded?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "How many acres of land is the Santa Monica Junior College?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "By what area is the Art institute in Santa Monica?", "answer": "Airport"}, {"question": "There are a plethora of colleges and universities within what radius of Santa Monica?", "answer": "22-mile"}, {"question": "How many students enroll to the SMC annually?  ", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?", "answer": "bike action"}, {"question": "When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?", "answer": "November 2015"}, {"question": "What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?", "answer": "Marvin Braude"}, {"question": "When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica? ", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Santa Monica Freeway?", "answer": "Interstate 10"}, {"question": "Where does the Santa Monica Freeway begin around?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "How many more states aside from California does the interstate 10 run through?", "answer": "seven more"}, {"question": "What city and state does the interstate 10 end at?", "answer": "Jacksonville, Florida"}, {"question": "What road does state route 2 begin on?", "answer": "Santa Monica Boulevard"}, {"question": "Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?", "answer": "March 11, 1988"}, {"question": "What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?", "answer": "was purchased"}, {"question": "Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?", "answer": "Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}, {"question": "In 2006 what percent of the population was impacted by crime?", "answer": "4.41%"}, {"question": "In 2006 what was crime mostly comprised of?", "answer": "property"}, {"question": "What percent of crime was strictly property in 2006?", "answer": "3.74%"}, {"question": "How are the Santa Monica per-capita crime rates calculated?", "answer": "computed based"}, {"question": "The Santa Monica Police Department suggests that the per-capita crime rate sways in what way?", "answer": "much lower"}, {"question": "In what year was there a double homicide?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "Where was this homicide perpetrated?", "answer": "Westside Clothing store"}, {"question": "What gang is mentioned in connection with this crime?", "answer": "Culver City"}, {"question": "What two people were killed inside the store?", "answer": "Anthony and Michael Juarez"}, {"question": "Where is the getaway driver of the Culver city gang murder?", "answer": "in custody"}, {"question": "What is one of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica?", "answer": "Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage"}, {"question": "What does this iconic exterior shot display?", "answer": "much of 2nd Street"}, {"question": "What 1982 movie includes Sylvester Stallone running on the Santa Monica Beach?", "answer": "Rocky III"}, {"question": "What 1996 movie was set completely in Santa Monica?", "answer": "The Truth About Cats & Dogs"}, {"question": "What movie was shot at Samohi?", "answer": "17 Again"}, {"question": "What type of games is Santa Monica featured in?", "answer": "video"}, {"question": "In what year did Tony hawk's American Wasteland release?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What video game features Santa Monica in 2003?", "answer": "True Crime: Streets of LA"}, {"question": "Grand theft Auto V was released in what year?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What video game featured Santa Monica in 2015?", "answer": "Need for Speed"}, {"question": "When was Washington University founded?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "How many Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University?", "answer": "Twenty-five"}, {"question": "Where is Washington University ranked among Academic Ranking of World Universities?", "answer": "32nd"}, {"question": "For whom is Washington University named?  ", "answer": "George Washington"}, {"question": "How many different countries comprise the makeup of faculty and students of Washington University?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "Who was the first chancellor of Washington University?", "answer": "Joseph Gibson Hoyt."}, {"question": "When did Washington University secure its charter?", "answer": "1853"}, {"question": "What makes Washington University unique among other American universities?", "answer": "not having had a prior financial endowment"}, {"question": "Who was the first president of Washington University?", "answer": "Eliot"}, {"question": "What local businessman help provide support for the Washington University?", "answer": "John O'Fallon"}, {"question": "What was one of the names that was initially considered for Washington University in St. Louis?", "answer": "Eliot Seminary"}, {"question": "What name was selected by the Board of Trustees in 1854 for Washington University?", "answer": "Washington Institute"}, {"question": "Why did the Board of Trustees choose to name Washing University after George Washington?", "answer": "The Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri"}, {"question": "When was the name Washington University amended? ", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "When was the suffix \"in St. Louis\" added to Washington University?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Where was Washington University located? ", "answer": "17th Street and Washington Avenue"}, {"question": "When did classes first begin at Washington University?", "answer": "October 22, 1854"}, {"question": "What building was first used for classes at Washington University?", "answer": "Benton School building."}, {"question": "What three departments were Washington University divided?", "answer": "the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute"}, {"question": "What type of school did Washington University first function?", "answer": "a night school"}, {"question": "When was did Washington University open its law school?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "When did Washington University establish its medical school? ", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "Who was Robert Somers Brookings?", "answer": "the president of the Board of Trustees"}, {"question": "When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "Where was Washington University located during the first half of the 1800's. ", "answer": "downtown St. Louis"}, {"question": "When did Washington University begin to expand west?", "answer": "the 1890s"}, {"question": "What architecture firm was hired by the Board of Directors at Washington University? ", "answer": "Olmsted, Olmsted & Eliot of Boston"}, {"question": "Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?", "answer": "Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse"}, {"question": "What nickname was given to the new campus site?", "answer": "\"Hilltop\" campus"}, {"question": "When did Washington University hold a national design contest for the new campus?", "answer": "1899"}, {"question": "What firm won the Washington University national design contest?", "answer": "Cope & Stewardson"}, {"question": "When was the cornerstone laid for Busch Hall?", "answer": "October 20, 1900"}, {"question": "What were the names of the three buildings constructed after Busch Hall?", "answer": "Brookings Hall, Ridgley, and Cupples"}, {"question": "Why did Washington University delay occupying of the new campus buildings until 1905?", "answer": "to accommodate the 1904 World's Fair and Olympics"}, {"question": "What role did Arthur Holly Compton serve at Washington University?", "answer": "chancellor"}, {"question": "Who reestablished Washington University's football team?", "answer": "Arthur Holly Compton"}, {"question": "What helped lead to the increase of enrollment at Washington University during Arthur Holly Compton's term as chancellor?", "answer": "World War II veterans' use of their GI Bill benefits"}, {"question": "What declaration did Arthur Holly Compton make about athletics at Washington University?", "answer": "athletics were to be henceforth played on a \"strictly amateur\" basis with no athletic scholarships."}, {"question": "Where did Arthur Holly Compton work before returning to Washington University?", "answer": "the University of Chicago"}, {"question": "When did Washington University begin desegregation?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? ", "answer": "the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work"}, {"question": "What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?", "answer": "the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)"}, {"question": "What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?", "answer": "the NAACP"}, {"question": "When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? ", "answer": "May 1952"}, {"question": "When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?", "answer": "South 40"}, {"question": "How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?", "answer": "began to attract a more national pool of applicants"}, {"question": "What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?", "answer": "over two-thirds"}, {"question": "When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?", "answer": "During the latter half of the 20th century,"}, {"question": "What years were presidential debates held at Washington University?", "answer": "1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016"}, {"question": "What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?", "answer": "Washington University Athletic Complex"}, {"question": "Why was the presidential debate canceled in 1996 at Washington University?  ", "answer": "scheduling difficulties between the candidates"}, {"question": "When was the only vice presidential debate held at Washington University?", "answer": "October 2, 2008"}, {"question": "Who were the candidates in the vice presidential debate at Washington University?", "answer": "Republican Sarah Palin and Democrat Joe Biden"}, {"question": "What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?", "answer": "it would be \"improbable\" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility"}, {"question": "What did  Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?", "answer": "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues"}, {"question": "What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004? ", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "How many freshman class applications did Washington University receive in 2013?", "answer": "30,117"}, {"question": "What percentage of incoming freshman at Washington University were in the top %10 of their class in 2013? ", "answer": "More than 90% of incoming freshmen"}, {"question": "Where did Washington University rank among private universities for National Merit Scholar freshman in 2006?", "answer": "second among private universities"}, {"question": "When was Washington University ranked #1 for quality of life?", "answer": "In 2008"}, {"question": "What percent of applicants were admitted to Olin Business School in 2007? ", "answer": "14%"}, {"question": "What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?", "answer": "sixth in the nation"}, {"question": "What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?", "answer": "currently ranked first"}, {"question": "What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?", "answer": "The program in occupational therapy"}, {"question": "Where did the School of Law rank in  2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Where is Washington University's north campus located?", "answer": "St. Louis City near the Delmar Loop"}, {"question": "When was the building and property for the north campus of Washington University acquired? ", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What previously occupied the building used at the north campus of Washington University?", "answer": "Angelica Uniform Factory"}, {"question": "For what department does the north campus location of Washington University provide off-site storage? ", "answer": "Performing Arts Department"}, {"question": "Who is Washington University's food provider on campus?", "answer": "Bon App\u00e9tit Management Company"}, {"question": "Where is the West Campus of Washington University located?", "answer": "Clayton, Missouri"}, {"question": "What was previously located at the West Campus of Washington University?", "answer": "the Clayton branch of the Famous-Barr department store"}, {"question": "When did the university acquire the property for the West Campus?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What is located in the basement level of the West Campus? ", "answer": "the West Campus Library, the University Archives, the Modern Graphic History Library, and conference space"}, {"question": "What department located at the West Campus provides IT services?", "answer": "Center for the Application of Information Technologies (CAIT)"}, {"question": "Where is Tyson Research Center located?", "answer": "west of St. Louis on the Meramec River"}, {"question": "When did Washington University acquire the property for Tyson Research Center?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What is the function of Tyson Research Center?", "answer": "a biological field station and research/education center."}, {"question": "When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a \"living building\"?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Who previously owned the property where Tyson Research Center is located?", "answer": "the federal government"}, {"question": "How many divisions make up Arts & Sciences at Washington University?", "answer": "three divisions"}, {"question": "Who is the Dean of Faculty of Arts & Sciences at Washington University?", "answer": "Barbara Schaal"}, {"question": "What positions did James Mcleod hold at Washington University?", "answer": "Vice Chancellor for Students and Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences"}, {"question": "When did James Mcleod pass away?", "answer": "September 6, 2011"}, {"question": "What position does Richard J. Smith hold at Washington University?", "answer": "Dean of the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences."}, {"question": "When was Olin Business School founded?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "What was the original name of Olin Business School? ", "answer": "the School of Commerce and Finance"}, {"question": "After whom is Olin Business School named?", "answer": "John M. Olin"}, {"question": "When was Olin Business School named?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Where was an Executive MBA program established by Washington University in 2002?", "answer": "Shanghai"}, {"question": "How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?", "answer": "more than 16,000 alumni"}, {"question": "What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?", "answer": "$213 million"}, {"question": "When was Simon Hall opened?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "Who provided the donation that enabled the opening  Simon Hall?", "answer": "John E. Simon"}, {"question": "When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?", "answer": "May 2, 2014"}, {"question": "How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? ", "answer": "full-time or part-time"}, {"question": "Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?", "answer": "Mahendra R. Gupta"}, {"question": "What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?", "answer": "40\u201360%"}, {"question": "With what schools does the Washington University School of Law offer joint-degree programs? ", "answer": "Olin Business School, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, and the School of Social Work"}, {"question": "What LLM degree programs are offered by the Washington University School of Law?", "answer": "LLM in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, an LLM in Taxation, an LLM in US Law for Foreign Lawyers"}, {"question": "How many semesters of courses are offered by Washington University School of Law?", "answer": "3 semesters"}, {"question": "How many hours of coursework are required to obtain a JD at the Washington University School of Law?", "answer": "85 hours"}, {"question": "During what seasons are courses offered at the Washington University School of Law?", "answer": "Spring, Summer, and Fall"}, {"question": "Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?", "answer": "18th"}, {"question": "Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?", "answer": "96th percentile"}, {"question": "When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the  Washington University School of Law begin?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?", "answer": "Anheuser-Busch Hall"}, {"question": "Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among \"25 Most Wired Law Schools\"?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "When was the Washington University School of Medicine founded?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "Where does the Washington University School of Medicine rank in student selectivity?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "Who is the director of the Genome Center at Washington University?", "answer": "Richard K. Wilson"}, {"question": "How much of a contribution did the Genome Center at Washington University make in sequencing the Human Genome Project?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What hospitals partner with the Washington University School of Medicine?", "answer": "St. Louis Children's Hospital and Barnes-Jewish Hospital"}, {"question": "When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?", "answer": "Brown School or Brown"}, {"question": "What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?", "answer": "Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences"}, {"question": "What roles was George Warren Brown known?", "answer": "St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company"}, {"question": "What facilities house the  George Warren Brown School of Social Work?", "answer": "Brown and Goldfarb Halls"}, {"question": "Who is the Brown School's current Dean? ", "answer": "Edward F. Lawlor"}, {"question": "How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? ", "answer": "12 research centers."}, {"question": "What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?", "answer": "children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management."}, {"question": "To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?", "answer": "over 450 academic journals"}, {"question": "What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?", "answer": "social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development"}, {"question": "When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "From what centuries does  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?", "answer": "19th, 20th, and 21st century"}, {"question": "When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations? ", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who designed the new location of  the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?", "answer": "Fumihiko Maki"}, {"question": "What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?", "answer": "Steinberg Hall"}, {"question": "How many schools does Washington University have?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?", "answer": "one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation"}, {"question": "Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?", "answer": "the Danforth Campus"}, {"question": "How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?", "answer": "$537.5 million"}, {"question": "How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?  ", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University? ", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What  are some organisms for which  the Genome Sequencing Center at  Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?", "answer": "platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn"}, {"question": "How many student organizations does Washington University have on campus?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How are most student organizations at Washington University funded?", "answer": "by the Washington University Student Union"}, {"question": "What is the amount of the Washington University Student Union annual budget?", "answer": "$2 million"}, {"question": "How many fraternities are located at Washington University?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "What percentage of students are involved in Greek life at Washington University?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?", "answer": "The Pikers"}, {"question": "What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?", "answer": "The Greenleafs"}, {"question": "When was the oldest co-ed  a cappella group at Washington University founded?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What percent of undergraduate students live on campus at Washington University?", "answer": "Over 50%"}, {"question": "Where are most residence halls located at Washington University?", "answer": "the South 40,"}, {"question": "How did the South 40 get its name?", "answer": "because of its adjacent location on the south side of the Danforth Campus and its size of 40 acres"}, {"question": "Where are all freshman residence buildings at Washington University located?", "answer": "the South 40"}, {"question": "What is the gender make-up of the residence halls at Washington University?", "answer": "co-ed"}, {"question": "Where is the Village located at Washington University?", "answer": "the northwest corner of Danforth Campus"}, {"question": "What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?", "answer": "upperclassmen and January Scholars"}, {"question": "How many students are composed in Blocs?", "answer": "groups of 4 to 24"}, {"question": "What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?", "answer": "Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments"}, {"question": "How are students grouped in BLOCS at  the Village residences?", "answer": "students who have similar interests or academic goals"}, {"question": "How many media outlets does Washington University support?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the official student radio station at Washington University?", "answer": "KWUR (90.3 FM)"}, {"question": "What is the name of Washington University's political publication?", "answer": "Washington University Political Review"}, {"question": "What is Washington University's closed circuit television network? ", "answer": "WUTV"}, {"question": "What are the names of the art journals published by Washington University?", "answer": "The Eliot Review and Spires Intercollegiate Arts and Literary Magazine"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Washington University sports teams?", "answer": "the Bears"}, {"question": "At what division level does the Washington University sports teams compete?", "answer": "Division III"}, {"question": "How many NCAA division championships have the Washington University sports teams won?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "In what years did the Washington University men's basketball teams win division championships?", "answer": "2008, 2009"}, {"question": "Who is the head of the Washington University Athletic Department?", "answer": "John Schael"}, {"question": "What is the CIA's main focus?", "answer": "overseas intelligence gathering"}, {"question": "What does FBI stand for?", "answer": "Federal Bureau of Investigation"}, {"question": "What is the only agency that is authorized to carry out action on behalf of the president?", "answer": "CIA"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA?", "answer": "The Executive Director"}, {"question": "What is the title of the person who manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands?", "answer": "The Associate Director of military affairs"}, {"question": "What three ways does the Executive office support the U.S. military?", "answer": "providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperating on field activities"}, {"question": "Who produces all source intelligence investigations?", "answer": "The Directorate of Analysis"}, {"question": "How many regional analytic groups does the Directorate of Analysis have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many groups does the Directorate of Analysis have for transnational issues?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "The Directorate of Analysis has an office dedicated to what country?", "answer": "Iraq"}, {"question": "How many groups of the Directorate of Analysis focus on policy, collection and staff support?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What office is in charge of collecting foreign intelligence?", "answer": "The Directorate of Operations"}, {"question": "What is the main reason the Directorate of Operations was created?", "answer": "to end years of rivalry"}, {"question": "What intelligence service did the Department of Defense recently create?", "answer": "the Defense Clandestine Service"}, {"question": "What does DIA stand for?", "answer": "Defense Intelligence Agency"}, {"question": "What is DOD short for?", "answer": "Department of Defense"}, {"question": "In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first training facility that was established by the CIA?", "answer": "the Office of Training and Education"}, {"question": "What event decreased the CIA's training budget?", "answer": "the Cold War"}, {"question": "Who was the Director of Central Intelligence in 2002?", "answer": "George Tenet"}, {"question": "How many annual courses does the CIA University have?", "answer": "between 200 and 300"}, {"question": "What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?", "answer": "the Director of Central Intelligence"}, {"question": "How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?", "answer": "$52.6 billion"}, {"question": "What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?", "answer": "$2.3 billion"}, {"question": "What two major things does the CIA's \"Covert action programs\" include?", "answer": "drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities"}, {"question": "What was the first year the CIA's budget was disclosed?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Who disclosed the CIA's budget for 2005?", "answer": "Mary Margaret Graham"}, {"question": "What group accidentally published the non CIA budget in 1994?", "answer": "Congress"}, {"question": "What plan appropriated $13.7 billion over five years?", "answer": "the Marshall Plan"}, {"question": "What percent of the $13.7 billion did the CIA receive?", "answer": "5%"}, {"question": "What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?", "answer": "Secret Intelligence Service"}, {"question": "What does ASIS stand for?", "answer": "Australian Secret Intelligence Service"}, {"question": "What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?", "answer": "Mossad"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?", "answer": "DGSE"}, {"question": "What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?", "answer": "RAW"}, {"question": "Which four countries can share communications with the U.S. IC?", "answer": "Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What does NOFORN stand for?", "answer": "No Foreign Nationals"}, {"question": "What is the special marking that shows messages can be shared with these other five countries?", "answer": "USA/AUS/CAN/GBR/NZL Five Eyes"}, {"question": "What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What does OSS stand for?", "answer": "Office of Strategic Services"}, {"question": "Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?", "answer": "Harry S. Truman"}, {"question": "In what year was the OSS dissolved?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?", "answer": "National Security Act"}, {"question": "What program handled \"essential aliens\" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?", "answer": "PL-110"}, {"question": "Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?", "answer": "Central Intelligence Agency Act"}, {"question": "Who was appointed to be the new Director of the CIA in 1950?", "answer": "Walter Bedell Smith"}, {"question": "Where was most of the CIA's intelligence coming from before 1950?", "answer": "the Office of Reports and Estimates"}, {"question": "What president announced the new CIA director?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "Who wanted the CIA to have a central group that organized information for him?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "What did the Department of defense want from the CIA?", "answer": "military intelligence and covert action"}, {"question": "What was the State Department hoping for the CIA to do?", "answer": "create global political change favorable to the US"}, {"question": "What was one of the main targets of intelligence gathering?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who created the Office of Special Operations?", "answer": "Hoyt Vandenberg"}, {"question": "What was the Office of Special Operations initial budget?", "answer": "$15 million"}, {"question": "Who was the OSO trying to track and gain intelligence on?", "answer": "the Soviet forces"}, {"question": "What does ORE stand for?", "answer": "Office of Reports and Estimates"}, {"question": "Directive 10/2 called for actions against who?", "answer": "the USSR"}, {"question": "In what year was directive 10/2 issued?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the OPC?", "answer": "Frank Wisner"}, {"question": "Most CIA stations had how many chiefs?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?", "answer": "Kim Philby"}, {"question": "Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?", "answer": "Bill Weisband"}, {"question": "What type of stimuli causes pain?", "answer": "intense or damaging"}, {"question": "What type of feeling is pain?", "answer": "distressing"}, {"question": "Why has defining pain been a challenge?", "answer": "complex, subjective phenomenon"}, {"question": "What organization's definition is widely used?", "answer": "The International Association for the Study of Pain"}, {"question": "In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?", "answer": "a symptom"}, {"question": "What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?", "answer": "Pain"}, {"question": "How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?", "answer": "interfere"}, {"question": "Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?", "answer": "Psychological"}, {"question": "What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?", "answer": "end their lives"}, {"question": "What year did the IASP respond to the need to create a more useful system for describing pain?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "How many classes of pain does the IASP system note?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Who has criticized the IASP's system?", "answer": "Clifford J. Woolf and others"}, {"question": "What do some people feel the IASP's system is inadequate for?", "answer": "guiding research and treatment"}, {"question": "How many classes of research does Woolf encourage?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is usually temporary?", "answer": "Pain"}, {"question": "How long does pain tend to last?", "answer": "only until the noxious stimulus is removed"}, {"question": "What is pain which resolves quickly called?", "answer": "acute"}, {"question": "What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?", "answer": "interval of time from onset"}, {"question": "What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?", "answer": "cancer pain"}, {"question": "Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?", "answer": "Nociceptive"}, {"question": "How is nociceptive pain classified?", "answer": "according to the mode of noxious stimulation"}, {"question": "The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?", "answer": "heat or cold"}, {"question": "Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?", "answer": "mechanical"}, {"question": "What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?", "answer": "polymodal"}, {"question": "What type of of pain is visceral a division of?", "answer": "Nociceptive"}, {"question": "What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?", "answer": "Visceral"}, {"question": "What can visceral pain be accompanied by?", "answer": "nausea and vomiting"}, {"question": "Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?", "answer": "Deep somatic"}, {"question": "What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?", "answer": "Superficial"}, {"question": "What percentage of people who've had upper limbs amputated feel phantom pain?", "answer": "nearly 82%"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of of phantom pain felt by lower limb amputees?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "After six months, what percentage of people who had limbs amputated still felt pain in those limbs?", "answer": "65 percent"}, {"question": "What may happen with intact body parts if there is continuous pain for a long period?", "answer": "become sensitized"}, {"question": "What may accompany urination for amputees? ", "answer": "phantom limb pain"}, {"question": "What happens when an anesthetic injection is directed into the nerves a limb stump?", "answer": "may relieve pain"}, {"question": "How long can an anesthetic, at max, relieve pain for, despite wearing off in only hours?", "answer": "permanently"}, {"question": "What is injected in small amounts into the soft tissue between vertebrae to produce local pain?", "answer": "hypertonic saline"}, {"question": "Vibrating the stump of an amputee's limb can produce what in some patients?", "answer": "relief"}, {"question": "What is paraplegia?", "answer": "loss of sensation and voluntary motor control"}, {"question": "What can cause paraplegia?", "answer": "serious spinal cord damage,"}, {"question": "What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?", "answer": "burning or tingling"}, {"question": "The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?", "answer": "phantom body"}, {"question": "What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?", "answer": "Surgical"}, {"question": "When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?", "answer": "psychological disturbance"}, {"question": "What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?", "answer": "neurotic"}, {"question": "Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?", "answer": "chronic pain"}, {"question": "If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?", "answer": "fall"}, {"question": "What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?", "answer": "Self-esteem"}, {"question": "What is the term for pain which is acute and note alleviated by normal pain management?", "answer": "Breakthrough"}, {"question": "How do cancer patients usually control their background pain?", "answer": "medications"}, {"question": "Who is breakthrough pain common among?", "answer": "cancer patients"}, {"question": "What class of medication is fentanyl an example of?", "answer": "opioids"}, {"question": "What activity in relation to breakthrough pain requires heavy use of opiods?", "answer": "Management"}, {"question": "IASP's definition of pain includes what aspect as an essential part?", "answer": "unpleasantness"}, {"question": "What is it possible to induce which is, contrary to expectations, devoid of unpleasantness?", "answer": "a state described as intense pain"}, {"question": "Which type of injection has caused patients to report they have pain but aren't bothered by it?", "answer": "morphine"}, {"question": "How much do some patients going through psychosurgery suffer from the sensation of pain?", "answer": "little, or not at all"}, {"question": "What perspective towards pain are some people with perfectly normal nerves born with?", "answer": "Indifference"}, {"question": "An abnormality of the nervous system can render a small number of people insensitive to what?", "answer": "pain"}, {"question": "What is it known as when someone is born without being able to feel pain because of their nervous system?", "answer": "congenital insensitivity to pain"}, {"question": "What happens to children with congenital insensitivity to pain?", "answer": "repeated damage to their tongues, eyes, joints, skin, and muscles"}, {"question": "What is the life expectancy for people who can't feel pain?", "answer": "reduced"}, {"question": "What gene is responsible for coding for a sodium channel necessary for conducting pain nerve stimuli?", "answer": "SCN9A"}, {"question": "When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?", "answer": "1644"}, {"question": "What did Descartes think pain was?", "answer": "a disturbance"}, {"question": "What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?", "answer": "Specificity"}, {"question": "What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?", "answer": "emotional"}, {"question": "Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?", "answer": "psychologists"}, {"question": "What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? ", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?", "answer": "John Paul Nafe"}, {"question": "What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?", "answer": "identical"}, {"question": "What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?", "answer": "nerve fibers"}, {"question": "Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?", "answer": "superseded by more modern theories of pain"}, {"question": "How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?", "answer": "urge to escape the unpleasantness"}, {"question": "What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?", "answer": "cognitive activities"}, {"question": "War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?", "answer": "dimensions"}, {"question": "What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?", "answer": "action"}, {"question": "What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?", "answer": "pain"}, {"question": "What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?", "answer": "noxious and non-noxious"}, {"question": "What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?", "answer": "noxious, high intensity"}, {"question": "What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?", "answer": "currents"}, {"question": "How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?", "answer": "Dozens"}, {"question": "How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?", "answer": "along an A-delta or C fiber"}, {"question": "Which fiber is thicker?", "answer": "A-delta"}, {"question": "What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?", "answer": "myelin"}, {"question": "What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?", "answer": "sharp and is felt first"}, {"question": "How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?", "answer": "via Lissauer's tract"}, {"question": "What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?", "answer": "A-delta"}, {"question": "Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?", "answer": "thalamus"}, {"question": "What are dynamic range neurons?", "answer": "spinal cord fibers"}, {"question": "Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? ", "answer": "the insular cortex"}, {"question": "Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? ", "answer": "somatosensory"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution\"?", "answer": "Richard Dawkins"}, {"question": "What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?", "answer": "drives"}, {"question": "What would be the most fit creature?", "answer": "one whose pains are well balanced"}, {"question": "What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?", "answer": "risk"}, {"question": "What type of designer is natural selection?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?", "answer": "sex"}, {"question": "What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?", "answer": "Europeans"}, {"question": "What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?", "answer": "pain perception"}, {"question": "Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?", "answer": "pain thresholds"}, {"question": "What is the most reliable measure of pain?", "answer": "person's self-report"}, {"question": "What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? ", "answer": "severity"}, {"question": "What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?", "answer": "definition of pain"}, {"question": "What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?", "answer": "0 to 10"}, {"question": "What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?", "answer": "which words best describe their pain"}, {"question": "What is MPI an abbreviation for?", "answer": "Multidimensional Pain Inventory"}, {"question": "How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?", "answer": "their pain problems"}, {"question": "What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?", "answer": "their IASP five-category pain profile"}, {"question": "What become critical when a person is non-verbal? ", "answer": "observation"}, {"question": "What can be monitored as pain indicators?", "answer": "specific behaviors"}, {"question": "Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?", "answer": "pain"}, {"question": "What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?", "answer": "withdrawn"}, {"question": "How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?", "answer": "signal"}, {"question": "What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?", "answer": "dimensions"}, {"question": "What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?", "answer": "pain"}, {"question": "Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?", "answer": "illness"}, {"question": "Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?", "answer": "because it hurts too much"}, {"question": "An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?", "answer": "a drug"}, {"question": "What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?", "answer": "Cultural"}, {"question": "How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?", "answer": "prevent the individual from seeking help"}, {"question": "Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?", "answer": "potentially addicting drugs"}, {"question": "What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?", "answer": "do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain"}, {"question": "What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?", "answer": "a human right"}, {"question": "What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?", "answer": "a disease"}, {"question": "What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?", "answer": "China and Australia"}, {"question": "What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?", "answer": "subspecialty"}, {"question": "As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?", "answer": "tens of millions"}, {"question": "What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?", "answer": "Sugar"}, {"question": "What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?", "answer": "heart rate"}, {"question": "Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?", "answer": "pain-related"}, {"question": "A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?", "answer": "crying"}, {"question": "Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?", "answer": "controlling"}, {"question": "How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?", "answer": "credible controls for placebo and/or expectation"}, {"question": "What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?", "answer": "effects of hypnosis"}, {"question": "What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?", "answer": "Pain"}, {"question": "What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?", "answer": "little difference in the effect"}, {"question": "Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?", "answer": "benefit"}, {"question": "What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?", "answer": "herbal"}, {"question": "Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?", "answer": "vitamin D"}, {"question": "What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?", "answer": "political"}, {"question": "Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?", "answer": "deliberate infliction"}, {"question": "What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?", "answer": "an offence"}, {"question": "How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?", "answer": "deter"}, {"question": "What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?", "answer": "extreme"}, {"question": "What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?", "answer": "asking a question"}, {"question": "What can't animals answer?", "answer": "whether they feel pain"}, {"question": "What did Descartes argue animals lack?", "answer": "consciousness"}, {"question": "What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?", "answer": "Colorado State University"}, {"question": "Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?", "answer": "unclear"}, {"question": "What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?", "answer": "presence"}, {"question": "An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?", "answer": "pain"}, {"question": "Who do specialists believe can feel pain?", "answer": "vertebrates"}, {"question": "No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?", "answer": "plants"}, {"question": "What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?", "answer": "nociceptors"}, {"question": "What does DBMS stand for?", "answer": "database management system"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of a DBMS?", "answer": "to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases"}, {"question": "How are DBMSs classified?", "answer": "according to the database model that they support"}, {"question": "What is the most popular DBMS?", "answer": "SQL language"}, {"question": "How is data accessed?", "answer": "by a \"database management system\" (DBMS)"}, {"question": "A DBMS consists of what?", "answer": "an integrated set of computer software"}, {"question": "How much data can a DBMS store?", "answer": "large quantities"}, {"question": "What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?", "answer": "RAID"}, {"question": "How can large quantities of data be accessed?", "answer": "Hardware database accelerators"}, {"question": "What do most database applications contain?", "answer": "DBMSs"}, {"question": "What is required for a modern DBMS to function?", "answer": "standard operating system"}, {"question": "How long can it take to create a DBMS?", "answer": "thousands of human years"}, {"question": "Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.", "answer": "Adabas, Oracle and DB2"}, {"question": "How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?", "answer": "spread over a large number of users"}, {"question": "Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.", "answer": "an email system"}, {"question": "How are many databases accessed?", "answer": "application software"}, {"question": "How do administrators work with the DBMS?", "answer": "through dedicated interfaces"}, {"question": "What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?", "answer": "wire protocol"}, {"question": "Who created the relational model of DBMS?", "answer": "Edgar F. Codd"}, {"question": "Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?", "answer": "by content"}, {"question": "In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What type of system in still prominent to this day?", "answer": "relational systems"}, {"question": "What database language is the most prominent?", "answer": "SQL"}, {"question": "When were DBMSs first used commercially?", "answer": "mid-1960s"}, {"question": "What group discovered COBOL?", "answer": "Database Task Group"}, {"question": "Why was COBOL created?", "answer": "Interest in a standard"}, {"question": "What was the standard protocol called?", "answer": "CODASYL approach"}, {"question": "When was the standard protocol completed?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What was the DBMS created by IBM called?", "answer": "Information Management System (IMS)"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?", "answer": "the Apollo program"}, {"question": "What is the classification of IMS?", "answer": "hierarchical database"}, {"question": "What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?", "answer": "The Programmer as Navigator"}, {"question": "Who proposed using a table to store data?", "answer": "Codd"}, {"question": "How is data accessed in a table?", "answer": "A linked-list system"}, {"question": "What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?", "answer": "relational"}, {"question": "What system assists a user in seeing a table?", "answer": "DBMS"}, {"question": "How was the relational model able to improve over time?", "answer": "without constant rewriting of links and pointers"}, {"question": "What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?", "answer": "one-to-many"}, {"question": "What is the relationship called in a navigational model?", "answer": "many-to-many"}, {"question": "What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?", "answer": "tabular"}, {"question": "How is a database system frequently used?", "answer": "to track information about users"}, {"question": "How is information stored in a navigational system?", "answer": "in a single record"}, {"question": "What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?", "answer": "not be placed in the database"}, {"question": "How is information stored in a relational system?", "answer": "normalized into a user table"}, {"question": "How is information accessed in a relational model?", "answer": "a \"key\""}, {"question": "What is a key used for?", "answer": "uniquely defining a particular record"}, {"question": "What technique is used to collect into one place?", "answer": "re-linking"}, {"question": "How is data in an optional table accessed?", "answer": "by searching for this key"}, {"question": "How does a program collect information using a navigational system?", "answer": "require programs to loop"}, {"question": "What is used to solve the problem of looping?", "answer": "a set-oriented language"}, {"question": "What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?", "answer": "SQL"}, {"question": "What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?", "answer": "tuple calculus"}, {"question": "Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?", "answer": "Codd"}, {"question": "Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?", "answer": "Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker"}, {"question": "What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?", "answer": "INGRES"}, {"question": "When was INGRES first tested?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?", "answer": "QUEL"}, {"question": "Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?", "answer": "INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard"}, {"question": "What is a CAFS accelerator?", "answer": "a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities"}, {"question": "Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?", "answer": "efforts were generally unsuccessful"}, {"question": "How are today's database systems run?", "answer": "general-purpose hardware"}, {"question": "Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?", "answer": "Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)"}, {"question": "What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?", "answer": "System R"}, {"question": "When was IBM's system released?", "answer": "1974/5"}, {"question": "What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?", "answer": "multi-table systems"}, {"question": "When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? ", "answer": "SQL"}, {"question": "What was the name of the database product created by IBM?", "answer": "SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)"}, {"question": "Who created dBASE?", "answer": "C. Wayne Ratliff"}, {"question": "Why was dBASE successful?", "answer": "lightweight and easy for any computer user to understand out of the box"}, {"question": "Why was dBASE unique?", "answer": "data manipulation is done by dBASE"}, {"question": "What is a benefit of using dBASE?", "answer": "managing space allocation"}, {"question": "In the 1990s, what type of programming changed the handling of databases?", "answer": "object-oriented"}, {"question": "What term is used for the difficulty in database table and programmed object translation?", "answer": "object-relational impedance mismatch"}, {"question": "How is the problem of object-relational impedance mismatch corrected?", "answer": "object-oriented language"}, {"question": "What is the library programmers use to solve object-relational impedance mismatch?", "answer": "object-relational mappings (ORMs)"}, {"question": "What kind of database is XML?", "answer": "structured document-oriented database"}, {"question": "Where are XML databases frequently used?", "answer": "enterprise database management"}, {"question": "How is XML used in enterprise database management?", "answer": "machine-to-machine data"}, {"question": "What type of processing is used in enterprise database software?", "answer": "ACID-compliant transaction processing"}, {"question": "What explains the difficulty in a system containing availability, consistency, and partition tolerance guarantees?", "answer": "the CAP theorem"}, {"question": "How many guarantees will most databases tolerate?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is used to offer a balance in guarantees?", "answer": "eventual consistency"}, {"question": "What should a conceptual data model do?", "answer": "reflects the structure of the information to be held"}, {"question": "What makes a successful data model?", "answer": "accurately reflect the possible state of the external world being modeled"}, {"question": "What must one understand in order to create a successful data model?", "answer": "the application domain"}, {"question": "Asking questions about an organization's needs will help to create what?", "answer": "definitions of the terminology used for entities"}, {"question": "In what form is the output of a logical database design?", "answer": "schema"}, {"question": "Which data model is displayed as a specific model that uses DBMS?", "answer": "logical"}, {"question": "A conceptual data model in separate from the choice of what?", "answer": "database technology"}, {"question": "What decisions must be made in the last stage of database design?", "answer": "performance, scalability, recovery, security"}, {"question": "What is an important goal in in this final stage?", "answer": "data independence"}, {"question": "What factor is reflected in performance requirements?", "answer": "Physical design"}, {"question": "How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How many different external views of data are there?", "answer": "any number"}, {"question": "What is the benefit of external views of data?", "answer": "see database information in a more business-related way"}, {"question": "What does the conceptual view offer?", "answer": "a level of indirection between internal and external"}, {"question": "How does the conceptual view handle how data is managed?", "answer": "abstracts away details"}, {"question": "What type of view does the conceptual view offer?", "answer": "common"}, {"question": "What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?", "answer": "database engine"}, {"question": "What is database storage?", "answer": "physical materialization of a database"}, {"question": "What do database administrators closely monitor?", "answer": "storage properties and configuration setting"}, {"question": "While working, does DBMS store information in one place?", "answer": "several types of storage"}, {"question": "What are huge quantities of information stored as?", "answer": "bits"}, {"question": "What does database access limit?", "answer": "who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information"}, {"question": "What are examples of database objects?", "answer": "record types, specific records, data structures"}, {"question": "Who sets database access?", "answer": "special authorized (by the database owner) personnel"}, {"question": "What does data security avoid?", "answer": "unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database"}, {"question": "What is a subset of a database called that can be accessed by using a password?", "answer": "subschemas"}, {"question": "What is possible when a DBMS interrogate and update a database?", "answer": "managing personal databases"}, {"question": "What is a unit of work called in a database?", "answer": "transaction"}, {"question": "How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?", "answer": "fault tolerance"}, {"question": "Are transactions limited?", "answer": "Each transaction has well defined boundaries"}, {"question": "Can a DBMS be transfered to a different DBMS?", "answer": "ano"}, {"question": "Why would someone attempt to unite two different databases?", "answer": "primarily economical"}, {"question": "In order to merge, what must the database maintain?", "answer": "database related application"}, {"question": "What are the important parts of the database related application that should be moved?", "answer": "conceptual and external architectural levels"}, {"question": "How can a DBMS database migration be made easier?", "answer": "vendor provides tools"}, {"question": "Name a reason to take a database backward in time?", "answer": "database is found corrupted"}, {"question": "Is each database backup kept in the same file?", "answer": "dedicated backup files"}, {"question": "Who can restore a database that has been corrupted?", "answer": "database administrator"}, {"question": "What parameter is requiret to restore a database?", "answer": "desired point in time"}, {"question": "How can static analysis be useful with query languages?", "answer": "software verification"}, {"question": "What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?", "answer": "sound approximation techniques"}, {"question": "What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?", "answer": "watermarking"}, {"question": "Can query languages be adjusted?", "answer": "according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data"}, {"question": "What is the largest populated city in Arizona?", "answer": "Phoenix"}, {"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?", "answer": "Optics Valley"}, {"question": "What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census? ", "answer": "520,116"}, {"question": "What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013? ", "answer": "996,544"}, {"question": "Which county is Tucson in?", "answer": "Pima County"}, {"question": "Which university is in Tucson?", "answer": "University of Arizona"}, {"question": "How far is Tucson from Phoenix?", "answer": "108 miles (174 km)"}, {"question": "How far is Tucson from Mexico?", "answer": "60 mi (97 km)"}, {"question": "What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?", "answer": "Optics Valley"}, {"question": "What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?", "answer": "southern Arizona"}, {"question": "What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?", "answer": "Hohokam"}, {"question": "Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found? ", "answer": "Santa Cruz River"}, {"question": "Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?", "answer": "Paleo-Indians"}, {"question": "How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?", "answer": "12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?", "answer": "about 12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?", "answer": "2100 BC"}, {"question": "When was the Early Agricultural period?", "answer": "1200 BC to AD 150"}, {"question": "What happened in the Early Ceramic period?", "answer": "the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage"}, {"question": "When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?", "answer": "from AD 600 to 1450"}, {"question": "Who is considered the founding father of Tuscan?", "answer": "Hugo O'Conor"}, {"question": "What year did Mexico gain independence from Spain?", "answer": "1821"}, {"question": "Who founded the Mission San Xavier del Bac?", "answer": "Eusebio Francisco Kino"}, {"question": "How many miles was Mission San Xavier del Bac from Tuscon?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "Which missionary came to the Santa Cruz River area in 1692?", "answer": "Eusebio Francisco Kino"}, {"question": "What religion was Kino?", "answer": "Jesuit"}, {"question": "What mission did Kino found?", "answer": "Mission San Xavier del Bac"}, {"question": "When did Kino found the del Bac mission?", "answer": "1700"}, {"question": "Who is Tucson's 'founding father'?", "answer": "Hugo O'Conor"}, {"question": "What was the date when Arizona was bought?", "answer": "June 8, 1854"}, {"question": "What year did the Overland Mail Corporation end operations?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What was the name of the deal in which Arizona was bought?", "answer": "Gadsden Purchase"}, {"question": "Arizona is south of which river?", "answer": "Gila River"}, {"question": "In what year did Tuscon become a stage station?", "answer": "1857"}, {"question": "When was the Gadsden Purchase?", "answer": "June 8, 1854"}, {"question": "Where did the US buy land from in the Gadsden Purchase?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "When did the US formally take control of the Tucson area?", "answer": "March 1856"}, {"question": "When did the mail stagecoaches stop running?", "answer": "August 1861"}, {"question": "Why did the mail stagecoaches stop running?", "answer": "devastating Apache attacks on the stations and coaches"}, {"question": "What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? ", "answer": "August 19, 1878"}, {"question": "What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?", "answer": "Charles A. Shibell"}, {"question": "Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?", "answer": "Frank Stilwell"}, {"question": "What was Wyatt Earp's job title?", "answer": "Deputy U.S. Marshal"}, {"question": "What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?", "answer": "Wyatt Earp"}, {"question": "What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?", "answer": "stagecoach robberies"}, {"question": "Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?", "answer": "William Whitney Brazelton"}, {"question": "When was Brazelton killed?", "answer": "August 19, 1878"}, {"question": "Who killed Brazelton?", "answer": "Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse"}, {"question": "What was Shibell's job?", "answer": "Pima County Sheriff"}, {"question": "What county is Tuscon located in?", "answer": "Pima County"}, {"question": "What was the population of Tuscon in 2006?", "answer": "535,000"}, {"question": "what were veterans in need of after World War I?", "answer": "respiratory therapy"}, {"question": "What did the U.S. Veterans Administration build around 1910?", "answer": "Veterans Hospital"}, {"question": "What was the population of Tuscon in 1940?", "answer": "36,818"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's population in 1900?", "answer": "7,531"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's population in 1910?", "answer": "13,913"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's population in 1920?", "answer": "20,292"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's population in 1940?", "answer": "36,818"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's population in 2006?", "answer": "535,000"}, {"question": "Which Mountain has the Highest point surrounding Tuscon?", "answer": "Mount Wrightson"}, {"question": "Which desert is Tuscon in?", "answer": "Sonoran"}, {"question": "How many mountain ranges is Tuscon surrounded by?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How above sea level is Wasson Peak in feet?", "answer": "4,687 ft"}, {"question": "What direction are the Tortolita Mountains from Tuscon?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "How high is Tucson's airport?", "answer": "2,643 ft (806 m) above sea level"}, {"question": "What desert is Tucson in?", "answer": "Sonoran"}, {"question": "What mountain range is east of Tucson?", "answer": "Rincon Mountains"}, {"question": "What mountain range is north of Tucson?", "answer": "Tortolita Mountains"}, {"question": "What mountain range is west of Tucson?", "answer": "Tucson Mountains"}, {"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from Phoenix?", "answer": "118"}, {"question": "How many miles is Tuscon from the US - Mexico border?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What is the second largest city in Arizona?", "answer": "Tucson"}, {"question": "Where does Tuscon rank in terms of the largest city in the U.S. in 2009? ", "answer": "32nd"}, {"question": "What area exceeded 1 million people in 2015?", "answer": "Greater Tucson Metro"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's city population in 2010?", "answer": "520,116"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's metro area population in 2010?", "answer": "980,263"}, {"question": "How does Tucson rank among US cities?", "answer": "32nd largest"}, {"question": "How does Tucson rank among US metro areas?", "answer": "52nd largest"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's metro area population in 2015?", "answer": "1 million"}, {"question": "Which interstate is the only one that uses kilometer posts instead of mileposts?", "answer": "I-19"}, {"question": "Are the speed limits on I-19 marked in miles or kilometers?", "answer": "miles"}, {"question": "What border does I-19 come close to? ", "answer": "U.S.-Mexico border"}, {"question": "Which interstate would you take to go to Jackson Florida from Tuscon Arizona?", "answer": "Interstate 10"}, {"question": "Which direction does I-10 run through Tucson?", "answer": "southeast to northwest"}, {"question": "What is the next major town to the west on I-10?", "answer": "Phoenix"}, {"question": "What is the next major town to the east on I-10?", "answer": "Las Cruces, New Mexico"}, {"question": "Which direction does I-19 run from Tucson?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "What is unusual about I-19?", "answer": "the only Interstate highway that uses \"kilometer posts\" instead of \"mileposts\""}, {"question": "What was the Union Pacific once known as?", "answer": "Southern Pacific"}, {"question": "What year was Locomotive #1673 made in?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "What was the name of the retail and community center that took longer than a decade to build?", "answer": "Rio Nuevo"}, {"question": "When did a revitalization of downtown Tucson begin?", "answer": "At the end of the first decade of the 21st century"}, {"question": "What is Rio Nuevo?", "answer": "a large retail and community center"}, {"question": "What is the southern edge of Tucson's downtown?", "answer": "17th Street"}, {"question": "What is the western edge of Tucson's downtown?", "answer": "I-10"}, {"question": "What is the northern edge of Tucson's downtown?", "answer": "6th Street"}, {"question": "Which architect designed the Broadway Village shopping Center?", "answer": "Josias Joesler"}, {"question": "Which part of Tuscon is Broadway Village shopping center located in?", "answer": "Central"}, {"question": "What mall is located in midtown?", "answer": "El Con Mall"}, {"question": "Who designed the Broadway Village shopping center?", "answer": "Josias Joesler"}, {"question": "Where is Broadway Village shopping center?", "answer": "at the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Country Club Road"}, {"question": "Where is the Lost Barrio?", "answer": "just East of downtown"}, {"question": "Where is the El Con Mall?", "answer": "in the eastern part of midtown"}, {"question": "Where is the 4th Avenue Shopping District?", "answer": "between downtown and the University"}, {"question": "What is Tuscon's largest Park?", "answer": "Reid Park"}, {"question": "What was once named the \"ugliest street in America\" by Life magazine?", "answer": "Speedway Boulevard"}, {"question": "What mayor was quoted in calling Speedway Boulevard \"the ugliest street in America?", "answer": "James Corbett"}, {"question": "Which newspaper did David Leighton work for?", "answer": "Arizona Daily Star"}, {"question": "What city is the Harlem River Speedway in?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's biggest park?", "answer": "Reid Park"}, {"question": "What sports field is in Reid Park?", "answer": "Hi Corbett Field"}, {"question": "What zoo is in Reid Park?", "answer": "Reid Park Zoo"}, {"question": "What was the \"ugliest street in America\" in the 1970s?", "answer": "Speedway Boulevard"}, {"question": "What was Speedway Blvd called in the 1990s?", "answer": "\"Street of the Year\""}, {"question": "Where does E.University Blvd. lead to?", "answer": "Fourth Avenue Shopping District"}, {"question": "What neighborhood has historic homes?", "answer": "Sam Hughes neighborhood"}, {"question": "What mode of transport is encouraged in Central Tuscon?", "answer": "bicycle"}, {"question": "Of the 3.5 miles from N. Mountain Avenue to Rillito River Park, how many are bike-only?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "Which Tucson street is devoted to bicycles?", "answer": "Third Street"}, {"question": "How long does N Mountain Ave have a bike lane?", "answer": "half of the 3.5 miles (5.6 km) to the Rillito River Park"}, {"question": "Which park has a multi-use path?", "answer": "Rillito River Park"}, {"question": "Which bike path does Highland lead to?", "answer": "Barraza-Aviation Parkway"}, {"question": "Which shopping area is on East University?", "answer": "Fourth Avenue Shopping District"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of Native Americans in South Tuscon?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What kind of restaurants are widely known in South Tuscon?", "answer": "Mexican"}, {"question": "What are painted do to city policy? ", "answer": "outdoor murals"}, {"question": "What percentage of the South Tuscon Population is Mexican-American? ", "answer": "83%"}, {"question": "What year was South Tuscon reincorperated? ", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "When was South Tucson first incorporated?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "When was South Tucson reincorporated?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "How large is South Tucson?", "answer": "1 sq mi (2.6 km2)"}, {"question": "How much of South Tucson is Mexican-American?", "answer": "83%"}, {"question": "How much of South Tucson is Native American?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What interstate is the West side west of? ", "answer": "I-10"}, {"question": "What is the name of the movie set in Old West Tuscon?", "answer": "Old Tucson Studios"}, {"question": "What is the name of the national park in Old West Tuscon?", "answer": "Saguaro National Park West"}, {"question": "What is the museum in Old West Tuscon? ", "answer": "Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum"}, {"question": "The Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa is located where?", "answer": "Starr Pass"}, {"question": "What part of Tucson is considered the West Side?", "answer": "the area west of I-10"}, {"question": "What museum is in Western Tucson?", "answer": "International Wildlife Museum"}, {"question": "What resort is in Western Tucson?", "answer": "Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is the Marriott Starr Pass Resort & Spa in?", "answer": "Starr Pass"}, {"question": "What theme park is in Old West Tucson?", "answer": "Old Tucson Studios"}, {"question": "What else is Sentinel Peak also known as?", "answer": "'A' Mountain"}, {"question": "What is the giant letter downtown in honor of?", "answer": "University of Arizona"}, {"question": "What year did the tradition of freshmen whitewashing the \"A\" begin?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "during the Iraq war, what color did anti-war activists paint the \"A\"?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "Who intervened when the \"A\" was painted various colors?", "answer": "city council"}, {"question": "Why is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?", "answer": "in honor of the University of Arizona"}, {"question": "Where is there a giant letter A on a Tucson mountain?", "answer": "On Sentinel Peak (also known as \"'A' Mountain\"), just west of downtown"}, {"question": "What color did college freshmen paint the A?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What color did Iraq War protesters paint the A?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "How did City Council decide to paint the A?", "answer": "red, white and blue"}, {"question": "What is the Foothills west of?", "answer": "Sabino Creek"}, {"question": "Where are some of the major resorts of Tuscon?", "answer": "Catalina Foothills"}, {"question": "What is the Foothills east of?", "answer": "Oracle Road"}, {"question": "What is La Encantada?", "answer": "upscale outdoor shopping mall"}, {"question": "What community is north of Tucson's city limits?", "answer": "Catalina Foothills"}, {"question": "Where are the most expensive homes in the Tucson metro area?", "answer": "Catalina Foothills"}, {"question": "What is the southern edge of the Catalina Foothills area?", "answer": "River Road"}, {"question": "What outdoor mall is in Catalina Foothills?", "answer": "La Encantada"}, {"question": "Which big resorts are in Catalina Foothills?", "answer": "Hacienda Del Sol, Westin La Paloma Resort, Loews Ventana Canyon Resort and Canyon Ranch Resort"}, {"question": "How many residents live in the master-planned communities?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What mountains is Oro Valley next to?", "answer": "Santa Catalina Mountains"}, {"question": "Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?", "answer": "Oro Valley"}, {"question": "Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?", "answer": "Marana"}, {"question": "Where is Oro Valley?", "answer": "in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains"}, {"question": "Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?", "answer": "Marana"}, {"question": "Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?", "answer": "Marana"}, {"question": "Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?", "answer": "Oro Valley"}, {"question": "Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?", "answer": "northwest"}, {"question": "What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?", "answer": "Casas Adobes"}, {"question": "When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?", "answer": "Tohono Chul Park"}, {"question": "What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?", "answer": "Gabrielle Giffords"}, {"question": "What mall is located in Casas Adobes?", "answer": "Foothills Mall"}, {"question": "When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's first suburb?", "answer": "Casas Adobes"}, {"question": "Where is Tohono Chul Park?", "answer": "near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road"}, {"question": "Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?", "answer": "Representative Gabrielle Giffords"}, {"question": "What was John Roll's job title?", "answer": "chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona"}, {"question": "What park was developed between the 1950's and 1970's?", "answer": "Desert Palms Park"}, {"question": "What park is in East Tuscon?", "answer": "Saguaro National Park East"}, {"question": "Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?", "answer": "Harold Bell Wright Estates"}, {"question": "What year was Tuscon's largest office building built?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What shopping center is located along Broadway?", "answer": "Park Place"}, {"question": "What part of Tucson is Saguaro National Park East in?", "answer": "East"}, {"question": "When was East Tucson developed?", "answer": "between the 1950s and the 1970s"}, {"question": "What is the boundary of East Tucson?", "answer": "Swan Road"}, {"question": "What is the biggest office building in Tucson?", "answer": "5151 East Broadway"}, {"question": "Where is Park Place?", "answer": "along Broadway (west of Wilmot Road)"}, {"question": "Who bought The sanitarium in 1928?", "answer": "Harvey Adkins"}, {"question": "Jack Kerouac authored what iconic book?", "answer": "On the Road"}, {"question": "What year where three officer building bought and used for a sanitarium?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Alan Harrington is considered part of what generation?", "answer": "beat generation"}, {"question": "Which month does the neighborhood celebrates its history in the City Landmark?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "When was Fort Lowell shut down?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "What were some buildings of Fort Lowell bought to be used for in 1900?", "answer": "a sanitarium"}, {"question": "Who bought the Fort Lowell sanitarium in 1928?", "answer": "Harvey Adkins"}, {"question": "Who renovated Fort Lowell's adobe buildings?", "answer": "The Bolsius family Pete, Nan and Charles Bolsius"}, {"question": "In what book did Jack Kerouac write about visiting Tucson?", "answer": "On the Road"}, {"question": "Where is a great place to bird watch in Southeast Tuscon?", "answer": "The Atterbury Wash"}, {"question": "Where do a lot of the families from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base live at?", "answer": "Rita Ranch"}, {"question": "Rita Ranch also has a planned development called what?", "answer": "Civano"}, {"question": "What is the name of the lake in Southeast Tuscon?", "answer": "Lakeside Lake"}, {"question": "What is the name of the High School in the area of Southeast Tuscon?", "answer": "Santa Rita High School"}, {"question": "What Air Force base is in Tucson?", "answer": "Davis-Monthan Air Force Base"}, {"question": "What is the alternate name of Chuck Ford Park?", "answer": "Lakeside Park"}, {"question": "What community college is in southeast Tucson?", "answer": "Pima Community College East Campus"}, {"question": "Where do many Air Force families live?", "answer": "Rita Ranch"}, {"question": "What is the goal of Civano?", "answer": "showcase ecologically sound building practices and lifestyles"}, {"question": "What area has a ski lift?", "answer": "Ski Valley"}, {"question": "How many miles is Catalina Highway?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What town is near the top of Mt. Lemmon?", "answer": "Summerhaven"}, {"question": "What two winter sports would you do at the mountain range?", "answer": "snowboarding and skiing"}, {"question": "How long is Catalina Highway?", "answer": "25 miles (40 km)"}, {"question": "What activities are popular in the mountains of Tucson?", "answer": "cycling, hiking, rock climbing, camping, birding, and wintertime snowboarding and skiing"}, {"question": "Where is Summerhaven?", "answer": "Near the top of Mt. Lemmon"}, {"question": "What is in Ski Valley?", "answer": "a ski lift, several runs, a giftshop, and nearby restaurant"}, {"question": "What is in Summerhaven?", "answer": "log houses and cabins, a general store, and various shops, as well as numerous hiking trails"}, {"question": "What kind of climate is Tuscon?", "answer": "desert"}, {"question": "What is the average amount of  yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?", "answer": "11.8"}, {"question": "What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?", "answer": "Alice Springs"}, {"question": "What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?", "answer": "precipitation"}, {"question": "What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's climate type?", "answer": "desert"}, {"question": "How much rain does Tucson get each year?", "answer": "11.8 inches (299.7 mm)"}, {"question": "What is evapotranspiration?", "answer": "net loss of water"}, {"question": "Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?", "answer": "Alice Springs"}, {"question": "What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?", "answer": "11 inches (279.4 mm)"}, {"question": "What year did the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" come in effect?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "How much can a motorist be charged for needing to be rescued after ignoring safety precautions? ", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "A monsoon can last into what month?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "What is usually higher during a monsoon compared throughout the rest of the year?", "answer": "humidity"}, {"question": "What could you say is the average start for a monsoon?", "answer": "July 3"}, {"question": "When was the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" passed?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What is the legal name of the \"Stupid Motorist Law\"?", "answer": "Arizona traffic code Title 28-910"}, {"question": "How much can the \"Stupid Motorist Law\" charge people for being rescued?", "answer": "up to $2000"}, {"question": "When does Tucson's monsoon usually start?", "answer": "around July 3"}, {"question": "How long does Tucson's monsoon last?", "answer": "through August and sometimes into September"}, {"question": "What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?", "answer": "between 64 and 75 \u00b0F (18 and 24 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?", "answer": "between 30 and 44 \u00b0F (\u22121 and 7 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?", "answer": "the mid or low-20s (\u22127 to \u22124 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?", "answer": "2.0 inches"}, {"question": "When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "On what two occasions was Tucson's record high?", "answer": "June 19, 1960, and July 28, 1995"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's record high?", "answer": "115 \u00b0F (46 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's record low?", "answer": "6 \u00b0F (\u221214 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "When was Tucson's record low?", "answer": "January 7, 1913"}, {"question": "What was Tucson's wettest year?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "In what month did Tucson get the most rain?", "answer": "August 1955"}, {"question": "When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours?", "answer": "July 29, 1958"}, {"question": "In what month did Tucson get the most snow?", "answer": "December 1971"}, {"question": "In what year did Tucson get the most rain?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "In what year did Tucson get the least rain?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "answer": "229,762"}, {"question": "How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "answer": "112,455"}, {"question": "How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?", "answer": "520,116"}, {"question": "How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?", "answer": "2,500.1"}, {"question": "How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?", "answer": "72.8%"}, {"question": "What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?", "answer": "University of Arizona"}, {"question": "Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?", "answer": "Sierra Vista"}, {"question": "What railroad route passes through Tucson?", "answer": "Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route"}, {"question": "Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast?", "answer": "Los Angeles ports"}, {"question": "What was Raytheon previously called?", "answer": "Hughes Aircraft Co."}, {"question": "What drug company has a major presence in Tucson?", "answer": "Sanofi-Aventis"}, {"question": "How many optics-related companies are in Tucson?", "answer": "150"}, {"question": "What do the 'Optics Valley' companies do?", "answer": "design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems"}, {"question": "What accounting software company has a major presence in Tucson?", "answer": "Intuit Inc."}, {"question": "When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?", "answer": "a two-day period in March"}, {"question": "How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine?", "answer": "Founder's Award"}, {"question": "When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?", "answer": "the first Saturday and Sunday of May"}, {"question": "Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?", "answer": "El Presidio Park"}, {"question": "How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival?", "answer": "Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association"}, {"question": "What season is February in Tucson?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "answer": "rodeo week"}, {"question": "What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "answer": "Leighton Kramer"}, {"question": "How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?", "answer": "two rodeo days off"}, {"question": "What time of day is The Procession?", "answer": "sundown"}, {"question": "What is burned at The Procession?", "answer": "an urn in which written prayers have been collected from participants and spectators"}, {"question": "What group runs The Procession?", "answer": "Many Mouths One Stomach"}, {"question": "What kind of group runs The Procession?", "answer": "non-profit arts organization"}, {"question": "What kind of parade is The Procession?", "answer": "non-motorized"}, {"question": "What famous writers have lived in Tucson?", "answer": "Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace"}, {"question": "What is the Chax Press?", "answer": "a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions"}, {"question": "What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?", "answer": "a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops"}, {"question": "What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?", "answer": "University of Arizona"}, {"question": "Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?", "answer": "Mayor R. N. \"Bob\" Leatherwood"}, {"question": "When did Tucson get a railroad?", "answer": "March 20, 1880"}, {"question": "What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?", "answer": "\"ancient and honorable pueblo\""}, {"question": "How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?", "answer": "\"A. and H. Pueblo\""}, {"question": "Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?", "answer": "the President of the United States and the Pope"}, {"question": "How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "Who coaches the University of Arizona's swim team?", "answer": "Frank Busch"}, {"question": "Who coaches the University of Arizona men's basketball team?", "answer": "Sean Miller"}, {"question": "Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?", "answer": "Reno, Nevada"}, {"question": "What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?", "answer": "Tucson Padres"}, {"question": "Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?", "answer": "awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido"}, {"question": "Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through?", "answer": "El Paso, Texas"}, {"question": "What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?", "answer": "Reno Aces"}, {"question": "Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?", "answer": "Tucson Raceway Park"}, {"question": "What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?", "answer": "quarter horse races"}, {"question": "What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists?", "answer": "Moltacqua racetrack"}, {"question": "What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now?", "answer": "Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail"}, {"question": "How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?", "answer": "The League of American Bicyclists"}, {"question": "When does El Tour de Tucson happen?", "answer": "in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving"}, {"question": "Who runs El Tour de Tucson?", "answer": "Perimeter Bicycling"}, {"question": "How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?", "answer": "as many as 10,000"}, {"question": "How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Which political party does Tucson usually support?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "Which political party does Phoenix usually support?", "answer": "Republican"}, {"question": "How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?", "answer": "Raul Grijalva"}, {"question": "Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?", "answer": "Martha McSally"}, {"question": "When is Tucson's city council primary?", "answer": "September"}, {"question": "How long are Tucson's city council terms?", "answer": "four-year"}, {"question": "When is Tucson's city council general election?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?", "answer": "1, 2, and 4"}, {"question": "Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?", "answer": "3, 5, and 6"}, {"question": "When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?", "answer": "33\u00a2 for every registered Tucson voter"}, {"question": "What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?", "answer": "64\u00a2 per registered voter"}, {"question": "What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?", "answer": "San Francisco and New York City"}, {"question": "How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's daily general newspaper?", "answer": "Arizona Daily Star"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's daily legal paper?", "answer": "The Daily Territorial"}, {"question": "Who publishes Tucson Weekly?", "answer": "10/13 Communications"}, {"question": "Where is 10/13 based?", "answer": "Boulder, Colo."}, {"question": "What is the University of Arizona's student newspaper?", "answer": "The Arizona Daily Wildcat"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's NBC station?", "answer": "KVOA 4"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's ABC station?", "answer": "KGUN 9"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's Fox station?", "answer": "KMSB-TV 11"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's CBS station?", "answer": "KOLD-TV 13"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's PBS station?", "answer": "KUAT-TV 6"}, {"question": "Who runs Tucson's main power plant?", "answer": "Tucson Electric Power"}, {"question": "What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?", "answer": "Interstate-10"}, {"question": "What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?", "answer": "coal and natural gas"}, {"question": "When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?", "answer": "over 300"}, {"question": "How is most of Tucson's water used?", "answer": "Agriculture (including golf courses)"}, {"question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?", "answer": "over 300"}, {"question": "What agency manages Tucson's water?", "answer": "Arizona Department of Water Resources"}, {"question": "How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?", "answer": "running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer"}, {"question": "What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?", "answer": "irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses"}, {"question": "How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?", "answer": "more than 27 years"}, {"question": "What is the CAP?", "answer": "Central Arizona Project Aqueduct"}, {"question": "How long is the CAP?", "answer": "more than 300 mi (480 km)"}, {"question": "What water source feeds the CAP?", "answer": "Colorado River"}, {"question": "What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?", "answer": "Avra Valley aquifer"}, {"question": "How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?", "answer": "over 80"}, {"question": "How long is the Sun Link?", "answer": "3.9-mile"}, {"question": "What is Tucson's bus system called?", "answer": "Sun Tran"}, {"question": "What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?", "answer": "the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service"}, {"question": "When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?", "answer": "1988 and 2005"}, {"question": "What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?", "answer": "streetcar"}, {"question": "Why is cycling popular in Tucson?", "answer": "its flat terrain and dry climate"}, {"question": "What is The Loop?", "answer": "a network of seven linear parks"}, {"question": "How many miles of trails are in The Loop?", "answer": "over 100"}, {"question": "What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?", "answer": "Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee"}, {"question": "What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?", "answer": "marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths"}, {"question": "What kind of government does Armenia have?", "answer": "democratic"}, {"question": "Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?", "answer": "Tigranes the Great"}, {"question": "What religion did Armenia support?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?", "answer": "Byzantine and Sasanian"}, {"question": "When was Urartu created?", "answer": "860 BC"}, {"question": "Which two empires ruled Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "answer": "Ottoman and successive Iranian empires"}, {"question": "Who took over Eastern Armenia in the 19th century?", "answer": "Russian Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Armenian Genocide occure?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "When did Armenia become part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "When did Armenia gain its independence?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What name did Armenia gain it's name from?", "answer": "Aram"}, {"question": "When did Xenophon visit Armenia?", "answer": "401 BC"}, {"question": "Who first referenced the Armenians?", "answer": "Hecataeus of Miletus"}, {"question": "What language does Armenias resemble most?", "answer": "Persians"}, {"question": "When was the capital of Armenia established?", "answer": "782 BC"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Armenia?", "answer": "Yerevan"}, {"question": "Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?", "answer": "King Argishti I"}, {"question": "The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?", "answer": "Yerevan"}, {"question": "Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?", "answer": "King Artaxias I"}, {"question": "What Empire did the Orontid Dynasty belong to?", "answer": "Achaemenid Empire"}, {"question": "When did Armenia reach it's peak?", "answer": "between 95 and 66 BC"}, {"question": "Which ruler is responsible for Armenias prosperity?", "answer": "Tigranes the Great"}, {"question": "Who established the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia?", "answer": "Tiridates I"}, {"question": "What made Armenia so easily invadable?", "answer": "strategic location between two continents"}, {"question": "Who ruled the Assyrians between 669-627 BC?", "answer": "Ashurbanipal"}, {"question": "When was the Marzpanate era?", "answer": "428\u2013636"}, {"question": "Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?", "answer": "Prince of Armenia"}, {"question": "When did the Principality of Armenia end?", "answer": "884"}, {"question": "Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?", "answer": "King Ashot I Bagratuni"}, {"question": "Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?", "answer": "Dvin"}, {"question": "Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?", "answer": "the Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?", "answer": "1071"}, {"question": "When was Cilicia founded?", "answer": "6 January 1198"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?", "answer": "conquered Armenia"}, {"question": "Where did Roupen find refuge?", "answer": "Tarsus of Cilicia"}, {"question": "Which family overthrew the Seljuk Turks?", "answer": "the Zakarid"}, {"question": "What principality did the Zakarid family form?", "answer": "Zakarid Armenia"}, {"question": "What area did the Orbelians and Zakarids command together?", "answer": "Syunik and Vayots Dzor"}, {"question": "What area did the Hasan-jalalians command?", "answer": "Artsakh and Utik"}, {"question": "When did the Seljuk Empire experience it's decline?", "answer": "early 12th century"}, {"question": "Which empires seperated Armenia?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire"}, {"question": "Who controlled Western Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "answer": "Ottoman"}, {"question": "Who controlled Eastern Armenia between the 16 and 19th Century?", "answer": "Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires"}, {"question": "How long did the Turco-Iranian rivalry last?", "answer": "century"}, {"question": "How many Armenians were slaughtered between 1894-1896", "answer": "80,000 to 300,000"}, {"question": "What prompted the state-sponsored slaughter of Armenians?", "answer": "pushing for more rights"}, {"question": "What nicknames was Sultan 'Abdu'l-Hamid II given?", "answer": "\"Red Sultan\" or \"Bloody Sultan.\""}, {"question": "What was the name given to the slaughter of the Armenians between 1894-1896?", "answer": "Hamidian massacres"}, {"question": "What type of social system was in place under the Ottoman Empire?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?", "answer": "Dashnaktsutyun"}, {"question": "What was the Dashnaks objective?", "answer": "creating a \"free, independent and unified\" Armenia"}, {"question": "When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?", "answer": "1890s"}, {"question": "Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?", "answer": "fedayi"}, {"question": "When did the Adana massacre take place?", "answer": "April 1909"}, {"question": "How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?", "answer": "20,000\u201330,000"}, {"question": "When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "When was Sultan Hamid unseated?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "Who unseated Sultan Hamid?", "answer": "Young Turk Revolution"}, {"question": "What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?", "answer": "World War I"}, {"question": "When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?", "answer": "29 May 1915"}, {"question": "Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?", "answer": "Anatolia"}, {"question": "Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?", "answer": "Russian Army"}, {"question": "What do the Armenians see the events of 1915-1917 as?", "answer": "state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide"}, {"question": "How many phases were there to the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "two phases"}, {"question": "What did the first phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?", "answer": "killing of the able-bodied male population"}, {"question": "What did the second phase of the Armenian Genocide involve?", "answer": "deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm"}, {"question": "Where did the Armenian Genocide death marches push the deportees to?", "answer": "Syrian desert"}, {"question": "How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??", "answer": "600,000"}, {"question": "What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "between 1 and 1.5 million"}, {"question": "Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "Turkish authorities"}, {"question": "Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "Arnold J. Toynbee"}, {"question": "When was Toynbee's report put together?", "answer": "24th May 1916"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?", "answer": "Nikolai Yudenich"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?", "answer": "Andranik Ozanian"}, {"question": "When was the Bolshevik Revolution? ", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?", "answer": "Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan"}, {"question": "When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?", "answer": "May 1918"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Sevres signed?", "answer": "10 August 1920"}, {"question": "What is another name for Ottoman Armenia?", "answer": "Wilsonian Armenia"}, {"question": "Which US president specified the new Armenian borders?", "answer": "President Woodrow Wilson"}, {"question": "When did Cilicia declare independence?", "answer": "5 August 1920"}, {"question": "Who signed the Treaty of Sevres?", "answer": "Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?", "answer": "2 December 1920"}, {"question": "What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?", "answer": "Alexandropol"}, {"question": "Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?", "answer": "Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze"}, {"question": "When did the Armenian republic breakdown?", "answer": "4 December"}, {"question": "What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?", "answer": "4 March 1922"}, {"question": "The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?", "answer": "Batumi"}, {"question": "What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?", "answer": "sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and I\u011fd\u0131r"}, {"question": "Who annexed Armenia?", "answer": "Bolshevist Russia"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "Which three parts make up the TSFSR?", "answer": "Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR"}, {"question": "When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who provided the Armenians with supplies?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Stalin?", "answer": "Nikita Khruschev"}, {"question": "When did Stalin pass away?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "When did Vazgen acquire his position?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?", "answer": "Yerevan"}, {"question": "When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?", "answer": "484,000"}, {"question": "In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "What does NAA stand for?", "answer": "New Armenian Army"}, {"question": "When was the NAA formed?", "answer": "May 1990"}, {"question": "Who started the fight between the MVD and the NAA in 1918?", "answer": "the MVD"}, {"question": "How many people died as a result of the MVD and NAA clash in 1918?", "answer": "five Armenians"}, {"question": "Continued fighting transpired between the Armenians and Soviets in which city?", "answer": "Sovetashen"}, {"question": "Where did the Armenians living in Baku escape to during the January 1990 massacre?", "answer": "Armenia"}, {"question": "When did Armenia reject the referendum proposing the retention of the Soviet Union?", "answer": "17 March 1991"}, {"question": "When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?", "answer": "rail traffic"}, {"question": "Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?", "answer": "Azerbaijan"}, {"question": "What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?", "answer": "a railway and air blockade"}, {"question": "What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "When did the Karabakh War end?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What does OSCE stand for?", "answer": "Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe"}, {"question": "Armenia has closed borders with which two countries?", "answer": "Turkey and Azerbaijan"}, {"question": "How many people died as a result of the fighting betwen Armenia and Azerbaijan?", "answer": "30,000"}, {"question": "Who gained the most from the Karabakh War?", "answer": "Karabakh Armenian forces"}, {"question": "What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "What Democracy Score does Armenia have?", "answer": "5.21"}, {"question": "What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?", "answer": "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime"}, {"question": "What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?", "answer": "polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places"}, {"question": "With who does Armenia have bad relations?", "answer": "Turkey and Azerbaijan"}, {"question": "Is the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan open or closed?", "answer": "closed"}, {"question": "When was the Nagorno-Karabakh War?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "When did Turkey close off its border with Armenia?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "Which country claims the Armenian Genocide didn't occur?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "When did Armenia gain independence from the USSR?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Who wants the border between Turkey and Armenia opened?", "answer": "Turkish business lobby"}, {"question": "When did Armenia and Turkey initiate an attempt to reopen their border?", "answer": "10 October 2009"}, {"question": "Who made it difficult to ratify the protocols to reopen the Armenian/Turkey border?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "Who ratifies protocols in Armenia?", "answer": "national parliaments"}, {"question": "How did Turkey thwart the ratification of these protocols?", "answer": "continuously added more preconditions to its ratification"}, {"question": "Russia has a military base in which city in Armenia?", "answer": "Gyumri"}, {"question": "How many Armenians reside in the United States?", "answer": "427,822"}, {"question": "Why does Russia have a miltary base In Gyumri?", "answer": "as a deterrent against Turkey"}, {"question": "Who gave Russia permission to have a military base in Gyumri?", "answer": "Armenian government"}, {"question": "How many of Armenias inhabitants approve of becoming part of the EU?", "answer": "64%"}, {"question": "What is KFOR?", "answer": "a NATO-led international force in Kosovo"}, {"question": "What are some states join Armenia in the Council of Europe?", "answer": "France and Greece"}, {"question": "When can the EU expect Armenia to attempt to join it?", "answer": "in a few years"}, {"question": "What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?", "answer": "The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard"}, {"question": "When was the Armenian military created?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When was the Ministry of Defence founded?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the the Armenian military?", "answer": "Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence?", "answer": "Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan"}, {"question": "What does CSTO stand for?", "answer": "Collective Security Treaty Organisation"}, {"question": "What does EAPC stand for?", "answer": "Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council"}, {"question": "Who else joins Armenia in the CSTO?", "answer": "Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan"}, {"question": "When did Armenia remove its peacekeepers from Iraq?", "answer": "October 2008"}, {"question": "How many hamaynkner does Armenia have?", "answer": "915"}, {"question": "How many districts does Yerevan have?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "Does Armenia have more rural or uban hamaynker?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "What is the Armenian term for settlment?", "answer": "bnakavayr"}, {"question": "What group is opening a research center in Armenia?", "answer": "Intel Corporation"}, {"question": "As opposed to an industry-based economy, what industry is Armenia moving to?", "answer": "technology industry"}, {"question": "The Arnmenian economy depends primarily on what?", "answer": "investment and support from Armenians abroad"}, {"question": "What did Armenias industry-based economy consist of?", "answer": "chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile"}, {"question": "Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?", "answer": "food security needs"}, {"question": "Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?", "answer": "After"}, {"question": "How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How many people died because of the Spitak earthquake?", "answer": "more than 25,000"}, {"question": "When was the Spitak earthquake?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "How much did the Armenian GDP decrease from 1989-1993", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What is the national currency of Armenia?", "answer": "the dram"}, {"question": "What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?", "answer": "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"}, {"question": "Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?", "answer": "precious-stone processing"}, {"question": "What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?", "answer": "economic reforms"}, {"question": "What does IMF stand for?", "answer": "International Monetary Fund"}, {"question": "What dos EBRD stand for?", "answer": "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development"}, {"question": "What does IFI stand for?", "answer": "international financial institutions"}, {"question": "How much in loans has Armenia received since 1993?", "answer": "$1.1 billion"}, {"question": "When did Armenia become a part of the World Trade Organization?", "answer": "5 February 2003"}, {"question": "What is the unemployment rate in Armenia?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "To what does Armenia attribute it's high unemployment rate?", "answer": "refugees from the Karabakh conflict"}, {"question": "When did Armenia establish a foreign investment law?", "answer": "June 1994"}, {"question": "When did Armenia establish a law on privatisation?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "What percent of Armenian children go to preschool?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "What is Armenia's biggest University?", "answer": "Yerevan State University"}, {"question": "When did the National Polytechnic University of Armenia open?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "How many students did Yerevan State University have in 1992?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "How many teachers did Yerevan State University have in 1992?", "answer": "1,300"}, {"question": "Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?", "answer": "Mkhitar Heratsi"}, {"question": "When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "When was the Medical Institute formed?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?", "answer": "Mkhitar Heratsi"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of releasing the World Directory of Medical Schools?", "answer": "WHO"}, {"question": "When was the foreign student department for Armenian diaspora created?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "Armenian students attend YMSU with foreign students from where?", "answer": "India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russian Federation"}, {"question": "What does OLPC stand for?", "answer": "One Laptopschool Per child"}, {"question": "What are the names of some of the other higher education organizations in Armenia?", "answer": "American University of Armenia and the QSI International School of Yerevan"}, {"question": "What are some of the graduate programs available at AUA?", "answer": "Business and Law"}, {"question": "What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?", "answer": "the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun"}, {"question": "Who created the Armenian alphabet?", "answer": "Saint Mesrop Mashtots"}, {"question": "Who composed the Sabre Dance?", "answer": "Aram Khatchaturian"}, {"question": "What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?", "answer": "the Armenian chant"}, {"question": "What is kef?", "answer": "Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments"}, {"question": "What did kef help do?", "answer": "preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia"}, {"question": "Where did the Armenians emigrate from?", "answer": "Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries"}, {"question": "Who is the most well know kef artist?", "answer": "Richard Hagopian"}, {"question": "What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?", "answer": "American Big Band Jazz"}, {"question": "Who were some Armenian pop artists?", "answer": "Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian"}, {"question": "When did Armenian pop music become popular?", "answer": "the 1960s and 1970s"}, {"question": "What type of musician is Sahan Arzruni?", "answer": "pianist"}, {"question": "What type of band was System of a Down?", "answer": "heavy metal"}, {"question": "What type of songs do armenian youth prefer?", "answer": "Armenian revolutionary songs"}, {"question": "What topics do armenian revolutionary songs usually encompass?", "answer": "Armenian history and national heroes"}, {"question": "What is Obsidian used for?", "answer": "jewellery and ornamental objects"}, {"question": "What are some examples of soviet memorabilia that can be purchased at Vernissage?", "answer": "nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes"}, {"question": "What types of crafts can be purchased at Vernissage?", "answer": "woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims"}, {"question": "What is Vernissage?", "answer": "arts and crafts market"}, {"question": "How many pieces can be found in the Yerevan National Art Gallery?", "answer": "more than 16,000"}, {"question": "Where other than the National Art Gallery can one find art on display in Yerevan?", "answer": "The Modern Art Museum, the Children\u2019s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum"}, {"question": "What is the earliest period the National Art Gallery has pieces from?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "Which lake is most popular for water sports in Armenia?", "answer": "Lake Sevan"}, {"question": "What international sports has Armenia done well at?", "answer": "chess, weightlifting and wrestling"}, {"question": "What does IIHF stand for?", "answer": "Ice Hockey Federation"}, {"question": "Which Games does Armenia hold?", "answer": "Pan-Armenian Games"}, {"question": "What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?", "answer": "gymnastics"}, {"question": "What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?", "answer": "two golds and two silvers"}, {"question": "Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?", "answer": "Helsinki"}, {"question": "What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What team won the Soviet football Cup in 1973 and 1975?", "answer": "FC Ararat Yerevan team"}, {"question": "Which team did the FC Ararat lose to in the European Cup?", "answer": "FC Bayern Munich"}, {"question": "What FIFA ranking did Armenia hold in 2011?", "answer": "44th"}, {"question": "How many teams does the Armenian Premier League have?", "answer": "eight teams"}, {"question": "Who provided the funds to rebuild the Armenian sports schools?", "answer": "the Armenian government"}, {"question": "What year did Yerevan create a cyclying center?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What prize do Armenians receive from the government if they win a gold medal?", "answer": "$700,000"}, {"question": "How much money was spent to revamp Tsaghkadzor for winter sports?", "answer": "$9.3 million"}, {"question": "How much did Armenia spend to fix up their sports schools?", "answer": "$1.9 million"}, {"question": "What type of food is Armenian food most similair to?", "answer": "eastern and Mediterranean cuisine"}, {"question": "What does Armenian cuisine place an emphasis on?", "answer": "quality of the ingredients"}, {"question": "What does Armenian cuisine use to create its distinctive dishes?", "answer": "various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits"}, {"question": "What different uses does fruit have in Armenian food?", "answer": "main ingredient as well as to sour food"}, {"question": "What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?", "answer": "Bacteria"}, {"question": "What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?", "answer": "spheres to rods and spirals"}, {"question": "When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?", "answer": "few micrometres"}, {"question": "What environments can bacteria live?", "answer": "present in most of its habitats"}, {"question": "What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?", "answer": "symbiotic and parasitic relationships"}, {"question": "What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?", "answer": "40 million bacterial cells"}, {"question": "How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?", "answer": "million bacterial cells"}, {"question": "How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?", "answer": "by converting dissolved compounds"}, {"question": "What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?", "answer": "Mariana Trench"}, {"question": "Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?", "answer": "thrive inside rocks"}, {"question": "What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?", "answer": "ten times as many bacterial cells"}, {"question": "What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?", "answer": "the immune system"}, {"question": "What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?", "answer": "pathogenic"}, {"question": "What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?", "answer": "respiratory infections"}, {"question": "What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?", "answer": "farming"}, {"question": "What living organisms are bacteria being reffered as?", "answer": "prokaryotes"}, {"question": "What vital part is missing in bacteria to eukaryotes?", "answer": "nucleus"}, {"question": "When did the scientific classification change?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "What are two main groups prokaryotes can be divided into?", "answer": "Bacteria and Archaea"}, {"question": "When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?", "answer": "4 billion years ago"}, {"question": "Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?", "answer": "most organisms were microscopic"}, {"question": "What are Stromatolites?", "answer": "bacterial fossils"}, {"question": "What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?", "answer": "archaeal/eukaryotic lineage"}, {"question": "How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?", "answer": "mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms"}, {"question": "What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?", "answer": "morphologies"}, {"question": "Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?", "answer": "one-tenth the size"}, {"question": "How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?", "answer": "0.7 mm"}, {"question": "What are one of the smallest bacteria?", "answer": "genus Mycoplasma"}, {"question": "Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?", "answer": "not well-studied"}, {"question": "What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?", "answer": "spherical"}, {"question": "What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?", "answer": "bacilli"}, {"question": "What shape Spirochaetes are?", "answer": "tightly coiled"}, {"question": "What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?", "answer": "branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section"}, {"question": "Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?", "answer": "can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients"}, {"question": "What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?", "answer": "diploids (pairs)"}, {"question": "What well known bacteria structure chains?", "answer": "Streptococcus"}, {"question": "What does typically Staphylococcus look like?", "answer": "clusters"}, {"question": "What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?", "answer": "Filamentous bacteria"}, {"question": "Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?", "answer": "branched filaments"}, {"question": "What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?", "answer": "biofilms"}, {"question": "How extent can biofilm be?", "answer": "up to half a meter in depth"}, {"question": "What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?", "answer": "microcolonies,"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?", "answer": "to enable better diffusion of nutrients"}, {"question": "Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?", "answer": "bacteria protected within biofilms"}, {"question": "What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?", "answer": "amino acids"}, {"question": "Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?", "answer": "aggregate to form fruiting bodies"}, {"question": "How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?", "answer": "more resistant"}, {"question": "What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?", "answer": "multicellular organisation"}, {"question": "What is a cell membrane?", "answer": "lipid"}, {"question": "What does membrane accomplish?", "answer": "barrier to hold nutrients, proteins and other essential components"}, {"question": "Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?", "answer": "do not"}, {"question": "Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?", "answer": "true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles"}, {"question": "What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?", "answer": "simple bags of cytoplasm"}, {"question": "What is crucial for biochemical reactions?", "answer": "concentration gradients across membranes"}, {"question": "How does electron transit occur in bacteria?", "answer": "between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space"}, {"question": "What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?", "answer": "light-gathering membrane"}, {"question": "Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?", "answer": "light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures"}, {"question": "What is genetic make of bacteria?", "answer": "a single circular DNA chromosome"}, {"question": "Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?", "answer": "in the cytoplasm"}, {"question": "How does nucleoid look?", "answer": "irregularly shaped body"}, {"question": "What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?", "answer": "phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?", "answer": "production of proteins"}, {"question": "What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?", "answer": "glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates"}, {"question": "How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?", "answer": "move up or down into water layers with different light intensities"}, {"question": "What are chromatophores used for?", "answer": "photosynthesis"}, {"question": "What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?", "answer": "glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments"}, {"question": "What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?", "answer": "to control their buoyancy"}, {"question": "What composes the cell envelope?", "answer": "cell membrane and cell wall"}, {"question": "What is most common cell wall material?", "answer": "peptidoglycan"}, {"question": "Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?", "answer": "Bacterial cell walls are different"}, {"question": "What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?", "answer": "cellulose and chitin"}, {"question": "How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?", "answer": "by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan"}, {"question": "What does gram-positive bacteria have?", "answer": "thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids"}, {"question": "What can be endotoxins called?", "answer": "Lipopolysaccharides"}, {"question": "Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?", "answer": "polysaccharides and lipid A"}, {"question": "What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?", "answer": "differences in antibiotic susceptibility"}, {"question": "What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?", "answer": "enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears"}, {"question": "What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?", "answer": "high mycolic acid content"}, {"question": "What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?", "answer": "staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention."}, {"question": "What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?", "answer": "Ziehl-Neelsen stain"}, {"question": "What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?", "answer": "Mycoplasma"}, {"question": "What are fimbriae?", "answer": "fine filaments of protein"}, {"question": "What is the diameter of fimbriae?", "answer": "2\u201310 nanometres"}, {"question": "What are fimbriae liable for?", "answer": "involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells"}, {"question": "What are pili?", "answer": "cellular appendages"}, {"question": "What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?", "answer": "endospores"}, {"question": "Is creating endospore a reproductive process?", "answer": "is not a reproductive process"}, {"question": "What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?", "answer": "cortex layer"}, {"question": "What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?", "answer": "Dipicolinic acid"}, {"question": "Is there a metabolism in endospores?", "answer": "show no detectable metabolism"}, {"question": "What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?", "answer": "UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure"}, {"question": "How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?", "answer": "for millions of years"}, {"question": "What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?", "answer": "Clostridium tetani"}, {"question": "What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?", "answer": "The distribution of metabolic traits"}, {"question": "How is bacterial metabolism determined?", "answer": "nutritional groups"}, {"question": "What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?", "answer": "the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors"}, {"question": "What are electron acceptors accountable for?", "answer": "aerobic or anaerobic respiration"}, {"question": "How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?", "answer": "organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources"}, {"question": "When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?", "answer": "cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide"}, {"question": "What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?", "answer": "Heterotrophic bacteria"}, {"question": "Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?", "answer": "autotrophic bacteria"}, {"question": "What is chemotrophy ?", "answer": "the use of chemical substances for energy"}, {"question": "What do lithotrophs use ?", "answer": "inorganic electron donors"}, {"question": "What type of electron donors organotrophs use?", "answer": "organic compounds"}, {"question": "What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?", "answer": "chemical compounds"}, {"question": "In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?", "answer": "anaerobic organisms"}, {"question": "What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?", "answer": "the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury"}, {"question": "What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?", "answer": "ethanol"}, {"question": "How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?", "answer": "can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors"}, {"question": "What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?", "answer": "Common inorganic electron donors"}, {"question": "How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?", "answer": "both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism"}, {"question": "What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?", "answer": "oxygen"}, {"question": "How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?", "answer": "in the form of relatively small molecules"}, {"question": "What chemical process  helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?", "answer": "diffusion"}, {"question": "What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?", "answer": "endocytosis"}, {"question": "What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?", "answer": "molecular channels in cell membranes"}, {"question": "How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?", "answer": "Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce"}, {"question": "How does bacteria reproduce?", "answer": "through binary fission"}, {"question": "If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?", "answer": "divide extremely rapidly"}, {"question": "What are produced in cell division?", "answer": "two identical clone daughter cells"}, {"question": "In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?", "answer": "solid or liquid media"}, {"question": "What is typical solid setting?", "answer": "agar plates"}, {"question": "Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?", "answer": "liquid growth media"}, {"question": "Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?", "answer": "agar plates"}, {"question": "What can help to indentify specific bacteria?", "answer": "The use of selective media"}, {"question": "What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?", "answer": "high levels of nutrients"}, {"question": "What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?", "answer": "nutrients are limited"}, {"question": "What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?", "answer": "grow extremely rapidly"}, {"question": "What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?", "answer": "biofilms"}, {"question": "How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?", "answer": "four phases"}, {"question": "What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?", "answer": "lag phase"}, {"question": "What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?", "answer": "rapid exponential growth"}, {"question": "What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?", "answer": "stationary phase"}, {"question": "The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?", "answer": "nutrients"}, {"question": "What shape is chromosome of bacteria?", "answer": "circular chromosome"}, {"question": "What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?", "answer": "Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia"}, {"question": "What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?", "answer": "Borrelia burgdorferi"}, {"question": "How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?", "answer": "single linear chromosome"}, {"question": "What makes bacteria an asexual organism?", "answer": "inherit identical copies of their parent's genes"}, {"question": "What can cause mutation in bacteria?", "answer": "changes to their genetic material DNA"}, {"question": "What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?", "answer": "random mutation during replication or \"stress-directed mutation\""}, {"question": "What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?", "answer": "Transduction of bacterial genes"}, {"question": "What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?", "answer": "Conjugation"}, {"question": "How does conjugation take place?", "answer": "conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome"}, {"question": "Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?", "answer": "It is seldom"}, {"question": "What does transformation of bacteria depends on?", "answer": "numerous bacterial gene products"}, {"question": "How simple is the process of transformation?", "answer": "this complex process"}, {"question": "What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA", "answer": "enter a special physiological state termed competence"}, {"question": "How big can be the transformation level?", "answer": "between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome"}, {"question": "How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?", "answer": "common"}, {"question": "Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?", "answer": "the same species"}, {"question": "What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?", "answer": "transfer of antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "What is horizontal gene transfer?", "answer": "gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment"}, {"question": "What are Bacteriophages?", "answer": "viruses that infect bacteria"}, {"question": "What can viruses do to bacteria?", "answer": "infect and lyse their host bacteria"}, {"question": "What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?", "answer": "lethal pathogen"}, {"question": "How can bacteria resist virus DNA?", "answer": "CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity"}, {"question": "What is monotrichous?", "answer": "single flagellum"}, {"question": "If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?", "answer": "amphitrichous"}, {"question": "When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?", "answer": "peritrichous"}, {"question": "How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?", "answer": "20 proteins"}, {"question": "How does flagellum function within the cell?", "answer": "uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane"}, {"question": "How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?", "answer": "grouping organisms based on similarities"}, {"question": "Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?", "answer": "unclear"}, {"question": "What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?", "answer": "lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,"}, {"question": "What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?", "answer": "different morphologies and metabolisms"}, {"question": "What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?", "answer": "emphasizes molecular systematics"}, {"question": "What would original term \"bacteria\" determine?", "answer": "all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes"}, {"question": "What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?", "answer": "Eubacteria and Archaebacteria"}, {"question": "What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?", "answer": "archaea and eukaryotes"}, {"question": "What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?", "answer": "three-domain system"}, {"question": "What was developed by Hans Christian  Gram?", "answer": "The Gram stain"}, {"question": "What year was the Grahm stain was developed?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?", "answer": "purple"}, {"question": "What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?", "answer": "pink"}, {"question": "What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?", "answer": "Ziehl\u2013Neelsen"}, {"question": "What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?", "answer": "molecular methods"}, {"question": "What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?", "answer": "polymerase chain reaction"}, {"question": "What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?", "answer": "identification of \"viable but nonculturable\" cells"}, {"question": "Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?", "answer": "cannot even be estimated with any certainty"}, {"question": "Why are certain bacteria called predatory?", "answer": "bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms"}, {"question": "Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?", "answer": "attach to their prey in order to digest them"}, {"question": "What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?", "answer": "invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol"}, {"question": "Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?", "answer": "saprophages"}, {"question": "What helps bacteria to survive?", "answer": "close spatial associations"}, {"question": "What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?", "answer": "anaerobic bacteria"}, {"question": "What do anaerobic bacteria consume?", "answer": "butyric acid or propionic acid"}, {"question": "Where do bacteria stay in soil?", "answer": "rhizosphere"}, {"question": "What do bacteria do in soil?", "answer": "converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds"}, {"question": "How does the conversion help the vegetation?", "answer": "provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen"}, {"question": "What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines?", "answer": "over 1,000 bacterial species"}, {"question": "How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?", "answer": "through competitive exclusion"}, {"question": "What are the pathogenes?", "answer": "bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms"}, {"question": "What can pathogenes cause?", "answer": "human death and disease"}, {"question": "Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?", "answer": "may only be discovered many years after"}, {"question": "How pathogenes interact with it's human host?", "answer": "pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions"}, {"question": "Can all bacteria in human body  be harmful?", "answer": "exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease"}, {"question": "Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?", "answer": "species of Rickettsia"}, {"question": "What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?", "answer": "if they kill bacteria"}, {"question": "What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth", "answer": "bacteriostatic"}, {"question": "Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?", "answer": "in intensive farming to promote animal growth"}, {"question": "What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?", "answer": "rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations"}, {"question": "What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?", "answer": "sterilizing"}, {"question": "What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?", "answer": "ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds"}, {"question": "What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?", "answer": "Bacteria"}, {"question": "What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?", "answer": "used for the bioremediation"}, {"question": "What sciences use bacteria?", "answer": "molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry"}, {"question": "When was the first time bacteria were observed?", "answer": "1676"}, {"question": "Who discovered bacteria?", "answer": "Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"}, {"question": "How was he able to see bacteria?", "answer": "using a single-lens microscope of his own design"}, {"question": "How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?", "answer": "over a century"}, {"question": "When was the first antibiotic discovered?", "answer": "In 1910"}, {"question": "Who was the creator of antibiotic?", "answer": "Paul Ehrlich"}, {"question": "What bacteria did he treat first?", "answer": "Treponema pallidum"}, {"question": "How was his discovery aknowledged?", "answer": "had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize"}, {"question": "Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?", "answer": "Gram stain and the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen"}, {"question": "What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?", "answer": "printed wiring board"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?", "answer": "PWB"}, {"question": "What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?", "answer": "printed circuit assembly"}, {"question": "What organization likes the term \"circuit card assembly\" for boards that have already been assembled?", "answer": "IPC"}, {"question": "What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?", "answer": "CCA"}, {"question": "What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?", "answer": "photomask"}, {"question": "In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?", "answer": "traces"}, {"question": "What were traces originally made out of?", "answer": "self-adhesive tape"}, {"question": "Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?", "answer": "common component footprints"}, {"question": "What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?", "answer": "Panelization"}, {"question": "Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?", "answer": "a single design"}, {"question": "What type of panels can also be referred to as an \"array?'", "answer": "assembly panels"}, {"question": "Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?", "answer": "bare board manufacturing panels"}, {"question": "What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?", "answer": "the plating process"}, {"question": "What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?", "answer": "depaneling"}, {"question": "What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?", "answer": "individual circuits"}, {"question": "What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?", "answer": "lasers"}, {"question": "What does the V-shaped groove method save?", "answer": "space"}, {"question": "What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?", "answer": "circuits"}, {"question": "Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?", "answer": "additive"}, {"question": "What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?", "answer": "palladium"}, {"question": "What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?", "answer": "mask"}, {"question": "In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?", "answer": "sensitized areas"}, {"question": "In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?", "answer": "traces"}, {"question": "What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?", "answer": "etching"}, {"question": "What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?", "answer": "General Electric"}, {"question": "What weight of plating is possible with copper?", "answer": "any"}, {"question": "What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?", "answer": "hobbyists"}, {"question": "Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?", "answer": "long"}, {"question": "If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?", "answer": "Heat"}, {"question": "What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?", "answer": "bubble etching"}, {"question": "What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?", "answer": "spray etching"}, {"question": "If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?", "answer": "trace layers"}, {"question": "Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?", "answer": "heat"}, {"question": "What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?", "answer": "press"}, {"question": "What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?", "answer": "coated tungsten carbide"}, {"question": "What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?", "answer": "high-speed-steel"}, {"question": "What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?", "answer": "abrasive"}, {"question": "What does the \"NCD\" in \"NCD files\" mean?", "answer": "numerically controlled drill"}, {"question": "What's another name for NCD files that has an \"x\" in it?", "answer": "Excellon files"}, {"question": "What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?", "answer": "conductive"}, {"question": "What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered \"multi-layer\"?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?", "answer": "de-smear"}, {"question": "What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?", "answer": "high reliability"}, {"question": "Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?", "answer": "resin"}, {"question": "What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?", "answer": "oxidizes"}, {"question": "What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?", "answer": "benzimidazolethiol"}, {"question": "What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?", "answer": "hot air solder levelling"}, {"question": "What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?", "answer": "solderable surface"}, {"question": "What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?", "answer": "tin-lead"}, {"question": "What does OSP stand for?", "answer": "organic surface protectant"}, {"question": "What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors?", "answer": "nickel"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating?", "answer": "IAg"}, {"question": "Ag3Cu is one intermetallic that tin forms; what's the other one?", "answer": "Cu5Sn6"}, {"question": "What might the rapid diffusion of coating metal into tin solder leave in the surface coating?", "answer": "voids"}, {"question": "What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?", "answer": "Electrochemical migration"}, {"question": "Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?", "answer": "zinc"}, {"question": "In addition to \"whiskers,\" what does silver sprout around ions like halide?", "answer": "conducting surface paths"}, {"question": "What do scientist call the function whereby tin changes when it's very cold?", "answer": "tin pest"}, {"question": "What's present in plated surfaces that causes tin to grow metal filaments?", "answer": "tension"}, {"question": "If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?", "answer": "solder resist"}, {"question": "What's another term used for \"solder resist\"?", "answer": "solder mask"}, {"question": "What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?", "answer": "liquid photoimageable solder mask"}, {"question": "What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?", "answer": "photo-sensitive"}, {"question": "What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?", "answer": "screen print epoxy ink"}, {"question": "What are bare-board tests looking for besides \"opens\"?", "answer": "\"shorts\""}, {"question": "What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?", "answer": "An open"}, {"question": "What conductive metal are the lands on a circuit board made out of?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What does a flying probe tester deliver to the contact points during testing?", "answer": "voltage"}, {"question": "What system tells the flying probe where to go and what to do?", "answer": "CAM system"}, {"question": "Surface-mount is one type of construction used in PCB assembly; what's the other one?", "answer": "through-hole"}, {"question": "Which type of construction makes components that use more space?", "answer": "through-hole"}, {"question": "Which of the two kinds of construction is weaker under strain?", "answer": "surface-mount"}, {"question": "If you're building a circuit board that has a lot of components that won't be used, which construction would be better?", "answer": "surface-mount"}, {"question": "Do test circuits create permanent or temporary connections between traces?", "answer": "temporary"}, {"question": "What's the most frequently used test configuration procedure for ICs?", "answer": "Joint Test Action Group"}, {"question": "What would you avoid by using the Joint Test Action Group standard?", "answer": "physical test probes"}, {"question": "What component of the printed circuit board is appraised with boundary scan testing?", "answer": "ICs"}, {"question": "To whom would you go to acquire the algorithms you'd use for the Joint Test Action Group procedures?", "answer": "JTAG tool vendors"}, {"question": "If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?", "answer": "conformal coating"}, {"question": "A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?", "answer": "dipping"}, {"question": "The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?", "answer": "corrosion"}, {"question": "What material was first used for conformal coating?", "answer": "wax"}, {"question": "What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?", "answer": "servicing"}, {"question": "What special protection are most PCBs shipped in?", "answer": "antistatic bags"}, {"question": "What's another term for \"grounded\" in the context of PCBs?", "answer": "earthed"}, {"question": "What force can easily change or even completely destroy an etch on a PCB?", "answer": "static charge"}, {"question": "What class of PCBs are even more susceptible to static than standard ones?", "answer": "non-traditional"}, {"question": "Non-traditional PCBs include microwave PCBs and what other type of board?", "answer": "MCMs"}, {"question": "If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?", "answer": "wave soldering machine"}, {"question": "Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?", "answer": "through-hole"}, {"question": "In through-hole construction, what are the leads on the front attached to on the back?", "answer": "copper traces"}, {"question": "For boards with two sides, to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally?", "answer": "90 degrees"}, {"question": "What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs?", "answer": "mechanical strength"}, {"question": "Which type of construction is more expensive?", "answer": "Through-hole"}, {"question": "What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?", "answer": "multi-layer"}, {"question": "What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted?", "answer": "mechanical stress"}, {"question": "What components can be surface mounted to save space?", "answer": "small-sized SMD components"}, {"question": "A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need?", "answer": "power requirements"}, {"question": "When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?", "answer": "mid-1990s"}, {"question": "What did the new components with end tabs replace?", "answer": "wire leads"}, {"question": "What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?", "answer": "automation"}, {"question": "What are SMDs?", "answer": "surface mount devices"}, {"question": "Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?", "answer": "chip"}, {"question": "What process is a trace left over from?", "answer": "etching"}, {"question": "Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?", "answer": "width"}, {"question": "What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?", "answer": "signal"}, {"question": "In a multi-layer board, what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format?", "answer": "microwave circuits"}, {"question": "What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?", "answer": "type designation"}, {"question": "What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?", "answer": "Z-axis expansion coefficient"}, {"question": "What's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate?", "answer": "Tg"}, {"question": "What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?", "answer": "Teflon"}, {"question": "What pre-preg material is designated by \"FR-2\"?", "answer": "phenolic cotton paper"}, {"question": "To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?", "answer": "ball grid array"}, {"question": "What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?", "answer": "glass fiber"}, {"question": "What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?", "answer": "FR-6"}, {"question": "Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?", "answer": "woven"}, {"question": "Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?", "answer": "non-woven"}, {"question": "What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters?", "answer": "spatially nonhomogeneous"}, {"question": "Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements?", "answer": "resin/glass"}, {"question": "For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones?", "answer": "RF/analog"}, {"question": "What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?", "answer": "glass transition temperature"}, {"question": "Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?", "answer": "joints"}, {"question": "What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition?", "answer": "mechanical overload"}, {"question": "When resin stays below Tg, its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material?", "answer": "glass"}, {"question": "What do thick boards require to resist plating failure?", "answer": "high Tg matrix"}, {"question": "What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?", "answer": "Moisture absorption"}, {"question": "If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?", "answer": "cracking"}, {"question": "What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?", "answer": "0.15%"}, {"question": "What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?", "answer": "Teflon"}, {"question": "What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered \"heavy copper\"?", "answer": "three ounces"}, {"question": "About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?", "answer": "0.0042 inches"}, {"question": "What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?", "answer": "current"}, {"question": "What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?", "answer": "thermal strains"}, {"question": "Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?", "answer": "external heat sinks"}, {"question": "What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?", "answer": "routing of wires"}, {"question": "What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?", "answer": "a connection"}, {"question": "Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?", "answer": "crosstalk"}, {"question": "What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?", "answer": "cost"}, {"question": "In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?", "answer": "wires"}, {"question": "What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?", "answer": "Cordwood"}, {"question": "What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?", "answer": "axial-leaded components"}, {"question": "What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?", "answer": "shorting"}, {"question": "What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?", "answer": "nickel-leaded"}, {"question": "What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?", "answer": "Differential thermal expansion"}, {"question": "Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?", "answer": "Albert Hanson"}, {"question": "What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?", "answer": "linen paper"}, {"question": "What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?", "answer": "a patterned mask"}, {"question": "Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?", "answer": "Charles Ducas"}, {"question": "What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?", "answer": "a radio set"}, {"question": "What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?", "answer": "Geoffrey Dummer"}, {"question": "What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?", "answer": "Auto-Sembly"}, {"question": "What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?", "answer": "Globe Union"}, {"question": "What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?", "answer": "ceramic"}, {"question": "Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?", "answer": "Harry W. Rubinstein"}, {"question": "What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?", "answer": "Cledo Brunetti Award"}, {"question": "Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?", "answer": "University of Wisconsin-Madison"}, {"question": "What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?", "answer": "through-hole"}, {"question": "In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?", "answer": "U.S. Army"}, {"question": "What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?", "answer": "drilling holes"}, {"question": "Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?", "answer": "Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea"}, {"question": "Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?", "answer": "Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas"}, {"question": "When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?", "answer": "the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age."}, {"question": "Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?", "answer": "The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods."}, {"question": "What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?", "answer": "these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century"}, {"question": "What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? ", "answer": "Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages."}, {"question": "What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?", "answer": "The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels"}, {"question": "What other language has this same trait ?", "answer": "word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language"}, {"question": "What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?", "answer": "phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian"}, {"question": "How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?", "answer": "linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant."}, {"question": "What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?", "answer": "the Dorians"}, {"question": "When did these groups make the migration ?", "answer": "Around 1200 BC"}, {"question": "What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?", "answer": "the Mycenaean civilization,"}, {"question": "Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? ", "answer": "it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)"}, {"question": "What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?", "answer": "seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC"}, {"question": "How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?", "answer": "Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors"}, {"question": "How did they believe their forebears lived ?", "answer": "Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth"}, {"question": "What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?", "answer": "The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past"}, {"question": "Who was the author of these tales ?", "answer": "Homer"}, {"question": "What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? ", "answer": "Zeus, Poseidon and Hades"}, {"question": "What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?", "answer": "The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism"}, {"question": "When did this event occur ?", "answer": "development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC."}, {"question": "What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?", "answer": "the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,"}, {"question": "What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? ", "answer": "The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)"}, {"question": "What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?", "answer": "Oracle of Apollo at Delphi"}, {"question": "The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?", "answer": "classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC"}, {"question": "Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?", "answer": "this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander"}, {"question": "What is so well known about this period ?", "answer": "It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras"}, {"question": "What shiny other name is this time also called ?", "answer": "The Classical period is also described as the \"Golden Age\" of Greek civilization"}, {"question": "What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?", "answer": "civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture."}, {"question": "What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?", "answer": "Alexander"}, {"question": "How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?", "answer": "provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way"}, {"question": "What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?", "answer": "Hellenistic cities"}, {"question": "Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?", "answer": "there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers."}, {"question": "Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?", "answer": "cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia."}, {"question": "With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?", "answer": "the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state."}, {"question": "The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?", "answer": "larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi."}, {"question": "How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?", "answer": "Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors."}, {"question": "What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?", "answer": "the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation."}, {"question": "What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?", "answer": "Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period."}, {"question": "When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?", "answer": "decline beginning in the 3rd century BC"}, {"question": "What encouraged the change of faith ?", "answer": "with the introduction of new religious movements from the East."}, {"question": "What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?", "answer": "The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world."}, {"question": "What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?", "answer": "Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity"}, {"question": "What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?", "answer": "Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking"}, {"question": "What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?", "answer": "the Greeks identified as Romaioi (\"Romans\")"}, {"question": "What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?", "answer": "the name \u2018Hellenes\u2019 denoted pagans"}, {"question": "Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?", "answer": "secondary to religious considerations"}, {"question": "What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?", "answer": "Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn."}, {"question": "When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. ", "answer": "influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,"}, {"question": "Who ruled Rome during this time period ?", "answer": "Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)"}, {"question": "What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?", "answer": "decided to make Greek the empire's official language."}, {"question": "What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?", "answer": "Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the \"Roman Emperor\""}, {"question": "Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?", "answer": "the Latin West started to favour the Franks"}, {"question": "What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?", "answer": "the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204"}, {"question": "When did the nation reestablish itself ?", "answer": "empire was revived in 1261"}, {"question": "What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?", "answer": "philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity."}, {"question": "What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?", "answer": "interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity"}, {"question": "Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?", "answer": "second Russo-Turkish War"}, {"question": "When did the emperor Constantine  lose rule over in 1453 ?", "answer": "Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453"}, {"question": "What did the populace do in response to the loss ?", "answer": "many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the West"}, {"question": "What type of position did Greeks come to hold in the Ottoman Empire ?", "answer": "in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on Western Thrace and Greek Macedonia"}, {"question": "Who made up the majority of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire ?", "answer": "men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy"}, {"question": "What type of work were must young boys antiquated with in the Ottoman Empire ?", "answer": "levied as adolescents (along with especially Albanians and Serbs) into Ottoman service through the devshirme."}, {"question": "How were the population factions of the Ottoman Empire classified ?", "answer": "religion was the defining characteristic of national groups"}, {"question": "What did it mean to be classified as a Greek by the millet command ?", "answer": "was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the Orthodox Church, regardless of their language or ethnic origin."}, {"question": "What moniker did the Greeks grant themselves for distinction ?", "answer": "The Greek speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves Romioi"}, {"question": "What did the literate segment of Greeks consider to be a part of their ethic lines ?", "answer": "those educated, considered their ethnicity (genos) to be Hellenic"}, {"question": "Were Christian prized among the Ottomans ?", "answer": "second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman millet system"}, {"question": "What did the Greeks offer to the Ottoman Empire that was a superb benefit ? ", "answer": "the Greek tradition of education and commerce"}, {"question": "Who held much of the wealth in the Greek society ?", "answer": "the wealth of the extensive merchant class"}, {"question": "What three cities were imperative for the scholarly and economic exchanges ?", "answer": "the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in Chios, Smyrna and Aivali, all three major centres of Greek commerce"}, {"question": "What other area fields were overshadowed by Greek influence ?", "answer": "Greek domination of the Christian Orthodox church."}, {"question": "When was the Greece that we know today officially formed ?", "answer": "creation of the Modern Greek state in 1830"}, {"question": "When was the original Grecian constitution formed ?", "answer": "first Greek constitution of 1822"}, {"question": "How did the original  Constitution identify its society members ?", "answer": "a Greek was defined as any Christian resident of the Kingdom of Greece"}, {"question": "Is this identifying factor for official citizens of Greece still in effect today ?", "answer": "clause removed by 1840"}, {"question": "What factor was used to expel or include citizens in the  Lausanne Treaty ?", "answer": "agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange"}, {"question": "What do Westerners believe it means to belong to the Greek heritage ? ", "answer": "Western standards, the term Greeks has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the Greek language, whether Mycenaean, Byzantine or modern Greek."}, {"question": "What do the Grecian Romioi  descendants of the Constantine rule  believe to be true in regards to the status as beneficiaries ?", "answer": "considered themselves the political heirs of Rome"}, {"question": "What other cultures do the Romioi  clam to be their birthright ?", "answer": "deemed themselves the heirs of ancient Greece as well"}, {"question": "What is an alternative word used by Greeks to mean those who worship and alternative religion to the mainstreams ?", "answer": "Hellene\" still meant pagan"}, {"question": "From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?", "answer": "Greek Enlightenment"}, {"question": "When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? ", "answer": "The modern Greek state was created in 1829,"}, {"question": "What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?", "answer": "the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?", "answer": "instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,"}, {"question": "What area is given to be the nesting point of a small group of pagans by a infamous philosopher from Greek ?", "answer": "Hellenes\" (/\u02c8h\u025bli\u02d0nz/) as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic Phthia,"}, {"question": "Who is this small group named for ?", "answer": "Hellen, the patriarch of Hellenes"}, {"question": "From what mystical lineage does this name benefactor ascend from ?", "answer": "was son of Pyrrha and Deucalion, who ruled around Phthia, the only survivors after the great deluge."}, {"question": "Is the name more ancient than other group names in the area ?", "answer": "The name Hellenes seems to be older and it was probably used by the Greeks with the establishment of the Great Amphictyonic League."}, {"question": "How many orginal founding patrons are there of the Great Amphictyonic League ?", "answer": "with twelve founders"}, {"question": "what does the author of the mortal female focused early example hexameter poetry say of the Hellenic protector ?", "answer": "Hellen was the son of Deucalion who ruled around Phthia in central Greece."}, {"question": "What caused a name change according to the Chronicles of Parian ?", "answer": "the previously called Graikoi were named Hellenes."}, {"question": "Where do modern theorist believe the name of Greek originated from ?", "answer": "A modern theory derives the name Greek (Latin Graeci) from Graikos, \"inhabitant of Graia/Graea,\" a town on the coast of Boeotia."}, {"question": "What  is the origins of the term \"old woman \" ?", "answer": "word \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u1fd6\u03b1 graia \"old woman\" comes from the PIE root *\u01f5erh2-/*\u01f5reh2-, \"to grow old\" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu"}, {"question": "What interchangeable terms did Homer use in his poems for Greeks ?", "answer": "Achaeans and Danaans"}, {"question": "What is believed to be the derivative of these names ?", "answer": "pre-Dorian"}, {"question": "What was redefined in the 5th century about the people of these names?", "answer": "redefined as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek"}, {"question": "Where was this origin of this redefinition ?", "answer": "spoken mainly in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos"}, {"question": "What was the age in 1300 BC named ?", "answer": "early Iron age"}, {"question": "In Homer's poems who were the Greeks at odds with ?", "answer": "Trojans"}, {"question": "From where did the basis of the Argos tales originate ?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "What did the female descendants of Argos have to accomplish ?", "answer": "His daughters Danaides, were forced in Tartarus to carry a jug to fill a bathtub without a bottom"}, {"question": "What community did the Denyen live in ?", "answer": "Denyen"}, {"question": "What country is spoken of in the inscriptions of a country in Northern Africa from 1390-1352 BC ?", "answer": "A country Danaja with a city Mukana (propaply: Mycenea) is mentioned in inscriptions from Egypt"}, {"question": "What is the easiest connection between the Greeks of old and those of today ?", "answer": "most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language"}, {"question": "How log did the age of darkness last for the Greeks ?", "answer": "Greek Dark Ages (lasting from the 11th to the 8th century BC)"}, {"question": "Who else has a history as long standing as those of the Greeks ?", "answer": "continuity of tradition to Chinese alone"}, {"question": "When did most of the Eastward sector of the Roman expanse choose to have a rebirth of Greek traditions and appreciations ?", "answer": "During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What aspects of the Greek culture have remained steadfast throughout the years ?", "answer": "retained their language and alphabet, certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion"}, {"question": "In the Rupublic of Hellenic who is the ethnic majority and what percentage of the populace do they represent ?", "answer": "Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the Hellenic Republic, where they constitute 93% of the country's population"}, {"question": "What's the estimated populace of Greeks on the isle of Cyprus ?", "answer": "Republic of Cyprus where they make up 78% of the island's population"}, {"question": "Are Greeks in danger of contributing vastly to the problem of population control ?", "answer": "Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth"}, {"question": "Is the Greek populace on a whole increasing or decreasing in numbers ?", "answer": "Greece has shown regular increase since the country's first census in 1828."}, {"question": "Where there any significances that contributed to the increase or decrease in population numbers ?", "answer": "influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey."}, {"question": "Which colonial enterprise for land was the Greek Isles a part of ", "answer": "British Empire"}, {"question": "Who was living on with the Greeks in Cyprus s 1974 ?", "answer": "Turkish"}, {"question": "Whee these new inhabitants welcomed ?", "answer": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"}, {"question": "During the early seventies where did most Cyprus Greeks decide to go ?", "answer": "the Middle East"}, {"question": "What other countries boast of a Greek populace ?", "answer": "105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey"}, {"question": "What acts have caused the population of Greeks to be numbered so few in the country who name is reminiscent of a big American holiday?", "answer": "1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrimination."}, {"question": "How long was there a Greek influence represented in \"little\" Asia ? ", "answer": "the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor"}, {"question": "Are there any Greek who still live in the area around the dark sea in any majority of numbers?", "answer": "smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the Levant and the Black Sea states,"}, {"question": "How many people that are of Greek ascendancy live elsewhere than Greece ?", "answer": "total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue"}, {"question": "Who provided the contradictory  population numbers for Greeks abroad ?", "answer": "World Council of Hellenes Abroad"}, {"question": "How many Greeks do they believe would be an accurate number for census numbers ?", "answer": "World Council of Hellenes Abroad put the figure at around 7 million worldwide"}, {"question": "At what university is this issue of accurate consensus for Greeks living elsewhere being debated an ", "answer": "Sorbonne University"}, {"question": "Who has presented the contradictory number to the census groups ?", "answer": "George Prevelakis of Sorbonne University, the number is closer to just below 5 million"}, {"question": "What helped to advance the Greek way of life beyond its boarders ?", "answer": "the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language"}, {"question": "What other close by countries have been greatly influenced by the Greek way of life ?", "answer": "Sicily and southern Italy (also known as Magna Grecia), Spain, the south of France and the Black sea coasts."}, {"question": "How were the rulers of social class picked to be representatives in the now traditionally Arabic speaking part of the world and in Northern Africa ?", "answer": "Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the Middle East, India and in Egypt."}, {"question": "What period marked the expansion of Greek thinking and expression ?", "answer": "The Hellenistic period"}, {"question": "After freedom was won by the Greeks who was of import to forming the rules  ?", "answer": "Greek War of Independence, Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state"}, {"question": "What did they do that contributed to the Greek's success of establishment?", "answer": "important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad"}, {"question": "Who already had contact over a network of countries ready to offer assistance to the Greeks ?", "answer": "Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries"}, {"question": "What countries did they settle in ?", "answer": "Marseilles in France, Livorno in Italy, Alexandria in Egypt), Russia (Odessa and Saint Petersburg), and Britain (London and Liverpool)"}, {"question": "How were these relationships with the other countries most likely established ?", "answer": "from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain."}, {"question": "What is considered the start of the Grecian cultural world ?", "answer": "beginning in the Mycenaean civilization"}, {"question": "Which devotion of time was heavily influenced by the religious followers of the  Son of God ?", "answer": "the Roman and Eastern Roman periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity"}, {"question": "In what centennial was the massacre of the Greeks of Ottoman descent ?", "answer": "genocide in the 20th century"}, {"question": "Was there anything good that could be found from the divergence into exchange ?", "answer": "included cultural exchanges and enriched both cultures."}, {"question": "Who was given the merit for the reemergence of the Greek way of life ?", "answer": "Diafotismos is credited with revitalizing Greek culture"}, {"question": "What other dialects share a thread with the Greek language. ", "answer": "other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Bulgarian and Eastern Romance languages (see Balkan sprachbund),"}, {"question": "What radical political changes occurred during the 19th century ?", "answer": "the movements of Philhellenism and the Diafotismos in the 19th century"}, {"question": "What did these changes highlight ?", "answer": "emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage"}, {"question": "What became the official dialect of Greeks and what was it missing ?", "answer": "Katharevousa, a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state."}, {"question": "What choices in 1976 made a change to the decisions concerning the official dialect ? ", "answer": "In 1976, however, the Hellenic Parliament voted to make the spoken Dimotiki the official language"}, {"question": "What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?", "answer": "Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects"}, {"question": "What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?", "answer": "wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian"}, {"question": "What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?", "answer": "Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)"}, {"question": "What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?", "answer": "Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel."}, {"question": "Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?", "answer": "bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish."}, {"question": "What is the religion of the Greek majority ?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "What denominational variance do they adhere to for the most part ?", "answer": "belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What language was the second half of the Bible originally written in ?", "answer": "the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek"}, {"question": "This language is the official dialect of worship for the traditional sect for church worshipers of Greece ?", "answer": "Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "What other varieties of Christianity can be found among the Grecian people ?", "answer": "Catholics, Greek Evangelicals, Pentecostals, and groups adhering to other religions including Romaniot and Sephardic Jews and Greek Muslims."}, {"question": "What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?", "answer": "visual, literary and performing arts."}, {"question": "What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?", "answer": "the Renaissance in Europe"}, {"question": "What important heritage of art  from Greece was celebrated during this time ?", "answer": "the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists."}, {"question": "What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?", "answer": "In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures"}, {"question": "In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?", "answer": "Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan."}, {"question": "Who was one of the old masters from the Greeks ?", "answer": "Greek artists include Renaissance painter Dominikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), Panagiotis Do"}, {"question": "Who was one the most well known modern decorative modelers of the Greeks ?", "answer": "sculptors such as Leonidas Drosis, Georgios Bonanos, Yannoulis Chalepas and Joannis Avramidis"}, {"question": "Who sang in a voice that is in the high octave range from the Modern Greek Era ?", "answer": "soprano Maria Callas"}, {"question": "Name one of the poetic authors who was also nominated for the Nobel Peace Award from the Greeks ?", "answer": "Nobel laureates Giorgos Seferis and Odysseas Elytis are among the most important poets of the 20th century."}, {"question": "What contribution to the scientific community have the Greeks left the world ?", "answer": "science and helped lay the foundations of several western scientific traditions, like philosophy, historiography and mathematics"}, {"question": "What school practices were kept by the Roman world after the fall of Greece ?", "answer": "scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions"}, {"question": "What has been maintained by the Greeks throughout their extended history ?", "answer": "Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education"}, {"question": "What is one the most elevated values among the Grecian society ?", "answer": "Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world"}, {"question": "At what location did education begin for the first set of people to be eligible to earn and advanced degree in a particular subject ?", "answer": "first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations"}, {"question": "According to recent research who is enrolled in the Universities in Greece in higher number men or women ?", "answer": "the percentages for female students being higher than for male"}, {"question": "Do those who from Greek descent desire an education from other parts of the world ?", "answer": "Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year"}, {"question": "Are university  educators from he Greek world working as professors and teachers  in other countries ?", "answer": "the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names"}, {"question": "Who made significant addition to a charming little quirky  scientific deviant that lead to the winning of a prestigious award of recognition and gave birth to a model ?", "answer": "John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model,"}, {"question": "What are the representations of the Greek reference freedom or death that are held on a cloth symbol of the nation ?", "answer": "flag of Greece, which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white"}, {"question": "This reference also holds significance as what the the Grecian people ?", "answer": "motto of the Greek War of Independence"}, {"question": "Is religion also represented on this cloth symbol of the Greek?", "answer": "bears a white cross, which represents Greek Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "Have the people of Turkey held any feeling towards the cloth symbol of the Greeks ?", "answer": "ethnic tensions with the Turkish Cypriot minority"}, {"question": "Have the people of Greece done anything to make the matter more palatable for the people of Turkey ?", "answer": "Cyprus has officially adopted a neutral flag"}, {"question": "What names are used that are typically from  a father and have usually added a suffix or prefix ?", "answer": "Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics"}, {"question": "What letter of the alphabet do most of the last names the men of Greecs end with ?", "answer": "Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending"}, {"question": "What other beginnings of origination do some of the last names of the Greeks share ?", "answer": "many have Latin, Turkish and Italian origin."}, {"question": "What does it mean to have the letters OU added to the ending of a males last name ?", "answer": "some end in -ou, indicating the genitive case of this proper noun for patronymic reasons."}, {"question": "What are considered to be the motherland of the Greeks ?", "answer": "Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, the Southern Italy (Magna Graecia), the Black Sea, the Ionian coasts of Asia Minor and the islands of Cyprus and Sicily"}, {"question": "What statement of note was given by a great philosopher from Greece written by another great philosopher ?", "answer": "Plato's Phaidon, Socrates remarks, \"we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond"}, {"question": "What is the name of the ancient map of the Greek world  named  ?", "answer": "map of the Old Greek Diaspora"}, {"question": "When did changes of this ancient map become notable ?", "answer": "corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 183"}, {"question": "Are there many product available from farm cultivation on the Greek lands ?", "answer": "Greek peninsula is rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture"}, {"question": "Who was the well known sea vessel captain of the Greeks who sailed to Asia  ?", "answer": "Cosmas Indicopleustes (Cosmas who sailed to India)"}, {"question": "What else is this particular captain known for doing ? ", "answer": "the explorer of the Northwestern passage Juan de Fuca"}, {"question": "What did Greeks do that caused a later deal to be made with the Italians ?", "answer": "plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade"}, {"question": "Who proposed that change was needed in the way business with the Greeks was to be conducted  ? ", "answer": "trade until an embargo imposed by the Roman Emperor on trade with the Caliphate"}, {"question": "What was brought about by the Ottomans that caused and uplift in the classes of Greek society ?", "answer": "Greek shipping tradition recovered during Ottoman rule when a substantial merchant middle class developed"}, {"question": "What did the development of these changes lead to for the Greeks under Ottoman rulers ?", "answer": "Greek War of Independence"}, {"question": "Is the seafaring business still of any relevancy to the Greek economy ?", "answer": "Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has the largest merchant fleet in the world"}, {"question": "What was the last husband of Jacquelyn Kennedy known for ? ", "answer": "most notable shipping magnate of the 20th century was Aristotle Onassis"}, {"question": "What dominant hair color is to believed to be prevalent among Greeks ", "answer": "conclusion the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown"}, {"question": "Which colors lay outside of the nor for those of Greek descent ?", "answer": "significant minorities having black and blonde hair"}, {"question": "What eye color is believed to be the norm among Greeks ?", "answer": "57.4% dark brown"}, {"question": "What eye color shows the least presence among those of Greek heritage ?", "answer": "14.6% blue/green"}, {"question": "During what period of domination were many Greeks unable to interact with it's central location ?", "answer": "Ottoman rule of Greece"}, {"question": "What location did many of the Greek people decide to live in other than Greece after the 19th century ?", "answer": "Asia Minor (now Turkey)"}, {"question": "What has lead to the current situation of vast dispersion of the Greek people ?", "answer": "a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora."}, {"question": "After the 19th century about how much of the Greek population resided in little Asia ?", "answer": "By the early 20th century, over half of the overall Greek-speaking population was settled in Asia Minor (now Turkey)"}, {"question": "The anthology of the Greek world is intimately joined with what areas of the world ?", "answer": "history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea."}, {"question": "How many club members are there?", "answer": "The Premier League is a corporation in which the 20 member clubs act as shareholders"}, {"question": "How many matches does each team play?", "answer": "Teams play 38 matches each (playing each team in the league twice, home and away), totalling 380 matches in the season."}, {"question": "What days are most games played?", "answer": "Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; others during weekday evenings"}, {"question": "Who sponsors the Premier League?", "answer": "It is currently sponsored by Barclays Bank and thus officially known as the Barclays Premier League and is colloquially known as the Premiership."}, {"question": "What name is the Premier League known as outside of the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Outside the UK it is commonly referred to as the English Premier League (EPL)."}, {"question": "How many member clubs are shareholders in the Premier League?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "When do Premier League seasons run from?", "answer": "August to May"}, {"question": "How many matches do each team play?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "Who sponsors the Premier League?", "answer": "Barclays Bank"}, {"question": "What is the Premier League commonly referred to outside the UK?", "answer": "English Premier League"}, {"question": "What date was the Premier League formed?", "answer": "The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992"}, {"question": "How much was the deal worth?", "answer": "The deal was worth \u00a31 billion a year domestically as of 2013\u201314"}, {"question": "Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?", "answer": "BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively."}, {"question": "How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?", "answer": "The league generates \u20ac2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights"}, {"question": "In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?", "answer": "In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of \u00a31.6 billion."}, {"question": "When was the Premier League originally formed?", "answer": "20 February 1992"}, {"question": "When was the Football League originally founded?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?", "answer": "116"}, {"question": "How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?", "answer": "\u20ac2.2 billion"}, {"question": "Is the Premier League the most watched football league in the world?", "answer": "The Premier League is the most-watched football league in the world,"}, {"question": "How many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?", "answer": "broadcast in 212 territories"}, {"question": "What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?", "answer": "a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people"}, {"question": "What is the average game attendance for the league?", "answer": "the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000"}, {"question": "What is the Premier League's UEFA co-efficients of leagues rank?", "answer": "The Premier League rank second in the UEFA coefficients of leagues"}, {"question": "To how many homes is the Premier League broadcast to?", "answer": "643 million"}, {"question": "What average attendance number was exceeded by the Premier League in the 2014-15 season?", "answer": "36,000"}, {"question": "Which league has the highest average attendance in professional football?", "answer": "Bundesliga"}, {"question": "To how many territories is the Premier League broadcast to?", "answer": "212"}, {"question": "What is the potential television audience of the Premier League?", "answer": "4.7 billion"}, {"question": "When was the low point for English football?", "answer": "the late '80s had marked a low point for English football"}, {"question": "Why was there a low point for English football?", "answer": "Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife"}, {"question": "Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?", "answer": "English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985."}, {"question": "Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?", "answer": "The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888"}, {"question": "In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "How long were the clubs banned for?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "What did English players do after the ban?", "answer": "moved abroad"}, {"question": "When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?", "answer": "revenues"}, {"question": "When did the downward trend of the English Football start to turn around?", "answer": "by the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse"}, {"question": "Was England successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup?", "answer": "England had been successful in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, reaching the semi-finals."}, {"question": "Did the UEFA remove the 5 year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990?", "answer": "UEFA, European football's governing body, lifted the five-year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990"}, {"question": "What did the removal of the ban result in?", "answer": "(resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1991"}, {"question": "Did the Taylor Report on stadiums safety standards propose expensive upgrades to stadiums?", "answer": "proposed expensive upgrades to create all-seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster"}, {"question": "In which year did English football's downward trend stop thanks to England making it to the FIFA World Cup semi-finals?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "In which year was the English club ban lifted by UEFA?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "In which year shortly thereafter did Manchester United win the UEFA Winners' Cup?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "In which month was the Taylor Report published?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "In which year was the Taylor Report published?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "How much money did the Football League receive in revenues from television money for a two year agreement in 1986?", "answer": "the Football League received \u00a36.3 million for a two-year agreement in 1986"}, {"question": "In 1998, the deal was renewed for what amount over four years?", "answer": "deal was renewed in 1988, the price rose to \u00a344 million over four years."}, {"question": "In 1988, how many clubs threateded to leave and form another league?", "answer": "ten clubs threatened to leave and form a \"super league\""}, {"question": "Why did some of the top teams consider leaving the Football league?", "answer": "to capitalise on the growing influx of money being pumped into the sport."}, {"question": "What did the Football League's television agreement price rise to in 1988?", "answer": "\u00a344 million"}, {"question": "When was the first year that clubs threatened to leave the Football League?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What price was set for Football League television rights in 1986?", "answer": "\u00a36.3 million"}, {"question": "For how many years was the 1986 television rights contract?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "For how many years was the 1988 television rights contract?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In 1991, was a proposal for a new league postponed?", "answer": "At the close of the 1991 season, a proposal was tabled"}, {"question": "When was the Founder Members Agreement signed?", "answer": "The Founder Members Agreement, signed on 17 July 1991"}, {"question": "What did this agreement establish?", "answer": "established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League."}, {"question": "Would the new top division have commerical independence from the Football Association as well as the Football League?", "answer": "The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League"}, {"question": "Would the FA Premier League be able to negotiate their broadcasting and sponsorship agreements?", "answer": "giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements."}, {"question": "On which day was the Founder Members Agreement signed?", "answer": "17 July 1991"}, {"question": "What was the argument made for the splitting off of the FA Premier League which would lead to being able to compete across Europe?", "answer": "extra income"}, {"question": "In which year was the proposal for a new league tabled?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Why did Greg Dyke of London Weekend Television meet with representatives of the biggest five English football clubs in 1990?", "answer": "The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League."}, {"question": "Why did Dyke only want the larger clubs featured on national television?", "answer": "Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television"}, {"question": "Did the five clubs think this was a good idea?", "answer": "The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it"}, {"question": "Were talks held with the Football Association to see if they were okay with this plan?", "answer": "David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea"}, {"question": "Who was the London Weekend Television's managing director?", "answer": "Greg Dyke"}, {"question": "In which year did the managing director meet with the representatives of the \"big five\" football clubs?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "In which country did the managing director meet with the representatives of the \"big five\" football clubs?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Which Arsenal representative held talks with the Football Association about getting their backing for the new league?", "answer": "David Dein"}, {"question": "What did the Football Association want to do through building a relationship with the new league?", "answer": "weaken the Football League's position"}, {"question": "When did the First Division clubs resign from the Football League?", "answer": "In 1992, the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse"}, {"question": "When was the FA Premier League formed as a limited company?", "answer": "on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate."}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Premier League start out with at this time?", "answer": "the Premier League would operate with a single division"}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Football League after the the Premier League was founded?", "answer": "the Football League with three"}, {"question": "Was there a change in the competition format after the Premier League was formed?", "answer": "There was no change in competition format; the same number of teams competed in the top flight"}, {"question": "On which date was the FA Premier League formed legally?", "answer": "27 May 1992"}, {"question": "Out of which organization's headquarters did the original FA Premier League staff operate out of?", "answer": "Football Association"}, {"question": "How old was the Football League when the break-up happened?", "answer": "104"}, {"question": "How many divisions were left in the Football League after the split?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Premier League start with after the split?", "answer": "a single division"}, {"question": "When did the Premier League hold its first season?", "answer": "The league held its first season in 1992\u201393"}, {"question": "Originally, how many clubs did the Premier League have?", "answer": "was originally composed of 22 clubs."}, {"question": "Who scored the first ever goal for the Premier League", "answer": "The first ever Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2\u20131 win against Manchester United."}, {"question": "Which blubs were relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991-1992 season and didn't take part in the first Premier League season?", "answer": "Luton Town, Notts County and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division"}, {"question": "In which years were the first season?", "answer": "1992\u201393"}, {"question": "How many clubs originally made up the league?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "Who scored the first goal in the Premier League?", "answer": "Brian Deane"}, {"question": "For which team was the first goal scored?", "answer": "Sheffield United"}, {"question": "Against which team was the first goal scored?", "answer": "Manchester United"}, {"question": "What was an important feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s?", "answer": "the dominance of the so-called \"Big Four\" clubs: Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United"}, {"question": "Which team had no losses in 2003-2004 and ended up winning the league?", "answer": "Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304"}, {"question": "Why was Kevin Keegan concerned about the league in May of 2008?", "answer": "Kevin Keegan stated that \"Big Four\" dominance threatened the division,"}, {"question": "Since 2003-04, has any club won all of its games like Arsenal did?", "answer": "Arsenal going as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003\u201304, the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League."}, {"question": "In how many season from 2003 to 2009 did the \"Big Four\" take all four top places in the UEFA Champions League?", "answer": "5"}, {"question": "Which of the \"Big Four\" teams did not lose a single game in the 2003-04 season?", "answer": "Arsenal"}, {"question": "Who stated that \"Big Four\" dominance was a threat to the division?", "answer": "Kevin Keegan"}, {"question": "Who said that all of the tussles in the Premier League made it interesting, even if only four teams dominated?", "answer": "Richard Scudamore"}, {"question": "What was Richard Scudamore's job?", "answer": "Premier League chief executive"}, {"question": "Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?", "answer": "In the 2009\u201310 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005"}, {"question": "Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?", "answer": "due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs."}, {"question": "Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the \"Big Four\" to win the title", "answer": "Manchester City won the title in the 2011\u201312 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since 1994\u201395."}, {"question": "Which two \"Big Four\" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?", "answer": "That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four"}, {"question": "In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the \"Big Four\" since 2005?", "answer": "Tottenham"}, {"question": "In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "In 2011-12, which club was the first non-\"Big Four\" team to win since 1994-95?", "answer": "Manchester City"}, {"question": "In 2011-12, how many \"Big Four\" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In 2005, which was the only non-\"Big Four\" team to break the top four?", "answer": "Everton"}, {"question": "In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played.", "answer": "Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football"}, {"question": "What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.", "answer": "the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995"}, {"question": "Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?", "answer": "FIFA"}, {"question": "In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?", "answer": "8 June 2006"}, {"question": "In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many votes does each Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL) club have on issues?", "answer": "Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts."}, {"question": "Who is the chairman of the FAPL and when was he appointed?", "answer": "The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards, who was appointed in April 199"}, {"question": "Why did John Quinton and Peter Leaver resign as chairman and chief excutive?", "answer": "John Quinton and Peter Leaver, were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance."}, {"question": "Does the Football Association say about the management of the Premier League?", "answer": "has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league."}, {"question": "Who owns the Football Association Premier League?", "answer": "member clubs"}, {"question": "How many votes do the member clubs of the Premier League have each?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What do the people each club elect oversee?", "answer": "the daily operations of the league"}, {"question": "Who is the current chairman of the Premier League?", "answer": "Sir Dave Richards"}, {"question": "Who is the current CEO of the Premier League?", "answer": "Richard Scudamore"}, {"question": "Who decides on how many Premeir League representatives there are for the European Club Association?", "answer": "the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients."}, {"question": "How many representatives does the Premier League have for the European Club Association for 2012-13?", "answer": "For the 2012\u201313 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association"}, {"question": "How many members does the European Club Association elect for the UEFA's Club Competitions Committee?", "answer": "The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA's Club Competitions Committee"}, {"question": "Which competitions does the Club Competitions Committee have a say in?", "answer": "Club Competitions Committee, which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League."}, {"question": "According to what are the number of and which clubs chosen to attend the European Club Association?", "answer": "UEFA coefficients"}, {"question": "How many representatives did the Premier League have in the European Club Association during the 2012-13 season?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "How many members is the European Club Association responsible for electing to the UEFA Club Competitions Committee?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When does the Premier League have its playing season?", "answer": "During the course of a season (from August to May)"}, {"question": "How many games does each club play each season?", "answer": "each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games."}, {"question": "How many points does each club receive for each win?", "answer": "Teams receive three points for a win"}, {"question": "Which criteria is used to rank the clubs?", "answer": "Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored."}, {"question": "How is a tie for the championship handled?", "answer": "If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank."}, {"question": "How many clubs are currently in the Premier League?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "How many times does each club play every other club?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "How many total games does each club in the Premier League play per season?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?", "answer": "The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League"}, {"question": "What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?", "answer": "Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;"}, {"question": "Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?", "answer": "will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round"}, {"question": "If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?", "answer": "that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League."}, {"question": "How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?", "answer": "UEFA Europa League"}, {"question": "The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "Which team did not qualifty for Champions League in 2005 but was able to particpate?", "answer": "UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League"}, {"question": "Did the Liverpool Club place in the Champions League in 2005?", "answer": "in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place"}, {"question": "How many qualifiers did England have for the Champions League in 2005?", "answer": "UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers."}, {"question": "Do defending champtions get to play in the following year's Champions League if they don't have enough wins to qualify", "answer": "UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing."}, {"question": "How many winning teams from an association can participate in the Champions League?", "answer": "No association can have more than four entrants in the Champions League"}, {"question": "Which team received special dispensation from the UEFA in 2005 so they could enter the Champions League?", "answer": "Liverpool"}, {"question": "Who did UEFA rule should automatically qualify for the Champions League?", "answer": "the defending champions"}, {"question": "At which team's expense does the previous champion's automatic entry into the Champions League without placing in the top four come?", "answer": "the fourth-placed team"}, {"question": "In 2012, which team was automatically qualified for the champion's league even though they did not place in the top four?", "answer": "Chelsea"}, {"question": "Which team was denied entry into the Champions League in 2012 due to being bumped out of the running by the defending champion?", "answer": "Tottenham Hotspur"}, {"question": "How many times have Premier League teams have won the Champions League since 1992-2013?", "answer": "Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times"}, {"question": "How many times has the Premier League won the World Cup (FIFA Club) during that same time period?", "answer": "won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008)"}, {"question": "How many times have Premier League teams been runners up in the World Cup?", "answer": "they have also been runners-up twice,"}, {"question": "How many times did Premier League clubs win the Champions League between 1992 and 2013?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many runners up in the Champions League were from the Premier League between 1992 and 2013?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Which league had the most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "answer": "La Liga"}, {"question": "Which league had the second most Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "answer": "Serie A"}, {"question": "Which league had only three Champions League wins between 1992 and 2013?", "answer": "Bundesliga"}, {"question": "What are the Premier League's revenues for 2009-10?", "answer": "total club revenues of \u20ac2.48 billion in 2009\u201310."}, {"question": "What were some of the reasons for the increased revenues in 2013-14?", "answer": "the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues"}, {"question": "Which award did the Premier League win in 2010?", "answer": "In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category"}, {"question": "Why did it receive this award?", "answer": "for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom's broadcasting industry."}, {"question": "What were the Premier League's net profits in 2013-14?", "answer": "the Premier League had net profits in excess of \u00a378 million, exceeding all other football leagues"}, {"question": "Which league has the highest revenue in the world?", "answer": "Premier League"}, {"question": "What were the total revenues of the Premier League in the 2009-10 season?", "answer": "\u20ac2.48 billion"}, {"question": "What were the net profits of the Premier League in 2013-14?", "answer": "\u00a378 million"}, {"question": "In which year was the Premier League awarded an International Trade award?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "When was Swansea City's home match played against Wigan Athletic?", "answer": "Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011."}, {"question": "Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13?", "answer": "In 2012\u201313, Swansea qualified for the Europa League"}, {"question": "How did Swansea qualify for the Europa League?", "answer": "Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup."}, {"question": "In 2013-14, how much did the Premier League's Welsh clubs increase by?", "answer": "The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013\u201314,"}, {"question": "Which team gained promotion then but was relegated after its first season?", "answer": "in 2013\u201314, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season."}, {"question": "In which year did a Welsh club participate in the Premier League for the first time?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "Which team was promoted to the Premier League in 2011?", "answer": "Swansea City"}, {"question": "In which stadium was the first Premier League match played outside of England?", "answer": "Liberty Stadium"}, {"question": "On which date did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?", "answer": "20 August 2011"}, {"question": "Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?", "answer": "Wigan Athletic"}, {"question": "Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League?", "answer": "Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result."}, {"question": "Which team received permission to move to Dublin, Ireland in 1998?", "answer": "in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,"}, {"question": "Why didn't they move to Dublin?", "answer": "the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland."}, {"question": "What are Scotland's two largest teams?", "answer": "Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,"}, {"question": "Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin?", "answer": "Wimbledon"}, {"question": "In which year did a Premier League team consider relocating to Ireland?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Who occasionally discusses a Scottish team joining the Premier League?", "answer": "the media"}, {"question": "Who received broadcasting rights to the Premier League in 1992?", "answer": "The League's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992"}, {"question": "Why was this a unique decision?", "answer": "pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market,"}, {"question": "What happened to the Premier League's televsion rights after this decision?", "answer": "the value of the Premier League's TV rights soar."}, {"question": "What was the cause of this?", "answer": "a combination of Sky's strategy, the quality of Premier League football and the public's appetite for the game"}, {"question": "In which year did the Premier League decide to give BSkyB broadcasting rights?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What sort of television was BSkyB that made it such a radical broadcaster to choose for the Premier League?", "answer": "pay television"}, {"question": "Do European Leagues sell their television rights per a collective level?", "answer": "other European Leagues, including La Liga, in which each club sells its rights individually"}, {"question": "What happens when European Leagues sell their televsion rights individually?", "answer": "a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs"}, {"question": "How is the teleivsion revenue distributed in the Premier League?", "answer": "The money is divided into three parts:"}, {"question": "How is half of the money distributed?", "answer": "half is divided equally between the clubs"}, {"question": "How is the final quarter of the money distributed?", "answer": "the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television, with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this."}, {"question": "On what sort of basis does the Premier League sell its television rights?", "answer": "collective basis"}, {"question": "How does La Liga sell its broadcasting rights?", "answer": "individually"}, {"question": "Which clubs get the greatest share of broadcasting income when rights are sold individually?", "answer": "the top few clubs"}, {"question": "What percentage of broadcasting revenue is divided equally by all La Liga clubs?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "What percentage of broadcasting revenue is awarded on a merit basis according to ranking at the end of the season?", "answer": "one quarter"}, {"question": "How much was the amount of first five seasons of the Sky television rights?", "answer": "The first Sky television rights agreement was worth \u00a3304 million over five seasons."}, {"question": "How much many did the Premier League make from selling its internation rights during 2004-07?", "answer": "The league brought in \u00a3320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three-year period from 2004\u201305 to 2006\u201307"}, {"question": "What happened to Sky's agreement in 2006.", "answer": "Sky's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available."}, {"question": "Why did this happen?", "answer": "This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company."}, {"question": "What was the average income from media from 2007-2010 for the Premier League?", "answer": "giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around \u00a340 million-a-year from 2007 to 2010."}, {"question": "How many seasons did the first television rights contract award to Sky?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How much was the first television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "answer": "\u00a3304 million"}, {"question": "How much was the second television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "answer": "\u00a3670 million"}, {"question": "How much was the third television rights contract awarded to Sky worth?", "answer": "\u00a31.024 billion"}, {"question": "By being awarded television rights, which other network broke Sky's monopoly on Premier League coverage?", "answer": "Setanta Sports"}, {"question": "Why has there been a several court cases against Sky and Premier League?", "answer": "The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel"}, {"question": "What did the Office of Fair Trading decide regarding the claim that Sky abuses their position in 2002.", "answer": "Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market, but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim"}, {"question": "Who investigated the Premier League's collective selling rights in 1999?", "answer": "In July 1999 the Premier League's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court,"}, {"question": "What did they decide about the collective selling issue?", "answer": "the UK Restrictive Practices Court, who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest."}, {"question": "What has the agreement between the Premier League and Sky been accused of being?", "answer": "a cartel"}, {"question": "Who investigated the agreement between the Premier League and Sky in 2002?", "answer": "the Office of Fair Trading"}, {"question": "Who investigated how the Premier League sold television rights in 1999?", "answer": "the UK Restrictive Practices Court"}, {"question": "How much money did Premier League earn regarding television rights in 2010-13?", "answer": "Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for \u00a31.782 billion."}, {"question": "How many games did BT show in 2013-16?", "answer": "BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013\u201314 through 2015\u201316 seasons at \u00a3246 million-a-year."}, {"question": "Who will show 116 games for that same time period?", "answer": "The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid \u00a3760 million-a-year."}, {"question": "How much have the domestic televsion rights increased from 2010-12 to 2012-13?", "answer": "The total domestic rights have raised \u00a33.018 billion, an increase of 70.2% over the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 rights."}, {"question": "How much did BT and Sky pay for their rights up to the 2018-19 season?", "answer": "Sky and BT paid a total of \u00a35.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018\u201319 season."}, {"question": "When will the BBC's weekend highlights package run out?", "answer": "2016"}, {"question": "How much were Premier League television rights from 2010 to 2013 purchased for?", "answer": "\u00a31.782 billion"}, {"question": "When did Setanta Sports fail to meet their payments deadline?", "answer": "22 June 2009"}, {"question": "When Setanta Sports could not pay their bill to the league, which network took over broadcast rights from them?", "answer": "ESPN"}, {"question": "On which date was it announced that BT was awarded a broadcasting contract?", "answer": "13 June 2012"}, {"question": "What country is the Premier League the most distributed televised sports broadcast?", "answer": "The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia, where it is the most widely distributed sports programme"}, {"question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in India?", "answer": "In India, the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports. In China"}, {"question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in China?", "answer": "In China, the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six-year agreement that began in the 2013\u201314 season."}, {"question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in Canada?", "answer": "As of the 2013\u201314 season, Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN"}, {"question": "How many games does each of them broadcast?", "answer": "both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season."}, {"question": "On which continent other than Europe is the Premier League especially popular?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Which network is the main live broadcaster of Premier League in Australia?", "answer": "Fox Sports"}, {"question": "Which network in Australia offers viewers the choice of which Saturday afternoon match they watch?", "answer": "Foxtel"}, {"question": "Which network broadcasts Premier League live in India?", "answer": "STAR Sports"}, {"question": "Which Chinese broadcaster has Premier League rights?", "answer": "Super Sports"}, {"question": "Who broadcasts the Premier League's games in the United States?", "answer": "The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports."}, {"question": "What was the average viewership in the United States during the 2014-15 season?", "answer": "with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014\u201315 season"}, {"question": "How many years did NBC Sports receive an extension for with the Premier League in 2015?", "answer": "NBC Sports reached a six-year extension with the Premier League in 2015"}, {"question": "What was the value of this extension?", "answer": "in a deal valued at $1 billion (\u00a3640 million)."}, {"question": "When will this extension end?", "answer": "through the 2021\u201322 season"}, {"question": "Which American broadcaster shows the Premier League currently?", "answer": "NBC Sports"}, {"question": "By what percentage has viewership in the US risen from 2012 to 2015?", "answer": "118%"}, {"question": "How many viewers on average watched the Premier League 2014-15 season in the US?", "answer": "479,000"}, {"question": "In which year did NBC Sports secure an extension of six years with the Premier League?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "How much was the NBC broadcasting deal with the Premier League worth in 2015?", "answer": "$1 billion"}, {"question": "Why has their been distance between the Premier League and the Football League?", "answer": "in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues,"}, {"question": "Did many new teams in the Premier League have any difficulties in their initial season?", "answer": "many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League."}, {"question": "Was it unusual for a new team to go back to the Football League after their first season in the Premier League?", "answer": "In every season except 2001\u201302 and 2011\u201312, at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League."}, {"question": "In the 1997-98 season how many new teams had to go back to the Football League?", "answer": "In 1997\u201398 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season."}, {"question": "Due to the disparity in television rights revenue between leagues, who struggles to avoid relegation in their Premier League first season?", "answer": "newly promoted teams"}, {"question": "In every season but 2001-02 and 2011-12, at least how many Premier League teams have been relegated?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How many newly promoted clubs were relegated from the Premier League in 1997-98?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "If a team is relegated in the Premier League what type of tv payment do they receive?", "answer": "The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of \"parachute payments\"."}, {"question": "What do critics have to say about this payment?", "answer": "critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not,"}, {"question": "What has happened to some of the clubs who weren't able to get back into the Premier League right away?", "answer": "financial problems"}, {"question": "How much does a Football League club receive on average for their television revenues?", "answer": "the average Football League Championship club receives \u00a32 million"}, {"question": "How does this compare an average Premier League team?", "answer": "the average Premier League team receives \u00a355 million"}, {"question": "To which type of team are parachute payments distributed to in the Premier League?", "answer": "relegated"}, {"question": "Starting in the 2013-14 season, parachute payments are in excess of what amount of revenue?", "answer": "\u00a360 million"}, {"question": "What is said to widen between clubs who reach the Premier League and those who do not thanks to parachute payments?", "answer": "the gap"}, {"question": "What did the Taylor Report recommend at the the Hillsborough disaster in 1989?", "answer": "a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished"}, {"question": "What was the result of their recommendation?", "answer": "as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all-seater"}, {"question": "How many stadiums have been closed down since Premier League started?", "answer": "Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished."}, {"question": "What was the total seating capacity of stadiums in the Premier League in the 2010-11 season.", "answer": "The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2010\u201311 season is 770,477 with an average capacity of 38,523."}, {"question": "In how many stadiums had Premier League been played as of the 2015-16 season?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "What did the Taylor Report recommend to abolish from all stadiums?", "answer": "standing terraces"}, {"question": "How many stadiums in which the Premier League has been played have been demolished as of 2016?", "answer": "Nine"}, {"question": "What is the capacity of Bloomfield Road stadium?", "answer": "16,220"}, {"question": "What is the combined total capacity of all stadiums in the Premier League as of 2011?", "answer": "770,477"}, {"question": "Are attendance remittances that important to the Premier League?", "answer": "Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs."}, {"question": "What was the Premier Leagues standard attendance in the 2007-08 season?", "answer": "The Premier League's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007\u201308 season."}, {"question": "What was the league's first year attendance average?", "answer": "the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league's first season (1992\u201393)."}, {"question": "Attendance for the 2013-14 season set a new record of how much?", "answer": "in the 2013\u201314 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million,"}, {"question": "What was the average attendance for all Premier League clubs during the 2009-10 season?", "answer": "34,215"}, {"question": "What was the total attendance of all Premier League games during the 2009-10 season?", "answer": "13,001,616"}, {"question": "By how many attendees did the average Premier League attendance increase between 1992 and 2009?", "answer": "13,089"}, {"question": "For when did the Taylor Report set the deadline for replacing terraces with seats in stadiums?", "answer": "1994\u201395"}, {"question": "During which season did the Premier League set a record average attendance of over 36,000 people?", "answer": "2007\u201308"}, {"question": "What are some of the every day tasks that a manager of a team has to deal with?", "answer": "Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition."}, {"question": "What type of licence does a manager need?", "answer": "Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence"}, {"question": "Is this licence required on a permanent basis?", "answer": "The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis"}, {"question": "What is a caretaker manager?", "answer": "Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment."}, {"question": "Give an example of someone who was a caretaker manager?", "answer": "examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur."}, {"question": "What license are managers in the Premier League required to hold?", "answer": "UEFA Pro Licence"}, {"question": "Which licence follows completion of both the UEFA B and A licences?", "answer": "UEFA Pro Licence"}, {"question": "For how long at most is an unlicenced caretaker manager allowed to control a Premier League team for?", "answer": "12 weeks"}, {"question": "Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Portsmouth?", "answer": "Paul Hart"}, {"question": "Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur?", "answer": "David Pleat"}, {"question": "At the beginning of the Premier League how many foreign players were there for the first  round of games?", "answer": "At the inception of the Premier League in 1992\u201393, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches"}, {"question": "By the 2000-1 season what was the percentage of foreign players?", "answer": "By 2000\u201301, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total."}, {"question": "Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players?", "answer": "On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,"}, {"question": "Which team in 2005 had all-foreign team players?", "answer": "on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match"}, {"question": "In 2009, what percent of the players were English in the Premier League?", "answer": "By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English."}, {"question": "How many of the original Premier League players in the 1992-93 season hailed from outside the UK or Ireland?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "By 2000-01, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "By 2004-05, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "On which date did Chelsea host an entirely foreign starting line-up and therefore become the first team to do so?", "answer": "26 December 1999"}, {"question": "On which date did Arsenal name a fully foreign 16-man squad for a match?", "answer": "14 February 2005"}, {"question": "Why did the Home Office change it rules regardin work permits in 1999?", "answer": "In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players"}, {"question": "What was one of their changes?", "answer": "A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive 'A' team matches"}, {"question": "What was another requirement of foreign players?", "answer": "his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years."}, {"question": "Could a club appeal a requirement?", "answer": "If a player does not meet those criteria, the club wishing to sign him may appeal."}, {"question": "In which year did the Home Office tighten rules on granting work permits to foreign football players?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "For what percent must a player play of the competitive A team matches for which he was available for selection in the previous two years to get a work permit from the Home OFfice?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "Over the last two years, what rank must a player's team average at least in order for them to receive a work permit from the Home Office?", "answer": "70th place"}, {"question": "What can a club do if a player they wish to sign does not meet the Home Office's work permit requirements?", "answer": "appeal"}, {"question": "When can a player be transferred?", "answer": "Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association."}, {"question": "When are the transfer windows?", "answer": "The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January."}, {"question": "Can players be transferred under an emergency outside the transfer windows?", "answer": "Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis."}, {"question": "What new rule was put into practice during the 2010-11 season?", "answer": "As of the 2010\u201311 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21,"}, {"question": "Why was this new rule put into effect?", "answer": "This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted,"}, {"question": "During which time can a player be transferred from one European football league to another?", "answer": "transfer windows"}, {"question": "How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "On which basis are transfers outside of transfer windows licenced?", "answer": "emergency"}, {"question": "What is the maximum number of players able to be registered to a Premier League team?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "How many of a 25-member Premier League squad must be from the UK or Ireland?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years?", "answer": "The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition."}, {"question": "What was the record breaking transfer fee in 1996?", "answer": "Alan Shearer made a record breaking \u00a315 million move to Newcastle United in 1996."}, {"question": "What was the transfer fee for Gareth Bale in 2013.", "answer": "Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for \u00a385 million in 2013,"}, {"question": "In 2009, what was the transfer fee for Cristiano Ronaldo?", "answer": "Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for \u00a380 million in 2009,"}, {"question": "What was Luis Suarez's transfer fee in 2014?", "answer": "Liverpool selling Luis Su\u00e1rez to Barcelona for \u00a375 million in 2014."}, {"question": "Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than \u00a33 million?", "answer": "Alan Shearer"}, {"question": "Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than \u00a315 million?", "answer": "Alan Shearer"}, {"question": "Who paid \u00a315 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?", "answer": "Newcastle United"}, {"question": "In which year did Newcastle United pay \u00a315 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "For how much did Tottenham Hotspur sell Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for in 2013?", "answer": "\u00a385 million"}, {"question": "Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?", "answer": "The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season."}, {"question": "Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League?", "answer": "Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260"}, {"question": "How many players have achieved 100 goals?", "answer": "Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark"}, {"question": "How many different players have won the top scorer title?", "answer": "14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title."}, {"question": "Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season?", "answer": "Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) \u2013 for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively."}, {"question": "To whom is the Golden Boot award given to?", "answer": "the top Premier League scorer"}, {"question": "Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League?", "answer": "260"}, {"question": "How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?", "answer": "Twenty-four"}, {"question": "How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?", "answer": "Thierry Henry"}, {"question": "What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?", "answer": "The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football."}, {"question": "Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?", "answer": "Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy"}, {"question": "Where can the third lion be seen?", "answer": "the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season"}, {"question": "What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?", "answer": "The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year."}, {"question": "The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?", "answer": "malachite"}, {"question": "On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?", "answer": "the green field of play"}, {"question": "How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?", "answer": "the captain of the title winning team"}, {"question": "When did the Roman Republic begin?", "answer": "509 BC"}, {"question": "When did the Roman Republic end?", "answer": "27 BC"}, {"question": "What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom"}, {"question": "When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?", "answer": "31 BC"}, {"question": "What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian"}, {"question": "Who elected consuls in the Roman government?", "answer": "citizens"}, {"question": "Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?", "answer": "leading plebeian families"}, {"question": "What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?", "answer": "the Justinian Code"}, {"question": "What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?", "answer": "appointed magistrates"}, {"question": "What went hand and hand with military success?", "answer": "political success"}, {"question": "What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?", "answer": "inter-state factors"}, {"question": "What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?", "answer": "imperialism"}, {"question": "What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?", "answer": "restoration of the way things were"}, {"question": "What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?", "answer": "mutual self-protection"}, {"question": "What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?", "answer": "land"}, {"question": "After what war did the alliances start to solidify?", "answer": "Second Punic War"}, {"question": "What helped Rome move closer to a confrontation with several other major powers in the area?", "answer": "This growing coalition"}, {"question": "What towns had chosen Hannibal's side?", "answer": "southern Italian"}, {"question": "What did city-states hope to gain from the Roman confederacy?", "answer": "membership (and protection)"}, {"question": "What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?", "answer": "destabilisation"}, {"question": "Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?", "answer": "Polybius"}, {"question": "Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?", "answer": "alliance-seeking"}, {"question": "Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?", "answer": "crisis management"}, {"question": "At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?", "answer": "the time of the Roman Empire"}, {"question": "What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?", "answer": "intentional empire-building"}, {"question": "What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?", "answer": "independent"}, {"question": "In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?", "answer": "the Battle of Lake Regillus"}, {"question": "What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?", "answer": "496 BC"}, {"question": "In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?", "answer": "477 BC"}, {"question": "What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?", "answer": "the Battle of Corbione"}, {"question": "Who initially had control over the Sabines?", "answer": "Etruscan control"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?", "answer": "387 BC"}, {"question": "How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?", "answer": "15,000 troops"}, {"question": "Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?", "answer": "Brennus"}, {"question": "Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?", "answer": "two Etruscan towns"}, {"question": "What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?", "answer": "two battles"}, {"question": "What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War?", "answer": "revolt of several of their Latin allies"}, {"question": "When did The First Samnite War end?", "answer": "341 BC"}, {"question": "Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius?", "answer": "Latins"}, {"question": "Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?", "answer": "Pyrrhus"}, {"question": "What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?", "answer": "negotiate"}, {"question": "What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?", "answer": "Pyrrhus"}, {"question": "What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy?", "answer": "Seeing little hope for further gains"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?", "answer": "275 BC"}, {"question": "What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?", "answer": "naval battles"}, {"question": "What type of engine was invented by the Romans?", "answer": "grappling engine"}, {"question": "Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?", "answer": "Xanthippus"}, {"question": "Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?", "answer": "The Romans"}, {"question": "Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?", "answer": "the Carthaginians"}, {"question": "What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?", "answer": "Hasdrubal Barca"}, {"question": "At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?", "answer": "Metaurus River"}, {"question": "In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?", "answer": "the Battle of Zama"}, {"question": "Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?", "answer": "Scipio Africanus"}, {"question": "Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?", "answer": "to threaten the Carthaginian capital"}, {"question": "What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?", "answer": "Treaties"}, {"question": "What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?", "answer": "punic colonies"}, {"question": "What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?", "answer": "punic cities"}, {"question": "What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?", "answer": "complete surrender"}, {"question": "Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?", "answer": "Macedonia"}, {"question": "Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?", "answer": "westward"}, {"question": "What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?", "answer": "Greek peninsula"}, {"question": "Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?", "answer": "Hannibal"}, {"question": "At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?", "answer": "Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet"}, {"question": "What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?", "answer": "\"Peace of the Greeks\""}, {"question": "Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?", "answer": "an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies"}, {"question": "In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?", "answer": "197 BC"}, {"question": "What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?", "answer": "his recent Greek conquests"}, {"question": "Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?", "answer": "Hannibal"}, {"question": "What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?", "answer": "an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself"}, {"question": "Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?", "answer": "Seleucids"}, {"question": "Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?", "answer": "Seleucids"}, {"question": "Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?", "answer": "Philip"}, {"question": "Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?", "answer": "in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy"}, {"question": "Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?", "answer": "the Seleucids"}, {"question": "Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?", "answer": "assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace"}, {"question": "What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?", "answer": "Battle of Magnesia"}, {"question": "In what year did Philip pass away?", "answer": "179 BC"}, {"question": "Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?", "answer": "Perseus"}, {"question": "In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?", "answer": "168 BC"}, {"question": "How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?", "answer": "by sending a stronger army"}, {"question": "Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?", "answer": "four client republics"}, {"question": "In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?", "answer": "148 BC"}, {"question": "Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?", "answer": "a Macedonian pretender to the throne"}, {"question": "What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?", "answer": "destabilizing"}, {"question": "Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?", "answer": "The Romans"}, {"question": "What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?", "answer": "The Jugurthine War"}, {"question": "What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?", "answer": "treachery"}, {"question": "When did the Jugurthine War end?", "answer": "104 BC"}, {"question": "Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?", "answer": "Jugurtha"}, {"question": "Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?", "answer": "the Romans"}, {"question": "When did the Cimbrian War end?", "answer": "101 BC"}, {"question": "In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?", "answer": "121 BC"}, {"question": "What war began in the year 113 BC?", "answer": "The Cimbrian War"}, {"question": "Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?", "answer": "northern Europe"}, {"question": "How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?", "answer": "with plunder"}, {"question": "Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?", "answer": "their generals"}, {"question": "Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?", "answer": "the slaves"}, {"question": "Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "When was the beginning of the Social War?", "answer": "91 BC"}, {"question": "How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?", "answer": "more than 500,000"}, {"question": "How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Ultimately what started the Social War?", "answer": "allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards"}, {"question": "What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?", "answer": "civil wars"}, {"question": "In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?", "answer": "88 BC"}, {"question": "In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?", "answer": "very door of the city"}, {"question": "Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?", "answer": "an army of the Marius supporters"}, {"question": "What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?", "answer": "Mithridates the Great"}, {"question": "With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?", "answer": "Gaius Marius"}, {"question": "How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?", "answer": "by seeking to expand his kingdom"}, {"question": "When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?", "answer": "63 BC"}, {"question": "How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?", "answer": "Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?", "answer": "would give him the dramatic military success he sought"}, {"question": "When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?", "answer": "59 BC"}, {"question": "What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?", "answer": "Pompey"}, {"question": "What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?", "answer": "two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul"}, {"question": "When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?", "answer": "53 BC"}, {"question": "Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?", "answer": "Crassus"}, {"question": "In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?", "answer": "the Battle of Carrhae"}, {"question": "Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?", "answer": "Pompey"}, {"question": "What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?", "answer": "turned over control of his armies to the state"}, {"question": "During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?", "answer": "49 BC"}, {"question": "Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?", "answer": "Pompey"}, {"question": "In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?", "answer": "48 BC"}, {"question": "In what country did Pompey die in?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?", "answer": "Caesar"}, {"question": "Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?", "answer": "Caesar"}, {"question": "Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "When did Julius Caesar die?", "answer": "March 44 BC"}, {"question": "Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?", "answer": "Mark Antony"}, {"question": "Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?", "answer": "the Roman Republic was in danger"}, {"question": "What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?", "answer": "Second Triumvirate of Octavian"}, {"question": "Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?", "answer": "27 BC"}, {"question": "Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?", "answer": "Lucius Tarquinius Superbus"}, {"question": "When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?", "answer": "509 BC"}, {"question": "Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?", "answer": "life term"}, {"question": "Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?", "answer": "old king"}, {"question": "In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes?", "answer": "494 BC"}, {"question": "Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials?", "answer": "The plebeians"}, {"question": "Who used the vetoes that they had been given to prevent the appointment of magistrates?", "answer": "the tribunes"}, {"question": "What were the assistants to the plebeian tribunes named?", "answer": "plebeian aediles"}, {"question": "During what century were reformed passed that allowed laws passed by the plebeians to have the full force of the law?", "answer": "5th century BC"}, {"question": "What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently?", "answer": "342 BC"}, {"question": "What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it?", "answer": "interest"}, {"question": "What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor?", "answer": "337 BC"}, {"question": "How did senators attempt to gain the favor of the tribunes?", "answer": "gave the tribunes a great deal of power"}, {"question": "What was considered a pathway to holding a higher office?", "answer": "the tribunate"}, {"question": "In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?", "answer": "before 312 BCE"}, {"question": "Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?", "answer": "plebeians"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?", "answer": "only patricians"}, {"question": "What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?", "answer": "Plebiscitum Ovinium"}, {"question": "Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?", "answer": "the censor"}, {"question": "What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?", "answer": "the Lex Hortensia"}, {"question": "What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?", "answer": "the final plebeian secession"}, {"question": "Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?", "answer": "patricians"}, {"question": "Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?", "answer": "The plebeians"}, {"question": "How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families?", "answer": "A small number"}, {"question": "What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome?", "answer": "more rights"}, {"question": "Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?", "answer": "because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy"}, {"question": "What years did no important political changes happen during?", "answer": "287 BC and 133 BC"}, {"question": "What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?", "answer": "the plebeians"}, {"question": "Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?", "answer": "the senate"}, {"question": "What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?", "answer": "the possession of power"}, {"question": "What had caused citizens to vacate their farms?", "answer": "long military campaigns"}, {"question": "How could a candidate assure the vote of a poverty stricken plebeian?", "answer": "offered them the most"}, {"question": "What type of culture was a side effect of the rampant poverty of the average plebeian?", "answer": "culture of dependency"}, {"question": "What caused the bankruptcy of many farmers during this era?", "answer": "commodity prices fell"}, {"question": "Who had bought the now bankrupt farms?", "answer": "landed aristocracy"}, {"question": "To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?", "answer": "tribune"}, {"question": "Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?", "answer": "Tiberius Gracchus"}, {"question": "When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?", "answer": "when he stood for reelection to the tribunate"}, {"question": "Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?", "answer": "Marcus Octavius"}, {"question": "What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?", "answer": "that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people"}, {"question": "In what year was Gaius elected to office?", "answer": "123 BC"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?", "answer": "weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces"}, {"question": "Who brought forward a law that would given citizenship right to Italian allies of Rome?", "answer": "Gaius"}, {"question": "Which elected official lost the election in 121 BC?", "answer": "Gaius"}, {"question": "What was the location of the Gaius Gracchus murder?", "answer": "Capitoline Hill in Rome"}, {"question": "Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia?", "answer": "Jugurtha"}, {"question": "Who was Jugurtha's rival?", "answer": "Gaius Marius"}, {"question": "When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul?", "answer": "107 BC"}, {"question": "Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius?", "answer": "aristocratic senators"}, {"question": "Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with?", "answer": "Marius"}, {"question": "In what year was a Roman army dispatched to terminate the King of Pontus?", "answer": "88 BC"}, {"question": "Who was ordered by the senate to become commander in the conflict with King Mithridates?", "answer": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla"}, {"question": "Who had successfully passed a law whose sole purpose was to lessen the power of the tribunate?", "answer": "Sulla"}, {"question": "What political party did Lucius Cornelius Sulla belong to?", "answer": "populares"}, {"question": "What happened after Sulla returned to the conflict with Mithridates?", "answer": "Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna soon took control of the city"}, {"question": "How many years was normal to span between offices prior to the populares controlling the city?", "answer": "ten-year interval"}, {"question": "In what year did Sulla succesfully take over the populares controlled city?", "answer": "83 BC"}, {"question": "Who were slaughtered upon the arrival of Sulla in Rome?", "answer": "most of Marius' supporters"}, {"question": "In what year did Sulla die?", "answer": "78 BC"}, {"question": "Which leader had achieved peace with Mithridates?", "answer": "Sulla"}, {"question": "Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "Which former lieutenant of Sulla had dismantled most of the constitution that Sulla had crafted?", "answer": "Pompey"}, {"question": "In what year was the election held that let Pompey and Crassus obtain the seat of consul?", "answer": "70 BC"}, {"question": "Who was the instigator in the slave revolt in Italy?", "answer": "Spartacus"}, {"question": "When did Pompey return to Rome after having quelled the uprising in Spain?", "answer": "71 BC"}, {"question": "When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin?", "answer": "Around 66 BC"}, {"question": "How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy?", "answer": "one former consul"}, {"question": "What town was a common site of agitation within the area?", "answer": "Faesulae"}, {"question": "Who can lay claim to the destruction of Lucius Sergius Catilina's forces?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": "Which individual had planned an uprising that ideally would see the death of most of the Roman senators?", "answer": "Lucius Sergius Catilina"}, {"question": "In which year would Julius Caesar hope to be elected to the position of consul?", "answer": "59 BC"}, {"question": "What was the name of the private agreement between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus?", "answer": "First Triumvirate"}, {"question": "What was Crassus agree to receive in the First Triumvirate agreement?", "answer": "a future consulship"}, {"question": "When did Julius Caesar return to Rome?", "answer": "61 BC"}, {"question": "What provided the Roman senate with exuberance?", "answer": "successes against Catiline"}, {"question": "Who had tried to prevent the enactment of the laws that Caesar had proposed?", "answer": "Bibulus"}, {"question": "What type of case saw Cicero testify against Clodius?", "answer": "sacrilege case"}, {"question": "Who enacted a law that would increase the partial grain subsidy?", "answer": "Clodius"}, {"question": "Which individual lost his home to a fire?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": "Who was elected to the tribunate in 58 BC?", "answer": "Publius Clodius Pulcher"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the attacks on followers of Pompey?", "answer": "Clodius"}, {"question": "What political position were Pompey and Crassus assured they would receive in 55 BC?", "answer": "consul"}, {"question": "What caused the death of Julius Caesar's female offspring?", "answer": "childbirth"}, {"question": "Which individual ran for consul in 55 BC?", "answer": "Domitius Ahenobarbus"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for an expedition against the Parthian Kingdom?", "answer": "Crassus"}, {"question": "In which year did Clodius die?", "answer": "52 BC"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the death of Clodius?", "answer": "Milo"}, {"question": "Who did the senators decide would aid them in their conflict with Caesar?", "answer": "Pompey"}, {"question": "What type of powers were granted to Pompey by the senate?", "answer": "dictatorial"}, {"question": "Ultimately what forced the senate to abandon Rome and flee to Greece?", "answer": "Caesar's rapid advance"}, {"question": "In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?", "answer": "Caesar"}, {"question": "What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?", "answer": "power to veto"}, {"question": "In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?", "answer": "46 BC"}, {"question": "What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?", "answer": "raised the membership of the Senate to 900"}, {"question": "On what date was Caesar killed?", "answer": "March 15, 44 BC"}, {"question": "Who comprised most of the members of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar?", "answer": "senators"}, {"question": "What did some members of the conspiracy believe Caesar would bring back?", "answer": "the monarchy"}, {"question": "Who did Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus lead the conspiracy against?", "answer": "Caesar"}, {"question": "Why did many members of the senate flee the city after Caesar's death?", "answer": "fear of retaliation"}, {"question": "Who was soon allied with Caesar's adopted son following his death?", "answer": "Mark Antony"}, {"question": "In what year did the Battle of Philippi end?", "answer": "42 BC"}, {"question": "How did Mark Antony die?", "answer": "he committed suicide"}, {"question": "What was the alliance that was formed with Marcus Lepidus named?", "answer": "the Second Triumvirate"}, {"question": "In what battle did Mark Antony see defeat?", "answer": "Battle of Actium"}, {"question": "Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?", "answer": "Rome's military"}, {"question": "What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?", "answer": "obstinate persistence"}, {"question": "What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?", "answer": "civil war"}, {"question": "What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?", "answer": "defense of an ally"}, {"question": "Who introduced the phalanx formation into Rome's army?", "answer": "Servius Tullius"}, {"question": "Were Roman soldiers expected to purchase their own equipment?", "answer": "wealthiest citizens, who were able to purchase the best equipment"}, {"question": "Who were contained in the first rank of the phalanx formation?", "answer": "wealthiest citizens"}, {"question": "From what people did it appear the Etruscans had model their form of warfare on?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "Where did Dionysius hail from?", "answer": "Halicarnassus"}, {"question": "What was a detriment of using the phalanx formation?", "answer": "only effective when fighting in large, open spaces"}, {"question": "In what century was the phalanx formation finally discarded by the Roman people?", "answer": "4th century BC"}, {"question": "What fighting formation would eventually replace the phalanx in battle?", "answer": "manipular formation"}, {"question": "Where is the likely source of the change to the manipular formation?", "answer": "copied from Rome's Samnite enemies"}, {"question": "What type of ground could be found in the central Italian peninsula?", "answer": "hilly terrain"}, {"question": "How many horseman were likely to be found in a single manipular legion?", "answer": "300 horsemen"}, {"question": "Where could you expect the extensive amount of cavalry troops to be sourced from?", "answer": "richest class of equestrians"}, {"question": "What often neglected social class was the light infantry comprised of?", "answer": "lower social classes."}, {"question": "Small shields could be found in what section of the infantry?", "answer": "light infantry"}, {"question": "What type of infantry joined light, and the cavalry in battle?", "answer": "heavy infantry"}, {"question": "Where did Rome receive half of their army from?", "answer": "the Socii"}, {"question": "How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?", "answer": "900 cavalry"}, {"question": "How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?", "answer": "770,000 men"}, {"question": "What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?", "answer": "alae"}, {"question": "What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?", "answer": "military confederation with the other peoples"}, {"question": "During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?", "answer": "2nd century BC"}, {"question": "What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?", "answer": "greater collapse of the middle classes"}, {"question": "What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?", "answer": "property"}, {"question": "What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?", "answer": "huge losses incurred during various wars"}, {"question": "Who was now able to join military service in 107 BC?", "answer": "all citizens"}, {"question": "Where would legionaries in the Roman army likely to be sourced from?", "answer": "citizen stock"}, {"question": "Who would likely make up the majority of the Roman army's light infantry?", "answer": "non-citizens"}, {"question": "Which consul was responsible for the reforms that allowed all citizens access to join the Roman army?", "answer": "Gaius Marius"}, {"question": "What was the process that removed the property requirement for the Roman military called?", "answer": "Marian reforms"}, {"question": "Around how many units could be expected to be contained within a cohort?", "answer": "480 infantrymen"}, {"question": "How many troops were placed into each tent group?", "answer": "8 men"}, {"question": "Who would now be used as scouts instead of fighting alongside the army in the battlefield?", "answer": "cavalry troops"}, {"question": "What designation of troops was considered to make up the majority of a legion?", "answer": "cohort"}, {"question": "In which sea was a large amount of naval vessels sent in order to remove Cilician pirates?", "answer": "Mediterranean Sea"}, {"question": "Around how many ships were sent into service from Greek cities?", "answer": "as many as a thousand ships"}, {"question": "Who was ultimately responsible for the naval ships that were sent to the English Channel?", "answer": "Caesar"}, {"question": "What was the driving force behind the revitalization of the Roman naval forces?", "answer": "to meet several new demands"}, {"question": "What aspect of the Roman military saw a decline in size after the subjugation of the Mediterranean?", "answer": "Roman navy"}, {"question": "What was the general source of the Roman senate's authority?", "answer": "the esteem and prestige of the senators"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for overseeing a military action?", "answer": "the senate"}, {"question": "What was a motion that was enacted by the senate called?", "answer": "senatus consulta"}, {"question": "What area was the likely focal point of the Roman senate?", "answer": "foreign policy"}, {"question": "What governing Roman body would self-select their own members during times of great distress?", "answer": "the senate itself would select its members"}, {"question": "What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?", "answer": "legal status of Roman citizenship"}, {"question": "Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?", "answer": "assemblies"}, {"question": "Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?", "answer": "optimo jure"}, {"question": "Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?", "answer": "magistrates"}, {"question": "What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?", "answer": "concilia"}, {"question": "What Roman assembly elected both magistrates and censors?", "answer": "Comitia Centuriata"}, {"question": "What profession of people made up the entireity of the Comitia Centuriata?", "answer": "centuries"}, {"question": "Would the Comitia Centuriata occasionally be called upon to serve as the highest court of appeal?", "answer": "It also served as the highest court of appeal in certain judicial cases"}, {"question": "Which elected official had imperium powers?", "answer": "magistrates"}, {"question": "How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?", "answer": "35 tribes"}, {"question": "How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?", "answer": "geographical subdivisions"}, {"question": "What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?", "answer": "the Comitia Tributa"}, {"question": "When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?", "answer": "Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes"}, {"question": "Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?", "answer": "a plebeian"}, {"question": "Who had the right to grant powers to a magistrate?", "answer": "People of Rome"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the most authoritative constitutional power?", "answer": "imperium"}, {"question": "What did the constitutional power of imperium grant a magistrate?", "answer": "authority to command a military force"}, {"question": "What would be one of the duties that a newly elected magistrate could expect to perform?", "answer": "to look for omens"}, {"question": "What power was in possession of every single magistrate in Rome?", "answer": "power of coercion"}, {"question": "How long concurrently could an elected magistrate serve in office?", "answer": "one-year"}, {"question": "How many people would serve concurrently in a single magisterial office?", "answer": "at least two people"}, {"question": "What form of due process was a harbinger of our vary own habeas corpus?", "answer": "Provocatio"}, {"question": "What would you call a magistrate who had his powers of imperium continued?", "answer": "promagistrate"}, {"question": "Who would a Roman go see in an attempt to reverse the decision of a magistrate?", "answer": "a tribune"}, {"question": "Which official had supremacy in both civil and military matters?", "answer": "Consuls"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the adminstration of civil laws?", "answer": "Praetors"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the handling of the Roman census?", "answer": "two censors"}, {"question": "How long could an elected censor remain in office for?", "answer": "18-month term"}, {"question": "What officer primarily had duties over finance matters?", "answer": "quaestors"}, {"question": "How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?", "answer": "six months"}, {"question": "What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?", "answer": "Constitutional government would be dissolved"}, {"question": "What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?", "answer": "capital offense"}, {"question": "What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?", "answer": "their sacrosanctity"}, {"question": "Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?", "answer": "the city center"}, {"question": "What type of housing could be located in the city center?", "answer": "apartment blocks"}, {"question": "From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from?", "answer": "Palatine Hill"}, {"question": "How many areas in Rome could be called hills?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?", "answer": "European cultures"}, {"question": "What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?", "answer": "over 25%"}, {"question": "Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?", "answer": "slave markets"}, {"question": "Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered"}, {"question": "What branch of law did Rome lack?", "answer": "law enforcement"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?", "answer": "an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself"}, {"question": "What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?", "answer": "a toga"}, {"question": "What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?", "answer": "toga virilis"}, {"question": "What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "The toga pulla"}, {"question": "Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?", "answer": "Senators"}, {"question": "How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "usually brightly coloured"}, {"question": "When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?", "answer": "11 o'clock"}, {"question": "What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?", "answer": "Fingers were used"}, {"question": "What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?", "answer": "staple"}, {"question": "What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?", "answer": "poet"}, {"question": "What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?", "answer": "stools"}, {"question": "What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Wine"}, {"question": "What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?", "answer": "An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic"}, {"question": "During what meals was wine commonly drank?", "answer": "all meals"}, {"question": "What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Drinking on an empty stomach"}, {"question": "How did Romans develop their male children as Roman citizens?", "answer": "physical training"}, {"question": "Who could be expected to obtain guidance in the art of weaving?", "answer": "Girls"}, {"question": "What Roman art involved speeches made to the public?", "answer": "Oratory"}, {"question": "When did academic schooling begin in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "around 200 BC"}, {"question": "What caused the Romans to conform several educational concepts to their own system?", "answer": "various military conquests in the Greek East"}, {"question": "What was the primary language of the Romans?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What type of language is French considered to be?", "answer": "Romance languages"}, {"question": "What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?", "answer": "Vulgar Latin"}, {"question": "How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?", "answer": "pronunciation"}, {"question": "Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?", "answer": "Greek authors"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?", "answer": "Virgil"}, {"question": "What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?", "answer": "Aeneid"}, {"question": "What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?", "answer": "Lucretius"}, {"question": "What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?", "answer": "Music"}, {"question": "What language does the word Music see it's origins in?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?", "answer": "Many private and public events were accompanied by music"}, {"question": "What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?", "answer": "developments only within the last 1,000 years"}, {"question": "What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?", "answer": "urban requirements changed"}, {"question": "What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?", "answer": "Roman concrete"}, {"question": "Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?", "answer": "even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently"}, {"question": "What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "The architectural style"}, {"question": "What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?", "answer": "Campus Martius"}, {"question": "What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?", "answer": "Field of Mars"}, {"question": "What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to?", "answer": "backgammon"}, {"question": "What was Roman version of Chess called?", "answer": "Latrunculi"}, {"question": "When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? ", "answer": "around 500 BC"}, {"question": "Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?", "answer": "Proto-Indo-European pantheon"}, {"question": "What religious element could be found in all Roman households?", "answer": "an altar"}, {"question": "What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?", "answer": "each household"}, {"question": "When do most people believe the Pacific War began?", "answer": "early December 1941"}, {"question": "On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "7/8 December 1941"}, {"question": "When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?", "answer": "7 July 1937"}, {"question": "Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?", "answer": "Empire of Japan and the Republic of China"}, {"question": "Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?", "answer": "Japan invaded Thailand"}, {"question": "What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?", "answer": "7/8 December 1941"}, {"question": "When did Japan invade Manchuria?", "answer": "19 September 1931"}, {"question": "What nation initiated hostilities?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "When did Japan invade China?", "answer": "7 July 1937"}, {"question": "What events ended the war with Japan?", "answer": "atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"}, {"question": "On what date did Japan surrender?", "answer": "2 September 1945"}, {"question": "Where did Japan's surrender occur?", "answer": "aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay"}, {"question": "What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?", "answer": "a new liberal-democratic constitution"}, {"question": "What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?", "answer": "Shinto Directive"}, {"question": "What nation were the allies against?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What nations comprised the Axis?", "answer": "Germany and Italy"}, {"question": "What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?", "answer": "Hiroshima and Nagasaki"}, {"question": "When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?", "answer": "8 August 1945"}, {"question": "By what name was the war with Japan referred?", "answer": "Greater East Asia War"}, {"question": "What did Japanese officials call the war?", "answer": "Japan\u2013China Incident"}, {"question": "What was the reason Japan gave for the war?", "answer": "achieving their independence from the Western powers"}, {"question": "What date was the new name of the war released?", "answer": "12 December"}, {"question": "What name did Japan call the war?", "answer": "Greater East Asia War"}, {"question": "When did Japan adobt the name for the war?", "answer": "10 December 1941"}, {"question": "What was Japan's publicised war goal?", "answer": "independence from the Western powers"}, {"question": "What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?", "answer": "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere"}, {"question": "How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?", "answer": "by a cabinet decision"}, {"question": "What role did Thailand play in the war?", "answer": "temporary alliance"}, {"question": "Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?", "answer": "Wang Jingwei regime"}, {"question": "Which army invaded Burma?", "answer": "Phayap Army"}, {"question": "Burma was formerly annexed by what country?", "answer": "Britain"}, {"question": "What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of?", "answer": "Axis"}, {"question": "What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "What army invaded northeastern Burma?", "answer": "Phayap Army"}, {"question": "What were the Japanese puppet states?", "answer": "Manchukuo and Mengjiang"}, {"question": "Who controlled the coast of China?", "answer": "Wang Jingwei regime"}, {"question": "Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?", "answer": "not an ally"}, {"question": "What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?", "answer": "blackmail"}, {"question": "Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?", "answer": "the same way"}, {"question": "According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?", "answer": "Thailand"}, {"question": "What nations were occupied by the Axis?", "answer": "Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands"}, {"question": "After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?", "answer": "not as a former enemy"}, {"question": "Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?", "answer": "Japanese troops"}, {"question": "Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?", "answer": "Korea and Formosa"}, {"question": "What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? ", "answer": "Collaborationist units"}, {"question": "What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?", "answer": "Korea and Formosa"}, {"question": "What French forces assisted Japan?", "answer": "Vichy"}, {"question": "Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?", "answer": "ex-colonial police"}, {"question": "Did Mexico play a part in the war?", "answer": "took part"}, {"question": "On which side of the war were the Chinese?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What colonies did the Netherlands possess?", "answer": "Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea"}, {"question": "What large Asian country was allied with the United States?", "answer": "Republic of China"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Philippines nation?", "answer": "Commonwealth of the Philippines"}, {"question": "What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "What nation possessed west New Guinea?", "answer": "Netherlands"}, {"question": "What incident occured on July 7, 1937?", "answer": "Marco Polo Bridge Incident"}, {"question": "Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did the Nanking Massacre occur?", "answer": "December 1937"}, {"question": "Where was the first Nationalist victory?", "answer": "Taierzhuang"}, {"question": "How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?", "answer": "condemned"}, {"question": "When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?", "answer": "7 July 1937"}, {"question": "What incident started the war between China and Japan?", "answer": "Marco Polo Bridge Incident"}, {"question": "What nation provided material support to China?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What was the capital of China?", "answer": "Nanking"}, {"question": "When was Nanking captured?", "answer": "December 1937"}, {"question": "Who controled Indochina in 1940?", "answer": "Vichy France"}, {"question": "When did Japan invade Indochina?", "answer": "September 1940"}, {"question": "Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?", "answer": "Germany and Italy"}, {"question": "Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?", "answer": "little coordination"}, {"question": "When did Japan take over Indochina?", "answer": "September 1940"}, {"question": "Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?", "answer": "Vichy France"}, {"question": "When did Japan become an Axis power?", "answer": "27 September"}, {"question": "How many nations comprised the Axis powers?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?", "answer": "low military-industrial capacity"}, {"question": "What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?", "answer": "\"Three Alls Policy\" (\"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all\")"}, {"question": "What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?", "answer": "mountainous terrain"}, {"question": "In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?", "answer": "Chungking"}, {"question": "What was Japan's \"Three Alls Policy\"?", "answer": "\"Kill all, Burn all, Loot all\""}, {"question": "What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Where was the Chinese provisional capital?", "answer": "Chungking"}, {"question": "What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?", "answer": "mountainous terrain"}, {"question": "What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?", "answer": "Communists"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?", "answer": "Chiang Kai-shek"}, {"question": "When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?", "answer": "January 1941"}, {"question": "Did Japan support rival governments?", "answer": "supporting several"}, {"question": "When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?", "answer": "January 1941"}, {"question": "What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?", "answer": "puppet"}, {"question": "What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?", "answer": "Nationalist government"}, {"question": "Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?", "answer": "Sankichi Takahashi"}, {"question": "Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?", "answer": "oil reserves"}, {"question": "In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?", "answer": "oil reserves"}, {"question": "Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?", "answer": "Admiral Sankichi Takahashi"}, {"question": "By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?", "answer": "1940"}, {"question": "What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?", "answer": "stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan"}, {"question": "Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?", "answer": "denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities"}, {"question": "What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?", "answer": "\"ABCD (\"American-British-Chinese-Dutch\")"}, {"question": "Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?", "answer": "to discourage Japanese militarism"}, {"question": "How did Japan view Western embargos?", "answer": "as acts of aggression"}, {"question": "What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?", "answer": "about 80%"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?", "answer": "\"ABCD line\""}, {"question": "What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?", "answer": "recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia."}, {"question": "What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?", "answer": "defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest"}, {"question": "Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?", "answer": "impossible"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?", "answer": "impossible"}, {"question": "What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?", "answer": "Japanese hegemony in Asia"}, {"question": "If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?", "answer": "canceled"}, {"question": "What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?", "answer": "historical experiences"}, {"question": "How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?", "answer": "2,403"}, {"question": "Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "not officially at war"}, {"question": "Why did Japan attack America?", "answer": "allow Japan free rein in Asia"}, {"question": "What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?", "answer": "aircraft carriers"}, {"question": "When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?", "answer": "7 December"}, {"question": "How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "answer": "2,403"}, {"question": "How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "answer": "188"}, {"question": "Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?", "answer": "at sea"}, {"question": "What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?", "answer": "Lend-Lease"}, {"question": "On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?", "answer": "8 December"}, {"question": "How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?", "answer": "Four days"}, {"question": "Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?", "answer": "strategic blunder"}, {"question": "how many members did the America First Committee have?", "answer": "800,000"}, {"question": "What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?", "answer": "America First Committee"}, {"question": "When did the United States declare war on Japan?", "answer": "8 December"}, {"question": "How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?", "answer": "Four"}, {"question": "Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?", "answer": "Commander Arthur McCollum"}, {"question": "What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?", "answer": "1 January 1942"}, {"question": "Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?", "answer": "General Sir Archibald Wavell"}, {"question": "When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces?", "answer": "15 January"}, {"question": "How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia?", "answer": "thinly"}, {"question": "Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from?", "answer": "Bandung"}, {"question": "What islands did Japan invade?", "answer": "Solomon Islands"}, {"question": "When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?", "answer": "15 February 1942"}, {"question": "How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore?", "answer": "about 130,000"}, {"question": "When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia?", "answer": "25 February"}, {"question": "After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM, What post did he return to?", "answer": "Commander-in-Chief, India"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese attack Burma?", "answer": "March 1942"}, {"question": "How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??", "answer": "7,000"}, {"question": "Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?", "answer": "Sun Li-jen"}, {"question": "How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?", "answer": "550,000"}, {"question": "What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?", "answer": "Szechuan army"}, {"question": "How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?", "answer": "Burma"}, {"question": "What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?", "answer": "Japanese Army"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Papua?", "answer": "Port Moresby"}, {"question": "What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?", "answer": "President Franklin Roosevelt"}, {"question": "When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?", "answer": "March 1942"}, {"question": "Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces?", "answer": "MacArthur"}, {"question": "Where was MacArthur's headquarters moved to in March of 1942?", "answer": "Melbourne"}, {"question": "How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?", "answer": "1 April 1942"}, {"question": "What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?", "answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?", "answer": "Harry Hopkins"}, {"question": "Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?", "answer": "Washington"}, {"question": "Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?", "answer": "Portuguese Timor"}, {"question": "What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?", "answer": "USS Lexington"}, {"question": "What admiral was the USS Lexington under?", "answer": "Admiral Fletcher"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?", "answer": "May 1942"}, {"question": "What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?", "answer": "Lexington"}, {"question": "What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?", "answer": "Sh\u014dh\u014d"}, {"question": "In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?", "answer": "Aleutian Islands"}, {"question": "What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?", "answer": "capture of Midway"}, {"question": "How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?", "answer": "272"}, {"question": "How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?", "answer": "348"}, {"question": "How many U.S. planes were land-based?", "answer": "115"}, {"question": "When did the Japanese fleet arrive off Midway?", "answer": "4 June"}, {"question": "How many TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were lauched from the Hornet?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many carriers did Nagumo have at the Battle of Midway?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many times did Nagumo change orders for arming his aircraft?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "What were on the decks of the Japanese aircraft carriers when the American dive bobers attacked?", "answer": "munitions"}, {"question": "At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?", "answer": "10,000 feet"}, {"question": "Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway.", "answer": "Hiry\u016b"}, {"question": "Who won the Battle of Midway?", "answer": "Allies"}, {"question": "How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?", "answer": "Owen Stanley Ranges"}, {"question": "What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? ", "answer": "Second Australian Imperial Force"}, {"question": "In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?", "answer": "Milne Bay"}, {"question": "Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?", "answer": "eastern tip"}, {"question": "What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?", "answer": "Guadalcanal"}, {"question": "Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces ", "answer": "Henderson Field"}, {"question": "What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?", "answer": "\"Tokyo Express\""}, {"question": "What was the reason for the name \"Ironbottom Sound\" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?", "answer": "the multitude of ships sunk"}, {"question": "When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?", "answer": "February 1943"}, {"question": "Where were the 40th, 3rd, and 6th divisions massed at in China?", "answer": "Yueyang"}, {"question": "What is the first river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward?", "answer": "Xinqiang River"}, {"question": "What is the river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha?", "answer": "Miluo River"}, {"question": "How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign?", "answer": "250,000"}, {"question": "Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?", "answer": "Isamu Yokoyama"}, {"question": "What Allied command replaced the British India Command in August, 1943?", "answer": "South East Asia Command"}, {"question": "Who was appointed Supreme Commander of the SEAC in October, 1943?", "answer": "Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten"}, {"question": "Who was deputy commander to Mountbatten?", "answer": "General Joseph Stilwell"}, {"question": "What was the name of the new link between India and China by land?", "answer": "Ledo Road"}, {"question": "The British and Indian Fourteenth Army was formed to take on what force?", "answer": "Japanese in Burma"}, {"question": "What did the United States turn it's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway?", "answer": "increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew"}, {"question": "How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized?", "answer": "air attack"}, {"question": "What blockade against Japan  was to be improved on?", "answer": "submarine blockade"}, {"question": "What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?", "answer": "submarines"}, {"question": "What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?", "answer": "two percent"}, {"question": "What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?", "answer": "strangled Japan"}, {"question": "What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?", "answer": "virtually stranded"}, {"question": "What percentage of Japanese merchantmen were sunk by U.S. submarines?", "answer": "56%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Japanese warships were sunk by U.S. submarines?", "answer": "28%"}, {"question": "What future U.S. president was rescued by a submarine?", "answer": "George H.W. Bush"}, {"question": "What was one of the important roles submarine played in the war?", "answer": "reconnaissance roles"}, {"question": "What doctrine did Roosevelt give for submarines against Japan?", "answer": "unrestricted submarine warfare"}, {"question": "Who was the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?", "answer": "Conrad Helfrich"}, {"question": "What was the nickname given to the Dutch Admiral in charge of the East Indies?", "answer": "\"Ship-a-day Helfrich\""}, {"question": "What was the first Japanese warship to be sunk by submarine?", "answer": "Sagiri"}, {"question": "When was the first Japanese warship sunk by a submarine?", "answer": "24 December 1941"}, {"question": "What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?", "answer": "Imperial Japanese Navy"}, {"question": "What was commerce raiding refered to as?", "answer": "guerre de course"}, {"question": "What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?", "answer": "long-range reconnaissance"}, {"question": "When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?", "answer": "1942 and 1943"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "What did the US Navy rely on?", "answer": "commerce raiding"}, {"question": "What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?", "answer": "Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines"}, {"question": "What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for?", "answer": "close surveillance of enemy bases"}, {"question": "When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?", "answer": "September 1943"}, {"question": "What was the \"maru code\"?", "answer": "Japanese merchant marine code"}, {"question": "When did the US Navy begin to use it's submarines to maximum effect?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1942 by United States submarines?", "answer": "180"}, {"question": "How many Japanese merchant ships did Allied submarines sink during the war?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "How many Japanese carriers were sunk during the war?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many Japanese ships were sunk in 1944 by United States submarines?", "answer": "603"}, {"question": "What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?", "answer": "Operation Ichi-Go"}, {"question": "What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?", "answer": "Operation Ichi-Go"}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?", "answer": "Guangxi"}, {"question": "Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?", "answer": "Chinese Communist guerrillas"}, {"question": "How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?", "answer": "about 100,000"}, {"question": "What command prepared offensives into Burma after the Allied setbacks in 1943?", "answer": "South East Asia command"}, {"question": "Who led Chinese and American troops for NCAC?", "answer": "Joseph Stilwell"}, {"question": "What road did the NCAC extend into northern Burma?", "answer": "Ledo Road"}, {"question": "Who advanced aling the Arakan Province coast?", "answer": "XV Corps"}, {"question": "Who did aircraft drop supplies to isolated units until they could be relieved?", "answer": "XV Corps"}, {"question": "What month did the Japanese launch an offensive into India?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "Who commanded the Japanese Fifteenth Army in Operation U-Go?", "answer": "Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi"}, {"question": "Where had the Japanese advanced to?", "answer": "Kohima in Nagaland"}, {"question": "What did the Japanese cut?", "answer": "main road to Imphal"}, {"question": "What had the Japanese failed to capture?", "answer": "defences at Kohima"}, {"question": "What happened to Mutaguchi's troops?", "answer": "starved"}, {"question": "When was the Japanese siege of Imphal broken?", "answer": "22 June"}, {"question": "How many troops had the Japanese lost?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "What was the main cause of death of the Japanese troops?", "answer": "starvation and disease"}, {"question": "What battle was the advance in the Arakan halted to release troops for?", "answer": "Battle of Imphal"}, {"question": "Who aided the Americans and Chinese during the advance in northern Burma?", "answer": "Chindits"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese invade northern Burma?", "answer": "middle of 1944"}, {"question": "What fortified position was captured by the Chinese Expeditionary Force?", "answer": "Mount Song"}, {"question": "What airfield was taken by the NCAC in August, 1944?", "answer": "Myitkyina"}, {"question": "What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?", "answer": "Saipan"}, {"question": "How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?", "answer": "956"}, {"question": "What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?", "answer": "325-mile"}, {"question": "How many carriers did Ozawa have?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "How many of Ozawa's submarines were sunk by American destroyers?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "How many American warships were damaged during the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In what sequence did Japanese planes arrive at their targets?", "answer": "staggered"}, {"question": "Where did the radio interception orders to U.S> Hellcat fighters come from?", "answer": "combat information centers"}, {"question": "Who gave the directive for all carriers in the US Navy to have combat information centers?", "answer": "Nimitz"}, {"question": "On what day did U.S> planes located Ozawa's fleet?", "answer": "second"}, {"question": "How many miles away was Ozawa's fleet located?", "answer": "275"}, {"question": "How many planes did the U.S. lose?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "How many planes did Japan lose?", "answer": "450"}, {"question": "How many U.S. aircrews were lost?", "answer": "76"}, {"question": "What is argued to be the largest naval battle in history?", "answer": "Battle of Leyte Gulf"}, {"question": "What was the largest naval battle in World War II?", "answer": "Battle of Leyte Gulf"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of Leyte Gulf occur?", "answer": "23 to 26 October 1944"}, {"question": "When did Nimitz launch a carrier raid against Formosa?", "answer": "12 October"}, {"question": "What did Nimitz favor blockading?", "answer": "Philippines"}, {"question": "What was the namee of the plan where Ozawa's force would lure the U.S. 3rd Fleet away from Leyte?", "answer": "Sho-1"}, {"question": "Who would enter Leyte Gulf to attack the Allied landing forces?", "answer": "V. Adm. Takeo Kurita"}, {"question": "How many Japanese forces were likely to be destroyed?", "answer": "one or more"}, {"question": "How many battleships were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many cruisers were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many destroyers were in Kurita's \"Center Force\"?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "When did Kurita's force enter the Sibuyan Sea?", "answer": "24 October"}, {"question": "How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which Japanese admiral was a  rival of Nishimura?", "answer": "Shima"}, {"question": "How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?", "answer": "R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf"}, {"question": "How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's \"Northern Force\"?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "When did the allies spot Ozawa's \"Northern Force\"?", "answer": "16:40 on 24 October"}, {"question": "How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?", "answer": "1,000"}, {"question": "How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "When did Kurita pass through the San Bernardino Strait?", "answer": "03:00 on 25 October"}, {"question": "Where did Kurit head after passing through the San Bernardino Strait?", "answer": "along the coast of Samar"}, {"question": "Admiral Kincaid commanded what three groups of the Seventh Fleet?", "answer": "Taffy 1, 2 and 3"}, {"question": "What broke the Japanes formations under Kurita?", "answer": "Destroyer attacks"}, {"question": "How many of Kurita's heavy cruisers were sunk?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "What were the Leyte beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army secured from?", "answer": "attack from the sea"}, {"question": "When did Operation Ten-Go occur?", "answer": "April 1945"}, {"question": "How many battleships did Kurita begin Operation Ten-Go with?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was the last battleship in history to engage in combat with another battleship?", "answer": "Yamashiro"}, {"question": "Which battleship was still capable of combat when Kurita returned to Japan?", "answer": "Yamato"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?", "answer": "20 October 1944"}, {"question": "Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?", "answer": "Ormoc Bay area"}, {"question": "What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?", "answer": "U.S. Fifth Air Force"}, {"question": "What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.", "answer": "Samar"}, {"question": "Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?", "answer": "months"}, {"question": "Landings were made on the beaches of what island on December 15, 1944?", "answer": "Mindoro"}, {"question": "Lingayen Gulf operations supported what landings?", "answer": "Luzon"}, {"question": "Who led the Sixth Army?", "answer": "General Krueger"}, {"question": "Clark field was how many miles northwest of Manila?", "answer": "40"}, {"question": "What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?", "answer": "Palawan"}, {"question": "What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?", "answer": "Palawan"}, {"question": "Where did the Eighth Army land?", "answer": "Puerto Princesa"}, {"question": "Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?", "answer": "Filipino guerrillas"}, {"question": "What is the western-most Philippine island?", "answer": "Palawan"}, {"question": "What was \"Operation Detachment\"?", "answer": "battle of Iwo Jima"}, {"question": "When did \"Operation Detachment\" occur?", "answer": "February 1945"}, {"question": "How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima?", "answer": "8"}, {"question": "Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city?", "answer": "Tokyo"}, {"question": "How many airfields were on Iwo Jima?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Who transformed the island into a fortress?", "answer": "Kuribayashi"}, {"question": "What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?", "answer": "underground tunnels"}, {"question": "Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?", "answer": "the defender"}, {"question": "When did Iwo Jima come under bombardment?", "answer": "mid-June 1944"}, {"question": "How many men landed on Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945?", "answer": "some 30,000"}, {"question": "What was the name of the mountain on Iwo Jima?", "answer": "Mount Suribachi"}, {"question": "How many U.S. Marines were killed by the time thhey reached the west coast of the island?", "answer": "almost 2,000"}, {"question": "What marine regiment reached the summit of Mount Suribachi?", "answer": "28th"}, {"question": "When was the summit of Mount Suribachi reached by U.S. marines?", "answer": "23 February"}, {"question": "Who said \"there will be a Marine Corps for the next 500 years\"?", "answer": "Navy Secretary James Forrestal"}, {"question": "When was the island of Iwo Jima secured by the Americans?", "answer": "26 March"}, {"question": "How many Japanese prisoners were taken on Iwo Jima?", "answer": "1,083"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Burma?", "answer": "Rangoon"}, {"question": "What was the principle port of Burma?", "answer": "Rangoon"}, {"question": "When was Operation Dracula launched?", "answer": "1 May"}, {"question": "What force was delayed by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?", "answer": "Fourteenth Army"}, {"question": "What month was a delay caused by Japanese rearguards north of Rangoon?", "answer": "April"}, {"question": "How many British and Australian prisoners survived out of about 2500 around Sandakan?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Sandakan was located in what providence?", "answer": "Borneo"}, {"question": "In 1945, how many years had Japan already been at war with China?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What battle did the Japanese Army begin to prepare for in March 1945?", "answer": "Battle of West Hunan"}, {"question": "How many Japanese soldiers were mobilized to capture the Chinese airfields and railroads in West Hunan?", "answer": "80,000"}, {"question": "Who was the Chinese commander-in-chief of the 10th and 27th Army Groups?", "answer": "He Yingqin"}, {"question": "When did Chinese forces retake Guangxi?", "answer": "August 1945"}, {"question": "How many B-29 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?", "answer": "3,000"}, {"question": "How many squadrons of B=17 bombers were airbases need for in Okinawa?", "answer": "240"}, {"question": "How many Japanese troops were on Okinawa?", "answer": "115,000"}, {"question": "When did the United States land forces on Okinawa?", "answer": "1 April 1945"}, {"question": "How many U.S. ships were lost at Okinawa?", "answer": "38"}, {"question": "What percent of Japanese troops died on Okinawa?", "answer": "94"}, {"question": "Using a total blockade and air raids, what did the US Navy hope to force?", "answer": "Japanese surrender"}, {"question": "How many Japanese troops defended Okinawa?", "answer": "117,000"}, {"question": "How did the Japanese attempt to cause high Allied casualties?", "answer": "kamikaze tactics"}, {"question": "Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command?", "answer": "General Curtis LeMay"}, {"question": "How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "Who oversaw Operation Starvation?", "answer": "General Curtis LeMay"}, {"question": "When was the Potsdam Declaration issued?", "answer": "26 July 1945"}, {"question": "What ultimatum stated that Japan would face \"prompt and utter destruction\" if it did not surrender?", "answer": "Potsdam Declaration"}, {"question": "America dropped what on August 6, 1945?", "answer": "atomic bomb"}, {"question": "What was the forst Japenese city nuked by the United States?", "answer": "Hiroshima"}, {"question": "When did American drop a nuclear bomb on Nagasaki?", "answer": "9 August"}, {"question": "What was the name of the blockade and bombing of Japan planed to make them surrender?", "answer": "Operation Downfall"}, {"question": "Who wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was unlikely?", "answer": "Richard B. Frank"}, {"question": "When did the soviet Union invade Manchukuo?", "answer": "9 August 1945"}, {"question": "What was the last campaign of World War II?", "answer": "Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation"}, {"question": "What was the largest campaign of the Soviets against Japan?", "answer": "Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation"}, {"question": "Who gained Manchukuo, Mengjiang, and northern Korea after the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Campaign?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "When did hostilities between Japan and the Soviet Union resum after six years of peace?", "answer": "9 August 1945"}, {"question": "How did the Japanese refer to the atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion?", "answer": "\"Twin Shocks\""}, {"question": "When did Japan surrender?", "answer": "15 August"}, {"question": "What was the one condition Japan wanted before accepting the Potsdam terms?", "answer": "\"prerogative of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler\""}, {"question": "What was the reply to Japan about the surrender condition?", "answer": "\"authority\" of the emperor \"shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers\""}, {"question": "What was it called when the Japanese Cabinet accepted the Potsdam terms?", "answer": "\"sacred decision\""}, {"question": "What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?", "answer": "14 August"}, {"question": "What day is know in the United States as \"V-J Day\"?", "answer": "15 August"}, {"question": "When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?", "answer": "2 September 1945"}, {"question": "On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?", "answer": "USS Missouri"}, {"question": "Who accepted the Japanese surrender?", "answer": "General Douglas MacArthur"}, {"question": "How many women are believed to have been sexual slaves for the Japenese Army?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "In 2001 which Japanese Prime <Minister apologized for the brothels.", "answer": "Junichiro Koizumi"}, {"question": "In 2007 which Japenese Prime Minister said there was no proof of coercion of women to be sexual slaves?", "answer": "Shinz\u014d Abe"}, {"question": "Where were the sexual slave women mostly from?", "answer": "Korea and China"}, {"question": "About how many Australians were taken prisoner after the fall of Singapore and British Malaya?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "In what year did Japan establish a base in New Guinea?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "What date was the Australian mainland first attacked?", "answer": "19 February"}, {"question": "What mainland Australian city was attacked by the Japanese on February 19?", "answer": "Darwin"}, {"question": "For how many months was Australia attacked from the air by Japan?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "Which city in Mexico does San Diego border?", "answer": "Tijuana"}, {"question": "Of all military branches, which one has the strongest presence in San Diego?", "answer": "United States Navy"}, {"question": "Aside from healthcare, which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego?", "answer": "biotechnology development"}, {"question": "Of the top 10 largest cities in the country, which place does San Diego rank?", "answer": "eighth"}, {"question": "What is unique about San Diego's harbors?", "answer": "deep-water"}, {"question": "Who claimed the San Diego Bay area for Spain in 1542?", "answer": "Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo"}, {"question": "In what year did San Diego become part of the United States?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "What native people lived in the San Diego area before the Europeans arrived?", "answer": "Kumeyaay"}, {"question": "After the land was claimed for Spain, how many years passed before the settlement of Alta began?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno"}, {"question": "What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?", "answer": "San Salvador"}, {"question": "Who was the harbor named for?", "answer": "Catholic Saint Didacus"}, {"question": "Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?", "answer": "Friar Antonio de la Ascensi\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?", "answer": "Navidad, New Spain"}, {"question": "Who did Junipero Serra commission to found the Mission San Diego de Alcala in 1769?", "answer": "Franciscan friars"}, {"question": "What historic trail starting point developed at Mission San Diego?", "answer": "El Camino Real"}, {"question": "What was developed on a hill by the San Diego River?", "answer": "Fort Presidio of San Diego"}, {"question": "How many neophytes resided in the San Diego area in 1797?", "answer": "1,400"}, {"question": "What are the Presidio and Mission considered today?", "answer": "National Historic Landmarks"}, {"question": "Who was elected as the Mission's first municipal magistrate?", "answer": "Juan Mar\u00eda Osuna"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Mexican territory San Diego became part of in 1821?", "answer": "Alta California"}, {"question": "Why did San Diego lose its pueblo status in 1838?", "answer": "its size dropped to an estimated 100 to 150 residents"}, {"question": "What happened as the population shifted to more level ground below Presidio Hill?", "answer": "The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned"}, {"question": "Who was in the running for the first alcalde position, but was defeated in the election?", "answer": "P\u00edo Pico"}, {"question": "Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?", "answer": "Commodore Robert F. Stockton"}, {"question": "What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?", "answer": "Battle of San Pasqual"}, {"question": "Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?", "answer": "Lieutenant Gray"}, {"question": "What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?", "answer": "The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo"}, {"question": "How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?", "answer": "three weeks"}, {"question": "What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?", "answer": "Treaty of Cahuenga"}, {"question": "What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?", "answer": "Mexican-American border"}, {"question": "Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?", "answer": "Mexican\u2013American War of 1846\u201348"}, {"question": "What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?", "answer": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"}, {"question": "Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?", "answer": "to include the entire bay within the United States"}, {"question": "In what year did San Diego officially become a city?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "Who was San Diego's first mayor?", "answer": "Joshua H. Bean"}, {"question": "What happened two years after San Diego elected it's first mayor?", "answer": "the city was bankrupt"}, {"question": "Who controlled San Diego's charter for 2 years after it was revoked by California legislature?", "answer": "a board of trustees"}, {"question": "When was San Diego's current charter adopted?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What was the main flaw of San Diego's original location?", "answer": "several miles away from navigable water"}, {"question": "Who developed New San Diego that was south of the first location?", "answer": "William Heath Davis"}, {"question": "Who was largely responsible for the population growth of Downtown San Diego?", "answer": "Alonzo Horton"}, {"question": "What happened in 1878 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?", "answer": "the arrival of a railroad connection"}, {"question": "What was San Diego's downtown area originally called?", "answer": "New Town"}, {"question": "What park in San Diego hosted two World Fairs near the beginning of the 20th century?", "answer": "Balboa Park"}, {"question": "Where did many of the San Diego Zoo's exotic animals come from?", "answer": "Panama-California Exposition in 1915"}, {"question": "What festival was celebrated in the 1950s in recognition of the city's Mexican and Spanish past?", "answer": "Fiesta del Pacifico"}, {"question": "What happened to many of the structures developed for the World Fairs?", "answer": "Most were eventually rebuilt, using castings of the original fa\u00e7ades to retain the architectural style."}, {"question": "Which World Fair was hosted in San Diego in 1935?", "answer": "California Pacific International Exposition"}, {"question": "What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?", "answer": "Fort Rosecrans"}, {"question": "What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?", "answer": "Spirit of St. Louis"}, {"question": "What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?", "answer": "Camp Kearny"}, {"question": "What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?", "answer": "U.S. Navy"}, {"question": "What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?", "answer": "Consolidated Aircraft"}, {"question": "When did San Diego's population grow so rapidly that it nearly doubled?", "answer": "during and after World War II"}, {"question": "What was the name of the attack the Japanese had planned against San Diego?", "answer": "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night"}, {"question": "What were the Japanese originally going to drop on San Diego from their kamikaze planes?", "answer": "fleas infected with plague (Yersinia pestis)"}, {"question": "Why didn't the Japanese launch their planned attack on September 22, 1945?", "answer": "Japan surrendered five weeks earlier"}, {"question": "How many civilians were the Japanese hoping to kill during their planned attack on San Diego?", "answer": "tens of thousands of civilians"}, {"question": "What nickname was San Diego given by the tuna canning industry in the 1970s?", "answer": "the tuna capital of the world"}, {"question": "How many jobs were created by the mid-1930s thanks to San Diego's tuna cannery that was developed in 1911?", "answer": "more than 1,000"}, {"question": "Why were the canneries ultimately closed by the early 1980s?", "answer": "rising costs and foreign competition"}, {"question": "Immigrants from what country were primarily hired by the fishing fleets that supported the canneries??", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry?", "answer": "Portuguese Azores"}, {"question": "In what direction does the San Diego River run through the city?", "answer": "east to west"}, {"question": "What bodies of water can be found separating different developed areas of the city?", "answer": "reservoirs"}, {"question": "What is created by the many canyons and hills throughout San Diego?", "answer": "small pockets of natural open space"}, {"question": "What divides the city's northern and southern segments?", "answer": "San Diego River"}, {"question": "Where did the San Diego River once flow to?", "answer": "San Diego Bay"}, {"question": "What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?", "answer": "Point Loma"}, {"question": "Where is Otay Mesa found within the city?", "answer": "next to the Mexico\u2013United States border"}, {"question": "What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word \"beach\" in its name?", "answer": "La Jolla"}, {"question": "Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego?", "answer": "San Pasqual Valley"}, {"question": "What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?", "answer": "El Cortez Hotel"}, {"question": "How tall is One America Plaza?", "answer": "500 feet"}, {"question": "What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?", "answer": "San Diego International Airport"}, {"question": "What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?", "answer": "Federal Aviation Administration"}, {"question": "What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?", "answer": "Union Bank of California Building"}, {"question": "When does San Diego receive most of its precipitation?", "answer": "between December and March"}, {"question": "How many days of the year does San Diego typically experience temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit ?", "answer": "201 days"}, {"question": "What ranked San Diego as having the country's best summer climate?", "answer": "Weather Channel"}, {"question": "What type of climate is San Diego classified as having?", "answer": "semi-arid climate"}, {"question": "What type of weather can one expect to experience in San Diego in the winter?", "answer": "mild"}, {"question": "What areas experience the most significant temperature variations?", "answer": "inland areas"}, {"question": "What is the average high temperature in El Cajon in August?", "answer": "88 \u00b0F"}, {"question": "What frequently blankets San Diego in May and June?", "answer": "a thick \"marine layer\" cloud cover"}, {"question": "What is the average January low temperature in downtown San Diego?", "answer": "50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C)"}, {"question": "What effect does the springtime cloud cover have on the temperature?", "answer": "keep the air cool and damp"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall in February along the coast?", "answer": "2 inches (51 mm)"}, {"question": "What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1921?", "answer": "wettest month on record"}, {"question": "What is the average annual precipitation along San Diego's coast?", "answer": "10.65 inches (271 mm)"}, {"question": "What months are nearly completely dry in San Diego?", "answer": "May through September"}, {"question": "What areas of San Diego typically experienced the greatest rainfall?", "answer": "higher elevation areas"}, {"question": "What trees are protected along the coast of San Diego?", "answer": "Torrey pine"}, {"question": "What drought-resistant shrub is San Diego known for?", "answer": "chaparral"}, {"question": "Where can one find the most sage scrub in San Diego?", "answer": "low elevations"}, {"question": "What disadvantage comes along with sage scrub habitats?", "answer": "prone to wildfire"}, {"question": "How is San Diego able to offer everything from tidal marsh to canyons?", "answer": "The steep and varied topography and proximity to the ocean create a number of different habitats"}, {"question": "How many bird species have been observed in San Diego?", "answer": "492"}, {"question": "What birding event does the Audubon Society host every year?", "answer": "Christmas Bird Count"}, {"question": "What is special about the animal and plant species found in San Diego?", "answer": "highest counts of animal and plant species that appear on the endangered species list"}, {"question": "What flyway contributes to the diverse bird population in San Diego County?", "answer": "Pacific Flyway"}, {"question": "What word describes San Diego County due to the many birds residing there?", "answer": "birdiest"}, {"question": "When did California's largest wildfire of the century take place?", "answer": "October 2003"}, {"question": "How many acres were burned in the historic Cedar Fire of 2003?", "answer": "280,000 acres (1,100 km2)"}, {"question": "Why did San Diego schools close during the Cedar Fire?", "answer": "poor air quality"}, {"question": "How many years after the Cedar Fire did additional fires destroy Rancho Santa Fe?", "answer": "four years later"}, {"question": "How many homes were destroyed in the Cedar Fire?", "answer": "more than 2,200"}, {"question": "In the top five largest urban areas in California, where does San Diego rank?", "answer": "third-largest"}, {"question": "What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas larger than San Diego?", "answer": "Riverside\u2013San Bernardino"}, {"question": "What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2010 census?", "answer": "1,307,402"}, {"question": "How many square miles does San Diego cover?", "answer": "372.1"}, {"question": "What is the population of San Diego's urgan area?", "answer": "2,956,746"}, {"question": "What was the population density of San Diego in 2009?", "answer": "3,771.9 people per square mile (1,456.4/km2)"}, {"question": "What ethnicity made up 15.9.% of San Diego's population in 2009?", "answer": "Asian"}, {"question": "In 2009, what percentage of the population was Hispanic?", "answer": "28.8%"}, {"question": "What was San Diego's population at the time of the 2010 census?", "answer": "1,307,402"}, {"question": "What was the population increase in San Diego from 2009 to 2010?", "answer": "just under 7%"}, {"question": "In what year was the household median income in San Diego at $45,733?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What was the median age of non-Hispanic whites in 2008?", "answer": "41.6"}, {"question": "In 2008, which racial group had the most individuals under the age of 18?", "answer": "Hispanics"}, {"question": "Of the population of individuals 55 and older, what percentage were non-Hispanic whites in 2008?", "answer": "63.1%"}, {"question": "What did the average salary increase to at the time of the 2008 census?", "answer": "$66,715"}, {"question": "What regional planning agency offers graphs and tables of census information for San Diego?", "answer": "SANDAG"}, {"question": "What percentage of San Diego's population was under the age of 18 in 2000?", "answer": "24.0%"}, {"question": "Which age group accounted for 10.5% of the population in 2000?", "answer": "65 and over"}, {"question": "In what year was the median age of residents in San Diego 35.6?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in 2011 were millenials?", "answer": "27.1%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population fell below the poverty line in San Diego in 2005?", "answer": "14.6%"}, {"question": "What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006?", "answer": "fifth-best place to live in the United States"}, {"question": "What magazine rated San Diego as being the country's fifth wealthiest city?", "answer": "Forbes"}, {"question": "In 2000,  what was the median salary for females in San Diego?", "answer": "$31,076"}, {"question": "What percentage of familes were below the poverty line in 2005?", "answer": "10.6%"}, {"question": "What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Diego?", "answer": "beer tours"}, {"question": "What big event takes place in San Diego in November?", "answer": "San Diego Beer Week"}, {"question": "What historical mission is a major tourist attraction in San Diego?", "answer": "Mission San Diego de Alcala"}, {"question": "What popular park in San Diego is home to the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld, and countless museums?", "answer": "Balboa Park"}, {"question": "What nickname has the city  been given as a result of its extensive craft beer industry?", "answer": "America's Craft Beer Capital"}, {"question": "Where is San Diego's border crossing?", "answer": "the San Ysidro neighborhood at the San Ysidro Port of Entry"}, {"question": "How long is the border that San Diego shares with Mexico?", "answer": "15-mile (24 km)"}, {"question": "Where is the next nearest commercial crossing at the border?", "answer": "Otay Mesa"}, {"question": "What is the volumte of trucks handled at the Otay Mesa crossing?", "answer": "the third-highest volume of trucks and dollar value of trade among all United States-Mexico land crossings."}, {"question": "How many border crossings does San Diego share with Mexico?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Why is San Diego known as an iHub Innovation Center?", "answer": "for collaboration potentially between wireless and life sciences"}, {"question": "What cellular  company is one of the city's largest private-sector employers?", "answer": "Qualcomm"}, {"question": "What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network?", "answer": "Cricket Communications"}, {"question": "What is San Diego's largest software company?", "answer": "Websense Inc"}, {"question": "What sector does ESET fall under?", "answer": "security"}, {"question": "What institution has contributed to the growth of fuel biotechnology?", "answer": "University of California"}, {"question": "What city does San Diego come in second to in the biotech industry?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "How many contract research organizations are in San Diego?", "answer": "140"}, {"question": "What two areas have the numerous research facilities and offices for biotech companies?", "answer": "La Jolla and nearby Sorrento Valley"}, {"question": "What two major biotech companies are headquartered in San Diego?", "answer": "Illumina and Neurocrine Biosciences"}, {"question": "What museum has a branch at the Santa Fe Depot?", "answer": "Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego (MCASD)"}, {"question": "In what district can historic ship exhibits be found?", "answer": "Columbia district downtown"}, {"question": "Where can one find the San Diego Zoo?", "answer": "Balboa Park"}, {"question": "Which museum houses the USS Midway aircraft carrier?", "answer": "San Diego Aircraft Carrier Museum"}, {"question": "What space-focused museum is in Balboa Park?", "answer": "San Diego Air & Space Museum"}, {"question": "Who is the director of the San Diego Symphony? ", "answer": "Jahja Ling"}, {"question": "Where can one enjoy a performance directed by Christopher Ashley?", "answer": "La Jolla Playhouse at UCSD"}, {"question": "Which theater is known for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?", "answer": "San Diego Repertory Theatre at the Lyceum Theatres"}, {"question": "How far back to San Diego's roots in the arts and theater sector go?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What did Opera America call the San Diego Opera at the Civic Center Plaza?", "answer": "one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States"}, {"question": "What tournament used to be known as the Buick Invitational?", "answer": "Farmers Insurance Open"}, {"question": "How many times were the America's Cup yacht races hosted by the San Diego Yacht Club from 1988 to 1955?", "answer": "three times"}, {"question": "What beach sport was inveted in San Diego?", "answer": "Over-the-line"}, {"question": "What yacht-related event is held annually in Mission Bay?", "answer": "Over-the-line championships"}, {"question": "What golf course hosts the Farmers Insurance Open?", "answer": "Torrey Pines Golf Course"}, {"question": "In what year did the city vote to change to a strong mayor government?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How many employees are there in San Diego for every 137 residents?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What is the number of members on the city's council?", "answer": "9"}, {"question": "Despite being a sanctuary city, what program does San Diego county participate in?", "answer": "Secure Communities program"}, {"question": "What is the county's payroll?", "answer": "greater than $733 million."}, {"question": "Who votes in the city's attorney and mayor?", "answer": "voters of the entire city"}, {"question": "How long is the term for council members?", "answer": "four-year terms,"}, {"question": "Were there more Democrats or Republicans in 2007?", "answer": "Democrats outnumbered Republicans by about 7 to 6"}, {"question": "Who is Kevin Faulconer?", "answer": "current mayor"}, {"question": "Who elects members of city council?", "answer": "single member districts within the city"}, {"question": "What two members of city council were convicted of extortion in 2005?", "answer": "Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet"}, {"question": "What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?", "answer": "no touch"}, {"question": "In what year were Zucchet's seven out of nine counts acquitted?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "How long was Inzunza's  prison sentence?", "answer": "21 months"}, {"question": "Who did Inzunza and Zucche accept money from?", "answer": "a strip club owner and his associates"}, {"question": "Why was Mayor Bob Filner asked to resign?", "answer": "allegations of repeated sexual harassment"}, {"question": "How many women claimed to be sexually harassed by Filner?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What was Filner's sentence?", "answer": "house arrest and probation"}, {"question": "When did a mediation process begin between Filner and a city representative?", "answer": "August 19"}, {"question": "How long did Filner's trial last?", "answer": "six weeks"}, {"question": "What happened to the crime rate in San Diego between 1990 and 2000?", "answer": "San Diego had a declining crime rate from 1990 to 2000"}, {"question": "What did Business Insider call San Diego in 2013?", "answer": "20th-safest city in America"}, {"question": "In what place did Forbes rank San Diego on it's top 10 list?", "answer": "ninth"}, {"question": "What percentage did the crime rate in San Diego drop from 2002 to 2006?", "answer": "0.8%"}, {"question": "What type of crime increased between 2002 and 2006?", "answer": "property crime"}, {"question": "Which television station began broadcasting  on May 16, 1949?", "answer": "KFMB"}, {"question": "What is San Diego's cable penetration rate?", "answer": "80.6 percent"}, {"question": "Why was San Diego eligible for two VHF channels?", "answer": "because of its relative proximity to the larger city"}, {"question": "In what year did UHF channels beging being licensed by the FCC?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "What independent station is in San Diego?", "answer": "KUSI 51"}, {"question": "How many duopolies does the Mexico side of San Diego-Tijuana have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What company owns XHDTV-TV and XHAS-TV?", "answer": "Entravision Communications"}, {"question": "Which station is ran by Bay City Television?", "answer": "XETV-TV"}, {"question": "What two stations are owned by Azteca?", "answer": "XHJK-TV and XHTIT-TV"}, {"question": "What is another name Free Radio San Diego is known by?", "answer": "Pirate Radio San Diego"}, {"question": "In addition to Free Radio San Diego, what other pirate station is in San Diego?", "answer": "106.9FM"}, {"question": "What is the largest nationwide broadcaster in San Diego?", "answer": "Clear Channel Communications"}, {"question": "Which language are some local radio stations available in?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "What is the exact setting for FM News & Talk?", "answer": "95.7"}, {"question": "What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?", "answer": "Interstate 8"}, {"question": "Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?", "answer": "near the Mexican border"}, {"question": "Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?", "answer": "Interstate 8"}, {"question": "What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?", "answer": "Las Vegas and Salt Lake City"}, {"question": "What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?", "answer": "over 80 percent"}, {"question": "What highway connects the I-805 with the downtown area?", "answer": "SR 94"}, {"question": "Where does SR 94 merge with I-15?", "answer": "at Miramar"}, {"question": "Where does SR 75 flow primarily through?", "answer": "San Diego Bay"}, {"question": "In what year was San Diego rated as the country's best densely populated city for cycling?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Why are older neighborhoods in San Diego popular with cyclists?", "answer": "the grid street patterns"}, {"question": "What makes San Diego the ideal city to commute via bike?", "answer": "dry and mild climate"}, {"question": "Why are average trip distances so lengthy in San Diego?", "answer": "the city's hilly, canyon-like terrain"}, {"question": "What areas of San Diego are primarily served by the trolley?", "answer": "downtown and surrounding urban communities"}, {"question": "What public transportation is in the works to be completed by 2018?", "answer": "A planned Mid-Coast extension of the Trolley"}, {"question": "How many Amtrak stations are in San Diego?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What number can you dial from any phone for public transportation information in San Diego?", "answer": "511"}, {"question": "Where do the Amtrak and Coaster trains primarily run?", "answer": "along the coastline"}, {"question": "What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?", "answer": "San Diego International Airport (SAN)"}, {"question": "What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?", "answer": "San Diego Regional Airport Authority"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?", "answer": "give direct access to Tijuana International Airport"}, {"question": "How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?", "answer": "17 million"}, {"question": "What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?", "answer": "Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM)"}, {"question": "What is the name given to the highly congested spot where Interstates 5 and 805 meet?", "answer": "The Merge"}, {"question": "What tollway connects Otay Mesa with SR 54?", "answer": "The South Bay Expressway"}, {"question": "Which terminal was expanded in the San Diego International Airport in 2013?", "answer": "Terminal 2"}, {"question": "What type of special lanes were added to Interstate 15?", "answer": "high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) \"managed lanes\""}, {"question": "In 2007, what percentage of the roads in San Diego were considered acceptable?", "answer": "37 percent"}, {"question": "Islamic World is another way to refer to what?", "answer": "Muslim world"}, {"question": "When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?", "answer": "those who adhere to the teachings of Islam"}, {"question": "When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?", "answer": "Islamic civilization"}, {"question": "Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?", "answer": "Ummah"}, {"question": "When did the Islamic Golden age start?", "answer": "622"}, {"question": "What other age occurred at the same time as the Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "There what is the latest year for the end of the Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "What years did Abbasid caliph Harun ar-Rashid reign?", "answer": "786 to 809"}, {"question": "Where was the House of Wisdom held?", "answer": "Baghdad"}, {"question": "What type of ceramic art was popular from the 8th to the 18th century in the art of Islam?", "answer": "glazed ceramics"}, {"question": "Which ceramic glazing was developed by those potters which were Islamic?", "answer": "Tin-opacified glazing"}, {"question": "Where would one find the earliest examples of opaque glazes in the Muslim world?", "answer": "Basra"}, {"question": "Around when were the first opaque glazes developed?", "answer": "8th century"}, {"question": "Where were stone-paste ceramics invented?", "answer": "9th century Iraq"}, {"question": "What is the most widely known fictional work from the Islamic world?", "answer": "One Thousand and One Nights"}, {"question": "Arabian nights was originally based upon what Persian work?", "answer": "Hez\u0101r Afs\u0101n (Thousand Fables)"}, {"question": "In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "When did One Thousand and One Nights first get translated in the West?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "Who was the first westerner to translate One Thousand and One Nights?", "answer": "Antoine Galland"}, {"question": "Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?", "answer": "Arabic poetry and Persian poetry"}, {"question": "Which era is Layla and Majnun from?", "answer": "Umayyad era"}, {"question": "In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?", "answer": "a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history"}, {"question": "Who wrote Shahnameh?", "answer": "Ferdowsi"}, {"question": "What is another name for Ibn Tufail?", "answer": "Abubacer"}, {"question": "What Arabic book is Ibn Tufail noted for writing?", "answer": "Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"}, {"question": "Who wrote Theologus Autodidactus?", "answer": "Ibn al-Nafis"}, {"question": "What person wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers?", "answer": "Al-Ghazali"}, {"question": "Who was the main chracter of Philosophus Autodidactus?", "answer": "Hayy"}, {"question": "What was the life span of Ibn al-Nafis?", "answer": "1213\u20131288"}, {"question": "What type of book is Theologus Autodidactus the first type of?", "answer": "science fiction"}, {"question": "What did Ibn al-Nafis use to explain the events in Theologus Autodidactus?", "answer": "scientific knowledge"}, {"question": "Which year did a translation of Philosophus Autodidactus in Latin come to be?", "answer": "1671"}, {"question": "Who first translated Philosophus Autodidactus into latin?", "answer": "Edward Pococke the Younger"}, {"question": "Simon Ockley translated Philosophus Autodidactus into English, in what year did he do that?", "answer": "1708"}, {"question": "Who wrote Robinson Crusoe?", "answer": "Daniel Defoe"}, {"question": "What book is Robert Boyle believe to have written after being inspired by Philosophus Autodidactus?", "answer": "The Aspiring Naturalist"}, {"question": "In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?", "answer": "in 1264 or shortly before"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Divine Comedy?", "answer": "Dante Alighieri"}, {"question": "Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?", "answer": "Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello"}, {"question": "In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?", "answer": "episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology"}, {"question": "What was the life span of Ibn Sina?", "answer": "980\u20131037"}, {"question": "How many books were said to have been written by Ibn Sina?", "answer": "450"}, {"question": "What subjects did Ibn Sina mainly write about?", "answer": "philosophy and medicine"}, {"question": "What medical book is Ibn Sina most noted for in European universities?", "answer": "The Canon of Medicine"}, {"question": "What philosophical encyclopedia is Ibn Sina known for writing?", "answer": "The Book of Healing"}, {"question": "Which philosopher from the Muslim world influenced modern philosophy?", "answer": "Ibn Tufail"}, {"question": "Who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdha?", "answer": "Ibn Tufail"}, {"question": "In what year was Hayy ibn Yaqdha translated to the Latin language?", "answer": "1671"}, {"question": "What kind of book is Hayy ibn Yaqdha?", "answer": "philosophical novel"}, {"question": "Which philosopher of the Muslim world is considered an important author of work on evolution?", "answer": "al-Jahiz"}, {"question": "Ibn al-Haytham can be known by another name, what is it?", "answer": "Alhazen"}, {"question": "What type of work is Ibn al-Haytham known to have pioneered?", "answer": "phenomenology and the philosophy of science"}, {"question": "Who is considered to have been the one that founded Illuminationist philosophy?", "answer": "Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi"}, {"question": "Which philosopher in the Muslim world championed inductive logic in their works?", "answer": "Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"}, {"question": "Ibn al-Haytham experimented with what around the year 1000?", "answer": "optics"}, {"question": "Ibn al-Haytham wrote about his work around the year 1000, what was it?", "answer": "Book of Optics"}, {"question": "Regarding the intromission theory of light, who showed the first proof?", "answer": "Ibn al-Haytham"}, {"question": "Which Muslim scientist worked on trigonometry?", "answer": "al-Khwarzimi"}, {"question": "Who is believed to have discovered decagonal quasicrystal geometry?", "answer": "Medieval Muslim artists"}, {"question": "What work is Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas known for writing?", "answer": "Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body)"}, {"question": "In what century did Tashrih al-badan come into being?", "answer": "15th century"}, {"question": "Who theorized about pulmonary circulation?", "answer": "Ibn al-Nafis"}, {"question": "Who wrote The Canon of Medicine?", "answer": "Avicenna"}, {"question": "Who wrote Kitab al-Tasrif?", "answer": "Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi"}, {"question": "What field did Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b contribute to?", "answer": "astronomy"}, {"question": "What work is Mu\u1e25ammad ibn J\u0101bir al-\u1e24arr\u0101n\u012b al-Batt\u0101n\u012b known for as it regards to earth?", "answer": "improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis"}, {"question": "What model did the work of Muslim World astronomers contribute to?", "answer": "the Copernican heliocentric model"}, {"question": "Who created the astrolabe?", "answer": "the Greeks"}, {"question": "Who is said to have mastered the astrolabe?", "answer": "Islamic astronomers and engineers"}, {"question": "What was the windmill used for?", "answer": "irrigation and farming"}, {"question": "which crops were brought to europe from the Muslim World?", "answer": "almonds and citrus fruit"}, {"question": "Trading in the Indian ocean was mainly controlled by whom?", "answer": "Arab merchants"}, {"question": "When did the Portuguese arrive in the Indian Ocean?", "answer": "16th century"}, {"question": "Where was an important center of Indian Ocean trading in the 16th century?", "answer": "Hormuz"}, {"question": "How early did people in the Muslim World start using watermills?", "answer": "7th century"}, {"question": "At what point was the use of watermills common in the Muslim World?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "In what century had mills such as gristmills and sawmills dominate the Islamic world?", "answer": "11th century"}, {"question": "Who invented crankshafts?", "answer": "Muslim engineers"}, {"question": "Who was the inventor of water turbines?", "answer": "Muslim engineers"}, {"question": "What percentage of the humans in the world are considered Muslim?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How many Muslims are believed to live on earth?", "answer": "1,5 billion"}, {"question": "In how many nations are Muslims in the majority of people?", "answer": "49"}, {"question": "How many languages are spoken by Muslims?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "Which Muslim denominations are the most dominant?", "answer": "Sunni and Shia"}, {"question": "What are the two main things differentiating Sunni and Shia?", "answer": "how the life of the ummah (\"faithful\") should be governed, and the role of the imam"}, {"question": "Who is believed, among Sunnis,  to be the political successor of the Prophet?", "answer": "Abu Bakr"}, {"question": "Who was Abu Bakr?", "answer": "father of the Prophet's favourite wife"}, {"question": "Who was Ali ibn Abi Talib?", "answer": "husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatimah"}, {"question": "What is the literacy rate in Kuwait?", "answer": "over 97%"}, {"question": "In 2015 it was reported that what percentage of the Muslim World was not literate?", "answer": "37%"}, {"question": "What organizations studied literacy in the Muslim World in 2015?", "answer": "Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"}, {"question": "Which regions have the lowest rate of literacy in the Muslim world?", "answer": "Mali, Afghanistan, Chad and parts of Africa"}, {"question": "Which organization for scientific publications was established in Pakistan in 2002?", "answer": "Higher Education Commission"}, {"question": "How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?", "answer": "5-fold increase"}, {"question": "How many universities were in Pakistan in 2001?", "answer": "115"}, {"question": "What science university did Saudi Arabia establish?", "answer": "King Abdullah University of Science and Technology"}, {"question": "Where is Zayed University?", "answer": "United Arab Emirates"}, {"question": "What is considered the most important work of Islamic architecture?", "answer": "the mosque"}, {"question": "What type of decorations are used in Muslim world decorative art rather than pictures?", "answer": "decorative calligraphy"}, {"question": "What is the definition of haram?", "answer": "forbidden"}, {"question": "Where in Muslim architecture are pictures forbidden?", "answer": "mosque architecture"}, {"question": "Where is one permitted to use representations of humans?", "answer": "secular architecture"}, {"question": "Why is depicting God forbidden in the Islamic world?", "answer": "such artistic depictions may lead to idolatry"}, {"question": "What do Muslims believe of the form of God?", "answer": "God is incorporeal"}, {"question": "How many sura's in the Quran begin with \"In the name of God?\"", "answer": "All but one"}, {"question": "What is the policy in the Muslim world on depicting Mohammed?", "answer": "prohibited"}, {"question": "What other religions might one find depictions of God, or Prophets forbidden?", "answer": "Jewish and some Christian theology"}, {"question": "What is the repetitive use of geometric floral designs known as in Islamic art?", "answer": "arabesque"}, {"question": "Islam forbade types of art found in what religions?", "answer": "pre-Islamic pagan religions"}, {"question": "Miniature paintings of the Ottoman empire featured what kind of subjects?", "answer": "people and animals"}, {"question": "In mosques domes may have what kind of scripts decorating them?", "answer": "kufic and naskh scripts"}, {"question": "What is one reason the art of Islam may be abstract?", "answer": "to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God"}, {"question": "What are the main distinctive features of Islamic architecture?", "answer": "ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns"}, {"question": "What physical characteristics are common in Islamic architecture?", "answer": "columns, piers and arches"}, {"question": "When did domes first appear in the architecture of the Muslim World?", "answer": "691"}, {"question": "Which mosque is believed to be the first with a dome?", "answer": "Dome of the Rock mosque"}, {"question": "When was the Taj Mahal constructed?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Shamsi Hijri calender?", "answer": "The Solar Hijri calendar"}, {"question": "What is one way to abbreviate the Solar Hiljri calender?", "answer": "SH"}, {"question": "What is the customary calendar of Iran?", "answer": "the Shamsi Hijri calendar"}, {"question": "How many months are in the Shamsi Hijri calendar?", "answer": "twelve months"}, {"question": "What is the first year of the Shamsi Hijri Calender based on?", "answer": "Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina"}, {"question": "How many Muslim nations require women to cover their legs, shoulders, or whole body?", "answer": "a small minority"}, {"question": "What are the restrictions on the dress of Muslim women considered in the West?", "answer": "sexist and oppressive"}, {"question": "Why do some Muslims oppose allowing women to reveal more of themselves?", "answer": "women to reveal too much in order to be deemed attractive"}, {"question": "In its most strict style what must a woman cover in some Muslim nations?", "answer": "the face"}, {"question": "Which country borders Iran to Iran's northwest?", "answer": "Armenia"}, {"question": "What is Iran's land mass in square miles?", "answer": "636,372 sq mi"}, {"question": "How many people live in Iran?", "answer": "78.4 million"}, {"question": "What is the unofficial name for Iran?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "What is Iran's official country name?", "answer": "the Islamic Republic of Iran"}, {"question": "What civilizations formed in Iran during 3200-2800 BC?", "answer": "the Proto-Elamite and Elamite kingdoms"}, {"question": "When did the Iranian Medes first unify an empire in the area?", "answer": "625 BC"}, {"question": "Who found the Archaemenid Empire in 550 BC?", "answer": "Cyrus the Great"}, {"question": "When did the Archaemenid Empire collapse?", "answer": "330 BC"}, {"question": "Who ended the Archaemenid Empire by conquest in 330 BC?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?", "answer": "633 AD"}, {"question": "What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?", "answer": "651 AD"}, {"question": "What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to? ", "answer": "Sunni Islam"}, {"question": "Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?", "answer": "Imperial Russia"}, {"question": "What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?", "answer": "1979 Revolution"}, {"question": "What city is Iran's capital?", "answer": "Tehran"}, {"question": "What resource does Iran have the largest supply of in the world?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "What resource does Iran have the fourth largest supply of in the world?", "answer": "proven oil reserves"}, {"question": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites does Iran have?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "How does Iran effect the world economy and international energy markets?", "answer": "through its large reserves of fossil fuels"}, {"question": "What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?", "answer": "3rd-century"}, {"question": "What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?", "answer": "Parthian"}, {"question": "What Proto-Indo-European term means \"skillful assembler?\"", "answer": "*ar-yo-"}, {"question": "What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?", "answer": "\u0112r\u0101n"}, {"question": "What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?", "answer": "the gentilic"}, {"question": "Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?", "answer": "Greek historians"}, {"question": "What has the West historically referred Iran as?", "answer": "Persia"}, {"question": "When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?", "answer": "the 9th century BC"}, {"question": "After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?", "answer": "the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,"}, {"question": "What is Persis known as today?", "answer": "Fars Province"}, {"question": "When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?", "answer": "1935"}, {"question": "Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?", "answer": "New York Times"}, {"question": "Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?", "answer": "Professor Ehsan Yarshater"}, {"question": "Which name is officially used politically?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?", "answer": "the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000\u2013200,000 BC"}, {"question": "What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?", "answer": "the Zagros region"}, {"question": "When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?", "answer": "10th to 8th millennium BC"}, {"question": "What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?", "answer": "The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran"}, {"question": "What ancient city dates back as early as 4395 BC in Iran?", "answer": "Susa"}, {"question": "How long ago did ancient cultures and settlements exist across the Iranian plateau?", "answer": "the 4th millennium BC"}, {"question": "During what Age was Iran the site of several of these ancient civilizations?", "answer": "Bronze Age"}, {"question": "Which ancient civilization in Iran during the 4th Millenium was the most prominent?", "answer": "Elam"}, {"question": "Elam's writing system had paralleled Sumer's cuneiform since what era?", "answer": "the 3rd millennium BC"}, {"question": "Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?", "answer": "the Assyrian Empire"}, {"question": "Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?", "answer": "king Cyaxares"}, {"question": "When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?", "answer": "between 616 BC and 605 BC"}, {"question": "How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?", "answer": "three centuries"}, {"question": "When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?", "answer": "728 BC"}, {"question": "Who founded the Achaemenid Empire when the city states in Iran came together in unification?", "answer": "Cyrus the Great"}, {"question": "When did Cyrus the Great found the Achaemenid Empire?", "answer": "550 BC"}, {"question": "Who triggered the Persian Revolt? ", "answer": "the Median ruler Astyages"}, {"question": "What resulted from the Persian Revolt?", "answer": "The conquest of Media"}, {"question": "What was the first world goverment the world had seen at the time it existed?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Empire"}, {"question": "What was the largest empire the world had seen at the time it existed?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Empire"}, {"question": "What sea did the Achaemenid Empire control the majority of the coastal regions of?", "answer": "the Black Sea"}, {"question": "The Achaemenid Empire expanded into what part of Asia?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "The Achaemenid Empire controlled all of the significant settlements of what ancient country during its greatest extent?", "answer": "ancient Egypt"}, {"question": "The Achaemenid Empire was the known enemy of what nation's histories during its existence?", "answer": "the Greek city states"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the Archaemenid Empire in 480BC?", "answer": "50 million people"}, {"question": "The Achaemenid Empire had what percentage of the word's population in 480BC?", "answer": "44% of the world's population"}, {"question": "What was the Achaemenid Empire's official language?", "answer": "Imperial Aramaic"}, {"question": "What Seven Wonder of the Ancient world was built by the Archaemenid Empire in the 4th Century BC?", "answer": "the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus"}, {"question": "Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?", "answer": "Darius III"}, {"question": "Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?", "answer": "the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?", "answer": "In the middle of the 2nd century BC"}, {"question": "When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?", "answer": "224 CE"}, {"question": "What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?", "answer": "Byzantine-Sassanid Wars"}, {"question": "When did the Arabs invade Iran?", "answer": "the 7th century"}, {"question": "Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?", "answer": "Arab Rashidun Caliphate"}, {"question": "What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?", "answer": "Jizya"}, {"question": "What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?", "answer": "Academy of Gunde Shapur"}, {"question": "What period was known for an era where Iranian civilization blossomed and peaked?", "answer": "the Islamic Golden Age"}, {"question": "When did the Islamic Golden Age reach its zenith?", "answer": "by the 10th and 11th centuries"}, {"question": "Where was the main area where the peak of scientific activity take place during the Islamic Golden Age?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "Prominent Iranian writers during this time of the Islamic Golden Age contributed to what area of writing?", "answer": "scientific writing"}, {"question": "What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?", "answer": "Turkic tribes"}, {"question": "Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?", "answer": "Central Asia"}, {"question": "The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?", "answer": "mamluks (slave-warriors)"}, {"question": "In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?", "answer": "999"}, {"question": "How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?", "answer": "These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership"}, {"question": "Who established an Ilkhanate in Iran after the break up of the Mongol Empire in 1256?", "answer": "Hulagu Khan"}, {"question": "Timur established the Timurid Empire in Iran in what year?", "answer": "1370"}, {"question": "How long did the Timurid empire last in Iran?", "answer": "156 years"}, {"question": "How many citizens were massacred in Isfahan by Timur in 1387?", "answer": "70,000 citizens"}, {"question": "The Ilkhans and Tumrids had what type of culture when ruling Iran?", "answer": "a culture that was distinctively Iranian"}, {"question": "Who established the Safavid Dynasty?", "answer": "Ismail I from Ardabil"}, {"question": "What was the capital of the Safavid Dynasty?", "answer": "Tabriz"}, {"question": "Ismail I forced a conversion to what Islamic branch?", "answer": "Shia Islam"}, {"question": "What country is currently the only official Shia nation of the world?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?", "answer": "Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?", "answer": "Abbas the Great"}, {"question": "When did the Safavid Empire peak?", "answer": "1587\u20131629"}, {"question": "Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?", "answer": "Pashtun rebels"}, {"question": "Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?", "answer": "Soltan Hosein"}, {"question": "In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?", "answer": "Nader Shah"}, {"question": "Where was Nader Shan from?", "answer": "Khorasan"}, {"question": "Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?", "answer": "the Sassanid Empire"}, {"question": "Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?", "answer": "Caucasian territories"}, {"question": "Whose death in 1779 led to a civil war in Iran?", "answer": "Karim Khan"}, {"question": "Who founded the following Qajar Empire in 1794?", "answer": "Aqa Mohammad Khan"}, {"question": "The Qajars defeated the Russians at what battle to take over Tblisi?", "answer": "Battle of Krtsanisi"}, {"question": "The Qajars drove the Russians out of what entire region?", "answer": "the entire Caucasus"}, {"question": "Iran lost territory in the Caucasus during what wars in the early 1800s?", "answer": "Russo-Persian wars"}, {"question": "What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?", "answer": "the 19th century Russo-Persian wars"}, {"question": "What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?", "answer": "the Caucasus"}, {"question": "The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?", "answer": "Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region"}, {"question": "What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?", "answer": "the 19th century"}, {"question": "When did a series of protests over foreign concessions sales in Iran occur?", "answer": "Between 1872 and 1905"}, {"question": "What resulted from the series of protests in Iran over foreign concessions sales?", "answer": "the Iranian Constitutional Revolution"}, {"question": "The first national parliament of Iran was founded in what year?", "answer": "in 1906"}, {"question": "The first Constitution of Iran was founded in what year?", "answer": "in 1906"}, {"question": "The Iranian Constitution did what for Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians in Iran?", "answer": "official recognition of Iran's three religious minorities"}, {"question": "The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?", "answer": "until 1911"}, {"question": "Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?", "answer": "Mohammad Ali Shah"}, {"question": "In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?", "answer": "restoring order"}, {"question": "The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?", "answer": "Ottoman armies"}, {"question": "When was Reza Shah forced to abdicate in Iran?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?", "answer": "his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi"}, {"question": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi established what enormous supply route during World War 2?", "answer": "the Persian Corridor"}, {"question": "Who backed two puppet regimes in/around Iran during WWII?", "answer": "the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What happened which ended in two puppet states dissolving and Soviet withdrawal out of Iran after WWII?", "answer": "the Iran crisis of 1946"}, {"question": "What year did oil price spikes in Iran lead to inflation?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What caused inflation to Iran's economy during the oil price spike in 1973?", "answer": "economy of Iran was flooded with foreign currency"}, {"question": "Iran's inflation led to what in 1975-1976?", "answer": "an economic recession"}, {"question": "Why did millions of youth migrate to the urban areas of Iran in the mid 1970s?", "answer": "construction jobs"}, {"question": "Due to increased unemployment, who mainly opposed the Shah's regime?", "answer": "millions of youth who had migrated to the cities"}, {"question": "The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?", "answer": "in a violent manner"}, {"question": "The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?", "answer": "non-Islamist"}, {"question": "What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?", "answer": "were executed"}, {"question": "When was the US Embassy in Iran seized?", "answer": "November 4, 1979"}, {"question": "Who seized the US Embassy in Iran in 1979?", "answer": "a group of students"}, {"question": "How many hostages were taken in the US Embassy seizure?", "answer": "52 personnel and citizens"}, {"question": "Who won the 1980 US Presidential Elections after President Carter's repeated failed attempts to resolve the US Iranian Embassy situation? ", "answer": "Ronald Reagan"}, {"question": "ALl of the hostages were completely freed as the result of what treaty?", "answer": "Algiers Accords"}, {"question": "Who invaded Iran in 1980?", "answer": "the Iraqi army"}, {"question": "When did the Iranian army push the Iraqis back into Iraq? ", "answer": "mid 1982"}, {"question": "When did the Iran-Iraq War finally end?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Who mediated the truce which ended the Iran-Iraq War?", "answer": "the UN"}, {"question": "How many civilians in Iran were killed during the Iran-Iraq War?", "answer": "11,000\u201316,000"}, {"question": "What is the size of Iran?", "answer": "1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What latitudes does Iran lie between?", "answer": "24\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 N"}, {"question": "What longitudes does Iran lie between?", "answer": "44\u00b0 and 64\u00b0 E"}, {"question": "Where does Iran border the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman?", "answer": "to the south"}, {"question": "What does Iran border with to its north?", "answer": "the Caspian Sea"}, {"question": "Iran's landscape is dominated by what geographical feature?", "answer": "rugged mountain ranges"}, {"question": "What is Iran's highest mountain?", "answer": "Mount Damavand"}, {"question": "How tall is Mount Damavand?", "answer": "5,610 m (18,406 ft)"}, {"question": "Mount Damavand is located in what range?", "answer": "Alborz Mountains"}, {"question": "Iran's climate along its Capsian coast and northen forests is?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "During what season does Iran's northern region's temperatures never go higher than 29c?", "answer": "Summer"}, {"question": "What is the annual precipitation in Iran's eastern plains?", "answer": "680 mm (26.8 in)"}, {"question": "What is the annual precipitation in Iran's western plains?", "answer": "1,700 mm (66.9 in)"}, {"question": "According to Gary Lewis of the UN, what is the most pressing human security challenge in Iran?", "answer": "Water scarcity"}, {"question": "In Iran's western Zagros Basin, what are the average daily temperatures during winter?", "answer": "below zero"}, {"question": "In Iran's western Zagros Basin, temperatures do not exceed what level during the summer?  ", "answer": "38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "The eastern and central basins of Iran experience how much annual precipitation?", "answer": "less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain"}, {"question": "What is the coastal plains of Iran's annual precipitation ranges?", "answer": "135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in)"}, {"question": "How many species of Iranian wildlife are listed by the IUCN as endangered?", "answer": "74 species"}, {"question": "The Iranian Parliament lets who exploit mines without guidance from the Department of the Environment?", "answer": "Ministry of Industries and Mines"}, {"question": "The Iranian Parliament does not demand environmental impact studies before approving what projects?", "answer": "large national development projects"}, {"question": "The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?", "answer": "Department of Environment"}, {"question": "What is the sixth most populous city of Iran?", "answer": "Shiraz"}, {"question": "What is Shiraz' population by the 2011 Census?", "answer": "1.4 million"}, {"question": "Shiraz is the capital of what Province?", "answer": "Fars Province"}, {"question": "What ancient civilization has majorly influenced the Fars Province?", "answer": "Babylonian civilization"}, {"question": "Persians have been in the Fars Province since what century?", "answer": "9th century BC"}, {"question": "The Iranina Islamic Republic is based on what document?", "answer": "the 1979 Constitution"}, {"question": "What is the Leader of the Revolution also known as?", "answer": "Supreme Leader"}, {"question": "Who is the Commander in Chief of the Iranian Army?", "answer": "The Supreme Leader"}, {"question": "The Supreme Leader appoints how many members of the Guardian Council?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for electing and dismissing the Supreme Leader?", "answer": "The Assembly of Experts"}, {"question": "In Iran, who has the final say in all matters directly related to the Supreme Leader?", "answer": "the Supreme Leader"}, {"question": "Who exercises exective powers in Iran?", "answer": "The President"}, {"question": "The Council of Ministers is appointed and supervised by who?", "answer": "The President"}, {"question": "How many Vice-Presidents serve under the President in Iran?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "The legislature approves the 8 vice presidents and how many cabinet members?", "answer": "twenty-two"}, {"question": "How many jurists are in the Guardian Council?", "answer": "twelve jurists"}, {"question": "Who can veto Parliament?", "answer": "The Guardian Council"}, {"question": "What Council acts as a mediator when there are disputes between the Parliament and the Guardian Council?", "answer": "The Expediency Council"}, {"question": "How long are the terms of local city councils that are present in all Iranian cities and villages?", "answer": "four-year terms"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for interpreting the Constitution?", "answer": "The Guardian Council"}, {"question": "When crimes are committed by clerics, who handles the cases?", "answer": "The Special Clerical Court"}, {"question": "The Special Clerical Court is accountable to only which body?", "answer": "the Supreme Leader"}, {"question": "How often does the Assembly of Experts meet?", "answer": "one week annually"}, {"question": "The Assembly of Experts has how many clerics?", "answer": "86"}, {"question": "Which body can remove the Supreme Leader at any time by constitutional right?", "answer": "The Assembly of Experts"}, {"question": "Iran's nuclear program has caused discord within the international community since when?", "answer": "Since 2005"}, {"question": "Which country did Iran's leadership was quoted as being a possible target of its atomic weapons?  ", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Who imposed sanctions against Iran as a result of Iran's nuclear program?", "answer": "UN Security Council"}, {"question": "When was it estimated by the US Director of National Intelligence that Iran would be able to develop a nuclear weapon?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is Iran's volunteer militia force named?", "answer": "the Basij"}, {"question": "How many full-time members does the Basij have?", "answer": "90,000"}, {"question": "How many members in total does the Basij have? ", "answer": "Up to 11 million men and women"}, {"question": "In 2007 what was Iran spending 2.6% of its GDP on?", "answer": "military spending"}, {"question": "In 2014, Iran spent how much on weapons spending?", "answer": "$15 billion"}, {"question": "What is Iran's most advanced missile?", "answer": "The Fajr-3 (MIRV)"}, {"question": "Since when has Iran developed its domestic military infrastructure?", "answer": "1979 Revolution"}, {"question": "Why did Iran have to build its own military hardware, vehicles, and weapons after the 1979 Revolution?", "answer": "foreign embargoes"}, {"question": "The Fajr-3 missile uses what type of propulsion system?", "answer": "liquid fuel"}, {"question": "By 2007, Iran's crude oil exports resulted in how much of its foreign exchange currency?", "answer": "$70 billion"}, {"question": "What is a main cause of Iran's constant budget deficits?", "answer": "large-scale state subsidies"}, {"question": "In 2008, how much was Iran's state subsidy in its energy sector?", "answer": "more than $84 billion"}, {"question": "What year did Iran pass an economic reform plan that would replace subsidies with targeted social assistance programs?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "How much of Iran's budget came from oil and natural gas reserves in 2006?", "answer": "about 45%"}, {"question": "What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?", "answer": "diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy"}, {"question": "What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? ", "answer": "the bonyads"}, {"question": "What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?", "answer": "lagging corruption in the public sector"}, {"question": "The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?", "answer": "ranked 69"}, {"question": "How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in early 2012?", "answer": "16,000"}, {"question": "How much was 1 US Dollar worth in Iranian Rials in April 2013?", "answer": "36,000"}, {"question": "What year did a nuclear and sanctions relief deal happen for Iran?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What economic sanction against Iranian crude oil has adversely affected the Iranian economy?", "answer": "embargo"}, {"question": "What would possibly prevent the even spread of relief benefits from Iran's nuclear and sanctions deal of 2015?", "answer": "the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps"}, {"question": "What does Teheran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz have in common?", "answer": "the most popular tourist destinations"}, {"question": "How many tourist visas were granted in 2003?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "Which group made up the majority of granted tourist visas in 2003?", "answer": "Asian Muslims"}, {"question": "In 2003, what was Iran's worldwide rank in tourism revenues?", "answer": "ranked 68th"}, {"question": "What was Iran's rank in the top 10 Middle East destinations according to UNESCO?", "answer": "rated 4th"}, {"question": "How much natural gas reserves does Iran have?", "answer": "33.6 trillion cubic metres"}, {"question": "What is Iran ranked in the world in proved gas reserves?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "How much oil reserves does Iran have?", "answer": "153,600,000,000 barrels"}, {"question": "Where does Iran rank in OPEC's top oil exporting nations?", "answer": "2nd largest"}, {"question": "How much did Iran spend in oil imports in 2005?", "answer": "US$4 billion"}, {"question": "When did Iran open its first wind-powered plants?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "When did Iran open its first geothermal plants?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "How much did Iran's installed capacity of power increase to after it added new hydroelectric power in 2004?", "answer": "33,000 megawatts"}, {"question": "How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on natural gas? ", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "How much of Iran's 33k megawatt installed capacity was based on oil? ", "answer": "18%"}, {"question": "Which Iranian scientist co-invented the first gas laser?", "answer": "Ali Javan"}, {"question": "When did Ali Javan, an Iranian scientist, co-invent the first gas laser?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Which Iranian cardiologist developed and invented the first artificial cardiac pump?", "answer": "Tofy Mussivand"}, {"question": "Which Iranian scientist discovered HbA1c to further treatment and research of diabetes?", "answer": "Samuel Rahbar"}, {"question": "In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first women ever and first Iranian to win what prestigious mathematics award? ", "answer": "the Fields Medal"}, {"question": "What is Iran's presumed largest ethnic group?", "answer": "Persians"}, {"question": "What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?", "answer": "Azerbaijanis"}, {"question": "Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?", "answer": "53%"}, {"question": "Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?", "answer": "22%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?", "answer": "79%"}, {"question": "What other branch of Islam is recognized by the Iranian government?", "answer": "Sunni branch"}, {"question": "Are the religious minorities in Iran - Christianity, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, and Sunnis - a part of the Iranian Parliament?", "answer": "have reserved seats"}, {"question": "What religious minority is not officially recognized by the Iranian government?", "answer": "the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith"}, {"question": "How long has the Bahai Faith been persecuted in Iran?", "answer": "since the 19th century"}, {"question": "Which religious minority since the 1979 Revolution has been persecuted and in some cases executed by the Iranian government?", "answer": "the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith"}, {"question": "What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? ", "answer": "the bas-reliefs of Persepolis"}, {"question": "How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? ", "answer": "c. 500 BC"}, {"question": "What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?", "answer": "Persepolis"}, {"question": "In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?", "answer": "the Sassanid Era"}, {"question": "What decade was significant to Iranian film?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What Iranian film festival in 1954 was the progenitor of future film festivals in 1969 and 1973?", "answer": "the Golrizan Festival"}, {"question": "How many commercial films were produced yearly on average in the early 1960s in Iran?", "answer": "25 commercial films"}, {"question": "How many commercial films were produced yearly on average by the end of the 1960s in Iran?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "What Iranian film festival was created in 1973?", "answer": "Tehran World Festival"}, {"question": "Which director led off a new age of Iranian film after the 1979 Revolution?", "answer": "Khosrow Sinai"}, {"question": "What was the name of Sinai's film that ushered in Iran's new era of film after the 1979 Revolution?", "answer": "Viva..."}, {"question": "Which Iranian director won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997?", "answer": "Abbas Kiarostami"}, {"question": "What was the name of Kiarostami's film which won the Palm d'Or at Cannes in 1997? ", "answer": "Taste of Cherry"}, {"question": "What year did 6 different Iranian films of six different styles represent at the Berlin International Film Festival?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "When did the Internet arrive in Iran?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What percentage of Iran's population were internet users in 2014?", "answer": "around 40%"}, {"question": "What is Iran's most popular online social network?", "answer": "Instagram"}, {"question": "What percentage of cloud-based instant messaging platform Telegram's users are from Iran? ", "answer": "Over 80%"}, {"question": "What site is responsible for around 90% of Iran's online e-commerce?", "answer": "Digikala"}, {"question": "In Iranian cuisine, what is habitually used with fruits? ", "answer": "Herbs"}, {"question": "Iranians usually eat what diet staple with lunch and dinner?", "answer": "plain yogurt"}, {"question": "What delicacy is Iran famous for?", "answer": "caviar"}, {"question": "Why is Iranian cuisine so diverse besides being influenced by other cultures?", "answer": "its variety of ethnic groups"}, {"question": "Iran has the highest population of what group in the world?", "answer": "Azerbaijanis"}, {"question": "What is the percentage range of Iran's total population is seemingly comprised of Azerbaijanis?", "answer": "between 21.6\u201330%"}, {"question": "What is the majority of organizational estimations of Azerbaijanis' percentage of Iran's population?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What melon is Iran a Top 5 producer in the world in 2012?", "answer": "watermelons"}, {"question": "How many agricultural products in 2012 was Iran a top 5 producer in the world? Answer: 12", "answer": "apricots, cherries, sour cherries, cucumbers and gherkins, dates, eggplants, figs, pistachios, quinces, walnuts, and watermelons."}, {"question": "What type of materials is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?", "answer": "construction materials"}, {"question": "What type of appliances is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?", "answer": "home appliances"}, {"question": "What type of chemicals is Iran a leading manufacturer of in the Middle East?", "answer": "petrochemicals"}, {"question": "The Achaemind Empire along with what other group became the foundation for the art in later Iranian history?", "answer": "The Median"}, {"question": "A blend of Iranian and what other type of artwork were the Parthians' art comprised of?", "answer": "Hellenistic"}, {"question": "What Iranian art played a major role in the formation of medieval art from Europe and Asia?", "answer": "Sassanid art"}, {"question": "The Sassanid became a cornerstone of what type of learning?", "answer": "Islamic learning"}, {"question": "What is two islands that are part of the British Isles?", "answer": "Great Britain, Ireland"}, {"question": "Where are the British Isles located?", "answer": "North Atlantic,"}, {"question": "How many people live in the British Isles?", "answer": "just under 70 million"}, {"question": "What is one of the three Crown Dependencies of the British Isles?", "answer": "Isle of Man"}, {"question": "Where are the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey located?", "answer": "in the Channel Islands"}, {"question": "What is the age of the oldest rocks in the north western part of Scotland?", "answer": "2,700 million years old"}, {"question": "What is the elevation of Ben Nevis?", "answer": "1,344 metres (4,409 ft"}, {"question": "What type of climate does this area have?", "answer": "temperate marine"}, {"question": "Around 12,000 BC, Great Britain was still a peninsula on what continent?", "answer": "European continent."}, {"question": "When is it believed that Ireland became inhabited?", "answer": "after 8000 BC"}, {"question": "Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?", "answer": "Pictish (northern Britain)"}, {"question": "When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?", "answer": "beginning of the 1st millennium AD"}, {"question": "Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?", "answer": "Roman Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Vikings invade Britain?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?", "answer": "Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?", "answer": "association of the word British"}, {"question": "Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?", "answer": "does not recognise or use the term"}, {"question": "What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?", "answer": "Atlantic Archipelago"}, {"question": "Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?", "answer": "its embassy in London discourages its use"}, {"question": "Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?", "answer": "writings of sea-farers"}, {"question": "What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?", "answer": "Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)"}, {"question": "What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?", "answer": "native Celtic-language"}, {"question": "What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?", "answer": "\u03a0\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03af (Priteni or Pretani)"}, {"question": "When did the \"P\" sound of Pretannia change to the \"B\" sound of Britannia?", "answer": "during the time of Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "What did name did Claudius Ptolemy (Greco-Egyptian scientist) use for Ireland?", "answer": "little Britain (\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2 \u0392\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 - mikris Brettanias)"}, {"question": "In later writings, what did Claudius Ptolemy called the British Isles?", "answer": "Alwion, Iwernia, and Mona"}, {"question": "After the Romans conqured the British Isles what became the more common name for the country?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?", "answer": "a work by John Dee"}, {"question": "When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?", "answer": "1577"}, {"question": "What is another name that is used for the British Isles?", "answer": "Anglo-Celtic Isles"}, {"question": "What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?", "answer": "\"these islands"}, {"question": "When did the Caledonian Orogeny occur?", "answer": "c. 488\u2013444 Ma and early Silurian period"}, {"question": "What happened during the c. 488\u2013444 Ma and early Silurian period?", "answer": "craton Baltica collided with the terrane Avalonia"}, {"question": "What formed after the craton Baltica and the terrane Avalonia collision?", "answer": "mountains and hills"}, {"question": "What formed the hills of Munster and the southern part of Wales?", "answer": "Variscan orogeny"}, {"question": "In which direction have the British Isles been drifting?", "answer": "northwest"}, {"question": "What was the most recent glaciation that has shaped the British Isles?", "answer": "Devensian"}, {"question": "What happened with the Devensian glaciation ended?", "answer": "the English Channel flooded"}, {"question": "When did sea levels reach their current highth?", "answer": "4,000 to 5,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What covered the sea between Ireland and Great Britian during the last glacier?", "answer": "a single ice sheet"}, {"question": "What is the lowest elevation in the British Isles?", "answer": "Holme, Cambridgeshire at \u22122.75 m"}, {"question": "Where is the highest point in the British Isles?", "answer": "Ben Nevis"}, {"question": "Where are other mountain areas in the British Isles?", "answer": "Wales and parts of Ireland"}, {"question": "What is the longest river in Ireland?", "answer": "the Shannon"}, {"question": "What is the weather like in the summer time in the British Isles?", "answer": "mild and also wet"}, {"question": "Which continent has similar plant and animal life as the British Isles?", "answer": "European continent"}, {"question": "In Ireland where does the native animal and plant species mostly come from?", "answer": "Europe, and Great Britain"}, {"question": "When did the land bridge between Ireland and Britain disappear?", "answer": "about 8,000 years ago"}, {"question": "When did the last Ice Age end in the British Isles?", "answer": "about 12,000 years ago"}, {"question": "When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?", "answer": "around 6000 BC"}, {"question": "When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?", "answer": "medieval times"}, {"question": "Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?", "answer": "due to a small population"}, {"question": "When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?", "answer": "17th century"}, {"question": "What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?", "answer": "oak, ash, wych elm"}, {"question": "Which two animals became extinct in the British Isles?", "answer": "wolf, bear"}, {"question": "Which species of deer is protected in the British Isles?", "answer": "red deer"}, {"question": "How many bird species does the British Isles have?", "answer": "Over 200 species of bird"}, {"question": "What are three of the most common birds in the British Isles?", "answer": "chaffinch, common blackbird, house sparrow"}, {"question": "What kinds of fish are abundent in the British Isles?", "answer": "salmon, trout, perch and pike"}, {"question": "Which snakes are considered native to the British Isles but not Ireland?", "answer": "European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake"}, {"question": "What is the name of the slug that is native to both Britain and Ireland?", "answer": "Kerry slug"}, {"question": "Is the grass nake or the smooth snake native to Ireland?", "answer": "none are native to Ireland"}, {"question": "What type of wild life are not native to Ireland but are in Britain?", "answer": "water voles, roe deer and common toads"}, {"question": "Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "How many people live in the area of London?", "answer": "9 million"}, {"question": "What are two other major populated cities in England?", "answer": "Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)"}, {"question": "What is the most populated city in Ireland?", "answer": "Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million)"}, {"question": "Which two areas in the British Isles hasn't experienced a large population growth in the last one hundred years?", "answer": "Scotland and Wales"}, {"question": "How does Ireland's population compare to the rest of the British Isles?", "answer": "less than one tenth of the population of the British Isles"}, {"question": "How long did the Great Irish Famine cause a population decline in Ireland?", "answer": "century-long population decline"}, {"question": "How large is the Irish diaspora that was caused by the Great Irish Famine?", "answer": "fifteen times the current population of the island"}, {"question": "How many groups do these languages belong to?", "answer": "six groups"}, {"question": "What are the three Insular Celtic languages?", "answer": "Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic"}, {"question": "What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?", "answer": "Cornish, Welsh and Breton"}, {"question": "Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?", "answer": "Shelta"}, {"question": "What mainland was the British Isles once connected to?", "answer": "European mainland"}, {"question": "What happened to British Isles area when the ice melted after the last ice age?", "answer": "sea levels rose"}, {"question": "When sea levels rose what occured in the British Isles area?", "answer": "separating Ireland from Great Britain"}, {"question": "When did the British Isles area become separated from the European continent?", "answer": "two to four millennia"}, {"question": "Did Britain become populated with people again before or after the ice came to an end?", "answer": "before the ice age ended"}, {"question": "The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?", "answer": "Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group"}, {"question": "What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?", "answer": "Hadrian's Wall"}, {"question": "During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?", "answer": "Hiberni"}, {"question": "The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?", "answer": "Picts"}, {"question": "What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?", "answer": "Britons"}, {"question": "Which people arrived in the British Isles when the Roman Empire's power was diminishing?", "answer": "Anglo-Saxons"}, {"question": "What area did the Anglo-Saxons begin to dominate in the British Isles?", "answer": "southern Great Britain"}, {"question": "What happened to the British Isles and Europe after the Roman Empire ended?", "answer": "the Dark Ages"}, {"question": "What era did Ireland enter when the Roman Empire ended?", "answer": "golden age"}, {"question": "What did the Irish build during the Golden Age?", "answer": "monasteries and universities"}, {"question": "When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?", "answer": "east coast of Ireland"}, {"question": "England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?", "answer": "Denmark"}, {"question": "When did the Norman Conquest occur?", "answer": "1066"}, {"question": "In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?", "answer": "Angevins"}, {"question": "During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?", "answer": "Kingdoms of England and Scotland"}, {"question": "Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?", "answer": "King Henry VIII"}, {"question": "What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?", "answer": "Church of England"}, {"question": "Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "Which crown did the King of Scotland inherit in 1603?", "answer": "Crown of England"}, {"question": "What happened to Britain during the 17th century?", "answer": "political upheaval, religious division and war"}, {"question": "Why did the King of England have issues with parliment in the 17th century?", "answer": "his policy of tolerance towards Catholicism"}, {"question": "The English Civil War brought about what change to Britain?", "answer": "revolutionary republic in England"}, {"question": "Who where the ruling class after the revolutionary republic was created?", "answer": "Protestant and British"}, {"question": "In what year was the Kingdom of Great Britain founded?", "answer": "1707"}, {"question": "When did the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland unite?", "answer": "1801"}, {"question": "How large did the British Empire become by the beginning of the 20th century?", "answer": "one third of the globe"}, {"question": "What negative factor occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution in England?", "answer": "terrible condition for the working class"}, {"question": "What was the result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1919-1922?", "answer": "Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What are the names of the two states that are sovereign in the British Isles today?", "answer": "Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "What is another name that Ireland is also called?", "answer": "Republic of Ireland"}, {"question": "Northern Ireland is part of which country?", "answer": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "What is another name for the  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Which three states in the United Kingdom have devolved governements?", "answer": "Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland"}, {"question": "Which state send members to the parliament in Edinburgh?", "answer": "Scotland"}, {"question": "What type of government does the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies have?", "answer": "parliamentary democracies"}, {"question": "Who shares power in Northern Ireland?", "answer": "unionists and nationalists"}, {"question": "Unionists in Northern Ireland want to remain part of which country?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "Nationalist in Northern Ireland want to join which country?", "answer": "the rest of Ireland"}, {"question": "The United Kingdom is part of what union?", "answer": "European Union (EU)"}, {"question": "What does the Schengen area allow in the European Union?", "answer": "passport-free travel between EU members states"}, {"question": "When was a free-travel area created betwen Northern Ireland and Ireland?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "This free-travel area in Ireland is now called what?", "answer": "Common Travel Area"}, {"question": "What are the two exceptions to the voting rights in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand Britain?", "answer": "presidential elections and constitutional referendums"}, {"question": "In what elections are other Europeans who are living in the United Kingdom or Ireland, allowed to vote in?", "answer": "local and European Parliament elections"}, {"question": "Which ministry wants to end this type of voting of EU nationals?", "answer": "UK Ministry of Justice"}, {"question": "What type of arrangement let British and Irish citizens vote in each other's elections?", "answer": "Reciprocal arrangements"}, {"question": "What has caused several uncommon arrangements between the various states in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "The Northern Ireland Peace Process"}, {"question": "What type of citizenship can Northern Ireland people have?", "answer": "choice of Irish or British citizenship or both"}, {"question": "The 1998 Good Friday Agreement resulted in what arrangement?", "answer": "policies common across the island of Ireland"}, {"question": "The Northern Ireland Executive meets with what other government to develop policies for the island of Ireland?", "answer": "Government of Ireland"}, {"question": "What was one of organizations that was founded because of the Good Friday Agreement?", "answer": "British\u2013Irish Council"}, {"question": "Which states belong to the British-Irish Council?", "answer": "all of the states and territories of the British Isles"}, {"question": "How many Oireachtas members where there in the original British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "How many members of the United Kingdom Parliament were in the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly originally?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "The British-Irish Council has added representatives from which parliament?", "answer": "Scottish Parliament"}, {"question": "How often does the British-Irish Council meet?", "answer": "biannually"}, {"question": "What does the British-Irish Council discuss?", "answer": "issues of mutual importance"}, {"question": "Does the Parliamentary Assembly had any kinds of legislative authority?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "What does the British-Irish Council do?", "answer": "investigates and collects witness evidence"}, {"question": "Who recommended that the British-Irish Inter-Parliamentary Assembly should look very closely at the work that the British-Irish Council does?", "answer": "Niall Blaney"}, {"question": "What types of media give the people of Ireland information about what is going on in Britain?", "answer": "British television, newspapers and magazines"}, {"question": "What is available to the people in Northern Ireland so they have access to the media?", "answer": "private television"}, {"question": "What is one of the most popoular television shows in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "The X Factor"}, {"question": "Who can receive the Costa Book Award?", "answer": "authors resident in the UK or Ireland"}, {"question": "What are some of the minor sports in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "croquet, bowls, pitch and putt"}, {"question": "What is the most popular sport in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "association football"}, {"question": "How many national Ruby teams are there in the United Kingdom?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In which hemisphere do the rugby playing countries meet once every four years?", "answer": "southern hemisphere"}, {"question": "How often do the national rugby teams play for the Triple Crown?", "answer": "each year"}, {"question": "The Irish Sea tunnel was first purposed in what year?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What is the name of the recent proposal of a tunnel between Rosslare and Fishguard ports?", "answer": "Tusker Tunnel"}, {"question": "Who proposed the Tusker Tunnel?", "answer": "The Institute of Engineers of Ireland"}, {"question": "What is the estimated cost to build the Tusker Tunnel?", "answer": "\u00a315 billion or \u20ac20 billion"}, {"question": "In what year was a bridge proposed between County Antrim in Northern Ireland to Galloway, Scotland?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What Museum has a vase with an image of an episkyros player?", "answer": "National Archaeological Museum of Athens"}, {"question": "What game did Athenaeus reference in 228 AD?", "answer": "harpastum"}, {"question": "What is the name of a similar, non-competitive game in Japan called?", "answer": "kemari"}, {"question": "What country is the game chuck-guk from?", "answer": "Korea"}, {"question": "What country is the game wogabaliri from?", "answer": "Australia"}, {"question": "What year did the Football Association arrange The Laws of the Game?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "Who Organizes the World Cups?", "answer": "International Federation of Association Football"}, {"question": "About how many years between World Cups?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What country did the Laws of the Game come from?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Who are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands?", "answer": "goalkeepers"}, {"question": "What century does football in England date back to?", "answer": "eighth century AD"}, {"question": "What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?", "answer": "FIFA"}, {"question": "In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?", "answer": "mid-19th century"}, {"question": "What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?", "answer": "Cambridge Rules"}, {"question": "Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?", "answer": "Trinity College"}, {"question": "In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "What year did the Sheffield FA form?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?", "answer": "1848"}, {"question": "What is the only position specified by the Laws of the Game", "answer": "goalkeeper"}, {"question": "The focus of strikers and forwards are to do what?", "answer": "score goals"}, {"question": "Who's job is to prevent the opponents from scoring?", "answer": "defenders"}, {"question": " A team players layout is a what?", "answer": "formation"}, {"question": "Who's the most responsible for the teams tactics?", "answer": "team's manager"}, {"question": "What year did the Football Association form?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?", "answer": "Freemasons' Tavern"}, {"question": "What year did the Rugby Football Union form?", "answer": "1871"}, {"question": "How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?", "answer": "The Sheffield FA"}, {"question": "What is C.W. Alcock responsible for founding?", "answer": "FA Cup"}, {"question": "How long has the FA Cup been contested?", "answer": "1872"}, {"question": "Who founded the worlds first football league?", "answer": "William McGregor"}, {"question": "How many clubs where in the first football league?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What country is the home of the first football league?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?", "answer": "International Football Association Board"}, {"question": "What year was the IFAB formed?", "answer": "1886"}, {"question": "What city was FIFA formed?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "How many representatives did FIFA have in the IFAB?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many different British associations where part of the IFAB?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In 2006, which team helps secure a truce during a civil war?", "answer": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"}, {"question": "What city did a peaceful match between two armies take place in 2007?", "answer": "Bouak\u00e9"}, {"question": "When did the Football War happen?", "answer": "June 1969"}, {"question": "Football made which wars more tense in the 1990's?", "answer": "Yugoslav Wars"}, {"question": "What decade is considered the \"golden age\" of women's football?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "Since what year has women's football been an Olympic event?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Who voted to ban women's football from its grounds in 1921?", "answer": "England's Football Association"}, {"question": "In 1971, who officially recognized women's football?", "answer": "UEFA"}, {"question": "What year was the FIFA Women's first World cup?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What would you describe the shape of the football?", "answer": "spherical"}, {"question": "How many players are on each team?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?", "answer": "a draw"}, {"question": "What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?", "answer": "the coin toss"}, {"question": "What is another name for the football?", "answer": "soccer ball"}, {"question": "Who can only handle the ball with their hands or arms during play?", "answer": "goalkeepers"}, {"question": "When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?", "answer": "throw-in restart"}, {"question": "A ball cannot be received in what type of position?", "answer": "offside"}, {"question": "throughout when can players move the ball in any direction?", "answer": "the pitch"}, {"question": "Who guards the goal?", "answer": "goalkeeper"}, {"question": "Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?", "answer": "referee"}, {"question": "what is allowed but restricted?", "answer": "physical contact"}, {"question": "Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?", "answer": "when the ball has left the field of play"}, {"question": "How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?", "answer": "17"}, {"question": "Who maintains the Laws of the Game?", "answer": "International Football Association Board (IFAB)"}, {"question": "Broad terms in the laws allow for what?", "answer": "flexibility"}, {"question": "Who publishes the Laws of the Game?", "answer": "FIFA"}, {"question": "Out of the maximum amount of players allowed, one must be a what?", "answer": "goalkeeper"}, {"question": "The maximum amount of players exclude what?", "answer": "substitutes"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount of players allowed?", "answer": "eleven"}, {"question": "If there's a minimum amount of players it's usually what?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Players are usually strategically placed by who?", "answer": "coach"}, {"question": "The equipment a player wears is also called a what?", "answer": "kit"}, {"question": "What is highly recommended by medical experts for male players?", "answer": "An athletic supporter and protective cup"}, {"question": "Who wears clothing that easily sets them apart from everyone else on the field?", "answer": "goalkeeper"}, {"question": "wearing anything that could be dangerous is what?", "answer": "forbidden"}, {"question": "What is not required but can be chosen to protect a player from head injuries? ", "answer": "Headgear"}, {"question": "Imperial units where once used to express the dimensions of a what?", "answer": "football pitch"}, {"question": "Laws were formulated in what country?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What unit of measurement is now expressed by the Laws?", "answer": "metric"}, {"question": "The use of imperial units is still popular in what kind of countries?", "answer": "English-speaking"}, {"question": "What is the range for the length for international matches in meters?", "answer": "100\u2013110 m"}, {"question": "In what year did the IFAB initially approve a fixed size as a standard pitch dimension for international matches?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When was the IFAB's decision on the fixed size of the pitch become implemented? ", "answer": "never"}, {"question": "What is the range for the length of fields for non international matches in meters?", "answer": "90\u2013120 m"}, {"question": "What is the range for the width for international matches in meters?", "answer": "64\u201375 m"}, {"question": "What is the penalty area marked by?", "answer": "goal line"}, {"question": "a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?", "answer": "penalty kick"}, {"question": "how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend? ", "answer": "16.5 m"}, {"question": "Only who can handle the ball with his hands?", "answer": "goalkeeper"}, {"question": "How many periods are in a standard football match?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "How long are each period in a standard football match?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "What are the periods in a football match called?", "answer": "halves"}, {"question": "Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?", "answer": "referee"}, {"question": "In what year did an incident help introduce added time?", "answer": "1891"}, {"question": "Matches where a winner must be decided is called what type of competitions?", "answer": "knockout"}, {"question": "Extra time has two periods which each are how long in minutes?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What are penalty shootouts officially known as in the Laws of the Game?", "answer": "kicks from the penalty mark"}, {"question": "Which goals count to the final score of the game? ", "answer": "Goals scored during extra time"}, {"question": "Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?", "answer": "the IFAB"}, {"question": "What is the golden goal?", "answer": "the first goal in extra time"}, {"question": "Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What team did France beat in 1998?", "answer": "Paraguay"}, {"question": "What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Which card does a referee use to signal a caution to a player?", "answer": "yellow card"}, {"question": "How many yellow cards lead to a red card?", "answer": "A second"}, {"question": "What does a red card mean?", "answer": "dismissal"}, {"question": "A referee gives out a yellow card and writes down the players name in his notebook which is called being what?", "answer": "booked"}, {"question": "Managers and support staff is considered what and thus cannot be shown a card?", "answer": "Non-players"}, {"question": "Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?", "answer": "mandatory suspensions"}, {"question": "Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?", "answer": "appeals"}, {"question": "Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?", "answer": "good"}, {"question": "Which year was there not a Summer Olympic Game?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "In what year was a women's tournament added to the Summer Olympics?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What year were professional players allowed to play in the  Summer Olympics? ", "answer": "1984"}, {"question": "What is the age limit on the Olympic men's tournament? ", "answer": "Under-23"}, {"question": "What was the first year that there was a football tournament at the Summer Olympics? ", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "What does UEFA Stand for?", "answer": "European Championship"}, {"question": "The FIFA Confederations Cups is usually considered a warm-up for what?", "answer": "FIFA World Cup"}, {"question": "What do winners of the continental competition get to do?", "answer": "contest the FIFA Club World Cup"}, {"question": "What does CAF stand for?", "answer": "African Cup of Nations"}, {"question": "What do teams gain for doing well throughout the season?", "answer": "points"}, {"question": "What is the name for the type of tournament teams play in regular season?", "answer": "round-robin"}, {"question": "What could happen to the top few teams at the end of the season?", "answer": "promoted to a higher division"}, {"question": "What happens to the teams at the bottom of the ranks at the end of the season?", "answer": "relegated to a lower division"}, {"question": "Who operate league systems?", "answer": "governing bodies"}, {"question": "What is one who replaces a player during a game called?", "answer": "substitutes"}, {"question": "What is the maximum number of substitutions during most professional games?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who decides on who's rewarded points for abandoned games?", "answer": "individual football associations"}, {"question": "Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?", "answer": "George I, George II, George III, and George IV"}, {"question": "What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?", "answer": "Colonial Revival"}, {"question": "Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?", "answer": "between 1714 and 1830"}, {"question": "What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.", "answer": "Neo-Georgian"}, {"question": "What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?", "answer": "House of Hanover"}, {"question": "What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?", "answer": "Greece and Rome"}, {"question": "What type of architecture did Georgian replace?", "answer": "English vernacular architecture"}, {"question": "Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?", "answer": "the exterior"}, {"question": "During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?", "answer": "property developers"}, {"question": "Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?", "answer": "London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol"}, {"question": "What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?", "answer": "a square of garden"}, {"question": "What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?", "answer": "all over the English-speaking world"}, {"question": "What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?", "answer": "generally high"}, {"question": "What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?", "answer": "architect"}, {"question": "How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?", "answer": "pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings"}, {"question": "How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?", "answer": "the apprenticeship system"}, {"question": "Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?", "answer": "William Halfpenny"}, {"question": "What years were William Halfpenny active?", "answer": "1723\u20131755"}, {"question": "What style did Georgian succeed?", "answer": "English Baroque"}, {"question": "Which architect was a transitional figure?", "answer": "James Gibbs"}, {"question": "Which book did Colen Campbell write?", "answer": "Vitruvius Britannicus"}, {"question": "What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?", "answer": "The European Grand Tour"}, {"question": "What Venetian spent most of his career in England?", "answer": "Giacomo Leoni"}, {"question": "What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?", "answer": "Gothic and Chinoiserie"}, {"question": "Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?", "answer": "European Rococo"}, {"question": "John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?", "answer": "The Regency style"}, {"question": "Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?", "answer": "William Wilkins and Robert Smirke"}, {"question": "Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?", "answer": "around 1750"}, {"question": "Georgian architecture is characterized by?", "answer": "its proportion and balance"}, {"question": "What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?", "answer": "Regularity of housefronts"}, {"question": "What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?", "answer": "ancient Rome or Greece"}, {"question": "What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?", "answer": "lack of symmetry"}, {"question": "What revived style dominated English country house architecture?", "answer": "Palladian"}, {"question": "What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?", "answer": "made wide and relatively shallow"}, {"question": "Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?", "answer": "the centre"}, {"question": "Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?", "answer": "basement area"}, {"question": "What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?", "answer": "mezzanine floor"}, {"question": "What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?", "answer": "window tax"}, {"question": "When was the sash window developed?", "answer": "the 1670s"}, {"question": "What plans became universal inside larger houses?", "answer": "Corridor plans"}, {"question": "What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?", "answer": "the internal plan and function of the rooms"}, {"question": "What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?", "answer": "Their height"}, {"question": "What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?", "answer": "trees"}, {"question": "What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?", "answer": "domes"}, {"question": "What often topped pilasters of columns?", "answer": "pediment"}, {"question": "What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?", "answer": "geometrical or plant-based"}, {"question": "What aspect of buildings became very rare?", "answer": "Internal courtyards"}, {"question": "Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?", "answer": "Inside ornament"}, {"question": "What was the typical main focus of rooms?", "answer": "chimneypiece"}, {"question": "What type of ceilings became commonplace?", "answer": "Plasterwork ceilings"}, {"question": "What fell out of favor during this time?", "answer": "Wood-panelling"}, {"question": "Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Most town people lived in what type of houses?", "answer": "terraced houses"}, {"question": "What was used to protect the \"area\"?", "answer": "iron railings"}, {"question": "Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?", "answer": "main reception rooms"}, {"question": "What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?", "answer": "tall and narrow"}, {"question": "Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?", "answer": "wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building"}, {"question": "What year did The Albany convert?", "answer": "1802"}, {"question": "What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?", "answer": "Edinburgh"}, {"question": "What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?", "answer": "A curving crescent"}, {"question": "What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?", "answer": "Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood"}, {"question": "Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?", "answer": "Sir John Summerson"}, {"question": "A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?", "answer": "1794"}, {"question": "What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?", "answer": "the French Wars"}, {"question": "What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?", "answer": "Church Building Act of 1818"}, {"question": "The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?", "answer": "Non-conformist and Roman Catholic"}, {"question": "What were Anglican churches internally designed for?", "answer": "maximum audibility, and visibility"}, {"question": "What were common in new churches?", "answer": "Galleries"}, {"question": "Churches filled up with monuments to what?", "answer": "monuments to the prosperous"}, {"question": "Somerset House was designed by whom?", "answer": "Sir William Chambers"}, {"question": "In what year was Somerset House designed?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "Commercial projects in the late period tended to be \"architectural\" in what way?", "answer": "\"architectural in intention\""}, {"question": "What was considered a lesser class of designers?", "answer": "surveyors"}, {"question": "American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?", "answer": "wood with clapboards"}, {"question": "What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?", "answer": "brick or stone"}, {"question": "Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?", "answer": "Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary"}, {"question": "What style did was little represented in British colonies?", "answer": "Baroque"}, {"question": "Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?", "answer": "palaces and churches"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?", "answer": "Hammond-Harwood House"}, {"question": "What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?", "answer": "1774"}, {"question": "What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?", "answer": "Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy"}, {"question": "What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?", "answer": "1840"}, {"question": "What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?", "answer": "the Battle of the Styles"}, {"question": "What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?", "answer": "Federalist Style"}, {"question": "When was the Battle of the Styles contested?", "answer": "early Victorian period"}, {"question": "What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?", "answer": "Colonial Revival"}, {"question": "Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?", "answer": "United Empire Loyalists"}, {"question": "What Toronto building was built in 1817?", "answer": "The Grange"}, {"question": "What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?", "answer": "John Ostell"}, {"question": "The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?", "answer": "Neo-Georgian"}, {"question": "Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?", "answer": "1950s"}, {"question": "Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?", "answer": "Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters"}, {"question": "Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?", "answer": "Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons"}, {"question": "How did the republic of liberia begin?", "answer": "as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)"}, {"question": "When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?", "answer": "July 26, 1847"}, {"question": "When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?", "answer": "February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182"}, {"question": "How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?", "answer": "more than 15,000"}, {"question": "What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "How long did william tubman rule?", "answer": "27 year"}, {"question": "In what year did a military coupe overthrow leadership leading to william tubmans death?", "answer": "1980"}, {"question": "How long was the rule of the peoples redemption council?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "How long was the rule of the national democratic party?", "answer": "five years"}, {"question": "What did the liberian civil war result in?", "answer": "the deaths and displacement of more than half a million people and devastated Liberia's economy."}, {"question": "What empire was o the decline on 1375?", "answer": "Western Sudanic Mali Empire"}, {"question": "What happened when regions underwent desertification?", "answer": "inhabitants moved to the wetter coast"}, {"question": "Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?", "answer": "the Grand Cape Mount region."}, {"question": "Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?", "answer": "The ethnic Kru"}, {"question": "What is \"the american colonization society\"?", "answer": "a movement to resettle American free blacks and freed slaves in Africa."}, {"question": "When was the \"american colonization society founded\"?", "answer": "1816"}, {"question": "The \"american colonization society\" consisted mostly of whom\"", "answer": "people who supported abolition of slavery"}, {"question": "What did slave holders want to do?", "answer": "to get free people of color out of the South"}, {"question": "rather than emigrate African Americans wanted to do what?", "answer": "improve conditions in the United States"}, {"question": "African  Americans were sent to the pepper coast to do what?", "answer": "establish a colony for freed African Americans."}, {"question": "By 1837 the ACS had assisted in moving how many african americans to liberia?", "answer": "13,000"}, {"question": "What did African Americans who were moved to Liberia identify as? ", "answer": "Americo-Liberians"}, {"question": "Who did Americo-Liberians not identify with? ", "answer": "indigenous natives of the tribes they encountered"}, {"question": "What did African Americans moved to Liberia keep from America?", "answer": "cultural tradition"}, {"question": "The americo-liberians did not identify with who?", "answer": "indigenous peoples they encountered,"}, {"question": "What were americo-liberians encounters like with tribal Africans\"", "answer": "violent confrontations."}, {"question": "Who raided the colonial settlements?", "answer": "the Kru and Grebo people from their inland chiefdoms."}, {"question": "What did Americo-liberians exclude tribes from?", "answer": "citizenship in their own lands"}, {"question": "Americo-Liberians set up missions and schools to do what? ", "answer": "to educate the indigenous peoples."}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the death of William R. Tolbert?", "answer": "a military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe of the Krahn ethnic group"}, {"question": "On what date was William R. Tolbert killed?", "answer": "April 12, 1980"}, {"question": "Who was also executed on the day of William R. Tolbert's death?", "answer": "majority of Tolbert's cabinet and other Americo-Liberian government officials and True Whig Party members."}, {"question": "The coup leaders later became known as?", "answer": "the People's Redemption Council"}, {"question": "What was the PRC criticized for ?", "answer": "corruption and political repression"}, {"question": "What eventually happened to the rebels?", "answer": "split into various factions fighting one another."}, {"question": "Who intervened in the rebel crisis?", "answer": "The Economic Community Monitoring Group under the Economic Community of West African States"}, {"question": "What did the economic community monitoring group do to intervene in the crisis?", "answer": "organized a military task force"}, {"question": "During what period did the African civil war last?", "answer": "1989 to 1996"}, {"question": "How many liberians died in the civil war?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What is \"Movement For democracy in Liberia\"?", "answer": "a second rebel group,"}, {"question": "Movement For democracy in Liberia launched attacks against who?", "answer": "Taylor"}, {"question": "where did peace talks begin between Movement For democracy in Liberia and Taylor?", "answer": "Accra in June of that year"}, {"question": "Why was Taylor indicted by a special court ?", "answer": "for crimes against humanity"}, {"question": "Who did the rebels launch an assault on in July, 2003?", "answer": "Monrovia."}, {"question": "The 2005 elections were known as what?", "answer": "the most free and fair in Liberian history"}, {"question": "Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?", "answer": "a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance"}, {"question": "Who was elected the first female president of Africa?", "answer": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf"}, {"question": "Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom\"", "answer": "Taylor from Nigeria"}, {"question": "What was created to address the causes of civil war?", "answer": "Truth and Reconciliation Commission"}, {"question": "How many counties is liberia divided into?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "How many districts are the 15 counties of liberia divided into?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "What is the oldest county in liberia?", "answer": "Grand Bassa"}, {"question": "When was Grand Bassa founded?", "answer": "1839"}, {"question": "What is Liberia's newest county?", "answer": "Gbarpolu"}, {"question": "What is the legislature composed of? ", "answer": "the Senate and the House of Representatives"}, {"question": "Who is the house led by?", "answer": "a speaker"}, {"question": "How many members are in a house?", "answer": "73"}, {"question": "What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among? ", "answer": "the 15 counties on the basis of the national census"}, {"question": "What is the senate made up of?", "answer": "two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators."}, {"question": "What is Liberia's highest judicial authority? ", "answer": "Supreme Court"}, {"question": "How many members are in the Supreme court?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is the head of the supreme court?", "answer": "the Chief Justice of Liberia"}, {"question": "How are members chosen for the court?", "answer": "Members are nominated to the court by the president and are confirmed by the Senate"}, {"question": "How long do members of the supreme court serve?", "answer": "until the age of 70"}, {"question": "What was liberia's score on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index?", "answer": "3.3"}, {"question": "What was Liberia's ranking compared to the other 176 countries?", "answer": "87th"}, {"question": "What did Liberia's score  and ranking  on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions index represent? ", "answer": "a significant improvement since 2007"}, {"question": "What was Liberia's score and rank on the 2007 Corruption Perceptions index?", "answer": "scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of 180 countries"}, {"question": "In 2007, when seeking attention, selection or service . What percent of Liberians had to pay a bribe?", "answer": "89%"}, {"question": "What is the central bank of Liberia responsible for?", "answer": "printing and maintaining the Liberian dollar"}, {"question": "What is Liberia considered around the world economically? ", "answer": "one of the world's poorest countries"}, {"question": "What is Liberia's employment rate?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "The GDP peaked in 1980 at what amount?", "answer": "US$496"}, {"question": "What does Liberia's economy heavily depends on?", "answer": "foreign aid"}, {"question": "When did the Liberian economy hit it's peak growth?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?", "answer": "economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup."}, {"question": "By what percentage did Liberia's GDP reduced by during the civil war?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled in 2007?", "answer": "The global financial crisis"}, {"question": "In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?", "answer": "one of the 20 fastest growing in the world."}, {"question": "What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?", "answer": "Liberian timber exports"}, {"question": "Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?", "answer": "were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone."}, {"question": "When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia?", "answer": "in 2006"}, {"question": "Liberia's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization>", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "Liberia has the highest ratio of what?", "answer": "of foreign direct investment to GDP in the world"}, {"question": "How much money has the US invested in Liberia since 2006?", "answer": "16 billion"}, {"question": "What agreement did Liberia sign n 2006?", "answer": "several multibillion-dollar concession agreements"}, {"question": "How long has Firestone tire and rubber company ran a rubber plantation in Liberia? ", "answer": "since 1926"}, {"question": "What is the largest ethnic group in liberia?", "answer": "The Kpelle"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population are the Kpelle?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "Where do the Kpelle reside?", "answer": "mostly in Bong County and adjacent areas in central Liberia."}, {"question": "When did the decedents of the Congo and Afro-Caribbean arrive in liberia?", "answer": "1825"}, {"question": "Congo descendants and Afro-Caribbean make of what percentage of liberia's population?", "answer": "2.5%"}, {"question": "There is high percentage of interracial marriage between what two groups?", "answer": "Liberians and the Lebanese"}, {"question": "The interracial couples in Liberia result in what?", "answer": "a significant mixed-race population"}, {"question": "Where do Liberians of European decent live?", "answer": "in the country"}, {"question": "The Liberian constitution restricts citizenship of whom?", "answer": "Black African descent."}, {"question": "What was the literacy rate in Liberia in 2010?", "answer": "60.8%"}, {"question": "How intense is the enforcement of school attendance?", "answer": "lax."}, {"question": "On average children attain how many years of education?", "answer": "10 years"}, {"question": "What is Liberia's education system hampered by?", "answer": "inadequate schools and supplies, as well as a lack of qualified teachers."}, {"question": "What is the name of the hospital in Monrova?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy Medical Center"}, {"question": "What is the life expectancy in Liberia?", "answer": "57.4 years"}, {"question": "What was the fertility rate of women in 2012?", "answer": "5.9 births per woman"}, {"question": "What was the maternal mortality rate in 2010?", "answer": "990 per 100,000 births"}, {"question": "What were the HIV infection rates in 2007?", "answer": "2%"}, {"question": "What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?", "answer": "textile arts and quilting"}, {"question": "In what years did Liberia host national fairs? ", "answer": "1857 and 1858"}, {"question": "Who is Martha Ann Ricks?", "answer": "the most well-known Liberian quilters"}, {"question": "Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?", "answer": "Queen Victoria"}, {"question": "What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?", "answer": "Liberian-made quilt"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead first study?", "answer": "mathematics"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's second area of study?", "answer": "philosophy"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's final area of study?", "answer": "metaphysics"}, {"question": "What type of system did he develop?", "answer": "metaphysical"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?", "answer": "processes"}, {"question": "During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?", "answer": "1910s"}, {"question": "After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?", "answer": "philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics"}, {"question": "As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?", "answer": "processes"}, {"question": "What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?", "answer": "reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another"}, {"question": "What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?", "answer": "Process and Reality"}, {"question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? ", "answer": "Ramsgate, Kent, England"}, {"question": "What year was Whitehead born?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "answer": "minister and schoolmaster"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's mother's name?", "answer": "Maria Sarah Whitehead,"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's wife's name?", "answer": "Evelyn"}, {"question": "Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?", "answer": "Ramsgate, Kent, England"}, {"question": "In what year was Whitehead born?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "Who founded Chatham House Academy?", "answer": "Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's father's profession?", "answer": "minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy"}, {"question": "Who was Whitehead's mother?", "answer": "Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster"}, {"question": "When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?", "answer": "University of London"}, {"question": "What was he elected at the University of London?", "answer": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"}, {"question": "When did Whitehead go to America?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?", "answer": "University of London system"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?", "answer": "Dean of the Faculty of Science"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?", "answer": "chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council"}, {"question": "In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?", "answer": "Bachelor of Science"}, {"question": "How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?", "answer": "Victor Lowe"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?", "answer": "all of his papers be destroyed after his death."}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?", "answer": "right to privacy"}, {"question": "Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?", "answer": "Victor Lowe"}, {"question": "Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?", "answer": "his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?", "answer": "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy"}, {"question": "What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?", "answer": "\"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him.\""}, {"question": "What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?", "answer": "mathematics"}, {"question": "How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell"}, {"question": "Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?", "answer": "Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "When did Whitehead write his first book? ", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?", "answer": "A Treatise on Universal Algebra"}, {"question": "With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell"}, {"question": "Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?", "answer": "professional mathematicians"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?", "answer": "An Introduction to Mathematics"}, {"question": "What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?", "answer": "regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century"}, {"question": "Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?", "answer": "expand algebraic structures"}, {"question": "What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? ", "answer": "unity of design"}, {"question": "Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?", "answer": "several structures"}, {"question": "What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?", "answer": "the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class"}, {"question": "How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in \"A Treatise on Algebra\" in his review?", "answer": "comparative study of their several structures"}, {"question": "What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of \"A Treatise on Algebra\"?", "answer": "\"It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes.\""}, {"question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "ten years"}, {"question": "How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many pages was Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "2,000"}, {"question": "Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "Cambridge University Press"}, {"question": "How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "a year"}, {"question": "How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? ", "answer": "ten years"}, {"question": "Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? ", "answer": "the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)"}, {"question": "Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?", "answer": "00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell"}, {"question": "How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?", "answer": "today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?", "answer": "1931"}, {"question": "What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?", "answer": "some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them"}, {"question": "Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?", "answer": "Principia Mathematica"}, {"question": "Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?", "answer": "metaphysics"}, {"question": "What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? ", "answer": "mixed"}, {"question": "Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?", "answer": "Kurt G\u00f6del"}, {"question": "What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced"}, {"question": "Why was G\u00f6dels finding ironic?", "answer": "G\u00f6del could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book"}, {"question": "Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?", "answer": "the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics"}, {"question": "What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?", "answer": "numerous essays and addresses"}, {"question": "What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?", "answer": "inert ideas"}, {"question": "When was \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" published?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in \"The Aims of Education and Other Essays\" composed?", "answer": "between 1912 and 1927"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the title of the book?", "answer": "The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead define \"inert ideas\"?", "answer": "ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?", "answer": "\"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful.\""}, {"question": "Whitehead's education style was to teach what?", "answer": "a relatively few important concepts"}, {"question": "What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?", "answer": "different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life."}, {"question": "Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?", "answer": "value-free school model"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?", "answer": "Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?", "answer": "important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?", "answer": "For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?", "answer": "it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom"}, {"question": "What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? ", "answer": "undergraduate"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? ", "answer": "rank amateur"}, {"question": "What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?", "answer": "friend and former student"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?", "answer": "one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians."}, {"question": "What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?", "answer": "he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education"}, {"question": "With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?", "answer": "\"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter.\""}, {"question": "How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?", "answer": "in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians"}, {"question": "What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?", "answer": "make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works"}, {"question": "Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?", "answer": "they remain unexamined and unquestioned"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?", "answer": "basic assumptions about how the universe works"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?", "answer": "metaphysical investigations"}, {"question": "What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?", "answer": "\"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized.\""}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "answer": "such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?", "answer": "people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?", "answer": "Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy"}, {"question": "What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?", "answer": "Cartesian idea"}, {"question": "Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?", "answer": "an event-based or \"process\" ontology"}, {"question": "Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?", "answer": "interrelated and dependent"}, {"question": "Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?", "answer": "experiential"}, {"question": "Whitehead's system as \"philosophy of organism\" became widely known as what term?", "answer": "process philosophy"}, {"question": "What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?", "answer": "reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another"}, {"question": "What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?", "answer": "event-based or \"process\" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another"}, {"question": "How did whitehead define \"experience\"?", "answer": "He used the term \"experience\" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience"}, {"question": "How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?", "answer": "two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?", "answer": "\"philosophy of organism\""}, {"question": "In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?", "answer": "the most difficult to understand"}, {"question": "Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?", "answer": "professional philosophers"}, {"question": "When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?", "answer": "1927\u201328"}, {"question": "Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?", "answer": "Process and Reality"}, {"question": "What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?", "answer": "generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon"}, {"question": "What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?", "answer": "Gifford lectures"}, {"question": "Under what name were those lectures later published?", "answer": "Process and Reality"}, {"question": "Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?", "answer": "Mathews"}, {"question": "What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?", "answer": "Chicago's Divinity School"}, {"question": "Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}, {"question": "When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?", "answer": "1927"}, {"question": "What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?", "answer": "hired"}, {"question": "What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?", "answer": "Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest"}, {"question": "How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?", "answer": "perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications"}, {"question": "What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}, {"question": "What was the result of that lecture?", "answer": "Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years"}, {"question": "Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?", "answer": "Process and Reality"}, {"question": "Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?", "answer": "Isabelle Stengers"}, {"question": "What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?", "answer": "how the universe works"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?", "answer": "scientific and philosophical problems"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?", "answer": "novel solutions"}, {"question": "How has \"Process and Reality\" been described? ", "answer": "\"arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,\""}, {"question": "What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that \"Process and Reality\" is not commonly read and understood?", "answer": "it demands \u2013 as Isabelle Stengers puts it \u2013 \"that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus.\""}, {"question": "What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?", "answer": "he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions."}, {"question": "Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?", "answer": "change"}, {"question": "What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?", "answer": "quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""}, {"question": "What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?", "answer": "\"classical\" concepts"}, {"question": "Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?", "answer": "continuum of overlapping events"}, {"question": "What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?", "answer": "society"}, {"question": "What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?", "answer": "\"quality\", \"matter\", and \"form\""}, {"question": "Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?", "answer": "These \"classical\" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world."}, {"question": "How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?", "answer": "a continuum of overlapping events"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?", "answer": "a \"society\" of events"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead define the \"fallacy of misplaced concreteness\"?", "answer": "By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete"}, {"question": "The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?", "answer": "defining essence"}, {"question": "In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?", "answer": "occasions of experience"}, {"question": "Where do occasions of experience overlap?", "answer": "time and space"}, {"question": "In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?", "answer": "people define identities"}, {"question": "Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?", "answer": "all things flow\""}, {"question": "Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?", "answer": "\"defining essence\" or a \"core identity\""}, {"question": "In that line of thinking, how are changes described?", "answer": "qualitative and secondary to their core identity"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?", "answer": "discrete \"occasions of experience\" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?", "answer": "limitations of language"}, {"question": "Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?", "answer": "limitations of language"}, {"question": "Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?", "answer": "each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?", "answer": "limitations of language"}, {"question": "Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?", "answer": "it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?", "answer": "should not prevent people from realizing that \"material substances\" or \"essences\" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?", "answer": "it is not philosophically or ontologically sound"}, {"question": "What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?", "answer": "materialism"}, {"question": "What does Materialism see each object as?", "answer": "distinct and discrete"}, {"question": "How is each object related to other things?", "answer": "externally"}, {"question": "What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?", "answer": "it obscures the importance of relations"}, {"question": "What is the general materialistic view of an object?", "answer": "Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things"}, {"question": "How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?", "answer": "The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything"}, {"question": "What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?", "answer": "in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves"}, {"question": "What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?", "answer": "It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects."}, {"question": "Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?", "answer": "nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities"}, {"question": "If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?", "answer": "not be said to really exist."}, {"question": "If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?", "answer": "they are what the thing is"}, {"question": "What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?", "answer": "rld around it"}, {"question": "A real object forces the universe to do what?", "answer": "in some way conform to it"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?", "answer": "in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities \u2013 its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it"}, {"question": "How does he describe what makes something real?", "answer": "A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it"}, {"question": "In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?", "answer": "if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?", "answer": "Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is."}, {"question": "An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?", "answer": "reaction to them."}, {"question": "Most entities do not have what?", "answer": "consciousness"}, {"question": "All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?", "answer": "the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities"}, {"question": "Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?", "answer": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"}, {"question": "Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?", "answer": "an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?", "answer": "creativity is the absolute principle of existence"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?", "answer": "has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws"}, {"question": "What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?", "answer": "prehension"}, {"question": "What language does the term \"prehensio\" come from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What does the word \"Prehensio\" translate into?", "answer": "to seize"}, {"question": "What entities does the term prehension apply to?", "answer": "conscious or unconscious"}, {"question": "How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the origin of the word \"prehension\"?", "answer": "comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning \"to seize.\""}, {"question": "What is prehension used to define?", "answer": "a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons"}, {"question": "What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?", "answer": "the mind only has private ideas about other entities"}, {"question": "What does the term \"prehension\" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?", "answer": "entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?", "answer": "causal efficacy (or \"physical prehension\") and presentational immediacy (or \"conceptual prehension\")"}, {"question": "What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?", "answer": "causal efficacy"}, {"question": "What is the other term for \"pure sense perception\"?", "answer": "Presentational immediacy"}, {"question": "What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?", "answer": "Presentational immediacy"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?", "answer": "\"the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go.\""}, {"question": "How do the senses affect causal efficacy?", "answer": "unmediated by the senses"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?", "answer": "\"pure sense perception\", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation"}, {"question": "What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?", "answer": "it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive"}, {"question": "What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?", "answer": "symbolic reference"}, {"question": "What does symbolic reference link appearance with?", "answer": "causation"}, {"question": "What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?", "answer": "causal relationships"}, {"question": "What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?", "answer": "higher grade mentality"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of symbolic reference?", "answer": "links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?", "answer": "An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair"}, {"question": "How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?", "answer": "\"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape.\""}, {"question": "How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?", "answer": "\"would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such.\""}, {"question": "Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?", "answer": "causal relationships"}, {"question": "Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?", "answer": "survival value"}, {"question": "What are higher life forms actively engaged in?", "answer": "modifying their environment"}, {"question": "How many goals of living is there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?", "answer": "increasing its own satisfaction"}, {"question": "Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?", "answer": "unintelligible"}, {"question": "What observation did Whitehead make about life?", "answer": "\"life is comparatively deficient in survival value.\""}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?", "answer": "\"they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them.\""}, {"question": "What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?", "answer": "they are actively engaged in modifying their environment"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?", "answer": "living, living well, and living better"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?", "answer": "increasing its own satisfaction"}, {"question": "What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?", "answer": "\"the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar.\""}, {"question": "What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?", "answer": "primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's description of God?", "answer": "\"the brief Galilean vision of humility\""}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?", "answer": "God is not necessarily tied to religion"}, {"question": "Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?", "answer": "His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities."}, {"question": "In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?", "answer": "primordial nature of God"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?", "answer": "the consequent nature"}, {"question": "What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?", "answer": "dipolar"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?", "answer": "God's reception of the world's activity"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?", "answer": "It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved."}, {"question": "What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?", "answer": "God saves and cherishes all experiences forever"}, {"question": "What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?", "answer": "those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world"}, {"question": "What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?", "answer": "God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance."}, {"question": "How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?", "answer": "Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another"}, {"question": "How does he define entities' need for God?", "answer": "He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide"}, {"question": "How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?", "answer": "by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time"}, {"question": "In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?", "answer": "deficient in actuality and change"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?", "answer": "merely eternally unrealized possibilities"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?", "answer": "individual"}, {"question": "What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?", "answer": "\"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious.\""}, {"question": "How did Whitehead define religion?", "answer": "a system of general truths that transformed a person's character"}, {"question": "How did Whitehead define \"dangerous delusion\" as it relates to religion?", "answer": "while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good"}, {"question": "In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?", "answer": "solitariness"}, {"question": "What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?", "answer": "\"the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals.\""}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?", "answer": "meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community"}, {"question": "How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?", "answer": "The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?", "answer": "the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent"}, {"question": "What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?", "answer": "\"an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone.\""}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?", "answer": "religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world"}, {"question": "What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?", "answer": "a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society"}, {"question": "What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?", "answer": "It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people."}, {"question": "According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?", "answer": "practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education"}, {"question": "In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?", "answer": "Europe and China"}, {"question": "What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?", "answer": "ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology"}, {"question": "Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?", "answer": "William Temple"}, {"question": "What was the basis for \"Nature, Man and God\"?", "answer": "Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934"}, {"question": "Where were the first followers mainly found?", "answer": "at the University of Chicago's Divinity School"}, {"question": "Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?", "answer": "Henry Nelson Wieman"}, {"question": "What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?", "answer": "Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams"}, {"question": "Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?", "answer": "John B. Cobb"}, {"question": "Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?", "answer": "modernization and industrialization"}, {"question": "What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's \"constructive post-modern\" philosophy?", "answer": "traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism"}, {"question": "What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?", "answer": "John Cobb and David Ray Griffin"}, {"question": "Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?", "answer": "interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts"}, {"question": "Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?", "answer": "Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs"}, {"question": "Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?", "answer": "through the work of his students and admirers rather"}, {"question": "Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?", "answer": "Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine"}, {"question": "What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?", "answer": "\"he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror.\""}, {"question": "What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was \"the greatest philosopher of the 20th century\"?", "answer": "Bruno Latour"}, {"question": "What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?", "answer": "Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools"}, {"question": "what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?", "answer": "his assertion that matter is an abstraction"}, {"question": "What is a common opinion of metaphysics?", "answer": "perception of metaphysics itself as pass\u00e9"}, {"question": "Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?", "answer": "the sheer difficulty and density of his prose"}, {"question": "In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?", "answer": "American progressive theology"}, {"question": "Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?", "answer": "Charles Hartshorne"}, {"question": "What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?", "answer": "developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology"}, {"question": "Who are some other distinguished process theologians?", "answer": "John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller"}, {"question": "What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?", "answer": "God's relational nature"}, {"question": "How is God usually perceived by process theologians?", "answer": "\"the fellow sufferer who understands\", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events"}, {"question": "Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?", "answer": "people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers \u2013 so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?"}, {"question": "Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?", "answer": "as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world"}, {"question": "What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?", "answer": "\"process naturalism\", i.e. a process theology without God."}, {"question": "Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?", "answer": "process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests"}, {"question": "What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?", "answer": "biology and economics"}, {"question": "What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?", "answer": "poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory"}, {"question": "What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?", "answer": "geneticist"}, {"question": "Who authored \"Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age\"?", "answer": "Alexander Bard and Jan S\u00f6derqvist"}, {"question": "What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?", "answer": "American pragmatism"}, {"question": "What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to \"Process and Reality\"?", "answer": "William James and John Dewey"}, {"question": "What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?", "answer": "Charles Sanders Peirce"}, {"question": "What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?", "answer": "Richard Rorty"}, {"question": "Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?", "answer": "Nicholas Rescher"}, {"question": "How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?", "answer": "It has been severely criticized"}, {"question": "What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?", "answer": "Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves"}, {"question": "What are gravitational waves?", "answer": "phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes"}, {"question": "How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?", "answer": "Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation"}, {"question": "What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?", "answer": "Henry Stapp and David Bohm"}, {"question": "What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?", "answer": "Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology"}, {"question": "On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?", "answer": "For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future"}, {"question": "What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?", "answer": "Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order"}, {"question": "What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?", "answer": "Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy"}, {"question": "What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?", "answer": "to challenge \"economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth.\""}, {"question": "Who established the FEELS model in China?", "answer": "Xie Bangxiu"}, {"question": "What does \"FEELS\" stand for?", "answer": "Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of the FEELS model?", "answer": "It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to \"help a person become whole.\""}, {"question": "What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?", "answer": "Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China"}, {"question": "What business fields has Whitehead influenced?", "answer": "philosophy of business administration and organizational theory"}, {"question": "What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?", "answer": "Mark Dibben"}, {"question": "What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?", "answer": "\"applied process thought\""}, {"question": "According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?", "answer": "this allows \"a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional \u2013 and thoroughly passive \u2013 happening.\""}, {"question": "In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?", "answer": "philosophy of management and business ethics"}, {"question": "What is Mary Parker Follett known for?", "answer": "pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior"}, {"question": "What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?", "answer": "ontology that \"understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference.\""}, {"question": "What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?", "answer": "Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration"}, {"question": "What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?", "answer": "overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance"}, {"question": "In which century were antibiotics first introduced?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'", "answer": "World Health Organization"}, {"question": "What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?", "answer": "anyone, of any age, in any country"}, {"question": "In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?", "answer": "vaccination"}, {"question": "What does there medicines do for livestock?", "answer": "develop resistance"}, {"question": "What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??", "answer": "World Health Organization"}, {"question": "Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? ", "answer": "antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?", "answer": "develop resistance"}, {"question": "What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?", "answer": "World Health Organization"}, {"question": "What regions in the world does this apply in?", "answer": "every region of the world"}, {"question": "When were antibiotics created?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?", "answer": "livestock raising"}, {"question": "What is a common problem in antibiotic use?", "answer": "antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance"}, {"question": "What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?", "answer": "empirical therapy"}, {"question": "Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?", "answer": "laboratory"}, {"question": "What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?", "answer": "broad spectrum antibiotic"}, {"question": "At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?", "answer": "While the microorgainsim is being identified"}, {"question": "How long does the identification process take?", "answer": "several days"}, {"question": "What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?", "answer": "broad spectrum antibiotic"}, {"question": "What happens in empirical therapy?", "answer": "a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified"}, {"question": "When is empirical started?", "answer": "before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim"}, {"question": "What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?", "answer": "fever and nausea"}, {"question": "What causes diarrhea?", "answer": "disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora"}, {"question": "What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?", "answer": "yeast"}, {"question": "What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?", "answer": "a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid"}, {"question": "What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?", "answer": "alter the host microbiota"}, {"question": "What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?", "answer": "negative effects"}, {"question": "What do antibiotics need approval for?", "answer": "clinical use"}, {"question": "What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?", "answer": "microbial organisms"}, {"question": "Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?", "answer": "Adverse effects"}, {"question": "What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?", "answer": "host microbiota"}, {"question": "Why are antibiotics checked before use?", "answer": "negative effects on humans or other mammals"}, {"question": "Name some adverse effects?", "answer": "fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis"}, {"question": "Name some side-effects?", "answer": "diarrhea"}, {"question": "What can happen to vaginal flora?", "answer": "overgrowth of yeast"}, {"question": "What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?", "answer": "Additional side-effects"}, {"question": "What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?", "answer": "increased body mass"}, {"question": "What does STAT stand for?", "answer": "subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment"}, {"question": "What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?", "answer": "penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline"}, {"question": "Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?", "answer": "unclear"}, {"question": "Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? ", "answer": "weighed against the beneficial effects"}, {"question": "What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?", "answer": "increased body mass"}, {"question": "When do intestinal microbiota develop?", "answer": "Early life"}, {"question": "Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?", "answer": "unclear"}, {"question": "Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?", "answer": "The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills"}, {"question": "What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?", "answer": "about 1%"}, {"question": "What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?", "answer": "reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon"}, {"question": "Have these potential effects been proven through testing?", "answer": "inconclusive and controversial"}, {"question": "What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?", "answer": "extra contraceptive measures"}, {"question": "What do antibiotics interfere with?", "answer": "contraceptive pills"}, {"question": "What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?", "answer": "about 1%"}, {"question": "Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?", "answer": "absorption of estrogens"}, {"question": "In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?", "answer": "oral contraceptives"}, {"question": "Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?", "answer": "antibiotics do interfere"}, {"question": "What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?", "answer": "about 1%"}, {"question": "What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?", "answer": "extra contraceptive measures"}, {"question": "What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?", "answer": "decreased effectiveness"}, {"question": "Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?", "answer": "moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics"}, {"question": "Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?", "answer": "there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"}, {"question": "How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?", "answer": "widespread"}, {"question": "What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?", "answer": "decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy"}, {"question": "What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?", "answer": "alcohol consumption"}, {"question": "What belief should bever be mixed widespread?", "answer": "alcohol and antibiotics"}, {"question": "What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?", "answer": "alcohol"}, {"question": "What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?", "answer": "specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects"}, {"question": "Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?", "answer": "alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed"}, {"question": "What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?", "answer": "bacterial growth phase"}, {"question": "What does this eliminate?", "answer": "bacterial infection"}, {"question": "What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?", "answer": "division of bacterial cells"}, {"question": "What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?", "answer": "concentration"}, {"question": "What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?", "answer": "host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial"}, {"question": "What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?", "answer": "concentration"}, {"question": "How do you predict the clinical result?", "answer": "several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy"}, {"question": "Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?", "answer": "mechanism of action"}, {"question": "What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?", "answer": "penicillins and cephalosporins"}, {"question": "whats another word for cell membrane?", "answer": "polymyxins"}, {"question": "How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What three ways are antibiotics classified?", "answer": "mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity"}, {"question": "What do anitibiotics mostly target?", "answer": "bacterial functions or growth processes"}, {"question": "Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?", "answer": "penicillins and cephalosporins"}, {"question": "Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?", "answer": "polymyxins"}, {"question": "What 3 types go after protein synthesis?", "answer": "(macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines"}, {"question": "Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?", "answer": "various natural compounds"}, {"question": "What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?", "answer": "2000 atomic mass units"}, {"question": "What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?", "answer": "penicillins"}, {"question": "What is penicillins produced by?", "answer": "fungi"}, {"question": "What are antibiotics in chemical terms?", "answer": "semisynthetic modifications"}, {"question": "What type of antibiotics include penicilin?", "answer": "beta-lactam antibiotics"}, {"question": "What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?", "answer": "aminoglycosides"}, {"question": "How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?", "answer": "synthesis"}, {"question": "What does emergence of resistance reflect?", "answer": "evolutionary processes"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?", "answer": "survive high doses of antibiotics"}, {"question": "When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "Who made the demonstration in 1943?", "answer": "Luria\u2013Delbr\u00fcck"}, {"question": "What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?", "answer": "resistance of bacteria"}, {"question": "What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?", "answer": "evolution"}, {"question": "When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?", "answer": "1943"}, {"question": "Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?", "answer": "penicillin and erythromycin"}, {"question": "What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?", "answer": "Intrinsic antibacterial resistance"}, {"question": "What can be absent from the bacterial genome?", "answer": "antibiotic target"}, {"question": "When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/", "answer": "vertical transmission"}, {"question": "What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?", "answer": "antibacterial resistance genes"}, {"question": "What does some resistance come from?", "answer": "mutation"}, {"question": "What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?", "answer": "vertical transmission of mutations"}, {"question": "What do plasmids do in resistance?", "answer": "carry several different resistance genes"}, {"question": "What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?", "answer": "superbugs"}, {"question": "What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?", "answer": "tuberculosis"}, {"question": "How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?", "answer": "half a million"}, {"question": "What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?", "answer": "MDR-TB"}, {"question": "What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?", "answer": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse"}, {"question": "What is a common method of misuse?", "answer": "Self prescription"}, {"question": "What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?", "answer": "overuse of antibiotics"}, {"question": "What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?", "answer": "prophylactic antibiotics"}, {"question": "What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?", "answer": "failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage"}, {"question": "What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?", "answer": "failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery"}, {"question": "What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?", "answer": "Inappropriate antibiotic treatment"}, {"question": "What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?", "answer": "prescribe antibiotics"}, {"question": "What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?", "answer": "US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance"}, {"question": "Which agencies control this task force?", "answer": "US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)"}, {"question": "When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?", "answer": "Swann report 1969"}, {"question": "What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?", "answer": "American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)"}, {"question": "Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?", "answer": "S.742 and H.R. 2562"}, {"question": "What 3 medical associations supported the bills?", "answer": "American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)"}, {"question": "What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?", "answer": "animal husbandry"}, {"question": "When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?", "answer": "March 2012"}, {"question": "What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?", "answer": "medicinal folklore"}, {"question": "When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?", "answer": "over 2000 years ago"}, {"question": "What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?", "answer": "mold and plant materials and extracts"}, {"question": "What does antibiosis mean?", "answer": "against life"}, {"question": "Who came up with the term antibiosis?", "answer": "Jean Paul Vuillemin"}, {"question": "What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?", "answer": "mold"}, {"question": "Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?", "answer": "Alexander Fleming"}, {"question": "What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?", "answer": "penicillin"}, {"question": "What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?", "answer": "chemotherapy"}, {"question": "What was the first available antibiotic?", "answer": "Prontosil"}, {"question": "What company developed Prontosil?", "answer": "IG Farben"}, {"question": "Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?", "answer": "Gerhard Domagk"}, {"question": "What prize did Domagk get for his work?", "answer": "1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine"}, {"question": "What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?", "answer": "tyrothricin"}, {"question": "When was tyrothricin created?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?", "answer": "start of World War II,"}, {"question": "Who discovered tyrothricin?", "answer": "Rene Dubos"}, {"question": "What was tyrothricin used for during the war?", "answer": "wounds and ulcers"}, {"question": "When was penicillin G first purified?", "answer": "1942"}, {"question": "When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?", "answer": "Norman Heatley"}, {"question": "When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?", "answer": "1945"}, {"question": "Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?", "answer": "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin"}, {"question": "What do vaccines need to work?", "answer": "immune modulation or augmentation"}, {"question": "What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?", "answer": "Antibacterial vaccines"}, {"question": "What types of vaccines have been phased out?", "answer": "Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates"}, {"question": "What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?", "answer": "Phage therapy"}, {"question": "How have researchers been doing this?", "answer": "infecting pathogenic bacteria"}, {"question": "What is a worry of using phages?", "answer": "phages will infect \"good\" bacteria"}, {"question": "How many antibiotics have been created in the last 7 years?", "answer": "2"}, {"question": "How many are in the pipelin to fight GNB?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What year did the Infectious Disease Society of America say that production of new antibiotics does not keep up with resistance?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "Who regulates antibiotic approval?", "answer": "FDA"}, {"question": "What could help to spur pharmaceuticals to make new antibiotics?", "answer": "economic incentives"}, {"question": "What are resistant bacteria called in the media?", "answer": "superbugs"}, {"question": "Who is a director at the Pew Charitable Trusts?", "answer": "Allan Coukell,"}, {"question": "Who are Windows main operating system competitors?", "answer": "Android and iOS"}, {"question": "What new security features does Windows 8 have?", "answer": "built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot"}, {"question": "What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?", "answer": "3.0"}, {"question": "What can be found on the Start screen?", "answer": "displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles"}, {"question": "What services does the Windows Store provide?", "answer": "an online store for downloading and purchasing new software"}, {"question": "What about Windows 8 was well received?", "answer": "its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices"}, {"question": "What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?", "answer": "being potentially confusing and difficult to learn"}, {"question": "How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?", "answer": "60 million"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?", "answer": "before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009"}, {"question": "Who is Windows division president?", "answer": "Steven Sinofsky"}, {"question": "Who is Microsofts CEO?", "answer": "Steve Ballmer"}, {"question": "Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?", "answer": "Consumer Electronics Show"}, {"question": "What is jupiter?", "answer": "new application framework for Windows 8"}, {"question": "What does BSoD stand for?", "answer": "Blue Screen of Death"}, {"question": "When was Milestone 1 divulged?", "answer": "April 12, 2011"}, {"question": "What was special about Milestone 1?", "answer": "It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered"}, {"question": "When was Milestone 2 divulged?", "answer": "April 25, 2011"}, {"question": "When was Build 7959 divulged?", "answer": "May 1, 2011"}, {"question": "What 3 versions of the build did Microsoft first release?", "answer": "standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools"}, {"question": "What developer tools did the build have?", "answer": "Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend"}, {"question": "How many downloads occured in the first 12 hours?", "answer": "535,000"}, {"question": "When did the developer preview expire?", "answer": "January 15, 2013"}, {"question": "When was the Developer preview initially intended to expire?", "answer": "March 11, 2012"}, {"question": "When was the beta version of Windows 8 made available to the public?", "answer": "February 29, 2012"}, {"question": "Who is the Windows Manager?", "answer": "Chaitanya Sareen"}, {"question": "How many things were altered after developer version release?", "answer": "100,000"}, {"question": "When was the Consumer Preview set to expire?", "answer": "January 15, 2013"}, {"question": "How many times was the Consumer Preview downloaded in the first 24 hours?", "answer": "over one million times"}, {"question": "When was the Release Preview revealed to consumers?", "answer": "May 31, 2012"}, {"question": "When was the release preview set to expire?", "answer": "January 15, 2013"}, {"question": "What were the main components of the Release preview?", "answer": "addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player"}, {"question": "What was the build number of the Windows 8 Release Preview?", "answer": "8400"}, {"question": "When was the Windows 8 Release Preview accidentally revealed?", "answer": "May 28, 2012"}, {"question": "When did Windows 8 manufacturing begin?", "answer": "August 1, 2012"}, {"question": "What was the final build Microsoft decided to manufacture?", "answer": "9200"}, {"question": "When was Microsoft supposed to officially launch Windows 8?", "answer": "October 25, 2012"}, {"question": "What version of Windows 8 is Enterprise N?", "answer": "a version for European markets lacking bundled media players"}, {"question": "When were Software Assurance consumers allowed access to Windows 8?", "answer": "August 16, 2012"}, {"question": "How many things did Microsoft alter after Release Preview?", "answer": "Relatively few"}, {"question": "When was the General Availablity Cumulative Update provided?", "answer": "October 9, 2012"}, {"question": "How are system improvements released through Windows 8?", "answer": "through Windows Update"}, {"question": "What name did Windows Explorer change to?", "answer": "File Explorer"}, {"question": "How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 8?", "answer": "$1.5\u20131.8 billion"}, {"question": "How much money was allocated to advertise Windows 95?", "answer": "$200 million"}, {"question": "What is the name of the character Microsoft used to make Windows 8 seem more personable?", "answer": "Allison Brown"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft begin promoting Windows 8?", "answer": "October 2012"}, {"question": "How many pop up stores did Microsoft set up to help promote Windows 8?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "When was the first game of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals?", "answer": "June 12, 2013"}, {"question": "Who did Windows 8 mock in their television campaign?", "answer": "the iPad"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Windows 8 advertising campaign?", "answer": "Windows Everywhere"}, {"question": "What three things did the Windows Everywhere campaign emphasize on?", "answer": "Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services"}, {"question": "What happens during Hybrid Boot mode?", "answer": "hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot"}, {"question": "What is Windows to Go?", "answer": "live USB versions of Windows"}, {"question": "What are the benefits of USB 3.0?", "answer": "faster data transfers and improved power management"}, {"question": "What is the point of near field communications?", "answer": "to facilitate sharing and communication between devices"}, {"question": "What features were added to the lock screen?", "answer": "clock and notifications"}, {"question": "What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?", "answer": "a ribbon"}, {"question": "What is the new name of Windows Explorer?", "answer": "File Explorer"}, {"question": "What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?", "answer": "provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files"}, {"question": "What does file history make possible?", "answer": "allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device"}, {"question": "What is the point of using different colors on a heat map?", "answer": "indicating the level of resource usage"}, {"question": "What changes were made to the BSoD?", "answer": "a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed"}, {"question": "What are some of the process type groups Windows 8 implemented?", "answer": "applications, background processes and Windows processes"}, {"question": "How can users find out more about obscure Windows 8 processes?", "answer": "search the web"}, {"question": "What new security features did Windows 8 provide?", "answer": "PINs and picture passwords"}, {"question": "What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?", "answer": "touchscreens"}, {"question": "What options do Parental controls provide?", "answer": "allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls"}, {"question": "What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?", "answer": "\"Refresh\" and \"Reset\" functions, including system recovery from USB drive"}, {"question": "When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?", "answer": "November 13, 2012"}, {"question": "How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?", "answer": "uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system"}, {"question": "What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?", "answer": "must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature"}, {"question": "What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?", "answer": "secure boot"}, {"question": "What is SkyDrive?", "answer": "cloud storage service"}, {"question": "What features does Xbox Live hub offer?", "answer": "allows users to view their profile and gamerscore"}, {"question": "When was Facebook support turned off?", "answer": "June 8, 2015"}, {"question": "What Xbox apps were bundled together?", "answer": "Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass"}, {"question": "What service options does Windows online now offer?", "answer": "can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices."}, {"question": "What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?", "answer": "a desktop program and a touch-optimized app"}, {"question": "What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?", "answer": "a \"Compatibility View\" whitelist"}, {"question": "What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?", "answer": "increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration"}, {"question": "Where can Adobe Flash now be used?", "answer": "most sites by default"}, {"question": "What does airplone mode do?", "answer": "disable all wireless connectivity"}, {"question": "Where can Carrier account management systems be found?", "answer": "Windows Store apps"}, {"question": "What registers the insertion of a SIM card?", "answer": "the operating system"}, {"question": "What are some connection settings in Windows 8?", "answer": "APNs and carrier branding"}, {"question": "Who is Jensen Harris?", "answer": "Microsoft developer"}, {"question": "What apps can one expect the People app to match with?", "answer": "Facebook, Skype, and People service"}, {"question": "What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?", "answer": "Facebook and Flickr"}, {"question": "What makes Windows Store apps unique?", "answer": "apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications."}, {"question": "What are contracts?", "answer": "collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps"}, {"question": "What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?", "answer": "C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript"}, {"question": "What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?", "answer": "If written in some \"high-level\" languages"}, {"question": "What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?", "answer": "permitting consumption by all compatible languages"}, {"question": "What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?", "answer": "sandboxed environment"}, {"question": "Where can Windows 8 install apps from?", "answer": "Windows Store"}, {"question": "How do devices with Windows 8 Enterprise attain apps outside of the Windows Store?", "answer": "sideload apps"}, {"question": "What other devices can sideload apps?", "answer": "Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices"}, {"question": "What does immersive app stand for?", "answer": "the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8"}, {"question": "What are apps after the introduction of Windows 8 called?", "answer": "Metro-style apps"}, {"question": "Who is Soma Somasegar?", "answer": "vice president of Microsoft's development software division"}, {"question": "When did Windows Store apps become the real term for the apps?", "answer": "September 12, 2012"}, {"question": "What code did Windows 8 change to?", "answer": "API code instead of WinRT"}, {"question": "What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?", "answer": "New experience enabled"}, {"question": "What different options did the desktop version have?", "answer": "able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code"}, {"question": "Which two browsers promised to develop Metro-style versions of their browsers?", "answer": "Chrome and Firefox"}, {"question": "What does Chromes version for Windows 8 do?", "answer": "uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface"}, {"question": "What does Firefox's version for Windows 8 do?", "answer": "uses a touch-optimized interface"}, {"question": "When was Firefox's version of Windows 8 made accesible?", "answer": "September 2013"}, {"question": "What is found on the Start Screen?", "answer": "a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs"}, {"question": "What do live tiles do?", "answer": "display constantly updated information and content"}, {"question": "What is the primary function of the PC Settings app? ", "answer": "used for basic configuration and user settings"}, {"question": "Where can advanced settings options be found?", "answer": "Control Panel"}, {"question": "What is the new System User interface built on?", "answer": "Microsoft's Metro design language"}, {"question": "What is charms?", "answer": "A vertical toolbar"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of charms?", "answer": "provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button"}, {"question": "How is an active list of apps accessed?", "answer": "Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down"}, {"question": "What does swiping from the left edge of the screen do?", "answer": "allows one to switch between apps and Desktop"}, {"question": "How is the traditional desktop evironment opened?", "answer": "via a tile on the Start screen"}, {"question": "Why was the ability to play DVD-Video taken off of Windows Media Player?", "answer": "the cost of licensing the necessary decoders"}, {"question": "What does the Pro Pack do?", "answer": "upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro"}, {"question": "Which main feature was removed in Windows 8?", "answer": "the traditional Start menu"}, {"question": "What backup element is still found on Windows 8?", "answer": "Backup and Restore"}, {"question": "How is Backup and Restore opened?", "answer": "through a Control Panel applet called \"Windows 7 File Recovery\""}, {"question": "What does :76 Shadow Copy do?", "answer": "access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer"}, {"question": "What is :74 used for? ", "answer": "other software"}, {"question": "What did Microsoft change the tablet resolution requirements on March 12, 2013?", "answer": "1024\u00d7768"}, {"question": "Why did Microsoft decrease the required resoultion for tablets?", "answer": "to allow \"greater design flexibility\" for future products"}, {"question": "What is a convertible form factor? ", "answer": "a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis"}, {"question": "How does a convertible become a tablet?", "answer": "attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism"}, {"question": "How many Windows 8 editions are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?", "answer": "BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on"}, {"question": "What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?", "answer": "features aimed towards business environments"}, {"question": "How would one get Windows RT?", "answer": "as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it"}, {"question": "During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?", "answer": "$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box"}, {"question": "What is the Windows 8 price?", "answer": "$119.99"}, {"question": "What is the Windows 8 Pro price?", "answer": "$199.99"}, {"question": "Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?", "answer": "PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate"}, {"question": "How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "What restrictions do Windows upgrade licenses have?", "answer": "require an existing version of Windows to install"}, {"question": "What did Windows offer in place of a full version of the software?", "answer": "specialized \"System Builder\" SKU"}, {"question": "What did the System Builder SKU take the place of?", "answer": "(OEM) SKU"}, {"question": "What does OEM stand for?", "answer": "original equipment manufacturer"}, {"question": "What did the Personal Use License allow?", "answer": "purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers"}, {"question": "What replaced Windows 8?", "answer": "Windows 8.1"}, {"question": "What is the primary difference in Windows 8.1? ", "answer": "8.1 is available as \"full version software\""}, {"question": "What exemption was removed from Windows 8.1?", "answer": "Personal Use License"}, {"question": "What is Windows 8.1 with Bing?", "answer": "a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine"}, {"question": "What architecture types does Windows 8 support?", "answer": "32-bit and 64-bit"}, {"question": "What is 16-bit support intended for?", "answer": "CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation"}, {"question": "When was x86 2nd generation created?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "How does the online Windows installer know which version to install?", "answer": "automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation"}, {"question": "What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?", "answer": "Windows RT"}, {"question": "What apps work on Windows RT?", "answer": "only supports applications included with the system"}, {"question": "Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?", "answer": "to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture"}, {"question": "Who is Tony Mangefeste?", "answer": "Microsoft developer"}, {"question": "What ideology does Microsoft follow?", "answer": "to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves"}, {"question": "Who condemned Microsoft for requiring devices to have secure boot enabled by default?", "answer": "free software supporters"}, {"question": "What resolution did Microsoft come to in their certificiation guidelines?", "answer": "vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot"}, {"question": "Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?", "answer": "video game developers"}, {"question": "Who created Minecraft?", "answer": "Markus \"Notch\" Persson"}, {"question": "Who developed Steam?", "answer": "Gabe Newell"}, {"question": "What company is Rob Pardo associated with?", "answer": "Activision Blizzard"}, {"question": "What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?", "answer": "responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the \"curated application store approach.\""}, {"question": "Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?", "answer": "David Pierce"}, {"question": "Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?", "answer": "because it allows users to interact with dynamic information"}, {"question": "Which improvements were most well regarded?", "answer": "File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager"}, {"question": "Who else uses a closed distribution platform?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What makes the Windows 8 interface difficult to use?", "answer": "the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface"}, {"question": "Who said the Windows 8 interface was clumsy and impractical?", "answer": "Adrian Kingsley-Hughes"}, {"question": "What kind of feedback has Windows 8 received?", "answer": "mixed"}, {"question": "What is IDC?", "answer": "market research firm"}, {"question": "What is the decline in PC sales attributed to?", "answer": "consumers bought more mobile devices"}, {"question": "How much of a decrease in sales have Windows devices experienced?", "answer": "21 percent"}, {"question": "While Windows sales went down, which company experienced an increase in sales?", "answer": "Apple"}, {"question": "What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/", "answer": "7.4"}, {"question": "What was Androids market share in 2013?", "answer": "43.4%"}, {"question": "What was teh iOS market share in 2013?", "answer": "48.2%"}, {"question": "What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?", "answer": "top tier apps"}, {"question": "When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?", "answer": "July 2013"}, {"question": "What changes did Microsoft make to its certification requirements in March 2013?", "answer": "amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024\u00d7768 resolution as a minimum"}, {"question": "Why did Microsoft change the tablet resolution minimum? ", "answer": "to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors"}, {"question": "How many licenses did Microsoft sell in the first six months?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "What controlled the small form tablet market at this time?", "answer": "Android-based tablets"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft make the existence of Windows 8.1 with Bing OEM SKU official?", "answer": "May 23, 2014"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft remove license fees on device screens less than 9 inches?", "answer": "April 2, 2014"}, {"question": "When did Windows 8 decrease the price of Windows 8 for devices that cost less than $250?", "answer": "February 2014"}, {"question": "What was the benefit of Windows 8.1 with Bing?", "answer": "cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese government ban the purchase of Windows 8 products?", "answer": "May 2014"}, {"question": "Why did the Chinese government ban Windows 8 based products?", "answer": "in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP"}, {"question": "What market share did Windows XP have in Chine?", "answer": "49%"}, {"question": "Who claimed that the Windows 8 would allow the US Government to spy on its users?", "answer": "Ni Guangnan"}, {"question": "What does CCTV stand for?", "answer": "China Central Television"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Chinese social network?", "answer": "Sina Weibo"}, {"question": "Who claimed that the Window 8 OS could gather sensitive user information?", "answer": "Ni Guangnan"}, {"question": "Where did Yang Min practice as a computer scientiest?", "answer": "Fudan University"}, {"question": "When was Windows 8.1 introduced?", "answer": "May 14, 2013"}, {"question": "When did Microsoft release the beta version of Windows 8.1?", "answer": "June 26, 2013"}, {"question": "When did MSDN and TechNet users gain access to Windows 8.1?", "answer": "September 9, 2013"}, {"question": "What search engine was added in Windows 8.1?", "answer": "Bing-based unified search system"}, {"question": "How did the Windows 8.1 upgrade enhance desktop startup?", "answer": "ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen"}, {"question": "What main feature was added back to the desktop?", "answer": "a visible Start button"}, {"question": "How many apps did the WIndows 8.1 update allow to be snapped onto a signular display?", "answer": "up to four"}, {"question": "How wide is Swaziland in miles??", "answer": "81 mi"}, {"question": "In terms of size where does Swaziland rank within Africa in terms of country size?", "answer": "one of the smallest"}, {"question": "What is the primary language spoken by the people in Swaziland?", "answer": "siSwati"}, {"question": "When did the ethnic Swazis establish a kingdom?", "answer": "mid-18th century"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the 18th century Swazi kingdom?", "answer": "Ngwane III"}, {"question": "What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?", "answer": "$9,714"}, {"question": "What is the SACU?", "answer": "Southern African Customs Union"}, {"question": "What does the acronym COMESA represent?", "answer": "Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa"}, {"question": "What is the lilangeni?", "answer": "Swaziland's currency"}, {"question": "What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?", "answer": "South African rand"}, {"question": "What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?", "answer": "king"}, {"question": "In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?", "answer": "Mswati II"}, {"question": "What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?", "answer": "greatly extended the area of the country"}, {"question": "What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?", "answer": "Emakhandzambili clans"}, {"question": "Where does the name Swaziland originate?", "answer": "Mswati II. KaNgwane"}, {"question": "In what year did the British take Swaziland on as a protectorate? ", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What 1903 conflict involving the British caused Swaziland to become a protectorate?", "answer": "Anglo-Boer war"}, {"question": "In what year was Swaziland given self governance? ", "answer": "1906"}, {"question": "How much of Swaziland did the European area contain after the portioning?", "answer": "two-thirds of the total land"}, {"question": "When was Sobhuza coronated?", "answer": "December 1921"}, {"question": "When did the Swaziland constitution come to be?", "answer": "November 1963"}, {"question": "What is another way to refer to the Swazi National Council?", "answer": "liqoqo"}, {"question": "When was the Legislative Council of Swaziland first created?", "answer": "9 September 1964"}, {"question": "When did elections that provided for a House of Assembly for Swaziland occur?", "answer": "1967"}, {"question": "In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?", "answer": "King Sobhuza II"}, {"question": "When did King Sobhuza II die?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II", "answer": "Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe"}, {"question": "Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?", "answer": "Mswati III"}, {"question": "Who appoints the prime minister of Swaziland?", "answer": "The king"}, {"question": "What is the parliament of Swaziland known as?", "answer": "the Libandla"}, {"question": "What part of the Swaziland parliament is appointed by the King?", "answer": "a minority"}, {"question": "Why is the king allowed to appoint members of parliament?", "answer": "to balance views in parliament"}, {"question": "How many seats are in the Senate of Swaziland?", "answer": "30 seats"}, {"question": "How many members are there in the Swazi House of Assembly?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "How many members of the Swazi House of Assembly are chosen by the king?", "answer": "10"}, {"question": "When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?", "answer": "20 September 2013"}, {"question": "Which group looks over elections in Swaziland?", "answer": "the elections and boundaries commission"}, {"question": "When did people begin to disputre royal hegenomy in Swaziland?", "answer": "the early seventies"}, {"question": "What portion of Swaziland is said to support the monarchy of Swaziland?", "answer": "the majority"}, {"question": "What entity took submissions about whether or not Swazi citizens wanted to change support of the monarchy?", "answer": "the constitutional draft committee"}, {"question": "How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?", "answer": "a show of hand"}, {"question": "What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?", "answer": "at least ten"}, {"question": "What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?", "answer": "Constituency Headman"}, {"question": "In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho? ", "answer": "Constituency Executive Committee"}, {"question": "What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many representatives does each tinkhundla elect to the Swazi House of Assembly?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What is a single term of a Swazi development committee?", "answer": "a five-year term"}, {"question": "To whom do Bucopho take the decisions and concerns?", "answer": "the chiefdoms"}, {"question": "Where is the Bucopho chairman elected?", "answer": "at the inkhundla"}, {"question": "What is the chairman of the bucopho also called?", "answer": "indvuna ye nkhundla"}, {"question": "What nation is to the east of Swaziland?", "answer": "Mozambique"}, {"question": "What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?", "answer": "Republic of South Africa"}, {"question": "How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?", "answer": "17,364 km2"}, {"question": "How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?", "answer": "the northwest"}, {"question": "What portion of the Swazi population are subsistence farmers?", "answer": "About 75%"}, {"question": "In terms of Swaziland, what does SNL refer to?", "answer": "Swazi Nation Land"}, {"question": "Outside of agriculture what provides to the Swazi economy?", "answer": "textile manufacturing"}, {"question": "What are the problems with Swazi Nation Land?", "answer": "low productivity and investment"}, {"question": "What has the Real growth in GDP since 2001 in Swaziland in percentage?", "answer": "2.8%"}, {"question": "How much lower is the Swazi Real GDP growth in comparison to other Southern African Customs Union members is Swaziland?", "answer": "nearly 2 percentage points"}, {"question": "When did the public finances in Swaziland decline?", "answer": "the late 1990s"}, {"question": "What led to Swazi budget cuts?", "answer": "declining revenues and increased spending"}, {"question": "What amount of total public spending in Swaziland is going to wages?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "What amount of government revenue in Swaziland is from the SACU?", "answer": "60% of total government revenues"}, {"question": "What has happened to debt external onus  in Swaziland in the past two decades?", "answer": "declined markedly"}, {"question": "What percentage of the GDP was represented by outside debt in Swaziland in 2006?", "answer": "less than 20%"}, {"question": "Which nations economy is Swaziland most linked with?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "What quantity of imports does Swaziland get from South Africa?", "answer": "over 90%"}, {"question": "What percentage of exported goods from Swaziland end up in South Africa?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What happened to Swazi exports of textiles from 2000 to 2005?", "answer": "exports grew by over 200%"}, {"question": "Between 2000 and 2005 what percentage did Swazi sugar exports increase by?", "answer": "more than 50%"}, {"question": "What currency is Swaziland bound to?", "answer": "South African Rand"}, {"question": "Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?", "answer": "South Africa"}, {"question": "Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?", "answer": "as much as 70%"}, {"question": "From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?", "answer": "Southern African Customs Union"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Swazi population are Christian?", "answer": "83%"}, {"question": "Which religious belief is most prevelant in Swaziland?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What amount of Swazi Christians are Roman Catholic?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "Who is the Anglican Bishop of Swaziland?", "answer": "Ellinah Wamukoya"}, {"question": "How many Jewish families are there in Swaziland?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "Of pregnant women, how many are believed to be infected with HIV?", "answer": "38.8%"}, {"question": "Who was the prime minister of Swaziland in 2004?", "answer": "Themba Dlamini"}, {"question": "What does UNAIDS consider universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment?", "answer": "80% coverage or greater"}, {"question": "What percentage of HIV/AIDS infected in Swaziland are believed to be treated?", "answer": "70% to 80%"}, {"question": "What is the rate of mortality for those with tuberculosis in Swaziland?", "answer": "18%"}, {"question": "What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?", "answer": "5-year or younger"}, {"question": "What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?", "answer": "21.6%"}, {"question": "In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?", "answer": "neighbourhood care points"}, {"question": "What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?", "answer": "early childhood care and education"}, {"question": "How many years does a student spend in secondary and high school in Swaziland?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "For how many years is a Swazi student in junior secondary school?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the ECOS within the Swazi education system?", "answer": "Examination Council of Swaziland"}, {"question": "What do students finishing senior secondary school get?", "answer": "Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education"}, {"question": "What institution does the accreditation for the IGCSE in Swaziland?", "answer": "Cambridge International Examination"}, {"question": "The University of Swaziland, Southern Nazarene University, offer higher learning in Swaziland, what is one other University?", "answer": "Swaziland Christian University"}, {"question": "Where can one find the Limkoking University of Creative Technology?", "answer": "Sidvwashini"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Swaziland?", "answer": "Mbabane"}, {"question": "Where in Swaziland is The Good shepherd Hospital?", "answer": "Siteki"}, {"question": "What nursing school does The Good Shepherd Hospital contain?", "answer": "College for Nursing Assistants"}, {"question": "Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?", "answer": "Swaziland College of Technology"}, {"question": "What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?", "answer": "technology and business studies"}, {"question": "What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?", "answer": "Matsapha"}, {"question": "There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?", "answer": "Manzini Industrial and Training Centre"}, {"question": "In terms of education in Swaziland what does the acronym SIMPA represent?", "answer": "Swaziland Institute of Management and Public Administration"}, {"question": "In Swaziland, what is SIMPA?", "answer": "a government owned management and development institute"}, {"question": "In which locations is the Institute of Development Management?", "answer": "Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland"}, {"question": "What service does the IDM provide?", "answer": "training, consultancy, and research in management"}, {"question": "In what year was the Mananga Management Centre founded?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "In Swaziland, what is kwetfwasa?", "answer": "training of the Sangoma"}, {"question": "What is a Sangoma in Swaziland?", "answer": "a traditional diviner"}, {"question": "Why might one want to discover when consulting a sangoma in Swaziland?", "answer": "the cause of sickness or even death"}, {"question": "How does a sangoma in Swaziland communicate?", "answer": "kubhula"}, {"question": "What is kushaya ematsambo used for?", "answer": "to determine the cause of the sickness"}, {"question": "What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?", "answer": "Umhlanga Reed Dance."}, {"question": "How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?", "answer": "late August or early September"}, {"question": "What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?", "answer": "childless, unmarried girls"}, {"question": "As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?", "answer": "to preserve girls' chastity"}, {"question": "Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?", "answer": "19 August 2005"}, {"question": "What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?", "answer": "If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine"}, {"question": "Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?", "answer": "all young girls"}, {"question": "From where did the Reed Dance originate?", "answer": "the old \"umchwasho\" custom"}, {"question": "What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?", "answer": "dancing and feasting"}, {"question": "What Latin word does the English word translation come from?", "answer": "translatio"}, {"question": "What languages use equivalents of the English term \"translation\" that come from the same Latin source?", "answer": "Romance"}, {"question": "What does Latin's traducere mean in English?", "answer": "\"to lead across\""}, {"question": "Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "What does the Dutch word \"vertaling\" roughly translate to?", "answer": "\"re-language-ing\""}, {"question": "How much has translation changed since antiquity?", "answer": "hardly"}, {"question": "What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?", "answer": "theoretical"}, {"question": "When were there some extreme metaphrasers?", "answer": "early Christian period and the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What have general been prudent about?", "answer": "seeking equivalents"}, {"question": "For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?", "answer": "literal"}, {"question": "What have translators tried to preserve?", "answer": "context itself"}, {"question": "How do translators preserve context?", "answer": "reproducing the original order of sememes"}, {"question": "What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?", "answer": "grammatical structure"}, {"question": "What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?", "answer": "passive"}, {"question": "What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?", "answer": "syntactic requirements"}, {"question": "A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?", "answer": "contact and exchange"}, {"question": "What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?", "answer": "guide to current meaning"}, {"question": "What does the French \"actuel\" mean in English?", "answer": "present"}, {"question": "How would you convey that something is \"presently of importance\" in Swedish?", "answer": "aktuell"}, {"question": "To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?", "answer": "aktualny"}, {"question": "How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?", "answer": "at least since Terence"}, {"question": "What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?", "answer": "comedies"}, {"question": "A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?", "answer": "artist"}, {"question": "Where was the concept of parallel creation found?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": "Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?", "answer": "Samuel Johnson"}, {"question": "When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?", "answer": "earlier approaches"}, {"question": "When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?", "answer": "when historians view ancient or medieval records"}, {"question": "What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?", "answer": "events"}, {"question": "What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?", "answer": "theories and philosophies"}, {"question": "When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?", "answer": "5th century"}, {"question": "What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?", "answer": "creation of Arabic script"}, {"question": "What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?", "answer": "politics"}, {"question": "What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?", "answer": "Greek and Persian"}, {"question": "What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?", "answer": "Arabic"}, {"question": "Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?", "answer": "centuries of close contacts and exchanges"}, {"question": "When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?", "answer": "after the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?", "answer": "important sources of material"}, {"question": "What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?", "answer": "techniques"}, {"question": "What would Western traditions eventually do?", "answer": "overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions"}, {"question": "What transformed Arabic languages?", "answer": "movement to translate English and European texts"}, {"question": "What came to be valued over previous convolutions?", "answer": "new words, simplified syntax, and directness"}, {"question": "Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?", "answer": "Educated Arabs and Turks"}, {"question": "What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?", "answer": "texts in the religious schools"}, {"question": "What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?", "answer": "Darwinism"}, {"question": "What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?", "answer": "Britain and France"}, {"question": "What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?", "answer": "solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy"}, {"question": "A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?", "answer": "empire-builders"}, {"question": "What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?", "answer": "retrograde currents"}, {"question": "Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?", "answer": "German Romanticism"}, {"question": "What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture \"On the Different Methods of Translation\"?", "answer": "1813"}, {"question": "Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?", "answer": "transparency"}, {"question": "What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?", "answer": "extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text"}, {"question": "What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?", "answer": "Comparison of a back-translation with the original text"}, {"question": "How are mathematical operations checked?", "answer": "by reversing the operation"}, {"question": "What operations are results from not always completely reliable?", "answer": "reverse-translation operations"}, {"question": "What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?", "answer": "linguistic"}, {"question": "What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?", "answer": "mathematical"}, {"question": "Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? ", "answer": "Mark Twain"}, {"question": "For what language did Twain create a back-translation?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "When was Twain's back-translation published?", "answer": "1903"}, {"question": "What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?", "answer": "\"Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story\""}, {"question": "What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?", "answer": "\"The Athenian and the Frog\""}, {"question": "What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?", "answer": "the original text"}, {"question": "Who was Jan Potocki?", "answer": "Polish aristocrat"}, {"question": "What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?", "answer": "1847"}, {"question": "What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?", "answer": "French-language"}, {"question": "What has served as a school of writing for many authors?", "answer": "Translation"}, {"question": "Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?", "answer": "monks"}, {"question": "What did translators shape in the course of their work?", "answer": "languages"}, {"question": "What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?", "answer": "bridges"}, {"question": "Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?", "answer": "source languages"}, {"question": "What roles have interpreters occasionally played in history?", "answer": "crucial"}, {"question": "What region did La Malinche hail from?", "answer": "Mexican Gulf Coast"}, {"question": "Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?", "answer": "Xicalango"}, {"question": "What was La Malinche essential to?", "answer": "Spanish conquest of Mexico"}, {"question": "In addition to being an interpreter and adviser, what function did La Malinche serve for Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s?", "answer": "lover"}, {"question": "What type of translation is favored by those wanting more accurate translations?", "answer": "Web-based human translation"}, {"question": "What reputation does machine translations have?", "answer": "frequent inaccuracy"}, {"question": "What type of translation is still the most accurate and reliable?", "answer": "human"}, {"question": "Because of crowdsourcing, what type of translation are agencies able to provide?", "answer": "on-demand human-translation services"}, {"question": "Who purchases the services of translation agencies?", "answer": "businesses, individuals, and enterprises"}, {"question": "Unedited machine translation will miss what crucial aspect of human language?", "answer": "context-embedded"}, {"question": "What does it take a person to be able to do?", "answer": "comprehend the context of the original text"}, {"question": "What can even translations completely done by a human still be prone to?", "answer": "error"}, {"question": "How must machine translations be transformed by a human?", "answer": "reviewed and edited"}, {"question": "Where did Buddhism spread?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "Buddhism's spread led to what large-scale effort?", "answer": "translation"}, {"question": "How long did the translation effort take?", "answer": "well over a thousand years"}, {"question": "What Empire was especially good at translation?", "answer": "The Tangut Empire"}, {"question": "What were the Tanguts able to do in only decades that took the Chinese centuries?", "answer": "translate volumes"}, {"question": "Who attempted a large-scale effort at translation?", "answer": "Arabs"}, {"question": "What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?", "answer": "philosophical and scientific works"}, {"question": "When were some of the Arabic translations of earlier sentences translated into Latin?", "answer": "Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What is Schola Traductorum in English?", "answer": "School of Translation"}, {"question": "Latin translations indirectly advanced whose science and culture?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "What was the first great English translation?", "answer": "Wycliffe Bible"}, {"question": "When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?", "answer": "1382"}, {"question": "When did the age of great English prose translation begin?", "answer": "end of the 15th century"}, {"question": "What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?", "answer": "Le Morte Darthur"}, {"question": "The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?", "answer": "Tudor"}, {"question": "Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?", "answer": "Cosimo de' Medici"}, {"question": "What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?", "answer": "Byzantine scholar"}, {"question": "When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?", "answer": "1453"}, {"question": "Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?", "answer": "Marsilio Ficino"}, {"question": "What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?", "answer": "the exact words"}, {"question": "What was the guiding ideal of translators throughout the 18th century?", "answer": "ease of reading"}, {"question": "If a translator didn't understand something in a text or thought it too boring to present to readers, what did they do with it?", "answer": "omitted"}, {"question": "What did translators of this time assume was better than the actual text they were translating?", "answer": "their own style of expression"}, {"question": "How much did the translators care about scholarship?", "answer": "no more than had their predecessors"}, {"question": "What did James Macpherson \"translate\" from?", "answer": "own composition"}, {"question": "What new standards of translation came with the 19th century?", "answer": "accuracy and style"}, {"question": "Who observed that the policy became \"the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text\"?", "answer": "J.M. Cohen"}, {"question": "What sort of passages were still left out of the supposed \"whole\" text?", "answer": "bawdy"}, {"question": "What did the Victorians aim to remind the reader of their translations?", "answer": "that they were reading a foreign classic"}, {"question": "How did the translation of Rubaiyat achieve an Oriental flavor?", "answer": "by using Persian names and discreet Biblical echoes"}, {"question": "What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?", "answer": "poetry"}, {"question": "What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?", "answer": "verse"}, {"question": "What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?", "answer": "stanzaic"}, {"question": "What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?", "answer": "church hymns"}, {"question": "Who translated German chorales into English?", "answer": "Catherine Winkworth"}, {"question": "How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?", "answer": "more restrictive"}, {"question": "Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?", "answer": "little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation"}, {"question": "What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?", "answer": "assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical"}, {"question": "How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?", "answer": "by subdividing or combining notes"}, {"question": "Who can translations of a sung text aid?", "answer": "audiences, singers and conductors"}, {"question": "What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?", "answer": "subtitles or surtitles"}, {"question": "What do professional and amateur singers often sing?", "answer": "works in languages they do not know"}, {"question": "Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?", "answer": "understand the meaning of the words they are singing."}, {"question": "What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?", "answer": "rendering of the Old Testament into Greek"}, {"question": "When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?", "answer": "3rd century BCE"}, {"question": "Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?", "answer": "seventy translators"}, {"question": "How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?", "answer": "in solitary confinement"}, {"question": "According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?", "answer": "identical"}, {"question": "During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism and Protestantism"}, {"question": "Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?", "answer": "religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries"}, {"question": "Who translated the Bible to German?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?", "answer": "religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day"}, {"question": "What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?", "answer": "airport"}, {"question": "What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?", "answer": "landing area"}, {"question": "What is an airport?", "answer": "aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land"}, {"question": "What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?", "answer": "traffic pattern"}, {"question": "What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?", "answer": "Air safety"}, {"question": "How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?", "answer": "Spanish Ferrovial consortium"}, {"question": "What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?", "answer": "Fraport"}, {"question": "Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?", "answer": "GMR Group"}, {"question": "Airports are divided into what two areas?", "answer": "landside and airside"}, {"question": "What do landside areas include?", "answer": "parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads"}, {"question": "What do airside areas include?", "answer": "all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons"}, {"question": "Where can passengers purchase tickets?", "answer": "terminals"}, {"question": "What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?", "answer": "concourses"}, {"question": "Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?", "answer": "products and services"}, {"question": "Where are most of these companies located in an airport?", "answer": "within the departure areas"}, {"question": "Some of these companies include what type of businesses?", "answer": "clothing boutiques and restaurants"}, {"question": "Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?", "answer": "higher"}, {"question": "What are some services that are offered by VIP services?", "answer": "express check-in and dedicated check-in counters"}, {"question": "These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?", "answer": "First and Business class"}, {"question": "What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?", "answer": "Premium services"}, {"question": "For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?", "answer": "near railway trunk routes"}, {"question": "What does MBTA stand for?", "answer": "Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority"}, {"question": "It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?", "answer": "rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems"}, {"question": "It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?", "answer": "buses"}, {"question": "What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?", "answer": "Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta International Airport"}, {"question": "Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.", "answer": "Mexico City International Airport"}, {"question": "What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?", "answer": "College Park Airport"}, {"question": "In what year was the College Park Airport established?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "Who established the College Park Airport?", "answer": "Wilbur Wright"}, {"question": "How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?", "answer": "35,000,000"}, {"question": "In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?", "answer": "1916"}, {"question": "Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?", "answer": "for handling passenger traffic"}, {"question": "Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?", "answer": "Le Bourget Airport"}, {"question": "What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?", "answer": "Hounslow Heath Aerodrome"}, {"question": "When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?", "answer": "August 1919"}, {"question": "What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?", "answer": "a paved \"apron\""}, {"question": "When was the first lighting used on an airport?", "answer": "latter part of the 1920s"}, {"question": "When did approach lighting come into use?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?", "answer": "approach lighting"}, {"question": "When was the slope-line approach system introduced?", "answer": "1940s"}, {"question": "What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?", "answer": "slope-line approach system"}, {"question": "Why did airport construction boom during the 1960s?", "answer": "increase in jet aircraft traffic"}, {"question": "How far were runways extended out?", "answer": "9,800 ft"}, {"question": "What was constructed out of reinforced concrete?", "answer": "The fields"}, {"question": "When were jet bridge systems introduced to modern airport terminals?", "answer": "early 1960s"}, {"question": "What does ATC stand for?", "answer": "air traffic control"}, {"question": "ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?", "answer": "Ground Control"}, {"question": "Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?", "answer": "Ground Control"}, {"question": "When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?", "answer": "Tower Control"}, {"question": "When is control turned back over to ground control?", "answer": "After a plane has landed"}, {"question": "Who controls aircraft on the runway?", "answer": "Tower Control"}, {"question": "Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?", "answer": "Tower Control"}, {"question": "Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?", "answer": "radar"}, {"question": "Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?", "answer": "in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic"}, {"question": "What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?", "answer": "traffic pattern"}, {"question": "What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?", "answer": "traffic pattern"}, {"question": "Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.", "answer": "so-called SLOT-times"}, {"question": "Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?", "answer": "800 or 1,000 ft"}, {"question": "What does AGL stand for?", "answer": "above ground level"}, {"question": "Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?", "answer": "left-handed"}, {"question": "What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?", "answer": "Standard traffic patterns are left-handed"}, {"question": "At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?", "answer": "a circuit"}, {"question": "What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?", "answer": "Clearance Delivery"}, {"question": "Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?", "answer": "commercial with long routes"}, {"question": "What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?", "answer": "visual approach slope indicator"}, {"question": "What does VASI stand for?", "answer": "visual approach slope indicator"}, {"question": "What does VOR stand for?", "answer": "VHF omnidirectional range"}, {"question": "What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?", "answer": "VHF omnidirectional range"}, {"question": "What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?", "answer": "instrument landing system"}, {"question": "On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?", "answer": "green lights"}, {"question": "On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?", "answer": "red lights"}, {"question": "What indicates the edge of a runway?", "answer": "white lights"}, {"question": "What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?", "answer": "pilot controlled lighting"}, {"question": "What does ALS stand for?", "answer": "approach lighting system"}, {"question": "What includes debris and nesting birds?", "answer": "Hazards to aircraft"}, {"question": "What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?", "answer": "airfield rubber removal"}, {"question": "In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?", "answer": "ice and snow clearing equipment"}, {"question": "What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?", "answer": "tow tractor"}, {"question": "What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?", "answer": "ground power unit"}, {"question": "The passengers disembark using what?", "answer": "airbridge"}, {"question": "What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?", "answer": "Mobile stairs"}, {"question": "How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?", "answer": "90 minutes"}, {"question": "An airfield is also referred to as what?", "answer": "airbase"}, {"question": "What provides basing and support of military aircraft?", "answer": "airbase"}, {"question": "Where is RAF Brize Norton located?", "answer": "the UK"}, {"question": "Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "Where is Pune Airport located?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What is the title of the film where a man becomes permanently grounded in an airport terminal?", "answer": "The Terminal"}, {"question": "When was the movie Airport made?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "When was the movie Final Destination released?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "Landside, where can filming take place?", "answer": "all public areas"}, {"question": "What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?", "answer": "Departure Lounge and some outside areas"}, {"question": "What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?", "answer": "Filming"}, {"question": "What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?", "answer": "882"}, {"question": "Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?", "answer": "Prince Oleg"}, {"question": "Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?", "answer": "Kiev. Sviatoslav I"}, {"question": "Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?", "answer": "Vladimir the Great"}, {"question": "What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?", "answer": "issued its first written legal code"}, {"question": "When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?", "answer": "Vasily Klyuchevsky"}, {"question": "Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?", "answer": "Slavic tribes"}, {"question": "Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?", "answer": "Novgorod"}, {"question": "Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?", "answer": "Ladoga and Karelia regions"}, {"question": "Which tribe resided in the south?", "answer": "Poliane"}, {"question": "What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?", "answer": "whether the Rus\u2019 were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs"}, {"question": "What were the \"Rus\" accourding to the \"Normanist\"?", "answer": "Scandinavians"}, {"question": "What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?", "answer": "Slavs"}, {"question": "Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?", "answer": "Ahmad ibn Fadlan"}, {"question": "What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?", "answer": "garments that only cover half of his body"}, {"question": "Which historian refered to the Rus as \"Scythians\"?", "answer": "Leo the Deacon"}, {"question": "Which two groups were divided inn the territories of the East Slavs?", "answer": "Varangians and the Khazars"}, {"question": "In what year did the Varangians impose tribute from the Slavic and Finnic?", "answer": "859"}, {"question": "In what year did the Slavic and Finnic tribes rebel againts the Varangians?", "answer": "862"}, {"question": "What were the names of the three brothers that rulled Novgotod, Beloozero, and Izborsk?", "answer": "Rurik, Sineus, and Truvor"}, {"question": "Whoch of the three brothers become the sole ruller over all three of the teritories?", "answer": "Rurik"}, {"question": "What was the name of the small city on the hill that was discovered by Rurik's men?", "answer": "Kiev"}, {"question": "Between what years did Askold and Dir continued to attack Kiev?", "answer": "863\u201366"}, {"question": "What did the attack between Rus and Byzantines lead to?", "answer": "Patriarch to send missionaries north to engage"}, {"question": "Wat was the purpose of the Patriarch when they were sent north?", "answer": "to convert the Rus' and the Slavs."}, {"question": "When did Ruik past away?", "answer": "879"}, {"question": "When Rurik past away, who took over?", "answer": "Prince Oleg"}, {"question": "Who declared Kiev \"The mother of Rus citis'?", "answer": "Prince Oleg"}, {"question": "What year did Oleg conquer the Drevlians?", "answer": "883"}, {"question": "Why did the Kievan state prosper?", "answer": "abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export"}, {"question": "How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Which route was a central post in Kiev?", "answer": "Dnieper route"}, {"question": "What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?", "answer": "money-lending system"}, {"question": "What led to constant problems with the Khazars?", "answer": "rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south"}, {"question": "Which area did the Khazars rule over?", "answer": "Black Sea steppe"}, {"question": "Who were allies with the Khazars?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?", "answer": "Persians and Arabs"}, {"question": "What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?", "answer": "turmoil"}, {"question": "What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs? ", "answer": "Khazars"}, {"question": "What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?", "answer": "build a fortress at Sarkel"}, {"question": "What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?", "answer": "expansion of the Rus"}, {"question": "Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?", "answer": "Oleg"}, {"question": "What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?", "answer": "894"}, {"question": "What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?", "answer": "913"}, {"question": "Around what time did the Khazars unable to no longer command tribute from Volga?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "Who did the Byzantium ally with against the Khazar's?", "answer": "Pechenegs"}, {"question": "What did the Pechenges trade with the Rus?", "answer": "livestock"}, {"question": "In what year did the Rus attack Constantinople?", "answer": "860"}, {"question": "What had Prince Rastislav requested?", "answer": "provide teachers"}, {"question": "What did Cyril and Mehodius come up with to help with the issue of the Slaves not having a written language?", "answer": "devised the Glagolitic alphabet"}, {"question": "In what year did the Rus accept a bishop?", "answer": "867"}, {"question": "When did the relations between the Rus and Byzantines start to become more complicated?", "answer": "after Oleg took control over Kiev"}, {"question": "What were the primary concerns the Rus and Byzantines had with oleg?", "answer": "commercial, cultural, and military concerns"}, {"question": "When did the Rus attack the Constantinole once again?", "answer": "907"}, {"question": "What known document tells of the death of Oleg?", "answer": "The Chronicle"}, {"question": "What was prophesised by a sorcerer involving Oleg's death?", "answer": "certain horse"}, {"question": "What does Oleg do to his horse?", "answer": "has the horse sequestered"}, {"question": "WHo succeeded Oleg in 913?", "answer": "Prince Igor"}, {"question": "What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?", "answer": "941"}, {"question": "How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?", "answer": "10,000 vessels"}, {"question": "Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?", "answer": "Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs"}, {"question": "What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?", "answer": "outfitted with Greek fire throwers"}, {"question": "Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?", "answer": "Slavs and Pecheneg allies"}, {"question": "When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?", "answer": "944"}, {"question": "IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.", "answer": "945"}, {"question": "When did Prince Igor past away?", "answer": "945"}, {"question": "Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?", "answer": "his wife Olga"}, {"question": "In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?", "answer": "963"}, {"question": "Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?", "answer": "Pereyaslavets"}, {"question": "What year did Sviatoslav pass away?", "answer": "972"}, {"question": "How long did the region of Kiev dominate the State of the Rus?", "answer": "two centuries"}, {"question": "What years did Vladimir the Great reign as leader?", "answer": "980\u20131015"}, {"question": "What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?", "answer": "Novgorod"}, {"question": "In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?", "answer": "Scandinavia"}, {"question": "When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?", "answer": "988"}, {"question": "Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?", "answer": "Princess Anna"}, {"question": "What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?", "answer": "Dnieper River"}, {"question": "What language did the church write  the liturgy in?", "answer": "Cyrillic"}, {"question": "What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?", "answer": "facilitated the conversion to Christianity"}, {"question": "What was Yaroslav also known as?", "answer": "the Wise"}, {"question": "Who was Yaroslav's father?", "answer": "Vladimir the Great"}, {"question": "In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?", "answer": "1019"}, {"question": "What was the name of the UN-conventional system that was implemented?", "answer": "rota system"}, {"question": "What did the rota system do?", "answer": "power was transferred to the eldest member"}, {"question": "What was often deployed when trying to gain power?", "answer": "Familicide"}, {"question": "What immediately occurred after Yarsolav the Wise past away?", "answer": "conflict"}, {"question": "Who was fighting for Tmutarakan following Yarsolav's death?", "answer": "Rostislav Vladimirovich"}, {"question": "What country did the fleeing Grand Prince run off to?", "answer": "Poland"}, {"question": "Where did the first federal council of Rus take place in 1097?", "answer": "city of Liubech"}, {"question": "What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?", "answer": "decline of Constantinople"}, {"question": "What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?", "answer": "Kiev"}, {"question": "Who was the last ruller to keep the region united?", "answer": "Mstislav the Great"}, {"question": "When did Mstislav die?", "answer": "1169"}, {"question": "When did the Kievan state break up into twelve seperate principalities?", "answer": "12th century,"}, {"question": "What helped speed up the decline of the Kievan Rus?", "answer": "The Crusades"}, {"question": "In what year did the Crusade sack Constantinople?", "answer": "1204"}, {"question": "What group was attacking the the Baltic Region in 1204?", "answer": "Teutonic Knights"}, {"question": "Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?", "answer": "it controlled trade routes"}, {"question": "What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?", "answer": "became more independent"}, {"question": "In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?", "answer": "1169"}, {"question": "The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?", "answer": "Grand Duchy of Moscow"}, {"question": "What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?", "answer": "Rostov"}, {"question": "In what year did the mongol invasion begin?", "answer": "In 1299"}, {"question": "Which neighbors did Halych develop trade relations with?", "answer": "Polish, Hungarian and Lithuanian"}, {"question": "Who united the two previously separated principalities?", "answer": "Prince Roman Mstislavich"}, {"question": "In what year did Mstislavich defeat the Kiev?", "answer": "1202"}, {"question": "Who became metropolitan in 1370?", "answer": "Cyprian"}, {"question": "How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?", "answer": "Due to the expansion of trade"}, {"question": "From what did this new princedom emerge from?", "answer": "from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes"}, {"question": "What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?", "answer": "first notable form of self-government"}, {"question": "Which two groups dominated the society of Kievan Rus?", "answer": "mixture of Slavic and Scandinavian elites"}, {"question": "What was severely lacking in Kievan in the 12th century?", "answer": "class institutions and autonomous towns"}, {"question": "What was the group called that owed labour duty to the princes?", "answer": "tribute-paying peasants"}, {"question": "What eventually led to the creation of the peasant/smerdy class?", "answer": "change in political structure"}, {"question": "When did wages on the manors develop?", "answer": "1031"}, {"question": "What were the smerdy initially given in the Kievian law code?", "answer": "given equality"}, {"question": "Despite being much smaller than wester europe, what they known for being?", "answer": "the largest contemporary European state"}, {"question": "What could you find in Novgorod that you couldn't in most other cities?", "answer": "sewage system and wood paving"}, {"question": "What were some of the rights women had during this time period?", "answer": "property and inheritance rights"}, {"question": "To which dynasty did Yarolav's step mother belong to?", "answer": "Macedonian dynasty"}, {"question": "Which three countried did Yaroslav's daughters become queens of?", "answer": "Hungary, France and Norway"}, {"question": "Who did Yaroslav's sons marry?", "answer": "daughters of a Polish king and a Byzantine emperor"}, {"question": "How early did the relationship begin between the Pecheneg and the Rus?", "answer": "9th century"}, {"question": "What did the Pecheneg frequesntly do over the span of two centuries?", "answer": "sporadic raids into the lands of Rus"}, {"question": "What year did the Pechenges attack the city of Kiev?", "answer": "968"}, {"question": "Whichgroup was known to support the Pecheneges in their military efforts?", "answer": "Byzantine Empire"}, {"question": "Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?", "answer": "Michael I"}, {"question": "Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?", "answer": "Leontiy"}, {"question": "When was the SNES released in the US?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "Where was the SNES first released?", "answer": "Japan and South Korea"}, {"question": "What was the SNES called in Japan?", "answer": "Super Famicom"}, {"question": "What was the SNES called in South Korea?", "answer": "Super Comboy"}, {"question": "When was the SNES released in Australia?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in Japan?", "answer": "PC Engine"}, {"question": "What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in Japan?", "answer": "Mega Drive"}, {"question": "What was NEC's competitor to the NES called in the US?", "answer": "TurboGrafx-16"}, {"question": "What was Sega's competitor to the NES called in the US?", "answer": "Genesis"}, {"question": "What were the Genesis's advantages over the NES?", "answer": "built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound"}, {"question": "Who designed both the NES and SNES?", "answer": "Masayuki Uemura"}, {"question": "How much in yen did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?", "answer": "\u00a525,000"}, {"question": "How much in dollars did the Super Famicom cost in Japan?", "answer": "US$210"}, {"question": "How many Super Famicoms were produced in the first run?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "What criminal group plotted to steal Super Famicoms?", "answer": "the Yakuza"}, {"question": "How much did the SNES cost in the US?", "answer": "US$199"}, {"question": "How much did the SNES cost in the UK?", "answer": "GB\u00a3150"}, {"question": "When was the SNES released in the UK?", "answer": "April 1992"}, {"question": "When was the SNES released in Brazil?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "Which company distributed the SNES in Brazil?", "answer": "Playtronic"}, {"question": "What market did the Genesis target?", "answer": "older gamers"}, {"question": "How much sooner than the Genesis did the Street Fighter II game come out for SNES?", "answer": "over a year"}, {"question": "How much of the US 16-bit console market did the Genesis have in summer 1992?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What game was key to the SNES's success?", "answer": "Donkey Kong Country"}, {"question": "How many SNES units were sold in the US overall?", "answer": "more than 20 million"}, {"question": "What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?", "answer": "Ultra Games"}, {"question": "For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?", "answer": "Sega"}, {"question": "Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?", "answer": "Acclaim"}, {"question": "How did Nintendo rank submitted games?", "answer": "using a 40-point scale"}, {"question": "What game first challenged Nintendo's anti-violence policy?", "answer": "Mortal Kombat"}, {"question": "When was Mortal Kombat released in arcades?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "Which game console had a full-gore version of Mortal Kombat?", "answer": "Genesis"}, {"question": "How much did the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat out-sell the SNES version?", "answer": "three or four-to-one"}, {"question": "Which senators held a hearing about video game violence in 1993?", "answer": "Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman"}, {"question": "What was the focus of the hearing about video game violence in 1993?", "answer": "the marketing of violent video games to children"}, {"question": "What organizations did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?", "answer": "the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board"}, {"question": "What regulatory change did the hearing about video game violence in 1993 lead to?", "answer": "the inclusion of ratings on all video games"}, {"question": "How did video game ratings affect Nintendo?", "answer": "Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed"}, {"question": "Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?", "answer": "Rare"}, {"question": "When was Donkey Kong Country released?", "answer": "November 1994"}, {"question": "What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?", "answer": "SGI workstations"}, {"question": "How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?", "answer": "6.1 million"}, {"question": "How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?", "answer": "detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music"}, {"question": "How much did the SNS-101 cost in the US?", "answer": "US$99"}, {"question": "What game was bundled with the SNS-101?", "answer": "Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island"}, {"question": "What features were removed in the SNS-101?", "answer": "S-Video and RGB output"}, {"question": "What redesigned console was released in Japan at the time of the SNS-101?", "answer": "Super Famicom Jr."}, {"question": "When was the SNS-101 released in the US?", "answer": "October 1997"}, {"question": "How were adapters used to get around PAL region restrictions?", "answer": "by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot"}, {"question": "How was hardware modification used to get around PAL region restrictions?", "answer": "disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip"}, {"question": "What problem did the hardware modification cause with later games?", "answer": "hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed"}, {"question": "What video frequency does NTSC use?", "answer": "60 Hz"}, {"question": "What video frequency does PAL use?", "answer": "50 Hz"}, {"question": "How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?", "answer": "16.7% slower"}, {"question": "What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?", "answer": "a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions"}, {"question": "What color is the SNES?", "answer": "predominantly gray"}, {"question": "Who designed the North American SNES?", "answer": "Lance Barr"}, {"question": "What was Barr's job?", "answer": "industrial designer"}, {"question": "What color were the North American SNES's buttons?", "answer": "purple"}, {"question": "What color were the Japanese Super Famicom Jr.'s buttons?", "answer": "gray"}, {"question": "How is the SNES's slot positioned?", "answer": "top-loading"}, {"question": "What connection types did MULTI OUT support?", "answer": "composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator"}, {"question": "How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?", "answer": "composite"}, {"question": "What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?", "answer": "Nintendo 64 and GameCube"}, {"question": "What material is the SNES case made of?", "answer": "ABS plastic"}, {"question": "What chemical process turned some SNES cases yellow?", "answer": "oxidization"}, {"question": "What mixture error in the plastic caused some SNES cases to turn yellow?", "answer": "an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives"}, {"question": "How can SNES yellowing sometimes be reversed?", "answer": "with UV light and a hydrogen peroxide solution"}, {"question": "Why would some SNESes be only partly yellow?", "answer": "if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic"}, {"question": "What are SNES game cartridges officially called in the US?", "answer": "Game Pak"}, {"question": "What are SNES game cartridges officially called in Japan?", "answer": "Cassette"}, {"question": "How much data space can an SNES cartridge use?", "answer": "117.75 Mbit"}, {"question": "What were the largest SNES games?", "answer": "Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean"}, {"question": "How much data do the smallest SNES games use?", "answer": "2 Mbit"}, {"question": "What face buttons do SNES controllers have that NES controllers didn't?", "answer": "X and Y"}, {"question": "How many shoulder buttons do SNES controllers have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who designed the SNES controllers?", "answer": "Lance Barr"}, {"question": "What color are the US SNES controllers' X and Y buttons?", "answer": "lavender"}, {"question": "What color are the US SNES controllers' A and B buttons?", "answer": "purple"}, {"question": "What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?", "answer": "Super Scope"}, {"question": "What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?", "answer": "Super Advantage"}, {"question": "What game used the SNES Mouse?", "answer": "Mario Paint"}, {"question": "What type of accessory was the Super Scope?", "answer": "light gun"}, {"question": "What game came with a baseball bat controller?", "answer": "BatterUP"}, {"question": "How did Nintendo say an NES and SNES could be used on the same TV?", "answer": "either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems"}, {"question": "Which other game system's cartridges could be adapted to the SNES?", "answer": "Game Boy"}, {"question": "What improvements did the Super Game Boy have over the Game Boy?", "answer": "palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console"}, {"question": "Where was the Super Game Boy 2 released?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "What did the Super Game Boy 2 add?", "answer": "a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games"}, {"question": "What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?", "answer": "Satellaview"}, {"question": "What service did the Satellaview connect to?", "answer": "the St.GIGA satellite radio station"}, {"question": "When did the Satellaview begin operation?", "answer": "April 23, 1995"}, {"question": "When did the Satellaview end operation?", "answer": "June 30, 2000"}, {"question": "What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?", "answer": "XBAND"}, {"question": "Which companies did Nintendo try to get to make a CD add-on for the SNES?", "answer": "Sony and Philips"}, {"question": "What was Philips' multimedia system?", "answer": "CD-i"}, {"question": "What competing console did Sony release after working with Nintendo?", "answer": "PlayStation"}, {"question": "What was Sega's CD add-on?", "answer": "Mega-CD"}, {"question": "What did Nintendo consider emulators?", "answer": "flagrant software piracy"}, {"question": "What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?", "answer": "abandonware"}, {"question": "What device allows backing up SNES games?", "answer": "Retrode"}, {"question": "What is the term for homemade software?", "answer": "homebrew"}, {"question": "What smartphones have SNES emulators?", "answer": "Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad"}, {"question": "What portable game systems have SNES emulators?", "answer": "Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings"}, {"question": "What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?", "answer": "Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii"}, {"question": "Which publication said Nintendo's best console ever was the SNES?", "answer": "GameTrailers"}, {"question": "Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company?", "answer": "Don Reisinger"}, {"question": "Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles?", "answer": "second-best"}, {"question": "Who said the SNES was \"simply the most timeless system ever created\"?", "answer": "GamingExcellence"}, {"question": "Where did IGN rank the SNES?", "answer": "fourth best"}, {"question": "Some scholars contest that there was only one what?", "answer": "substrate language"}, {"question": "Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to?", "answer": "hunter and fisher peoples"}, {"question": "Where did the original Sumerians live?", "answer": "marshland"}, {"question": "What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in?", "answer": "Arabian bifacial"}, {"question": "When were the earliest historical records of Sumer?", "answer": "26th century BC"}, {"question": "How long was there native Sumerian rule during the Third Dynasty of Ur?", "answer": "about a century"}, {"question": "When was the Third Dynasty of Ur?", "answer": "approximately 2100-2000 BC"}, {"question": "What language was in use in the Neo-Sumerian Empire?", "answer": "Akkadian"}, {"question": "What is considered to be the world's first city?", "answer": "Eridu"}, {"question": "How many cultures may have fused together in Eridu?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the common name given to the non-Semitic dwellers of Mesopotamia by the Akkadians?", "answer": "Sumerian"}, {"question": "What did the Sumerians refer to themselves as in their language?", "answer": "\"the black-headed people\""}, {"question": "How did the Sumerians refer to their land?", "answer": "\"place of the noble lords\""}, {"question": "Shumer, an Akkadian word, could reference what type of name?", "answer": "geographical"}, {"question": "What compass point of Mesopotamia did the Hebrew Shinar refer to?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "During what periods did the Sumerican city-states rise to power?", "answer": "prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk"}, {"question": "What is obscure until the Early Dynastic III period around the 23rd century BC?", "answer": "Sumerian written history"}, {"question": "What was developed that has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions?", "answer": "syllabary writing system"}, {"question": "When does Classical Sumer end?", "answer": "rise of the Akkadian Empire"}, {"question": "What cut short the Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC?", "answer": "Semitic Amorite invasions"}, {"question": "Fine quality painted pottery is a distinctive style of what period in Sumerian history?", "answer": "Ubaid"}, {"question": "Where could the pottery be found spread throughout?", "answer": "Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf"}, {"question": "During the Ubaid, where was the first settlement in southern Mesopotamia established?", "answer": "Eridu"}, {"question": "What type of agriculture did the farmers settling at Eridu bring with them?", "answer": "irrigation"}, {"question": "Who was the chief god of Eridu?", "answer": "Enki"}, {"question": "What facilitated the rise of Sumerian cities?", "answer": "trade goods"}, {"question": "How were trade goods transported in southern Mesopotamia?", "answer": "transported along the canals and rivers"}, {"question": "How many people lived in the cities?", "answer": "over 10,000"}, {"question": "During which period did Sumerian cities begin using slave labor?", "answer": "Uruk"}, {"question": "What have been found as far east as central Iran?", "answer": "Artifacts"}, {"question": "What is an \"ensi\"?", "answer": "priest-king"}, {"question": "What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?", "answer": "theocratic"}, {"question": "Who assisted the ensi?", "answer": "a council of elders"}, {"question": "What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?", "answer": "Uruk"}, {"question": "Over how many people lived in Uruk?", "answer": "50,000"}, {"question": "What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?", "answer": "Etana"}, {"question": "What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?", "answer": "Kish"}, {"question": "Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?", "answer": "Enmebaragesi"}, {"question": "Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?", "answer": "Gilgamesh epic"}, {"question": "What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?", "answer": "increased war"}, {"question": "What is one of the first empires known in history?", "answer": "Eannatum of Lagash,"}, {"question": "What city-state was the rival of Lagash?", "answer": "Umma"}, {"question": "What did Eannatum annex?", "answer": "practically all of Sumer"}, {"question": "What did Eannatum use to keep the people of the time in line?", "answer": "terror"}, {"question": "What happened to Eannatum's empire after his death?", "answer": "collapsed"}, {"question": "Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found?", "answer": "proper names of the kings of Kish"}, {"question": "Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC?", "answer": "king lists"}, {"question": "During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak?", "answer": "Sargon the Great"}, {"question": "What language did scribes use over Akkadian?", "answer": "Sumerian"}, {"question": "How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages?", "answer": "about one thousand years"}, {"question": "Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?", "answer": "3rd"}, {"question": "Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?", "answer": "Ur-Nammu and Shulgi"}, {"question": "Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?", "answer": "more Semitic than Sumerian"}, {"question": "What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?", "answer": "Amorites"}, {"question": "How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?", "answer": "for as long as cuneiform was utilized."}, {"question": "What effect was rising salinity having on the agricultural productivity of the Sumerian lands?", "answer": "compromised"}, {"question": "The salinity of what in the region was long recognized as a major problem?", "answer": "Soil"}, {"question": "Poorly drained irrigated soils in an arid climate with a good deal of evaporation is responsible for leaving what?", "answer": "dissolved salts"}, {"question": "What did cultivation shift from to salt-tolerant barley during the Ur III phase?", "answer": "wheat"}, {"question": "How much did the population of the region decline due to the decrease in crop productivity? ", "answer": "by nearly three fifths"}, {"question": "Who were a non-Semitic caucasoid people?", "answer": "The Sumerians"}, {"question": "What influences did the Sumerian language seem to retain?", "answer": "earlier inhabitants"}, {"question": "What do archaeological records clearly show about the Sumerian culture?", "answer": "uninterrupted cultural continuity"}, {"question": "When were settlements started in southern Mesopotamia?", "answer": "early Ubaid period"}, {"question": "Why were the lands in the region the Sumerian people settled fertile?", "answer": "silt deposited by the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers"}, {"question": "Where do some archaeologists speculate Sumerians originally moved from?", "answer": "the north"}, {"question": "What had the Sumerians perfected before coming south?", "answer": "irrigation agriculture"}, {"question": "Who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture?", "answer": "the Samarra"}, {"question": "How many levels of pre-Ubaid pottery were excavated by the French in the 1980s?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What did the temple-centered social organization of the farming peoples allow them to mobilize?", "answer": "labor"}, {"question": "How were women protected in Sumerian society?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "What gender dominated Sumerian culture?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law?", "answer": "Ur-Nammu"}, {"question": "Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society?", "answer": "the lu-gal"}, {"question": "How many strata existed in Sumerian society?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?", "answer": "tablets written in cuneiform"}, {"question": "What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?", "answer": "milestone"}, {"question": "What followed cuneiform in writing?", "answer": "Ideograms"}, {"question": "How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?", "answer": "hundreds of thousands"}, {"question": "What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? ", "answer": "religion and law in Mesopotamia"}, {"question": "Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics?", "answer": "belongs to no known language family"}, {"question": "Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages?", "answer": "Afroasiatic"}, {"question": "What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups?", "answer": "failed"}, {"question": "What are morphemes?", "answer": "\"units of meaning\""}, {"question": "In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create?", "answer": "words"}, {"question": "How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What does one myth see creation as being the result of?", "answer": "a series of hieros gami"}, {"question": "In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?", "answer": "fresh and salt water"}, {"question": "What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?", "answer": "the muddy ones"}, {"question": "Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?", "answer": "Ninhursag"}, {"question": "What did the Sumerian deities form?", "answer": "a core pantheon"}, {"question": "What could Sumerian gods be associated with?", "answer": "different cities"}, {"question": "What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?", "answer": "those cities' political power"}, {"question": "Why did the gods create human beings from clay?", "answer": "for the purpose of serving them"}, {"question": "How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?", "answer": "a payment of silver"}, {"question": "What were Sumerian temples known as?", "answer": "Ziggurats"}, {"question": "What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for?", "answer": "purification"}, {"question": "Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for?", "answer": "the priests"}, {"question": "What was the mudbrick table in the temple for?", "answer": "animal and vegetable sacrifices"}, {"question": "Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses?", "answer": "near the temples"}, {"question": "What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?", "answer": "confined to a gloomy world"}, {"question": "What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?", "answer": "Ereshkigal"}, {"question": "Where were dead Sumerians buried?", "answer": "outside the city walls in graveyards"}, {"question": "Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?", "answer": "her servants"}, {"question": "What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?", "answer": "oboe-like"}, {"question": "When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?", "answer": "Uruk period"}, {"question": "What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? ", "answer": "beasts of burden"}, {"question": "What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?", "answer": "donkeys"}, {"question": "What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?", "answer": "enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants"}, {"question": "Where were plants also grown besides the garden?", "answer": "pots or vases"}, {"question": "What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume?", "answer": "beer"}, {"question": "What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?", "answer": "Cereals"}, {"question": "What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew?", "answer": "wheat, barley, and mixed grain"}, {"question": "How important was beer brewing to Sumerians?", "answer": "very important"}, {"question": "What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer?", "answer": "expansive and sang with joy"}, {"question": "How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? ", "answer": "from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\""}, {"question": "When would farmers flood their fields?", "answer": "after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu"}, {"question": "Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?", "answer": "kill weeds"}, {"question": "How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?", "answer": "three times"}, {"question": "The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?", "answer": "salt-tolerant barley"}, {"question": "What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?", "answer": "was scarce"}, {"question": "How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?", "answer": "into blocks and seals"}, {"question": "What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?", "answer": "Brick"}, {"question": "What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?", "answer": "tower-like"}, {"question": "What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?", "answer": "objects that were deposited under them"}, {"question": "What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings?", "answer": "the ziggurats"}, {"question": "Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?", "answer": "400 CE"}, {"question": "What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes?", "answer": "the arch"}, {"question": "How did the Sumerians build their strong domes?", "answer": "by constructing and linking several arches"}, {"question": "Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer?", "answer": "Sumerian temples and palaces"}, {"question": "What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?", "answer": "metrology"}, {"question": "From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? ", "answer": "arithmetic, geometry, and algebra"}, {"question": "Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?", "answer": "on clay tablets"}, {"question": "When was the abacus first seen between?", "answer": "2700 \u2013 2300 BC"}, {"question": "What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?", "answer": "use a place value numeral system"}, {"question": "What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?", "answer": "Commercial credit and agricultural consumer"}, {"question": "What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?", "answer": "about two thousand years"}, {"question": "What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?", "answer": "Rural loans"}, {"question": "What type of debt did \"clean slate\" decrees cancel?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "When did rulers typically proclaim \"clean slate\" decrees?", "answer": "the first full year of their reign"}, {"question": "Who made the first known clean slate decrees?", "answer": "Enmetena and Urukagina"}, {"question": "Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?", "answer": "to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force"}, {"question": "What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?", "answer": "lost the subsistence land or became bondservants"}, {"question": "What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?", "answer": "almost constant wars"}, {"question": "How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?", "answer": "2000 years"}, {"question": "Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?", "answer": "Lagash and Umma"}, {"question": "What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?", "answer": "infantry"}, {"question": "What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?", "answer": "rectangular"}, {"question": "When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?", "answer": "mid 4th millennium BC"}, {"question": "What form did wheels initially take?", "answer": "potter's wheel"}, {"question": "The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?", "answer": "been deciphered"}, {"question": "What did the Sumerians map stars into?", "answer": "sets of constellations"}, {"question": "How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?", "answer": "base 10 and base 6"}, {"question": "What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?", "answer": "sexagesimal"}, {"question": "What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?", "answer": "military"}, {"question": "What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?", "answer": "legal and administrative"}, {"question": "In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?", "answer": "a city-state's primary temple"}, {"question": "What is the previous name of Tuvalu?", "answer": "Ellice Islands"}, {"question": "In which ocean is Tuvalu found?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "Between what land areas is Tuvalu located?", "answer": "Hawaii and Australia"}, {"question": "According the the 2012 census, how many people live on the Tuvalu islands?", "answer": "10,640"}, {"question": "What originally formed the Tuvalu islands?", "answer": "reef"}, {"question": "In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?", "answer": "1568"}, {"question": "Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?", "answer": "\u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a"}, {"question": "What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?", "answer": "Terra Australis"}, {"question": "What was Tuvalu named in 1819?", "answer": "Ellice Islands"}, {"question": "By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?", "answer": "British protectorate"}, {"question": "How many years ago did migrations of people happen in the Pacific area?", "answer": "3000 years"}, {"question": "By what means did locale people travel between Pacific islands?", "answer": "canoe"}, {"question": "How many islands are in the Tuvalu group?", "answer": "nine islands"}, {"question": "On how many of Tuvalu's islands did people live?", "answer": "Eight"}, {"question": "What is the native language meaning of Tuvalu?", "answer": "eight standing together"}, {"question": "What is the creation myth of Tuvalu?", "answer": "te Pusi mo te Ali"}, {"question": "What does the flounder of the Tuvalu myth represent?", "answer": "flat atolls"}, {"question": "What does the eel of the Tuvalu creation myth represent?", "answer": "coconut palms"}, {"question": "From what land did the people of Niutao believe they came?", "answer": "Samoa"}, {"question": "From where did the people of the island of Nanumea think they came?", "answer": "Tonga"}, {"question": "What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?", "answer": "Captain John Byron"}, {"question": "What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?", "answer": "circumnavigation of the globe"}, {"question": "How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?", "answer": "Lagoon Islands"}, {"question": "Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?", "answer": "Niutao"}, {"question": "When were chronometers available for accurate location charting? ", "answer": "late 18th"}, {"question": "When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?", "answer": "May 1819"}, {"question": "Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?", "answer": "Nukufetau and Funafuti"}, {"question": "What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?", "answer": "Ellice's Island"}, {"question": "For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?", "answer": "Edward Ellice"}, {"question": "After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?", "answer": "all nine islands"}, {"question": "In what years did Peruvian ships seek laborers in the Polynesian islands?", "answer": "1862\u201363"}, {"question": "What was the name applied to the trade of dealing with labor hunters?", "answer": "blackbirding"}, {"question": "By what means did Blackbirders often get islanders aboard their ships?", "answer": "tricks"}, {"question": "Who was the earliest missionary to Tuvalu?", "answer": "Rev. A. W. Murray"}, {"question": "When did Murray report people missing because of Blackbirders?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?", "answer": "Elekana"}, {"question": "What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?", "answer": "Rev. A. W. Murray"}, {"question": "Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?", "answer": "Samoans"}, {"question": "In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?", "answer": "mid-19th"}, {"question": "What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?", "answer": "palagi traders"}, {"question": "Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?", "answer": "John (also known as Jack) O'Brien"}, {"question": "Which native did O'Brien marry?", "answer": "Salai"}, {"question": "What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Louis Becke"}, {"question": "What sea captain reported on the Tuvalu trading in 1892?", "answer": "Captain Davis"}, {"question": "What was the name of Davis's ship?", "answer": "HMS Royalist"}, {"question": "What did palagi traders act as for the trading companies?", "answer": "agents"}, {"question": "How many traders did some islands have?", "answer": "competing"}, {"question": "What type of islands in the Tuvalu group have few traders? ", "answer": "dryer"}, {"question": "What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?", "answer": "structural changes"}, {"question": "What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?", "answer": "resident"}, {"question": "How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?", "answer": "deal directly"}, {"question": "By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?", "answer": "supercargo"}, {"question": "What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?", "answer": "Robert Louis Stevenson"}, {"question": "When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?", "answer": "trading steamer"}, {"question": "Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?", "answer": "Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson"}, {"question": "What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?", "answer": "The Cruise of the Janet Nichol"}, {"question": "What are the boreholes on Funafuti called?", "answer": "Darwin's Drill"}, {"question": "What group conducted a study of coral on Funafuti?", "answer": "Royal Society of London"}, {"question": "What formations was the Royal Society studying?", "answer": "coral reefs"}, {"question": "Who's basic work in the area of coral reefs did the Royal Society's investigations follow?", "answer": "Charles Darwin"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's work on coral reefs titled?", "answer": "The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs"}, {"question": "What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?", "answer": "Charles Hedley"}, {"question": "What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti", "answer": "invertebrate and ethnological"}, {"question": "For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War? ", "answer": "a base"}, {"question": "What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?", "answer": "Japanese forces"}, {"question": "What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?", "answer": "Battle of the Coral Sea"}, {"question": "From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?", "answer": "2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944"}, {"question": "On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?", "answer": "Fongafale"}, {"question": "In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What document was changed to cause a change in government?", "answer": "Constitution"}, {"question": "When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?", "answer": "December 1974"}, {"question": "What was the determination of the referendum?", "answer": "separation"}, {"question": "What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?", "answer": "British dependency"}, {"question": "When did Tuvalu acquire independence?", "answer": "October 1978"}, {"question": "What was formed in 1974?", "answer": "British colony of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "After independence, what was the Assembly on Tuvalu  named? ", "answer": "Parliament of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "What type of parliament does Tuvalu have?", "answer": "unicameral"}, {"question": "In Tuvalu government, what group elect the Prime Minster?", "answer": "members of parliament"}, {"question": "How many courts are there on Tuvalu?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?", "answer": "High Court of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "What is the High Court's right to determine?", "answer": "Law of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?", "answer": "Sir Gordon Ward"}, {"question": "To where can judgments be appealed?", "answer": "Court of Appeal of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "In what group is Tuvalu involved?", "answer": "Secretariat of the Pacific Community"}, {"question": "In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?", "answer": "Pacific Islands Forum"}, {"question": "In which British group is Tuvalu a member?", "answer": "Commonwealth of Nations"}, {"question": "To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?", "answer": "18 February 2016"}, {"question": "What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?", "answer": "global warming"}, {"question": "In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority? ", "answer": "sea level rising"}, {"question": "What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?", "answer": "Kyoto Protocol"}, {"question": "What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?", "answer": "binding deals"}, {"question": "What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?", "answer": "vulnerable"}, {"question": "Of what alliance is Tuvalu a member?", "answer": "Alliance of Small Island States"}, {"question": "What is the AOSIS'S main concern?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "To what agreement has Tuvalu committed?", "answer": "Majuro Declaration"}, {"question": "What type of energy does the Majuro Declaration advocate?", "answer": "100% renewable"}, {"question": "By what means does Tuvalu plan to produce 95% of its energy?", "answer": "Solar PV"}, {"question": "In what fishery group does Tuvalu participate? ", "answer": "Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency"}, {"question": "Of what fishery treaty is Tuvalu a signatory?", "answer": "South Pacific Tuna Treaty"}, {"question": "What is the focus of the Nauru Agreement?", "answer": "tuna purse seine fishing"}, {"question": "Of what did Tuvalu agree to the extension ?", "answer": "Multilateral Fisheries Treaty"}, {"question": "What did Tuvalu refuse to sell in 2015?", "answer": "fishing days"}, {"question": "What trade agreement did Tuvalu sign in 2013?", "answer": "Memorandum of Understanding"}, {"question": "What does the Memorandum concern?", "answer": "Pacific Regional Trade"}, {"question": "What does the trade agreement encompass?", "answer": "Economic Partnership Agreement"}, {"question": "With what group does the  agreement form an alliance?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "To whom does the Facility seek to deliver aid?", "answer": "Pacific island countries"}, {"question": "What is the Tuvalu high chief on each island called?", "answer": "ulu-aliki"}, {"question": "What is the name of the sub-chiefs in Tuvalu?", "answer": "alikis"}, {"question": "What is the Tuvaluan traditional assembly of elders?", "answer": "Falekaupule"}, {"question": "What was the caste of priests in the past on Tuvalu?", "answer": "tofuga"}, {"question": "With what group do the falekaupule share power on Tuvalu?", "answer": "pule o kaupule"}, {"question": "What was the argument against the deportation of a Tuvaluan family from new Zealand?", "answer": "climate change refugees"}, {"question": "By what reason was the Tuvaluan family allowed to immigrate?", "answer": "humanitarian nature"}, {"question": "What court ruled the claim of climate change refugee to be untenable?", "answer": "New Zealand High Court"}, {"question": "What feature was missing in the climate change claims?", "answer": "persecution or serious harm"}, {"question": "What document draws out the requirements of refugee status?", "answer": "Refugee Convention"}, {"question": "What is New Zealand's annual quota of Tuvaluan granted work permits?", "answer": "75"}, {"question": "What must a Tuvaluan have to be considered for a work permit in New Zealand?", "answer": "job offer"}, {"question": "How many Pacific islander seasonal workers are permitted?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "What is the program that allows season employees work permits?", "answer": "Australian Pacific Seasonal Worker Program"}, {"question": "What program was introduced in 2007 for season workers in New Zealand?", "answer": "Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) Work Policy"}, {"question": "Besides English, what is the national language of Tuvalu?", "answer": "Tuvaluan"}, {"question": "What is the language group of the Tuvaluan language?", "answer": "Ellicean group"}, {"question": "What other languages is the Tuvaluan language related?", "answer": "Polynesian"}, {"question": "To what area's language is Tuvaluan closely related?", "answer": "Micronesia"}, {"question": "From what language does Tuvaluan borrow many linguistic traits?", "answer": "Samoan"}, {"question": "What is the only hospital in Tuvalu?", "answer": "Princess Margaret Hospital"}, {"question": "On which island in Tuvalu is the hospital?", "answer": "Funafuti"}, {"question": "How many nurses does Princess Margaret have on staff?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What kind of nursing services do outer islands nurses provide?", "answer": "midwifery"}, {"question": "How many nurses are provided to the outer islands?", "answer": "nine or ten"}, {"question": "What group funds the Augmented Foundation Programme?", "answer": "government of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "Where is the Augmented Programme required for further education?", "answer": "outside of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "In what educational institution is the program found?", "answer": "University of the South Pacific"}, {"question": "Where is the Extension Centre for the USP?", "answer": "Funafuti"}, {"question": "Which students go into the Augmented Foundation Programme?", "answer": "Sixth form"}, {"question": "What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?", "answer": "10 years"}, {"question": "How long are females required to go to school?", "answer": "11 years"}, {"question": "What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?", "answer": "99.0%"}, {"question": "How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?", "answer": "1,918"}, {"question": "What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?", "answer": "1:18"}, {"question": "What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?", "answer": "Community Training Centres"}, {"question": "What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?", "answer": "vocational training"}, {"question": "For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?", "answer": "secondary education"}, {"question": "Besides children, who can Take CTC  classes?", "answer": "Adults"}, {"question": "What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?", "answer": "basic"}, {"question": "What were the traditional building materials on Tuvalu?", "answer": "plants and trees"}, {"question": "What type of trees provided lumber for building on Tuvalu?", "answer": "broadleaf forest"}, {"question": "What building material did coconut provide?", "answer": "fibre"}, {"question": "What construction feature was lacking in Tuvaluan building?", "answer": "nails"}, {"question": "From what was rope made for tying buildings together?", "answer": "dried coconut fibre"}, {"question": "What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?", "answer": "shells"}, {"question": "In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?", "answer": "clothing"}, {"question": "What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?", "answer": "mats and fans"}, {"question": "For what  have objects having traditional design been used?", "answer": "everyday life"}, {"question": "What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?", "answer": "dance songs"}, {"question": "What is the stable protein  of Tuvalu?", "answer": "fish"}, {"question": "What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?", "answer": "coconut"}, {"question": "What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?", "answer": "animal"}, {"question": "What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?", "answer": "seabirds"}, {"question": "At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?", "answer": "fateles"}, {"question": "What type of structure is the falekaupule?", "answer": "meeting hall"}, {"question": "Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?", "answer": "celebrations"}, {"question": "Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have? ", "answer": "council of elders"}, {"question": "What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?", "answer": "decision making body"}, {"question": "What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Aganu"}, {"question": "What is the traditional sport on Tuvalu?", "answer": "kilikiti"}, {"question": "To what sport is kilikiti like?", "answer": "cricket"}, {"question": "What is the Tuvalu version of volley ball?", "answer": "Ano"}, {"question": "What group disliked the traditional war-like sports of Tuvalu?", "answer": "Christian missionaries"}, {"question": "With what equipment is ano played?", "answer": "two hard balls"}, {"question": "What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition? ", "answer": "Tuau Lapua Lapua"}, {"question": "In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?", "answer": "Pacific Mini Games"}, {"question": "In what contests did Lapua win  metals for Tuvalu?", "answer": "weightlifting"}, {"question": "Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?", "answer": "Telupe Iosefa"}, {"question": "In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?", "answer": "powerlifting"}, {"question": "What is a major annual sports event in Tuvalu?", "answer": "Independence Day Sports Festival"}, {"question": "What is the most important sports event held on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Tuvalu Games"}, {"question": "In what year did Tuvalu first appear in the Commonwealth Games?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What type of competitor entered the commonwealth Games in 1998?", "answer": "weightlifter"}, {"question": "What competitions have Tuvalu athletes entered in the World Championships in Athletics?", "answer": "100 metre sprints"}, {"question": "What was Tuvalu's GDP rate from 1996 to 2002?", "answer": "5.6%"}, {"question": " What has been the GDP of Tuvalu in 2008?", "answer": "1.5%"}, {"question": "What rises in cost have effected Tuvalu's domestic growth?", "answer": "fuel and food"}, {"question": "What has been the level of domestic growth in 2010 on Tuvalu?", "answer": "zero growth"}, {"question": "What does Tuvalu expect as a return in fishing licenses and foreign aid?", "answer": "large revenues"}, {"question": "What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?", "answer": "National Bank of Tuvalu"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?", "answer": "overseas"}, {"question": "How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?", "answer": "seamen"}, {"question": "What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?", "answer": "agriculture and fishing."}, {"question": "What school provides maritime education on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute"}, {"question": "What is the yearly number of cadets at the Maritime Training Institute?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "What is the only trade union on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Tuvalu Overseas Seamen's Union"}, {"question": "On what does the Seaman'd Union represent workers?", "answer": "on foreign ships"}, {"question": "How many Tuvaluan men are active seafarers?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?", "answer": "$2.2 million"}, {"question": "What si Tuvalu's tv domain?", "answer": "Top Level Domain"}, {"question": "What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?", "answer": "Verisign"}, {"question": "How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?", "answer": "ten per cent"}, {"question": "What  income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?", "answer": "Tuvalu Ship Registry"}, {"question": "What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?", "answer": "least developed"}, {"question": "What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?", "answer": "World Trade Organisation"}, {"question": "What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?", "answer": "deferred its graduation"}, {"question": "What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?", "answer": "funding assistance"}, {"question": "What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What is the radio station on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Radio Tuvalu"}, {"question": "From where does Radio Tuvalu broadcast?", "answer": "Funafuti"}, {"question": "Who gave financial support to Tuvalu to upgrade transmission equipment?", "answer": "Japanese government"}, {"question": "What did the new radio equipment replace with AM service? ", "answer": "FM radio"}, {"question": "What service got more bandwidth from the transmission upgrade?", "answer": "mobile"}, {"question": "Where is Tuvalu's only port?", "answer": "Funafuti"}, {"question": "Where is there a deep water berth available on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Nukufetau"}, {"question": "Of how many ships does the merchant marine fleet consist?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What ship did Japan donate to Tuvalu in 2015?", "answer": "Nivaga III"}, {"question": "What do Tuvalu's merchant fleet carry?", "answer": "cargo and passengers"}, {"question": "How many reef islands does the Tuvalu group have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the number of true atolls are in the Tuvalu islands?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What is the total land area of Tuvalu?", "answer": "26 square kilometres"}, {"question": "How does Tuvalu rank in country size as compared to other nations?", "answer": "fourth smallest"}, {"question": "What is the coverage of Tuvalu's economic zone?", "answer": "900,000 km2"}, {"question": "Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?", "answer": "Funafuti"}, {"question": "What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?", "answer": "volcanic island chain"}, {"question": "What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?", "answer": "179\u00b07'E and 8\u00b030'S"}, {"question": "How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?", "answer": "607"}, {"question": "How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?", "answer": "El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a"}, {"question": "Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?", "answer": "El Ni\u00f1o"}, {"question": "What temperature effect causes drought?", "answer": "La Ni\u00f1a"}, {"question": "What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?", "answer": "200 to 400 mm"}, {"question": "What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?", "answer": "rationing of fresh-water"}, {"question": "What type of device did Australia and New Zealand offer to Tuvalu during the 2011 drought?", "answer": "desalination plants"}, {"question": "As aprt of what program did Japan fund a new desalination plant at Tuvalu?", "answer": "Pacific Environment Community"}, {"question": "What did aid from the European Union provide during the drought on Tuvalu?", "answer": "water tanks"}, {"question": "What did Tuvalu's new water tanks make possible to store?", "answer": "fresh water"}, {"question": "In what year had Japan previously donated a desalination plant to Tuvalu?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?", "answer": "Funafuti International Airport"}, {"question": "What was damaged by building of the war time air field?", "answer": "Funafuti Lagoon"}, {"question": "What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction  impacted?", "answer": "fresh-water aquifer"}, {"question": "What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?", "answer": "New Zealand Government"}, {"question": "How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?", "answer": "eight per cent"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?", "answer": "80 per cent"}, {"question": "What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?", "answer": "water temperature"}, {"question": "What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?", "answer": "reef restoration"}, {"question": "What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?", "answer": "foraminifera"}, {"question": "What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?", "answer": "ecosystem rehabilitation"}, {"question": "What has been formed to protect the fish stocks in Tuvalu Lagoon?", "answer": "Funafuti Conservation Area"}, {"question": "What factor has caused an increased demand for fish?", "answer": "rising population"}, {"question": "What has growth in population and poor sanitation caused?", "answer": "pollution"}, {"question": "What organization has funded a waste management control plan on Tuvalu?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "What do imports produce on Tuvalu?", "answer": "plastic waste"}, {"question": "What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?", "answer": "Reverse osmosis"}, {"question": "How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?", "answer": "40 m3 per day"}, {"question": "At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?", "answer": "below 30%"}, {"question": "What is the cost of R/O produced water?", "answer": "A$3.50 per m3"}, {"question": "What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?", "answer": "July 2012"}, {"question": "What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?", "answer": "National Water Resources Policy"}, {"question": "What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?", "answer": "50 and 100L"}, {"question": "What organization called for Tuvalu to  improve its water and sanitation systems?", "answer": "United Nations"}, {"question": "What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?", "answer": "Global Environment Fund"}, {"question": "What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?", "answer": "low elevation"}, {"question": "To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?", "answer": "sea level rise"}, {"question": "What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?", "answer": "4.6 metres"}, {"question": "Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?", "answer": "Niulakita"}, {"question": "Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?", "answer": "second-lowest"}, {"question": "What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?", "answer": "Cyclone Bebe"}, {"question": "What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?", "answer": "Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili"}, {"question": "How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? ", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?", "answer": "Cyclone Ofa"}, {"question": "What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?", "answer": "Cyclone Gavin"}, {"question": "What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?", "answer": "3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)"}, {"question": "In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?", "answer": "March 2015"}, {"question": "During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?", "answer": "Nui"}, {"question": "What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during  Cyclone Pam?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become  a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?", "answer": "coconut palms"}, {"question": "What did the Tuvalu government assess after Cyclone Pam?", "answer": "damage"}, {"question": "What event on Tuvalu made assistance to the population necessary?", "answer": "Cyclone Pam"}, {"question": "What assistance did many international groups give to Tuvalu?", "answer": "recovery"}, {"question": "For what action was government assistance necessary after the Tuvalu cyclone??", "answer": "cleaning-up"}, {"question": "What subject is arguable concerning Tuvalu?", "answer": "sea level"}, {"question": "What was the amount of sea level change on Tuvalu estimated by the 2011 report?", "answer": "5 mm"}, {"question": "What device was used to produce the measurements of sea level change on Tuvalu?", "answer": "satellite"}, {"question": "Prior to what year were the reports used to assess sea level rise?", "answer": "pre-1993"}, {"question": "What is assumed about the sea level reports and records of Tuvalu?", "answer": "degree of uncertainty"}, {"question": "What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?", "answer": "resilience"}, {"question": "What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?", "answer": "reefs"}, {"question": "What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs? ", "answer": "faster rate"}, {"question": "What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?", "answer": "ocean acidification"}, {"question": "Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?", "answer": "on the islands"}, {"question": "What do some people want to do with the people of Tuvalu?", "answer": "relocation"}, {"question": "What did the Tuvalu Prime Minster say was not enough of an immediate threat to cause evacuation of the population? ", "answer": "rising sea levels"}, {"question": "When did Prime Minster Maatia Toafa make his comments about not evacuating Tuvalu? ", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What did Enele Sopoaga think evacuation of the people should be?", "answer": "never be an option"}, {"question": "What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?", "answer": "original sin only"}, {"question": "What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?", "answer": "Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes"}, {"question": "Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?", "answer": "privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?", "answer": "Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin.\""}, {"question": "What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?", "answer": "sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth."}, {"question": "Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?", "answer": "makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin"}, {"question": "How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? ", "answer": "the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, \"free from all sin, original or personal"}, {"question": "What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?", "answer": "let him be anathema.\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?", "answer": "The Council of Trent"}, {"question": "Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?", "answer": "doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus"}, {"question": "What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?", "answer": "Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother"}, {"question": "Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?", "answer": "Saint Joachim and Saint Anne"}, {"question": "When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?", "answer": "1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,"}, {"question": "When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?", "answer": "since the 4th century"}, {"question": "What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?", "answer": "Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour"}, {"question": "What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?", "answer": "dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime"}, {"question": "What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?", "answer": "Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race."}, {"question": "According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?", "answer": "Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless."}, {"question": "What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?", "answer": "Greek theologians of Byzantium"}, {"question": "Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?", "answer": "St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the \"purification\" of Jesus and Mary"}, {"question": "What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?", "answer": "the circumcision"}, {"question": "Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?", "answer": "Luke"}, {"question": "What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? ", "answer": "purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception"}, {"question": "What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?", "answer": "include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as \""}, {"question": "What phrases were used to describe Mary ?", "answer": "in every respect holy\", \"in all things unstained\", \"super-innocent\", and \"singularly holy\" are applied to her"}, {"question": "Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?", "answer": "Eve before the fall"}, {"question": "Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?", "answer": "St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: \"As regards the mother of God,\" he says, \"I will not allow any question whatever of sin."}, {"question": "What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?", "answer": "his argument is that all men are sinners;"}, {"question": "Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?", "answer": "Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians"}, {"question": "What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?", "answer": "Emperor Justinian I,"}, {"question": "In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?", "answer": "to call Mary \"prepurified\""}, {"question": "What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?", "answer": "she was \"purified\" at the Annunciation"}, {"question": "How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? ", "answer": "holier than all 'Men' born of woman"}, {"question": "What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?", "answer": "the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East"}, {"question": "What was the name of this festival ?", "answer": "under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne"}, {"question": "Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?", "answer": "In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans"}, {"question": "Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?", "answer": "Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas."}, {"question": "According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?", "answer": "out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans."}, {"question": "What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?", "answer": "authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477"}, {"question": "Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?", "answer": "Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses"}, {"question": "What document made the authorization official ?", "answer": "with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477"}, {"question": "What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?", "answer": "but applied instead the adjective \"miraculous\" to her conception."}, {"question": "What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . ", "answer": "mortally sinful"}, {"question": "What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?", "answer": "published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell\u2019 Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria"}, {"question": "Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?", "answer": "Mariano Spada"}, {"question": "What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?", "answer": "appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867"}, {"question": "Who gave the teacher the new job ?", "answer": "Pope Pius IX"}, {"question": "What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?", "answer": "Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching."}, {"question": "Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?", "answer": "St Bernard of Clairvaux"}, {"question": "Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?", "answer": "St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See."}, {"question": "What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?", "answer": "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?"}, {"question": "What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?", "answer": "conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation"}, {"question": "Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?", "answer": "instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See"}, {"question": "What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?", "answer": "that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ"}, {"question": "What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?", "answer": "to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered."}, {"question": "What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the ", "answer": "Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ"}, {"question": "What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?", "answer": "immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;"}, {"question": "How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?", "answer": "rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history."}, {"question": "Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?", "answer": "Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception."}, {"question": "How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?", "answer": "stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith."}, {"question": "Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?", "answer": "end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties"}, {"question": "In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? ", "answer": "Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323"}, {"question": "What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?", "answer": "declared \"Doctor Angelicus\" of the Church in 1567"}, {"question": "What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?", "answer": "papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus"}, {"question": "What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?", "answer": "Genesis 3:15"}, {"question": "According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?", "answer": "the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's \"wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence"}, {"question": "Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?", "answer": "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world"}, {"question": "What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?", "answer": "Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception"}, {"question": "What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?", "answer": "dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an \"over-elaboration\""}, {"question": "What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?", "answer": "because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin."}, {"question": "What is the theological study of Mary called ?", "answer": "Mariology"}, {"question": "What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?", "answer": "took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators."}, {"question": "Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?", "answer": "Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?", "answer": "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her"}, {"question": "What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? ", "answer": "this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood."}, {"question": "What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?", "answer": "Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine."}, {"question": "What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?", "answer": "Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission"}, {"question": "What document did this group create once it was convened ?", "answer": "The report \"Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ\""}, {"question": "What did the document attempt to clarify ?", "answer": "teaching about Mary in the two definitions"}, {"question": "What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?", "answer": "Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions."}, {"question": "What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?", "answer": "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held"}, {"question": "What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?", "answer": "claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam."}, {"question": "What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?", "answer": "passage in the Qur'an, \"I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones"}, {"question": "According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?", "answer": "Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them."}, {"question": "What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?", "answer": "every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil"}, {"question": "What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?", "answer": "every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,"}, {"question": "Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?", "answer": "Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam"}, {"question": "What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?", "answer": "in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate"}, {"question": "Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?", "answer": "her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam"}, {"question": "What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?", "answer": "Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the \"touch of Satan,\" were Mary and Jesus."}, {"question": "What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?", "answer": "Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan"}, {"question": "What did the writer of a 1788 multi-volumed text say concerning plagiarism and the Roman Catholic Church ?", "answer": "The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother"}, {"question": "Who is the author of the texts entailed in the fifth part of the the collection about the Roman Catholic Church ?", "answer": "Edward Gibbon"}, {"question": "What was the group of volumes titled ?", "answer": "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"}, {"question": "Where does the author state that the Roman Catholic Church received her facts and confirmations ?", "answer": "Mohametan Bible"}, {"question": "What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?", "answer": "Your clothing is white as snow,"}, {"question": "The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?", "answer": "The Roman Missal"}, {"question": "What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?", "answer": "Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours"}, {"question": "What type of  melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and  unaccompanied sacred song?", "answer": "polyphonic settings have been composed"}, {"question": "What became very popular symbol among the who believed Mary had a Virgin for a mother ? ", "answer": "in a heavenly realm, moments after her creation, the spirit of Mary (in the form of a young woman) looks up in awe at (or bows her head to) God"}, {"question": "What does Mary stand upon in this symbol?", "answer": "moon is under her feet"}, {"question": "What does Mary where atop her hair that twinkles in the symbol ?", "answer": "a halo of twelve stars surround her head"}, {"question": "What else can be found in the symbol with Mary that may vary in different versions ?", "answer": "clouds, a golden light, and cherubs. In some paintings the cherubim are holding lilies and roses, flowers often associated with Mary."}, {"question": "What is the cost of primary and secondary education in Namibia?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": "How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? ", "answer": "400,325"}, {"question": "How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in secondary schools?", "answer": "115,237"}, {"question": "What was the pupil-teacher ratio in Namibia in 1999?", "answer": "32:1"}, {"question": "What develops the curriculum as well as other educational resources in Namibia?", "answer": "National Institute for Educational Development"}, {"question": "What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?", "answer": "Namibi\u00eb"}, {"question": "Where in Africa is Namibia?", "answer": "southern"}, {"question": "What ocean borders Namibia?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?", "answer": "200 metres"}, {"question": "When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?", "answer": "21 March 1990"}, {"question": "When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?", "answer": "14th century"}, {"question": "When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "When did Namibia stop being a German colony?", "answer": "end of World War I"}, {"question": "What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What does SWAPO stand for?", "answer": "South West Africa People's Organisation"}, {"question": "When was SWAPO designated as the representative of Namibian people?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "When Namibia was under South African administration, what was it called?", "answer": "South-West Africa."}, {"question": "Why did South Africa install an interim administration in Namibia?", "answer": "internal violence"}, {"question": "When did Namibia obtain full independence?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?", "answer": "Orange River"}, {"question": "What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?", "answer": "southern Namibia"}, {"question": "When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "When did the Nama-Herero war begin?", "answer": "1880"}, {"question": "Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?", "answer": "Imperial Germany"}, {"question": "When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? ", "answer": "1486"}, {"question": "What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? ", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?", "answer": "1485"}, {"question": "Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?", "answer": "Angola"}, {"question": "Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?", "answer": "Namaqua"}, {"question": "When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?", "answer": "1904 to 1907"}, {"question": "What was the war against the German occupiers considered?", "answer": "first genocide of the Twentieth Century"}, {"question": "How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?", "answer": "65,000"}, {"question": "How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "When did South Africa occupy Namibia? ", "answer": "1915"}, {"question": "When did South Africa refuse to surrender Namibia? ", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Which council submitted petitions for Namibia's independence?", "answer": "Herero Chief's Council"}, {"question": "When did European powers grant independence to their colonies in Africa?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "When was the League replaced by the United Nations?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence? ", "answer": "People's Liberation Army of Namibia"}, {"question": "When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence? ", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?", "answer": "UN peace plan"}, {"question": "What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?", "answer": "Police Zone"}, {"question": "What was Namibia previously called?", "answer": "South West Africa"}, {"question": "What date did Namibia get it's official name?", "answer": "12 June 1968"}, {"question": "What was the resolution that granted Namibia it's name?", "answer": "Resolution 2372 (XXII)"}, {"question": "How long did it take for South Africa to agree to the implantation of Namibia's new name? ", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "The diplomatic agreement between South Africa, Angola, and Cuba was observed by the USSR and what other country?", "answer": "USA"}, {"question": "What does UNTAG stand for?", "answer": "United Nations Transition Assistance Group"}, {"question": "Who was the diplomat for UNTAG?", "answer": "Martti Ahtisaari"}, {"question": "What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?", "answer": "Finnish"}, {"question": "When was the diplomat for UNTAG deployed to supervise withdrawals from Namibia?", "answer": "April 1989 to March 1990"}, {"question": "What was the official election slogan in the first Namibia election?", "answer": "Free and Fair Elections"}, {"question": "When was the Namibian Constitution adopted?", "answer": "February 1990"}, {"question": "When did the country of Namibia officially become a country?", "answer": "21 March 1990"}, {"question": "Who was the first President of Namibia?", "answer": "Sam Nujoma"}, {"question": "Who swore in the first President of Namibia?", "answer": "Nelson Mandela"}, {"question": "What was ceded to Namibia in 1994? ", "answer": "Walvis Bay"}, {"question": "What did Namibia transition to after white minority apartheid rule?", "answer": "parliamentary democracy"}, {"question": "What type of independence was introduced in Namibia after independence? ", "answer": "Multiparty democracy"}, {"question": "What party has won every election in Namibia?", "answer": "Swapo Party"}, {"question": "How long did president Same Nujoma rule?", "answer": "15-year"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Sam Nujoma?", "answer": "Hifikepunye Pohamba"}, {"question": "What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?", "answer": "Kalahari Desert"}, {"question": "How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?", "answer": "10 percent"}, {"question": "What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?", "answer": "stable nature of precipitation"}, {"question": "What is the climate range for Namibia?", "answer": "17\u00b0S to 25\u00b0S"}, {"question": "What is the overall climate description for Namibia? ", "answer": "arid"}, {"question": "What is the mean rain above in Namibia?", "answer": "500 mm"}, {"question": "What is the semi-arid measurements in Namibia?", "answer": "300 and 500 mm"}, {"question": "What is the arid measurement in Namibia?", "answer": "150 to 300 mm"}, {"question": "What is the typical amount of sunshine days in Tropical high pressure belt?", "answer": "300 days"}, {"question": "What feature cuts Namibia in half?", "answer": "the Tropic of Capricorn"}, {"question": "What is the winter in Namibia like?", "answer": "dry"}, {"question": "When is the rainiest season in Namibia?", "answer": "between February and April"}, {"question": "What is humidity like in Namibia?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?", "answer": "Benguela"}, {"question": "What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?", "answer": "Atlantic"}, {"question": "What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?", "answer": "Bergwind"}, {"question": "What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?", "answer": "sand storms"}, {"question": "What is the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa?", "answer": "Namibia"}, {"question": "What is the average rainfall in Namibia?", "answer": "350 mm per annum"}, {"question": "Where does the highest rainfall occur in Namibia?", "answer": "Caprivi"}, {"question": "How much of the country does dam water supply the rest of the country with? ", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "What does Namibia protect in it's constitution? ", "answer": "natural resources"}, {"question": "What article in the Namibia constitution supports natural conservation?", "answer": "Article 95"}, {"question": "What do Namibians believe sustains them?", "answer": "utilisation of living natural resources"}, {"question": "When did Namibia receive funding from USAID?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What does USAID stands for?", "answer": "United States Agency for International Development"}, {"question": "What does LIFE project stand for?", "answer": "Living in a Finite Environment"}, {"question": "What does CBNRM stand for?", "answer": "Community Based Natural Resource Management"}, {"question": "Who does Namibia have affiliation with in their foreign policy?", "answer": "states that aided the independence"}, {"question": "What ties does Namibia want to strengthen?", "answer": "Southern African"}, {"question": "Which number member is Namibia in the UN?", "answer": "160th"}, {"question": "When did Namibia join the UN?", "answer": "23 April 1990"}, {"question": "Which number member is Namibia in the Commonwealth of Nations?", "answer": "fiftieth"}, {"question": "What is Namibian's unemployment rate?", "answer": "27.4%"}, {"question": "What was the highest unemployment rate in Namibia?", "answer": "36.7%"}, {"question": "Who is the Labour and Social Welfare Minister?", "answer": "Immanuel Ngatjizeko"}, {"question": "When was the lowest unemployment rate in Namibia?", "answer": "20.2%"}, {"question": "What did Bloomberg name Namibia?", "answer": "top emerging market economy in Africa"}, {"question": "What rank did Bloomberg name Namibia's economy?", "answer": "13th best in the world"}, {"question": "How many African countries made the list for top Emerging Markets?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How much of the population depends on agriculture?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "How much more is the per capita GDP in Namibia compared to the rest of Africa's countries?", "answer": "five times"}, {"question": "Where does a majority of Namibia's people live?", "answer": "rural"}, {"question": "Namibia has one of the highest rates of what type of income problems in the world?", "answer": "inequality"}, {"question": "How much of Namibia's land is arable?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "How much revenue does mining provide Namibia?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "Where does Namibia rank in the exportation of uranium? ", "answer": "fourth"}, {"question": "Namibia was expected to become the largest exporter of what in 2015?", "answer": "uranium"}, {"question": "What does rich alluvial diamond deposits make Namibia a source of?", "answer": "gem-quality diamonds"}, {"question": "What accounts for almost 14% of total tourism in Namibia?", "answer": "Sport hunting"}, {"question": "How much economic assistance does Namibia get from tourism from hunting? ", "answer": "$19.6 million US dollars"}, {"question": "What other types of sports are popular in Namibia?", "answer": "extreme sports"}, {"question": "What is the most visited city in Namibia?", "answer": "Windhoek"}, {"question": "What type of town is Swakopmund?", "answer": "coastal"}, {"question": "What is the capital of Namibia?", "answer": "Windhoek"}, {"question": "What is the airport in Namibia?", "answer": "Hosea Kutako International Airport"}, {"question": "What is the most popular hotel in Windhoek?", "answer": "Windhoek Country Club Resort"}, {"question": "Avani Hotels and resorts is a chain resort in Windhoek, what is another?", "answer": "Hilton Hotels and Resorts"}, {"question": "What does NTB stand for?", "answer": "Namibia Tourism Board"}, {"question": "What is act 21 of 2000 in Namibia?", "answer": "Namibia Tourism Board Act, 2000"}, {"question": "What does act 21 in Namibia regulate?", "answer": "tourism industry"}, {"question": "What market does Act 21 promote?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "Most residential areas are insufficient in what area of Namibia?", "answer": "sanitation"}, {"question": "Besides installation cost, why are private flush toilets too expensive for most residents in Namibia?", "answer": "water consumption"}, {"question": "What do Namibian's use as a toilet?", "answer": "flying toilets"}, {"question": "Where do flying toilets end up after use?", "answer": "bush"}, {"question": "Urinating and defecating in public has been identified as what?", "answer": "major health hazard"}, {"question": "Whites make up how much of Namibia's population?", "answer": "4.0 and 7.0%"}, {"question": "What is the language of Namibia?", "answer": "Afrikaans"}, {"question": "Where do a large minority of whites trace their Namibian roots to?", "answer": "German settlers"}, {"question": "What was the population in South-West Africa in 1960?", "answer": "526,004"}, {"question": "How much of the population was white in South-West Africa in 1960?", "answer": "73,464"}, {"question": "How often does Namibia conduct a census?", "answer": "every ten years"}, {"question": "When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census? ", "answer": "de facto method"}, {"question": "How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?", "answer": "4,042"}, {"question": "The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?", "answer": "constituency boundaries"}, {"question": "German, English, and Afrikaans were the official languages until when in Namibia?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "SWAPO thought Namibia should have what type of official language?", "answer": "monolingual"}, {"question": "What is the primary language of Namibia, as SWAPO instituted?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "How many Namibian's speak English?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "There was a high rate of what due to monolingual instruction?", "answer": "school drop-outs"}, {"question": "What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?", "answer": "Inline hockey"}, {"question": "Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?", "answer": "Women's inline hockey National Team"}, {"question": "What is the toughest footrace around the world?", "answer": "Namibian ultra marathon"}, {"question": "Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?", "answer": "Frankie Fredericks"}, {"question": "What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?", "answer": "sprinter"}, {"question": "What was the first Namibian newspaper?", "answer": "Windhoeker Anzeiger"}, {"question": "What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "When was radio introduced in Namibia?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "When was TV introduced in Namibia?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What is a popular tabloid magazine in Namibia?", "answer": "Windhoek Observer"}, {"question": "What is the economical magazine in Namibia?", "answer": "Namibia Economist"}, {"question": "What is the regional magazine in Namibia?", "answer": "Namib Times"}, {"question": "What is the most popular current affairs magazine in Namibia?", "answer": "Insight Namibia"}, {"question": "What is the only sport newspaper in Namibia?", "answer": "Namibia Sport"}, {"question": "Compared to neighbouring countries, what freedom does Namibia have?", "answer": "media"}, {"question": "Namibia is on par with what country in terms of media and reporting?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2009?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2013?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Where was Namibia ranked on Press Freedom in 2014?", "answer": "22nd"}, {"question": "What is the life expectancy in Namibia?", "answer": "52.2"}, {"question": "What epidemic is a large problem in Namibia?", "answer": "AIDS"}, {"question": "How much of the Namibian population is infected with HIV?", "answer": "13.1%"}, {"question": "How many people living in 2001 had HIV/AIDS in Namibia?", "answer": "210,000"}, {"question": "How many deaths were associated with HIV/AIDS in Namibia in 2003?", "answer": "16,000."}, {"question": "What health issue is compounded by the AIDS epidemic in Namibia?", "answer": "malaria"}, {"question": "What is the risk of contracting malaria if an individual is already infected with HIV?", "answer": "14.5% greater"}, {"question": "The risk of death by malaria raises by how much with a concurrent HIV infection?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "How many physicians did Namibia have in 2002?", "answer": "598"}, {"question": "What language sub-family is Russian in?", "answer": "East Slavic"}, {"question": "Where is Russian an official language?", "answer": "Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories"}, {"question": "Where is Russian popular but not an official language?", "answer": "Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia"}, {"question": "How many living East Slavic languages are there?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When was the earliest writing in Old East Slavonic?", "answer": "10th century"}, {"question": "What kind of phonemes are soft sounds?", "answer": "consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation"}, {"question": "What kind of accent can mark stress?", "answer": "optional acute accent"}, {"question": "What kind of words can acute accents distinguish?", "answer": "homographic words"}, {"question": "What word means both lock and castle, depending on its accent?", "answer": "zamok"}, {"question": "What language does Russian descend from?", "answer": "the language used in Kievan Rus'"}, {"question": "What are Russian's closest relatives?", "answer": "Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn"}, {"question": "Where is Surzhyk used?", "answer": "eastern Ukraine"}, {"question": "Where is Trasianka used?", "answer": "Belarus"}, {"question": "What was 'Little Russian'?", "answer": "Ukrainian"}, {"question": "What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?", "answer": "South Slavic Old Church Slavonic"}, {"question": "What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?", "answer": "mainly abstract and literary words"}, {"question": "What word forms are used together in some cases?", "answer": "East Slavic and the Church Slavonic"}, {"question": "When did Russian language spread to the peasants?", "answer": "the 20th century"}, {"question": "Who spoke Russian before the 20th century?", "answer": "the upper noble classes and urban population"}, {"question": "When did the Soviets establish required education?", "answer": "the mid-20th century"}, {"question": "What nonstandard feature does Southern Russian use?", "answer": "fricative"}, {"question": "How much of Estonia is ethnic Russians?", "answer": "25.5%"}, {"question": "How much of Estonia speaks Russian?", "answer": "67.8%"}, {"question": "What is the ratio of young Estonians who speak Russian relative to those who speak English?", "answer": "about one-third"}, {"question": "How much of Estonia's native Estonians speaks Russian?", "answer": "58.6%"}, {"question": "When did Finland join the Russian Empire?", "answer": "1809"}, {"question": "When did Finland leave the Russian Empire?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What percent of Finns speak Russian?", "answer": "0.6%"}, {"question": "How many Finns speak Russian?", "answer": "33,400"}, {"question": "How many Russian-speaking Finns are descended from early immigrants?", "answer": "Five thousand"}, {"question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian natively as of 2004?", "answer": "14,400,000"}, {"question": "How many Ukrainians speak Russian actively as of 2004?", "answer": "29 million"}, {"question": "What percent of Ukraine is fluent in Russian as of 2006?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What percent of Ukraine use Russian as their main language as of 2006?", "answer": "38%"}, {"question": "What is Russian's legal status in Ukraine?", "answer": "minority language, under the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine"}, {"question": "What pact contained many Russian-speaking countries?", "answer": "Warsaw Pact"}, {"question": "Where was Russian schooling mandatory in the 20th century?", "answer": "Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba"}, {"question": "Which countries speak other Slavic languages?", "answer": "Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Bulgaria"}, {"question": "In which European countries do many Russian immigrants live?", "answer": "The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil, Norway, and Austria"}, {"question": "How many people in Ireland speak Russian?", "answer": "21,639"}, {"question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Russian citizens?", "answer": "13%"}, {"question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Irish citizens?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How much of Ireland's Russian speakers are Latvian citizens?", "answer": "27%"}, {"question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Armenia?", "answer": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"}, {"question": "How many Armenians speak Russian natively?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "How many Armenians speak Russian actively?", "answer": "1 million"}, {"question": "What percent of Armenia speaks Russian?", "answer": "30%"}, {"question": "What percent of Armenia uses Russian as their main language?", "answer": "2%"}, {"question": "What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?", "answer": "Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities"}, {"question": "How many Georgians speak Russian natively?", "answer": "130,000"}, {"question": "How many Georgians speak Russian actively?", "answer": "1.7 million"}, {"question": "What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?", "answer": "27%"}, {"question": "What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?", "answer": "according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration"}, {"question": "How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?", "answer": "4,200,000"}, {"question": "How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?", "answer": "10 million"}, {"question": "What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?", "answer": "63%"}, {"question": "What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?", "answer": "46%"}, {"question": "Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?", "answer": "Alaska"}, {"question": "When did Russian explorers first reach North America?", "answer": "1700s"}, {"question": "When did the US buy Alaska?", "answer": "1867"}, {"question": "What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?", "answer": "about 25%"}, {"question": "What is the term for Russian-speaking people?", "answer": "Russophones"}, {"question": "For which mission did NASA astronauts first learn Russian?", "answer": "Apollo-Soyuz"}, {"question": "When did Apollo-Soyuz fly?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What are Russian astronauts called?", "answer": "cosmonauts"}, {"question": "What math competition has Russian as an official language?", "answer": "International Mathematical Olympiad"}, {"question": "What is the second-most-popular language online as of 2013?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "What percent of all websites are in English?", "answer": "54.7%"}, {"question": "What percent of all websites are in Russian?", "answer": "5.9%"}, {"question": "What percent of all .ru websites are in Russian?", "answer": "89.8%"}, {"question": "What percent of Ukraine's websites are in Russian?", "answer": "79.0%"}, {"question": "What two regions do some linguists divide Russian into?", "answer": "\"Northern\" and \"Southern\""}, {"question": "What three regions do some linguists divide Russian into?", "answer": "Northern, Central (or Middle) and Southern"}, {"question": "What distinguishes Russian dialects?", "answer": "non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar"}, {"question": "What is okanye?", "answer": "pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly"}, {"question": "What articles are similar to Bulgarian?", "answer": "post-posed definite article -to, -ta, -te"}, {"question": "What do some Russian dialects do about vowels?", "answer": "absence of vowel reduction"}, {"question": "What region of dialects is the Volga River area in?", "answer": "Northern Russian"}, {"question": "What is pronounced [a] in Southern Russian?", "answer": "unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable"}, {"question": "What is pronounced [\u026a] in Moscow's dialect?", "answer": "unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable"}, {"question": "What does Southern Russian have a linguistic continuum with?", "answer": "modern Belarusian and some dialects of Ukrainian (Eastern Polesian)"}, {"question": "Who made the first dialectal Russian dictionary?", "answer": "Vladimir Dal"}, {"question": "In what century was the first dialectal Russian dictionary published?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "When did Lomonosov study Russian dialects?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "When were detailed maps of Russian dialects created?", "answer": "turn of the 20th century"}, {"question": "How long did it take to compile the Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language?", "answer": "four decades"}, {"question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u0463\u27e9 become?", "answer": "\u27e8\u0435\u27e9"}, {"question": "What did the old letters \u27e8\u0456\u27e9 and \u27e8\u0475\u27e9 become?", "answer": "\u27e8\u0438\u27e9"}, {"question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u0473\u27e9 become?", "answer": "\u27e8\u0444\u27e9"}, {"question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u046b\u27e9 become?", "answer": "\u27e8\u0443\u27e9"}, {"question": "What did the old letter \u27e8\u046d\u27e9 become?", "answer": "\u27e8\u044e\u27e9"}, {"question": "What is 'moroz' a transliteration of?", "answer": "\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437"}, {"question": "What is 'mysh' a transliteration of?", "answer": "\u043c\u044b\u0448\u044c"}, {"question": "What font technology has reduced the need for transliteration?", "answer": "Unicode character encoding,"}, {"question": "What does 'moroz' mean?", "answer": "frost"}, {"question": "What does 'mysh' mean?", "answer": "mouse"}, {"question": "Who created KOI8-R encoding?", "answer": "the Soviet government"}, {"question": "What system used CP1251 encoding?", "answer": "Microsoft Windows"}, {"question": "What systems used IBM866 encoding?", "answer": "MS-DOS and OS/2"}, {"question": "What encoding did early Macs use?", "answer": "ISO/IEC 8859-5"}, {"question": "In what years was CP1251 encoding used in most Russian online usage?", "answer": "1995\u20132005"}, {"question": "What organization is the Institute of Russian Language part of?", "answer": "Russian Academy of Sciences"}, {"question": "What can optional acute accents indicate?", "answer": "stress"}, {"question": "What is distinguished from 'lock' only by an accent, in Russian?", "answer": "castle"}, {"question": "What is distinguished from 'this is odd' only by an accent, in Russian?", "answer": "this is marvelous"}, {"question": "What is distinguished from 'wothwhile' only by an accent, in Russian?", "answer": "standing"}, {"question": "Who says Russian has 6 vowels?", "answer": "St. Petersburg Phonological School"}, {"question": "When are Russian vowels written differently?", "answer": "depending on whether or not the preceding consonant is palatalized"}, {"question": "What dialect is standard Russian based on?", "answer": "Moscow dialect"}, {"question": "What language does Russian treat hard consonants similar to?", "answer": "Irish"}, {"question": "What is done to unstressed vowels?", "answer": "reduced to near-close vowels or an unclear schwa"}, {"question": "What might /k\u02b2/ be considered?", "answer": "a phoneme"}, {"question": "What is palatalization?", "answer": "the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant"}, {"question": "How are 'dental' sounds pronounced?", "answer": "with the tip of the tongue against the teeth rather than against the alveolar ridge"}, {"question": "When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?", "answer": "approximately 1000 AD"}, {"question": "When was Kievan Rus' formed?", "answer": "about 880"}, {"question": "What countries did Kievan Rus' become?", "answer": "modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus"}, {"question": "What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?", "answer": "Old East Slavic"}, {"question": "When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?", "answer": "988"}, {"question": "Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?", "answer": "the languages of Western Europe"}, {"question": "What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'War and Peace'?", "answer": "Leo Tolstoy"}, {"question": "What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "Who revolutionized modern Russian?", "answer": "Alexander Pushkin"}, {"question": "What did Pushkin reject from older Russian?", "answer": "archaic grammar and vocabulary"}, {"question": "What was 'high style'?", "answer": "archaic grammar and vocabulary"}, {"question": "What happened to some expressions in Pushkin's writing?", "answer": "became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech"}, {"question": "When did the USSR dissolve?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "When did the USSR make Russian the official language?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "What unofficial status did Russian have in the USSR before 1990?", "answer": "the unifying role and superior status"}, {"question": "What department is the Research Center for Sociological Research part of?", "answer": "Ministry of Education and Science (Russia)"}, {"question": "Who wrote \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\"?", "answer": "A. L. Arefyev"}, {"question": "When was \"Russian language at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries\" published?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What does Arefyev say is happening to Russian?", "answer": "In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language is gradually being replaced by local languages."}, {"question": "What is the USAF?", "answer": "the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces"}, {"question": "How many uniformed services are there in the United States?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "When did the USAF split from the US Army?", "answer": "18 September 1947"}, {"question": "What act formed the USAF?", "answer": "National Security Act of 1947"}, {"question": "What is one of the functions of the USAF?", "answer": "Nuclear Deterrence Operations"}, {"question": "How many departments are there in the Department of Defense?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force currently report to? ", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What branch of the government must confirm the President's appointment of the Secretary of the Air Force? ", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "Who serves as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff?", "answer": "Chief of Staff of the Air Force"}, {"question": "Who assigns combat missions to the Air Force? ", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "How many core functions did the Air Force reduce its duties down to recently? ", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "What do these core functions of the Air Force express? ", "answer": "contribute to national security"}, {"question": "What are not considered doctrinal constructs of the Air Force? ", "answer": "core functions"}, {"question": "What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? ", "answer": "Assure/Dissuade/Deter"}, {"question": "How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? ", "answer": "Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD"}, {"question": "What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? ", "answer": "US national security"}, {"question": "What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? ", "answer": "carry out the nuclear strike operations mission"}, {"question": "What is the definition of a nuclear strike? ", "answer": "the ability of nuclear forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets"}, {"question": "What action by the US Air Force would deter adversaries from threatening US Security? ", "answer": "deployment of nuclear strike capabilities"}, {"question": "Who has the authorization in the US to terminate a conflict?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "What organization does the US Air Force support on its missions? ", "answer": "US NDO objectives"}, {"question": "What is one of the areas where the US Air Force might operate its missions? ", "answer": "Continental United States"}, {"question": "What ensures the safety of nuclear operations? ", "answer": "Nuclear surety"}, {"question": "What is a Broken Arrow incident in nuclear security? ", "answer": "unauthorized or accidental use"}, {"question": "What is the mission of the NDO in regards to nuclear security? ", "answer": "precise and reliable nuclear operations"}, {"question": "What is one of the five functions of NDO support? ", "answer": "effective nuclear weapons security"}, {"question": "What other US departments does the Air Force coordinate with for nuclear security? ", "answer": "Departments of Defense or Energy"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation OCA stand for? ", "answer": "Offensive Counterair"}, {"question": "What is the function or definition of the OCA according to JP 1-02?", "answer": "offensive operations to destroy, disrupt, or neutralize enemy aircraft, missiles, launch platforms"}, {"question": "OCA is the preferred method of defeating what kind of attacks? ", "answer": "air and missile threats"}, {"question": "What is one of the important functions of the OCA in dealing with attacks? ", "answer": "suppression/destruction of enemy air defense"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation DCA stand for? ", "answer": "Defensive Counterair"}, {"question": "What sort of airspace is the DCA designed to protect?", "answer": "friendly"}, {"question": "What is active defense, according to the functions of the DCA? ", "answer": "employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks"}, {"question": "What kind of missile defense does active defense protect against, according to the DCA?", "answer": "ballistic"}, {"question": "What is one of the many ways the DCA utilizes passive defense to protect from enemy attacks? ", "answer": "counter-measures"}, {"question": "What is the dominance in space of one force over another? ", "answer": "Space superiority"}, {"question": "What does Space Superiority encompass? ", "answer": "localized in time and space, or it may be broad and enduring"}, {"question": "Who does space superiority ensure freedom of action in space for? ", "answer": "friendly forces"}, {"question": "What areas does Space Superiority operate in? ", "answer": "land, sea, air, space"}, {"question": "What is the definition of Space Control according to the US and its allies? ", "answer": "operations to ensure freedom of action in space"}, {"question": "What is one of the areas of operation that space control serves to protect? ", "answer": "operations conducted to protect friendly space capabilities from attack"}, {"question": "What is the operational environment that Space Control depends on? ", "answer": "space situational awareness"}, {"question": "Who responds with the employment of capabilities where there is a threat?", "answer": "Air Force"}, {"question": "What is the definition of CND?", "answer": "computer network defense"}, {"question": "What does Cyberspace defense include?", "answer": "CNE, computer network defense (CND), and CNA techniques"}, {"question": "What is one of the things that Cyberspace defense highly dependent on? ", "answer": "fused all-source intelligence"}, {"question": "What branch of the military is in charge of Cyberspace defense? ", "answer": "Air Force"}, {"question": "What division ensures the Air Force's information integrity and availability? ", "answer": "Cyberspace Support"}, {"question": "What is ability is critical in Cyberspace Supports mission?", "answer": "sustain assigned networks and missions"}, {"question": "What important networks is it the function of Cyberspace support to protect?", "answer": "C2 networks/communications links and nuclear C2 networks"}, {"question": "What techniques does the Cyberspace Support branch of the Air Force use? ", "answer": "CNE and CND"}, {"question": "What is the definition of Command and Control in the Air Force operations? ", "answer": "exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of the Command and Control operations? ", "answer": "commander in planning"}, {"question": "What is one of the C2 related functions that the Command and Control mission of the Air Force uses? ", "answer": "agile combat support operations"}, {"question": "What are the main objectives of the Command and Control initiative? ", "answer": "achieve strategic, operational, and tactical objectives"}, {"question": "What agency is in charge of intelligence requirements? ", "answer": "Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations"}, {"question": "What is one of the ways that the Air Force uses Planning and Directing in its operations? ", "answer": "development of appropriate intelligence architecture"}, {"question": "Who benefits from the process analysis and dissemination of this information? ", "answer": "national and military decision makers"}, {"question": "What are Special Operations? ", "answer": "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments"}, {"question": "What are the goals of Special Operations? ", "answer": "achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives"}, {"question": "What kind of forces can Special Operations missions employ? ", "answer": "indigenous or surrogate"}, {"question": "What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?", "answer": "dependence on detailed operational intelligence"}, {"question": "What is the definition of Airlift according to the Air Mobility Operations? ", "answer": "operations to transport and deliver forces and materiel through the air"}, {"question": "What objectives does Airlift support? ", "answer": "strategic, operational, or tactical"}, {"question": "How does the US employ the global reach capability of airlift? ", "answer": "delivering forces to crisis locations"}, {"question": "What does this US presence represent during a humanitarian crisis? ", "answer": "resolve and compassion"}, {"question": "What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?", "answer": "Aeromedical Evacuation"}, {"question": "Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation? ", "answer": "Health Service Support"}, {"question": "Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties? ", "answer": "to and between medical treatment facilities"}, {"question": "Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions? ", "answer": "Aeromedical evacuation forces"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation PR stand for in terms of the US military?", "answer": "Personnel Recovery"}, {"question": "What is the definition of a Personnel Recovery mission? ", "answer": "military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel"}, {"question": "What is one of the ways that PR uses its capabilities in a crisis? ", "answer": "deny an adversary's ability to exploit a nation through propaganda"}, {"question": "What are the types of international duties of the PR mission? ", "answer": "crisis response and regional stability"}, {"question": "What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? ", "answer": "Humanitarian Assistance Operations"}, {"question": "What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? ", "answer": "human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life"}, {"question": "What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?", "answer": "limited"}, {"question": "Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? ", "answer": "host nation civil authorities or agencies"}, {"question": "What does Building Partnerships relate to in the Air Force? ", "answer": "airmen interacting with international airmen and other relevant actors"}, {"question": "What are the goals of the Building Partnership interactions?", "answer": "develop, guide, and sustain relationships for mutual benefit and security"}, {"question": "What sort of inter-personal relationships does Building Partnerships encourage? ", "answer": "cross-cultural"}, {"question": "What is the major goal of Building Partnerships in these deeds and actions?", "answer": "building trust-based relationships for mutual benefit"}, {"question": "What are Airmen expected to be competent in for these Building Partnerships missions?", "answer": "relevant language, region, and culture"}, {"question": "Who created the first version of the US Air Force in 1907?", "answer": "U.S. War Department"}, {"question": "When did the US Air Force separate from the War Department? ", "answer": "40 years later"}, {"question": "How many causalities did the US Air Force suffer during WWII? ", "answer": "68,000"}, {"question": "What does the USAAF stand for? ", "answer": "U.S. Army Air Forces"}, {"question": "Who signed the National Security Act of 1947? ", "answer": "President Harry S Truman"}, {"question": "What was the National Military Establishment renamed in 1949?", "answer": "Department of Defense"}, {"question": "How many subordinate divisions did the National Military Establishment contain?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What does the US Navy's responsibilities include?", "answer": "sea-based operations from aircraft carriers and amphibious aircraft"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of closed air support of infantry operations? ", "answer": "Marine Corps"}, {"question": "What American broke the sound barrier in 1947?", "answer": "Captain Chuck Yeager"}, {"question": "When did the USAF have several missteps of aircraft procurement projects? ", "answer": "early 2000s"}, {"question": "Who wrote that these aircraft procurement projects were a failure of intellect and ethics?", "answer": "Winslow Wheeler"}, {"question": "When were the military leaders replaced after a scandal over failure to maintain its nuclear arsenal? ", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What did the USAF strive to improve since 2005?", "answer": "Basic Military Training"}, {"question": "What is the deployment phase of BMT called? ", "answer": "BEAST"}, {"question": "What other training do the US Air force Personnel get during BMT? ", "answer": "directing search and recovery"}, {"question": "Who acts as a mentor during this deployment phase of the BMT?", "answer": "Military Training Instructors"}, {"question": "What year did the USAF take a Reduction-in-force?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Why did the USAF plan to take a reduction-in-force?", "answer": "budget constraints"}, {"question": "How many USAF personnel did the reduction end in during 2008?", "answer": "330,000"}, {"question": "What has there been a sharp reduction in during the years following 2005 in the USAF?", "answer": "flight hours for crew training"}, {"question": "Who was Robert Gates? ", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?", "answer": "Michael Wynne"}, {"question": "What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?", "answer": "General T. Michael Moseley"}, {"question": "Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons? ", "answer": "Taiwan"}, {"question": "When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?", "answer": "24 October 2008"}, {"question": "Why was the USAF forced to ground some of its squadrons in 2013?", "answer": "Budget sequestration"}, {"question": "Who was the Commander of Air Combat Command in 2013?", "answer": "General Mike Hostage"}, {"question": "Why have many US Air Force pilots opted to resign from active service? ", "answer": "squadron groundings and flight time reductions"}, {"question": "Where have many of these US Air Force pilots chosen to find employment instead? ", "answer": "careers in the commercial airlines"}, {"question": "What is one of the concerns of the Air Force? ", "answer": "replace its aging fleet"}, {"question": "How did the USAF try to make these adjustments to help with strength and readiness of its fleet? ", "answer": "cutting the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve aircraft fleets"}, {"question": "How much money did Congress give to the USAF to enable them to replace some of the grounded fleet? ", "answer": "$208 million"}, {"question": "Who is the Department of the Air Force managed by?", "answer": "Secretary of the Air Force"}, {"question": "Who does the Secretary of the Air Force report to?", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "Who appoints the top positions in the USAF, including the Assistant Secretaries and General Council?", "answer": "President"}, {"question": "Upon whom does the President call on for support in his appointments to the USAF?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "Who does the senior leadership roles in the USAF include? ", "answer": "Chief of Staff of the Air Force and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force"}, {"question": "Who directs the Secretary of the Air Force during operational missions? ", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation CHOP stand for? ", "answer": "Change in Operational Control"}, {"question": "Who is in charge of these Change in Operational Control missions? ", "answer": "Regional Combatant Commander"}, {"question": "Who does the AMC forces usually retain their componency to?", "answer": "USTRANSCOM"}, {"question": "What are \"Chopped\" units called in the USAF?", "answer": "forces"}, {"question": "What is the top level structure of these Chopped forces in the USAF? ", "answer": "Air and Space Expeditionary Task Force"}, {"question": "What does the C-NAF provide support to?", "answer": "planning and execution of aerospace forces"}, {"question": "Who does the C-NAFF coordinate with on ACEE missions?", "answer": "JFC"}, {"question": "What kind of AFSC is a JAG?", "answer": "judge advocate general"}, {"question": "What is one of the many types of AFSC employed by the USAF? ", "answer": "missile launch officer"}, {"question": "What is an example of an occupational field position in the USAF?", "answer": "computer specialties"}, {"question": "What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?", "answer": "Tactical Air Control Party"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?", "answer": "Explosive Ordnance Disposal"}, {"question": "What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?", "answer": "rescue downed or isolated personnel"}, {"question": "What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?", "answer": "commissioned officers"}, {"question": "What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions? ", "answer": "Air Force Office of Special Investigations"}, {"question": "What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?", "answer": "3M0X1 (Services)"}, {"question": "How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?", "answer": "one year of training with a preliminary school"}, {"question": "Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?", "answer": "Second Air Force"}, {"question": "How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? ", "answer": "excess of one year"}, {"question": "What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? ", "answer": "enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers"}, {"question": "How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? ", "answer": "based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval"}, {"question": "How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?", "answer": "based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board"}, {"question": "How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?", "answer": "designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars"}, {"question": "What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?", "answer": "Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980"}, {"question": "Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? ", "answer": "Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act"}, {"question": "Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? ", "answer": "DOPMA"}, {"question": "How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? ", "answer": "virtually guaranteed after two years"}, {"question": "What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?", "answer": "Promotion to major through major general"}, {"question": "Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?", "answer": "Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base"}, {"question": "What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? ", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?", "answer": "thirteen year"}, {"question": "The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?", "answer": "16 year mark"}, {"question": "What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?", "answer": "Title 10"}, {"question": "When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?", "answer": "1959"}, {"question": "What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?", "answer": "Chief Master Sergeant"}, {"question": "What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?", "answer": "E-1 (entry level)"}, {"question": "What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?", "answer": "E-9 (senior enlisted)"}, {"question": "What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?", "answer": "pay grades E-7 through E-9"}, {"question": "What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?", "answer": "staff sergeants and technical sergeants"}, {"question": "When does NCO status occur in the USAF?", "answer": "when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5"}, {"question": "When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?", "answer": "pay grade of E-4"}, {"question": "What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?", "answer": "completed Airman Leadership School"}, {"question": "What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?", "answer": "Corporal"}, {"question": "When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?", "answer": "former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company"}, {"question": "When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? ", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? ", "answer": "pinned onto the coat"}, {"question": "What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? ", "answer": "various badges"}, {"question": "What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? ", "answer": "merit-based or service-based awards"}, {"question": "What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? ", "answer": "Shields of USAF Fire Protection"}, {"question": "When is the special \"pocket rocket\" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? ", "answer": "at least one year"}, {"question": "USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? ", "answer": "United States Air Force Academy"}, {"question": "What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?", "answer": "Air Force Officer Training School"}, {"question": "Where is the OTS in the US currently located?", "answer": "Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama"}, {"question": "How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is a line officer in the USAF? ", "answer": "concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the \"Line of the Air\""}, {"question": "What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?", "answer": "Commissioned Officer Training"}, {"question": "What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? ", "answer": "medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration"}, {"question": "What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? ", "answer": "deployed-environment operations"}, {"question": "What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? ", "answer": "US Air Force Fitness Test"}, {"question": "What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?", "answer": "Fit to Fight program"}, {"question": "How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? ", "answer": "1.5-mile"}, {"question": "What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? ", "answer": "75 points"}, {"question": "What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? ", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? ", "answer": "U.S. ground forces"}, {"question": "What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?", "answer": "precision strikes"}, {"question": "What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?", "answer": "front of the battle"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? ", "answer": "bomber aircraft"}, {"question": "What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? ", "answer": "drop bombs"}, {"question": "What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? ", "answer": "bomber"}, {"question": "What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? ", "answer": "fighter bombers and attack aircraft"}, {"question": "What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?", "answer": "aerial refueling"}, {"question": "What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? ", "answer": "US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China"}, {"question": "When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? ", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? ", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?", "answer": "B-52H"}, {"question": "How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? ", "answer": "30 years"}, {"question": "What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?", "answer": "B-21"}, {"question": "What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? ", "answer": "Cargo and transport"}, {"question": "What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?", "answer": "C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy"}, {"question": "The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?", "answer": "U.S. Special Operations Command"}, {"question": "What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?", "answer": "LC-130H"}, {"question": "What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? ", "answer": "weather reconnaissance aircraft"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of electronic warfare?", "answer": "deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS"}, {"question": "What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?", "answer": "The Eye in the Sky"}, {"question": "What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?", "answer": "to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it"}, {"question": "What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? ", "answer": "Electronic Warfare/Jamming"}, {"question": "What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?", "answer": "Airborne Command Post"}, {"question": "What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?", "answer": "air-to-air combat"}, {"question": "What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?", "answer": "F-16 Fighting Falcon"}, {"question": "What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?", "answer": "F-16"}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?", "answer": "F-4 Phantom II"}, {"question": "What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? ", "answer": "early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration"}, {"question": "What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?", "answer": "aerial refueling aircraft"}, {"question": "How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?", "answer": "tail-mounted refueling boom"}, {"question": "When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?", "answer": "large-scale operations"}, {"question": "What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?", "answer": "KC-46A Pegasus"}, {"question": "What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?", "answer": "Robert Gates"}, {"question": "What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?", "answer": "Michael Wynne"}, {"question": "Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?", "answer": "General Norton A. Schwartz"}, {"question": "What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?", "answer": "The Washington Post"}, {"question": "What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?", "answer": "Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr."}, {"question": "How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?", "answer": "an organization in which mostly its officers fought"}, {"question": "How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?", "answer": "primarily a rear echelon support force"}, {"question": "What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?", "answer": "Cultural and career issues"}, {"question": "During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?", "answer": "Iraq War"}, {"question": "Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?", "answer": "large aircraft losses in training"}, {"question": "What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?", "answer": "US Army"}, {"question": "Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? ", "answer": "Royal Air Force"}, {"question": "What traditions does the US Air Force have? ", "answer": "\"Friday Name Tags\" in flying units"}, {"question": "What organization did the US Air Force adopt \"Challenge Coins\" from?", "answer": "U.S. Army"}, {"question": "What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?", "answer": "welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement"}, {"question": "What was a recent US Air Force recruiting slogan? ", "answer": "\"No One Comes Close\""}, {"question": "What does the USAF slogan Uno Ab Alto mean? ", "answer": "\"One From On High\""}, {"question": "What is the most recent US Air Force recruitment slogan in October 2010?", "answer": "\"Aim high\" followed with the response, \"Fly-Fight-Win\""}, {"question": "Where can individual each USAF wing, group or squadrons individual motto be found?", "answer": "wing, group, or squadron websites"}, {"question": "What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?", "answer": "longer lifetime"}, {"question": "What does LED stand for?", "answer": "Light-emitting diodes"}, {"question": "Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?", "answer": "more expensive"}, {"question": "What is a popular use for LED lighting?", "answer": "traffic signals"}, {"question": "LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?", "answer": "Electroluminescence"}, {"question": "When was Electroluminescence discovered?", "answer": "1907"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?", "answer": "cat's-whisker"}, {"question": "Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?", "answer": "Oleg Losev"}, {"question": "What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?", "answer": "Kroemer Braunstein"}, {"question": "The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?", "answer": "a GaAs diode"}, {"question": "What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?", "answer": "a PbS diode"}, {"question": "What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?", "answer": "audio amplifier"}, {"question": "In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? ", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?", "answer": "tunnel"}, {"question": "In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What was the first practical LED?", "answer": "GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode"}, {"question": "The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?", "answer": "Texas Instruments (TI)"}, {"question": "At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?", "answer": "General Electric Company"}, {"question": "What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?", "answer": "Nick Holonyak, Jr."}, {"question": "What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What color LED was later created in 1972?", "answer": "yellow"}, {"question": "What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?", "answer": "M. George Craford"}, {"question": "What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?", "answer": "replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps"}, {"question": "How much did the early LEDs cost?", "answer": "US$200 per unit"}, {"question": "What was one use of early LED light in products?", "answer": "calculators"}, {"question": "What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?", "answer": "Hewlett Packard (HP)"}, {"question": "In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "Who demonstrated the first blue LED?", "answer": "Shuji Nakamura"}, {"question": "What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?", "answer": "2014 Nobel prize in physics"}, {"question": "Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?", "answer": "Alberto Barbieri"}, {"question": "What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?", "answer": "indium tin oxide"}, {"question": "What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?", "answer": "yellow light"}, {"question": "What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?", "answer": "P-N junction"}, {"question": "What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?", "answer": "electroluminescence"}, {"question": "Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?", "answer": "the conduction band"}, {"question": "Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?", "answer": "holes existing in the P-region"}, {"question": "Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?", "answer": "to recombine the electrons and the holes"}, {"question": "In what year was a new type of blue LED produced?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?", "answer": "Cree"}, {"question": "How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003?", "answer": "four times"}, {"question": "What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs?", "answer": "350 mA"}, {"question": "What is a symptom of LED failure?", "answer": "loss of efficiency"}, {"question": "What is rare in LED lighting?", "answer": "Sudden failures"}, {"question": "What was notable in early red LEDs?", "answer": "their short service life"}, {"question": "What could cause early light-output degradation in LEDs?", "answer": "higher junction temperatures"}, {"question": "What is a classification used in LED lighting to describe how much usefulness it will receive?", "answer": "L70 or L50"}, {"question": "LED efficacy is inversely proportional to what?", "answer": "operating temperature"}, {"question": "Where is LED lighting very well suited?", "answer": "supermarket freezer"}, {"question": "LEDs produce less waste heat than what other device?", "answer": "incandescent lamps"}, {"question": "What is LED lighting more susceptible to than incandescent light?", "answer": "frost"}, {"question": "The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?", "answer": "Stanford"}, {"question": "When was the first blue-violet LED developed?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What students developed the first blue-violet LED?", "answer": "Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines"}, {"question": "What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?", "answer": "zinc-doped gallium nitride"}, {"question": "In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?", "answer": "Shuji Nakamura"}, {"question": "Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?", "answer": "Dr. Moustakas"}, {"question": "What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?", "answer": "BlueRay"}, {"question": "What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?", "answer": "tablets"}, {"question": "What Nobel Prize did Nakamura, Amano, and Akasaki receive in 2014?", "answer": "Physics"}, {"question": "What award did Nakamura receive in 2006 for his invention?", "answer": "Millennium Technology Prize"}, {"question": "How many companies did a judge say infringed on Dr. Moustakas's prior blue light patent in 2015?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What was the fine given to the three companies?", "answer": "not less than 13 million USD"}, {"question": "What are cladding layers?", "answer": "active region consisting of one or more InGaN quantum wells sandwiched between thicker layers of GaN"}, {"question": "How can light emission be varied from violet to amber?", "answer": "By varying the relative In/Ga fraction in the InGaN quantum wells"}, {"question": "What does AlGaN stand for?", "answer": "Aluminium gallium nitride"}, {"question": "What LEDs are more efficient when produced from the InGaN/GaN systems than without?", "answer": "Green"}, {"question": "What substance does nitrides contain?", "answer": "aluminium"}, {"question": "What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?", "answer": "Ultraviolet"}, {"question": "What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?", "answer": "375\u2013395 nm"}, {"question": "Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?", "answer": "240 nm"}, {"question": "What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?", "answer": "250\u2013270 nm"}, {"question": "What colors are used to form white light?", "answer": "red, green, and blue"}, {"question": "What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?", "answer": "multi-color white LEDs"}, {"question": "What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?", "answer": "electronic circuits"}, {"question": "What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?", "answer": "RGB LEDs"}, {"question": "What is one type of multi-color white LED?", "answer": "tetrachromatic"}, {"question": "What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?", "answer": "luminous efficacy"}, {"question": "Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?", "answer": "lower color rendering"}, {"question": "What type has the best luminous efficacy?", "answer": "dichromatic white LEDs"}, {"question": "What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?", "answer": ">70 lm/W"}, {"question": "Multi-color LEDs offer what else besides the formation of white light?", "answer": "to form light of different colors"}, {"question": "What problem must be solved before multi-color LEDs can play a role in the market?", "answer": "power decays exponentially with rising temperature"}, {"question": "What problem results when rising temperatures decays power?", "answer": "substantial change in color stability"}, {"question": "What method involves coating LEDs of one color with phosphors of different colors?", "answer": "phosphor-converted white LEDs (pcLEDs)"}, {"question": "In pcLEDs method, a fraction of what light is used?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What shift does blue light undergo in the pcLEDs method?", "answer": "Stokes"}, {"question": "The different colors of phosphors that can be used is based on what?", "answer": "the color of the original LED"}, {"question": "What broadens the emitted spectrum in a pcLEDs method?", "answer": "If several phosphor layers of distinct colors are applied"}, {"question": "Why is efficiency sometimes lost in phosphor-based LEDs?", "answer": "heat loss from the Stokes shift"}, {"question": "What do phosphor-based LEDs luminous efficacies depend on?", "answer": "the spectral distribution of the resultant light output"}, {"question": "What are some of the luminous efficacies of yellow phosphor based white LED compared to blue?", "answer": "3 to 5 times the luminous efficacy"}, {"question": "What is the most popular method for making high-intensity white LEDs?", "answer": "phosphor method"}, {"question": "What type of emitter is used in phosphor-based white LED methods?", "answer": "monochrome"}, {"question": "What can improve the efficiency of LED-based white light?", "answer": "more efficient phosphors"}, {"question": "What is the most efficient yellow phosphor?", "answer": "YAG phosphor"}, {"question": "What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in YAG phosphor?", "answer": "less than 10%"}, {"question": "What area are scientists looking into regarding phosphor LED development?", "answer": "higher operation temperatures"}, {"question": "What is one method that can raise the efficiency of phosphor-based LEDs?", "answer": "adapting better package design"}, {"question": "White LEDs can be made by coating what?", "answer": "near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs"}, {"question": "What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?", "answer": "copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)"}, {"question": "What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?", "answer": "fluorescent lamps"}, {"question": "The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What light can harm human eyes or skin?", "answer": "UV light"}, {"question": "What is being used to produce white LEDs?", "answer": "wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon"}, {"question": "What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?", "answer": "200-mm"}, {"question": "By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?", "answer": "costly sapphire substrate"}, {"question": "What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?", "answer": "mirror-like collector"}, {"question": "By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?", "answer": "2020"}, {"question": "What nanocrystals possess unique optical properties?", "answer": "Quantum dots"}, {"question": "Quantum Dot LEDs can do what special skill?", "answer": "create almost any color on the CIE diagram"}, {"question": "The narrowing of the emission spectrum in Quantum Dot LEDs allows them to do what?", "answer": "better color rendering"}, {"question": "How many types of schemes are there in Quantum Dot LED excitation?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is one scheme of Quantum Dot excitation?", "answer": "electrical-excitation"}, {"question": "What is one material used in electrical-excitation?", "answer": "hole-transporting materials"}, {"question": "During the electrical-excitation scheme, what moves into the quantum dot layer?", "answer": "electrons and holes"}, {"question": "A Quantum Dot LED has been used in what?", "answer": "near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)"}, {"question": "How many lumens can some high-power LEDs emit?", "answer": "over a thousand"}, {"question": "Up to how many densities have been achieved with LED power?", "answer": "300 W/cm2"}, {"question": "Why must High-power LEDs be mounted on a heat sink?", "answer": "to allow for heat dissipation"}, {"question": "What will happen if the heat from a high-power LED is not removed?", "answer": "the device will fail in seconds"}, {"question": "What can one high-power LED replace?", "answer": "incandescent bulb in a flashlight"}, {"question": "What company has developed LEDs that can operate on AC power?", "answer": "Seoul Semiconductor"}, {"question": "What is the efficacy of an AC powered HP-LED?", "answer": "40 lm/W"}, {"question": "When did Seoul Semiconductor release the first high DC voltage LED?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What is so good about ac powered HP-LEDs?", "answer": "more flexibility"}, {"question": "What did Seoul Semiconductor name their ac powered HP-LED?", "answer": "Acrich MJT"}, {"question": "What type of LEDs are available in seven-segment format?", "answer": "Alphanumeric"}, {"question": "What is another format that Alphanumeric LEDs are available in?", "answer": "dot-matrix"}, {"question": "Which alphanumeric LED display can display all letters?", "answer": "Starburst"}, {"question": "What type of pixels does a dot matrix display use?", "answer": "5x7"}, {"question": "What has reduced the popularity of numeric LED displays?", "answer": "liquid crystal displays"}, {"question": "What makes RGB LEDs different?", "answer": "contain their own \"smart\" control electronics"}, {"question": "How are Digital-RGB LED strobe signals connected?", "answer": "in a daisy chain"}, {"question": "What object sources the data in of the first LED of a digital rgb LED?", "answer": "microprocessor"}, {"question": "The microprocessor does what in a digital RGB LED?", "answer": "control the brightness and color of each LED independently of the others"}, {"question": "What is one example of where Digital RGB LED lights are used?", "answer": "Christmas"}, {"question": "What does an LED filament consist of?", "answer": "multiple LED dice"}, {"question": "How are LED filaments used?", "answer": "a low cost decorative alternative for traditional light bulbs"}, {"question": "What type of voltage is needed for LED filaments?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "What helps LED filaments remain low cost?", "answer": "a simple rectifier"}, {"question": "Single die LEDs require what?", "answer": "high current converter"}, {"question": "How are LEDs similar to other diodes?", "answer": "the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage"}, {"question": "What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?", "answer": "a small change in voltage"}, {"question": "What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?", "answer": "use constant-current power supplies"}, {"question": "What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?", "answer": "a power converter"}, {"question": "What is a constant-voltage source?", "answer": "batteries"}, {"question": "How are most LEDs classified?", "answer": "Class 1 LED product"}, {"question": "What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?", "answer": "safe under all conditions of normal use"}, {"question": "What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?", "answer": "extremely bright LEDs"}, {"question": "What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?", "answer": "Class 2"}, {"question": "Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What substance does fluorescent lamps contain?", "answer": "mercury"}, {"question": "What dangerous metal can LEDs contain?", "answer": "arsenic"}, {"question": "Which LEDs are considered dangerous by a 2011 study?", "answer": "low-intensity red"}, {"question": "According to a California study, what harmful metal is in most LEDs?", "answer": "lead"}, {"question": "What LEDs are considered safer than any other?", "answer": "low-intensity yellow LEDs"}, {"question": "What type of light is ideal for traffic signals?", "answer": "One-color light"}, {"question": "In what year were luminescence standards set?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What color LEDs are used when night vision is important?", "answer": "Red or yellow"}, {"question": "What is an example of a night vision needed area?", "answer": "astronomy observatories"}, {"question": "What is another use for one-color light?", "answer": "exit signs"}, {"question": "Why are LED lights sought after for various applications?", "answer": "their long life"}, {"question": "Because of their high output, LED lights are very useful where?", "answer": "brake lights for cars"}, {"question": "LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?", "answer": "0.5 second"}, {"question": "What color LEDs are now starting to be used more?", "answer": "White"}, {"question": "What types of light can LEDs form better than incandescent?", "answer": "thinner"}, {"question": "Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?", "answer": "theaters"}, {"question": "How are LEDs used in theaters?", "answer": "to send sound to listeners' receivers"}, {"question": "LEDs can send data over what type of cable?", "answer": "fiber optic"}, {"question": "What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?", "answer": "very high bandwidth"}, {"question": "In what country does one kilowatt-hour of electricity causes 1.34 pounds of CO 2 emission?", "answer": "US"}, {"question": "How much CO2 emission would a 40-watt light bulb produce after 10 hours?", "answer": "196 pounds"}, {"question": "A 6-watt LED left on for 10 hours a day will emit how much CO 2?", "answer": "30 pounds"}, {"question": "How much can a building's carbon footprint be reduced by switching to LEDs?", "answer": "85%"}, {"question": "LEDs are often used for what type of systems?", "answer": "Machine vision"}, {"question": "Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?", "answer": "so features of interest are easier to process"}, {"question": "What can help make LEDs more widely used?", "answer": "price drops"}, {"question": "What is the most common example of a machine vision system?", "answer": "Barcode scanners"}, {"question": "Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?", "answer": "Optical computer mice"}, {"question": "Where are LEDs often used?", "answer": "free space optics communications"}, {"question": "What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?", "answer": "remote controls"}, {"question": "What does an optoisolator do?", "answer": "allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential"}, {"question": "Where are opto-isolators found?", "answer": "medical equipment"}, {"question": "In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?", "answer": "LED Computers"}, {"question": "What video game console uses infrared LEDs?", "answer": "Nintendo Wii"}, {"question": "What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?", "answer": "Pulse oximeters"}, {"question": "Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?", "answer": "RGB LEDs"}, {"question": "By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?", "answer": "warm-up"}, {"question": "Grow lights use LEDs for what process?", "answer": "increase photosynthesis in plants"}, {"question": "What quality has LEDs been used as?", "answer": "medium-quality"}, {"question": "What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?", "answer": "Red"}, {"question": "What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?", "answer": "Nitride-based LEDs"}, {"question": "LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?", "answer": "Zener"}, {"question": "Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?", "answer": "3 V"}, {"question": "What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?", "answer": "Treaty of Chaumont"}, {"question": "During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?", "answer": "Europe"}, {"question": "During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?", "answer": "World War I and World War II"}, {"question": "What is another term for Great Power?", "answer": "superpower"}, {"question": "What do great powers usually have?", "answer": "military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence"}, {"question": "What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?", "answer": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States"}, {"question": "What are the countries in the G7?", "answer": "Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America"}, {"question": "What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?", "answer": "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions"}, {"question": "Who wrote, \"The test of a great power is the test of strength for war.\"?", "answer": "A. J. P. Taylor"}, {"question": "Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?", "answer": "Kenneth Waltz"}, {"question": "What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?", "answer": "population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength"}, {"question": "What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?", "answer": "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status"}, {"question": "What do all states have?", "answer": "geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power"}, {"question": "Who stated that \"Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers\"?", "answer": "Arnold J. Toynbee"}, {"question": "What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?", "answer": "great power"}, {"question": "What type of power is restricted to its region?", "answer": "regional power"}, {"question": "What discussion should great powers be included on?", "answer": "political and diplomatic questions of the day"}, {"question": "Historically, when would great powers meet?", "answer": "when major political questions were addressed"}, {"question": "What types of decisions would great powers reach?", "answer": "political resolution of various geographical and nationalist claims following a major conflict, or other contexts"}, {"question": "When did Lord Castlereagh first use the term Great Powers?", "answer": "in a letter sent on February 13, 1814"}, {"question": "What position did Lord Castlereagh hold?", "answer": "British Foreign Secretary"}, {"question": "What did Castlereagh determine as the last resort of great power's influence?", "answer": "if necessary the general arms against the Power that shall first attempt to disturb the Continental peace"}, {"question": "What 2 powers named in the 5 orignal great powers of the congress of vienna have maintained that status?", "answer": "only France and the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What country lost Franco-Prussian war?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What country emerged as the pre-eminent power, due to its navy and the extent of its territories?", "answer": "British Empire"}, {"question": "Balance of power of great powers was a major influence on what continents politics?", "answer": "European"}, {"question": "Who stated that \"All politics reduces itself to this formula: try to be one of three, as long as the world is governed by the unstable equilibrium of five great powers.?\"", "answer": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "Was the power of the 5 countries constant?", "answer": "relative power of these five nations fluctuated"}, {"question": "What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?", "answer": "United Kingdom and Prussia"}, {"question": "Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?", "answer": "Russia and Austria-Hungary"}, {"question": "What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?", "answer": "Eight-Nation Alliance"}, {"question": "What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?", "answer": "Boxer Rebellion in China."}, {"question": "What marked the conclusion of The Great War?", "answer": "treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon and S\u00e8vres"}, {"question": "Who were  the chief arbiters of the new world order?", "answer": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan and the United States"}, {"question": "Who created the Treaty of Versailles?", "answer": "Big Three"}, {"question": "Who were the big four?", "answer": "France, Italy, United Kingdom and the United States"}, {"question": "Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?", "answer": "United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan"}, {"question": "Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?", "answer": "against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League"}, {"question": "When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?", "answer": "19 March 1920"}, {"question": "What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?", "answer": "League of Nations Council"}, {"question": "When did World War II start?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "How many groups were involved in conflict of World War II?", "answer": "two alliances"}, {"question": "Who made up the Axis powers?", "answer": "Germany, Italy and Japan"}, {"question": "Who were the winners of World War II?", "answer": "Allies"}, {"question": "The winners of World War II along with France were allotted permanent seats for what organization?", "answer": "United Nations Security Council"}, {"question": "What is a superpower?", "answer": "nations with overwhelming power and influence in the rest of the world"}, {"question": "Who first used the term superpower?", "answer": "William T.R. Fox"}, {"question": "Who were the three original superpowers?", "answer": "British Empire, the United States, and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "Who lost their superpower status in 1950s?", "answer": "British Empire"}, {"question": "What are middle powers?", "answer": "those nations which exercise a degree of global influence, but are insufficient to be decisive on international affairs"}, {"question": "During the cold war, what European powers rebuilt their ecomonies?", "answer": "United Kingdom, France, and West Germany"}, {"question": "By what year was China beginning to lose its hold as sole legitimate government?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "When did China lose its permanent seat at UN security council?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "Since what time has military conflicts receded?", "answer": "1960s"}, {"question": "What country has risen above other superpowers?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Since what century has there always been parity in powers?", "answer": "modern era (the 16th century)"}, {"question": "Who's primacy has factored into maintaining peace among powers?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "What formerly effective tool for international disputes is no longer effective among peer powers?", "answer": "military force"}, {"question": "What great powers have maintained peace?", "answer": "France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States"}, {"question": "Where have the powers maintained peace in recent years?", "answer": "United Nations and other forums"}, {"question": "What was the last crisis during cold war to escalate world powers?", "answer": "Cuban missile crisis (1962"}, {"question": "What countries are recognized as Nuclear Weapons States?", "answer": "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States"}, {"question": "How many countries are permanent seats on the UN Security Council?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What other countries are referred to as middle powers?", "answer": "China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?", "answer": "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"}, {"question": "What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?", "answer": "Japan and Germany"}, {"question": "Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?", "answer": "UN Security Council"}, {"question": "What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?", "answer": "middle powers"}, {"question": "Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Many academics debate the status of this country as a power?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "Is there agreement on the status of all powers?", "answer": "no collective agreement"}, {"question": "Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?", "answer": "Germany, Italy and Japan"}, {"question": "What emerging power is considered a great power?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What G7 members are among great powers?", "answer": "Germany, Japan and Italy"}, {"question": "Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?", "answer": "European Union"}, {"question": "What other tools are used as alternative to military force?", "answer": "trade and diplomacy"}, {"question": "How many great powers are members of Europian Union?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What summits does EU have membership?", "answer": "WTO and at G8 and G-20"}, {"question": "How many wars occured between 1500s and 1953?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "For bout how many years was an average of one great power fighting another each year?", "answer": "450"}, {"question": "What country had the most conflicts from 1500s through mid 20th century?", "answer": "UK"}, {"question": "What span was the Pax Britannica?", "answer": "between 1815 and 1914"}, {"question": "What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?", "answer": "Birds"}, {"question": "What is the smallest bird?", "answer": "bee hummingbird"}, {"question": "What is the largest bird?", "answer": "ostrich"}, {"question": "What is the size of the smallest bird?", "answer": "5 cm (2 in)"}, {"question": "What is the size of the largest bird?", "answer": "2.75 m (9 ft)"}, {"question": "What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "When did true birds first appear?", "answer": "Cretaceous period"}, {"question": "Name an example of an early stem-bird.", "answer": "Archaeopteryx"}, {"question": "What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?", "answer": "digestive and respiratory systems"}, {"question": "What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?", "answer": "Darwin's finches"}, {"question": "Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?", "answer": "Wings"}, {"question": "Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?", "answer": "corvids and parrots"}, {"question": "How to birds produce offspring?", "answer": "by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction"}, {"question": "Where are eggs usually laid?", "answer": "nest"}, {"question": "Which birds are popular as pets?", "answer": "Songbirds, parrots"}, {"question": "What is guano?", "answer": "bird excrement"}, {"question": "What is the name of bird excrement?", "answer": "Guano"}, {"question": "What is harvested for use as fertilizer?", "answer": "Guano"}, {"question": "How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity?", "answer": "120\u2013130"}, {"question": "Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?", "answer": "clade Crocodilia"}, {"question": "Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?", "answer": "Gauthier"}, {"question": "What is a sister group to Aves?", "answer": "clade Crocodilia"}, {"question": "What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?", "answer": "fossil and biological evidence"}, {"question": "What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?", "answer": "Maniraptora"}, {"question": "Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?", "answer": "flying theropods"}, {"question": "What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?", "answer": "deinonychosaurs"}, {"question": "Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?", "answer": "deinonychosaurs"}, {"question": "What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?", "answer": "Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx"}, {"question": "What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?", "answer": "Archaeopteryx"}, {"question": "Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?", "answer": "reptilian"}, {"question": "The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?", "answer": "late Jurassic period"}, {"question": "How long ago was the late Jurassic period?", "answer": "about 160 million years ago"}, {"question": "Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?", "answer": "late Jurassic period"}, {"question": "What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?", "answer": "hind wings"}, {"question": "During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?", "answer": "Cretaceous Period"}, {"question": "Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?", "answer": "Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis"}, {"question": "When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?", "answer": "late Cretaceous"}, {"question": "How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?", "answer": "around 95 million years ago"}, {"question": "What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?", "answer": "enantiornithes"}, {"question": "Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?", "answer": "opposite birds"}, {"question": "What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?", "answer": "enantiornithes"}, {"question": "When did enantiornithes become extinct?", "answer": "end of the Mesozoic era"}, {"question": "What does Euornithes mean?", "answer": "true birds"}, {"question": "Why does Euornithes mean \"true birds?\"", "answer": "because they include the ancestors of modern birds"}, {"question": "What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?", "answer": "Euornithes"}, {"question": "What may have replaced the \"hind wing\" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?", "answer": "fully mobile fan of tail feathers"}, {"question": "All modern birds lie within which crown group?", "answer": "Aves"}, {"question": "What is another name for Aves?", "answer": "Neornithes"}, {"question": "The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?", "answer": "Aves"}, {"question": "What is the number range of living bird species?", "answer": "9,800 to 10,050"}, {"question": "What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?", "answer": "Galloanserae"}, {"question": "What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?", "answer": "Galloanserae"}, {"question": "Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?", "answer": "Anseriformes"}, {"question": "The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?", "answer": "Galliformes"}, {"question": "Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "What do scientists disagree about?", "answer": "relationships between the orders themselves"}, {"question": "What do scientists tend to agree on?", "answer": "the assignment of orders is accurate"}, {"question": "Birds live on how many continents?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?", "answer": "tropical"}, {"question": "Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?", "answer": "980"}, {"question": "Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?", "answer": "to breed"}, {"question": "The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?", "answer": "game bird"}, {"question": "Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?", "answer": "agricultural practices created suitable new habitat"}, {"question": "Where have many birds established breeding populations?", "answer": "in areas to which they have been introduced by humans"}, {"question": "What consists of very lightweight bones?", "answer": "The skeleton"}, {"question": "What does the skeleton consist of?", "answer": "very lightweight bones"}, {"question": "What are pneumatic cavities?", "answer": "large air-filled cavities"}, {"question": "What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?", "answer": "pneumatic cavities"}, {"question": "What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?", "answer": "synsacrum"}, {"question": "What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?", "answer": "uricotelic"}, {"question": "Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?", "answer": "ostrich"}, {"question": "What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?", "answer": "cloaca"}, {"question": "How do most birds mate?", "answer": "by joining cloaca"}, {"question": "What aids birds with flight?", "answer": "rapid digestion"}, {"question": "Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?", "answer": "Birds"}, {"question": "Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?", "answer": "directly into the lungs"}, {"question": "Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?", "answer": "syrinx"}, {"question": "What is the syrinx?", "answer": "a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes"}, {"question": "The avian circulatory system is driven by what?", "answer": "four-chambered, myogenic heart"}, {"question": "Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?", "answer": "fibrous pericardial sac"}, {"question": "What lubricates the pericardial sac?", "answer": "serous fluid"}, {"question": "Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?", "answer": "allows more blood to be pumped"}, {"question": "Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?", "answer": "to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction"}, {"question": "What moves through the arteries?", "answer": "Blood"}, {"question": "What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?", "answer": "Capillaries"}, {"question": "What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?", "answer": "vasodilation"}, {"question": "Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?", "answer": "nervous system"}, {"question": "What is tetrachromatic?", "answer": "possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones"}, {"question": "Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?", "answer": "courtship"}, {"question": "What regulates breeding activities?", "answer": "photo-receptive cells in"}, {"question": "What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?", "answer": "nictitating membrane"}, {"question": "What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?", "answer": "pecten"}, {"question": "Which birds have a wide visual field?", "answer": "Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads"}, {"question": "What kind of vision do owls have?", "answer": "binocular vision"}, {"question": "Where is a bird's cochlea located?", "answer": "inner ear"}, {"question": "What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?", "answer": "intraspecific conflicts"}, {"question": "What is another name for Anhimidae?", "answer": "screamers"}, {"question": "What is another name for steamer ducks?", "answer": "Tachyeres"}, {"question": "What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?", "answer": "bony knob on the alular metacarpal"}, {"question": "What is a feature characteristic of birds?", "answer": "Feathers"}, {"question": "What feature of a bird facilitate flight?", "answer": "Feathers"}, {"question": "What is pterylae?", "answer": "specific tracts of skin"}, {"question": "What is regularly moulted?", "answer": "Plumage"}, {"question": "What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?", "answer": "\"non-breeding\" plumage"}, {"question": "How often does moulting occur in most species?", "answer": "annual"}, {"question": "What type of birds may moult only once every few years?", "answer": "large birds of prey"}, {"question": "How often do birds groom their feathers?", "answer": "daily"}, {"question": "What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?", "answer": "9%"}, {"question": "What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?", "answer": "The bill"}, {"question": "What is the process of removing feather parasites?", "answer": "anting"}, {"question": "What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?", "answer": "Most birds can fly,"}, {"question": "What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?", "answer": "Flight"}, {"question": "How many large flight muscles do birds have?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?", "answer": "60"}, {"question": "What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?", "answer": "generalists"}, {"question": "What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?", "answer": "specialists"}, {"question": "What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?", "answer": "Nectar feeders"}, {"question": "What is the term for stealing food items from other birds?", "answer": "kleptoparasitism"}, {"question": "What is kleptoparasitism?", "answer": "stealing food items from other birds"}, {"question": "A vulture is what type of bird?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?", "answer": "wetting their belly feathers"}, {"question": "What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?", "answer": "The pigeon family"}, {"question": "What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?", "answer": "crop milk"}, {"question": "What is crop milk?", "answer": "a nutritive fluid"}, {"question": "Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?", "answer": "preen gland"}, {"question": "What do birds bathe in?", "answer": "water or dust"}, {"question": "What is anting?", "answer": "bird encourages ants to run through their plumage"}, {"question": "What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?", "answer": "anting"}, {"question": "When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?", "answer": "Before migration"}, {"question": "What is the flight range of landbirds?", "answer": "2,500 km (1,600 mi)"}, {"question": "What is the flight range of shoebirds?", "answer": "4,000 km (2,500 mi)"}, {"question": "Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?", "answer": "bar-tailed godwit"}, {"question": "Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?", "answer": "Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean"}, {"question": "In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory", "answer": "44%"}, {"question": "In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory", "answer": "32%"}, {"question": "What is most often triggered by temperature changes?", "answer": "Altitudinal migration"}, {"question": "Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?", "answer": "Parrots"}, {"question": "In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?", "answer": "diurnal migrants"}, {"question": "Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?", "answer": "the Earth's geomagnetism"}, {"question": "What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?", "answer": "internal clock"}, {"question": "What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?", "answer": "plumage"}, {"question": "What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?", "answer": "Variation in plumage"}, {"question": "Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?", "answer": "ritualised displays"}, {"question": "What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?", "answer": "Calls"}, {"question": "What do some birds use for auditory communication?", "answer": "mechanical sounds"}, {"question": "Which type of birds use tools to drum?", "answer": "palm"}, {"question": "Which birds drum territorially?", "answer": "woodpeckers"}, {"question": "What are the principal benefits of flocking?", "answer": "safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency"}, {"question": "What is a cost of flocking?", "answer": "bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds"}, {"question": "What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?", "answer": "Defence against predators"}, {"question": "Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?", "answer": "vigilant sleep"}, {"question": "What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?", "answer": "Swifts"}, {"question": "Why is communal roosting common?", "answer": "because it lowers the loss of body heat"}, {"question": "These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.", "answer": "Perching birds"}, {"question": "Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost?", "answer": "in trees"}, {"question": "A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down?", "answer": "Loriculus"}, {"question": "What type of birds go into a nightly state of torpor?", "answer": "Some hummingbirds"}, {"question": "Birds do not have what type of glands:?", "answer": "sweat"}, {"question": "What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?", "answer": "Ninety-five percent"}, {"question": "What is extra-pair copulation?", "answer": "infidelity"}, {"question": "What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?", "answer": "sperm storage mechanisms"}, {"question": "Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?", "answer": "to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise"}, {"question": "Which gender typically performs some form of courtship display?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "Most courtship displays involve some type of what?", "answer": "song"}, {"question": "Which gender generally drive partner selection?:", "answer": "Females"}, {"question": "Generally, when is courtship feeding and billing performed between partners?", "answer": "after the birds have paired and mated"}, {"question": "What kind of eggs to all birds lay?", "answer": "amniotic eggs"}, {"question": "All birds lay eggs with hard shells made mostly out of what?", "answer": "calcium carbonate"}, {"question": "What kind of eggs do open nesters lay?", "answer": "camouflaged eggs"}, {"question": "What type of birds lay white or pale eggs?", "answer": "Hole and burrow nesting species"}, {"question": "Where do birds usually lay their eggs?", "answer": "nest"}, {"question": "What type of birds lay its eggs on bare rock?", "answer": "cliff-nesting common guillemot"}, {"question": "Where do male emporer penguins keep eggs?", "answer": "between their body and feet"}, {"question": "Which type of bird nests are no more than a scrape on the ground?", "answer": "albatross"}, {"question": "What process optimises temperature for chick development?", "answer": "Incubation"}, {"question": "When does incubation begin?", "answer": "after the last egg has been laid"}, {"question": "What are areas of bare skin on the abdomen or breast of incubating birds?", "answer": "brood patches"}, {"question": "How many days is the incubation period for woodpeckers?", "answer": "10 days"}, {"question": "How many days is the incubation period for kiwis?", "answer": "over 80 days"}, {"question": "When does parental care end in megapodes?", "answer": "at hatching"}, {"question": "What type of seabird has the longest period of parental care?", "answer": "frigatebird"}, {"question": "What is the period of breeding during which one of the adult birds is always present at the nest?", "answer": "chick guard stage"}, {"question": "Alloparenting is particulary common with what species?", "answer": "Corvida"}, {"question": "True crows belong to what group?", "answer": "Corvida"}, {"question": "What is more common in birds than any other vertebrate class?", "answer": "male parental care"}, {"question": "Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?", "answer": "chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets"}, {"question": "Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.", "answer": "ducks"}, {"question": "When do most species of chicks leave the nest?", "answer": "just before, or soon after, they are able to fly"}, {"question": "What is it called when an egg-layer leaves her eggs with another individual's brood?", "answer": "Brood parasitism"}, {"question": "How many bird species are obligate parasites?", "answer": "One hundred"}, {"question": "What type of birds lay eggs in the nests of conspecifics to increase their reproductive output?", "answer": "non-obligate brood parasites"}, {"question": "What is the most famous example of sexual selection?", "answer": "peacock tail"}, {"question": "What is intersexual selection also known as?", "answer": "female choice"}, {"question": "What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?", "answer": "intrasexual competition"}, {"question": "What is it called when there is greater than 30 percent reduction in hatchability of eggs?", "answer": "inbreeding depression"}, {"question": "What can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding?", "answer": "Females paired with related males may undertake extra pair matings"}, {"question": "What percentage of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair of young?", "answer": "43%"}, {"question": "What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?", "answer": "Cooperative breeding"}, {"question": "What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?", "answer": "Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals"}, {"question": "Why is inbreeding avoided?", "answer": "because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness"}, {"question": "What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?", "answer": "Aquatic birds"}, {"question": "What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?", "answer": "Forest birds"}, {"question": "What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?", "answer": "Birds of prey"}, {"question": "What are often important to island ecology?", "answer": "Birds"}, {"question": "What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?", "answer": "Nesting seabirds"}, {"question": "In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?", "answer": "moas"}, {"question": "Why have humans had a relationship with birds since the dawn of man?", "answer": "Since birds are highly visible and common animals"}, {"question": "What is it called when the house sparrow has benefited from human activity?", "answer": "commensal"}, {"question": "What have threatened numerous bird species with extinction?", "answer": "Human activities"}, {"question": "What are domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs?", "answer": "poultry"}, {"question": "What is the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans?", "answer": "poultry"}, {"question": "In 2003, how many tons of poultry were produced worldwide?", "answer": "76 million tons"}, {"question": "What is primarily a recreational activity except in extremely underdeveloped areas?", "answer": "Bird hunting"}, {"question": "Why have birds been domesticated by humans?", "answer": "both as pets and for practical purposes"}, {"question": "What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?", "answer": "Colourful birds"}, {"question": "How long have messenger pigeons been used?", "answer": "since at least 1 AD"}, {"question": "What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?", "answer": "Birds"}, {"question": "The word auspicious is derived from which word?", "answer": "auspex"}, {"question": "What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?", "answer": "mythical chullumpi bird"}, {"question": "When were birds represented in early cave paintings?", "answer": "since prehistoric times"}, {"question": "What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?", "answer": "Pou\u0101kai"}, {"question": "John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?", "answer": "National Audubon Society"}, {"question": "What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?", "answer": "nightingales"}, {"question": "The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?", "answer": "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"}, {"question": "How many bird species have gone extinct in historical times?", "answer": "Over a hundred"}, {"question": "How many species are listed as threatened by BirdLife International and the IUCN?", "answer": "1,227"}, {"question": "When did the most dramatic human-caused avian extinctions occur?", "answer": "during the human colonisation of Melanesian, Polynesian, and Micronesian islands"}, {"question": "What was the last Chinese dynasty?", "answer": "Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty"}, {"question": "When did the Manchu dynasty rule?", "answer": "1644 to 1912"}, {"question": "What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?", "answer": "Ming"}, {"question": "What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?", "answer": "Republic of China"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?", "answer": "Qing"}, {"question": "Who started the Manchun dynasty?", "answer": "Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan"}, {"question": "Where did this dynasty form?", "answer": "Manchuria"}, {"question": "Name a peasant rebel leader?", "answer": "Li Zicheng"}, {"question": "Where was the ming capital?", "answer": "Beijing"}, {"question": "What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?", "answer": "Shanhai Pass"}, {"question": "What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?", "answer": "(1735\u20131796)"}, {"question": "When was the Taiping rebellion?", "answer": "(1850\u201364)"}, {"question": "When was the Dungan Revolt?", "answer": "(1862\u201377)"}, {"question": "How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?", "answer": "20 million people"}, {"question": "When was the first Sino-Japanese War?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What started on October 11, 1911?", "answer": "Xinhai Revolution"}, {"question": "Who was the last Qing emperor?", "answer": "Puyi"}, {"question": "When did he step down?", "answer": "February 12, 1912"}, {"question": "Who named himself the Bright Khan?", "answer": "Nurhaci"}, {"question": "Who renamed the Qing dynasty in 1363?", "answer": "Hong Taiji"}, {"question": "What imagery is suggested in the Chinese characters of the dynasties new name?", "answer": "water imagery"}, {"question": "What language did the dynasties name come from originall?", "answer": "Mongolian"}, {"question": "What Mongolian word did Qing dynasty get it's name from?", "answer": "Mongolian word that means \"warrior\""}, {"question": "After taking the bulk of China what did the Manchuse call their state?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What does China mean?", "answer": "Middle Kingdom"}, {"question": "What ethnice groups did the Qing thin made up China?", "answer": "Han and non-Han peoples"}, {"question": "What ethnic group make up the most people in China?", "answer": "Han Chinese"}, {"question": "Who founded the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "Jurchen"}, {"question": "What type of lifestyle did the Jurchen live?", "answer": "sedentary farming"}, {"question": "What parts of China did they come from?", "answer": "Jilin and Heilongjiang"}, {"question": "Were the Manchu's nomadic?", "answer": "farming people"}, {"question": "Where did Nurhachi move his court to?", "answer": "Liaodong"}, {"question": "Where did Nurhachi move his court from?", "answer": "Jianzhou"}, {"question": "Who posed a threat to the Chinese borders?", "answer": "Mongol nation"}, {"question": "What group did the Manchus take over to add strength to their numbers?", "answer": "Mongols"}, {"question": "What weapon helped the Ming defeat the Manchus?", "answer": "artillery"}, {"question": "When did the Manchus create their own artillery?", "answer": "1641"}, {"question": "When were the first couple Han Banners founded?", "answer": "1637"}, {"question": "When did the Han Banners grow to eight?", "answer": "1642"}, {"question": "Which leader defeated the Ming armies?", "answer": "Hong Taiji"}, {"question": "Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?", "answer": "Chongzhen Emperor"}, {"question": "Where did the Ming armies retreat to?", "answer": "north of the Great Wall"}, {"question": "Who included newly conquered Ming officials in his government?", "answer": "Hong Taiji"}, {"question": "Where did a Han revolt occur?", "answer": "Liaodong"}, {"question": "When did a Han revolt occur?", "answer": "1623"}, {"question": "What proportion of bannerman were Manchu by 1648?", "answer": "one-sixth"}, {"question": "When did Hong Taiji die?", "answer": "September 1643"}, {"question": "Who was his heir?", "answer": "without a designated heir"}, {"question": "Who were the likely heirs?", "answer": "Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon"}, {"question": "Who became the emperor?", "answer": "Fulin"}, {"question": "Who raided Beijing in 1644?", "answer": "Li Zicheng"}, {"question": "Who was Li Zicheng?", "answer": "former minor Ming official"}, {"question": "What dynasty did Zicheng form?", "answer": "Shun"}, {"question": "Who was the last Ming leader?", "answer": "Chongzhen Emperor"}, {"question": "How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?", "answer": "suicide"}, {"question": "How big was Li Zicheng's army?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?", "answer": "Wu Sangui"}, {"question": "What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?", "answer": "Wu Sangui"}, {"question": "Who beat Li Zicheng's army?", "answer": "Wu and Dorgon"}, {"question": "When did the battle take place?", "answer": "May 27, 1644"}, {"question": "When did Beijing fall?", "answer": "June 6"}, {"question": "What was the Shunzi Emperor called?", "answer": "\"Son of Heaven\""}, {"question": "When did the Shunzhi emperor become the Son of Heaven?", "answer": "October 30"}, {"question": "How long did it take for the Manchus to take the rest of China?", "answer": "seventeen years"}, {"question": "Who did the Manchus struggle against?", "answer": "Ming loyalists"}, {"question": "Who made up the Han Chinese Banners?", "answer": "Han Chinese"}, {"question": "What percent of bannermen did the Han represent?", "answer": "75%"}, {"question": "Who besides the Manchus and the Han made up the Eight Banners?", "answer": "Mongol"}, {"question": "Who were the three Liandong Han bannermen who were instrumental in the taking of southern China?", "answer": "Shang Kexi, Geng Zhongming, and Kong Youde"}, {"question": "What part of China did Kexi, Zhongming, and Youde rule?", "answer": "southern China"}, {"question": "What was the three Han Bannermen position called?", "answer": "viceroys"}, {"question": "Who made Beijing his capital?", "answer": "Dorgon"}, {"question": "Whose capital was Beijing before the Manchu's?", "answer": "Ming"}, {"question": "Why did Dorgon keep Beijing as his capital?", "answer": "stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country"}, {"question": "What did Dorgon declare in July of 1645?", "answer": "the \"haircutting order\")"}, {"question": "What was the peoples description of the haircutting order?", "answer": "\"To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair.\""}, {"question": "How did the Ming's typically wear their hair>", "answer": "top-knot"}, {"question": "What city was massacred for not wearing the proper haircut?", "answer": "Jiading"}, {"question": "Who was a threat to Shunzhi's throne?", "answer": "Dorgon"}, {"question": "What was Dorgon known as after death?", "answer": "Emperor Yi"}, {"question": "Who was Shunzhi's oldest brother?", "answer": "Hooge"}, {"question": "When did Shunzhi's death?", "answer": "1661"}, {"question": "How old was Shunzhi at his death?", "answer": "twenty-four"}, {"question": "Who did the Manchus send to battle Koxinga's troops?", "answer": "Han Bannermen"}, {"question": "Where did the fight between Ming loyalists and Manchus occur?", "answer": "Fujian"}, {"question": "What were the Manchus accused of being afraid of?", "answer": "water"}, {"question": "How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?", "answer": "sixty-one year"}, {"question": "Who had the longest rule of any emperor?", "answer": "Kangxi"}, {"question": "What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?", "answer": "High Qing"}, {"question": "How old was Kangxi when he took over?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Who ruled while Kangxi was young?", "answer": "Oboi"}, {"question": "What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?", "answer": "Confucian"}, {"question": "What declaration solidified Confucian values?", "answer": "Sacred Edict of 1670"}, {"question": "Who did the Manchu appeal to?", "answer": "Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur"}, {"question": "What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?", "answer": "Jesuit missionaries"}, {"question": "Who was the most important Ming general?", "answer": "Wu Sangui"}, {"question": "What provinces did Sangui control?", "answer": "Yunnan and Guizhou"}, {"question": "Name the other two important Ming generals?", "answer": "Shang Kexi and Geng Jingzhong"}, {"question": "Which provinces did Kexi and Jingzhong receive?", "answer": "Guangdong and Fujian"}, {"question": "When did Kexi retire?", "answer": "1673"}, {"question": "Who did Kexi thing should take over for him?", "answer": "his son"}, {"question": "What happened when Kexi, and the two other generals all retired?", "answer": "all three fiefdoms to be reverted to the crown."}, {"question": "How long did the Revolt of the Three Feudatories last?", "answer": "eight years"}, {"question": "Who declared himself emperor?", "answer": "Wu"}, {"question": "When did the Qing regain power over southern China?", "answer": "1681"}, {"question": "Who did the Qing think were the better soldiers to battle Han Chinese?", "answer": "other Han people"}, {"question": "How many Green Standard Army soldiers  were on the Qing side?", "answer": "400,000"}, {"question": "When did Wu destroy the Qing armies?", "answer": "1673-1674"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did the Qing fight back with?", "answer": "900,000"}, {"question": "What happened to Wu's army?", "answer": "crushed by the Green Standard Army"}, {"question": "Where did Kangxi lead an army?", "answer": "Outer Mongolia"}, {"question": "Who did Kangxi fight?", "answer": "Dzungars"}, {"question": "When was Galdan killed?", "answer": "Dzungar\u2013Qing War"}, {"question": "When did Taiwan fall?", "answer": "1683"}, {"question": "What European country did Kangxi fight?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "When did Kangxi die?", "answer": "1722"}, {"question": "Who took Kangxi's place?", "answer": "Prince Yong"}, {"question": "How old was Yongzheng when he took over?", "answer": "45"}, {"question": "Who did Yongzheng behead?", "answer": "anti-Manchu writer"}, {"question": "What religion did Yongzheng ban?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "When did Yongzheng ban christianity?", "answer": "1723"}, {"question": "What did Yongzheng crack down on?", "answer": "collection of the land tax"}, {"question": "Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?", "answer": "Zhu Zhiliang"}, {"question": "When did Yongzheng give this title?", "answer": "1725"}, {"question": "What was Zhu's job?", "answer": "perform rituals"}, {"question": "When was the Treaty of Kyakhta written?", "answer": "1727"}, {"question": "Who was the partner in the Treaty of Kyakhta?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What did the treaty give to the Russians?", "answer": "territory and trading rights"}, {"question": "What did the Qing get from the Treaty of Kyakhta?", "answer": "Mongolia"}, {"question": "How many books were in the Siku Quanshu?", "answer": "3,400 books"}, {"question": "How many volumes were in the Siku Quanshu?", "answer": "36,304 volumes"}, {"question": "Who created the Siku Quanshu?", "answer": "Qianlong"}, {"question": "How many literary persecutions were there under Qianlongs reign?", "answer": "53"}, {"question": "What crops helped the Chinese?", "answer": "potato and peanut"}, {"question": "What led to overpopulation in China?", "answer": "prosperity and internal stability"}, {"question": "How many people lived in China at the start of the 18th century?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "How many people lived in China at the end of the 20th century?", "answer": "300 million"}, {"question": "What was the last part of China with farmland left?", "answer": "Manchuria"}, {"question": "Where did Hans go to to find land?", "answer": "Manchuria"}, {"question": "How much land did the Han cultivate?", "answer": "500,000 hectares"}, {"question": "What percent of the population in Manchuria was Han?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "Where were starving Han sent by the Qing?", "answer": "Manchuria and Inner Mongolia"}, {"question": "How much land did the Han farm in Inner Mongolia?", "answer": "tens of thousands of hectares"}, {"question": "What other types of land were the Han allowed to farm?", "answer": "\"imperial estates\" and Manchu Bannerlands"}, {"question": "Who was the emperor in the later half of the 18th century?", "answer": "Qianlong"}, {"question": "What ethnicity was the majority in urban Manchuria?", "answer": "Han Chinese"}, {"question": "Which empires grew during the 18th century?", "answer": "European states"}, {"question": "What were the economies of the European empires built on?", "answer": "maritime trade"}, {"question": "What country near China did the Europeans first control?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?", "answer": "Canton"}, {"question": "Which two European companies traded in Canton?", "answer": "British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company"}, {"question": "What products from China did Europeans want?", "answer": "silk, tea, and ceramics"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese want in return?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "What were the British and French concerned about?", "answer": "imbalance of trade and the drain of silver"}, {"question": "What else did the Chinese want from the British?", "answer": "opium"}, {"question": "Where was opium made?", "answer": "Bengal"}, {"question": "Who fought the Qing in the First Opium War?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "When did the Qing surrender to the British?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "What treaty marked the end of the First Opium War?", "answer": "Treaty of Nanjing,"}, {"question": "What 5 ports did the treaty force open?", "answer": "Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo and Shanghai"}, {"question": "What island was given to the British?", "answer": "Hong Kong Island"}, {"question": "What marked the first occurence of anti-Manchu feeling?", "answer": "The Taiping Rebellion"}, {"question": "Who led the Rebellion?", "answer": "Hong Xiuquan"}, {"question": "When did the Rebellion start?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "What entity was established in Guizhou province?", "answer": "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom"}, {"question": "Who was king of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom?", "answer": "Hong"}, {"question": "Were the European empires satisfied or unsatisfied by the Treaty of Nanjing?", "answer": "unsatisfied"}, {"question": "Who did the Europeans support during the Rebellions?", "answer": "Qing government"}, {"question": "When did the British try to redo the Treaty of Nanjing?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "Whed did the British and French invade Beijing?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "Where did the emperor go?", "answer": "Rehe"}, {"question": "What happened to the Old Summer Palace?", "answer": "burnt it to the ground"}, {"question": "What did Prince Gong sign?", "answer": "Convention of Beijing"}, {"question": "Who put down the rebellions?", "answer": "Zuo Zongtang"}, {"question": "How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What year did Tongzhi take power?", "answer": "1861"}, {"question": "What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?", "answer": "western military technology"}, {"question": "What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?", "answer": "Beiyang Army"}, {"question": "Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?", "answer": "Russian"}, {"question": "When was the Tientsin Massacre?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?", "answer": "murder of French nuns"}, {"question": "When was the Cochinchina Campaign?", "answer": "1858"}, {"question": "Which territory did France control?", "answer": "Indochina"}, {"question": "What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?", "answer": "naval weakness"}, {"question": "Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?", "answer": "Edward L. Dreyer"}, {"question": "When was the Arrow War?", "answer": "(1856\u201360)"}, {"question": "Where did the French and English land in 1860?", "answer": "Gulf of Zhili"}, {"question": "What coup happened in 1884?", "answer": "Gapsin Coup"}, {"question": "Who was involved in the Gapsin Coup?", "answer": "pro-Japanese Koreans"}, {"question": "What resulted between the Chinese and Japanese after the Coup?", "answer": "Tensions"}, {"question": "Who signed the Convention of Tientsin?", "answer": "It\u014d Hirobumi and Li Hongzhang"}, {"question": "When did the First Sino-Japanese War happen?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What was the name of Xianfeng's concubine?", "answer": "Cixi"}, {"question": "Who was Cixi's son?", "answer": "Tongzhi"}, {"question": "When did Tongzhi Emperor die?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "Who took over from Tongzhi?", "answer": "Guangxu"}, {"question": "Where did the Empress Dowager spend most of her time?", "answer": "Summer Palace"}, {"question": "When were two missionaries killed?", "answer": "November 1, 1897,"}, {"question": "Where were the missionaries killed?", "answer": "Shandong Province"}, {"question": "What was the murders of the missionaries called?", "answer": "Juye Incident"}, {"question": "Name an advisor to Guangxu?", "answer": "Kang Youwei"}, {"question": "What did the emperor do in response to so many defeats by the Europeans?", "answer": "Hundred Days' Reform of 1898"}, {"question": "Who took over the policy of China?", "answer": "empress dowager"}, {"question": "Where was there a drought?", "answer": "North China"}, {"question": "What was another name for the Boxers?", "answer": "Righteous and Harmonious Fists"}, {"question": "When did the Boxers begin to kill missionaries and Chinese Christians?", "answer": "1900"}, {"question": "Who invaded China?", "answer": "A coalition of European, Japanese, and Russian armies"}, {"question": "Where did Cixi go after Beijing fell to the 8 armies?", "answer": "Xi'an"}, {"question": "What did Cixi do in 1901?", "answer": "issued an imperial edict"}, {"question": "What were the governments New Policies also called?", "answer": "\"Late Qing Reform\""}, {"question": "When were imperial examinations halted?", "answer": "1905"}, {"question": "What year did Guangxu die?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "What year did Cixi die?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "Who ruled after Guangxu?", "answer": "Prince Chun"}, {"question": "How old was Prince Chun?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What year was the Republic of China created?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "Who led the Qing?", "answer": "Yuan Shikai"}, {"question": "Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?", "answer": "Sun Yat-sen"}, {"question": "Who led the Republic of China?", "answer": "Sun Yat-sen,"}, {"question": "Who became the President?", "answer": "Yuan"}, {"question": "What year did the end of Imperial China occur?", "answer": "1912"}, {"question": "How long did Imperial China last for?", "answer": "2,000 years"}, {"question": "When was Manchukuo created?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "Han Chinese and Manchus"}, {"question": "Where did the Qing find their officials?", "answer": "imperial examination system"}, {"question": "How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Who was the main leader of the Qing?", "answer": "Emperor"}, {"question": "Which ethnicities made up the Qing government?", "answer": "Manchu noblemen and Han officials"}, {"question": "What happened to the Grand Secretariat?", "answer": "evolved into an imperial chancery"}, {"question": "Who controlled the \"Inner Court\"?", "answer": "imperial family and Manchu nobility"}, {"question": "Where was the Inner Court?", "answer": "Forbidden City"}, {"question": "What was the Grand Council?", "answer": "core institution of the inner court"}, {"question": "What shape of emblem signified a Han official?", "answer": "square emblem"}, {"question": "What shape of emblam signified members of the royal family?", "answer": "circular"}, {"question": "Which two ethnicities made up each position in government?", "answer": "Manchu and a Han Chinese"}, {"question": "Who governed the areas of Tibet and Mongolia?", "answer": "Lifan Yuan"}, {"question": "Who administered the minority groups?", "answer": "Lifan Yuan"}, {"question": "How many boards were there in the Qing government?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "What was the foreign service called?", "answer": "Zongli Yamen"}, {"question": "Who performed the tasks of the Zongli Yamen before it was created?", "answer": "Board of Rites and Lifan Yuan"}, {"question": "What was the war called fought between the British and French against the Qing?", "answer": "Second Opium War"}, {"question": "Which emperor followed Shunzhi?", "answer": "Kangxi"}, {"question": "Where were textile factories located?", "answer": "Jiangnan region"}, {"question": "What did China trade with Tibet and Mongolia?", "answer": "jade, ginseng, salt, furs"}, {"question": "What century did Qing China stretch to its largest?", "answer": "18th century"}, {"question": "How many kilometers was Qing China at its height?", "answer": "13 million km2"}, {"question": "How many provinces were there at the height of Qing China?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "When did Japan take over Taiwan?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "How did the Japanese win Taiwan?", "answer": "First Sino-Japanese"}, {"question": "What two provinces were formed from Huguang?", "answer": "Hubei and Hunan"}, {"question": "What was the name of the highest ranking official in a province?", "answer": "governor"}, {"question": "What were provinces broken up into?", "answer": "prefectures"}, {"question": "What is another name for the main 18 provinces?", "answer": "China proper"}, {"question": "How many viceroys were there in China Proper?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "When did Tibet become part of Qing China?", "answer": "mid-18th century"}, {"question": "What was the main government entity that ran the territories like Tibet?", "answer": "Lifan Yuan"}, {"question": "What is another name for Chinese Turkestan?", "answer": "Xinjiang"}, {"question": "Which emperor allowed Han migration to Dzungaria?", "answer": "Qianlong"}, {"question": "Who first ran Manchuria?", "answer": "military generals"}, {"question": "What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?", "answer": "khan"}, {"question": "Who ruled Kashgaria?", "answer": "Yaqub Beg"}, {"question": "Who supported Beg?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "When did the British invade Tibet?", "answer": "early 20th century"}, {"question": "What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?", "answer": "1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention"}, {"question": "Who created the Eight Banners?", "answer": "Nurhaci"}, {"question": "How were the 8 banners recognized?", "answer": "color"}, {"question": "What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?", "answer": "Upper Three Banners"}, {"question": "What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?", "answer": "Manchus"}, {"question": "What were the rest of the banners called?", "answer": "Lower Five Banners"}, {"question": "How were Banner's organized?", "answer": "along ethnic lines"}, {"question": "Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?", "answer": "Manchu and Mongol"}, {"question": "Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?", "answer": "Han Bannermen"}, {"question": "What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?", "answer": "\"Tartarized Chinese\" or \"Tartarified Chinese\""}, {"question": "When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?", "answer": "Qianlong's reign"}, {"question": "What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?", "answer": "Taiping Rebellion"}, {"question": "What city did the Qing lose in 1853?", "answer": "Nanjing"}, {"question": "Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?", "answer": "Zeng Guofan"}, {"question": "What was Zeng Guofan?", "answer": "Xiang Army"}, {"question": "What was the Xiang Army named after?", "answer": "Hunan region where it was raised"}, {"question": "Who inspired Zeng Guofan in creating his army?", "answer": "Qi Jiguang"}, {"question": "What did Qi Jiguang's private army do?", "answer": "repel raiding Japanese pirates"}, {"question": "What was the original plan for the Xiang Army?", "answer": "eradicate the Taiping rebels"}, {"question": "What entity became the main Qing troops?", "answer": "Yongying corps"}, {"question": "Who paid for the Yongying?", "answer": "provincial coffers"}, {"question": "Who led the Yongying?", "answer": "regional commanders"}, {"question": "When was the Second Opium War?", "answer": "1860"}, {"question": "What happened to the Summer Palace?", "answer": "sacked"}, {"question": "How big was the French-British army?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?", "answer": "Self-Strengthening Movement"}, {"question": "Who beat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War?", "answer": "Japan"}, {"question": "Which fleet did the Japanese destroy?", "answer": "Beiyang Fleet"}, {"question": "When did the Qing decide to modernize their military?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "What was the new modern army called?", "answer": "the New Army"}, {"question": "Who became the President of the Republic of China?", "answer": "General Yuan Shikai"}, {"question": "What happened in early and middle Qing history?", "answer": "population growth"}, {"question": "How much did the population grow during the 18th century?", "answer": "doubled"}, {"question": "What were the 2 types of migration during the 18th century?", "answer": "permanent migration for resettlement, and relocation conceived by the party (in theory at least) as a temporary sojourn"}, {"question": "How many estates were there in Qing society?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What 2 groups were normal Chinese broken into?", "answer": "the good \"commoner\" people, the other \"mean\" people"}, {"question": "What was the legal term for commoner?", "answer": "liangmin"}, {"question": "What did China export?", "answer": "tea, silk and manufactures"}, {"question": "What did the Chinese get paid for their goods?", "answer": "silver"}, {"question": "When did the Chinese economy finally recover after the wars with the Mings?", "answer": "end of the 17th century"}, {"question": "What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?", "answer": "reduced the tax burden"}, {"question": "What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?", "answer": "rise slowly and smoothly"}, {"question": "What was the Great Divergence?", "answer": "Western world overtook China economically"}, {"question": "What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?", "answer": "300 million"}, {"question": "What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?", "answer": "peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops"}, {"question": "What crops were imported?", "answer": "peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice"}, {"question": "What arts were the Qing emperors good at?", "answer": "poetry and often skilled in painting"}, {"question": "What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?", "answer": "Peiwen Yunfu"}, {"question": "When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?", "answer": "1716"}, {"question": "When was the Siku Quanshu finished?", "answer": "1782"}, {"question": "Name three painters?", "answer": "Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626\u20131705) and Shitao (1641\u20131707)"}, {"question": "What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?", "answer": "Shanghai School and the Lingnan School"}, {"question": "Name two arts of the Four Arts?", "answer": "Calligraphy and painting"}, {"question": "What was the sign of a gentleman?", "answer": "Poetry"}, {"question": "Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?", "answer": "Strange Stories"}, {"question": "What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?", "answer": "Six Chapters of a Floating Life"}, {"question": "Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?", "answer": "Cao Xueqin"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?", "answer": "Yuan Mei"}, {"question": "What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?", "answer": "recipes"}, {"question": "What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?", "answer": "appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs"}, {"question": "Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?", "answer": "pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas"}, {"question": "What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?", "answer": "Pueblos ind\u00edgenas"}, {"question": "What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?", "answer": "Aborigen"}, {"question": "In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?", "answer": "Amerindian"}, {"question": "How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?", "answer": "Native Americans"}, {"question": "Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?", "answer": "Beringia"}, {"question": "What was Beringia?", "answer": "a land bridge which connected the two continents"}, {"question": "Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?", "answer": "13,500 years ago"}, {"question": "How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?", "answer": "a wide range of creation myths"}, {"question": "What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus? ", "answer": "Indian"}, {"question": "Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?", "answer": "East Indies"}, {"question": "Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?", "answer": "West Indies"}, {"question": "What is implied by the global term of \"Indian\"?", "answer": "some kind of racial or cultural unity"}, {"question": "Despite fitting under the umbrella label of \"Indian\", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?", "answer": "hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?", "answer": "aquaculture and agriculture"}, {"question": "What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?", "answer": "agricultural endowment"}, {"question": "What did many of the societies practice a mix of?", "answer": "farming, hunting, and gathering"}, {"question": "Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?", "answer": "Many parts of the Americas"}, {"question": "Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?", "answer": "At least a thousand"}, {"question": "What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?", "answer": "religion, social organization, and subsistence practices"}, {"question": "What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?", "answer": "Western culture"}, {"question": "How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?", "answer": "ongoing"}, {"question": "When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?", "answer": "last"}, {"question": "What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?", "answer": "falling sea levels"}, {"question": "A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?", "answer": "snowfall"}, {"question": "What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?", "answer": "Laurentide Ice Sheet"}, {"question": "What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?", "answer": "in isolation"}, {"question": "How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?", "answer": "10\u201320,000 years"}, {"question": "When did the glaciers begin to melt?", "answer": "16,500 years ago"}, {"question": "What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?", "answer": "Pleistocene megafauna"}, {"question": "What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?", "answer": "directly ancestral"}, {"question": "What populations is the individual closely related to?", "answer": "present North American Native American"}, {"question": "What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?", "answer": "early"}, {"question": "Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?", "answer": "ruled out"}, {"question": "The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?", "answer": "before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492"}, {"question": "When was Columbus' first voyage?", "answer": "1492"}, {"question": "In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?", "answer": "conquered or significantly influenced"}, {"question": "What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?", "answer": "\"Pre-Columbian\""}, {"question": "What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?", "answer": "Andes"}, {"question": "Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?", "answer": "pre-Columbian"}, {"question": "What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?", "answer": "Some of these civilizations"}, {"question": "How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?", "answer": "oral history and through archaeological investigations"}, {"question": "What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?", "answer": "written records"}, {"question": "What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?", "answer": "a few documents"}, {"question": "What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?", "answer": "many accomplishments"}, {"question": "What had the Aztec civilization constructed?", "answer": "one of the largest cities in the world"}, {"question": "How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?", "answer": "American"}, {"question": "How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?", "answer": "thousands"}, {"question": "What did the European colonization forever change?", "answer": "lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents"}, {"question": "How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?", "answer": "between 80 and 90%"}, {"question": "What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?", "answer": "disease"}, {"question": "What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?", "answer": "smallpox, measles, and cholera"}, {"question": "Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?", "answer": "lack of prior exposure"}, {"question": "Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?", "answer": "the 250,000 Ta\u00ednos of Hispaniola"}, {"question": "What did the Ta\u00ednos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?", "answer": "dominant culture"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Ta\u00ednos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Ta\u00ednos' population?", "answer": "no immunity to European diseases"}, {"question": "What led to the last great Ta\u00ednos rebellion?", "answer": "Increasing punishment"}, {"question": "What behaviors did the Ta\u00ednos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?", "answer": "suicidal"}, {"question": "What did Ta\u00ednos women start doing to their infants?", "answer": "aborting or killing"}, {"question": "Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?", "answer": "violent poison"}, {"question": "How many years was a Ta\u00ednos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?", "answer": "Francisco Barrionuevo"}, {"question": "What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?", "answer": "epidemic disease"}, {"question": "Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?", "answer": "90 to 95%"}, {"question": "How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?", "answer": "150 years"}, {"question": "What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?", "answer": "Smallpox"}, {"question": "How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?", "answer": "By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac"}, {"question": "What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?", "answer": "between 50 and 67 per cent"}, {"question": "How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?", "answer": "90 per cent"}, {"question": "Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?", "answer": "Europeans"}, {"question": "When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?", "answer": "by 1679"}, {"question": "What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?", "answer": "a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans"}, {"question": "What Empire brought horses to the Americas?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?", "answer": "7500 years"}, {"question": "What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?", "answer": "profound"}, {"question": "What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?", "answer": "great success"}, {"question": "What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?", "answer": "horses"}, {"question": "What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?", "answer": "a large array of plant species"}, {"question": "What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?", "answer": "50\u201360%"}, {"question": "How were new species and strains of crops developed?", "answer": "artificial selection"}, {"question": "What was the origin of maize?", "answer": "wild teosinte grasses"}, {"question": "What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "Where was a center of early agriculture?", "answer": "South American highlands"}, {"question": "Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "Where did the potato originate?", "answer": "area of southern Peru"}, {"question": "How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?", "answer": "10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?", "answer": "persistent drought"}, {"question": "When did the North American natives begin farming?", "answer": "approximately 4,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What had pottery become 4,000 years ago in the Americas?", "answer": "common"}, {"question": "What did technology make feasible when it came to trees?", "answer": "small-scale felling"}, {"question": "How did Archaic Indians use fire?", "answer": "a controlled manner"}, {"question": "What was the intentional burning of vegetation intended to mimic?", "answer": "effects of natural fires"}, {"question": "What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?", "answer": "Many crops"}, {"question": "What is arguably the most important crop in the world?", "answer": "corn"}, {"question": "Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?", "answer": "significant"}, {"question": "What type of bean is used to make chocolate?", "answer": "cocoa"}, {"question": "Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?", "answer": "indigenous Americans"}, {"question": "What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?", "answer": "Cultural practices"}, {"question": "What did people in the same reason adopt?", "answer": "similar technologies and social organizations"}, {"question": "Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?", "answer": "Mesoamerica"}, {"question": "How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?", "answer": "until the 19th century"}, {"question": "What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?", "answer": "buffalo"}, {"question": "What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?", "answer": "development of writing"}, {"question": "What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?", "answer": "the Mesoamerican region"}, {"question": "When were writing systems being created in the Americas?", "answer": "beginning in the 1st millennium BCE"}, {"question": "What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?", "answer": "extensive text"}, {"question": "When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?", "answer": "900 BCE"}, {"question": "What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?", "answer": "Maya"}, {"question": "What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?", "answer": "syllabic"}, {"question": "What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?", "answer": "spoken language of its community"}, {"question": "How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?", "answer": "more than one thousand"}, {"question": "How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?", "answer": "some two hundred"}, {"question": "Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?", "answer": "the sixteenth century"}, {"question": "What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?", "answer": "lawsuits and other legal matters"}, {"question": "What were Spanish translations at the time made for?", "answer": "legal cases"}, {"question": "What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?", "answer": "monophonic"}, {"question": "What did traditional Native American music center around?", "answer": "drumming"}, {"question": "What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?", "answer": "Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps"}, {"question": "How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?", "answer": "rivercane, cedar, and other woods"}, {"question": "How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?", "answer": "single"}, {"question": "What feature did the music of Central America have?", "answer": "pentatonic"}, {"question": "What role did music play in the religious festivities? ", "answer": "inseparable from"}, {"question": "What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?", "answer": "large variety of percussion and wind"}, {"question": "Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?", "answer": "a jar in Guatemala"}, {"question": "What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?", "answer": "a jaguar's growl"}, {"question": "What comprises a major category in the world art collection?", "answer": "Visual arts by indigenous peoples"}, {"question": "Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? ", "answer": "indigenous"}, {"question": "Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?", "answer": "too many artists were posing as Native Americans"}, {"question": "What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?", "answer": "a state or federally recognized tribe"}, {"question": "When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?", "answer": "about 600,329"}, {"question": "How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?", "answer": "113,680"}, {"question": "Who are the Quechua and Chorote?", "answer": "Minor but important peoples"}, {"question": "What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?", "answer": "The Selknam"}, {"question": "Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? ", "answer": "a handful of elderly people"}, {"question": "What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?", "answer": "62%"}, {"question": "What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?", "answer": "3.7%"}, {"question": "In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?", "answer": "66.4%"}, {"question": "How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?", "answer": "36"}, {"question": "How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?", "answer": "Bolivian highland peasants"}, {"question": "What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?", "answer": "dissolution of communal landholdings"}, {"question": "What took place frequently until 1953?", "answer": "Indigenous revolts"}, {"question": "What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?", "answer": "ethnic and class militancy"}, {"question": "What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?", "answer": "March for Territory and Dignity"}, {"question": "Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?", "answer": "Morales"}, {"question": "When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?", "answer": "affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves"}, {"question": "What did the President vow he would never betray?", "answer": "fight"}, {"question": "What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?", "answer": "divided"}, {"question": "How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?", "answer": "0.4%"}, {"question": "How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?", "answer": "millions"}, {"question": "Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?", "answer": "Indian reservations"}, {"question": "How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?", "answer": "67"}, {"question": "What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What is the term Eskimo said to mean?", "answer": "\"eater of raw meat.\""}, {"question": "First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?", "answer": "Aboriginal"}, {"question": "How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?", "answer": "Hundreds"}, {"question": "What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?", "answer": "The M\u00e9tis culture"}, {"question": "What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?", "answer": "Various laws, treaties, and legislation"}, {"question": "What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?", "answer": "relatively peaceful"}, {"question": "What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?", "answer": "national culture"}, {"question": "How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?", "answer": "late 18th century"}, {"question": "What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?", "answer": "cultures and contributions"}, {"question": "How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?", "answer": "over 600"}, {"question": "What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?", "answer": "4.6%"}, {"question": "What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?", "answer": "the Rapanui"}, {"question": "Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?", "answer": "the Mapuche"}, {"question": "How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?", "answer": "350 years"}, {"question": "When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "What was Ecuador the site of?", "answer": "many indigenous cultures"}, {"question": "Where did the Valdivia culture develop?", "answer": "coastal region"}, {"question": "What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?", "answer": "the Caras and the Quitus"}, {"question": "What culture did the Inca fear the most?", "answer": "The Ca\u00f1aris"}, {"question": "What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?", "answer": "architecture remains"}, {"question": "What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?", "answer": "96.4%"}, {"question": "Where do the Highland Quichuas live?", "answer": "valleys of the Sierra region"}, {"question": "Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?", "answer": "Inca"}, {"question": "What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?", "answer": "Kichwa"}, {"question": "The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?", "answer": "Highland Quichuas"}, {"question": "El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?", "answer": "the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira"}, {"question": "What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?", "answer": "Cuzcatlan"}, {"question": "What was the language of the Pipil?", "answer": "Nawat"}, {"question": "What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?", "answer": "barbaric invaders"}, {"question": "What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?", "answer": "Mestizo"}, {"question": "How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?", "answer": "About five percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?", "answer": "about ten percent"}, {"question": "Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? ", "answer": "rural westernmost areas"}, {"question": "The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?", "answer": "indigenous people"}, {"question": "What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?", "answer": "indigenous civilizations"}, {"question": "When did the Olmecs flourish?", "answer": "from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE"}, {"question": "Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?", "answer": "the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs"}, {"question": "Who lived in the Yucatan?", "answer": "the Maya"}, {"question": "Where was the Aztec's central capital located?", "answer": "Tenochtitlan"}, {"question": "What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? ", "answer": "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples"}, {"question": "What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?", "answer": "some public services and documents in their native languages"}, {"question": "How many languages have been giving the status of \"national languages\"?", "answer": "more than 60"}, {"question": "What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?", "answer": "bilingual primary and secondary education"}, {"question": "How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?", "answer": "about 67% of them"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?", "answer": "About 5%"}, {"question": "What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?", "answer": "Miskito"}, {"question": "How did Creole English come about?", "answer": "frequent contact with the British"}, {"question": "What didn't the king have in Miskito society?", "answer": "total power"}, {"question": "How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?", "answer": "some 10,000"}, {"question": "What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?", "answer": "45%"}, {"question": "What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?", "answer": "Native Peruvian traditions"}, {"question": "What is not very well developed in Peru?", "answer": "Cultural citizenship"}, {"question": "What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?", "answer": "Amazonian"}, {"question": "Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as \"American Indians\"?", "answer": "the contiguous United States"}, {"question": "How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?", "answer": "Alaska Natives"}, {"question": "Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?", "answer": "Polynesian"}, {"question": "How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?", "answer": "geographically and culturally"}, {"question": "What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?", "answer": "0.97% to 2%"}, {"question": "How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?", "answer": "5.2 million"}, {"question": "How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?", "answer": "1.8 million"}, {"question": "Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?", "answer": "Indian reservations"}, {"question": "What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?", "answer": "Haudenosaunee"}, {"question": "What do most Venezuelans have?", "answer": "some indigenous heritage"}, {"question": "How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?", "answer": "around 29"}, {"question": "Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?", "answer": "groups are very small"}, {"question": "Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?", "answer": "Timoto-cuicas"}, {"question": "What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?", "answer": "agricultural techniques used"}, {"question": "What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?", "answer": "The Native American name"}, {"question": "How may subsets of peoples be named?", "answer": "shared language, region, or historical relationship"}, {"question": "Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?", "answer": "English exonyms"}, {"question": "Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?", "answer": "earlier explorers and colonists"}, {"question": "Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?", "answer": "out of prejudice and fear"}, {"question": "What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?", "answer": "the ways they wish to be referred to"}, {"question": "What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?", "answer": "obsolete, inaccurate, or racist."}, {"question": "Who initially proposed using the term \"Native American\" to recognize the primacy of the native population?", "answer": "United States government"}, {"question": "What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?", "answer": "none"}, {"question": "Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?", "answer": "the Americas (mainly South America)"}, {"question": "What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?", "answer": "preservation of their culture"}, {"question": "What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?", "answer": "Indian Council of South America"}, {"question": "Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?", "answer": "Canada and the United States,"}, {"question": "Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?", "answer": "Representatives"}, {"question": "What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?", "answer": "destabilize the country"}, {"question": "What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?", "answer": "solidarity"}, {"question": "What did the forum question about US interference?", "answer": "diplomats and NGOs"}, {"question": "What was the forum suspicious of?", "answer": "plots against Bolivia and other countries"}, {"question": "What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?", "answer": "Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups"}, {"question": "How is Y-DNA passed along?", "answer": "patrilineal line"}, {"question": "Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?", "answer": "mtDNA"}, {"question": "What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?", "answer": "chance mutation"}, {"question": "What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?", "answer": "average continent-of-ancestry"}, {"question": "Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?", "answer": "Amerindians"}, {"question": "What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?", "answer": "Asian population"}, {"question": "When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?", "answer": "Middle Paleolithic"}, {"question": "When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?", "answer": "mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome"}, {"question": "What did human settlement of the New World occur in?", "answer": "stages"}, {"question": "How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?", "answer": "15,000 to 20,000-year"}, {"question": "What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?", "answer": "isolated since the initial colonization of the region"}, {"question": "What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?", "answer": "Alaskan"}, {"question": "What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?", "answer": "later migrant populations"}, {"question": "When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "How old was the young boy's remains?", "answer": "24,000-year-old"}, {"question": "What culture was the boy from?", "answer": "Mal'ta-Buret'"}, {"question": "What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?", "answer": "western Eurasians"}, {"question": "What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?", "answer": "14 to 38 percent"}, {"question": "What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?", "answer": "route through Beringia"}, {"question": "What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?", "answer": "similarities in ages and geographical distributions"}, {"question": "What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?", "answer": "the mtDNA phylogeny"}, {"question": "When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?", "answer": "an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America"}, {"question": "What spectrum of light is red within?", "answer": "visible light"}, {"question": "Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?", "answer": "violet"}, {"question": "On the spectrum of light, where is red found?", "answer": "620\u2013740 nanometres"}, {"question": "What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?", "answer": "orange"}, {"question": "Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?", "answer": "subtractive primary colors"}, {"question": "From where does the color red in blood come from?", "answer": "hemoglobin"}, {"question": "What does hemoglobin contain?", "answer": "iron"}, {"question": "What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?", "answer": "iron oxide"}, {"question": "Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?", "answer": "Rayleigh scattering"}, {"question": "What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?", "answer": "anthocyanins"}, {"question": "During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?", "answer": "Neolithic Period"}, {"question": "What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?", "answer": "the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees"}, {"question": "From where did Romans acquire Kermes?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rh\u00f4ne?", "answer": "Neolithic cave-burial"}, {"question": "What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?", "answer": "8th century BC"}, {"question": "In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?", "answer": "the Book of Exodus"}, {"question": "What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?", "answer": "colored twice with coccus"}, {"question": "In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?", "answer": "Kokkos"}, {"question": "What does Kokkos mean in english?", "answer": "a tiny grain"}, {"question": "In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?", "answer": "4th century"}, {"question": "When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?", "answer": "4000 BC"}, {"question": "What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?", "answer": "Red ochre"}, {"question": "What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?", "answer": "the rubia"}, {"question": "What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?", "answer": "ivory painter's palette"}, {"question": "What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?", "answer": "alizarin"}, {"question": "Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?", "answer": "Tyrian purple"}, {"question": "At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?", "answer": "holidays"}, {"question": "What is a flammeum?", "answer": "a red shawl"}, {"question": "What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?", "answer": "Red"}, {"question": "After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?", "answer": "triumph"}, {"question": "What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?", "answer": "vermilion"}, {"question": "From where did vermilion originate?", "answer": "the mineral cinnabar"}, {"question": "Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?", "answer": "mercury"}, {"question": "What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?", "answer": "Almad\u00e9n, southwest of Madrid, in Spain"}, {"question": "Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?", "answer": "prisoners"}, {"question": "Which European emperor painted their palace red?", "answer": "Emperor Charlemagne"}, {"question": "In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?", "answer": "1295"}, {"question": "When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?", "answer": "12th century"}, {"question": "Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?", "answer": "Abbe Suger"}, {"question": "Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?", "answer": "Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?", "answer": "wealth"}, {"question": "On what occasion would townspeople wear red?", "answer": "holidays"}, {"question": "What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?", "answer": "rubia tinctorum"}, {"question": "Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?", "answer": "during washing"}, {"question": "What was carmine made from?", "answer": "the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects"}, {"question": "How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?", "answer": "fire"}, {"question": "At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?", "answer": "all court ceremonies"}, {"question": "In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?", "answer": "Red"}, {"question": "Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?", "answer": "metal, wood, water"}, {"question": "During what years did the Song dynasty occur?", "answer": "906\u20131279"}, {"question": "Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?", "answer": "eighth and ninth"}, {"question": "Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?", "answer": "nobles"}, {"question": "who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?", "answer": "Cao Xueqin"}, {"question": "During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?", "answer": "1715\u20131763"}, {"question": "Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?", "answer": "Qing Dynasty"}, {"question": "In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?", "answer": "temples and imperial residences"}, {"question": "What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?", "answer": "Rubia"}, {"question": "Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?", "answer": "the wealthy"}, {"question": "The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?", "answer": "Polish Cochineal"}, {"question": "What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?", "answer": "Kermes vermilio"}, {"question": "The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?", "answer": "Margodes polonicus"}, {"question": "In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?", "answer": "16th"}, {"question": "Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?", "answer": "Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s"}, {"question": "During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?", "answer": "1519-1521"}, {"question": "How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?", "answer": "several times a year"}, {"question": "In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?", "answer": "1523"}, {"question": "What was kermes lake made from?", "answer": "kermes insects"}, {"question": "What was madder lake made from?", "answer": "rubia tinctorum plant"}, {"question": "What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?", "answer": "carmine"}, {"question": "During what century did carmine start to see use?", "answer": "15th"}, {"question": "What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?", "answer": "change color"}, {"question": "During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?", "answer": "French Revolution"}, {"question": "What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?", "answer": "red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap"}, {"question": "Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?", "answer": "celebrate"}, {"question": "During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?", "answer": "1792 and 1793"}, {"question": "Who was Saint Denis?", "answer": "Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris"}, {"question": "What was Turkey red called in France?", "answer": "rouge d'Adrinople"}, {"question": "In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?", "answer": "the 1740s"}, {"question": "What did turkey red get its color from?", "answer": "madder"}, {"question": "What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?", "answer": "carmine"}, {"question": "In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Who painted the Night Cafe?", "answer": "Vincent van Gogh"}, {"question": "In what year was The Night Cafe painted?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?", "answer": "Theo"}, {"question": "What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?", "answer": "red and green reinforced each other"}, {"question": "During which century did Matisse work?", "answer": "20th"}, {"question": "Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?", "answer": "strengthened"}, {"question": "What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?", "answer": "the central element"}, {"question": "In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?", "answer": "Harvard University"}, {"question": "What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?", "answer": "Naphtol and Lithol"}, {"question": "In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?", "answer": "ruined and had to be taken down"}, {"question": "What was red ochre composed of?", "answer": "minerals"}, {"question": "How were pigments like red lake created?", "answer": "mixing organic dyes"}, {"question": "What was red lake composed of?", "answer": "insects or plants, with white chalk or alum"}, {"question": "What was the source of color in Red lac?", "answer": "the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects"}, {"question": "The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?", "answer": "Red lac"}, {"question": "Which colors are part of the RGB model?", "answer": "red, green and blue"}, {"question": "What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?", "answer": "additive primary colors"}, {"question": "Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?", "answer": "red and blue"}, {"question": "Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?", "answer": "zero to 255,"}, {"question": "What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?", "answer": "16,777,216"}, {"question": "What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?", "answer": "255, 00, 00"}, {"question": "Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?", "answer": "220, 20, 60"}, {"question": "What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?", "answer": "Rayleigh"}, {"question": "What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?", "answer": "scatter more strongly"}, {"question": "What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?", "answer": "removed almost completely"}, {"question": "In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?", "answer": "longer"}, {"question": "When was the first ruby laser invented?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?", "answer": "Red helium\u2013neon"}, {"question": "What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?", "answer": "a 660 nm laser"}, {"question": "What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?", "answer": "671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers"}, {"question": "At which period of the year are phosphates high?", "answer": "the summer growing season"}, {"question": "What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?", "answer": "phosphate"}, {"question": "Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?", "answer": "the stem of the plant"}, {"question": "What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?", "answer": "anthocyanin pigments"}, {"question": "What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?", "answer": "greater the production of anthocyanins"}, {"question": "What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?", "answer": "pheomelanin"}, {"question": "There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?", "answer": "the lips"}, {"question": "Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?", "answer": "eumelanin"}, {"question": "In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?", "answer": "1510"}, {"question": "What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?", "answer": "fiery"}, {"question": "In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?", "answer": "the face"}, {"question": "Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?", "answer": "increased performance"}, {"question": "In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?", "answer": "tae kwon do"}, {"question": "What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?", "answer": "decreases performance"}, {"question": "The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?", "answer": "testosterone"}, {"question": "What trait do people most commonly link red with?", "answer": "courage"}, {"question": "Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?", "answer": "to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs"}, {"question": "What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?", "answer": "a red cross on a white field"}, {"question": "What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?", "answer": "St. George's Cross"}, {"question": "Who was Saint George believed to be?", "answer": "a Roman soldier"}, {"question": "When was Saint Valentine martyred?", "answer": "296 AD"}, {"question": "Who was Saint Valentine?", "answer": "a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest"}, {"question": "In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?", "answer": "14th"}, {"question": "In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?", "answer": "Islamic"}, {"question": "Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?", "answer": "Scarlet"}, {"question": "What good traits is the color red associated with in China?", "answer": "good fortune and prosperity"}, {"question": "In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "Who was Saint Nicholas?", "answer": "the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra"}, {"question": "In what nation is Myra?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it"}, {"question": "What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?", "answer": "they would show no mercy to their enemy"}, {"question": "Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?", "answer": "the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896"}, {"question": "Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?", "answer": "if there is danger to the drivers"}, {"question": "What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?", "answer": "a red penalty card"}, {"question": "In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?", "answer": "Vienna"}, {"question": "In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?", "answer": "Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968"}, {"question": "Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?", "answer": "danger and warning"}, {"question": "At what time is red at its brightest?", "answer": "daytime"}, {"question": "In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?", "answer": "to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person"}, {"question": "What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?", "answer": "People wearing red seem to be closer"}, {"question": "Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?", "answer": "to be visible from a distance in a crowd"}, {"question": "Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?", "answer": "easily found"}, {"question": "How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?", "answer": "seven heads"}, {"question": "The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?", "answer": "golden"}, {"question": "What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?", "answer": "a name"}, {"question": "Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?", "answer": "the blood of the martyrs of Jesus"}, {"question": "Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "What season is red identified with in China?", "answer": "summer"}, {"question": "Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?", "answer": "Chinese New Year"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Little Red Book?", "answer": "Chairman Mao Tse-Tung"}, {"question": "In what year was the Little Red Book published?", "answer": "1966"}, {"question": "What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?", "answer": "Ndembu warriors"}, {"question": "What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?", "answer": "life and health"}, {"question": "What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?", "answer": "green and white"}, {"question": "When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?", "answer": "the Atlanta Braves"}, {"question": "What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?", "answer": "communism"}, {"question": "What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?", "answer": "Redlegs"}, {"question": "Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?", "answer": "i rossoneri"}, {"question": "What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?", "answer": "a serious infraction"}, {"question": "What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?", "answer": "the player is immediately disqualified from further play"}, {"question": "How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?", "answer": "his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration"}, {"question": "In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?", "answer": "Christ's blood"}, {"question": "What cross is on the British flag?", "answer": "the cross of Saint George"}, {"question": "As it relates to England, who is Saint George?", "answer": "patron saint of England"}, {"question": "Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?", "answer": "the United States Marine Corps"}, {"question": "In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?", "answer": "bad water conditions"}, {"question": "When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?", "answer": "the late nineteenth century"}, {"question": "In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?", "answer": "one big red cross"}, {"question": "How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?", "answer": "the colors of the Russian flag"}, {"question": "During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?", "answer": "1870 to 1918"}, {"question": "What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?", "answer": "German nationalism"}, {"question": "In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?", "answer": "1920s"}, {"question": "Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?", "answer": "attract attention"}, {"question": "Whose design was the Nazi flag?", "answer": "Hitler's personal design"}, {"question": "After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?", "answer": "Bastille"}, {"question": "On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?", "answer": "October 20, 1789"}, {"question": "On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?", "answer": "July 17, 1791"}, {"question": "Who wrote the words \"Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?\"", "answer": "Rouget de Lisle"}, {"question": "In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?", "answer": "1790"}, {"question": "When was the Communist Manifesto first created?", "answer": "February 1848"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?", "answer": "Karl Marx"}, {"question": "The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?", "answer": "Louis Philippe"}, {"question": "When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?", "answer": "June 1848"}, {"question": "Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?", "answer": "the French Army"}, {"question": "Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?", "answer": "the French Army"}, {"question": "After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?", "answer": "the Paris Commune"}, {"question": "For how long did the Paris Commune exist?", "answer": "two months"}, {"question": "Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?", "answer": "Vladimir Lenin"}, {"question": "In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?", "answer": "1921"}, {"question": "In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?", "answer": "vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections"}, {"question": "In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?", "answer": "blue states"}, {"question": "How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?", "answer": "39"}, {"question": "In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "In what year was the Community Party of China created?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?", "answer": "Mao Zedong"}, {"question": "In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is \"The East is Red?\"", "answer": "the Party anthem"}, {"question": "How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?", "answer": "eighty million members"}, {"question": "What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?", "answer": "the Communist Party"}, {"question": "In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?", "answer": "the national flower"}, {"question": "In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "Which group gained power in China in 1949?", "answer": "the Communist Party of China"}, {"question": "What 2 continents meet at Egypt?", "answer": "Africa and southwest corner of Asia"}, {"question": "What land bridge between Asian and Africa?", "answer": "Sinai Peninsula"}, {"question": "How larger is Egypt?", "answer": "1,010,408 square kilometres"}, {"question": "What Sea borders Egypt to the east?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "What country borders Egypt to the south?", "answer": "Sudan"}, {"question": "How far back does Egypt's history date back?", "answer": "tenth millennium BC"}, {"question": "Why is Egypt considered a cradle of civilisation?", "answer": "earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government"}, {"question": "What were some of Egypt's foreign influences?", "answer": "Greek, Persian, Roman, Arab, Ottoman, and European"}, {"question": "What are iconic monumuents of Egypt?", "answer": "Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx"}, {"question": "In what century were islamic conquests of Egypt?", "answer": "seventh century"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants does Egypt have?", "answer": "over 90 million"}, {"question": "What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?", "answer": "third-most populous in Africa"}, {"question": "Majority of Egypt people live near what river?", "answer": "Nile River"}, {"question": "What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?", "answer": "Sahara desert"}, {"question": "What leader stepped down in 2011?", "answer": "President Hosni Mubarak"}, {"question": "What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood"}, {"question": "What economic sectors does Egypt have?", "answer": "tourism, agriculture, industry and services"}, {"question": "What influence does Egypt have?", "answer": "cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world"}, {"question": "What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?", "answer": "Mi\u1e63r"}, {"question": "What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?", "answer": "\u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd"}, {"question": "What is the oldest term for Egypt?", "answer": "Akkadian"}, {"question": "What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?", "answer": "\"border\" or \"frontier\"."}, {"question": "During 6000 BC what area was occupied by a Neolithic culture?", "answer": "Nile Valley"}, {"question": "What culture succeeded the Naqada culture?", "answer": "Badarian culture"}, {"question": "When is the earliest hieroglyghics date back?", "answer": "3200 BC"}, {"question": "How long did cultures coexist in lower Egypt?", "answer": "more than two thousand years"}, {"question": "How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?", "answer": "150 years"}, {"question": "In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?", "answer": "Hyksos"}, {"question": "What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?", "answer": "Avaris"}, {"question": "What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?", "answer": "Semitic Hyksos"}, {"question": "What year were the New Kingdom in control?", "answer": "1550\u20131070 BC"}, {"question": "What dynasty maked the rise of Egypt as international power?", "answer": "Eighteenth Dynasty"}, {"question": "Who were some well known Pharaohs of the New Kindom?", "answer": "Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II"}, {"question": "Who were some of the invaders to Egypt during the New Kingdom?", "answer": "Libyans, Nubians and Assyrians"}, {"question": "Who took control of Egypt in 525 BC?", "answer": "Achaemenid Persians"}, {"question": "What pharaoh was captured by the group led by Camyses II?", "answer": "Psamtik III"}, {"question": "From where did Camyses II rule Egypt?", "answer": "Susa in Persia"}, {"question": "What was the duration of the 27th dynasty of Egypt?", "answer": "525 BC to 402 BC,"}, {"question": "What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia"}, {"question": "What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "Pharaohs"}, {"question": "What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "Egyptian"}, {"question": "Who was last ruler of Ptolemaic Kingdom?", "answer": "Cleopatra VII"}, {"question": "Who captured Alexandria, ending Ptolemaic rule?", "answer": "Octavian"}, {"question": "How did Mark Anthony's love die?", "answer": "suicide"}, {"question": "What culture annexed Egypt?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?", "answer": "Byzantines"}, {"question": "What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?", "answer": "Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628"}, {"question": "How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?", "answer": "ten years"}, {"question": "What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?", "answer": "Sunni Islam"}, {"question": "Who modernized Egyptian army?", "answer": "Muhammad Ali Pasha"}, {"question": "In what 2 ways was Army improved?", "answer": "strengthening it with numbers and in skill"}, {"question": "Why did military use barracks?", "answer": "to avoid distraction of their growth"}, {"question": "What traits grew among military men that helped Ali maintain rule?", "answer": "nationalism and pride"}, {"question": "Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?", "answer": "British Government"}, {"question": "Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?", "answer": "Ismail"}, {"question": "When was new constitution drafted?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "What system of government was constitution based on?", "answer": "parliamentary system"}, {"question": "Who was elected in 1924?", "answer": "Saad Zaghlul"}, {"question": "Who succeeded King Farouk?", "answer": "his son Fuad"}, {"question": "How long did British military presence remain in Egypt?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What was the sovereign union with Syria known?", "answer": "United Arab Republic"}, {"question": "How long did the union with Syria last?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?", "answer": "Soviet Union i"}, {"question": "Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?", "answer": "Mohamed Fawzi"}, {"question": "How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?", "answer": "three successive steps"}, {"question": "On what day did Nasser state \"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?\"", "answer": "23 May"}, {"question": "How many rich, upper class were in Egypt in 1950s?", "answer": "less than half a million"}, {"question": "How many middle class were in Egypt in 1950s", "answer": "four million"}, {"question": "How many lower class were in Egypt in 1950s", "answer": "17 million"}, {"question": "What professions made up the buld on middle class under Nasser?", "answer": "Doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists"}, {"question": "What direction did the Egypt economy take in the 1960s?", "answer": "went from sluggish to the verge of collapse"}, {"question": "When did Nasser die?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Nasser?", "answer": "Anwar Sadat"}, {"question": "Which side of the Cold War was Sadat?", "answer": "United States,"}, {"question": "What was the October War?", "answer": "surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier"}, {"question": "What did Sadat exchange for the remainder of Sinai?", "answer": "peace with Israel"}, {"question": "What was encouraged through Infitah?", "answer": "foreign investment"}, {"question": "What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?", "answer": "reduced taxes and import tariffs"}, {"question": "What occured in 1977?", "answer": "Egyptian Bread Riots."}, {"question": "What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?", "answer": "elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs"}, {"question": "What group dominated the political scene when Mubarak was in power?", "answer": "National Democratic Party,"}, {"question": "What laws created in 1990s impacted culture?", "answer": "1993 Syndicates Law, 1995 Press Law, and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law"}, {"question": "When did parliamentary politics become irrelevant in Egypt?", "answer": "late 1990s"}, {"question": "What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?", "answer": "parties from using religion as a basis for political activity"}, {"question": "What was the long term goal for Egypt?", "answer": "democracy"}, {"question": "What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?", "answer": "power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring"}, {"question": "What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?", "answer": "Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party"}, {"question": "When was interim government instituted?", "answer": "18 January 2014"}, {"question": "What was the support by voters for referendum?", "answer": "98.1%"}, {"question": "Who was elected President in 2014?", "answer": "Abdel Fattah el-Sisi"}, {"question": "What group boycotted the elections?", "answer": "Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups"}, {"question": "When does most of Egypts rain fall?", "answer": "winter months"}, {"question": "Where does snow fall in Egypt?", "answer": "Sinai's mountains and some of the north coastal cities"}, {"question": "When was the last snow fall in Cairo?", "answer": "13 December 2013,"}, {"question": "What is the sunniest county in the world?", "answer": "Egypt"}, {"question": "How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?", "answer": "2426"}, {"question": "How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?", "answer": "627"}, {"question": "How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?", "answer": "1483"}, {"question": "How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?", "answer": "15,000"}, {"question": "How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?", "answer": "371"}, {"question": "What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?", "answer": "legislation"}, {"question": "What tems do House of Representatives serve?", "answer": "five-year terms"}, {"question": "What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? ", "answer": "96.91%"}, {"question": "Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?", "answer": "Hamdeen Sabahi"}, {"question": "Who were primary targets of Egypt terrorist attacks?", "answer": "Christian Copts, foreign tourists and government officials"}, {"question": "What was the name of a high profile terrorist group in Egypt in 1990s?", "answer": "Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya"}, {"question": "What sector of economy was plagued by terrorism attacks?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "When was new constitution institutionalised?", "answer": "18 January 2014"}, {"question": "How long are presidential terms?", "answer": "four-year term"}, {"question": "How many terms may a president serve?", "answer": "2 terms"}, {"question": "Who may impeach the president?", "answer": "parliament"}, {"question": "what may not be basis for political party?", "answer": "religion, race, gender or geography"}, {"question": "Where does Egypt rank for Religious freedom according to Pew Forum?", "answer": "fifth worst"}, {"question": "What percentage of Egyptians polled support death penalty for those leaving Islam?", "answer": "84%"}, {"question": "What violation could result in stoning and was supported by 82% of Egyptian responders?", "answer": "adultery"}, {"question": "What trend has Egypt healthcare made recently?", "answer": "great strides forward"}, {"question": "How much of ppopulation can be covered by immunization programs?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "What was life expectancy in 1960s?", "answer": "44.8 years"}, {"question": "What was the life expectancy in 2009?", "answer": "72.12 years"}, {"question": "What direction has infant mortality rate taken?", "answer": "noticeable decline"}, {"question": "According to QS World University Rankings where does Cairo University rank?", "answer": "551-600"}, {"question": "According to QS World University Rankings, where does American University in Cairo rank?", "answer": "360"}, {"question": "According to QS World University Rankings and Al-Azhar University, Alexandria University and Ain Shams University are all ranked where?", "answer": "701+ range"}, {"question": "What is the aim of new research institutes?", "answer": "modernising research"}, {"question": "What do Coptic Christians face?", "answer": "discrimination at multiple levels of the government,"}, {"question": "When government computerised ID cards who were adversely impacted?", "answer": "religious minorities"}, {"question": "When did Egyptian court rule that members of other faiths could obtain ID cards without listing faith?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?", "answer": "capital punishment"}, {"question": "In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?", "answer": "529"}, {"question": "What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?", "answer": "terrorist organisation"}, {"question": "What former president's supporters are set to be executed?", "answer": "Mohamed Morsi"}, {"question": "What US president was critical of Egypt's repression of Muslim Brotherhood?", "answer": "US president Barack Obama"}, {"question": "How many individuals did one judge in Minya governatorate court sentence to death in April 2013?", "answer": "1,212"}, {"question": "What was the criticism of judge Mohammad NAgi Shatata sentence of 188 member of Muslim Brotherhood for assaulting police station?", "answer": "lack of fair trials, that often last only a few minutes"}, {"question": "How much military assistance di US give Egypt in 2015?", "answer": "US$1.3 billion"}, {"question": "What event soured relations of US and Egypt in 2013?", "answer": "Egypt's violent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters"}, {"question": "Equipment from what country is being replaced?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "How many factories does Egyptian military have?", "answer": "dozens"}, {"question": "After Morsi removal, what country has Egypt improved relations with?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "In 2014 what country did Egypt form partnership with?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "Where is the Arab League headquarters?", "answer": "Cairo"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of Arab League?", "answer": "Nabil el-Araby"}, {"question": "What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?", "answer": "United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia"}, {"question": "What country has Egypt famously had peace with since 1973 treaty?", "answer": "Israel"}, {"question": "Is Israel considered a safe state for egyptians?", "answer": "still widely considered as a hostile"}, {"question": "What rope has Egypt played in Middle East peace efforts?", "answer": "mediator"}, {"question": "What areas of economy is Egypt dependent on?", "answer": "agriculture, media, petroleum imports, natural gas, and tourism"}, {"question": "Where do Egyptians working abroad work mainly?", "answer": "Saudi Arabia, the Persian Gulf and Europe"}, {"question": "What lake reulted from completion of Aswan High Dam?", "answer": "Lake Nasser"}, {"question": "What year was Aswan High Dam completed?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "What is Egypts energy market based upon?", "answer": "coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power"}, {"question": "How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?", "answer": "600,000 tonnes"}, {"question": "Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?", "answer": "has been a net oil importer since 2008"}, {"question": "What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?", "answer": "cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis"}, {"question": "What has been the trend lately in the Egypt economy?", "answer": "improve considerably"}, {"question": "What area of business have boomed lately in Egypt?", "answer": "stock market"}, {"question": "What was change made to corporate taxes in 2005?", "answer": "decreased corporate taxes from 40% to the current 20%"}, {"question": "What ws the overall impact to tax revenue from change of corporate tax rate?", "answer": "100% increase in tax revenue by the year 2006"}, {"question": "How much had FDI increased to in 2006?", "answer": "$6 billion"}, {"question": "Since 2011 direction has Forign direct investment gone?", "answer": "drastic fall"}, {"question": "What has been the change in foreign exhange reserves since 2011?", "answer": "60% drop"}, {"question": "What has been the overall growth of economy since 2011?", "answer": "3% drop"}, {"question": "To what extent does wealth reach from affluent down to average population?", "answer": "limited trickle down"}, {"question": "Who do Egyptians blame for higher prices, while purchasing power and standard of living are stagnate?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "Where did Egyptian plan to get funds to use for reconstruction of infrastructure?", "answer": "newly acquired third mobile license ($3 billion) by Etisalat"}, {"question": "Where did Egypt rank in Corruption perceptions Index in 2013?", "answer": "114 out of 177"}, {"question": "What are Egypt's 2 most prominent multinational compnaies?", "answer": "Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center"}, {"question": "What sector has expanded radiply by selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe?", "answer": "information technology (IT)"}, {"question": "What has stimulated IT sector?", "answer": "new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement"}, {"question": "Where are Egyptian beaches situated?", "answer": "Mediterranean and the Red Sea"}, {"question": "How far do Egyptian beaches extend?", "answer": "3,000 km"}, {"question": "What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?", "answer": "Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga"}, {"question": "What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "How much oil is Egypt producing in a day?", "answer": "691,000 bbl/d"}, {"question": "How much natural gas is Egypt producing in a day?", "answer": "2,141.05 Tcf"}, {"question": "Where does Egypt rank among oil and natural gas sonsumers in Africa?", "answer": "largest consumer"}, {"question": "Where is Egypt planning to build is first nuclear power plant?", "answer": "El Dabaa city"}, {"question": "What is consideredt the most important part of maritime transport in middle east?", "answer": "The Suez Canal"}, {"question": "Is the Suez Canal natural?", "answer": "artificial sea-level waterway"}, {"question": "What 2 bodies of water does Suez connect?", "answer": "Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea"}, {"question": "When was Suez canal completed?", "answer": "November 1869"}, {"question": "How long is Suez canal?", "answer": "193.30 km (120.11 mi)"}, {"question": "How deep is Suez canal?", "answer": "24 m (79 ft)"}, {"question": "How wide is Suez canal?", "answer": "205 metres (673 ft)"}, {"question": "How many locks are contained in Suez Canal?", "answer": "no locks"}, {"question": "What direction does the canal north of Bitter lakes flow?", "answer": "north in winter and south in summer"}, {"question": "What basic part of civilization has been characterized by achievement and challenges?", "answer": "Drinking water supply and sanitation"}, {"question": "From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to urban areas?", "answer": "89% to 100%"}, {"question": "From 1990 to 2010 what was improvement in piped water supply to rural areas?", "answer": "39% to 93%"}, {"question": "Currently how much of Egypt's population is connected to sanitary sewers?", "answer": "99%"}, {"question": "Because of low sanitation coverage 17,000 Egyptian children to die each year from what condition?", "answer": "diarrhoea"}, {"question": "Relative to other countries of world how do Egypts's water tariffs compare?", "answer": "among the lowest in the world"}, {"question": "Due to low waer tariffs, what is required to maintain water treatment operation?", "answer": "government subsidies"}, {"question": "What is the largest ethnic group in Egypt?", "answer": "Ethnic Egyptians"}, {"question": "What are the minorities that live in eastern deserts of Egypt?", "answer": "Abazas, Turks, Greeks, Bedouin Arab tribes"}, {"question": "Where are Dom clans mostly gathered?", "answer": "Nile Delta and Faiyum"}, {"question": "Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?", "answer": "between 500,000 and 3 million"}, {"question": "How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?", "answer": "Cairo, Alexandria and other cities"}, {"question": "What is official language of Egypt?", "answer": "Modern Standard Arabic"}, {"question": "What are main laguages of immigrants?", "answer": "Greek, Armenian and Italian"}, {"question": "In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?", "answer": "Alexandria"}, {"question": "What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?", "answer": "Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)"}, {"question": "Prior to 7th century, what was primary religion of Egypt?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What became the main source of law with increasing Islamic influence in Egypt?", "answer": "Sharia"}, {"question": "Under what leader did Islam become official religion of Egypt?", "answer": "Anwar Sadat"}, {"question": "What church do 90% of Christian minority in Egypt belong?", "answer": "Coptic Orthodox Church"}, {"question": "Where are other Non-native Christian communities found?", "answer": "urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria"}, {"question": "What do Syro-Lebanese belong to?", "answer": "Greek Catholic, Greek Orthodox, and Maronite Catholic denominations"}, {"question": "What 3 religions does Egypt recognise?", "answer": "Islam, Christianity, and Judaism"}, {"question": "What recognition do Baha'i and Hmadi community get from Egyptian government?", "answer": "are not recognised by the state"}, {"question": "Until what year did some minorities need to lie about religion or not get mandatory state issued ID?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What color was frequently used in Egyptian designs?", "answer": "Egyptian blue"}, {"question": "What art required adherence to rigid code?", "answer": "wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs"}, {"question": "What is the main performing arts venue in Egyptian capital?", "answer": "The Cairo Opera House"}, {"question": "Who designed the Pyramid of Djoser?", "answer": "Imhotep"}, {"question": "Who was the first to develop literature?", "answer": "Egyptians"}, {"question": "What syles did writers in Arabic literature experiment with first?", "answer": "modern styles"}, {"question": "What was the first modern Egyptian novel?", "answer": "Zaynab"}, {"question": "When was Munammad Huayn Haykal's first modern novel published?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "In what year was Studio Misr founded?", "answer": "1936"}, {"question": "Who financed Studio Misr?", "answer": "Talaat Harb"}, {"question": "In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?", "answer": "4000 films"}, {"question": "What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?", "answer": "three quarters"}, {"question": "What elements mix for Egyptian music?", "answer": "indigenous, Mediterranean, African and Western"}, {"question": "Who is credited with invention of music by ancient Egyptians?", "answer": "Hathor"}, {"question": "What artist are considered the golden age of Egyptian music?", "answer": "Abdu El Hamouli, Almaz and Mahmoud Osman, who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez"}, {"question": "What is more contemporary Egyptian Pop Singer?", "answer": "Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir"}, {"question": "What is the oldest era in Egypt?", "answer": "prehistoric"}, {"question": "What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?", "answer": "Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic"}, {"question": "How many museums are found in Egypt?", "answer": "at least 60"}, {"question": "What is koshari?", "answer": "mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni"}, {"question": "What can be added to koshari?", "answer": "Fried onions"}, {"question": "What beans are used to make falafel?", "answer": "Fava bean"}, {"question": "What is a polular green soup of Egypt?", "answer": "mulukhiyya"}, {"question": "What is the most popular sport in Egypt?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What is one of the toughest derbies in the world, run in Egypt?", "answer": "The Cairo Derby"}, {"question": "In terms of international trophies, whos is the most successful club?", "answer": "Al Ahly"}, {"question": "What was the last international competition Egypt hosted?", "answer": "2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup"}, {"question": "Who holds Guiness record for Deepest salt water scuba dive?", "answer": "Ahmed Gabr"}, {"question": "How deep did Gabr dive?", "answer": "1,066 feet down"}, {"question": "In what body of water did Gabr dive?", "answer": "Red Sea"}, {"question": "What millennium did Mosaic start?", "answer": "the 3rd millennium BC"}, {"question": "What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?", "answer": "Pebble mosaics"}, {"question": "Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "When did mosaic fall out of fashion?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "The pebble mosaics found at Tiyns are from what age?", "answer": "Bronze age"}, {"question": "The Beauty of Durres is in what country?", "answer": "Albania"}, {"question": "The famous artists Sosus was from what area?", "answer": "Pergamon"}, {"question": "When was the Greek figure style mostly formed?", "answer": "the 3rd century BC"}, {"question": "When was the famous mosaic \"The Beauty of Durres\" created?", "answer": "the 4th-century BC"}, {"question": "What common artform is far more prestigious than mosaic?", "answer": "paintings"}, {"question": "Which culture adapted the use of mosaics for large ground coverings in their villas?", "answer": "the Romans"}, {"question": "Most names of Roman mosaic workers are what nationality?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "Often regular everyday craftsman were most likely what?", "answer": "slaves"}, {"question": "Carthage and Tunisia are in what general area?", "answer": "North Africa"}, {"question": "What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?", "answer": "opus vermiculatum"}, {"question": "What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?", "answer": "very fine detail"}, {"question": "What were small panel mosaics known as?", "answer": "emblemata"}, {"question": "What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?", "answer": "opus tessellatum"}, {"question": "Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?", "answer": "cheaper than fully coloured work"}, {"question": "Which caesar hired builders to construct the Domus Aurea?", "answer": "Nero"}, {"question": "When did figure wall mosaics become the highest form of artistic expression?", "answer": "the Christian era"}, {"question": "The church of Santa Costanza is in what country?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "When was the Domus Aurea constructed?", "answer": "64 AD"}, {"question": "The imperial family of Rome used the church of Santa Costanza as what?", "answer": "a mausoleum"}, {"question": "In what area of Italy is the largest collection of mosaics in the world?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "Who most likely lived in the large villa rustica?", "answer": "Emperor Maximian"}, {"question": "What caused the mosaics at the villa rustica to be protected for centuries? ", "answer": "a landslide"}, {"question": "How long is the hunting scene at the villa rustica?", "answer": "64m"}, {"question": "Where in Sicily were the \"Orpheus,\" and the \"Four Seasons\" discovered?", "answer": "Piazza Vittoria in Palermo"}, {"question": "What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?", "answer": "gladiatorial contests"}, {"question": "When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?", "answer": "1913"}, {"question": "The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?", "answer": "1st or 2nd century AD"}, {"question": "How long was the mural discovered in Libya?", "answer": "30 ft"}, {"question": "The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?", "answer": "Pompeii"}, {"question": "Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?", "answer": "the late 4th century"}, {"question": "What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?", "answer": "Santa Pudenziana"}, {"question": "What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?", "answer": "a mausoleum"}, {"question": "In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?", "answer": "St Peter's Basilica"}, {"question": "Under what period were the 4th century churches built?", "answer": "Constantinian"}, {"question": "Which city besides Ravenna served as the capital of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Milan"}, {"question": "What is the name of the mosaic in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio?", "answer": "apse"}, {"question": "The shrine of San Vittore in ciel d'oro had mosaics from which century?", "answer": "the 5th century"}, {"question": "Who do the mosaics at the the basilica of San Lorenzo depict as being abducted?", "answer": "Elijah"}, {"question": "When was the baptistry at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio demolished?", "answer": "the 15th century"}, {"question": "In the 5th century what was the capital of the Western Roman Empire?", "answer": "Ravenna"}, {"question": "What years was the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia decorated with mosaics?", "answer": "425\u2013430"}, {"question": "What other famous landmark in Ravenna was established by Galla Placidia? ", "answer": "the church of San Giovanni Evangelista"}, {"question": "Why did Galla Placidia erect the church of San Giovanni Evangelista?", "answer": "fulfillment of a vow"}, {"question": "When were most of the mosaics at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista destroyed?", "answer": "1747"}, {"question": "When was Ravenna conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire?", "answer": "After 539"}, {"question": "When did the biggest achievement in Christian mosaics take place?", "answer": "the second half of the 6th century"}, {"question": "What event led up to the creation of the amazing mosaics in in the Basilica of San Vitale?", "answer": "the Byzantine conquest"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics at the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare created?", "answer": "549"}, {"question": "Where are the remains of the apse mosaic of San Michele?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?", "answer": "almost a generation"}, {"question": "In what country is Butrint?", "answer": "Albania"}, {"question": "What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?", "answer": "prayer"}, {"question": "What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?", "answer": "a terrestrial paradise"}, {"question": "The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?", "answer": "Butrint"}, {"question": "What was depicted on the Butrint mosaics in abundance?", "answer": "natural life"}, {"question": "What do the katharos vase and vine refer to?", "answer": "the eucharist"}, {"question": "What do peacocks represent in Christian symbolism?", "answer": "paradise and resurrection"}, {"question": "What do most sea-creatures represent in Christina symbolism?", "answer": "baptism"}, {"question": "What did deers or stags represent in Christian Symbolism?", "answer": "the faithful aspiring to Christ"}, {"question": "When did conditions become difficult for mosaic art in Rome?", "answer": "the Early Middle Ages"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic of Sant'Agata dei Goti destroyed?", "answer": "1589"}, {"question": "What was similar between the three most important 5th century mosaics?", "answer": "iconography"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic at Santa Sabina replaced with a fresco?", "answer": "1559"}, {"question": "Who was the artist that painted the fresco that replaced the mosaic at Santa Sobina?", "answer": "Taddeo Zuccari"}, {"question": "During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?", "answer": "the 7th\u20139th centuries"}, {"question": "The lateran Palace was decorated with what?", "answer": "mosaics"}, {"question": "What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?", "answer": "They were all destroyed later"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?", "answer": "1607"}, {"question": "Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?", "answer": "Triclinio Leoniano"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?", "answer": "during Justinian's reign"}, {"question": "What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?", "answer": "The portrait of a moustached man"}, {"question": "What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?", "answer": "small sekreton"}, {"question": "Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?", "answer": "Classical"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?", "answer": "5th\u20136th centuries"}, {"question": "How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?", "answer": "Very few"}, {"question": "The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?", "answer": "Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)"}, {"question": "Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?", "answer": "hidden behind mortar"}, {"question": "When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?", "answer": "between 634 and 730"}, {"question": "What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?", "answer": "almost all represent Saint Demetrius"}, {"question": "Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?", "answer": "condemned as idolatry"}, {"question": "What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?", "answer": "gold mosaics with only one great cross"}, {"question": "When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?", "answer": "787\u2013797"}, {"question": "When was the Dormition church destroyed? ", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?", "answer": "after 740"}, {"question": "Where is the Nea Moni Monastery located?", "answer": "Chios"}, {"question": "Who established the Nea Moni Monastery?", "answer": "Constantine Monomachos"}, {"question": "When was the Nea Moni Monastery established?", "answer": "1043\u20131056"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic at the Nea Moni Monastery destroyed?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "The Nea Moni mosaics are more detailed than what what other famous mosaics?", "answer": "Osios Loukas"}, {"question": "Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?", "answer": "Constantine Monomachos"}, {"question": "What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?", "answer": "Nothing"}, {"question": "Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?", "answer": "the Russian abbot Daniel"}, {"question": "Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?", "answer": "The 9th- and 10th-century"}, {"question": "The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?", "answer": "prophets, saints and patriarchs"}, {"question": "When did the Empress Zoe die?", "answer": "1055"}, {"question": "What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?", "answer": "a bulging money sack"}, {"question": "Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?", "answer": "Constantine Monomachos"}, {"question": "Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?", "answer": "accidents of survival"}, {"question": "Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?", "answer": "Hagia Sophia"}, {"question": "What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?", "answer": "the Theotokos"}, {"question": "The empress Eirene had what color hair?", "answer": "red"}, {"question": "The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?", "answer": "the cathedral of Serres"}, {"question": "How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?", "answer": "1 mm or less"}, {"question": "What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?", "answer": "wax or resin"}, {"question": "The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?", "answer": "in the 12th century"}, {"question": "What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?", "answer": "private devotion"}, {"question": "When was the Church of the Holy Apostles built? ", "answer": "1310\u201314"}, {"question": "Who removed the gold tesserae in the background of the mosaic at the Church of the Holy Apostles?", "answer": "some vandal"}, {"question": "Where is the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church located?", "answer": "Arta"}, {"question": "Who established the Theotokos Paregoritissa Church in 1294-96?", "answer": "the Despot of Epirus"}, {"question": "The same team of mosaicists worked on the Church of the Holy Apostles in Thessaloniki as which other building?", "answer": "Pammakaristos"}, {"question": "where is the greatest mosaic work of the renaissance?", "answer": "the Chora Church in Constantinople"}, {"question": "How many mosaic panels from naos have survived?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "The panels of naos are only capped in importance by which other location?", "answer": "the Hagia Sophia"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the mosaics at naos?", "answer": "Theodore Metochites"}, {"question": "The panels from naos show what influence on Byzantine art. ", "answer": "Italian trecento"}, {"question": "When was the last period of Roman mosaic art?", "answer": "the 12th\u201313th century"}, {"question": "Where is the church of Santa maria?", "answer": "Trastevere"}, {"question": "Who does the facade at the Santa Maria church depict?", "answer": "Christ and Mary"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics at Torriti and Jacopo fully restored?", "answer": "in 1884"}, {"question": "What year was the medallion above the gate of the church of San Tommaso?", "answer": "1210"}, {"question": "Who created the Navicella mosaic in the Old St. Peter's church?", "answer": "Giotto di Bondone"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the Navicella mosaic?", "answer": "Cardinal Jacopo Stefaneschi"}, {"question": "Who did the navicella mosaic depict walking on water?", "answer": "St. Peter"}, {"question": "What century was the majority of the Navicella mosaic destroyed?", "answer": "the 17th"}, {"question": "Navicella means what in Italian?", "answer": "\"little ship\""}, {"question": "when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?", "answer": "the 12th century"}, {"question": "Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?", "answer": "Norman kings"}, {"question": "Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?", "answer": "enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule"}, {"question": "Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?", "answer": "Greek masters working in Sicily"}, {"question": "The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "When was the Martorana church decorated?", "answer": "around 1143"}, {"question": "Who is featured in the mosaic at the Martorana church?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "The Martorana church was likely decorated by the same greek masters who decorated which church?", "answer": "the Cappella Palatina"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Martorana church?", "answer": "Georgios of Antiochia"}, {"question": "Who is receiving a crown from christ in the mosaic originally in the narthex?", "answer": "Roger II"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest mosaics in Italy?", "answer": "The Monreale mosaics"}, {"question": "At least how many tesserae are used in the the Monreale mosaics?", "answer": "100 million"}, {"question": "Who commissioned the Monreale mosaics between 1176 and 1186?", "answer": "King William II of Sicily"}, {"question": "Who is displayed getting crowned by christ in the Monreale mosaics?", "answer": "King William II"}, {"question": "What is the king offering Theotokos in the Monreale mosaics? ", "answer": "the model of the cathedral"}, {"question": "What region of italy was part of the Norman empire?", "answer": "Southern"}, {"question": "The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?", "answer": "pavement of the Otranto Cathedral"}, {"question": "The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what?", "answer": "mosaic art was widespread"}, {"question": "What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral?", "answer": "Only fragments"}, {"question": "What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral?", "answer": "1166"}, {"question": "Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?", "answer": "Venice"}, {"question": "Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?", "answer": "St Mark's Basilica"}, {"question": "When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?", "answer": "the late 11th century"}, {"question": "The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?", "answer": "local artists"}, {"question": "When was the sack of Constantinople?", "answer": "1204"}, {"question": "Where is the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta?", "answer": "Torcello"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta built?", "answer": "the 12th century"}, {"question": "Where is the Basilica of Santi Maria e Donato located?", "answer": "Murano"}, {"question": "Who purchased the 13th century mosaic from the the San Cipriano Church?", "answer": "Frederick William IV of Prussia"}, {"question": "Where did Frederick William IV relocate the mural he purchased?", "answer": "the Friedenskirche of Potsdam"}, {"question": "Who hired Byzantine experts to decorate a rebuilt abbey church?", "answer": "The Abbot of Monte Cassino"}, {"question": "After what time did the Abbot of Monte Cassino send for Byzantine mosaicists?", "answer": "1066"}, {"question": "What animal was on the only surviving mosaics created by the greeks at the rebuilt abbey?", "answer": "greyhounds"}, {"question": "Where are the only remaining greek mosaic panels now kept?", "answer": "in the Monte Cassino Museum"}, {"question": "What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?", "answer": "fa\u00e7ades were also decorated"}, {"question": "When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?", "answer": "from 1270\u201375"}, {"question": "the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?", "answer": "the 14th"}, {"question": "the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who?", "answer": "Solsternus"}, {"question": "What proves mosaics were used in the early middle ages?", "answer": "scant remains"}, {"question": "Where is the Abbey of Saint-Martial?", "answer": "Limoges"}, {"question": "When was the crypt of the Abbey of Saint-Martial re-discovered?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "What was found under the Basilica of Saint-Quentin?", "answer": "9th century mosaic"}, {"question": "What common element do mosaic panels from the 11th century have?", "answer": "simple colors"}, {"question": "What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?", "answer": "fresco"}, {"question": "When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?", "answer": "the 17th century"}, {"question": "Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?", "answer": "Venetian craftsmen"}, {"question": "What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?", "answer": "Alba Regia"}, {"question": "Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?", "answer": "Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r"}, {"question": "What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?", "answer": "\"Ascension of Christ\""}, {"question": "Where is the mosaic \"Ascension of Christ\" located?", "answer": "in the Latin Chapel"}, {"question": "The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?", "answer": "1169"}, {"question": "when were mosaic pavements uncovered at the Bizere Monastery?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "Where would the Bizere Monastery be located today?", "answer": "Romania"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics at Bizere Monastery created?", "answer": "between the 10th and 11th century"}, {"question": "In what kingdom was the Bizere Monastery located?", "answer": "Hungary"}, {"question": "How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?", "answer": "by a mosaic replica of this last painting"}, {"question": "What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?", "answer": "1743"}, {"question": "What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?", "answer": "papal gifts"}, {"question": "What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?", "answer": "Transfiguration"}, {"question": "The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?", "answer": "designs or canvases"}, {"question": "What is the most important mosaic piece built by Byzantine Christians?", "answer": "the Madaba Map"}, {"question": "When was the the Madaba Map made?", "answer": "between 542 and 570"}, {"question": "Where is the church of Saint George?", "answer": "Madaba, Jordan"}, {"question": "When was the Madaba Map rediscovered? ", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "The Madaba Map depicts as far South as the Nile delta, and as far North as what country?", "answer": "Lebanon"}, {"question": "What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?", "answer": "Justinian"}, {"question": "Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?", "answer": "Mount Sinai in Egypt"}, {"question": "Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?", "answer": "the destruction of buildings"}, {"question": "Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? ", "answer": "Moses"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?", "answer": "in 565/6"}, {"question": "Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?", "answer": "Jerusalem"}, {"question": "Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?", "answer": "near Damascus Gate"}, {"question": "When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?", "answer": "1894"}, {"question": "What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?", "answer": "mortuary chapel"}, {"question": "What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?", "answer": "a vine with many branches"}, {"question": "Where would the Byzantine church of the Lazarium be located today?", "answer": "Bethany"}, {"question": "When was the Byzantine church of the Lazarium constructed?", "answer": "between 333 and 390"}, {"question": "The mosaic at the Byzantine church of the Lazarium most closely resembles mosaics from which area?", "answer": "Palestine"}, {"question": "A church was built on top of the Byzantine church of the Lazarium in waht century?", "answer": "the 6th"}, {"question": "The churches of which desert decorated their monasteries with mosaics?", "answer": "the Judean"}, {"question": "When was the Monastery of Martyrius created?", "answer": "the end of the 5th century"}, {"question": "When was the Monastery of Martyrius re-discovered?", "answer": "in 1982\u201385"}, {"question": "Where in the Monastery of Martyrius is the most important mosaic work?", "answer": "the refectory"}, {"question": "What was the name of the monastery that was discovered in 1930?", "answer": "Monastery of Euthymius"}, {"question": "How many Christian churches have been found in the Christian Petra?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When was the most important Byzantine church re-discovered?", "answer": "in 1990"}, {"question": "What type of mosaics were present in the church discovered in 1990?", "answer": "only the floor panels"}, {"question": "What century was the oldest known mosaic at the church discovered in 1990?", "answer": "the 5th"}, {"question": "The scenes depicted on the mosaics were both native and what kind of mythological animals?", "answer": "exotic"}, {"question": "Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?", "answer": "Umm ar-Rasas"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?", "answer": "in 785"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?", "answer": "Jordan"}, {"question": "How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?", "answer": "Six"}, {"question": "Yaroslav held what title in medieval Russia?", "answer": "Grand Prince of the Kievan Rus'"}, {"question": "Where did Yaroslav build his Cathedral?", "answer": "Kiev"}, {"question": "What was used as a model for the church Yaroslav commissioned?", "answer": "the Hagia Sophia"}, {"question": "What was the name of the church Yaroslav commissioned?", "answer": "Saint Sophia Cathedral"}, {"question": "Who sent the Byzantine craftsmen that built Yaroslav's cathedral?", "answer": "Constantine Monomachos"}, {"question": "In what country is the the Gelati Monastery located?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "Who started construction on the Gelati Monastery?", "answer": "king David IV"}, {"question": "Who eventually oversaw completion of the Gelati Monastery?", "answer": "Demetrius I of Georgia"}, {"question": "Who was the central theme of the mosaics at Tsromi?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?", "answer": "a 6th-century synagogue"}, {"question": "Who were the primary inhabitants of Sepphoris in the 3rd through 7th centuries?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "The mosaic found at Sepphoris display a mix of Jewish and which beliefs?", "answer": "pagan"}, {"question": "What figure is dominant in the mosaic at Sepphoris?", "answer": "Helios"}, {"question": "What surrounds Helios in the mosaic at Sepphoris?", "answer": "a Jewish month"}, {"question": "When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?", "answer": "around the 4th century"}, {"question": "What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?", "answer": "only floral and geometric"}, {"question": "When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?", "answer": "in 1971\u201372"}, {"question": "How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?", "answer": "rather conservative"}, {"question": "In Byzantine Gaza, Jews were relaxed on what ban?", "answer": "figurative depiction"}, {"question": "Where were ancient remains of a synagogue found in 1966?", "answer": "in the ancient harbour area"}, {"question": "The mosaic found in 1966 depicts who as the central figure?", "answer": "King David as Orpheus"}, {"question": "What is the central figure doing in the mosaic found in 1966?", "answer": "playing a lyre"}, {"question": "When was the mosaic floor constructed?", "answer": "in 508/509"}, {"question": "A 5th-century building in Huldah is believed to be what?", "answer": "a Samaritan synagogue"}, {"question": "What does the mosaic at Huldah contain?", "answer": "typical Jewish symbols"}, {"question": "What language are the inscriptions on the mosaic at Huldah?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "The synagogue located in Bet She'an had what kind of symbols depicted in its mosaic?", "answer": "cultic"}, {"question": "The masters who built the floor in the synagogue at Bet She'an also constructed what other mosaic?", "answer": "the floor of the Beit Alfa synagogue"}, {"question": "Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?", "answer": "Roman"}, {"question": "What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?", "answer": "tile"}, {"question": "The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?", "answer": "remained a flourishing art form"}, {"question": "Where is the most important Islamic mosaic work?", "answer": "the Umayyad Mosque"}, {"question": "Where is the the Umayyad Mosque located?", "answer": "Damascus"}, {"question": "What was the significance of Damascus during this time period?", "answer": "capital of the Arab Caliphate"}, {"question": "What is the largest section of mosaic still present in the Umayyad Mosque?", "answer": "the \"Barada Panel\""}, {"question": "What happened in 1893 that destroyed most of the mosaics in the mosque?", "answer": "a fire"}, {"question": "Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?", "answer": "floor panels"}, {"question": "What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?", "answer": "Roman country villas"}, {"question": "Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?", "answer": "the bath house of Hisham's Palace"}, {"question": "In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?", "answer": "Jordan"}, {"question": "At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?", "answer": "Umayyad mosaics"}, {"question": "Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?", "answer": "Moorish Spain"}, {"question": "The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?", "answer": "Byzantine"}, {"question": "When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?", "answer": "between 965 and 970"}, {"question": "Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?", "answer": "local craftsmen"}, {"question": "Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?", "answer": "the Byzantine Emperor"}, {"question": "The Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis holds the largest what?", "answer": "mosaic installation"}, {"question": "What along texas interstate Highways contains everyday examples of mosaics?", "answer": "the rest areas"}, {"question": "Which station in the NYC subway has a modern example of mosaic?", "answer": "the Museum of Natural History station"}, {"question": "Edward Burne-Jones is noted for creating mosaics in what century?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?", "answer": "street art"}, {"question": "Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?", "answer": "the French Invader"}, {"question": "The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?", "answer": "Rubikcubism"}, {"question": "What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?", "answer": "8 bit video game character"}, {"question": "How does the French Invader create \"Rubikcubism\" styled mosaics?", "answer": "grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes"}, {"question": "Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?", "answer": "Cal\u00e7ada Portuguesa"}, {"question": "What is Portuguese pavement?", "answer": "two-tone stone mosaic paving"}, {"question": "What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?", "answer": "geometric"}, {"question": "Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?", "answer": "Lisbon"}, {"question": "What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?", "answer": "streets"}, {"question": "How were larger mosaics usually constructed?", "answer": "face-down to a backing paper"}, {"question": "Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?", "answer": "gives the maker time to rework"}, {"question": "What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?", "answer": "the indirect method"}, {"question": "What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?", "answer": "murals"}, {"question": "The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?", "answer": "repetitive"}, {"question": "When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?", "answer": "when it is important to see the work"}, {"question": "What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?", "answer": "directly controlling the final result of the work"}, {"question": "When was the double indirect method invented?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Who invented the double indirect method?", "answer": "Maurizio Placuzzi"}, {"question": "What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?", "answer": "sticky plastic"}, {"question": "What is the typical size of a ceramic mosaic tile?", "answer": "1 in \u00d7 1 in"}, {"question": "What is usually the purpose of a tile mosaic in pools?", "answer": "express text"}, {"question": "Where is the most common application of tile mosaics?", "answer": "on a shower room or bathing pool floor"}, {"question": "How should the tiles be aligned next to each other?", "answer": "in a non-overlapping fashion"}, {"question": "Why has production automation become popular?", "answer": "high cost of labor in developed countries"}, {"question": "Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?", "answer": "CAD"}, {"question": "How much faster is automated creation over handmade?", "answer": "10 times faster"}, {"question": "How does the robot pick the tiles it places?", "answer": "a command file"}, {"question": "What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?", "answer": "different look"}, {"question": "From what language does Universitas come from?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?", "answer": "urban town life and medieval guilds"}, {"question": "What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?", "answer": "they were self-regulating"}, {"question": "Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?", "answer": "princes, prelates"}, {"question": "In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?", "answer": "academic freedom"}, {"question": "What was the first university?", "answer": "University of Bologna"}, {"question": "What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?", "answer": "the Constitutio Habita"}, {"question": "What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?", "answer": "unhindered passage in the interests of education"}, {"question": "On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?", "answer": "18 September 1988"}, {"question": "What is a scholae monasticae?", "answer": "monastic schools"}, {"question": "Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?", "answer": "monks and nuns"}, {"question": "In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?", "answer": "immediate forerunners"}, {"question": "What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?", "answer": "Latin Church"}, {"question": "During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?", "answer": "early medieval period"}, {"question": "Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?", "answer": "to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge"}, {"question": "What outlook developed the creation of the university system?", "answer": "humanism"}, {"question": "Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What type of governments were involved in creating universities?", "answer": "city governments"}, {"question": "Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?", "answer": "more than 3000 pages"}, {"question": "Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?", "answer": "Western thought"}, {"question": "What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?", "answer": "scholasticism"}, {"question": "What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "Which language was used in lectures in early European universities?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "For what subjects did professors use the work of Hippocrates?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "What type of subjects did the universities of northern Europe focus on?", "answer": "arts and theology"}, {"question": "What type of degree was given out at a English university?", "answer": "bachelor's degrees"}, {"question": "What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?", "answer": "Mediterranean universities"}, {"question": "What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?", "answer": "prince or monarch"}, {"question": "In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?", "answer": "10th"}, {"question": "From where did a degree come in a madrasa?", "answer": "individual teachers"}, {"question": "Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?", "answer": "Al-Andalus"}, {"question": "Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?", "answer": "a global context"}, {"question": "During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?", "answer": "the Crusades"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Early Modern period?", "answer": "late 15th century to 1800"}, {"question": "At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?", "answer": "about 400 years"}, {"question": "How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?", "answer": "twenty-nine"}, {"question": "How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?", "answer": "143"}, {"question": "The German Empire had how many universities?", "answer": "34"}, {"question": "What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?", "answer": "the Thirty Years' War"}, {"question": "Which university is said to have started faculty governance?", "answer": "University of Paris"}, {"question": "Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?", "answer": "the state"}, {"question": "The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?", "answer": "the nation-state."}, {"question": "How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?", "answer": "student-controlled"}, {"question": "What were the faculty who supervised students in the University of Paris called?", "answer": "masters"}, {"question": "The structure of the University of Paris served as what for other universities?", "answer": "a standard"}, {"question": "How many styles did the University of Paris model end up taking when applied to other universities?", "answer": "at least three"}, {"question": "Which university had teaching which was more general, and not centralized?", "answer": "University of Oxford"}, {"question": "What type of student did schools that focus on very specific topics aim to create?", "answer": "specialists"}, {"question": "What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?", "answer": "the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages"}, {"question": "What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?", "answer": "Galen and Arabic scholarship"}, {"question": "The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?", "answer": "Humanist"}, {"question": "Niccol\u00f2 Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?", "answer": "medicine"}, {"question": "Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?", "answer": "Andreas Alciatus"}, {"question": "Discovery and exposition were examples of the focus of what type of university scholar?", "answer": "humanist"}, {"question": "A concentration on the study of the self resulted in what field of study?", "answer": "the humanities"}, {"question": "What work did Vesalius push the study of?", "answer": "Galen"}, {"question": "What spread the use of texts by Galen within universities?", "answer": "the printing press"}, {"question": "In multiple countries in Europe students can attend a university with what kind if financial burden?", "answer": "without tuition fees"}, {"question": "Until what year were public universities in nordic nation free of tuition?", "answer": "around 2005"}, {"question": "What kind of students pay fees in public universities in Denmark?", "answer": "foreign students"}, {"question": "In terms of Universities in Denmark what is the fee status for citizens of EFA states?", "answer": "exempted from tuition fees"}, {"question": "What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow foreign students?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "In Ireland what word is mainly used instead of university?", "answer": "college"}, {"question": "Spain refers to a university in what other way?", "answer": "uni"}, {"question": "The nation of Ghana shortens university to what?", "answer": "varsity"}, {"question": "Scotland is said to frequently refer to university as what?", "answer": "Varsity"}, {"question": "In what century was it believed that the UK used the word varsity to refer to a university?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "A college teaches students for how many years in Canada?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What type of institution is a college in Canada?", "answer": "non-degree-granting"}, {"question": "How many years does a degree-granting university in Canada spend teaching students?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is McGill University in Canada an example of?", "answer": "medical schools"}, {"question": "What type of university is St Francis Xavier in Canada?", "answer": "undergraduate"}, {"question": "How many vice presidents do most universities have?", "answer": "at least one"}, {"question": "What kind of board does a university commonly have?", "answer": "a board of trustees"}, {"question": "What are the different departments of a university called?", "answer": "schools or faculties"}, {"question": "Who controls public universities?", "answer": "government-run higher education boards"}, {"question": "Besides students, what is the source of funds of private universities?", "answer": "business corporations"}, {"question": "How does the financial backing of universities around the world differ?", "answer": "varies widely"}, {"question": "In nations that accept students from through the world what might the university offer to a student?", "answer": "accommodation"}, {"question": "Outside of state funded schools, and funds coming from donors, how might a university collect funds?", "answer": "fees which students attending the university"}, {"question": "What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?", "answer": "intergovernmental"}, {"question": "In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?", "answer": "P\u00f4le Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University"}, {"question": "What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?", "answer": "sustainable development"}, {"question": "What type of school is the European University Institute?", "answer": "post-graduate"}, {"question": "What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?", "answer": "social sciences"}, {"question": "What was a focus of the National University of Ireland during the beginning of Irish Independence?", "answer": "Irish language and Irish culture"}, {"question": "In what nation did the University Revolution occur?", "answer": "Argentina"}, {"question": "In what year did Argentina's University Revolution occur?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What was the result of the University Revolution in Argentina?", "answer": "Reforms"}, {"question": "In what year did the Robbins report say that universities should have four objectives to remain balanced?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "What nation did the 1963 Robbins Report focus on?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "What should a university promote, according to the Robbins Report?", "answer": "general powers of the mind"}, {"question": "Universities should maintain what, according to the Robbins Report?", "answer": "research in balance with teaching"}, {"question": "The Robbins Report says universities should transmit what?", "answer": "a common culture and common standards of citizenship"}, {"question": "Ending with what century did religion play a smaller part in the curriculum of universities?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "what model of university structure was being used throughout the world at the finish of the 19th century?", "answer": "the German university model"}, {"question": "What was the focus of universities in the 20th century?", "answer": "science"}, {"question": "Who was Sir Keith Murray?", "answer": "chairman of the University Grants Committee"}, {"question": "What university did Sir Samuel Curran contribute to the creation of?", "answer": "the University of Strathclyde"}, {"question": "At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?", "answer": "the end of the early modern period"}, {"question": "What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?", "answer": "mechanistic"}, {"question": "What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?", "answer": "humanities"}, {"question": "The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?", "answer": "the modern state"}, {"question": "The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?", "answer": "Aristotle"}, {"question": "Scientists and universities were competing for what?", "answer": "limited resources"}, {"question": "What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public?", "answer": "free"}, {"question": " Governments created universities to serve as what?", "answer": "an alternative to traditional universities"}, {"question": "What type of entity created competition with government created universities?", "answer": "private benefactors"}, {"question": "What percentage of scientists from 1450\u20131650 in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography were taught in a university?", "answer": "more than 80%"}, {"question": "On the part of universities what was their reaction to giving up the Aristotelian system?", "answer": "considerable reluctance"}, {"question": "What university was Melancthon from?", "answer": "University of Wittenberg"}, {"question": "What type of epistemology was adopted for a short period of time in European universities?", "answer": "Cartesian"}, {"question": "The acceptance of new concepts and sciences by universities brought these ideas what?", "answer": "legitimacy and respectability"}, {"question": "What type of epistemology served as the foundation of knowledge constructions and  training scholars in universities?", "answer": "Aristotelian"}, {"question": "The scientific revolution contributed to what, in terms of science?", "answer": "autonomy"}, {"question": "There was disagreement between universities and scientists over schools focusing on science, and the idea of what?", "answer": "a general scholar"}, {"question": "A hierarchy of scientific disciplines came out of what?", "answer": "the scientific revolution"}, {"question": "Where did students after the scientific revolution put science on the scale of importance?", "answer": "first"}, {"question": "The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?", "answer": "the scientific revolution"}, {"question": "Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?", "answer": "changes in science"}, {"question": "Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?", "answer": "princely courts"}, {"question": "Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?", "answer": "Richard S. Westfall"}, {"question": "The members of what class were priests in ancient Rome?", "answer": "elite"}, {"question": "What kind of political separation did not exist in Rome? ", "answer": "church and state"}, {"question": "What was the time span of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "509\u201327 BC"}, {"question": "Which God exemplified just rule for the Romans?", "answer": "Jupiter"}, {"question": "As a result of what war were many new temples built by victorious generals?", "answer": "Punic Wars"}, {"question": "What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?", "answer": "faith or dogma"}, {"question": "What was brought forth by religion in Rome?", "answer": "social order"}, {"question": "What religious feature did each Roman home have?", "answer": "household shrine"}, {"question": "What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?", "answer": "religious observances"}, {"question": "What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "How deities did the Romans have?", "answer": "great number"}, {"question": "What group was an influence to Roman culture?", "answer": "Greeks"}, {"question": "What sort  of practices did the Greeks offer to Rome's culture?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs?", "answer": "Greek"}, {"question": "What religion influenced augury for the Romans?", "answer": "Etruscan"}, {"question": "What was the practice of religion to the Romans?", "answer": "personal choice"}, {"question": "What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?", "answer": "public religion"}, {"question": "What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?", "answer": "mysteries"}, {"question": "What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?", "answer": "conservative Romans"}, {"question": "What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?", "answer": "morality and unity"}, {"question": "What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? ", "answer": "absorb"}, {"question": "To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability?", "answer": "preserving tradition"}, {"question": "What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order?", "answer": "religious heritage"}, {"question": "To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities?", "answer": "remote provinces"}, {"question": "What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman?", "answer": "tolerance"}, {"question": "After the Republic collapsed,  what addition was made to the religions of Rome?", "answer": "emperors"}, {"question": "Who was the first Roman emperor?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?", "answer": "emperor"}, {"question": "What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?", "answer": "Imperial cult"}, {"question": "As what during the time of the Roman empire  was rejection of the state religion viewed?", "answer": "treason"}, {"question": "What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?", "answer": "Aeneas"}, {"question": "Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?", "answer": "Roman religion"}, {"question": "Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?", "answer": "Lupercalia"}, {"question": "To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?", "answer": "Hercules"}, {"question": "What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome?", "answer": "Romulus and Remus"}, {"question": "What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale?", "answer": "hero myth"}, {"question": "Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus?", "answer": "Rhea Silvia"}, {"question": "What god was the father of Romulus and Remus?", "answer": "Mars"}, {"question": "What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth?", "answer": "miraculous"}, {"question": "What type of organization did Romulus establish?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "What religious festival did Romulus found?", "answer": "Consualia"}, {"question": "According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?", "answer": "Jupiter"}, {"question": "What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?", "answer": "spoils taken in war"}, {"question": "Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?", "answer": "deified"}, {"question": "To what were the first kings of Rome associated?", "answer": "religious institutions"}, {"question": "To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus  establish a temple?", "answer": "Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"}, {"question": "Where was the temple to the triad gods established?", "answer": "Capitoline"}, {"question": "What organization did Servius Tullius found?", "answer": "Latin League,"}, {"question": "The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Tarquinius Superbus"}, {"question": "What type of myth did Rome not have?", "answer": "creation"}, {"question": "To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?", "answer": "immortal gods"}, {"question": "What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? ", "answer": "Rome honoured them"}, {"question": "What did Rome make the myriad various cults?", "answer": "lawful"}, {"question": "What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?", "answer": "Change"}, {"question": "To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods?", "answer": "Jupiter"}, {"question": "What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices?", "answer": "divine authority"}, {"question": "What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice?", "answer": "Mars and Quirinus"}, {"question": "From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come?", "answer": "Greek in origin"}, {"question": "Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? ", "answer": "heritage"}, {"question": "What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?", "answer": "commonplace"}, {"question": "To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices  pertain? ", "answer": "lawful Roman"}, {"question": "What were the characteristics of state religious observances?", "answer": "impressive, costly, and centralised"}, {"question": "Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? ", "answer": "individual"}, {"question": "What type of deities did Roman communities have?", "answer": "patron"}, {"question": "How many religious celebrations did Rome have?", "answer": "forty"}, {"question": " What type of day were there more of in Rome?", "answer": "sacred days"}, {"question": "With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?", "answer": "seasonal"}, {"question": "What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?", "answer": "local"}, {"question": "Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?", "answer": "particular groups"}, {"question": "What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?", "answer": "fulfillment of religious vows"}, {"question": "What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?", "answer": "The triumph"}, {"question": "In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?", "answer": "public display"}, {"question": "Under what auspices did public displays  come during the Principate?", "answer": "Imperial"}, {"question": "Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?", "answer": "emperors"}, {"question": "What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?", "answer": "reinterpretation"}, {"question": "What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?", "answer": "reform"}, {"question": "What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?", "answer": "Ovid"}, {"question": "What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?", "answer": "authoritative calendar"}, {"question": "Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual?", "answer": "augury"}, {"question": "What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct?", "answer": "templum"}, {"question": "What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building?", "answer": "aedes, delubrum, or fanum"}, {"question": "What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture?", "answer": "temples"}, {"question": "What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion?", "answer": "prayer"}, {"question": "What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was?", "answer": "useless"}, {"question": "What act alone had power in Roman thought?", "answer": "Prayer"}, {"question": "What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer?", "answer": "correct verbal formulas"}, {"question": "What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome?", "answer": "personal expression"}, {"question": "When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? ", "answer": "daylight"}, {"question": "What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections?", "answer": "fertile"}, {"question": "What event was held after the sacrifice?", "answer": "banquet"}, {"question": "Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice  banquet?", "answer": "officials and priests"}, {"question": "When were the gods below and the dead celebrated?", "answer": "nighttime"}, {"question": "What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered?", "answer": "dark, fertile"}, {"question": "How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled?", "answer": "burnt offering"}, {"question": "What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice?", "answer": "shared banquet"}, {"question": "What feature had importance in sacrifices?", "answer": "Color"}, {"question": "What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?", "answer": "divine agencies"}, {"question": "What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?", "answer": "Divine"}, {"question": "What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?", "answer": "gratitude"}, {"question": "What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?", "answer": "public rites"}, {"question": "What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?", "answer": "supplicating the gods"}, {"question": "What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?", "answer": "Extraordinary"}, {"question": "What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?", "answer": "every animal born"}, {"question": "From whom was Rome asking for protection?", "answer": "Hannibal"}, {"question": "What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?", "answer": "withheld"}, {"question": "What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?", "answer": "bull"}, {"question": "What were the exta of a sacrifice?", "answer": "entrails"}, {"question": "How were the exta read in Roman religious practice?", "answer": "disciplina Etrusca"}, {"question": "What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods?", "answer": "exta and blood"}, {"question": "What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans?", "answer": "meat"}, {"question": "Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed?", "answer": "fire on the altar"}, {"question": "What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?", "answer": "Human"}, {"question": "What act was repulsive to Romans?", "answer": "Human sacrifice"}, {"question": "How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?", "answer": "buried"}, {"question": "Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?", "answer": "Gaul"}, {"question": "When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?", "answer": "113 BC"}, {"question": "During what war was the first gladiator munus held?", "answer": "First Punic War"}, {"question": "How was the gladiatorial combat described? ", "answer": "funeral blood-rite"}, {"question": "What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "In what way was gladiatorial combat considered?", "answer": "as an offering"}, {"question": "How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats?", "answer": "human sacrifice"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "L. Junius Brutus"}, {"question": "What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania?", "answer": "woolen dolls"}, {"question": "Who was Mania in Roman religion?", "answer": "Mother of the Lares"}, {"question": "What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "L. Junius Brutus"}, {"question": "What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices?", "answer": "executions"}, {"question": "What act did Romans view as obnoxious?", "answer": "human sacrifice"}, {"question": "To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed?", "answer": "enemies"}, {"question": "What did Rome do about human sacrifice?", "answer": "banned it"}, {"question": "As what  did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice?", "answer": "murder"}, {"question": "What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide?", "answer": "Hadrian"}, {"question": "Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?", "answer": "pater familias"}, {"question": "Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?", "answer": "wife"}, {"question": "Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?", "answer": "Aeneas"}, {"question": "From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?", "answer": "Troy"}, {"question": "What was put in the temple of Vesta?", "answer": "Palladium"}, {"question": "On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?", "answer": "ritualised"}, {"question": "What form of religion was atheism considered to be? ", "answer": "Religious neglect"}, {"question": "What results did proper religious practices produce?", "answer": "harmony and prosperity."}, {"question": "What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?", "answer": "divine anger"}, {"question": "What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?", "answer": "commitment"}, {"question": "What organization payed for the maintenance official cults?", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "Who funded non-official religious cults?", "answer": "private individuals"}, {"question": "What group benefited from non- official cults? ", "answer": "own communities"}, {"question": "What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "What individuals had the right to regulate all cults?", "answer": "censor and pontifices"}, {"question": "What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?", "answer": "separate priestly caste"}, {"question": "What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? ", "answer": "highest"}, {"question": "What type of religious participants were available for consultation?", "answer": "Specialists"}, {"question": "Which member of a family functioned as priest?", "answer": "paterfamilias"}, {"question": "What were the earliest priesthoods? ", "answer": "flamines"}, {"question": "Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings?", "answer": "rex sacrorum"}, {"question": "What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack?", "answer": "civil"}, {"question": "What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic?", "answer": "Republican pontifices"}, {"question": "What individual became more powerful during the late Republic?", "answer": "pontifex maximus"}, {"question": "By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic?", "answer": "rex sacrorum"}, {"question": "What group selected public priests in Rome?", "answer": "collegia"}, {"question": "What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?", "answer": "lifetime"}, {"question": "What limited an individual's access to religious offices?", "answer": "law"}, {"question": "Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?", "answer": "costly"}, {"question": "What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?", "answer": "Roman citizenship"}, {"question": "How many Vestals were there in Rome?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Of what was Vesta the goddess?", "answer": "hearth"}, {"question": "Of what were the Vestals protectors?", "answer": "vital flame"}, {"question": "What was the benefit of being a Vestal?", "answer": "political influence"}, {"question": "To whom did the Vestal answer?", "answer": "Pontifex Maximus"}, {"question": "What vow was required of Vestals?", "answer": "chastity"}, {"question": "What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?", "answer": "buried alive"}, {"question": "What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?", "answer": "devoted"}, {"question": "How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?", "answer": "essential"}, {"question": "What was the honor granted a Vestal ?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?", "answer": "Vesta's flame"}, {"question": "For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?", "answer": "Lares and Penates"}, {"question": "What was the Vestal festival called?", "answer": "Vestalia"}, {"question": "To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?", "answer": "mola salsa"}, {"question": "What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?", "answer": "Indirect"}, {"question": "What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?", "answer": "seating"}, {"question": "For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?", "answer": "Livia"}, {"question": "Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?", "answer": "4th century"}, {"question": "Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?", "answer": "Theodosius I"}, {"question": "In what area did public rites take place in Rome?", "answer": "sacred precinct"}, {"question": "What person marked the religious area ritually?", "answer": "augur"}, {"question": "What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?", "answer": "sacred space"}, {"question": "Who designated the first boundary of Rome?", "answer": "Romulus"}, {"question": "What did augers seek to understand through observances?", "answer": "divine will"}, {"question": "What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?", "answer": "examination of entrails"}, {"question": "Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?", "answer": "liver"}, {"question": "To which group can haruspicy to traced?", "answer": "Etruscan"}, {"question": "What type of private  individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?", "answer": "diviners"}, {"question": "What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?", "answer": "public haruspices"}, {"question": "What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?", "answer": "Prodigies"}, {"question": "What did prodigies show the Romans?", "answer": "divine anger"}, {"question": "Of what were prodigies predictors?", "answer": "conflict and misfortune"}, {"question": "What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?", "answer": "dedicated rites"}, {"question": "What group determined the truth of a prodigy?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "What author wrote of disaster prodigies?", "answer": "Livy"}, {"question": "Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?", "answer": "greater victims"}, {"question": "What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?", "answer": "lesser victims"}, {"question": "What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?", "answer": "Rome's victory"}, {"question": "Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?", "answer": "widespread failure"}, {"question": "From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?", "answer": "educated elite"}, {"question": "What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?", "answer": "archaic"}, {"question": "What did the ancient Romans expect after death?", "answer": "afterlife"}, {"question": "With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?", "answer": "gods"}, {"question": "What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?", "answer": "monumental endowments"}, {"question": "What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?", "answer": "Funeral and commemorative"}, {"question": "What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?", "answer": "sow"}, {"question": "What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?", "answer": "less well-off"}, {"question": "What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? ", "answer": "Parentalia"}, {"question": "What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?", "answer": "Ceres"}, {"question": "What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?", "answer": "Tombs"}, {"question": "What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?", "answer": "alms of food"}, {"question": "When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?", "answer": "AD 567"}, {"question": "How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?", "answer": "ritual pollution"}, {"question": "How were Roman camps laid out?", "answer": "standard pattern"}, {"question": "For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?", "answer": "defense and religious ritual"}, {"question": "Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What was in the center of each Roman camp?", "answer": "commander's headquarters"}, {"question": "What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?", "answer": "divine templum"}, {"question": "What type of personnel did every camp have?", "answer": "religious"}, {"question": "What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?", "answer": "senior magistrate-commander"}, {"question": "In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?", "answer": "emperor"}, {"question": "Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?", "answer": "Rome's official festivals"}, {"question": "What person was considered to be \"Mother of the camp''?", "answer": "Empress"}, {"question": "What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?", "answer": "devotio"}, {"question": "What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?", "answer": "Decius Mus"}, {"question": "With what does the devotio link to military ethics?", "answer": "Roman gladiator"}, {"question": "By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?", "answer": "disastrous consequences"}, {"question": "Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?", "answer": "Livy"}, {"question": "What general was consul in 249 BC?", "answer": "Publius Claudius Pulcher"}, {"question": "What type of campaign did Publius fight?", "answer": "sea"}, {"question": "What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?", "answer": "defiance of the omen"}, {"question": "How did Publius fare in his battle?", "answer": "defeated"}, {"question": "What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?", "answer": "impiety"}, {"question": "What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?", "answer": "limited"}, {"question": "What religious act did women not perform?", "answer": "animal sacrifice"}, {"question": "What priesthood was reserved solely for women?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "What Roman rites excluded men?", "answer": "Bona Dea"}, {"question": "With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? ", "answer": "motherhood"}, {"question": "What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?", "answer": "superstitio"}, {"question": "Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?", "answer": "more than was necessary"}, {"question": "What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?", "answer": "superstition"}, {"question": "What was the basis of Roman religion?", "answer": "knowledge"}, {"question": "What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?", "answer": "inappropriate"}, {"question": "What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?", "answer": "private diviners"}, {"question": "What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?", "answer": "will of the gods"}, {"question": "What action was not to be sought by state diviners?", "answer": "foretelling the future"}, {"question": "What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?", "answer": "Astrologers and magicians"}, {"question": "What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?", "answer": "death"}, {"question": "What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?", "answer": "magi"}, {"question": "To what did the term magi originally refer?", "answer": "Persian priests"}, {"question": "Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?", "answer": "Pliny the Elder"}, {"question": "What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?", "answer": "\"History of magical arts\""}, {"question": "Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?", "answer": "Apollonius of Tyana"}, {"question": "Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?", "answer": "Sextus Pompeius"}, {"question": "What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?", "answer": "Erichtho"}, {"question": "What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?", "answer": "order of gods"}, {"question": "How was Erichtho portrayed?", "answer": "stereotypical witch"}, {"question": "From what country did Erichtho come?", "answer": "Thessaly"}, {"question": "What forbid harmful  incantations?", "answer": "Twelve Tables"}, {"question": "What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? ", "answer": "Chthonic"}, {"question": "What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid?", "answer": "public gaze"}, {"question": "What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances?", "answer": "indistinguishable"}, {"question": "Where was magic conducted in Rome?", "answer": "outside the sacred boundary"}, {"question": "What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times?", "answer": "Archaeology"}, {"question": "What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world?", "answer": "defixiones"}, {"question": "What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong?", "answer": "law and justice"}, {"question": "Until what era did spells persist in the empire?", "answer": "7th century AD"}, {"question": "What era produced a decline in the use of spells?", "answer": "Christian era"}, {"question": "What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?", "answer": "aristocracy"}, {"question": "Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?", "answer": "slave or free non-citizens"}, {"question": "What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?", "answer": "plebeians"}, {"question": "How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?", "answer": "Less than a quarter"}, {"question": "What organization was Rome's official caretaker?", "answer": "the senate"}, {"question": "The link between what groups was necessary to Rome?", "answer": "religious and political"}, {"question": "Where was the basic power in Rome to be found?", "answer": "patrician elite"}, {"question": "What group was excluded from high offices ?", "answer": "plebeians"}, {"question": "Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes?", "answer": "Camillus"}, {"question": "To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike?", "answer": "Concordia"}, {"question": "What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? ", "answer": "political traditions and religious cults"}, {"question": "What cult arrived from southern Italy?", "answer": "Dionysus"}, {"question": "During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?", "answer": "Punic crisis"}, {"question": "To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?", "answer": "Bacchus"}, {"question": "With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?", "answer": "divine hierarchy"}, {"question": "What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise?", "answer": "pontifex maximus"}, {"question": "What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes?", "answer": "cultural shift"}, {"question": "What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals?", "answer": "divinely inspired"}, {"question": "In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus?", "answer": "63 BC"}, {"question": "How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome?", "answer": "by law"}, {"question": "At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas?", "answer": "plebeian"}, {"question": "With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period?", "answer": "neighbours"}, {"question": "What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad?", "answer": "Minerva"}, {"question": "In what style was the temple to Minerva built?", "answer": "Etruscan"}, {"question": "What gods were in the Capitoline triad?", "answer": "Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"}, {"question": "Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?", "answer": "Diana"}, {"question": "To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?", "answer": "Jupiter Latiaris"}, {"question": "What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?", "answer": "Hercules"}, {"question": "For what group was Castor a patron?", "answer": "cavalry"}, {"question": "From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC?", "answer": "Magna Mater"}, {"question": "What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult?", "answer": "Bacchus"}, {"question": "In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive?", "answer": "186 BC"}, {"question": "In what year was Diana  brought into the pomerium?", "answer": "179 BC"}, {"question": "What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC?", "answer": "Mars"}, {"question": "The spread of all things Greek provided what for the interpretation of Rome's religions?", "answer": "model"}, {"question": "What writer defined the development of the gods?", "answer": "Euhemerus"}, {"question": "At the end of the Republic, who read the Stoic interpretations of Roman gods and religion?", "answer": "literate elite"}, {"question": "What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?", "answer": "devotion and cult."}, {"question": "What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?", "answer": "Euhemerus' theory"}, {"question": "What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?", "answer": "divine ancestor"}, {"question": "What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?", "answer": "personal claim"}, {"question": "What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?", "answer": "Venus Genetrix"}, {"question": "Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?", "answer": "Imperial cult"}, {"question": "What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood? ", "answer": "Vergil"}, {"question": "By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?", "answer": "religious and political"}, {"question": "What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "How many priesthoods was Augustus given?", "answer": "unprecedented number"}, {"question": "How were Augustus's reforms viewed?", "answer": "adaptive, restorative and regulatory"}, {"question": "As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?", "answer": "Roman morality"}, {"question": "From what were countries in the empire free?", "answer": "Roman religious law"}, {"question": "What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?", "answer": "inclusionist policies"}, {"question": "What was Rome's policy towards government?", "answer": "Autonomy and concord"}, {"question": "What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults? ", "answer": "Romanised"}, {"question": "What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?", "answer": "centralised legal requirement"}, {"question": "To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?", "answer": "traditional gods"}, {"question": "What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?", "answer": "diis deabusque omnibus"}, {"question": "What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?", "answer": "domestic"}, {"question": "What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?", "answer": "conscription"}, {"question": "What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?", "answer": "citizenship"}, {"question": "What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?", "answer": "Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?", "answer": "divine monarchy"}, {"question": "To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? ", "answer": "Augustus"}, {"question": "For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?", "answer": "integrated"}, {"question": "By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?", "answer": "Imperial cult"}, {"question": "What was the emperor's rule in Rome?", "answer": "divinely approved"}, {"question": "As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?", "answer": "traditional"}, {"question": "As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?", "answer": "father of his country"}, {"question": "After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?", "answer": "vote in the Senate"}, {"question": "What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion? ", "answer": "traditional cults"}, {"question": "What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?", "answer": "treaty"}, {"question": "What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?", "answer": "synagogues"}, {"question": "When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?", "answer": "63 BC"}, {"question": "Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?", "answer": "Julius Caesar"}, {"question": "In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?", "answer": "Christianity"}, {"question": "What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?", "answer": "Emperor Nero"}, {"question": "What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce? ", "answer": "persecution"}, {"question": "What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?", "answer": "official policy"}, {"question": "How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?", "answer": "ungodly practices"}, {"question": "Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?", "answer": "Decius"}, {"question": "What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?", "answer": "Jews"}, {"question": "What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?", "answer": "Decian oath"}, {"question": "What was the Decian decree meant to root out?", "answer": "subversives"}, {"question": "What happened to the decree after a year?", "answer": "edict expired."}, {"question": "What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?", "answer": "subversive foreign cult"}, {"question": "What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?", "answer": "assemblies"}, {"question": "To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?", "answer": "Rome's traditional"}, {"question": "What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?", "answer": "threat"}, {"question": "What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?", "answer": "stronger"}, {"question": "For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?", "answer": "treason"}, {"question": "In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?", "answer": "303 AD"}, {"question": "In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?", "answer": "legal rights"}, {"question": "With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?", "answer": "imprisonment"}, {"question": "To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?", "answer": "traditional gods"}, {"question": "How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?", "answer": "strictly enforced"}, {"question": "In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?", "answer": "imprisoned or martyred"}, {"question": "What were some Christian communities?", "answer": "powerful and influential"}, {"question": "What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?", "answer": "lenient"}, {"question": "When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?", "answer": "311"}, {"question": "Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?", "answer": "St. Jerome"}, {"question": "With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?", "answer": "\"pagan\" emperors"}, {"question": "To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?", "answer": "peace of God"}, {"question": "What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? ", "answer": "Constantine I"}, {"question": "What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?", "answer": "Donatists"}, {"question": "What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?", "answer": "edict of Milan"}, {"question": "How did Constantine accept Christianity?", "answer": "officially"}, {"question": "Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?", "answer": "traditional religions"}, {"question": "As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?", "answer": "absolute head of state"}, {"question": "As what was Constantine honored when he died?", "answer": "Christian, Imperial, and \"divus\""}, {"question": "What group did Constantine call to a meeting?", "answer": "First Council of Nicaea"}, {"question": "How many bishops attended the First Council?", "answer": "318"}, {"question": "From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?", "answer": "Western Empire"}, {"question": "What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?", "answer": "Christian orthodoxy"}, {"question": "What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?", "answer": "Nicene Creed"}, {"question": "What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?", "answer": "Nicene Christianity"}, {"question": "What pleas were rejected by the empire?", "answer": "religious tolerance"}, {"question": "What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?", "answer": "Heretics"}, {"question": "What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?", "answer": "ritual"}, {"question": "Who rejected the Christian religion?", "answer": "Julian"}, {"question": "When did Julian become Augustus?", "answer": "361"}, {"question": "What did Julian try to restore to the empire?", "answer": "non-Christian practices"}, {"question": "What building did Julian want to rebuild?", "answer": "Jerusalem's temple"}, {"question": "After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?", "answer": "Christian control"}, {"question": "What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?", "answer": "pontifex maximus"}, {"question": "What group did Gratian seek the abolish?", "answer": "Vestals"}, {"question": "Which emperor briefly united the empire again?", "answer": "Theodosius I"}, {"question": "What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?", "answer": "Sacred fire"}, {"question": "Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?", "answer": "East and West"}, {"question": "Where is Youtube headquartered? ", "answer": "San Bruno, California, United States"}, {"question": "When was Youtube created?", "answer": "February 2005"}, {"question": "How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?", "answer": "US$1.65 billion"}, {"question": "Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?", "answer": "short original videos"}, {"question": "How does youtube now operate as a business?", "answer": "as one of Google's subsidiaries"}, {"question": "What are the first names of the men that invented youtube?", "answer": "Hurley and Chen"}, {"question": "Where did Chen live in 2005?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "When did the creators have the idea for youtube?", "answer": "the early months of 2005"}, {"question": "What was the original stimuli for creating the website?", "answer": "difficulty sharing videos"}, {"question": "when was the first beta test for the youtube site?", "answer": "May 2005"}, {"question": "What was the first video to reach a million views?", "answer": "a Nike advertisement"}, {"question": "How much did Sequoia Capital invest in youtube in November of 2005?", "answer": "$3.5 million"}, {"question": "What was the official launch date for the youtube website?", "answer": "December 15, 2005"}, {"question": "As of May 2010 how many total video views had youtube attained?", "answer": "14 billion"}, {"question": "As of 2014, how many hours of video were being uploaded every  minute?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "How much content on youtube comes from outside the US?", "answer": "around three quarters"}, {"question": "How many unique visitors a month were tracked as of 2014?", "answer": "800 million"}, {"question": "As of June 2015, how many estimated visitors does youtube have in a month?", "answer": "15 billion"}, {"question": "Youtube is ranked what on the world's list of most visited sites?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What did youtube do on March 31 2010? ", "answer": "launched a new design"}, {"question": "Who was the Google product manager in 2010?", "answer": "Shiva Rajaraman"}, {"question": "How many videos was youtube serving per day as of May 2010?", "answer": "more than two billion"}, {"question": "How many views per day was youtube receiving as of May 2011?", "answer": "more than three billion"}, {"question": "How many videos per day were streamed as of January 2012?", "answer": "four billion"}, {"question": "What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?", "answer": "a new app"}, {"question": "what was the name of the new app youtube launched?", "answer": "YouTube Kids"}, {"question": "What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?", "answer": "YouTube Gaming"}, {"question": "What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?", "answer": "YouTube Red"}, {"question": "On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?", "answer": "both Android and iOS"}, {"question": "In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?", "answer": "HTML5"}, {"question": "What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?", "answer": "allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player"}, {"question": "How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?", "answer": "a page"}, {"question": "What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?", "answer": "WebM"}, {"question": "What is the maximum length of a video on youtube?", "answer": "12 hours"}, {"question": "When a user with a new account posts a video, what is the maximum length allowed?", "answer": "15 minutes"}, {"question": "When was the time limit on video length first enacted on youtube?", "answer": "March 2006"}, {"question": "in 2006 Youtube found that the majority of longer videos were what?", "answer": "unauthorized uploads"}, {"question": "What is the upload file size limit on out of date browsers?", "answer": "20 GB"}, {"question": "When was 720p HD support added to youtube?", "answer": "In November 2008"}, {"question": "What did youtube change its screen format to from 4:3?", "answer": "widescreen 16:9"}, {"question": "What video format support was added in 2009?", "answer": "1080p HD"}, {"question": "What is the highest resolution of video supported by youtube?", "answer": "8K resolution"}, {"question": "What is the name of the format that has dimensions of 4096\u00d73072 pixels?", "answer": "4K"}, {"question": "Peter Bradshaw held what position in youtube?", "answer": "software engineer"}, {"question": "What type of videos did youtube officially start supporting in July 2009?", "answer": "3D"}, {"question": "What is the name for the common method of viewing a 3d movie, with red and blue glasses?", "answer": "anaglyph"}, {"question": "When did HTML5 officially support side-by-side 3D footage?", "answer": "In May 2011"}, {"question": "Youtube offers users the option to watch content where?", "answer": "outside their website"}, {"question": "What is used to embed a youtube video to a webpage?", "answer": "HTML"}, {"question": "What is the most common use of embedded youtube videos?", "answer": "social networking pages and blogs"}, {"question": "What is a video called when a person records themselves watching a different video?", "answer": "\"video response\""}, {"question": "When did youtube officially remove the response feature?", "answer": "On August 27, 2013"}, {"question": "YOutube does not often post a what for its videos?", "answer": "download link"}, {"question": "Youtube intends for users to watch videos where?", "answer": "through its website"}, {"question": "What was added to the upload options in July of 2012?", "answer": "a Creative Commons license"}, {"question": "Which site removed the option of downloading youtube videos after 2012?", "answer": "Zamzar"}, {"question": "Which videos are often available for download straight from youtube?", "answer": "the weekly addresses by President Barack Obama"}, {"question": "When did youtube become available on Apple products?", "answer": "June 2007"}, {"question": "When did youtube launch its first app for the iPhone?", "answer": "September 2012"}, {"question": "What percentage of Smartphone users use the youtube app?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "What is Apple's prefered video standard?", "answer": "H.264"}, {"question": "How long did it take to transfer Youtube's content to Apple's standard?", "answer": "several months"}, {"question": "What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?", "answer": "TiVo"}, {"question": "What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?", "answer": "YouTube for TV"}, {"question": "later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV", "answer": "YouTube XL"}, {"question": "Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?", "answer": "the Roku player"}, {"question": "When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?", "answer": "October 2014"}, {"question": "What is youtube red?", "answer": "YouTube's premium subscription service"}, {"question": "When was youtube red originally announced?", "answer": "November 12, 2014"}, {"question": "What was the original title of youtube red?", "answer": "Music Key"}, {"question": "When was youtube red re-launched with its added features?", "answer": "October 28, 2015"}, {"question": "What service was \"music key\" intended to replace?", "answer": "Google Play Music \"All Access\""}, {"question": "Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?", "answer": "large production companies"}, {"question": "What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?", "answer": "Partner Program"}, {"question": "What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?", "answer": "$12 million"}, {"question": "Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?", "answer": "90.3%"}, {"question": "Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?", "answer": "Billboard"}, {"question": "Who is the TED curator?", "answer": "Chris Anderson"}, {"question": "What surprising feature does youtube possibly have the chance to revolutionize? ", "answer": "face-to-face communication"}, {"question": "Who is the founder of the Khan Academy?", "answer": "Salman Khan"}, {"question": "What other surprising aspect of human development will youtube likely have an impact on?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Facebook to what?", "answer": "schedule the protests"}, {"question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using Twitter to do what?", "answer": "coordinate"}, {"question": "An activist in the Arab spring said they were using youtube to do what?", "answer": "tell the world"}, {"question": "Who was the co-sponsor of the condemnation by the US Senate over the kony 2012 video?", "answer": "Senator Lindsey Graham"}, {"question": "What year was the first youtube question asked to a presidential nominee?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "How has youtube helped the government?", "answer": "to more easily engage with citizens"}, {"question": "the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?", "answer": "seventh"}, {"question": "What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?", "answer": "creators' new media savvy"}, {"question": "In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?", "answer": "Iman Crosson"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?", "answer": "encourage young Americans to enroll"}, {"question": "What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?", "answer": "It Gets Better Project"}, {"question": "How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?", "answer": "within two months"}, {"question": "How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "What was done after Amanda Todd's death?", "answer": "legislative action was undertaken"}, {"question": "What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?", "answer": "form a national anti-bullying strategy"}, {"question": "How much time does the average person spend watching youtube videos each day?", "answer": "15 minutes"}, {"question": "What is the average time an American watches TV in day?", "answer": "four or five hours"}, {"question": "What was youtube's estimated ads revenue in 2013?", "answer": "3.7 billion"}, {"question": "What was youtube's revenue as estimated in 2008?", "answer": "$200 million"}, {"question": "Youtube's financial records are not reported by who?", "answer": "Google"}, {"question": "When did youtube enter a partnership with NBC?", "answer": "June 2006"}, {"question": "What is the name of the section in youtube that allows major content publishers to post full length movies and episodes?", "answer": "Shows"}, {"question": "What was the intended purpose of youtube's \"shows\" section?", "answer": "to create competition"}, {"question": "When did youtube launch the version of \"shows\" for the UK?", "answer": "In November 2009"}, {"question": "In 2010 how many movies did youtube's rental service offer?", "answer": "over 6,000 films"}, {"question": "What was youtube's 2007 partner program based on?", "answer": "AdSense"}, {"question": "What percentage of revenue does youtube get for ads on \"partner program\" channels?", "answer": "45 percent"}, {"question": "How many people are employed by the partner program?", "answer": "over a million"}, {"question": "As per estimate in 2013 how much would a partner program member earn with ad revenue off of pre-roll advertising per 1000 views?", "answer": "$2.09"}, {"question": "How much ad revenue goes to the original uploader of the youtube video if they're in the partner program?", "answer": "55 percent"}, {"question": "Where does the majority of youtube's revenue go?", "answer": "to the copyright holders"}, {"question": "In 2010 what were the estimates for the amount of videos with advertisements uploaded without the copywriter's consent?", "answer": "nearly a third"}, {"question": "Which major gaming company claimed copyright ad revenue rights against uploaders?", "answer": "Nintendo"}, {"question": "When did Nintendo finally agree to share ad profits with the original uploaders?", "answer": "February 2015"}, {"question": "What option besides removing the video does youtube grant copyright holders?", "answer": "have them continue running for revenue"}, {"question": "What does the message when uploading a video ask the user not to do?", "answer": "violate copyright laws"}, {"question": "Posting a video without consent of the copyright holder is what according to youtube?", "answer": "unauthorized"}, {"question": "How many copyright infringements must an account have before the account is deleted?", "answer": "Three"}, {"question": "Youtube doesn't do what to videos before they're posted?", "answer": "view"}, {"question": "What kind of notice must a copyright holder issue when trying to take down content?", "answer": "DMCA"}, {"question": "Companies including Viacom and Mediaset have done what against youtube?", "answer": "filed lawsuits"}, {"question": "How much did Viacom want in damages in their lawsuit against youtube?", "answer": "$1 billion"}, {"question": "What does youtube do to prevent losing lawsuits involving copyright infringement?", "answer": "goes far beyond its legal obligations"}, {"question": "How many unauthorized clips did Viacom allegedly find on youtube that infringed its copyrights?", "answer": "150,000"}, {"question": "How much data did youtube have to hand over to Viacom as a result of the lawsuit?", "answer": "12 terabytes"}, {"question": "Which organization spoke against the courts ruling?", "answer": "Electronic Frontier Foundation"}, {"question": "What did Viacom plan to do after the ruling in 2010?", "answer": "appeal"}, {"question": "What happened to Viacom's lawsuit in 2010?", "answer": "rejected in a summary judgment"}, {"question": "Who was the residing judge of the lawsuit?", "answer": "Louis L. Stanton"}, {"question": "In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?", "answer": "videos that infringe copyright"}, {"question": "Who was Google's CEO in 2007?", "answer": "Eric Schmidt"}, {"question": "Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? ", "answer": "resolving lawsuits"}, {"question": "What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?", "answer": "Content ID"}, {"question": "What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?", "answer": "flags the video"}, {"question": "What was the ultimate view of Content ID's performance after a 2009 test?", "answer": "surprisingly resilient"}, {"question": "As of 2010 what is the maximum length of a video a user can upload given the proper authority?", "answer": "unlimited"}, {"question": "How does one dispute the ruling of Content ID?", "answer": "fill in a form"}, {"question": "What happened to the sites rules in Dec. 2010?", "answer": "were modified"}, {"question": "Youtube depends on who to flag inappropriate videos?", "answer": "users"}, {"question": "Who checks the flagged videos for unauthorized content?", "answer": "a YouTube employee"}, {"question": "The United Kingdom stated it was what with youtube's policies with moderating its content?", "answer": "unimpressed"}, {"question": "When did the UK speak out against youtube's copyright policies?", "answer": "In July 2008"}, {"question": "Who of the house of commons spoke out on youtube's policies?", "answer": "the Culture and Media Committee"}, {"question": "Most videos enable users to do what", "answer": "leave comments"}, {"question": "What has attracted negative attention about comments on youtube besides their content?", "answer": "their form"}, {"question": "Time in 2006 wrote that youtube harnessed the wisdom and what else of humanity?", "answer": "stupidity"}, {"question": "Which magazine wrote about youtube in a 2009 article on user comments?", "answer": "The Guardian"}, {"question": "Some of the positive aspects of youtube might be that it provides what on a scale we've never seen before?", "answer": "community and collaboration"}, {"question": "When did youtube first require the user to have a google account before posting a comment?", "answer": "November 6, 2013"}, {"question": "The changes to the google+ additions allowed uploaders to better moderate and what to comments?", "answer": "block"}, {"question": "There were better sorting functions put in place in 2013 to make sure what kind of comments appeared on top?", "answer": "more relevant discussions"}, {"question": "What is youtube co-founder Karim's first name?", "answer": "Jawed"}, {"question": "How many thumbs down votes did youtube's official statement about the new commenting system get within two days?", "answer": "20,097"}, {"question": "youtube is completely what in some places?", "answer": "blocked"}, {"question": "Why besides limited periods of time would youtube not be allowed in a country?", "answer": "long term standing ban"}, {"question": "What might happen in a restrictive state even if you do have access to the youtube site itself?", "answer": "specific videos is blocked"}, {"question": "How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?", "answer": "block all music content"}, {"question": "Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?", "answer": "to launch the enhanced music experience"}, {"question": "Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?", "answer": "The Financial Times"}, {"question": "Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?", "answer": "Jefferson"}, {"question": "What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?", "answer": "metaphor"}, {"question": "When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?", "answer": "authoritative declaration"}, {"question": "What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?", "answer": "a wall of separation between church and state"}, {"question": "What was one of the reason early immigrant groups came to America?", "answer": "to worship freely"}, {"question": "What were Protestant Christians fleeing from?", "answer": "religious persecution"}, {"question": "Who was persecuting the Puritans?", "answer": "King of England"}, {"question": "What did William Penn ensure the protection of in his colony?", "answer": "religious minorities"}, {"question": "What did the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony both establish?", "answer": "churches"}, {"question": "What may no person within Georgia be deprived of the privilege of doing in any manner agreeable to them?", "answer": "worshipping God"}, {"question": "When was the Georgia Constitution amended to add Article IV, Section 10?", "answer": "1789"}, {"question": "What can a citizen of Georgia not be compelled to do?", "answer": "attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment"}, {"question": "What is constitutionally forbidden to be established in the state of Georgia?", "answer": "No one religious society"}, {"question": "What will no person be denied the enjoyment of in Georgia based on their religious principles?", "answer": "any civil right"}, {"question": "When did the North Carolina Constitution disestablish the Anglican church?", "answer": "1776"}, {"question": "What religious denomination was the only one allowed to hold public office in NC until 1835?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "What category did the NC Constitution broaden the people allowed to hold public office to from 1835 to 1876?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "What part of the NC Constitution forbids atheists from holding public office?", "answer": "Article VI, Section 8"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Supreme Court rule clauses forbidding people from holding public office based on their religion was unenforceable? ", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "What shows support for the separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century?", "answer": "The Flushing Remonstrance"}, {"question": "What were the Remonstrance opposed to?", "answer": "religious persecution of any sort"}, {"question": "When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?", "answer": "December 27, 1657"}, {"question": "Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?", "answer": "Quakers"}, {"question": "What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?", "answer": "religions"}, {"question": "What did an established church, even at the state level, have?", "answer": "opponents"}, {"question": "What was Issac Backus' profession?", "answer": "Baptist minister"}, {"question": "What region did Isaac Backus come from?", "answer": "New England"}, {"question": "When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?", "answer": "1773"}, {"question": "When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?", "answer": "1786"}, {"question": "Who was Roger Williams?", "answer": "Baptist theologian"}, {"question": "What phrase did Roger Williams first use?", "answer": "\"[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world\""}, {"question": "What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?", "answer": "Rhode Island"}, {"question": "When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?", "answer": "1644"}, {"question": "Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?", "answer": "Jefferson and James Madison's"}, {"question": "What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?", "answer": "Proclamations of Thanksgiving"}, {"question": "How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?", "answer": "at the Capitol"}, {"question": "What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?", "answer": "practical distinction"}, {"question": "What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? ", "answer": "destruction"}, {"question": "What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?", "answer": "preachers"}, {"question": "How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?", "answer": "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"}, {"question": "What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?", "answer": "attend religious worship each morning"}, {"question": "What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?", "answer": "one Jeffersonian letter"}, {"question": "When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?", "answer": "1878"}, {"question": "What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?", "answer": "Reynolds v. U.S."}, {"question": "What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?", "answer": "Mormon polygamy"}, {"question": "What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?", "answer": "legal definition for the word religion"}, {"question": "What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?", "answer": "constitutional"}, {"question": "What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?", "answer": "Jefferson and Madison's"}, {"question": "What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?", "answer": "a bill"}, {"question": "Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?", "answer": "Patrick Henry"}, {"question": "What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?", "answer": "some denomination"}, {"question": "What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?", "answer": "worshipping God"}, {"question": "What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?", "answer": "some church"}, {"question": "Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?", "answer": "Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian"}, {"question": "What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?", "answer": "to choose their own church"}, {"question": "Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?", "answer": "openly divine-right Catholic,"}, {"question": "When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?", "answer": "1698"}, {"question": "What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?", "answer": "Christians"}, {"question": "What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?", "answer": "fervently Catholic"}, {"question": "What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?", "answer": "Scottish Catholic"}, {"question": "What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?", "answer": "religious test"}, {"question": "When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?", "answer": "1799"}, {"question": "What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?", "answer": "\"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\""}, {"question": "What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?", "answer": "\"establishment clause\""}, {"question": "What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?", "answer": "\"free exercise clause\""}, {"question": "What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?", "answer": "the Supreme Court's interpretations of the \"separation of church and state\" doctrine."}, {"question": "What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?", "answer": "a faith"}, {"question": "What is John Baker of LSU's profession?", "answer": "legal scholars"}, {"question": "Why was a more general \"religion\" used in the language of the First Amendment?", "answer": "to appease the Anti-Federalists"}, {"question": "Why was the word \"national\" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?", "answer": "because of the experience under the British crown"}, {"question": "Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?", "answer": "Elbridge Gerry"}, {"question": "What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? ", "answer": "Massachusetts"}, {"question": "Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?", "answer": "Connecticut"}, {"question": "Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? ", "answer": "Constitution only gave Congress stated powers"}, {"question": "What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?", "answer": "establishing a national religion"}, {"question": "Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?", "answer": "South Carolina"}, {"question": "What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?", "answer": "religious clauses in the state constitutions"}, {"question": "When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?", "answer": "post-Civil War"}, {"question": "What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?", "answer": "secure rights for former slaves"}, {"question": "What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?", "answer": "due process and equal protection clauses"}, {"question": "What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?", "answer": "incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states"}, {"question": "What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?", "answer": "application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states"}, {"question": "What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?", "answer": "Everson v. Board of Education"}, {"question": "What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?", "answer": "state law"}, {"question": "What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?", "answer": "state governments"}, {"question": "What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?", "answer": "Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet"}, {"question": "When was the case of v. Grumet?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state\" became part of what jurisprudence?", "answer": "Establishment Clause"}, {"question": "What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?", "answer": "Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145"}, {"question": "What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?", "answer": "freedom"}, {"question": "What word is not defined in the Constitution?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?", "answer": "the Danbury Baptists"}, {"question": "When was the centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?", "answer": "1947"}, {"question": "What case was the concept relevant?", "answer": "Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1"}, {"question": "What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?", "answer": "government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools"}, {"question": "What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?", "answer": "court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state"}, {"question": "How must the wall separating church and state be kept?", "answer": "high and impregnable"}, {"question": "What did the decision ultimately uphold?", "answer": "state law"}, {"question": "What was the state allowed to continue to fund?", "answer": "transportation of students to religious schools"}, {"question": "What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?", "answer": "that the Constitution has erected a \"wall between church and state\""}, {"question": "What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?", "answer": "that wall"}, {"question": "What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?", "answer": "the present legislation"}, {"question": "When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?", "answer": "Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421"}, {"question": "By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?", "answer": "6-1"}, {"question": "Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?", "answer": "unconstitutional"}, {"question": "What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?", "answer": "governmentally composed prayers for religious services"}, {"question": "Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?", "answer": "Justice Potter Stewart"}, {"question": "What did Stewart object to?", "answer": "the court's embrace of the \"wall of separation\" metaphor"}, {"question": "Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?", "answer": "metaphors"}, {"question": "Stewart pointed out that the phrase \"Wall of separation\" was nowhere to be found in what?", "answer": "the Constitution"}, {"question": "When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?", "answer": "that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals"}, {"question": "Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?", "answer": "Justice Abe Fortas"}, {"question": "What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?", "answer": "an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"}, {"question": "What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?", "answer": "views distasteful to them"}, {"question": "When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?", "answer": "teachers of secular subjects"}, {"question": "What did the state's policy violate?", "answer": "the Establishment Clause"}, {"question": "What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?", "answer": "absolute"}, {"question": "How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?", "answer": "\"Lemon Test\""}, {"question": "To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?", "answer": "non-religious"}, {"question": "What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?", "answer": "government with religion"}, {"question": "How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did the three judge panel make their ruling?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?", "answer": "the Pledge of Allegiance"}, {"question": "Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?", "answer": "procedural grounds"}, {"question": "What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?", "answer": "standing to sue"}, {"question": "When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?", "answer": "December 20, 2005"}, {"question": "What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?", "answer": "the Ten Commandments"}, {"question": "Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?", "answer": "secular in nature"}, {"question": "When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?", "answer": "May 3, 2006"}, {"question": "What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?", "answer": "the cross"}, {"question": "What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?", "answer": "Town of Greece v. Galloway"}, {"question": "When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?", "answer": "May 5, 2014"}, {"question": "What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?", "answer": "5-4"}, {"question": "Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?", "answer": "Town of Greece"}, {"question": "What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?", "answer": "sectarian prayers"}, {"question": "What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?", "answer": "separation of church and state"}, {"question": "What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?", "answer": "constitutional limitation on religious establishment"}, {"question": "What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?", "answer": "the textual requirements of the Constitution"}, {"question": "What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?", "answer": "many aspects of church and state"}, {"question": "What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?", "answer": "prevalent degree of separation of church and state"}, {"question": "Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?", "answer": "religion"}, {"question": "When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?", "answer": "first amendment's application to the state government"}, {"question": "What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?", "answer": "progressivist"}, {"question": "What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?", "answer": "legal precedence"}, {"question": "What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?", "answer": "religious test"}, {"question": "What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?", "answer": "Religious"}, {"question": "How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?", "answer": "Seven"}, {"question": "What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?", "answer": "particular religious beliefs"}, {"question": "What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?", "answer": "a Supreme Being"}, {"question": "What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?", "answer": "Article IX, Section 2"}, {"question": "What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?", "answer": "so help me God"}, {"question": "Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?", "answer": "federal First Amendment"}, {"question": "Because such oaths are in violation of the First Amendment, they're what?", "answer": "unconstitutional and unenforceable"}, {"question": "Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?", "answer": "beneficial arrangements for the society"}, {"question": "What is the national motto \"In God We Trust\" officially known as?", "answer": "ceremonial deism"}, {"question": "What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?", "answer": "not religious in nature"}, {"question": "What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?", "answer": "Ohio"}, {"question": "Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?", "answer": "because it displayed no preference for a particular religion"}, {"question": "When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?", "answer": "mid-twentieth century"}, {"question": "What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?", "answer": "constitutional ban against aid to religious schools"}, {"question": "What was later banned in public education?", "answer": "religious observance"}, {"question": "How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?", "answer": "no-aid"}, {"question": "What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?", "answer": "pervasive"}, {"question": "Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?", "answer": "most Protestants (and most Jews)"}, {"question": "What diminished after 1980?", "answer": "anti-Catholic sentiment"}, {"question": "What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?", "answer": "strict separationism"}, {"question": "What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?", "answer": "anything in the text of the constitution"}, {"question": "What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?", "answer": "professor"}, {"question": "What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?", "answer": "Columbia Law school"}, {"question": "What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?", "answer": "American anti-Catholicism"}, {"question": "What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?", "answer": "Blaine Amendments"}, {"question": "Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?", "answer": "J. Brent Walker"}, {"question": "What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?", "answer": "supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent"}, {"question": "Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?", "answer": "Champions of religious liberty"}, {"question": "Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?", "answer": "tap into the public till to support its parochial schools"}, {"question": "What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?", "answer": "religious bigotry"}, {"question": "What did evangelicals want to keep apart?", "answer": "the spiritual and secular worlds"}, {"question": "What did religious freedom result from?", "answer": "an alliance of unlikely partners"}, {"question": "What profession does Frank Lambert have?", "answer": "historian"}, {"question": "What is the name of Lambert's book?", "answer": "The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America"}, {"question": "What did Deists and skeptics join together to fight for?", "answer": "a complete separation of church and state"}, {"question": "What does Bellah say the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in?", "answer": "constitution of the United States"}, {"question": "What does Bellah use the term \"civil religion' to describe?", "answer": "the specific relation between politics and religion"}, {"question": "Whose speech does Bellah's 1967 article analyze?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "What word does Bellah ask how a President is justified to use?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What has the separation of church and state failed to deny the political realm of?", "answer": "a religious dimension"}, {"question": "Who has argued the United States is a model for the world in separation of church and state is a good thing?", "answer": "Robert S. Wood"}, {"question": "What does having no state-run or state-established allow a variety of religions to do?", "answer": "flourish"}, {"question": "Where is the Center for New Religions located?", "answer": "Toronto"}, {"question": "What does Wood believe the U.S. operates on?", "answer": "a sort of civic religion"}, {"question": "What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they want to believe?", "answer": "genius of religious sentiment in the United States"}, {"question": "What type of faith is Protestantism?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "Whose teachings were once considered to be heretical?", "answer": "Martin Luther"}, {"question": "Other than Protestantism, what are the other two divisions of Christianity?", "answer": "Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy"}, {"question": "Who wrote a letter protesting the condemnation of Martin Luther?", "answer": "Lutheran princes"}, {"question": "What was the name of the movement that started Protestantism?", "answer": "the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "What do all Protestantism denominations reject?", "answer": "the notion of papal supremacy over the Church universal"}, {"question": "What Catholic doctrine is usually denied in Protestantism?", "answer": "transubstantiation,"}, {"question": "What is the term to describe using only faith for justification?", "answer": "sola fide"}, {"question": "What is the highest authority in Protestantism for morals?", "answer": "the Bible"}, {"question": "What is the term to describe the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism?", "answer": "Five solae"}, {"question": "Where did Lutheranism begin?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "Name three early Protestant reformers.", "answer": "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Knox"}, {"question": "Where did Arminianism take hold?", "answer": "the Netherlands and parts of Germany"}, {"question": "Who ended Catholic supremecy in England?", "answer": "King Henry VIII"}, {"question": "Who made large contributions in the sciences in latter centuries?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "What percentage of Christians are Protestant?", "answer": "nearly forty percent"}, {"question": "Which continents have some form of Protestantism?", "answer": "all populated continents"}, {"question": "What types of Protestantism are increasing?", "answer": "Nondenominational, evangelical, independent and other churches"}, {"question": "What Protestant church has members around the world?", "answer": "the Anglican Communion"}, {"question": "How many people are considered Protestant?", "answer": "more than 900 million"}, {"question": "From what language does the term evangelical originate?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What German word refers to the gospel or being Protestant?", "answer": "evangelisch"}, {"question": "What English word for a church began with the Puritans in England?", "answer": "evangelical"}, {"question": "Name two contributors to Reformed churches.", "answer": "John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli"}, {"question": "Who brought Evangelicalism to the U.S.?", "answer": "the Puritans"}, {"question": "What is the term for teaching by only scripture?", "answer": "sola scriptura"}, {"question": "How many primary doctrines are focused on the Bible?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is the term that means all in the Bible is true?", "answer": "inerrancy"}, {"question": "What power can help someone overcome sin?", "answer": "the Holy Spirit"}, {"question": "What is the term for needing the Bible for salvation?", "answer": "necessity"}, {"question": "Which ideas had little criticism for the most part?", "answer": "necessity and inerrancy"}, {"question": "What is the term for how the church as a whole works?", "answer": "ecclesiology"}, {"question": "What group believes that some in the church have a special status to understand the bible?", "answer": "Catholics"}, {"question": "At what period was inerrancy debated?", "answer": "the Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What item could be learned to gain salvation?", "answer": "the Bible"}, {"question": "What is the second principle of Protestantism?", "answer": "sola fide (by faith alone)"}, {"question": "What was Luther's main principle?", "answer": "sola fide (by faith alone)"}, {"question": "What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?", "answer": "sola scriptura"}, {"question": "What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?", "answer": "Christocentric"}, {"question": "Faith can bring what eternal benefit?", "answer": "salvation"}, {"question": "When did Protestantism begin to split?", "answer": "the mid-to-late 16th century"}, {"question": "What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?", "answer": "controversy over the Eucharist"}, {"question": "What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?", "answer": "transubstantiation"}, {"question": "What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?", "answer": "bread and wine"}, {"question": "Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Arnold of Brescia"}, {"question": "When were the Waldensians created?", "answer": "the early 1170s"}, {"question": "In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?", "answer": "1215"}, {"question": "Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?", "answer": "apostolic poverty"}, {"question": "Who started the Hussite movement?", "answer": "Jan Hus"}, {"question": "Whose words were an inspiration for Jan Hus?", "answer": "John Wycliffe"}, {"question": "How many crusades were waged against the Hussites?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who called the crusades against the Hussites?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "How did Jan Hus die?", "answer": "burned at the stake"}, {"question": "When did Martin Luther attach his 95 theses on the door of the church?", "answer": "31 October 1517"}, {"question": "What did the theses argue against selling?", "answer": "indulgences"}, {"question": "What Catholic devotion would Martin Luther write about after the 95 theses/", "answer": "Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "Where was All Saints' Church?", "answer": "Wittenberg"}, {"question": "Who did Martin Luther criticize in the 95 theses?", "answer": "the Church and the papacy"}, {"question": "Who condemned the Reformation?", "answer": "the Pope"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Ordinances of 1541?", "answer": "John Calvin"}, {"question": "What city became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "What type of missionaries were taught in Geneva?", "answer": "Calvinist"}, {"question": "When did John Calvin die?", "answer": "1563"}, {"question": "What was the nickname for French Protestants?", "answer": "Huguenots"}, {"question": "What did the French find alienating about Catholicism?", "answer": "the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment"}, {"question": "When were French nobles converted to Protestantism?", "answer": "the 1550s"}, {"question": "Whose death caused an increase in the French civil wars?", "answer": "Henry II"}, {"question": "When was the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?", "answer": "August 1572"}, {"question": "Who began the Protestant movement in Switzerland?", "answer": "Huldrych Zwingli"}, {"question": "Which two areas had a long history of resentment?", "answer": "the German states and the Swiss Confederation"}, {"question": "What was the name of the meeting to make an alliance between Zwingli and Luther?", "answer": "the Colloquy of Marburg"}, {"question": "What Prince hosted the Colloquy of Marburg?", "answer": "Prince Philip of Hesse"}, {"question": "What did the Colloquy of Marburg become infamous for?", "answer": "its failure"}, {"question": "Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?", "answer": "Henry VIII"}, {"question": "When was the Act of Supremacy passed?", "answer": "1534"}, {"question": "Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?", "answer": "King Henry"}, {"question": "What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?", "answer": "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement"}, {"question": "In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?", "answer": "Between 1535 and 1540"}, {"question": "The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?", "answer": "the Elizabethan Age"}, {"question": "The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?", "answer": "the Church of England"}, {"question": "What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?", "answer": "the Protestant churches of Europe"}, {"question": "What was another name for the later Puritan movement?", "answer": "dissenters and nonconformists"}, {"question": "What did the later Puritan movement create?", "answer": "various Reformed denominations"}, {"question": "When was the Scottish Reformation?", "answer": "1560"}, {"question": "The Scottish Reformation decreased what country's influence?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of the Scottish Reformation?", "answer": "John Knox"}, {"question": "Whose regime made possible the Scottish Reformation?", "answer": "Mary of Guise"}, {"question": "When was the Papal Jurisdiction Act passed?", "answer": "1560"}, {"question": "When was the German Peasants' War?", "answer": "1524\u201325"}, {"question": "What war was waged from 1618 to 1648?", "answer": "the Thirty Years' War"}, {"question": "How much was the German population reduced during the Thirty Years' War?", "answer": "between 25% and 40%"}, {"question": "What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?", "answer": "the Peace of Westphalia"}, {"question": "Where was the German Peasants' War?", "answer": "the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities"}, {"question": "What movement occurred during the 1730's and 1740's?", "answer": "The First Great Awakening"}, {"question": "What movement made a permanent mark on Protestantism in the U.S.?", "answer": "The First Great Awakening"}, {"question": "When did the Second Great Awakening start?", "answer": "around 1790"}, {"question": "Which congregations joined the Second Great Awakening the most after 1820?", "answer": "Baptist and Methodist"}, {"question": "When did the Second Great Awakening lose momentum?", "answer": "by the late 1840s"}, {"question": "What did the Second Great Awakening create?", "answer": "the formation of new denominations"}, {"question": "What was the Second Great Awakening a reaction against?", "answer": "skepticism, deism, and rationalism"}, {"question": "When was the Third Great Awakening?", "answer": "the late 1850s to the early 20th century"}, {"question": "What denominations did the Third Great Awakening affect?", "answer": "pietistic Protestant denominations"}, {"question": "What movement was affiliated with the Third Great Awakening?", "answer": "the Social Gospel Movement"}, {"question": "What other movement gained its force from the Third Great Awakening?", "answer": "the worldwide missionary movement"}, {"question": "What new groups were formed as a result of the Third Great Awakening?", "answer": "the Holiness, Nazarene, and Christian Science movements"}, {"question": "What modern movement began in the 20th century?", "answer": "the modern Pentecostal movement"}, {"question": "What were the roots of the modern Pentecostal movement?", "answer": "Methodist and Wesleyan"}, {"question": "What movement did Pentecostalism create?", "answer": "the Charismatic movement"}, {"question": "In what city did the modern Pentecostal movement begin?", "answer": "Los Angeles"}, {"question": "What type of mission was the birthplace of the modern Pentecostal movement?", "answer": "urban"}, {"question": "Where has there been a rise in evangelical Protestantism?", "answer": "In the United States and elsewhere in the world"}, {"question": "What type of churches have declined?", "answer": "mainstream liberal churches"}, {"question": "When did Liberal Christianity increase?", "answer": "In the post\u2013World War I era"}, {"question": "When did conservative churches start to increase?", "answer": "In the post\u2013World War II era"}, {"question": "What type of evangelical churches are the most popular?", "answer": "those that are more exclusively evangelical"}, {"question": "What direction has Europe moved towards?", "answer": "secularism"}, {"question": "What caused the spread of secularism?", "answer": "The Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?", "answer": "North America, South America and Australia"}, {"question": "What country is more religious than other developed nations?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?", "answer": "the 20th and 21st centuries"}, {"question": "Which reformation was seen as not being effective enough?", "answer": "the Magisterial Reformation"}, {"question": "What did Karlstadt call Lutheran theologians?", "answer": "new papists"}, {"question": "What is another name for magister?", "answer": "teacher"}, {"question": "What were reform movement leaders compared to?", "answer": "Roman Popes"}, {"question": "What has been linked with pacifism?", "answer": "Anabaptism"}, {"question": "What type of church do Protestants believe in?", "answer": "the invisible church"}, {"question": "Who comprises the invisible church?", "answer": "all who profess faith in Jesus Christ"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main principles of Protestantism?", "answer": "the five solas"}, {"question": "What other entities are also considered to be Protestant?", "answer": "non-denominational groups and organizations"}, {"question": "What Catholic doctrine do Protestants not believe in?", "answer": "it is the one true church"}, {"question": "What type of movements have tried to unite Protestant denominations?", "answer": "Various ecumenical"}, {"question": "Which is larger, divisions or unions of Protestantism?", "answer": "divisions"}, {"question": "What beliefs do most denominations agree on?", "answer": "common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith"}, {"question": "What types of doctrines do denominations not agree on?", "answer": "secondary"}, {"question": "What type of belief defines what is a major or minor doctrine?", "answer": "idiosyncratic"}, {"question": "What do national churches bring together?", "answer": "the ecclesiastical structure with the state"}, {"question": "How long has the Faroe Islands church been independent?", "answer": "since 2007"}, {"question": "Who has the only Reformed church?", "answer": "Tuvalu"}, {"question": "Who is the head church of the Anglican Communion?", "answer": "The Church of England"}, {"question": "What type of church does Tonga have?", "answer": "Methodist"}, {"question": "What is another name for denominational families?", "answer": "branches"}, {"question": "What are the major branches of Protestantism?", "answer": "Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Lutheran, Methodist and Pentecostal"}, {"question": "What small branch of Protestantism will also be discussed?", "answer": "Anabaptist"}, {"question": "What created the differentiation of Protestant branches?", "answer": "how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation"}, {"question": "What do some branches share in common?", "answer": "lineage"}, {"question": "The Adventist movement has encouraged examining what in full?", "answer": "the whole Bible"}, {"question": "What Adventist groups observe the Sabbath?", "answer": "Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups"}, {"question": "What is the name of the Seventh-day Adventist's core beliefs?", "answer": "the 28 Fundamental Beliefs"}, {"question": "What is used for justification of the 28 Fundamental Beliefs?", "answer": "Biblical references"}, {"question": "What belief about ultimate punishment do Adventists disagree on?", "answer": "annihilation or eternal torment"}, {"question": "What does the word Anabaptist describe?", "answer": "one who baptizes again"}, {"question": "Who named the Anabaptists?", "answer": "their persecutors"}, {"question": "What baptism do Anabaptists reject?", "answer": "baptism of infants"}, {"question": "Who persecuted the Anabaptists in the 16th century?", "answer": "Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics"}, {"question": "Hans Denck was considered what type of reformer?", "answer": "Second Front Reformers"}, {"question": "What does Anglican mean?", "answer": "the English Church"}, {"question": "When did the word Anglican begin?", "answer": "1246"}, {"question": "Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?", "answer": "the Archbishop of Canterbury"}, {"question": "How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?", "answer": "80 million"}, {"question": "What power does each national or regional church possess?", "answer": "full autonomy"}, {"question": "Who did the Church of England split from?", "answer": "the Catholic Church"}, {"question": "At what time did the Church of England become independent?", "answer": "the Elizabethan Religious Settlement"}, {"question": "Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?", "answer": "Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer"}, {"question": "The Church of England's reforms put it in the middle of what two traditions?", "answer": "Lutheranism and Calvinism"}, {"question": "What liturgical forms in Anglicanism were considered unacceptable by many progressive Protestants?", "answer": "traditional"}, {"question": "According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?", "answer": "professing believers"}, {"question": "What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?", "answer": "complete immersion"}, {"question": "What two offices do Baptists have?", "answer": "pastors and deacons"}, {"question": "What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What is another term for soul competency?", "answer": "liberty"}, {"question": "Where was the earliest Baptist church founded?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "Who was the pastor of the first Baptist church?", "answer": "John Smyth"}, {"question": "Who believed that Christ's atonement was for everyone?", "answer": "General Baptists"}, {"question": "Who founded the first Baptist group in what is now the United States?", "answer": "Roger Williams"}, {"question": "Who has spread the teachings of the Baptists to each continent?", "answer": "Baptist missionaries"}, {"question": "What is the most well-known summary of Calvin's teachings?", "answer": "the five points of Calvinism"}, {"question": "What area does the five points of Calvinism focus on?", "answer": "the Calvinist view on soteriology"}, {"question": "What is a brief description of Calvinism?", "answer": "the sovereignty or rule of God in all things"}, {"question": "What Calvinism doctrines are examples of the concept of the sovereignty of God?", "answer": "predestination and total depravity"}, {"question": "Who was an early leader in the Reformed churches?", "answer": "Calvin"}, {"question": "What is one of the largest Protestant branches with 80 million members?", "answer": "Lutheranism"}, {"question": "How popular is the branch of Lutheranism?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What is the largest body of Lutheran churches?", "answer": "The Lutheran World Federation"}, {"question": "How many people belong to the Lutheran World Federation?", "answer": "over 72 million people"}, {"question": "Name two smaller Lutheran church bodies.", "answer": "International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference"}, {"question": "Who was the inspiration for Methodism?", "answer": "John Wesley"}, {"question": "Who did Methodism originally attract?", "answer": "workers, agricultural workers, and slaves"}, {"question": "What was John Wesley's occupation?", "answer": "Anglican priest"}, {"question": "How many Methodists are there in the world today?", "answer": "approximately 80 million"}, {"question": "How did the Methodist movement spread so far and wide?", "answer": "vigorous missionary activity"}, {"question": "Methodists believe that Christ achieved salvation for whom?", "answer": "every human being"}, {"question": "What do Methodists believe that one must do to receive Christ's salvation?", "answer": "exercise an act of the will"}, {"question": "What is Methodism known for, as far as music goes?", "answer": "its rich musical tradition"}, {"question": "Who wrote most of the Methodist hymns?", "answer": "John Wesley's brother, Charles"}, {"question": "What Calvinist doctrine is focuses on salvation?", "answer": "monergism"}, {"question": "Give two examples of spiritual gifts.", "answer": "speaking in tongues and divine healing"}, {"question": "What are other terms used to describe Pentecostalism?", "answer": "Apostolic or Full Gospel"}, {"question": "Pentecostals liken their teachings to those of what age?", "answer": "Apostolic"}, {"question": "Pentecostals believe in baptism with what entity?", "answer": "the Holy Spirit"}, {"question": "What three things are Pentecostals committed to?", "answer": "biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous"}, {"question": "How many denominations were spawned by Pentecostalism?", "answer": "hundreds"}, {"question": "How many Pentecostals are there in the world?", "answer": "over 279 million"}, {"question": "What movement has caused non-Pentecostal churches to accept some Pentecostal beliefs?", "answer": "Charismatic"}, {"question": "Who can claim over 500 million members?", "answer": "Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity"}, {"question": "Where is Pentecostalism currently growing the most?", "answer": "the global South"}, {"question": "What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?", "answer": "\"Christians\" or \"born-again Christians\""}, {"question": "What denomination do these small groups belong to?", "answer": "\"non-denominational\" or \"evangelical\""}, {"question": "How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?", "answer": "little"}, {"question": "Who has founded these small groups of Christians?", "answer": "individual pastors"}, {"question": "Where do the Plymouth Brethren hail from?", "answer": "Dublin, Ireland"}, {"question": "What belief is the emphasis of the Plymouth Brethren?", "answer": "sola scriptura"}, {"question": "Though the Plymouth Brethren do not have a denominational name, what name is generally used for them?", "answer": "The Brethren"}, {"question": "When did the Plymouth Brethren originate?", "answer": "late 1820s"}, {"question": "What denomination do the Brethren originate from?", "answer": "Anglicanism"}, {"question": "What is another informal name for Quaker?", "answer": "Friends"}, {"question": "What is the Quakers unifying belief?", "answer": "the priesthood of all believers"}, {"question": "What have the Quakers tried to avoid?", "answer": "creeds and hierarchical structures"}, {"question": "What collective movement are the Quakers associated with?", "answer": "the Religious Society of Friends"}, {"question": "What types of Christianity do Quakers belong to?", "answer": "evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative"}, {"question": "What is a prominent example of a movement which crosses over denominational lines?", "answer": "Evangelicalism"}, {"question": "Which movement actually affected the Catholic Church?", "answer": "Charismatic Movement"}, {"question": "What groups beliefs does the Charismatic Movement seek to add to branches of Christianity?", "answer": "Pentecostals"}, {"question": "Name a sub-group of the Charismatic Movement.", "answer": "Neo-charismatic churches"}, {"question": "What other types of churches often adopt charismatic or evangelical beliefs?", "answer": "Nondenominational churches"}, {"question": "What period saw a large upswing in Evangelicalism?", "answer": "the 18th and 19th centuries"}, {"question": "Methodism is part of what movement?", "answer": "Evangelicalism"}, {"question": "Where did the Great Awakenings increase interest in Evangelicalism?", "answer": "Britain and North America"}, {"question": "What man is associated with the beginnings of Evangelicalism?", "answer": "Nicolaus Zinzendorf"}, {"question": "What American is considered to have been a seminal influence in the charismatic movement?", "answer": "Dennis Bennett"}, {"question": "When was the Massey conference held?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "The Massey conference eventually led to developing what seminars?", "answer": "Life in the Spirit"}, {"question": "Name UK influences on the Charismatic movement.", "answer": "Colin Urquhart, Michael Harper, David Watson"}, {"question": "Where was the Massey conference held?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "Who helped Lutherans understand the charismatic movement in the 1960s?", "answer": "Larry Christenson"}, {"question": "In what state did charismatic Lutheran congregations grow to be quite large?", "answer": "Minnesota"}, {"question": "Where is an annual event that has quite a bit of charismatic activity?", "answer": "Huntington Beach"}, {"question": "What was published in 1974?", "answer": "Touched by the Spirit"}, {"question": "Who wrote Touched by the Spirit?", "answer": "Richard A. Jensen"}, {"question": "Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?", "answer": "Terry Virgo"}, {"question": "Where is Every Nations Churches located?", "answer": "USA"}, {"question": "What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?", "answer": "overemotional"}, {"question": "What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?", "answer": "charismata"}, {"question": "Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.", "answer": "Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival"}, {"question": "What group was very much hampered in England from making changes?", "answer": "Puritans"}, {"question": "What college was influenced by Puritan beliefs?", "answer": "the University of Cambridge"}, {"question": "What movement influenced the Puritans?", "answer": "millennialism"}, {"question": "What movement did the Puritans adopt in the 17th century?", "answer": "Sabbatarianism"}, {"question": "When was the Synod of Dort?", "answer": "1619"}, {"question": "What type of theology did Puritans accept?", "answer": "Reformed"}, {"question": "When did separatists become powerful in Puritanism?", "answer": "the 1640s"}, {"question": "What types of piety did the Puritans advocate?", "answer": "personal and group"}, {"question": "Where was Calvin criticized?", "answer": "Geneva"}, {"question": "At what gathering were supporters unsuccessful in establishing a new national church?", "answer": "the Westminster Assembly"}, {"question": "What religious movement affected education, politics, the economy, and marriage?", "answer": "the Reformation"}, {"question": "What churches let their clergy marry?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "When did women join the Protestant ministry?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What types of churches have women had leading positions?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What priesthood rules do Protestant churches reject?", "answer": "celibate"}, {"question": "What did Reformers increase so that their followers could read the Bible?", "answer": "education"}, {"question": "In the middle of the eighteenth century, how many Swedes could read and write?", "answer": "eight of ten men and women"}, {"question": "Who founded Harvard College?", "answer": "the Puritans"}, {"question": "When was Yale founded?", "answer": "1701"}, {"question": "What state became a hub of learning?", "answer": "Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What is the heart of the Protestant moral code?", "answer": "Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility"}, {"question": "What did Calvin particular reject?", "answer": "luxury"}, {"question": "What was a strong reason for inventors and investors to work on technical inventions?", "answer": "economic success"}, {"question": "What work ethic was an influence on capitalism and the Industrial Revolution?", "answer": "Protestant"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Protestant work ethic?", "answer": "Protestant ethic thesis"}, {"question": "Who calculated the Global Value Development Index?", "answer": "Arno Tausch"}, {"question": "What does a good job of combining religion and liberalism?", "answer": "Protestantism"}, {"question": "Who did an analysis of World Values Survey data?", "answer": "Arno Tausch"}, {"question": "What university is Arno Tausch from?", "answer": "Corvinus University of Budapest"}, {"question": "What type of engagement is considered a World Value?", "answer": "environmental activism"}, {"question": "What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?", "answer": "Episcopalians and Presbyterians"}, {"question": "Affluent American families are what type of families?", "answer": "Mainline Protestant"}, {"question": "What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?", "answer": "Episcopalians and Presbyterians"}, {"question": "What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?", "answer": "Republican Party"}, {"question": "Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?", "answer": "American business, law"}, {"question": "The rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism resulted in a corresponding rise in what?", "answer": "early experimental science"}, {"question": "What religions did Merton think caused the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries?", "answer": "English Puritanism and German Pietism"}, {"question": "What other reason did Merton believe causes science to advance?", "answer": "an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and methodology"}, {"question": "What religions were English scientists in the 17th century?", "answer": "Puritans or other Protestants"}, {"question": "What values were thought to have a significant synergy?", "answer": "ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science"}, {"question": "What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?", "answer": "doctrine of the two kingdoms"}, {"question": "When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?", "answer": "1523"}, {"question": "Who added the election of laymen to church government?", "answer": "Calvin"}, {"question": "Who added synods to church government?", "answer": "The Huguenots"}, {"question": "What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?", "answer": "reason"}, {"question": "What political mixture did Calvin prefer?", "answer": "aristocracy and democracy"}, {"question": "What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?", "answer": "separation of powers"}, {"question": "Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?", "answer": "Calvin"}, {"question": "Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?", "answer": "Hugo Grotius"}, {"question": "What philosophers were given asylum?", "answer": "Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle"}, {"question": "Whose democracies were created by Protestants?", "answer": "the English and the American democracies"}, {"question": "Other than the U.S., to what colonies did the British export their democratic beliefs?", "answer": "Australia, New Zealand, and India"}, {"question": "What democratic principles were followed by the Plymouth Colony?", "answer": "self-rule and separation of powers"}, {"question": "What group believed that democracy was the will of God?", "answer": "Congregationalists"}, {"question": "What other group in America practiced self-rule and separation of powers?", "answer": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"}, {"question": "What group initiated the right to religious freedom?", "answer": "Protestants"}, {"question": "Where did Luther refuse to change his beliefs?", "answer": "Worms"}, {"question": "What persecuted groups followed the separation of church and state?", "answer": "Anabaptists and Huguenots"}, {"question": "Who wrote about religious freedom in the early 17th century?", "answer": "John Smyth and Thomas Helwys"}, {"question": "How many American Protestants supported independence in America?", "answer": "The great majority"}, {"question": "What group popularized early Protestant teachings about separation of church and state?", "answer": "Enlightenment thinkers"}, {"question": "What did John Locke use as a basis for his political beliefs?", "answer": "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions"}, {"question": "Whose ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence?", "answer": "John Locke"}, {"question": "What Rights do the Declaration of Independence consider unalienable?", "answer": "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"}, {"question": "What scripture did Locke use as a reference for equality?", "answer": "Genesis 1, 26-28"}, {"question": "When did Prussia stop torture?", "answer": "1740"}, {"question": "When did Britain end slavery?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "Who were the first men to make large contributions to international law?", "answer": "Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf"}, {"question": "Who founded the Red Cross?", "answer": "Henry Dunant"}, {"question": "What international law was Henry Dunant mostly responsible for?", "answer": "The Geneva Convention"}, {"question": "Who first introduced social insurance programs?", "answer": "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck"}, {"question": "What did Bismarck consider social insurance programs to be?", "answer": "practical Christianity"}, {"question": "What social reform movements were Protestants working toward in the nineteen century?", "answer": "the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage"}, {"question": "What country started programs that led to the welfare state?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What area copied Bismarck's social programs the most?", "answer": "the Western world"}, {"question": "What did John Milton do for world literature?", "answer": "enrich"}, {"question": "Samuel Taylor is listed as enriching what?", "answer": "World literature"}, {"question": "What women writers were listed as contributors to world literature?", "answer": "Emily Dickinson, Emily Bront\u00eb"}, {"question": "Edgar Allen Poe added value to literature in what area?", "answer": "World"}, {"question": "The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?", "answer": "ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities"}, {"question": "What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "no sacramental ministerial priesthood"}, {"question": "What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?", "answer": "ordinances and doctrines"}, {"question": "What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?", "answer": "Eastern Orthodox"}, {"question": "What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?", "answer": "true apostolic succession"}, {"question": "Who were Magisterial reformers?", "answer": "Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli"}, {"question": "What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?", "answer": "a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church"}, {"question": "When did the idea of a hidden church begin?", "answer": "in the early days of the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "What church did the Reformers claim had left them?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Church"}, {"question": "The Reformed churches based their beliefs about ecclesiastical organization on what movement?", "answer": "Conciliar"}, {"question": "Who supported the Magisterial Reformation?", "answer": "the ruling authorities"}, {"question": "What are the doctrines of the Reformed churches called?", "answer": "the five solas"}, {"question": "What ecumenical council did the Reformed churches reject?", "answer": "the Council of Trent"}, {"question": "What type of character became central to religious unity in Reformed churches?", "answer": "invisible"}, {"question": "What group has been unsuccessful in creating a unified church since 1948?", "answer": "the World Council of Churches"}, {"question": "What conference was held in 1910?", "answer": "the Edinburgh Missionary Conference"}, {"question": "What churches have been strongly engaged in the ecumenical movement?", "answer": "Orthodox"}, {"question": "What have Orthodox churches condemned the perception of?", "answer": "watering down Orthodox doctrine"}, {"question": "What types of churches have had rapidly declining memberships?", "answer": "united churches"}, {"question": "If done properly, what Protestant practice does the Catholic Church recognize?", "answer": "baptism"}, {"question": "What is the only other sacrament of the Protestants that the Catholic Church recognizes?", "answer": "marriage"}, {"question": "Who can become ordained to the Catholic priesthood after a period of study?", "answer": "Protestant ministers who become Catholics"}, {"question": "Protestants who want full communion with the Catholic Church do not have to be what?", "answer": "re-baptized"}, {"question": "Why does the Catholic Church not recognize the ordination of Protestant ministers?", "answer": "the lack of apostolic succession and the disunity from Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What document was signed in 1999?", "answer": "the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification"}, {"question": "Who rejects the statement signed in 1999?", "answer": "Confessional Lutherans"}, {"question": "Who adopted the Joint Declaration in 2006?", "answer": "delegates to the World Methodist Conference"}, {"question": "The Joint Declaration supposedly resolves the conflict which originally led to what movement?", "answer": "the Protestant Reformation"}, {"question": "What two groups originally signed the Joint Declaration?", "answer": "Lutheran World Federation and Catholic Church"}, {"question": "How many Protestants are there in the world?", "answer": "more than 900 million"}, {"question": "What is the total population of Christians in the world?", "answer": "approximately 2.4 billion"}, {"question": "Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?", "answer": "more than one tenth"}, {"question": "What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?", "answer": "Middle East-North Africa"}, {"question": "What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?", "answer": "Sub-Saharan Africa"}, {"question": "In what European areas is Protestantism still the most practiced religion?", "answer": "the Nordic countries and the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "In 2012, what percentage of the EU was thought to be Protestant?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "In what countries is Protestantism one of the most popular (but not THE most popular) religions?", "answer": "Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia and Hungary"}, {"question": "The Pew Research Center estimated Protestants to be what percentage of Europe's Christian population in 2010?", "answer": "17.8%"}, {"question": "What area was once the site of a significant pre-reformation movement, but now only has a small number of Protestants?", "answer": "Czech Republic"}, {"question": "Where has Protestantism spread quickly since the 1900's?", "answer": "Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America"}, {"question": "When did much of the spread of Protestantism occur in the 20th century?", "answer": "after World War II"}, {"question": "What percentage of Anglicans were in the UK in 1910?", "answer": "79%"}, {"question": "In 2010, what percentage of Anglicans were said to be in Africa?", "answer": "59%"}, {"question": "In 2010, what country had more Protestants than both the UK and Germany together?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What is Brazil's capital?", "answer": "Bras\u00edlia"}, {"question": "What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?", "answer": "center-western"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?", "answer": "US$36,175"}, {"question": "What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?", "answer": "2,556,149"}, {"question": "When was Brasilia founded?", "answer": "April 21, 1960"}, {"question": "How many administrative regions does the Federal District have?", "answer": "31"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's proper city population?", "answer": "209,926"}, {"question": "What does Brasilia's metro area consist of?", "answer": "the Federal District"}, {"question": "Which World Cup did Brasilia host?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "When did Kubitschek become President of Brazil?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "When did Kubitschek leave office?", "answer": "1961"}, {"question": "Who ordered Brasilia be built?", "answer": "Juscelino Kubitschek"}, {"question": "How many people competed to be Brasilia's urban planner?", "answer": "5550"}, {"question": "When was Brasilia inaugurated?", "answer": "April 21, 1960"}, {"question": "When did Brazil pass a new Constitution?", "answer": "1988"}, {"question": "What rights did Brasilia gain in 1988?", "answer": "to elect its Governor, and a District Assembly"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's District Assembly called?", "answer": "C\u00e2mara Legislativa"}, {"question": "What climate type does Brasilia have?", "answer": "tropical savanna climate (Aw)"}, {"question": "When is Brasilia's rainy season?", "answer": "October to April"}, {"question": "When is Brasilia's dry season?", "answer": "May to September"}, {"question": "What is the average maximum temperature in Brasilia in September?", "answer": "28.3 \u00b0C (82.9 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "Which month does Brasilia have the highest rainfall?", "answer": "January"}, {"question": "What is Brazil's official language?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia's schools?", "answer": "English and Spanish"}, {"question": "How many international schools are in Brasilia?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "When will a new international school open in Brasilia?", "answer": "August 2016"}, {"question": "What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Who designed the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?", "answer": "Oscar Niemeyer"}, {"question": "What type of structure is the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?", "answer": "concrete-framed hyperboloid"}, {"question": "When was the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia dedicated?", "answer": "31 May 1970"}, {"question": "How many identical columns are used in the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "How much do the Cathedral of Bras\u00edlia's columns weigh?", "answer": "90 t"}, {"question": "What is in the Planalto Palace?", "answer": "presidential offices"}, {"question": "Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?", "answer": "Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada"}, {"question": "What does 'Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada' mean?", "answer": "Palace of the Dawn"}, {"question": "Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?", "answer": "Roberto Burle Marx"}, {"question": "What style of gardens did Marx design?", "answer": "modernist"}, {"question": "What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?", "answer": "groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces"}, {"question": "Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?", "answer": "the northern end of Lake Parano\u00e1"}, {"question": "What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?", "answer": "extensive public areas"}, {"question": "What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?", "answer": "private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants"}, {"question": "What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?", "answer": "Gama, Ceil\u00e2ndia, Taguatinga, N\u00facleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina"}, {"question": "Who complained that Brasilia was monotonous?", "answer": "Simone de Beauvoir"}, {"question": "What nationality was de Beauvoir?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What was de Beauvoir's career?", "answer": "writer"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia famous for?", "answer": "its cuisine and efficiency of transit"}, {"question": "What services are central to Brasilia's economy?", "answer": "government, communications, banking and finance, food production, entertainment, and legal services"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's most important non-service industry?", "answer": "construction"}, {"question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Public Administration?", "answer": "54.8%"}, {"question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Services?", "answer": "28.7%"}, {"question": "How much of Brasilia's GDP is from Agribusiness?", "answer": "0.2%"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's GDP?", "answer": "99.5 billion reais"}, {"question": "How much of Brazil's GDP comes from Brasilia?", "answer": "3.76%"}, {"question": "What industries is Brasilia trying to encourage?", "answer": "software, film, video, and gemology"}, {"question": "Where did Brasilia place hotels?", "answer": "Hotels Sectors North and South"}, {"question": "What kinds of hotels does Brasilia have?", "answer": "from inns, pensions and hostels to larger international chain hotels"}, {"question": "What kinds of restaurants does Brasilia have?", "answer": "from local and regional Brazilian dishes to international cuisine"}, {"question": "What lake has some hotels around it?", "answer": "Lake Parano\u00e1"}, {"question": "When was 'The World In Grey' published?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The World In Grey'?", "answer": "Ryan J. Lucero"}, {"question": "Whose prophecy is 'The World In Grey' based on?", "answer": "Don Bosco"}, {"question": "Who is Brasilia's patron saint?", "answer": "Don Bosco"}, {"question": "What lake did Don Bosco predict?", "answer": "Parano\u00e1 Lake"}, {"question": "What does 'Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes' mean?", "answer": "Square of the Three Powers"}, {"question": "What does the name 'Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes' come from?", "answer": "the three federal branches around the plaza"}, {"question": "What is Brazil's Supreme Court called?", "answer": "Supremo Tribunal Federal"}, {"question": "Who designed the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes?", "answer": "L\u00facio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer"}, {"question": "What is Brazil's Congress called?", "answer": "Congresso Nacional"}, {"question": "Where does Brazil's president live?", "answer": "Pal\u00e1cio da Alvorada"}, {"question": "When did Brasilia's presidential residence open?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "What principles of architecture was the Alvorada designed with?", "answer": "simplicity and modernity"}, {"question": "How large is the Alvorada?", "answer": "7,000 m2"}, {"question": "How many floors does the Alvorada have?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "How many floors does the Planalto have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How large is the Planalto?", "answer": "36,000 m2"}, {"question": "Where are the President's offices?", "answer": "Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto"}, {"question": "Who designed the Planalto?", "answer": "Oscar Niemeyer"}, {"question": "Where are the VP's offices?", "answer": "Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto"}, {"question": "When did Brasilia's airport add a second runway?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "How many passengers came through Brasilia's airport in 2007?", "answer": "11,119,872"}, {"question": "How many movie theaters are in Brasilia's airport?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many vendor spaces are in Brasilia's airport?", "answer": "136"}, {"question": "How many parking spaces are there at Brasilia's airport?", "answer": "1,200"}, {"question": "How many boarding bridges does Brasilia's airport have?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "When did the number of boarding bridges at Brasilia's airport nearly double?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What company now runs Brasilia's airport?", "answer": "Inframerica Group"}, {"question": "Besides boarding bridges, what also doubled in 2014 at Brasilia's airport?", "answer": "the number of parking spaces"}, {"question": "What is Brasilia's airport's annual passenger capacity after 2014's improvements?", "answer": "21 million"}, {"question": "What is the JK Bridge a nickname for?", "answer": "The Juscelino Kubitschek bridge"}, {"question": "What does the JK Bridge cross?", "answer": "Lake Parano\u00e1"}, {"question": "Who was the JK Bridge named for?", "answer": "Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira"}, {"question": "Who was de Oliveira?", "answer": "former president of Brazil"}, {"question": "Who designed the JK Bridge?", "answer": "architect Alexandre Chan and structural engineer M\u00e1rio Vila Verde"}, {"question": "What is the Rodovi\u00e1ria?", "answer": "bus station"}, {"question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Ceil\u00e2ndia?", "answer": "344,039"}, {"question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Taguatinga?", "answer": "243,575"}, {"question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in the Plano Piloto?", "answer": "approximately 400,000"}, {"question": "What areas does Brasilia's public transit avoid?", "answer": "most of the political and tourist areas"}, {"question": "Where did Brasilia's plan want interstate buses to stop?", "answer": "Central Station"}, {"question": "What is the older interstate bus station called?", "answer": "Rodoferrovi\u00e1ria"}, {"question": "Where is the older interstate bus station?", "answer": "the western end of the Eixo Monumental"}, {"question": "What mall is Brasilia's newest bus station near?", "answer": "Parkshopping Mall"}, {"question": "What street is Brasilia's newest bus station on?", "answer": "Sa\u00edda Sul"}, {"question": "What type of sports are popular in Brasilia?", "answer": "unpowered air sports"}, {"question": "What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2003?", "answer": "the 14th Hang Gliding World Championship"}, {"question": "What air sports event did Brasilia host in 2005?", "answer": "the 2nd stage of the Brazilian Hang Gliding Championship"}, {"question": "Why is Brasilia a good place for air sports?", "answer": "strong thermal winds and great \"cloud-streets\""}, {"question": "What type of country is Greece?", "answer": "developed"}, {"question": "What percentage of Greece's economy is based on service?", "answer": "82.8%"}, {"question": "How much of Greece's economy is comprised of industrial sectors?", "answer": "13.3%"}, {"question": "How much of the national economic output did the agricultural sector of Greece contribute in 2015?", "answer": "3.9%"}, {"question": "How many international tourists visited Greece in 2013?", "answer": "18 million"}, {"question": "What is Greece a significant producer of within the EU?", "answer": "agricultural"}, {"question": "Greece has the largest what in the Balkans?", "answer": "economy"}, {"question": "What was Albania's largest foreign investor in 2013?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "Who is Greece the most important trading partner to?", "answer": "Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"}, {"question": "What Greek telecommunications company has become a strong investor in former Yugoslavia?", "answer": "OTE"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation OECD expand to?", "answer": "Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development"}, {"question": "What organization was Greek a founding member?", "answer": "OECD"}, {"question": "What is Greece's economy classified as?", "answer": "advanced, high-income"}, {"question": "When did Greece join what is now the European Union?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "When did Greece adopt the Euro as its currency?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?", "answer": "1950 to 1980"}, {"question": "From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?", "answer": "\u22123.2%"}, {"question": "How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?", "answer": "\u20ac356 billion"}, {"question": "What year did Greece fall back into recession?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?", "answer": "Industrial Revolution"}, {"question": "What does recent research from 2006 examine?", "answer": "evolution of the Greek economy"}, {"question": "What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?", "answer": "slightly lower"}, {"question": "What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?", "answer": "shipbuilding"}, {"question": "What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?", "answer": "defaulted on its external loans"}, {"question": "How many years of consecutive growth had Greece had?", "answer": "fourteen"}, {"question": "When did Greece go into recession?", "answer": "in 2008"}, {"question": "What did the Greek economy have the highest of at the end of 2009?", "answer": "budget deficit"}, {"question": "What percentage of GDP was the budget deficit of Greece in 2009?", "answer": "15.7%"}, {"question": "What type of crisis resulted from the budget deficit and rising debt levels of Greece?", "answer": "severe economic"}, {"question": "What was Greece accused of covering up the extent of?", "answer": "its massive budget deficit"}, {"question": "What prompted the allegation of Greece's covering up its budget deficit? ", "answer": "massive revision"}, {"question": "Who voted in favor of an official investigation of the accusations?", "answer": "Hellenic Parliament"}, {"question": "When did the Parliament vote in favor of an investigation?", "answer": "February 2012"}, {"question": "What did a former member of the Hellenic Statistical Authority say the deficit had been inflated to justify?", "answer": "harsher austerity measures"}, {"question": "What were the majority of the differences in the revised budget due to the temporary changing of?", "answer": "accounting practices"}, {"question": "When were expenses recorded by the new government?", "answer": "when military material was ordered rather than received"}, {"question": "What did retroactively applying the ESA95 methodology result in raising the budget deficit to?", "answer": "3.38% of GDP"}, {"question": "By how much did the budget deficit of Greece exceed the 3% limit in the reference year of 1999?", "answer": ".38%"}, {"question": "What other European country were claims similar to those levied against Greece made?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "Who provided a report for Greece in 2005?", "answer": "OECD"}, {"question": "What was the range of the impact of the new accounting rules on the Greek fiscal figures for the years 1997 to 1999?", "answer": "0.7 to 1 percentage point of GDP"}, {"question": "What was the year of Greece's EMU membership qualification?", "answer": "1999"}, {"question": "What methodology was in force when Greece submitted its membership qualification?", "answer": "ESA79"}, {"question": "What did the Greek minister of finance clarify the 1999 budget was below when calculated with the ESA79 methodology?", "answer": "the prescribed 3% limit"}, {"question": "What error is sometimes made by tying Greece's Eurozone entry with?", "answer": "controversy regarding usage of derivatives\u2019 deals"}, {"question": "What banks did Greece use derivatives' deals with?", "answer": "U.S. Banks"}, {"question": "What was the result of the deals with the U.S. banks?", "answer": "artificially reduce their reported budget deficits"}, {"question": "How many Euros was Greece able to \"hide\" because of an arrangement with Goldman Sachs?", "answer": "2.8 billion"}, {"question": "Why aren't the deficit values affected by the currency swap with Goldman Sachs relevant to Greece's Eurozone entry?", "answer": "affected deficit values after 2001"}, {"question": "What were credits given to European governments disguised as?", "answer": "swaps"}, {"question": "Why weren't swaps registered as debts by Eurostat at the time?", "answer": "ignored statistics involving financial derivatives"}, {"question": "What rules did a German derivatives dealer say could be quite legally circumvented through swaps?", "answer": "Maastricht"}, {"question": "What was again revised in May of 2010?", "answer": "Greek government deficit"}, {"question": "What was Greece's public debt forecast to hit as high of a percentage of GDP of in 2010?", "answer": "120%"}, {"question": "What did the international banks have doubts about Greece's ability to repay?", "answer": "sovereign debt"}, {"question": "What was a consequence of the doubt that Greece could pay it's debts?", "answer": "rise of the country's borrowing rates"}, {"question": "How much money did the IMF and other Eurozone countries agree to give Greece in 2010?", "answer": "\u20ac45 billion in bail-out loans"}, {"question": "What was the total amount of the rescue package given to Greece?", "answer": "\u20ac110 billion"}, {"question": "What organizations are keeping a watchful eye on how Greece is implementing austerity measures?", "answer": "the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF"}, {"question": "What did Greece have the highest percentage increase in between 2005 and 2011?", "answer": "industrial output"}, {"question": "What was the increase of Greece's industrial output between 2005 and 2011?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "What did the industrial production in Greece fall by due to the financial crisis?", "answer": "13.4%."}, {"question": "What is Greece ranked in the EU in the production of marble?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "How many tons of marble does Greece produce?", "answer": "920,000 tons"}, {"question": "What does Greece have the largest of in the world?", "answer": "merchant navy"}, {"question": "Greece's navy accounts for more than what percentage of the world's total deadweight tonnage?", "answer": "15%"}, {"question": "What is the Greek merchant navy's total dwt?", "answer": "245 million"}, {"question": "What percentage of the entire EU's dwt does Greece alone represent?", "answer": "39.52%"}, {"question": "How many ships did Greece's navy have in the late 1970s?", "answer": "5,000"}, {"question": "How many of the world's tankers do Greek companies own?", "answer": "22.6%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the world's bulk carriers are Greece's?", "answer": "16.1%"}, {"question": "What percentage of Greece's GDP does shipping account for?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "What did earnings from Greece's shipping amount to in 2011?", "answer": "\u20ac14.1 billion"}, {"question": "How many Greek shipping companies were in operation in 2011?", "answer": "750"}, {"question": "When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "What was the worth Greece's shipping services in 2011?", "answer": "17,704.132 million $"}, {"question": "What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?", "answer": "Denmark, Germany and South Korea"}, {"question": "What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?", "answer": "7,076.605 million US$"}, {"question": "What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?", "answer": "10,712.342 million US$"}, {"question": "Who ran the phones in Greece between 1949 and the 1980s?", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "What was the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization better known by the acronym of?", "answer": "OTE"}, {"question": "When did the liberalization of the telephone communications in Greece happen?", "answer": "1980s"}, {"question": "What company has a 40% stake in OTE?", "answer": "Deutsche Telekom"}, {"question": "How many shares of OTE does the Greek state own?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What does Greece lag behind other EU countries in terms of use?", "answer": "Internet"}, {"question": "How much did the percentage of households with access to the internet increase between 2006 and 2013?", "answer": "more than doubled"}, {"question": "What has the been a massive increase in the number of households with in Greece?", "answer": "a broadband connection"}, {"question": "Who has the EU's third highest percentage of people who've never used the Internet?", "answer": "Greece"}, {"question": "What percentage of people in Greece had never used the Internet as of 2013?", "answer": "36%"}, {"question": "How many millions of tourists does Greece attract each year?", "answer": "more than 16 million"}, {"question": "What part of Greece's GDP is accounted for by tourism?", "answer": "18.2%"}, {"question": "What did the 2008 OECD report show the average tourist expenditure while in Greece was?", "answer": "$1,073"}, {"question": "How many jobs in 2008 in Greece were somehow related to the tourism industry?", "answer": "840,000"}, {"question": "How many tourists did Greece welcome in 2009?", "answer": "over 19.3 million"}, {"question": "What have a number of tourism-related organizations placed Greek destinations at the top of?", "answer": "their lists"}, {"question": "What Greek city was rated the world's fifth best ultimate party town by 2009's Lonely Planet?", "answer": "Thessaloniki"}, {"question": "What distinction does the city of Thessaloniki have in regards to size in Greece?", "answer": "the country's second-largest city"}, {"question": "What did Travel+Leisure vote the island of Santorini as in 2011?", "answer": "best island in the world"}, {"question": "What island was ranked as the 5th best in Europe?", "answer": "Mykonos"}, {"question": "What was Olympic Airways known as after 2003?", "answer": "Olympic Airlines"}, {"question": "What was Olympic Airlines relaunched as in 2009?", "answer": "Olympic Air"}, {"question": "What airlines was award the \"Best regional airline in Europe\" award by Skytrax?", "answer": "Aegean Airlines"}, {"question": "What does Olympic Air hold a silver ERA award for?", "answer": "\"Airline of the Year\""}, {"question": "What year did Olympic Air receive an award as Top Domestic Airline?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How long is Greek's rail network estimated to run?", "answer": "2,548 km"}, {"question": "Who runs the rail transport in Greece?", "answer": "TrainOSE"}, {"question": "Who is TrainOSE a subsidiary of?", "answer": "the Hellenic Railways Organization"}, {"question": "What gauge is most of Greece's railway?", "answer": "standard gauge"}, {"question": "How many kilometers of Greece's railway is electrified?", "answer": "764"}, {"question": "What was Greece's largest port as measured by good transported in 2010?", "answer": "Aghioi Theodoroi"}, {"question": "How many million of tons went through Aghioi Theodoroi in 2010?", "answer": "17.38"}, {"question": "How many million tons of goods did port Eleusis transport in 2010?", "answer": "12.37 million tons"}, {"question": "How many tons of goods were transported through Greece in 2007?", "answer": "164.3 million tons"}, {"question": "What was the port of Piraeus declared to be in 2013?", "answer": "fastest-growing port in the world"}, {"question": "How many TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2010?", "answer": "513,319"}, {"question": "What amount of TEUs did Thessaloniki handle in 2010?", "answer": "273,282"}, {"question": "How many million of people passed through Greece's ports in 2010?", "answer": "83.9 million"}, {"question": "What record amount of TEUs did Piraeus handle in 2013?", "answer": "3.16 million"}, {"question": "What organization owns Pier II in Piraeus? ", "answer": "COSCO"}, {"question": "Who dominates energy production in Greece?", "answer": "Public Power Corporation"}, {"question": "How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?", "answer": "85.6%"}, {"question": "What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?", "answer": "lignite"}, {"question": "How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?", "answer": "56%"}, {"question": "How much of Greece's energy consumption came from renewable sources in 2008?", "answer": "8%"}, {"question": "What was EU average amount of energy from renewable sources in 2008?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "Where does most of Greece's renewable energy come from?", "answer": "biomass and waste recycling"}, {"question": "How much of Greece's energy is targeted to be from renewable sources by 2020?", "answer": "18%"}, {"question": "Who suggested research into the possibility of a Greek nuclear power plant should begin?", "answer": "Academy of Athens"}, {"question": "What is Greece set to start exploring the Ionian Sea for?", "answer": "oil and gas"}, {"question": "What countries have expressed interest in Greece's oil and gas exploration?", "answer": "Norway and the United States"}, {"question": "When were the first results of the energy explorations expected?", "answer": "summer of 2012"}, {"question": "When did the Deutsche Bank publish a report on the findings of the value of the reserves south of Crete?", "answer": "November 2012"}, {"question": "What did the Deutsche Bank estimate the value of the reserves to be at?", "answer": "\u20ac427 billion"}, {"question": "What was the currency of Greece until 2002?", "answer": "drachma"}, {"question": "What did Greece sign to apply to join the eurozone?", "answer": "Maastricht Treaty"}, {"question": "How many convergence criteria were there in the treaty?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "When did the physical exchange of the drachma to euro take place?", "answer": "January 2002"}, {"question": "When did the ten-year period for eligible exchange of the drachma to euro end?", "answer": "March 2012"}, {"question": "What did IMF forecast Greece's unemployment rate to be in 2012?", "answer": "14.8 percent"}, {"question": "What was Greece's unemployment rate between in 2009?", "answer": "9 per cent and 11 per cent"}, {"question": "What did Greece's unemployment rate soar to in 2013?", "answer": "28 per cent"}, {"question": "What was Greece's jobless rate in 2015?", "answer": "24 per cent"}, {"question": "What is thought to have eroded Greece's potential output?", "answer": "prolonged massive unemployment"}, {"question": "Does speaker of the House participate in dbate?", "answer": "Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate"}, {"question": "Are snate majority leaders more influential than Speaker of the house??", "answer": "Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker"}, {"question": "Who did Newt Gingrich delegate much authority to?", "answer": "Dick Armey"}, {"question": "Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?", "answer": "Dennis Hastert"}, {"question": "Who takes over as Speaker if the minority party gains control of the house?", "answer": "Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker"}, {"question": "What meetings do Minority and Majority leaders usually meet to discuss?", "answer": "agreements on controversial issues"}, {"question": "Who is he current Minority leader?", "answer": "Nancy Pelosi"}, {"question": "If minority party takes control of congress, who is usually in link to become majority leader?", "answer": "Minority Leader"}, {"question": "Are minority leaders usually experienced?", "answer": "Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position"}, {"question": "In what congress did Nancy Pelosi bdcome minority leader?", "answer": "108th Congress"}, {"question": "How long had Richard Gephart served in house prior to being elected to minority leader?", "answer": "20 years"}, {"question": "When was Robert Michel elected minority leader?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "John Rhodes served as minority leader beginning in what year?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "What republican majority leader died in a plane crash?", "answer": "Hale Boggs"}, {"question": "Since 1995 who is the only majority leader to become speaker?", "answer": "John Boehner"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Newt Gingrich as Speaker?", "answer": "Dennis Hastert"}, {"question": "Between majority leader and speaker what roles did Boehner have?", "answer": "Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the majority leader in House?", "answer": "Speaker"}, {"question": "What is the title of seconde in command for majority party in congress?", "answer": "Majority Leader"}, {"question": "Who overshadowed House Speaker Dennis Hastert?", "answer": "Majority Leader Tom DeLay"}, {"question": "Who is the leader of the minority party in the House?", "answer": "Minority Leader"}, {"question": "Does the minority or majority party have more leadership positions in House?", "answer": "minority party has one less leadership position"}, {"question": "What role did Pelosi win in 112th Congress?", "answer": "Minority Leader"}, {"question": "What party lost control of House in 2010 elections?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "What rule gives minority leader right to offer motion to recommit with instructions?", "answer": "Rule XII, clause 6"}, {"question": "Who may place legislation on a corrections calendar?", "answer": "minority leader"}, {"question": "Minority leader may appoint individuals to what government roles?", "answer": "certain federal entities."}, {"question": "Are minority leadership roles specified closely?", "answer": "are not well-defined"}, {"question": "What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?", "answer": "Representative Bertrand Snell"}, {"question": "What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?", "answer": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies."}, {"question": "What defines a large part of minority leader role?", "answer": "tradition and custom"}, {"question": "When was the minority leader position created? ", "answer": "20th-century"}, {"question": "Why was minority leader position created?", "answer": "not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader"}, {"question": "Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning \"Minority Leader?\"", "answer": "James Madison"}, {"question": "Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?", "answer": "Alexander Hamilton"}, {"question": "In the early days who represented party leadership?", "answer": "it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader"}, {"question": "In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?", "answer": "(Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)"}, {"question": "What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?", "answer": "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority"}, {"question": "What made identifying House leadership difficult?", "answer": "Internal party disunity"}, {"question": "How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?", "answer": "at least twenty different candidates"}, {"question": "From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?", "answer": "two of these seven Congresses"}, {"question": "Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?", "answer": "Randall Ripley"}, {"question": "Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?", "answer": "arbitrarily handed out \"choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."}, {"question": "Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?", "answer": "Thomas Reed,"}, {"question": "Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?", "answer": "1871 and 1873"}, {"question": "What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?", "answer": "James Blaine"}, {"question": "What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?", "answer": "James A. Garfield"}, {"question": "Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?", "answer": "there is disagreement among historical analysts"}, {"question": "What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?", "answer": "strong party organization and professional politicians"}, {"question": "What were these conditions effective for in the house?", "answer": "establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure."}, {"question": "Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "Why were republicans upset with Mann?", "answer": "objecting to their private bills on the floor"}, {"question": "What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?", "answer": "1994"}, {"question": "What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?", "answer": "Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President"}, {"question": "Is the Senate or the House more partisan?", "answer": "more partisan nature of the House"}, {"question": "What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?", "answer": "Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner"}, {"question": "What influences role of minority leader?", "answer": "personality and contextual factors"}, {"question": "Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?", "answer": "House rule book."}, {"question": "How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?", "answer": "minority leader is provided with extra staff resources\u2014beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative"}, {"question": "How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?", "answer": "House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission"}, {"question": "Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?", "answer": "majority party leaders"}, {"question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?", "answer": "Policy Committee"}, {"question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?", "answer": "Steering Committee"}, {"question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?", "answer": "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee"}, {"question": "According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?", "answer": "Democratic Leadership Council"}, {"question": "Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?", "answer": "A party's floor leader"}, {"question": "In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?", "answer": "guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party"}, {"question": "How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?", "answer": "contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization"}, {"question": "How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?", "answer": "hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention"}, {"question": "Who establishes leadership PACs?", "answer": "Minority leaders"}, {"question": "Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?", "answer": "travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions"}, {"question": "Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?", "answer": "in consultation with other party colleagues"}, {"question": "Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?", "answer": "options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances"}, {"question": "Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?", "answer": "may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of Obstruction?", "answer": "frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness"}, {"question": "How can obstruction be employed?", "answer": "motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes"}, {"question": "Is it safe to employ negative strategy?", "answer": "\"going negative\" carries risks"}, {"question": "What may be a risk negative tactic?", "answer": "if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public"}, {"question": "What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?", "answer": "develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals"}, {"question": "How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?", "answer": "may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor."}, {"question": "How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?", "answer": "218"}, {"question": "What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?", "answer": "independents and swing voters"}, {"question": "How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?", "answer": "\"talking points\" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize \"town meetings\""}, {"question": "What items are discussed at party retreats?", "answer": "issues and assess the party's public image; they create \"theme teams\" to craft party messages"}, {"question": "How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?", "answer": "conduct surveys of party colleagues"}, {"question": "With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?", "answer": "counterparts in the Senate\u2014and with the president if their party controls the White House"}, {"question": "What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?", "answer": "develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues"}, {"question": "What speaking obligations does minority leader have?", "answer": "floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country"}, {"question": "What are the purpose of minority leader writings?", "answer": "write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements"}, {"question": "How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?", "answer": "minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress"}, {"question": "What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?", "answer": "point man\" for Republican presidents"}, {"question": "Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?", "answer": "will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party"}, {"question": "What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?", "answer": "assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party"}, {"question": "What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?", "answer": "propose Republican alternatives"}, {"question": "What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?", "answer": "political protection"}, {"question": "What options do minority party have in amendment phase?", "answer": "offer our program as a substitute"}, {"question": "If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?", "answer": "motion to recommit and get a vote on that"}, {"question": "If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?", "answer": "say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument"}, {"question": "What is a good technique to foster party harmony?", "answer": "appointment of task forces"}, {"question": "What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?", "answer": "partisan colleagues with conflicting views"}, {"question": "What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?", "answer": "way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure"}, {"question": "Who is the chief vote counter for party?", "answer": "The Chief Deputy Whip"}, {"question": "Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?", "answer": "Patrick McHenry."}, {"question": "Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?", "answer": "Senior Chief Deputy Whip"}, {"question": "How long has democratic leader of whips held position?", "answer": "senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991"}, {"question": "Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?", "answer": "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic"}, {"question": "How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?", "answer": "around 5 million"}, {"question": "Where do most emigrant Armenians live?", "answer": "Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria"}, {"question": "Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?", "answer": "the Armenian Genocide"}, {"question": "How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?", "answer": "around the 6th century BC"}, {"question": "What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?", "answer": "476 BC"}, {"question": "Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?", "answer": "Hecataeus of Miletus"}, {"question": "Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?", "answer": "Xenophon"}, {"question": "What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?", "answer": "Persians"}, {"question": "What mountain does Armenia surround?", "answer": "Mount Ararat"}, {"question": "What era was the Hittite Empire in?", "answer": "the Bronze Age"}, {"question": "When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?", "answer": "1600\u20131200 BC"}, {"question": "When did the Arme-Shupria rule?", "answer": "1300s\u20131190 BC"}, {"question": "When did the Nairi rule?", "answer": "1400\u20131000 BC"}, {"question": "What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?", "answer": "Greek and Ancient Macedonian"}, {"question": "What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?", "answer": "Pontic Indo-European"}, {"question": "Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?", "answer": "the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands"}, {"question": "When was Armenia established?", "answer": "in the late 6th century BC"}, {"question": "What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription"}, {"question": "During which dynasty was Armenia established?", "answer": "Orontid dynasty"}, {"question": "When was Armenia at its largest?", "answer": "95\u201365 BC"}, {"question": "What was the first country to make Christianity its official religion?", "answer": "The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia"}, {"question": "What religion was Armenian paganism influenced by?", "answer": "Zoroastrianism"}, {"question": "When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?", "answer": "AD 301"}, {"question": "Why did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?", "answer": "in defiance of the Sassanids"}, {"question": "Who invented the Armenian alphabet?", "answer": "Mesrop Mashtots"}, {"question": "When did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?", "answer": "885 AD"}, {"question": "Under which ruler did Armenia become a sovereign kingdom?", "answer": "Ashot I"}, {"question": "What dynasty was Ashot I part of?", "answer": "the Bagratid Dynasty"}, {"question": "Who invaded Armenia in 1064?", "answer": "Seljuk Turks"}, {"question": "What Turkic federations ruled Armenia?", "answer": "the Ak Koyunlu and the Kara Koyunlu"}, {"question": "When did the Russo-Persian War begin?", "answer": "1826"}, {"question": "When did the Russo-Persian War end?", "answer": "1828"}, {"question": "What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?", "answer": "Treaty of Turkmenchay"}, {"question": "When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?", "answer": "In the late 1820s"}, {"question": "When was the Peace of Amasya?", "answer": "mid 16th century"}, {"question": "Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?", "answer": "Governments of Republic of Turkey"}, {"question": "What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?", "answer": "diplomatic conflict"}, {"question": "Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?", "answer": "the Ottoman Empire"}, {"question": "What was Armenia's status from 1918 to 1920?", "answer": "independent republic"}, {"question": "When did communists take over Armenia?", "answer": "late 1920"}, {"question": "Who invaded Armenia in 1920?", "answer": "the Red Army"}, {"question": "What part of the USSR did Armenia join?", "answer": "the Transcaucasian SFSR"}, {"question": "When did Armenia leave the USSR?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "How long have Armenians lived in the highlands?", "answer": "over four thousand years"}, {"question": "Who founded the first Armenian nation?", "answer": "Hayk"}, {"question": "Who did Hayk defeat?", "answer": "Bel of Babylon"}, {"question": "How many native Armenians are in Armenia today?", "answer": "3.5 million"}, {"question": "What does Hayastantsis mean?", "answer": "those that are from Armenia"}, {"question": "What is the Armenian Quarter?", "answer": "one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem"}, {"question": "How many people live in the Armenian monastery in or near Italy?", "answer": "35"}, {"question": "When was the Italian Armenian monastery founded?", "answer": "1717"}, {"question": "What religion is the Italian Armenian monastery?", "answer": "Catholic"}, {"question": "Where is the Italian Armenian monastery?", "answer": "on an island near Venice"}, {"question": "What are Parskahay?", "answer": "Armenians who originate from Iran"}, {"question": "What are Lipananahay?", "answer": "Armenians from Lebanon"}, {"question": "What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?", "answer": "considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other"}, {"question": "What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?", "answer": "Eastern"}, {"question": "When did Armenia's church become independent?", "answer": "451 AD"}, {"question": "What is Armenia's church called?", "answer": "Armenian Apostolic Church"}, {"question": "What type of Catholicism is Armenia's church part of?", "answer": "Oriental Orthodox"}, {"question": "Where was the Armenian Catholicosate located at first?", "answer": "Echmiadzin"}, {"question": "Where did the Armenian Catholicosate move to?", "answer": "Cilicia"}, {"question": "What religion is dominant in the countries surrounding Armenia?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What are Hamshenis?", "answer": "ethnic Armenian Muslims"}, {"question": "Who became Catholicos in Etchmiadzin in 1441?", "answer": "Kirakos Virapetsi"}, {"question": "Who remained Catholicos of Cilicia?", "answer": "Krikor Moussapegiants"}, {"question": "How do the two Catholicosates compare?", "answer": "equal rights and privileges"}, {"question": "Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?", "answer": "Armenian Catholic Church"}, {"question": "What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?", "answer": "Armenian Evangelical Church"}, {"question": "What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?", "answer": "Armenian Brotherhood Church"}, {"question": "Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?", "answer": "Armenian Apostolic Church"}, {"question": "Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?", "answer": "Mesrop Mashtots"}, {"question": "When did Armenian writing begin?", "answer": "400 AD"}, {"question": "Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?", "answer": "Moses of Chorene"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?", "answer": "Moses of Chorene"}, {"question": "Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?", "answer": "Romanticists"}, {"question": "When were early Armenian Christian churches built?", "answer": "between the 4th and 7th century"}, {"question": "In which century did Armenia become Christian?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "What radiating style are some Armenian churches built with?", "answer": "Hrip'sim\u00e9"}, {"question": "When were Armenian churches built with center cupola cones?", "answer": "fifth century"}, {"question": "When were Armenian churches built with niched buttresses?", "answer": "seventh century"}, {"question": "Who invaded Armenia in the 11th century?", "answer": "Seljuk"}, {"question": "What Armenian monasteries were built in the 11th century?", "answer": "Haghpat and Haritchavank"}, {"question": "When was there an Armenian architecture revival?", "answer": "From the 9th to 11th century"}, {"question": "What dynasty ruled Armenia in the 10th century?", "answer": "Bagratid Dynasty"}, {"question": "What was ornately carved in the 9th-11th centuries?", "answer": "Armenian Khachkars"}, {"question": "When did Armenia begin winning Olympic medals?", "answer": "1952"}, {"question": "Where were the 1952 Olympics held?", "answer": "Helsinki"}, {"question": "Which Armenian football team was the most successful?", "answer": "Yerevan's FC Ararat"}, {"question": "What pro team has FC Ararat beaten?", "answer": "FC Bayern Munich"}, {"question": "Who won Armenia's first Olympic medal?", "answer": "Hrant Shahinyan"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Sayat Nova play?", "answer": "Armenian folk music"}, {"question": "What instruments are used in Armenian folk music?", "answer": "the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun"}, {"question": "What kind of Armenian religious music is prevalent?", "answer": "the Armenian chant"}, {"question": "What did Mashtots do besides composing religious chants?", "answer": "inventor of the Armenian alphabet"}, {"question": "What was Aram Khatchaturian's career?", "answer": "classical music composer"}, {"question": "What type of music is Richard Hagopian famous for?", "answer": "the traditional \"kef\" style"}, {"question": "What instruments does 'kef' use?", "answer": "Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments"}, {"question": "What type of music does Sirusho perform?", "answer": "pop music combined with Armenian folk music"}, {"question": "What nationality is Charles Aznavour?", "answer": "French-Armenian"}, {"question": "What US heavy metal band is comprised of Armenians?", "answer": "System of a Down"}, {"question": "What job do many Armenian women traditionally do?", "answer": "Carpet-weaving"}, {"question": "When is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?", "answer": "early 13th century"}, {"question": "Where is the earliest known Armenian carpet from?", "answer": "the village of Banants (near Gandzak)"}, {"question": "What is 'gorg'?", "answer": "the Armenian word for carpet"}, {"question": "Where is the earliest known use of 'gorg'?", "answer": "in a 1242\u20131243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh"}, {"question": "What is Hakobyan's career?", "answer": "Art historian"}, {"question": "What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?", "answer": "dragons and eagles"}, {"question": "What are artsvagorgs?", "answer": "eagle-carpets"}, {"question": "What are vishapagorgs?", "answer": "dragon-carpets"}, {"question": "What are otsagorgs?", "answer": "serpent-carpets"}, {"question": "What is khorovats?", "answer": "an Armenian-styled barbecue"}, {"question": "What is lavash?", "answer": "Armenian flat bread"}, {"question": "What is paklava?", "answer": "a popular dessert made from filo dough"}, {"question": "What is a kabob?", "answer": "a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables"}, {"question": "What is ghapama?", "answer": "a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish"}, {"question": "What are the Jehovah Witnesses?", "answer": "millenarian restorationist Christian denomination"}, {"question": "What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?", "answer": "mainstream Christianity"}, {"question": "How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?", "answer": "more than 8.2 million"}, {"question": "Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?", "answer": "Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses"}, {"question": "Where are the group elders located?", "answer": "Brooklyn, New York"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?", "answer": "their door-to-door preaching"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?", "answer": "military service and blood transfusions"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?", "answer": "proper worship"}, {"question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?", "answer": "they consider to be unscriptural doctrines"}, {"question": "Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?", "answer": "they consider to have pagan origins"}, {"question": "When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "Where did Russell and others form their group?", "answer": "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of Russell's group?", "answer": "to study the Bible"}, {"question": "When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?", "answer": "Three Worlds"}, {"question": "1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?", "answer": "the Gentile Times"}, {"question": "When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?", "answer": "From 1879"}, {"question": "How many congregations were founded?", "answer": "Thirty"}, {"question": "When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?", "answer": "during 1879 and 1880"}, {"question": "What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?", "answer": "self-administrative"}, {"question": "Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?", "answer": "William Henry Conley"}, {"question": "When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What did Russell combine at the headquarters?", "answer": "printing and corporate offices with a house of worship"}, {"question": "What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?", "answer": "Bethel"}, {"question": "How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?", "answer": "about 50,000 people"}, {"question": "When did Russell die?", "answer": "October 31, 1916"}, {"question": "Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?", "answer": "Joseph Franklin Rutherford"}, {"question": "What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?", "answer": "legal representative"}, {"question": "When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?", "answer": "June 1917,"}, {"question": "Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? ", "answer": "Catholic and Protestant clergy"}, {"question": "What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?", "answer": "sedition"}, {"question": "What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?", "answer": "a director"}, {"question": "What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?", "answer": "preaching activity"}, {"question": "Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?", "answer": "Cedar Point, Ohio"}, {"question": "What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?", "answer": "house-to-house preaching"}, {"question": "How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?", "answer": "twenty-five years"}, {"question": "When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?", "answer": "July 26, 1931"}, {"question": "What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?", "answer": "Isaiah 43:10"}, {"question": "What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?", "answer": "locally elected elders"}, {"question": "Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?", "answer": "the Brooklyn headquarters"}, {"question": "From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?", "answer": "1932"}, {"question": "What was the number of the little flock set at?", "answer": "144,000"}, {"question": "Where would the great multitude live?", "answer": "a paradise restored on earth"}, {"question": "All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?", "answer": "great multitude"}, {"question": "When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?", "answer": "Nathan Knorr"}, {"question": "What did Knorr commission?", "answer": "a new translation of the Bible"}, {"question": "When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?", "answer": "in 1961"}, {"question": "What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?", "answer": "explicit instructions guiding Witnesses"}, {"question": "What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?", "answer": "a strict moral code"}, {"question": "From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?", "answer": "Christ's thousand-year reign"}, {"question": "How many baptisms were there in 1974?", "answer": "more than 297,000"}, {"question": "How many active members were there in 1975?", "answer": "two million"}, {"question": "Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?", "answer": "after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong"}, {"question": "What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?", "answer": "its responsibility in building up hope"}, {"question": "When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?", "answer": "traveling overseers"}, {"question": "In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?", "answer": "president"}, {"question": "When did Knorr die? ", "answer": "1977"}, {"question": "Who has been president of the Society since 2000?", "answer": "Don A. Adams"}, {"question": "How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?", "answer": "hierarchically"}, {"question": "What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?", "answer": "God's \"visible organization\""}, {"question": "What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?", "answer": "male"}, {"question": "How many members does the Governing Body consist of?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who does the Governing Body direct?", "answer": "several committees"}, {"question": "What does each congregation have?", "answer": "a body of appointed unpaid male elders"}, {"question": "Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?", "answer": "Elders"}, {"question": "Who appoints new elders?", "answer": "a traveling overseer"}, {"question": "What does the title of elder not signify?", "answer": "a formal clergy-laity division"}, {"question": "What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?", "answer": "confession of sins"}, {"question": "What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "Baptism"}, {"question": "What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?", "answer": "previous baptisms"}, {"question": "What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?", "answer": "organization"}, {"question": "Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?", "answer": "favor"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?", "answer": "first-century Christianity"}, {"question": "Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? ", "answer": "the Governing Body"}, {"question": "Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?", "answer": "through publications published by the Watch Tower Society"}, {"question": "How does God reveal his will and purpose?", "answer": "gradually"}, {"question": "What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?", "answer": "divine guidance"}, {"question": "What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?", "answer": "The entire Protestant canon"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?", "answer": "accurate"}, {"question": "Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?", "answer": "the Governing Body"}, {"question": "What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?", "answer": "other religious literature"}, {"question": "What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?", "answer": "criticize or contribute"}, {"question": "Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?", "answer": "Jesus"}, {"question": "What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?", "answer": "the sins of humanity"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?", "answer": "a single upright post"}, {"question": "Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?", "answer": "intercessor and high priest"}, {"question": "What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?", "answer": "1 Timothy 2:5"}, {"question": "Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?", "answer": "a \"little flock\""}, {"question": "Where will God resurrected the \"other sheep\" after Armageddon?", "answer": "a cleansed earth"}, {"question": "Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?", "answer": "144,000"}, {"question": "Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?", "answer": "their final test at the end of the millennium"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?", "answer": "a literal government in heaven"}, {"question": "Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?", "answer": "144,000 \"spirit-anointed\" Christians"}, {"question": "What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?", "answer": "accomplish his original purpose for the earth"}, {"question": "What will the Earth be transformed into?", "answer": "a paradise without sickness or death"}, {"question": "When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?", "answer": "1914"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?", "answer": "false"}, {"question": "Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?", "answer": "the United Nations"}, {"question": "Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?", "answer": "Satan"}, {"question": "What will be the end result of God's kingdom?", "answer": "a fully tested, glorified human race"}, {"question": "On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?", "answer": "October 1914"}, {"question": "What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?", "answer": "ousted from heaven"}, {"question": "How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?", "answer": "invisibly"}, {"question": "How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?", "answer": "\"coming\""}, {"question": "When will Jesus' presence end?", "answer": "when he comes to bring a final judgment"}, {"question": "Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?", "answer": "Kingdom Halls"}, {"question": "How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?", "answer": "\"territory\" they usually reside"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?", "answer": "meetings"}, {"question": "How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?", "answer": "three times each week"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?", "answer": "songs (hymns) and brief prayers"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?", "answer": "their efforts to spread their beliefs"}, {"question": "How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?", "answer": "start a regular \"Bible study\""}, {"question": "When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?", "answer": "show no interest in becoming members"}, {"question": "What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?", "answer": "irregular"}, {"question": "What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?", "answer": "discouraged"}, {"question": "What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?", "answer": "adultery"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?", "answer": "adulterous"}, {"question": "Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?", "answer": "legal separation"}, {"question": "Who administers formal discipline?", "answer": "congregation elders"}, {"question": "What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?", "answer": "a judicial committee"}, {"question": "What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?", "answer": "Disfellowshipping"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?", "answer": "keeps the congregation free from immoral influence"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?", "answer": "wicked"}, {"question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?", "answer": "can only be one truth from God"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?", "answer": "represents true Christianity"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?", "answer": "\"separate from the world.\""}, {"question": "What does Jehovah Witnesses define the \"world\" to mean?", "answer": "\"the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants\""}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?", "answer": "danger"}, {"question": "Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?", "answer": "Christ"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?", "answer": "neutral"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?", "answer": "voting"}, {"question": "Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?", "answer": "they consider to honor people other than Jesus"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?", "answer": "Satan's control over the world"}, {"question": "What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?", "answer": "associated with the military"}, {"question": "What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?", "answer": "their arrest and imprisonment"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?", "answer": "a worldwide brotherhood"}, {"question": "What profession is Ronald Lawson?", "answer": "Sociologist"}, {"question": "What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?", "answer": "intellectual and organizational isolation"}, {"question": "What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?", "answer": "Acts 15:28, 29"}, {"question": "What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?", "answer": "willing acceptance of a blood transfusion"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?", "answer": "non-blood alternatives"}, {"question": "What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?", "answer": "information"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion? ", "answer": "blood plasma fractions"}, {"question": "What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?", "answer": "major blood components"}, {"question": "What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?", "answer": "allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept"}, {"question": "What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?", "answer": "Hospital Liaison Committees"}, {"question": "The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?", "answer": "individual Jehovah's Witnesses"}, {"question": "What term do Jehovah's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching?", "answer": "publishers"}, {"question": "How many publishers did the Jehovah's Witnesses have as of August 2015?", "answer": "8.2 million"}, {"question": "How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?", "answer": "118,016"}, {"question": "Over how many hours had Jehovah's Witnesses spent preaching and in \"Bible study\" activity in 2015?", "answer": "1.93 billion"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be?", "answer": "1.5% per year"}, {"question": "Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?", "answer": "those who submit reports for their personal ministry"}, {"question": "Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?", "answer": "active"}, {"question": "What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?", "answer": "low"}, {"question": "Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "37%"}, {"question": "What is the profession of James A. Beckford?", "answer": "Sociologist"}, {"question": "When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?", "answer": "Totalizing"}, {"question": "What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?", "answer": "absolutism"}, {"question": "What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?", "answer": "world indifference"}, {"question": "Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?", "answer": "high school graduation"}, {"question": "Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?", "answer": "reading"}, {"question": "What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? ", "answer": "Jehovah's Witnesses"}, {"question": "Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?", "answer": "politics"}, {"question": "What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?", "answer": "a graduate degree"}, {"question": "What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "Political and religious animosity"}, {"question": "Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?", "answer": "doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military"}, {"question": "Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?", "answer": "10,000"}, {"question": "What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?", "answer": "purple triangles"}, {"question": "What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "China, Vietnam and some Islamic states"}, {"question": "Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?", "answer": "authorities and other religions"}, {"question": "What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?", "answer": "Whalen, Harrison and Schnell"}, {"question": "What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?", "answer": "evidence of the truth of their struggle"}, {"question": "What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?", "answer": "controversy"}, {"question": "What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?", "answer": "jail"}, {"question": "What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?", "answer": "reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties"}, {"question": "What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?", "answer": "federal and state"}, {"question": "What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?", "answer": "patriotic rituals and military service"}, {"question": "What do patients have the right to refuse?", "answer": "medical treatment"}, {"question": "Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?", "answer": "Canada"}, {"question": "Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "the Governing Body"}, {"question": "What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?", "answer": "dissent"}, {"question": "What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?", "answer": "expelled and shunned"}, {"question": "Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?", "answer": "part of \"God's organization\""}, {"question": "Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?", "answer": "Satan the Devil"}, {"question": "What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?", "answer": "Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four"}, {"question": "Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian? ", "answer": "Alan Rogerson"}, {"question": "How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?", "answer": "disparaging individual decision-making"}, {"question": "What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?", "answer": "\"intellectual dominance\""}, {"question": "What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?", "answer": "mind control"}, {"question": "What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?", "answer": "Sociologist"}, {"question": "What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "\"not always very democratic\""}, {"question": "How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?", "answer": "\"part of the power structure rather than subject to it.\""}, {"question": "Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?", "answer": "informed choice"}, {"question": "Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?", "answer": "dignified exit"}, {"question": "What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?", "answer": "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world"}, {"question": "What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?", "answer": "religious bias"}, {"question": "BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?", "answer": "greater accuracy"}, {"question": "The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?", "answer": "literal, conservative"}, {"question": "What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?", "answer": "Jehovah"}, {"question": "Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?", "answer": "Jehovah's Witnesses"}, {"question": "What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?", "answer": "to declare his will"}, {"question": "What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?", "answer": "advance knowledge about Armageddon"}, {"question": "What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?", "answer": "world events"}, {"question": "What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?", "answer": "\"beyond doubt\""}, {"question": "What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?", "answer": "that it is a false prophet"}, {"question": "What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?", "answer": "biblical chronology"}, {"question": "What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?", "answer": "sociologist"}, {"question": "How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?", "answer": "around 140 years ago"}, {"question": "What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?", "answer": "the end of time"}, {"question": "What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?", "answer": "sexual abuse"}, {"question": "Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?", "answer": "Jehovah's"}, {"question": "Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?", "answer": "pedophiles"}, {"question": "What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?", "answer": "children"}, {"question": "Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?", "answer": "children from parents"}, {"question": "What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized? ", "answer": "abuse allegations"}, {"question": "Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?", "answer": "not one"}, {"question": "Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?", "answer": "to protect its \"crime-free\" reputation"}, {"question": "What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?", "answer": "negligent"}, {"question": "How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?", "answer": "as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's nickname?", "answer": "Ike"}, {"question": "What was the middle name of Dwight Eisenhower?", "answer": "David"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower's presidency begin?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "During the Second World War, what was the highest position (not rank) Eisenhower achieved?", "answer": "Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe"}, {"question": "What was the name of the North African invasion Eisenhower oversaw?", "answer": "Operation Torch"}, {"question": "Along with reducing the federal deficit, what was Eisenhower's main policy priority as president?", "answer": "keep pressure on the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to use to end the Korean War?", "answer": "nuclear weapons"}, {"question": "Along with Guatemala, what country's government did Eisenhower order overthrown?", "answer": "Iran"}, {"question": "What country did Eisenhower neglect to assist in their military action in Vietnam?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "In what year was the Formosa Resolution passed?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "In what year did the Soviets launch humanity's first artificial satellite?", "answer": "1957"}, {"question": "What organization did Eisenhower support after the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite?", "answer": "NASA"}, {"question": "Along with Israel, what countries' armies invaded Egypt in 1956?", "answer": "British and French"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower send 15,000 military personnel in 1958?", "answer": "Lebanon"}, {"question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his presidential farewell address?", "answer": "January 17, 1961"}, {"question": "Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?", "answer": "McCarthyism"}, {"question": "What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?", "answer": "executive privilege"}, {"question": "Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?", "answer": "Nixon"}, {"question": "What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?", "answer": "moderate"}, {"question": "What does DARPA stand for?", "answer": "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}, {"question": "What book did Eisenhower's parents read every day?", "answer": "Bible"}, {"question": "What Mennonite sect did Eisenhower's mother initially belong to?", "answer": "River Brethren"}, {"question": "What is another name for the International Bible Students Association?", "answer": "Jehovah's Witnesses"}, {"question": "What university did Eisenhower attend?", "answer": "West Point"}, {"question": "What church did Eisenhower join in 1953?", "answer": "Presbyterian"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from high school?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "What high school did Eisenhower go to?", "answer": "Abilene"}, {"question": "What was the name of Eisenhower's brother?", "answer": "Edgar"}, {"question": "In what year of high school did Eisenhower suffer a groin infection?", "answer": "freshman"}, {"question": "What high school year did Eisenhower have to repeat?", "answer": "freshman"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower work during his brother's first year of college?", "answer": "Belle Springs Creamery"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's job title during the first year his brother went to college?", "answer": "night supervisor"}, {"question": "Who was Eisenhower's senator?", "answer": "Joseph L. Bristow"}, {"question": "Why couldn't Eisenhower attend Annapolis?", "answer": "beyond the age limit"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower matriculate to West Point?", "answer": "1911"}, {"question": "What was Doud Eisenhower's nickname?", "answer": "Icky"}, {"question": "What killed Icky Eisenhower?", "answer": "scarlet fever"}, {"question": "In what city was John Eisenhower born?", "answer": "Denver"}, {"question": "What was John Eisenhower's final rank in the military?", "answer": "brigadier general"}, {"question": "David Eisenhower married the child of what US President?", "answer": "Nixon"}, {"question": "What sport did Eisenhower notably enjoy?", "answer": "golf"}, {"question": "What color were Eisenhower's winter golf balls?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "Who was the Chairman of Augusta National and friend to Eisenhower?", "answer": "Clifford Roberts"}, {"question": "What was Clifford Roberts by profession?", "answer": "investment broker"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower join Augusta National?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite hobby other than golfing?", "answer": "oil painting"}, {"question": "Who notably painted a picture of Mamie Eisenhower?", "answer": "Thomas E. Stephens"}, {"question": "What was the main type of oil painting painted by Eisenhower?", "answer": "landscapes"}, {"question": "What car did Eisenhower compare modern art to?", "answer": "Tin Lizzie"}, {"question": "Who called Eisenhower's art \"simple and earnest\"?", "answer": "Wendy Beckett"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's favorite film?", "answer": "Angels in the Outfield"}, {"question": "Who was Eisenhower's favorite author?", "answer": "Zane Grey"}, {"question": "What genre did Zane Grey write in?", "answer": "Western"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower learn to play poker?", "answer": "Abilene"}, {"question": "At West Point, what game did Eisenhower play six nights a week for five months?", "answer": "contract bridge"}, {"question": "What military installation was Eisenhower assigned to when the United States entered the First World War?", "answer": "Ft. Leavenworth"}, {"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with at Camp Meade?", "answer": "65th Engineers"}, {"question": "To what rank was Eisenhower brevetted after being transferred to the tank corps?", "answer": "Lieutenant Colonel"}, {"question": "What famous military event occurred at the site of Camp Colt?", "answer": "Pickett's Charge"}, {"question": "In what state was Camp Meade located?", "answer": "Maryland"}, {"question": "How long before Eisenhower was to be transferred to France did World War I end?", "answer": "week"}, {"question": "What decoration did Eisenhower receive as a result of his First World War service?", "answer": "Distinguished Service Medal"}, {"question": "What notable Second World War commander disparaged Eisenhower for his lack of combat experience?", "answer": "Montgomery"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?", "answer": "tanks"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?", "answer": "1922"}, {"question": "Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?", "answer": "Sereno E. Brett"}, {"question": "What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?", "answer": "supportive role for the infantry"}, {"question": "What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?", "answer": "he relented"}, {"question": "What role did Eisenhower serve under Fox Conner?", "answer": "executive officer"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower serve under Conner?", "answer": "Panama Canal Zone"}, {"question": "What notable military treatise was authored by von Clausewitz?", "answer": "On War"}, {"question": "During what period did Eisenhower attend the Command and General Staff College?", "answer": "1925\u201326"}, {"question": "How many people were in Eisenhower's class at the Command and General Staff College?", "answer": "245"}, {"question": "Who was the head of the American Battle Monuments Commission during this period?", "answer": "Pershing"}, {"question": "During the 1920s, for what federal department did Milton Eisenhower work?", "answer": "Agriculture"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower graduate from the Army War College?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What was the office held by George Mosely?", "answer": "Assistant Secretary of War"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's rank in 1933?", "answer": "Major"}, {"question": "What event made war planning difficult in this period?", "answer": "Great Depression"}, {"question": "What position was held by General MacArthur at this point in time?", "answer": "Army Chief of Staff"}, {"question": "What encampment was attacked in 1932 by soldiers including Eisenhower?", "answer": "Bonus March"}, {"question": "What sort of people did the Bonus March consist of?", "answer": "veterans"}, {"question": "What rank was Eisenhower promoted to in 1936?", "answer": "lieutenant colonel"}, {"question": "What license did Eisenhower receive in 1939?", "answer": "pilot's"}, {"question": "Who was president of the Philippines circa 1939?", "answer": "Manuel L. Quezon"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the capital city that was under construction in the Philippines in 1939?", "answer": "Quezon City"}, {"question": "How did Eisenhower respond to the offer to become a Philippine police chief?", "answer": "declined"}, {"question": "What unit did Eisenhower serve with upon his return to the United States?", "answer": "15th Infantry"}, {"question": "At what military installation was the 15th Infantry based?", "answer": "Fort Lewis"}, {"question": "In the spring of 1941, who commanded IX Corps?", "answer": "Kenyon Joyce"}, {"question": "In what city was the 3rd Army based in June of 1941?", "answer": "San Antonio"}, {"question": "What event contributed to Eisenhower receiving a promotion to brigadier general?", "answer": "Louisiana Maneuvers"}, {"question": "To what body was Eisenhower assigned after Pearl Harbor was attacked?", "answer": "General Staff in"}, {"question": "Who headed the WPD before Eisenhower?", "answer": "Leonard T. Gerow"}, {"question": "What body replaced the War Plans Division?", "answer": "Operations Division"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's title in the Operations Division?", "answer": "Assistant Chief of Staff"}, {"question": "Who was the Chief of Staff who promoted Eisenhower?", "answer": "George C. Marshall"}, {"question": "As of May 1942, who commanded the Army Air Forces?", "answer": "Henry H. Arnold"}, {"question": "To what city did Eisenhower travel to May 1942?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Who commanded the English theater in May 1942?", "answer": "James E. Chaney"}, {"question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive on June 23, 1942?", "answer": "Commanding General, European Theater of Operations"}, {"question": "To what rank was Eisenhower promoted on July 7, 1942?", "answer": "lieutenant general"}, {"question": "What appointment did Eisenhower receive in November of 1942?", "answer": "Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force of the North African Theater of Operations"}, {"question": "What was the code name of the North African campaign?", "answer": "Operation Torch"}, {"question": "At what location was the North African campaign planned?", "answer": "Rock of Gibraltar"}, {"question": "How many years before Eisenhower's command had a non-Briton commanded Gibraltar?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "What geographic area was the primary objective of Eisenhower?", "answer": "Tunisia"}, {"question": "Who initially served as High Commissioner of North Africa?", "answer": "Fran\u00e7ois Darlan"}, {"question": "Who killed Fran\u00e7ois Darlan?", "answer": "Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle"}, {"question": "Who served as High Commissioner of North Africa after Darlan's death?", "answer": "Henri Giraud"}, {"question": "On what day did Darlan die?", "answer": "December 24"}, {"question": "What was Rommel's rank?", "answer": "Generalfeldmarschall"}, {"question": "Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?", "answer": "Lloyd Fredendall"}, {"question": "Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?", "answer": "Bernard Montgomery"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?", "answer": "February 1943"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?", "answer": "NATOUSA"}, {"question": "What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?", "answer": "Sicily"}, {"question": "What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?", "answer": "Operation Avalanche"}, {"question": "What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?", "answer": "2 to 1"}, {"question": "How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?", "answer": "19"}, {"question": "Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?", "answer": "Mussolini"}, {"question": "Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?", "answer": "Marshall"}, {"question": "What did SHAEF stand for?", "answer": "Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force"}, {"question": "Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?", "answer": "Roosevelt"}, {"question": "What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?", "answer": "Operation Overlord"}, {"question": "When did Operation Overlord take place?", "answer": "June 1944"}, {"question": "Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?", "answer": "Ernest J. King"}, {"question": "What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?", "answer": "civilian casualties"}, {"question": "What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?", "answer": "slapped a subordinate"}, {"question": "What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?", "answer": "covert and sabotage operations"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of French forces in this period?", "answer": "de Gaulle"}, {"question": "When did the Normandy invasion occur?", "answer": "June 6, 1944"}, {"question": "How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?", "answer": "month"}, {"question": "When did the war in Europe end?", "answer": "May 8, 1945"}, {"question": "How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?", "answer": "every"}, {"question": "After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?", "answer": "if the invasion failed"}, {"question": "What unit did Montgomery command?", "answer": "21st Army Group"}, {"question": "What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?", "answer": "Bradley"}, {"question": "Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?", "answer": "Devers"}, {"question": "What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "What supply port was opened late in 1944?", "answer": "Antwerp"}, {"question": "What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?", "answer": "Field Marshal"}, {"question": "On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?", "answer": "December 20, 1944"}, {"question": "Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?", "answer": "Churchill"}, {"question": "What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?", "answer": "Zhukov"}, {"question": "What rank was held by de Gaulle?", "answer": "General"}, {"question": "When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?", "answer": "December 1944"}, {"question": "What German city did the British wish to conquer?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?", "answer": "Stalin"}, {"question": "What nation's military conquered Berlin?", "answer": "Soviet"}, {"question": "What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?", "answer": "May 7, 1945"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?", "answer": "Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone"}, {"question": "In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?", "answer": "IG Farben Building"}, {"question": "In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?", "answer": "Frankfurt am Main"}, {"question": "Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?", "answer": "Britain, France and the Soviet Union"}, {"question": "What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?", "answer": "Geneva Convention"}, {"question": "Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?", "answer": "Marshall"}, {"question": "About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?", "answer": "millions"}, {"question": "What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?", "answer": "opposed"}, {"question": "What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?", "answer": "Warsaw"}, {"question": "When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?", "answer": "June 1943"}, {"question": "Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?", "answer": "Grand High Supreme King of the Universe"}, {"question": "What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?", "answer": "Army Chief of Staff"}, {"question": "What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?", "answer": "MacArthur"}, {"question": "At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?", "answer": "Potsdam Conference"}, {"question": "What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?", "answer": "New Hampshire"}, {"question": "How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?", "answer": "too old"}, {"question": "Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?", "answer": "Thomas E. Dewey"}, {"question": "What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?", "answer": "President of Columbia University"}, {"question": "Where is Columbia University located?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?", "answer": "Crusade in Europe"}, {"question": "What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?", "answer": "Ivy League"}, {"question": "What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?", "answer": "Department of the Treasury"}, {"question": "While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?", "answer": "Council on Foreign Relations"}, {"question": "What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?", "answer": "biographer"}, {"question": "Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?", "answer": "professional"}, {"question": "What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?", "answer": "economic"}, {"question": "What position was held by James Forrestal?", "answer": "Secretary of Defense"}, {"question": "What position did Eisenhower informally hold?", "answer": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"}, {"question": "After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?", "answer": "Augusta National Golf Club"}, {"question": "What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?", "answer": "Columbia Associates"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?", "answer": "July 1949"}, {"question": "Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?", "answer": "American Assembly"}, {"question": "What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?", "answer": "Leonard McCollum"}, {"question": "What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?", "answer": "liberal"}, {"question": "What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "From where did H.J. Porter hale?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?", "answer": "December 1950"}, {"question": "What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?", "answer": "Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization"}, {"question": "On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?", "answer": "May 31, 1952"}, {"question": "What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?", "answer": "President of the United States"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?", "answer": "January 20, 1953"}, {"question": "Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?", "answer": "Democratic"}, {"question": "Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?", "answer": "Robert A. Taft"}, {"question": "What was Taft's political office?", "answer": "Senator"}, {"question": "Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?", "answer": "Henry Cabot Lodge"}, {"question": "In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?", "answer": "corruption"}, {"question": "What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?", "answer": "K1C2"}, {"question": "How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?", "answer": "peaceful means"}, {"question": "What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?", "answer": "Wisconsin"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?", "answer": "Korea"}, {"question": "During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?", "answer": "a secret trust"}, {"question": "What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "How old was Truman in 1948?", "answer": "64"}, {"question": "In what century was Eisenhower born?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?", "answer": "James Buchanan"}, {"question": "How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?", "answer": "never"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?", "answer": "did not have prior elected office"}, {"question": "What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?", "answer": "Oveta Culp Hobby"}, {"question": "Who was Eisenhower's budget director?", "answer": "Joseph M. Dodge"}, {"question": "Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?", "answer": "Herbert Brownell"}, {"question": "Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?", "answer": "John Foster Dulles"}, {"question": "What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?", "answer": "Eight millionaires and a plumber"}, {"question": "What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?", "answer": "Korean"}, {"question": "What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?", "answer": "pre-inaugural"}, {"question": "Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?", "answer": "foreign"}, {"question": "How did Eisenhower describe his political views?", "answer": "progressive conservative"}, {"question": "What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?", "answer": "Social Security"}, {"question": "What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?", "answer": "Department of Health, Education and Welfare"}, {"question": "How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?", "answer": "ten million"}, {"question": "What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?", "answer": "integration"}, {"question": "What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?", "answer": "right"}, {"question": "In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?", "answer": "Republicans"}, {"question": "What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?", "answer": "moderate, progressive"}, {"question": "Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?", "answer": "February 1956"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?", "answer": "Robert B. Anderson"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?", "answer": "Adlai Stevenson"}, {"question": "What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?", "answer": "the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy"}, {"question": "What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?", "answer": "autobahn"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?", "answer": "June 1956"}, {"question": "Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?", "answer": "economic growth"}, {"question": "Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?", "answer": "issuance of bonds to finance the project"}, {"question": "What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?", "answer": "Yalta"}, {"question": "Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?", "answer": "beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch"}, {"question": "What world leader died in March of 1953?", "answer": "Joseph Stalin"}, {"question": "What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?", "answer": "Chance for Peace"}, {"question": "Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?", "answer": "Stephen Ambrose"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?", "answer": "conventional forces"}, {"question": "What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?", "answer": "New Look"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?", "answer": "Project Solarium"}, {"question": "Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?", "answer": "refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections"}, {"question": "In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?", "answer": "London"}, {"question": "Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?", "answer": "Eisenhower"}, {"question": "In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?", "answer": "Open Skies"}, {"question": "What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?", "answer": "Mexico"}, {"question": "The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?", "answer": "Southeast Asia"}, {"question": "In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?", "answer": "1954"}, {"question": "What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?", "answer": "West Germany"}, {"question": "According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?", "answer": "Vietnam"}, {"question": "Who was the director of the CIA?", "answer": "Dulles"}, {"question": "What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?", "answer": "Operation Ajax"}, {"question": "What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?", "answer": "Pbsuccess"}, {"question": "What company made the U-2?", "answer": "Lockheed"}, {"question": "Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?", "answer": "Lockheed C-121 Constellation"}, {"question": "What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?", "answer": "Eastern Airlines Flight 8610"}, {"question": "What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?", "answer": "Air Force One"}, {"question": "What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?", "answer": "Columbine II"}, {"question": "In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?", "answer": "Soviet launch of Sputnik"}, {"question": "Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?", "answer": "Project Genetrix"}, {"question": "What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?", "answer": "illegal"}, {"question": "What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?", "answer": "NASA"}, {"question": "With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?", "answer": "American scientists"}, {"question": "Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?", "answer": "Kaesong sanctuary"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?", "answer": "use nuclear force"}, {"question": "Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?", "answer": "National Security Council"}, {"question": "What event led to decreased Russian support for China?", "answer": "death of Stalin"}, {"question": "What was SAC an abbreviation of?", "answer": "Strategic Air Command"}, {"question": "The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?", "answer": "Syngman Rhee"}, {"question": "What American official notably opposed the armistice?", "answer": "Secretary Dulles"}, {"question": "Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?", "answer": "Ambrose"}, {"question": "Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?", "answer": "Suez Crisis"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?", "answer": "Gamal Abdel Nasser"}, {"question": "Who invaded Hungary in 1956?", "answer": "Soviet"}, {"question": "What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "What war was being fought by France in 1953?", "answer": "First Indochina War"}, {"question": "What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?", "answer": "Iron Mike"}, {"question": "Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?", "answer": "Matthew Ridgway"}, {"question": "Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?", "answer": "massive"}, {"question": "Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?", "answer": "non-combat personnel"}, {"question": "What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?", "answer": "napalm"}, {"question": "When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?", "answer": "May 1954"}, {"question": "Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?", "answer": "Chairman of the Joint Chiefs"}, {"question": "What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?", "answer": "allied participation and congressional approval"}, {"question": "What is SEATO?", "answer": "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization"}, {"question": "Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?", "answer": "New Zealand and Australia"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of SEATO?", "answer": "defense of Vietnam against communism"}, {"question": "What group did France split Vietnam with?", "answer": "Communists"}, {"question": "Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "What was South Vietnam called in 1955?", "answer": "Free Vietnam"}, {"question": "Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?", "answer": "J. Lawton Collins"}, {"question": "Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?", "answer": "Ngo Dinh Diem"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?", "answer": "February 1955"}, {"question": "Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?", "answer": "Republic of Vietnam"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?", "answer": "900"}, {"question": "How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?", "answer": "ten"}, {"question": "Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "Who was Secretary of State in 1957?", "answer": "John Foster Dulles"}, {"question": "According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?", "answer": "there were no better alternatives"}, {"question": "When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?", "answer": "May 1, 1960"}, {"question": "What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?", "answer": "East\u2013West summit conference"}, {"question": "Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?", "answer": "Captain"}, {"question": "What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?", "answer": "weather research aircraft"}, {"question": "Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?", "answer": "Turkey"}, {"question": "According to the cover story, what did the \"weather research\" pilot have trouble with?", "answer": "oxygen equipment"}, {"question": "What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?", "answer": "trial"}, {"question": "What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?", "answer": "spy-plane"}, {"question": "Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?", "answer": "Nikita Khrushchev"}, {"question": "What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?", "answer": "apologize"}, {"question": "Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?", "answer": "Berlin"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?", "answer": "stupid U-2 business"}, {"question": "In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?", "answer": "Truman"}, {"question": "When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?", "answer": "February 1953"}, {"question": "What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?", "answer": "military spending"}, {"question": "In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?", "answer": "District of Columbia"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?", "answer": "school children"}, {"question": "What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?", "answer": "Civil Rights Act of 1957"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?", "answer": "1960"}, {"question": "What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?", "answer": "Civil Rights Commission"}, {"question": "Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?", "answer": "Justice"}, {"question": "What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?", "answer": "Arkansas"}, {"question": "What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?", "answer": "101st Airborne Division"}, {"question": "What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?", "answer": "Arkansas National Guard"}, {"question": "Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?", "answer": "Orval Faubus"}, {"question": "How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?", "answer": "1953"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?", "answer": "he refused"}, {"question": "Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?", "answer": "facilitate relations with Congress"}, {"question": "What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?", "answer": "Atomic Energy Commission"}, {"question": "What was the AEC working on at this time?", "answer": "H-bombs"}, {"question": "What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?", "answer": "J. Robert Oppenheimer"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?", "answer": "removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance"}, {"question": "What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?", "answer": "issue subpoenas to White House personnel"}, {"question": "What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?", "answer": "executive privilege"}, {"question": "Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?", "answer": "Executive"}, {"question": "Who won a Senate majority in 1954?", "answer": "Democrats"}, {"question": "After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?", "answer": "Sam Rayburn"}, {"question": "Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?", "answer": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}, {"question": "What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?", "answer": "Texas"}, {"question": "Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?", "answer": "Joe Martin"}, {"question": "What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?", "answer": "worked too much through subordinates"}, {"question": "As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?", "answer": "reverse of what he has desired"}, {"question": "Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?", "answer": "Republicans of consequence"}, {"question": "What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?", "answer": "Republicans"}, {"question": "What party did Brennan belong to?", "answer": "Democrat"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?", "answer": "Warren"}, {"question": "What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?", "answer": "liberal"}, {"question": "Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?", "answer": "law-and-order conservatives"}, {"question": "Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?", "answer": "West Point"}, {"question": "How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?", "answer": "two or three packs"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?", "answer": "March 1949"}, {"question": "Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?", "answer": "Columbia"}, {"question": "Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?", "answer": "Paul Dudley White"}, {"question": "What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?", "answer": "left ventricular aneurysm"}, {"question": "Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?", "answer": "cabinet meeting"}, {"question": "What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?", "answer": "right hand"}, {"question": "What is Crohn's disease?", "answer": "chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine"}, {"question": "Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?", "answer": "bowel obstruction"}, {"question": "What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?", "answer": "heart attack"}, {"question": "For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?", "answer": "cholecystitis"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?", "answer": "gallbladder"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower die?", "answer": "1969"}, {"question": "How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?", "answer": "Richard Nixon"}, {"question": "Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy"}, {"question": "How old was Eisenhower in 1960?", "answer": "70"}, {"question": "Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?", "answer": "Kennedy"}, {"question": "Who won the US presidential election of 1960?", "answer": "Kennedy"}, {"question": "On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?", "answer": "January 17, 1961"}, {"question": "In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?", "answer": "military\u2013industrial"}, {"question": "What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?", "answer": "Cold"}, {"question": "From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?", "answer": "Oval Office"}, {"question": "What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?", "answer": "atheistic"}, {"question": "What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?", "answer": "Gettysburg"}, {"question": "What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?", "answer": "Dauphin"}, {"question": "Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?", "answer": "National Park Service"}, {"question": "Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?", "answer": "Barry Goldwater"}, {"question": "What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?", "answer": "dime-store New Dealer"}, {"question": "How old was Eisenhower when he died?", "answer": "78"}, {"question": "At what facility did Eisenhower die?", "answer": "Walter Reed Army Medical Center"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's cause of death?", "answer": "congestive heart failure"}, {"question": "What was Eisenhower's date of death?", "answer": "March 28, 1969"}, {"question": "What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?", "answer": "Episcopal"}, {"question": "When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?", "answer": "April 2"}, {"question": "At what location was Eisenhower buried?", "answer": "Eisenhower Presidential Library"}, {"question": "What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?", "answer": "$80"}, {"question": "What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?", "answer": "green"}, {"question": "When did Mamie Eisenhower die?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?", "answer": "golf"}, {"question": "What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?", "answer": "McCarthyism"}, {"question": "Where was Central High school located?", "answer": "Little Rock"}, {"question": "How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?", "answer": "vigorous young successor"}, {"question": "What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?", "answer": "Soviet Union"}, {"question": "From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?", "answer": "United States Army"}, {"question": "Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?", "answer": "Lyndon Johnson"}, {"question": "Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?", "answer": "Jimmy Carter"}, {"question": "What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?", "answer": "President's Private Secretary"}, {"question": "How many appreciation medals were minted?", "answer": "9,858"}, {"question": "In what city were the appreciation medals minted?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "During what period were the appreciation medals minted?", "answer": "September 1958 through October 1960"}, {"question": "What were Eisenhower's initials?", "answer": "D.D.E."}, {"question": "How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?", "answer": "1,451"}, {"question": "What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?", "answer": "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways"}, {"question": "Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?", "answer": "Austria"}, {"question": "When were \"Eisenhower Interstate System\" signs first posted along highways?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?", "answer": "Interstate 290"}, {"question": "What major city is Interstate 290 close to?", "answer": "Chicago"}, {"question": "At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?", "answer": "192"}, {"question": "What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?", "answer": "cut down"}, {"question": "What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?", "answer": "ice storm"}, {"question": "In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "How many boroughs are in NYC?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?", "answer": "northernmost"}, {"question": "What is the Bronx's population?", "answer": "1,438,159"}, {"question": "How large is the Bronx?", "answer": "42 square miles (109 km2)"}, {"question": "What is unique about the Bronx's location?", "answer": "Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland"}, {"question": "Who is the Bronx named for?", "answer": "Jonas Bronck"}, {"question": "What did Bronck do?", "answer": "created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony"}, {"question": "When did Bronck settle in the New York area?", "answer": "1639"}, {"question": "What native tribe lived in the New York area?", "answer": "Lenape"}, {"question": "What types of music the Bronx famous for?", "answer": "Latin music and hip hop"}, {"question": "How poor is part of the Bronx?", "answer": "one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States"}, {"question": "What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?", "answer": "Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club"}, {"question": "When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?", "answer": "the late 1960s and the 1970s"}, {"question": "What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?", "answer": "arson"}, {"question": "When was Jonas Bronck born?", "answer": "1600"}, {"question": "Where did Bronck emigrate from?", "answer": "Sm\u00e5land, Sweden"}, {"question": "When did Bronck reach the New York area?", "answer": "spring of 1639"}, {"question": "What entity did Bronck get his land from?", "answer": "the Dutch West India Company"}, {"question": "How much land did Bronck eventually own?", "answer": "500 acres"}, {"question": "What is the Bronx's county name?", "answer": "The County of Bronx"}, {"question": "What is the Bronx's borough name?", "answer": "Borough of the Bronx"}, {"question": "When was the Bronx created?", "answer": "1874"}, {"question": "What county was the Bronx split off from?", "answer": "Westchester"}, {"question": "When was the Bronx added to?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?", "answer": "1759"}, {"question": "Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?", "answer": "tolls were resented"}, {"question": "What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?", "answer": "between New England and New York"}, {"question": "When was Kingsbridge built?", "answer": "1693"}, {"question": "Who owned Kingsbridge?", "answer": "Frederick Philipse"}, {"question": "How many counties did New York originally have?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?", "answer": "Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham"}, {"question": "When was West Farms created?", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "When was Morrisania created?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "When was the town of Kingsbridge created?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "When did New York City annex West Farms?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "When did New York City annex Morrisania?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "When did New York City annex part of Pelham?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "When was the Bronx's boom period?", "answer": "1900\u201329"}, {"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1900?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What was the Bronx's population in 1929?", "answer": "1.3 million"}, {"question": "When did the Bronx's income declined?", "answer": "1950\u201385"}, {"question": "When did the Bronx's economy regrow?", "answer": "starting in the late 1980s"}, {"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?", "answer": "592,185"}, {"question": "How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?", "answer": "54,000"}, {"question": "What led to the Bronx's population growth?", "answer": "Extensions of the New York City Subway"}, {"question": "What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?", "answer": "Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?", "answer": "43.9%"}, {"question": "What is redlining?", "answer": "a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas"}, {"question": "What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?", "answer": "rent control laws"}, {"question": "What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?", "answer": "fire-fighting"}, {"question": "What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?", "answer": "arson"}, {"question": "Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?", "answer": "it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area"}, {"question": "Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?", "answer": "South Bronx"}, {"question": "What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?", "answer": "\"Ten-Year Housing Plan\""}, {"question": "How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?", "answer": "about 1,000"}, {"question": "Who built the Nehemiah Homes?", "answer": "Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx"}, {"question": "Who led the Melrose Commons project?", "answer": "Nos Quedamos"}, {"question": "How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?", "answer": "149"}, {"question": "What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?", "answer": "All America City"}, {"question": "Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?", "answer": "the National Civic League"}, {"question": "How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?", "answer": "pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings"}, {"question": "How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?", "answer": "33,687"}, {"question": "How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?", "answer": "$4.8 billion"}, {"question": "What was the largest armory in the world?", "answer": "Kingsbridge Armory"}, {"question": "What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?", "answer": "Kingsbridge National Ice Center"}, {"question": "Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?", "answer": "the Mott Haven waterfront"}, {"question": "How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?", "answer": "2,000,000 square feet"}, {"question": "How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?", "answer": "US$350\u2013500 million"}, {"question": "What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?", "answer": "Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs"}, {"question": "What county is Tenafly in?", "answer": "Bergen County"}, {"question": "What state is Alpine in?", "answer": "New Jersey"}, {"question": "What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?", "answer": "Manhattan"}, {"question": "What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?", "answer": "Queens"}, {"question": "Where is the Bronx's highest point?", "answer": "in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School"}, {"question": "What part of the Bronx formerly a salt marsh?", "answer": "southeastern"}, {"question": "What are the Bronx's four low peninsulas?", "answer": "Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throg's Neck"}, {"question": "What is Rodman's Neck between?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island"}, {"question": "How long is the Bronx's shoreline?", "answer": "75 square miles"}, {"question": "When did NYC buy land for its parks?", "answer": "1888"}, {"question": "How many types of trees are in Crotona Park?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "How large is Crotona Park's lake?", "answer": "3.3-acre"}, {"question": "When was the Jerome Park Reservoir built?", "answer": "in the 1890s"}, {"question": "What do the NY Botanical Gardens preserve?", "answer": "the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county"}, {"question": "What is Screvin's Neck also called?", "answer": "Castle Hill Point"}, {"question": "In what river does the Bronx have 4 peninsulas?", "answer": "East River"}, {"question": "What is NYC's largest park?", "answer": "Pelham Bay Park"}, {"question": "Where is Pelham Bay Park?", "answer": "along the Westchester-Bronx border"}, {"question": "What parts of the Bronx have more hills?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "What parts of West Bronx are more affluent?", "answer": "Riverdale and Fieldston."}, {"question": "What is NYC's 4th-largest park?", "answer": "Van Cortlandt Park"}, {"question": "Where is Van Cortlandt Park?", "answer": "along the Westchester-Bronx border"}, {"question": "What is the Grand Concourse?", "answer": "a wide boulevard"}, {"question": "Why has the supposed size of the 'South Bronx' grown?", "answer": "The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and applied to progressively more northern places"}, {"question": "When was Fordham Road being used as the limit of the South Bronx area?", "answer": "by the 2000s"}, {"question": "Which river is the eastern edge of the South Bronx?", "answer": "The Bronx River"}, {"question": "Which stadium is in the South Bronx?", "answer": "Yankee Stadium"}, {"question": "Which direction does the Cross Bronx Expressway run through the South Bronx?", "answer": "east to west"}, {"question": "What in the Bronx has been compared to Broadway?", "answer": "The Hub"}, {"question": "What is the main retail area of the South Bronx?", "answer": "The Hub\u2013Third Avenue Business Improvement District"}, {"question": "Which streets demarcate The Hub BID?", "answer": "East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues"}, {"question": "What is The Hub's nickname?", "answer": "\"the Broadway of the Bronx\""}, {"question": "What shape is The Hub?", "answer": "bow-tie"}, {"question": "How much land was the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market built on?", "answer": "17 acres"}, {"question": "How much did the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market cost?", "answer": "$500 million"}, {"question": "How many floors does the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage have?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How many cars can the Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market's parking garage hold?", "answer": "2,600"}, {"question": "What part of Manhattan are the West Bronx's streets similar to?", "answer": "northernmost part of upper Manhattan"}, {"question": "What is the lowest street number seen in the Bronx?", "answer": "132nd"}, {"question": "What was the Bronx called in the mid-19th century?", "answer": "the Northside"}, {"question": "When was the Bronx added to NYC?", "answer": "the mid-19th century"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is Hispanic?", "answer": "53.5%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Black?", "answer": "30.1%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic White?", "answer": "10.9%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic Asian?", "answer": "3.4%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is non-Hispanic multiracial?", "answer": "1.2%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Spanish at home?", "answer": "46.29%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks English at home?", "answer": "44.02%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks African languages at home?", "answer": "2.48%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks French at home?", "answer": "0.91%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx speaks Chinese at home?", "answer": "0.50%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx is white (including Hispanic) as of 2009?", "answer": "22.9%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 1980?", "answer": "12.1%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx was non-Hispanic white as of 2009?", "answer": "34.4%"}, {"question": "How many white people live in the Bronx?", "answer": "320,640"}, {"question": "How many non-Hispanic white people live in the Bronx?", "answer": "168,570"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (including Hispanic)?", "answer": "35.4%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's population is black (not including Hispanic)?", "answer": "30.8%"}, {"question": "How many Bronx residents called themselves \"Sub-Saharan African\" in 2009?", "answer": "Over 61,000"}, {"question": "What percent of Bronx residents called themselves \"Sub-Saharan African\" in 2009?", "answer": "4.4%"}, {"question": "How many people in the Bronx are black (not including Hispanic)?", "answer": "430,600"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is Hispanic and Latino Americans?", "answer": "52.0%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is Puerto Rican?", "answer": "23.2%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is Mexican?", "answer": "5.2%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is Cuban?", "answer": "0.7%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is Asian?", "answer": "3.6%"}, {"question": "How many multiracial people live in the Bronx?", "answer": "over 41,800"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx is multiracial?", "answer": "3.0%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and African American heritage?", "answer": "0.5%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage?", "answer": "0.2%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx has mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage?", "answer": "0.1%"}, {"question": "When was the 'one man, one vote' decision?", "answer": "1964"}, {"question": "Which amendment contains the Equal Protection Clause?", "answer": "Fourteenth"}, {"question": "When were Borough Presidents created?", "answer": "1898"}, {"question": "When was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "Why was the Board of Estimate found unconstitutional?", "answer": "Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough"}, {"question": "When did Carrion Jr. retire as Borough President?", "answer": "March 1, 2009"}, {"question": "When was Carrion Jr. first elected Borough President?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "When was Carrion Jr. re-elected Borough President?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Who succeeded Carrion Jr.?", "answer": "Rub\u00e9n D\u00edaz, Jr."}, {"question": "When was Diaz Jr. elected?", "answer": "April 21, 2009"}, {"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?", "answer": "61.2%"}, {"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Obama get?", "answer": "37.8%"}, {"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?", "answer": "54.4%"}, {"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Romney get?", "answer": "20.8%"}, {"question": "In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Huckabee get?", "answer": "8.2%"}, {"question": "Who did the Bronx support for President in 1928?", "answer": "Al Smith"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Hughes get?", "answer": "42.6%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Wilson get?", "answer": "42.6%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1916 did Benson get?", "answer": "7.3%"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx's vote in 1948 did Truman get?", "answer": "55%"}, {"question": "Who was the only Republican Mayor candidate to win the Bronx since 1914?", "answer": "Fiorello La Guardia"}, {"question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 1997?", "answer": "Rudolph Giuliani"}, {"question": "Who did the Bronx vote against for mayor in 2005?", "answer": "Michael Bloomberg"}, {"question": "What party was Hillquit?", "answer": "Socialist"}, {"question": "How much of the Bronx vote did Hillquit get in 1917?", "answer": "over 31%"}, {"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public noncharter schools as of 2000?", "answer": "nearly 280,000"}, {"question": "How many students attended the Bronx public and private schools as of 2000?", "answer": "333,100"}, {"question": "Which religious organizations run private schools in the Bronx?", "answer": "the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations"}, {"question": "Which entity runs the Bronx's public noncharter schools?", "answer": "The New York City Department of Education"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?", "answer": "62.3%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Bronx population has a university degree, as of 2000?", "answer": "14.6%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Brooklyn population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?", "answer": "68.8%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Staten Island population has a high school diploma, as of 2000?", "answer": "82.6%"}, {"question": "What percent of the Manhattan population has a university degree, as of 2000?", "answer": "49.4%"}, {"question": "Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?", "answer": "Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School"}, {"question": "Where is the High School for Violin and Dance?", "answer": "The Bronx"}, {"question": "Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?", "answer": "The Bronx"}, {"question": "Where is the School for Excellence?", "answer": "The Bronx"}, {"question": "Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School?", "answer": "The Bronx"}, {"question": "When did NYC begin splitting up the large Bronx high schools?", "answer": "1990s"}, {"question": "Which Bronx schools have been closed or made smaller?", "answer": "John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools"}, {"question": "What type of schools is NYC now working on shrinking?", "answer": "large middle schools"}, {"question": "When did a PBS documentary air about the Bronx's music history?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What PBS documentary covered the Bronx's music history?", "answer": "\"From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale\""}, {"question": "Where did DJ Kool Herc hold parties?", "answer": "1520 Sedgwick Avenue"}, {"question": "Who produced 'From Mambo To Hip Hop'?", "answer": "City Lore"}, {"question": "Where is 1520 Sedgwick?", "answer": "just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway"}, {"question": "Who were the Herculoids?", "answer": "Herc, Coke La Rock, and DJ Clark Kent"}, {"question": "What is 'The Boogie Down'?", "answer": "The Bronx"}, {"question": "Where is Big Pun from?", "answer": "the Bronx"}, {"question": "What types of music did hip hop emerge from?", "answer": "funk, disco and soul"}, {"question": "Who started BDP?", "answer": "KRS-One"}, {"question": "When did the first Yankee Stadium open?", "answer": "1923"}, {"question": "Where was the first Yankee Stadium?", "answer": "on 161st Street and River Avenue"}, {"question": "How many times have the Yankees won the World Series?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "Which historic great players have played at Yankee Stadium?", "answer": "Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera"}, {"question": "What league are the NY Yankees in?", "answer": "Major League Baseball"}, {"question": "Where are many of the Bronx's playwrights from?", "answer": "Latin America and Africa"}, {"question": "How many seats does the Pregones' new theater have?", "answer": "130"}, {"question": "What does the Pregones specialize in?", "answer": "Latin American work"}, {"question": "When did the Pregones' new theater open?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "Where is the Pregones' new theater?", "answer": "on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx"}, {"question": "When did the Bronx Museum of the Arts open?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What types of art does the Bronx Museum of the Arts focus on?", "answer": "20th century and contemporary art"}, {"question": "How large are the Bronx Museum of the Arts' galleries?", "answer": "11,000 square feet"}, {"question": "How many works are in the Bronx Museum of the Arts' permanent collection?", "answer": "more than 800"}, {"question": "Who designed the Bronx Museum of the Arts' 2006 expansion?", "answer": "Arquitectonica"}, {"question": "When was the Lorelei Fountain written about?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "Where was Heinrich Heine born?", "answer": "D\u00fcsseldorf"}, {"question": "When was Heine born?", "answer": "1797"}, {"question": "When did Heine die?", "answer": "1856"}, {"question": "What ethnicity is Carl Schurz?", "answer": "German-American"}, {"question": "When did Herter die?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "When was Herter born?", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "What was Herter's career?", "answer": "sculptor"}, {"question": "Where was Herter's Heine memorial placed in 1899?", "answer": "164th Street and the Grand Concourse, or Joyce Kilmer Park"}, {"question": "Where was Herter's Heine memorial moved in 1999?", "answer": "161st Street and the Concourse"}, {"question": "Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?", "answer": "C. B. J. Snyder"}, {"question": "What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?", "answer": "a former public school"}, {"question": "Where is the NY Maritime College?", "answer": "Fort Schuyler"}, {"question": "What is 'Scullers' Row'?", "answer": "the Harlem River"}, {"question": "Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?", "answer": "Bronx River"}, {"question": "What does the Inner City Press now focus on?", "answer": "national issues"}, {"question": "Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?", "answer": "Bernard Stein"}, {"question": "When did Stein win a Pulitzer?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?", "answer": "for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues"}, {"question": "Where did Stein graduate from?", "answer": "the Bronx High School of Science"}, {"question": "Where is the official city TV station broadcast from?", "answer": "Bronx Community College"}, {"question": "What channel in the Bronx does Cablevision run?", "answer": "News 12 The Bronx"}, {"question": "What is the Bronx's only 4-year CUNY college?", "answer": "Herbert H. Lehman College"}, {"question": "When was 'From This Day Forward' released?", "answer": "1946"}, {"question": "Where was 'From This Day Forward' set?", "answer": "Highbridge"}, {"question": "When was 'The Catered Affair' released?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What did 'The Catered Affair' explore?", "answer": "working class Bronx life"}, {"question": "What was 'Summer of Sam' about?", "answer": "an Italian-American Bronx community"}, {"question": "Where was arson a big problem in the Bronx?", "answer": "the South Bronx"}, {"question": "When was the phrase \"The Bronx is burning\" first widespread?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "Who made a documentary called \"The Bronx is burning\"?", "answer": "BBC"}, {"question": "Who published an editorial called \"The Bronx is burning\"?", "answer": "New York Times"}, {"question": "Who made a film called 'Bronx Burning'?", "answer": "Edwin Pagan"}, {"question": "When was 'The Wanderers' published?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "When was 'The Warriors' movie released?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "When was 'Fort Apache' released?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What origin was 'Escape 2000'?", "answer": "Italian"}, {"question": "When was 'True Love' released?", "answer": "1989"}, {"question": "What genre was 'True Love'?", "answer": "comedy"}, {"question": "Who starred in 'True Love'?", "answer": "Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard"}, {"question": "When did \"Awakenings\" come out?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "Whose real story is 'Awakenings' based on?", "answer": "Oliver Sacks"}, {"question": "What is Sacks' career?", "answer": "neurologist"}, {"question": "When was 'A Kind of Alaska' performed?", "answer": "1985"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'A Kind of Alaska'?", "answer": "Harold Pinter"}, {"question": "When was 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' published?", "answer": "1948"}, {"question": "How much of 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder' is set in the Bronx?", "answer": "about half"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder'?", "answer": "Herman Wouk"}, {"question": "When was 'The Grand Concourse' published?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'The Grand Concourse'?", "answer": "Jacob M. Appel"}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?", "answer": "Tom Wolfe"}, {"question": "When was 'Bonfire of the Vanities' published?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Who was the main character of 'Bonfire of the Vanities'?", "answer": "Sherman McCoy"}, {"question": "What race was Sherman McCoy?", "answer": "white"}, {"question": "Where did McCoy get lost?", "answer": "off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx"}, {"question": "What action in 2007 by national governments prevented the collapse of large financial institutions?", "answer": "bailout of banks"}, {"question": "How much estimated consumer wealth was lost as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "trillions of U.S. dollars"}, {"question": "What is the date the active phase of the financial crisis began as a liquidity crisis?", "answer": "August 9, 2007"}, {"question": "What year did the global recession that followed the financial crisis of 2007 end?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "What was the name of the company that terminated withdrawals from three hedge funds in 2007 citing a liquidity crisis?", "answer": "BNP Paribas"}, {"question": "What year did the U.S. housing bubble peak?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "What year did Congress pass the American Recover and Reinvestment Act?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "Overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages was based on the theory that housing prices would continue to do this?", "answer": "escalate"}, {"question": "One of the causes of the financial crisis was easier access to loans by this type borrower?", "answer": "subprime"}, {"question": "In 2007, banks and insurance companies did not have adequate holdings of which type to back their financial commitments?", "answer": "capital"}, {"question": "What is the name of the U.S. Senate report giving their conclusions for the cause of the crisis?", "answer": "Levin\u2013Coburn Report"}, {"question": "Which act was repealed in 1999 effectively removing the separation between investment and deposit banks?", "answer": "Glass-Steagall Act"}, {"question": "What is the name of the commission who concluded the financial crisis was avoidable?", "answer": "Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission"}, {"question": "What agency failed to accurately price risk involved in mortgage-related financial products?", "answer": "credit rating agencies"}, {"question": "What practices should have been adjusted by governments to address 21st-century financial markets?", "answer": "regulatory"}, {"question": "What are MBS as related to the housing and credit booms?", "answer": "mortgage-backed securities"}, {"question": "What are CDO as related to the housing and credit booms?", "answer": "collateralized debt obligations"}, {"question": "When housing prices declined, who reported significant losses from being heavily invested in subprime MBS?", "answer": "major global financial institutions"}, {"question": "Who could invest in the U.S. housing market through MBS and CDO?", "answer": "institutions and investors around the world"}, {"question": "MBS and CDO derive their value from?", "answer": "mortgage payments and housing prices"}, {"question": "What year did the foreclosure epidemic begin?", "answer": "late 2006"}, {"question": "How much are total losses estimated to be from falling home prices?", "answer": "trillions of U.S. dollars"}, {"question": "What is the financial incentive when a home is worth less than the mortgage loan?", "answer": "foreclosure"}, {"question": "What other financial instruments had significant defaults and losses as a result of the crisis expanding from housing to other parts of the economy?", "answer": "other loan types"}, {"question": "What continues to drain consumer wealth and erode the strength of banks?", "answer": "foreclosure epidemic"}, {"question": "What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?", "answer": "investment banks and hedge funds"}, {"question": "What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?", "answer": "investment banks and hedge funds"}, {"question": "What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?", "answer": "financialization"}, {"question": "What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?", "answer": "deregulation"}, {"question": "Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?", "answer": "U.S. Government policy"}, {"question": "Some regulated banks did not have sufficient financial cushions in place to absorb what losses as a result of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "MBS"}, {"question": "What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?", "answer": "slowing economic activity"}, {"question": "Who provided funds to encourage lending and restore faith in commercial banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "central banks"}, {"question": "Who bailed out key financial institutions and implemented economic stimulus programs as an answer to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Governments"}, {"question": "What impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend in the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "large loan defaults or MBS losses"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission report its findings?", "answer": "January 2011"}, {"question": "What was one of  the conclusions of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "the crisis was avoidable and was caused by: widespread failures in financial regulation"}, {"question": "What agency failed to stem the tide of toxic mortgages contributing to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Federal Reserve"}, {"question": "Who was not prepared for the financial crisis in 2007 by lacking a full understanding of the financial system?", "answer": "key policy makers"}, {"question": "Which business sector contributed to the financial crisis by acting recklessly and taking on too much risk?", "answer": "financial firms"}, {"question": "What caused mortgage lenders to relax underwriting standards and approve riskier mortgages?", "answer": "tough competition"}, {"question": "In what year were high underwriting standards relaxed?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What years were the worst mortgage loans originated?", "answer": "2004\u20132007"}, {"question": "What years had the most intense competition between securitizers and the lowest market share for GSEs?", "answer": "2004\u20132007"}, {"question": "Who policed mortgage originators and maintained relatively high standards prior to 2003?", "answer": "government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs)"}, {"question": "How many Democratic appointees wrote the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "Who claimed that the GSE never purchased subprime loans - a claim that is widely disputed?", "answer": "Paul Krugman"}, {"question": "Several reports written by various agencies  concluded that which policy was not the primary cause of the financial crisis?", "answer": "government affordable housing policy"}, {"question": "How many Republican appointees wrote the minority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "According to reports, which loans performed better than some loans securitized by private investment banks?", "answer": "GSE loans"}, {"question": "Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?", "answer": "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac"}, {"question": "How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? ", "answer": "13 million"}, {"question": "What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?", "answer": "over $2 trillion"}, {"question": "How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?", "answer": "HUD"}, {"question": "Which administration called for investigation into the soundness of GSEs in the early and mid-2000s?", "answer": "Bush administration"}, {"question": "Who uncovered accounting discrepancies in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO)"}, {"question": "On what date did the House Financial Services Committee hold a hearing to assess safety and soundness issues regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "September 10, 2003"}, {"question": "What was the result of the House Financial Services Committee on September 10, 2003 regarding Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "The hearings never resulted in new legislation or formal investigation"}, {"question": "Who rebuked OFHEO in 2003 for their attempt at regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?", "answer": "House Financial Services Committee"}, {"question": "What was the value of mortgage lending made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders to low and mid level income borrowers and neighborhoods from 1993-1998?", "answer": "$467 billion"}, {"question": "What percent of mortgage lending was made by Community Reinvestment Act covered lenders from 1993 to 1998?", "answer": "10%"}, {"question": "What does CRA stand for?", "answer": "Community Reinvestment Act"}, {"question": "What percent of sub-prime lending occurred at CRA-covered institutions in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "What percent of sub-prime loans had some connection with CRA in the run-up to the financial crisis?", "answer": "25%"}, {"question": "When did CRA make rule changes to relax underwriting standards?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "How much were CRA loan commitments between 1994 and 2007?", "answer": "$4.5 trillion"}, {"question": "What was the Federal Reserve's assumption regarding what makes a loan subprime?", "answer": "high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average)"}, {"question": "How did the Federal Reserve classify CRA loans?", "answer": "prime"}, {"question": "When were ultra-low interest rates initiated by the Federal Reserve?", "answer": "after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001"}, {"question": "What financial innovation enabled investment banks and hedge funds to make large wagers?", "answer": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs."}, {"question": "Credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and CDOS are all types of what?", "answer": "derivatives"}, {"question": "Which magazine had an article where Michael Lewis spoke with a trader about bad loans?", "answer": "Portfolio Magazine"}, {"question": "What financial innovation allows investment banks and hedge banks to make large wagers?", "answer": "derivatives"}, {"question": "What are some names of derivatives?", "answer": "credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs"}, {"question": "Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?", "answer": "substandard"}, {"question": "What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?", "answer": "low or no downpayments"}, {"question": "According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?", "answer": "it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans"}, {"question": "Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?", "answer": "1997\u20132007"}, {"question": "Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?", "answer": "Krugman"}, {"question": "Who believed that the growth of the commercial real estate bubble indicated that U.S. housing policy was not the cause of the crisis?", "answer": "Krugman"}, {"question": "When did Xudong An and Anthony B. Sanders issue a report about commercial mortgage-backed securities?", "answer": "December 2010"}, {"question": "According to business journalist Kimberly Amadeo, when did the first signs of decline in real estate occur?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What are CMBS?", "answer": "commercial mortgage-backed securities"}, {"question": "According to most analysts, what crisis took place after the crisis in residential real estate?", "answer": "the crisis in commercial real estate"}, {"question": "What is one investment assigned safe ratings by the credit rating agencies?", "answer": "collateralized debt obligation"}, {"question": "How much was invested worldwide in fixed income investments?", "answer": "$70 trillion"}, {"question": "How much did the pool of money invested worldwide in fixed income investments grow in size from 2000 to 2007?", "answer": "roughly doubled in size"}, {"question": "What is an example of a product Wall Street invented to answer the demand for income generating investments?", "answer": "mortgage-backed security"}, {"question": "In the 2000s, investors were seeking higher yields than those offered by this investment?", "answer": "U.S. Treasury bonds"}, {"question": "What is the name of the securities that enabled financial institutions to obtain investor funds to finance subprime?", "answer": "collateralized debt obligation"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of collateralized debt obligations?", "answer": "extending or increasing the housing bubble"}, {"question": "What type ratings did securities first in line receive from rating agencies?", "answer": "investment-grade ratings"}, {"question": "What type pool do collateralized debt obligations place their payments from mortgages into?", "answer": "single pool"}, {"question": "What securities had lower credit ratings but potentially a higher rate of return?", "answer": "Securities with lower priority"}, {"question": "How much had average U.S. housing prices declined by September 2008?", "answer": "over 20%"}, {"question": "When was the peak of U.S. housing prices?", "answer": "mid-2006"}, {"question": "How many foreclosure proceedings were initiated by lenders in 2007?", "answer": "nearly 1.3 million"}, {"question": "What was the percentage increase on foreclosure proceedings from 2007 to 2008?", "answer": "81%"}, {"question": "How many U.S. mortgages were either delinquent or in foreclosure by September 2009?", "answer": "14.4%"}, {"question": "Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?", "answer": "1.0%"}, {"question": "What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?", "answer": "to combat a perceived risk of deflation"}, {"question": "In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?", "answer": "a housing bubble"}, {"question": "What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "excessive credit growth"}, {"question": "What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?", "answer": "Lower interest rates"}, {"question": "Per Bernanke, how much did the U.S. current account deficit increase between 1996 and 2004?", "answer": "$650 billion"}, {"question": "What percentage of GDP was the U.S. current account deficit in 2004?", "answer": "5.8%"}, {"question": "What emerging economies did the U.S. borrow money from between 1996 and 2004 to finance its imports?", "answer": "Asia and oil-exporting nations"}, {"question": "What type account is needed by the U.S. to balance an account deficit?", "answer": "capital account"}, {"question": "Where did the U.S. obtain capital to finance its imports?", "answer": "foreign funds"}, {"question": "When did the Fed begin raising Fed funds rate significantly?", "answer": "July 2004"}, {"question": "What does ARM stand for:", "answer": "adjustable-rate mortgage"}, {"question": "How do asset prices generally move in relation to interest rates?", "answer": "inversely"}, {"question": "Beginning in July 2004, what did the Fed do to make ARM rates more expensive for homeowners?", "answer": "raised the Fed funds rate"}, {"question": "How did U.S. housing and financial assets react to the housing bubble burst?", "answer": "dramatically declined in value"}, {"question": "Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?", "answer": "Citigroup"}, {"question": "How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?", "answer": "220"}, {"question": "What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?", "answer": "1,600"}, {"question": "During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?", "answer": "over 80%"}, {"question": "Who was the largest residential loan due diligence and securitization surveillance company?", "answer": "Clayton Holdings"}, {"question": "According to Clayton Holdings, how many mortgages issued from January 2006 to June 2007 met underwriting standards?", "answer": "54%"}, {"question": "How many investment and commercial banks were included in Clayton Holdings' analysis of January 2006 to June 2007 loans? ", "answer": "23"}, {"question": "Per Clayton's analysis of loans issued from January 2006 to June 2007, what percent of loans did not meet minimal standards of any issuer?", "answer": "28%"}, {"question": "How many mortgage loans did Clayton Holdings review in their analysis?", "answer": "900,000"}, {"question": "What is the name for lending that entices borrowers to enter into unsafe secured loans?", "answer": "Predatory lending"}, {"question": "What company used a classic bait-and-switch method by advertising low interest rates?", "answer": "Countrywide Financial"}, {"question": "Which type loan would the consumer be put into instead of the 1% or 1.5% interest rate loan as advertised?", "answer": "adjustable rate mortgage (ARM)"}, {"question": "What was created when the interest charged was greater than the amount of interest paid?", "answer": "negative amortization"}, {"question": "What type predatory lending method did Countrywide Financial use?", "answer": "classic bait-and-switch"}, {"question": "Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?", "answer": "California Attorney General Jerry Brown"}, {"question": "What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?", "answer": "adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)"}, {"question": "What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?", "answer": "disappeared"}, {"question": "Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?", "answer": "Office of Thrift Supervision"}, {"question": "What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?", "answer": "weak credit"}, {"question": "What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?", "answer": "Paul Krugman"}, {"question": "Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "Timothy Geithner"}, {"question": "Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?", "answer": "OECD"}, {"question": "It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?", "answer": "regulatory framework"}, {"question": "What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?", "answer": "Basel"}, {"question": "What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?", "answer": "became highly leveraged"}, {"question": "What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?", "answer": "complex"}, {"question": "Who bailed out financial institutions?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?", "answer": "bankruptcy"}, {"question": "What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?", "answer": "complex financial instruments"}, {"question": "How many U.S. investment banks significantly increased their financial leverage from 2004 to 2007?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "U.S. investment banks Increased their financial leverage and also increased their vulnerability to what?", "answer": "financial shock"}, {"question": "Changes in what intended to keep U.S. banks competitive with their European counterparts?", "answer": "capital requirements"}, {"question": "How much debt did the top five U.S. investment banks report in fiscal year 2007?", "answer": "over $4.1 trillion"}, {"question": "What financial institution went bankrupt and was liquidated in 2007?", "answer": "Lehman Brothers"}, {"question": "What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?", "answer": "saving more during adverse economic conditions"}, {"question": "What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?", "answer": "paradox of thrift"}, {"question": "What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?", "answer": "can cause or deepen a recession"}, {"question": "Who is the economist who described a \"paradox of deleveraging\"?", "answer": "Hyman Minsky"}, {"question": "Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?", "answer": "their assets"}, {"question": "Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?", "answer": "Janet Yellen"}, {"question": "What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?", "answer": "we were in a recession"}, {"question": "What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?", "answer": "recession"}, {"question": "What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?", "answer": "cancelling planned investments"}, {"question": "What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "balance sheet deleveraging"}, {"question": "What term refers to the ongoing development of financial products?", "answer": "financial innovation"}, {"question": "What is an example of financial innovation pertinent to the financial crisis?", "answer": "adjustable-rate mortgage"}, {"question": "What is the abbreviation for a form of credit insurance called credit default swaps?", "answer": "CDS"}, {"question": "What is the financial innovation that bundles subprime mortgages?", "answer": "mortgage-backed securities (MBS)"}, {"question": "What happened to the usage of financial innovation products in the years leading up the financial crisis?", "answer": "expanded dramatically"}, {"question": "When did the issuance of CDO peak?", "answer": "Q1 2007"}, {"question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2004?", "answer": "$20 billion"}, {"question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance at it's peak in Q1 2007?", "answer": "over $180 billion"}, {"question": "What percent of CDO assets were subprime and other non-prime mortgage debt in 2007?", "answer": "36%"}, {"question": "What was the estimated value of CDO issuance in Q1 2008?", "answer": "under $20 billion"}, {"question": "Which products created more complexity in the financial markets?", "answer": "innovative financial products"}, {"question": "What effect did the introduction of innovative financial products have on a single mortgage?", "answer": "multiplied the number of actors connected"}, {"question": "What did institutions rely more on as increasing distance from underlying assets occurred?", "answer": "indirect information"}, {"question": "What is a type of indirect information that financial institutions and investors used to judge the risk?", "answer": "computer models of rating agencies"}, {"question": "In what year did a group of computer scientists build a model for ratings produced by rating agencies that turned out to be accurate for what happened in 2006-2008?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What is a measurement of pricing of risk?", "answer": "interest rates or fees"}, {"question": "What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?", "answer": "pricing of risk"}, {"question": "According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?", "answer": "lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures"}, {"question": "How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?", "answer": "straightforward, readily understandable format"}, {"question": "What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?", "answer": "far more disruptive"}, {"question": "What did market participants fail to measure accurately?", "answer": "risk inherent with financial innovation"}, {"question": "What are the reasons market participants did not understand the impact financial innovation products would have?", "answer": "a variety of reasons"}, {"question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for high quality CDOs that had been liquidated?", "answer": "approximately 32 cents on the dollar"}, {"question": "How much did JPMorgan estimate was the average recovery rate for mezzanine CDOs that had been liquidated?", "answer": "approximately five cents for every dollar"}, {"question": "How much did banks estimate was the value of CDOs sold between late 2005 to the middle of 2007?", "answer": "$450bn"}, {"question": "What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?", "answer": "AIG"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?", "answer": "credit default swaps"}, {"question": "When did the government take over AIG?", "answer": "September 2008"}, {"question": "How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?", "answer": "over $180 billion"}, {"question": "What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?", "answer": "a premium"}, {"question": "Who commented that the super-boom got out of hand when products became so complicated that risk could not be accurately calculated?", "answer": "George Soros"}, {"question": "What happened to financial assets that made them harder to value?", "answer": "more complex"}, {"question": "Who did rating agencies rely on for information to rate financial innovation products?", "answer": "the originators of synthetic products"}, {"question": "When authorities could no longer calculate the risks of complex financial innovation products, who did they rely on for information?", "answer": "the banks"}, {"question": "Who reassured investors by showing the risk of complex financial innovation products was actually less than they proved to be?", "answer": "international bond rating agencies"}, {"question": "What led to bad investments by asset managers in over-priced credit assets?", "answer": "a conflict of interest"}, {"question": "Who is compensated based on the volume of client assets they have under management?", "answer": "Professional investment managers"}, {"question": "What is the incentive for asset managers to expand their assets under management?", "answer": "to maximize their compensation"}, {"question": "What did many asset managers decide to do to the detriment of their clients?", "answer": "continue to invest client funds in over-priced (under-yielding) investments"}, {"question": "What rationale did asset managers who continued to invest in over-priced investments to the detriment of their clients use?", "answer": "plausible deniability"}, {"question": "Who published \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" in 2007?", "answer": "World Scientific"}, {"question": "When did relevant warnings and research on CDOs appear in an article by Donnelly and Embrechts?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "The volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" summarizes a 2006 conference held by what firm in London?", "answer": "Merrill Lynch"}, {"question": "What did the volume \"Credit Correlation: Life After Copulas\" propose models to rectify?", "answer": "some of the copula limitations"}, {"question": "What year did the book by Brigo, Pallavicini and Torresetti report warnings and research on CDOs?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Who was President and CEO of the New York Federal Reserve Bank in June 2008?", "answer": "Timothy Geithner"}, {"question": "What year did Timothy Geithner become U.S. Treasury Secretary?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In a June 2008 speech, Timoty Geithner placed blame for credit market freezing on which system?", "answer": "\"parallel\" banking system"}, {"question": "What is the \"parallel\" banking system also called?", "answer": "shadow banking system"}, {"question": "What is the term defined as being vulnerable by borrowing short-term in liquid markets to purchase long-term illiquid and risky assets?", "answer": "maturity mismatch"}, {"question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking systems start to close down?", "answer": "spring of 2007"}, {"question": "When did the securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system nearly shut-down completely?", "answer": "fall of 2008"}, {"question": "How much of the private credit markets become unavailable as a source of funds?", "answer": "More than a third"}, {"question": "What is the firm who reported that the traditional banking system does not have capital to close the gap as of June 2009?", "answer": "Brookings Institution"}, {"question": "How many years would of strong profit would it take to generate enough capital to support additional lending?", "answer": "a number of years"}, {"question": "What economist testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in January 2010?", "answer": "Mark Zandi"}, {"question": "In January 2010, what markets did Mark Zandi testify about that remain impaired and investors anticipate more loan losses?", "answer": "securitization markets"}, {"question": "What was the value of CDOs at their peak in 2006?", "answer": "close to $2 trillion"}, {"question": "What was the private issuance of CDOs in 2009?", "answer": "less than $150 billion"}, {"question": "Almost all of the asset-backed issuance in 2009 was supported by what Federal Reserve program?", "answer": "TALF"}, {"question": "Following the collapse in the housing bubble, what happened to a number of commodity prices?", "answer": "Rapid increases"}, {"question": "How much did the price of oil increase from early 2007 to 2008?", "answer": "nearly tripled from $50 to $147"}, {"question": "What did the price of oil began doing when the financial crisis began to take hold in late 2008?", "answer": "plunging"}, {"question": "What is one of the reasons experts believe contributed to the volatilaty in oil prices in 2008? ", "answer": "monetary policy"}, {"question": "Consumers tend to have less money to spend on other goods, when the price of which commodity is higher?", "answer": "gasoline"}, {"question": "Who was the former director of the CFTC that testified before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation on June 3, 2008?", "answer": "Michael Greenberger"}, {"question": "Who did Michael Greenberger erronesously name as a key player in speculative run-up of oil futures?", "answer": "IntercontinentalExchange"}, {"question": "Who founded the Atlanta-based Intercontinental Exchange?", "answer": "Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley and BP"}, {"question": "Who purchased the International Petroleum Exchange in 2001?", "answer": "IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)"}, {"question": "Where are regulated future exchanges located?", "answer": "London and New York"}, {"question": "Who is one of the feminist economists that believe the financial crisis revealed a crisis of mainstream economics and call for a complete reshaping of the economy?", "answer": "Ailsa McKay"}, {"question": "Feminist economists Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjornhold believe that the financial crisis and response reveal a crisis of ideas in this?", "answer": "mainstream economics"}, {"question": "According to feminist economists McKay and Bjornholt, would type economics should be included in a reshaping?", "answer": "feminist economics"}, {"question": "What do economists McKay and Bjornholt want to occur in the economy, economic theory, and economics profession?", "answer": "a reshaping"}, {"question": "Who was the current Governor of the Reserve Bank of India that predicted the crisis in 2005?", "answer": "Raghuram Rajan"}, {"question": "When did Raghuram Rajan become chief economist the the International Monetary Fund?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "In 2005, where did Rajan deliver a controversial paper that was critical of the financial paper?", "answer": "at a celebration honouring Alan Greenspan"}, {"question": "What was the name of Raghuram Rajan's controversial paper delivered in 2005?", "answer": "\"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?\""}, {"question": "What are risks called that generate severe adverse consequences with small probability but generous compensation the rest of the time?", "answer": "tail risks"}, {"question": "Who was one of the only mainstream economist to predict the financial crisis?", "answer": "Raghuram Rajan"}, {"question": "What did Raghuram Rajan speak of?", "answer": "Great Moderation"}, {"question": "Who credit 12 heterodox economists with predicting the crisis in his research credits?", "answer": "Dirk Bezemer"}, {"question": "How did the Austrian economic school regard the crisis?", "answer": "as a vindication"}, {"question": "Which former Fed Chair confessed in Congressional testimony to being forced to return to lax monetary supply?", "answer": "Alan Greenspan"}, {"question": "Which magazine ran a cover story claiming that most economists failed to the the financial crisis?", "answer": "BusinessWeek"}, {"question": "The financial crisis of 2007 was the worst economic crisis since which crisis that occurred in the 1930s?", "answer": "Great Depression"}, {"question": "Which school at University of Pennsylvania examined in their online business journal why economists failed to predict the crisis?", "answer": "The Wharton School"}, {"question": "Which economist did the New York Times state warned of a crisis as early as September 2006?", "answer": "Nouriel Roubini"}, {"question": "What was economist Roubini called by the New York Times for predicting a collapse of the housing market?", "answer": "\"Dr. Doom\""}, {"question": "Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?", "answer": "Nassim Nicholas Taleb"}, {"question": "What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?", "answer": "David Brooks"}, {"question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "the breakdown of the banking system"}, {"question": "What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?", "answer": "banking stocks"}, {"question": "Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?", "answer": "Phil Dow"}, {"question": "How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?", "answer": "54.7%"}, {"question": "Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?", "answer": "Floyd Norris"}, {"question": "Which medium sized British bank was the first victim of the financial crisis?", "answer": "Northern Rock"}, {"question": "Who did Northern Rock request security from?", "answer": "Bank of England"}, {"question": "When did Northern Rock investors panic and a bank run begin?", "answer": "September 2007"}, {"question": "When was Northern Rock taken into public hands?", "answer": "February 2008"}, {"question": "Which bank early problems in 2007 were an indicator of the troubles that would soon befall other banks and financial institutions?", "answer": "Northern Rock"}, {"question": "Which financial institution was the first one visible to run into trouble in the United States?", "answer": "IndyMac"}, {"question": "Who was Southern California-based IndyMac a spin-off of?", "answer": "Countrywide Financial"}, {"question": "Before its failure, which savings and loan association was the seventh largest mortgage originator in the United States?", "answer": "IndyMac Bank"}, {"question": "On what date did IndyMac fail?", "answer": "July 11, 2008"}, {"question": "Who was IndyMac's parent corporation?", "answer": "IndyMac Bancorp"}, {"question": "IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?", "answer": "the borrower\u2019s income"}, {"question": "What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?", "answer": "Appraisals"}, {"question": "IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?", "answer": "poor"}, {"question": "IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?", "answer": "risky"}, {"question": "IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?", "answer": "issuing criteria"}, {"question": "When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?", "answer": "April 2008"}, {"question": "What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?", "answer": "$160 million"}, {"question": "What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?", "answer": "Moody's"}, {"question": "If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?", "answer": "9.27%"}, {"question": "What is a well capitalized ratio?", "answer": "minimum 10% risk-based"}, {"question": "Who is the Senator that asked FDIC if it had considered ordering IndyMac to reduce its reliance on brokered deposits?", "answer": "Charles Schumer (D-NY)"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation FDIC stand for?", "answer": "Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation"}, {"question": "How much of IndyMac's total deposits of $18.9 billion on March 31, 2008 were considered brokered deposits?", "answer": "a little over $7 billion"}, {"question": "Had the FDIC disallowed IndyMac from acquiring new brokered deposits on this date, the threat of brokered deposit losses would have been $500 million a month?", "answer": "June 30"}, {"question": "How much was the threat of brokered deposit losses per month to IndyMac?", "answer": "$500 million"}, {"question": "What was the value of loans IndyMac was forced to hold when the secondary mortgage market collapsed in late 2007?", "answer": "$10.7 billion"}, {"question": "How much in deposits did account holders withdraw from IndyMac in late June 2008?", "answer": "$1.55 billion"}, {"question": "What percent of IndyMac's deposits were withdrawn by account holders in late June 2008?", "answer": "7.5%"}, {"question": "Who is the Senator that released a letter to the FDIC and OTS that prompted a \"run\" on IndyMac?", "answer": "Charles Schumer"}, {"question": "What was the underlying cause of the failure on IndyMac?", "answer": "unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated"}, {"question": "On what date did the FDIC put IndyMac Bank into conservatorship?", "answer": "July 11, 2008"}, {"question": "What was the name of the bridge bank established to assume control of IndyMac Bank's assets, liabilities and deposit accounts?", "answer": "IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB"}, {"question": "On what date did the FDIC plan to open IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB?", "answer": "July 14, 2008"}, {"question": "What is the maximum amount of funds the FDIC guarantees in insured accounts?", "answer": "US$100,000"}, {"question": "How many IndyMac account holders held funds in excess of the FDIC's insured amount of US$100,000?", "answer": "roughly 10,000 depositors"}, {"question": "How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?", "answer": "Over 100"}, {"question": "Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?", "answer": "Bear Stearns"}, {"question": "When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?", "answer": "September and October 2008"}, {"question": "When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?", "answer": "Oct. 6, 2008"}, {"question": "What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?", "answer": "Lehman Brothers"}, {"question": "When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?", "answer": "September 2008"}, {"question": "The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?", "answer": "money market funds"}, {"question": "What do money market funds frequently invest in?", "answer": "commercial paper issued by corporations"}, {"question": "How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?", "answer": "$144.5 billion"}, {"question": "What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?", "answer": "4.65%"}, {"question": "Economist Paul Krugman explained the credit crisis via the implosion of which system?", "answer": "shadow banking system"}, {"question": "What is the system with nearly equal the importance of traditional commercial banking?", "answer": "shadow banking system"}, {"question": "The shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations without the ability to obtain which funds?", "answer": "investor funds"}, {"question": "What was Timothy Geithner's position during the fall of 2008?", "answer": "U.S. Treasury Secretary"}, {"question": "How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?", "answer": "nearly one-third"}, {"question": "What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?", "answer": "the collapse of the shadow banking system"}, {"question": "What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?", "answer": "Brookings Institution"}, {"question": "What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?", "answer": "some forms of securitization"}, {"question": "As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?", "answer": "capital"}, {"question": "How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?", "answer": "more than a quarter"}, {"question": "In November 2008, how much was the U.S. stock index down from its 2007 high?", "answer": "45%"}, {"question": "In November 2008, how much had housing prices drop from their 2006 peak?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States at its peak in 2006?", "answer": "$13 trillion"}, {"question": "How much was home equity valued in the United States in mid-2008?", "answer": "$8.8 trillion"}, {"question": "According to economist Dean Baker, a homeowner who has no equity if this type default risk?", "answer": "serious"}, {"question": "What is one of the major problems with the economy in November 2008?", "answer": "loss of close to $6 trillion in housing wealth"}, {"question": "How many homeowners who had substantial equity in their homes two years ago, have little no equity as of November 2008?", "answer": "Tens of millions"}, {"question": "What does the creditworthiness of businesses depend on?", "answer": "future profits"}, {"question": "How did profit prospects for businesses look in November 2008 compared to November 2007?", "answer": "much worse"}, {"question": "In 2008, what type collapse was feared?", "answer": "global economic collapse"}, {"question": "What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?", "answer": "UBS"}, {"question": "On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?", "answer": "three quarters"}, {"question": "Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?", "answer": "Iceland"}, {"question": "What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?", "answer": "capital injection"}, {"question": "According to The Brookings Institution report in June 2009, how much growth did U.S. consumption account for between 2000 and 2007?", "answer": "more than a third"}, {"question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Germany?", "answer": "14.4%"}, {"question": "For the first quarter of 2009, what was the annualized rate of decline in GDP in Mexico?", "answer": "21.5%"}, {"question": "Who depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global demand?", "answer": "the rest of the world"}, {"question": "What is one reason for the decline in growth around the world in 2009?", "answer": "recession in the U.S."}, {"question": "What is the growth forecast for Cambodia in 2009?", "answer": "close to zero"}, {"question": "How much were remittances sent from migrant workers in 2007?", "answer": "$251 billion"}, {"question": "How many people live below the poverty line in Bangladesh?", "answer": "300,000"}, {"question": "What does Bruno Wenn of the German DEG recommend to attract new investors?", "answer": "sound economic policymaking and good governance"}, {"question": "According to Overseas Development Institute, what is one reason for the reduction in growth in developing countries?", "answer": "falls in trade"}, {"question": "What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?", "answer": "Arab World"}, {"question": "What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?", "answer": "Foreign Direct Investment"}, {"question": "Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?", "answer": "global downturn"}, {"question": "What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?", "answer": "lower oil prices"}, {"question": "What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?", "answer": "oil prices"}, {"question": "What was the annual rate of decrease for the output of goods and services produced by labor and property in 4Q 2008 and 1Q 2009?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "What was the U.S. unemployment rate in October 2009?", "answer": "10.1%"}, {"question": "The U.E. employment rate was 10.2% in October 2009, which was the highest rate since what year?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What was the average hours per work week in October 2009?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "The decline of gross domestic product also caused a decline in innovation, evidenced by the flat-lining of what?", "answer": "patent applications"}, {"question": "How many of the poorest families did not have any wealth decline during the financial crisis?", "answer": "half"}, {"question": "In a Federal Reserve survey of 4,000 households, what percent reported wealth decline between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "63"}, {"question": "How many of the richest families had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "How many families at the bottom of the pyramid had a decrease in total wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "Which families experienced the least decline in wealth between 2007 and 2009?", "answer": "poorest families"}, {"question": "On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?", "answer": "European Commission at Brussels"}, {"question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?", "answer": "0.1%"}, {"question": "How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?", "answer": "\u22121.0%"}, {"question": "On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?", "answer": "the IMF"}, {"question": "On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?", "answer": "3%"}, {"question": "What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?", "answer": "expand money supplies"}, {"question": "What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?", "answer": "enacted large fiscal stimulus packages"}, {"question": "What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?", "answer": "lender-of-last-resort"}, {"question": "What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?", "answer": "expanded liquidity facilities"}, {"question": "What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?", "answer": "self-reinforcing decline"}, {"question": "What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?", "answer": "credit freeze"}, {"question": "How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?", "answer": "US$2.5 trillion"}, {"question": "How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?", "answer": "$1.5 trillion"}, {"question": "In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?", "answer": "Joseph Stiglitz"}, {"question": "What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?", "answer": "investing internationally in emerging markets"}, {"question": "What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?", "answer": "a series of regulatory proposals"}, {"question": "What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?", "answer": "consumer protection"}, {"question": "Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?", "answer": "proprietary"}, {"question": "Who were proposed new regulations called \"The Volcker Rule\" named after?", "answer": "Paul Volcker"}, {"question": "Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?", "answer": "Paul Volcker"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?", "answer": "May 2010"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?", "answer": "December 2009"}, {"question": "What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?", "answer": "Volcker Rule"}, {"question": "Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?", "answer": "Senate"}, {"question": "What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?", "answer": "Basel III regulations"}, {"question": "Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?", "answer": "faulty risk-weightings"}, {"question": "Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?", "answer": "Johan Norberg"}, {"question": "What was increased by Basel III regulations?", "answer": "capital ratios"}, {"question": "What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?", "answer": "financial engineering"}, {"question": "When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?", "answer": "June 2009"}, {"question": "What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?", "answer": "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over.\""}, {"question": "On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?", "answer": "January 27, 2010"}, {"question": "When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?", "answer": "\"emerging\" and \"developing\" economies"}, {"question": "How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "How much global GDP did \"advanced\" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?", "answer": "31%"}, {"question": "What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?", "answer": "Advanced economies"}, {"question": "What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?", "answer": "global economic growth"}, {"question": "What ocean does Portugal border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What other country does Portugal border?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?", "answer": "Portugal\u2013Spain"}, {"question": "Where is Portugal located?", "answer": "Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe"}, {"question": "How long is the Portugal-Spain border?", "answer": "1,214 km (754 mi)"}, {"question": "What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?", "answer": "Azores and Madeira"}, {"question": "Who were the first inhabitants of Portugal?", "answer": "The Celts and the Romans"}, {"question": "Which two groups followed the first inhabitants?", "answer": "Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples"}, {"question": "By what year had Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom?", "answer": "1139"}, {"question": "What age did Portugal pioneer?", "answer": "Age of Discovery"}, {"question": "In which centuries did Portugal establish the first global empire?", "answer": "15th and 16th centuries"}, {"question": "In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?", "answer": "Lisbon"}, {"question": "In which year did Brazel become independent?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?", "answer": "Macau"}, {"question": "How many Portugese speakers are there today?", "answer": "250 million"}, {"question": "What form of government does Portugal maintain?", "answer": "unitary semi-presidential republican"}, {"question": "What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?", "answer": "18th highest"}, {"question": "Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?", "answer": "France, Spain and Italy"}, {"question": "What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?", "answer": "United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries"}, {"question": "In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?", "answer": "decriminalized the usage of all common drugs"}, {"question": "From what name is Portugal derived?", "answer": "Portus Cale"}, {"question": "By what group was the Portugal region settled?", "answer": "Pre-Celts and Celts"}, {"question": "To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?", "answer": "Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes"}, {"question": "During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?", "answer": "45 BC until 298 AD"}, {"question": "From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?", "answer": "Alankerk"}, {"question": "In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?", "answer": "27 BC"}, {"question": "What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?", "answer": "Gallaecia"}, {"question": "What are castros?", "answer": "hill forts"}, {"question": "What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?", "answer": "Con\u00edmbriga and Mirobriga"}, {"question": "How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?", "answer": "16 km"}, {"question": "How long did it take the Umayyad Caliphate to defeat the Visigoths?", "answer": "a few months"}, {"question": "In what year did Portugal become a part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire?", "answer": "711"}, {"question": "In which year did Umayyad Caliphate's empire collapse?", "answer": "750"}, {"question": "Under whom did the Western part of Umayyad Caliphate's empire gain its independence?", "answer": "Abd-ar-Rahman"}, {"question": "How long did it take the Emirate to become the Caliphate of Codoba?", "answer": "almost two centuries"}, {"question": "What were the governors of the taifas called?", "answer": "Emir"}, {"question": "Which which kingdoms did the taifas establish diplomatic relations?", "answer": "the Christian kingdoms of the north"}, {"question": "To which taifa did most of Portugal fall into?", "answer": "Taifa of Badajoz"}, {"question": "In which year did the taifa period end?", "answer": "1086"}, {"question": "Which battle took place in 1147?", "answer": "Battle of Sagrajas"}, {"question": "What are converts to Islam called?", "answer": "Muwallad or Muladi"}, {"question": "Who did the Arabs principally consist of?", "answer": "noblemen from Oman"}, {"question": "Where were the Berbers originally from?", "answer": "Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa"}, {"question": "In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?", "answer": "Algarve region, and south of the Tagus"}, {"question": "How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?", "answer": "800"}, {"question": "What was Pelayos' plan?", "answer": "to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors"}, {"question": "Against which group of people was Pelayos fighting?", "answer": "Moors"}, {"question": "In which battle did Pelayos defeat the Moors?", "answer": "Battle of Covadonga"}, {"question": "In which year was Pelayos proclaimed king?", "answer": "722 AD"}, {"question": "What was the war of Christian reconquest, started by Pelayos, known as in Portugese?", "answer": "Reconquista Crist\u00e3"}, {"question": "Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?", "answer": "King Alfonso III"}, {"question": "In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?", "answer": "868 AD"}, {"question": "What was Vimara knighted as?", "answer": "First Count of Portus Cale"}, {"question": "What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?", "answer": "Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portug\u00e1lia"}, {"question": "Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?", "answer": "dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring"}, {"question": "Who was the eldest son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "answer": "Garc\u00eda, became king of Le\u00f3n"}, {"question": "Who was the second son of Alfonso III and what did he become king of?", "answer": "Ordo\u00f1o, reigned in Galicia"}, {"question": "Who was Alfonso III's third son and what area did he receive?", "answer": "Fruela, received Asturias with Oviedo as his capital"}, {"question": "In which year did Alfonso III likely die?", "answer": "910"}, {"question": "In which year was the Kingdom of Castile formed?", "answer": "1230"}, {"question": "During the internecine struggles, what did the the people of Country of Portugal struggle with?", "answer": "maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (Galician-Portuguese) from the Leonese culture"}, {"question": "The County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Galicia to establish what?", "answer": "the Kingdom of Portugal"}, {"question": "Portugese diverged from which language? ", "answer": "Galician"}, {"question": "What is the Castilian Lanugage known as?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "By which language was the Astur-Leonese replaced?", "answer": "Castilian (Spanish Language)"}, {"question": "Which years were plagued by the Black Death?", "answer": "1348 and 1349"}, {"question": "In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?", "answer": "England"}, {"question": "What is the longest standing alliance in the world?", "answer": "Portugal made an alliance with England"}, {"question": "The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?", "answer": "NATO"}, {"question": "In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?", "answer": "Oporto region"}, {"question": "What European age did Portugal spearhead?", "answer": "the Age of Discovery"}, {"question": "Who was the Father of Prince Henry the Navigator?", "answer": "King Jo\u00e3o I"}, {"question": "Which three Atlantic archipelagos did Portugal discover?", "answer": "Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde"}, {"question": "By which path did Portugal discover a route to India?", "answer": "Cape of Good Hope"}, {"question": "What South American country did Portugal discover?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Carvalho e Melo"}, {"question": "What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?", "answer": "Queen consort of Portugal"}, {"question": "Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?", "answer": "Queen consort of Portugal"}, {"question": "Who was de Melo's second marriage to?", "answer": "the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun"}, {"question": "Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?", "answer": "King John V of Portugal"}, {"question": "Did the King's confidence in de Melo increase or decrease?", "answer": "increased"}, {"question": "What title was given to de Melo in 1755?", "answer": "Prime Minister"}, {"question": "With whose economic success was de Melo impressed with?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "Who abolished slavery in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}, {"question": "Who ended discrimination against difference Christian sects in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}, {"question": "What were de Melo's greatest reforms?", "answer": "economic and financial"}, {"question": "Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?", "answer": "to ensure the wine's quality"}, {"question": "Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?", "answer": "upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class"}, {"question": "Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?", "answer": "especially among the high nobility"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo"}, {"question": "What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?", "answer": "earthquakes"}, {"question": "How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?", "answer": "marching troops around the models"}, {"question": "What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?", "answer": "The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre"}, {"question": "How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?", "answer": "by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country"}, {"question": "Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?", "answer": "Lisbon suffered no epidemics"}, {"question": "What happened to Joseph I in 1758?", "answer": "wounded in an attempted assassination"}, {"question": "Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?", "answer": "The T\u00e1vora family and the Duke of Aveiro"}, {"question": "Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?", "answer": "The Jesuits"}, {"question": "What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?", "answer": "Sebasti\u00e3o de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children"}, {"question": "In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?", "answer": "1759"}, {"question": "Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?", "answer": "knew no opposition"}, {"question": "In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?", "answer": "1770"}, {"question": "How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?", "answer": "until Joseph I's death in 1779"}, {"question": "What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?", "answer": "autocracy"}, {"question": "What was Pombal's \"enlightenment\" an apparatus for?", "answer": "crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation"}, {"question": "Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?", "answer": "Napoleon"}, {"question": "How long did Portugal's decline last?", "answer": "until the 20th century"}, {"question": "In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?", "answer": "United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves"}, {"question": "What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?", "answer": "the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family"}, {"question": "Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?", "answer": "1815"}, {"question": "Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?", "answer": "until the Liberal Revolution of 1820"}, {"question": "Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?", "answer": "Porto"}, {"question": "When was the Conference of Berlin held?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?", "answer": "to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa"}, {"question": "During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?", "answer": "Scramble for Africa"}, {"question": "What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?", "answer": "Beira, Mo\u00e7\u00e2medes, Lobito, Jo\u00e3o Belo, Nacala and Porto Am\u00e9lia"}, {"question": "When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?", "answer": "before the turn of the 20th century"}, {"question": "On what day were King Dom Carlos I and and his heir, Prince Royal Dom Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, murdered?", "answer": "1 February 1908"}, {"question": "Under the rule of King Dom Carlos I, on what two days was Portugal declared bankrupt?", "answer": "on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902"}, {"question": "Who succeeded King Dom Carlos I as king?", "answer": "Manuel II of Portugal"}, {"question": "On what day was King Manuel II overthrown?", "answer": "5 October 1910"}, {"question": "During the Portuguese First Republic, what creating a fertile ground for chaos and unrest?", "answer": "Political instability and economic weaknesses"}, {"question": "Who led the Estado Novo?", "answer": "Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar"}, {"question": "In what year was the Estado Novo established?", "answer": "1933"}, {"question": "How many European countries remained neutral throughout World War II?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What action affirmed Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation?", "answer": "relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa"}, {"question": "Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?", "answer": "April 1974"}, {"question": "What was the Carnation Revolution?", "answer": "left-wing military coup in Lisbon"}, {"question": "By what was the PREC characterized by?", "answer": "social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces"}, {"question": "What entity governed Portugal until 1976?", "answer": "Junta de Salva\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional"}, {"question": "Which party won the Portuguese election in 1976?", "answer": "Socialist Party"}, {"question": "Who became the Prime Minister of Portugal in 1976?", "answer": "M\u00e1rio Soares"}, {"question": "Through what years was Mario Soares the Portuguese Prime Minister?", "answer": "1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985"}, {"question": "Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?", "answer": "socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model"}, {"question": "In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?", "answer": "to accommodate socialist and communist principles"}, {"question": "What type of climate does Portugal have?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?", "answer": "8\u201312 \u00b0C (46.4\u201353.6 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?", "answer": "16\u201319 \u00b0C (60.8\u201366.2 \u00b0F)"}, {"question": "How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?", "answer": "900 metres (3,000 ft)"}, {"question": "What type of climate do the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have?", "answer": "subtropical"}, {"question": "What makes weather predictions difficult in the archipelago region?", "answer": "rough topography"}, {"question": "What type of climate does the island of the Azores have?", "answer": "Mediterranean"}, {"question": "What two types of forests can be found in Geres?", "answer": "deciduous and coniferous"}, {"question": "To what period does the laurissilva forest date back to?", "answer": "the Tertiary period"}, {"question": "What type of oak tree is colonizing many abandoned areas in Portugal?", "answer": "Pyrenean"}, {"question": "What wild animal was recently found roaming urban areas in Portugal?", "answer": "Boars"}, {"question": "How many national parks does Portugal have?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "What is Laurisilva?", "answer": "a unique type of subtropical rainforest"}, {"question": "What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?", "answer": "fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear"}, {"question": "What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?", "answer": "migratory birds"}, {"question": "How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?", "answer": "more than 100"}, {"question": "In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?", "answer": "in the Tagus International Natural Park"}, {"question": "Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?", "answer": "because of habitat loss, pollution and drought"}, {"question": "What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?", "answer": "plankton"}, {"question": "For how many years is the Portugal president elected?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Who is the current president of Portugal?", "answer": "An\u00edbal Cavaco Silva"}, {"question": "How many deputies make up the Assembly of the Republic?", "answer": "230"}, {"question": "For how long of a term are deputies elected?", "answer": "four-year"}, {"question": "How many members sit on the Constitutional Court?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?", "answer": "Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party"}, {"question": "At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?", "answer": "national-, regional- and local-levels"}, {"question": "What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?", "answer": "Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party \"The Greens\"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre \u2013 People's Party"}, {"question": "What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?", "answer": "5 and 15%"}, {"question": "Who is the Head of State of Portugal?", "answer": "President of the Republic"}, {"question": "For how many years does each term of the President of the Republic last?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "By what means is the President of the Republic elected?", "answer": "by direct, universal suffrage"}, {"question": "Who has the power to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister?", "answer": "President of the Republic"}, {"question": "What group acts as the presidential cabinet?", "answer": "The Council of Ministers"}, {"question": "What process is required of each government's policies?", "answer": "define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate"}, {"question": "What is needed to reject a cabinet's policy?", "answer": "an absolute majority of deputies"}, {"question": "Portuguese law continues to be a major influence for what?", "answer": "former colonies and territories"}, {"question": "What is the Policia de Seguranca Publica - PSP (Public Security Police)?", "answer": "a civilian police force who work in urban areas"}, {"question": "What is the Policia Judiciaria - PJ (Judicial Police)?", "answer": "a highly specialized criminal investigation police"}, {"question": "Which entity oversees the Judicial Police?", "answer": "the Public Ministry."}, {"question": "In which year did Portugal decriminalize drug possession?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How much of a drug is legal to possess?", "answer": "10 days worth of personal use"}, {"question": "What option is allowed to those caught with small amounts of drugs?", "answer": "go to a rehab facility"}, {"question": "By 2009, by how much had the rate of HIV infection decreased?", "answer": "50 percent"}, {"question": "How many municipalities is Portugal divided into?", "answer": "308"}, {"question": "How many civil parishes are the Portuguese municipalities divided into?", "answer": "3,092"}, {"question": "How many districts is the continental Portugal divided into?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "How many branches make up the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are the branches of the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "Navy, Army and Air Force"}, {"question": "What is the primary purpose of the Portuguese armed forces?", "answer": "primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security"}, {"question": "How many women were in the Portuguese armed forces in 2008?", "answer": "7,500"}, {"question": "How much money was spent on the Portuguese armed forced in 2009?", "answer": "$5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP"}, {"question": "What is the number of personnel in the army?", "answer": "21,000"}, {"question": "With what is the infantry brigade mainly equipped with?", "answer": "Pandur II APC"}, {"question": "What is the mechanized brigade mainly equipped with?", "answer": "Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC"}, {"question": "What does the Rapid Reaction Brigade consist of?", "answer": "paratroopers, commandos and rangers"}, {"question": "How many personnel does the Navy have?", "answer": "10,700"}, {"question": "In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?", "answer": "World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War"}, {"question": "During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?", "answer": "1961\u20131974"}, {"question": "In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?", "answer": "East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon"}, {"question": "What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?", "answer": "Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998"}, {"question": "Who headed the government after the bailout was announced?", "answer": "Pedro Passos Coelho"}, {"question": "What was the purpose of the Portuguese bailout?", "answer": "improve the State's financial situation"}, {"question": "How was the Portuguese bailout implemented?", "answer": "tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts"}, {"question": "Between 2010 and 2012, by what percentage were the wages of public servants cut?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "answer": "unclear Public\u2013private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms"}, {"question": "By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?", "answer": "Di\u00e1rio de Not\u00edcias"}, {"question": "In what two years was there a financial crisis?", "answer": "2007\u201308"}, {"question": "Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?", "answer": "Banco Portugu\u00eas de Neg\u00f3cios (BPN) and Banco Privado Portugu\u00eas (BPP)"}, {"question": "What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?", "answer": "bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud"}, {"question": "Why was the case of BPN more serious?", "answer": "its size, market share, and the political implications"}, {"question": "On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?", "answer": "fraud"}, {"question": "What currency does Portugal use?", "answer": "the euro (\u20ac)"}, {"question": "What currency did the euro replace in Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese Escudo"}, {"question": "What is the name of Portugal's central bank?", "answer": "Banco de Portugal"}, {"question": "In what two areas are most Portuguese industries, businesses, and financial institutions concentrated?", "answer": "Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas"}, {"question": "According to World Travel Awards, for what activity is Portugal known as Europe's leading destination?", "answer": "Golf"}, {"question": "In which year did the Carnation Revolution take place?", "answer": "1974"}, {"question": "What period followed the Carnation Revolution?", "answer": "PREC period"}, {"question": "Since the 90's, how has Portugal's economic development model been changing?", "answer": "changing to a system that is focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector"}, {"question": "What are the more traditional industries that have existed in Portugal?", "answer": "textiles, clothing, footwear and cork"}, {"question": "What is Portugal the world's leading producer of?", "answer": "cork"}, {"question": "By what entities was the Portuguese economy bailed out?", "answer": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"}, {"question": "In what year was the economic bailout agreed to?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "How much money was agreed to in the financial bailout?", "answer": "\u20ac78 billion"}, {"question": "When did Portugal exit the bailout?", "answer": "May 2014"}, {"question": "By the time Portugal exited the bailout, to what percentage had the unemployment rate fallen?", "answer": "15.3 percent"}, {"question": "Upon what is Portuguese agriculture based?", "answer": "small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units"}, {"question": "What types of companies back more large scale, export-oriented agrobusinesses in Portugal?", "answer": "Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Valouro"}, {"question": "What types of crops does Portugal produce?", "answer": "tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms"}, {"question": "What types of livestock products does Portugal produce?", "answer": "dairy products, poultry and beef"}, {"question": "Which company is the world's oldest canned fish producer?", "answer": "Ramirez"}, {"question": "What are the names of various companies that produce and export fish products?", "answer": "Bom Petisco, Nero, Combate, Comur, General, L\u00edder, Mann\u00e1, Murtosa, Pescador, Pit\u00e9u, Ten\u00f3rio, Torreira and Vasco da Gama"}, {"question": "What food does Portugal have one of the highest rates of consumption of?", "answer": "fish"}, {"question": "What mineral is Portugal ranked as a leading European producer of?", "answer": "copper"}, {"question": "What are three types of minerals Portugal is a notable producer of?", "answer": "tin, tungsten and uranium"}, {"question": "What type of exploration does Portugal lack the potential for?", "answer": "hydrocarbon"}, {"question": "In which region does Portugal have vast reserves of iron and coal?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "What event triggered a decrease in the extraction of Portugal's natural resources?", "answer": "1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization"}, {"question": "What automotive brands exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen"}, {"question": "What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Embraer and OGMA"}, {"question": "Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?", "answer": "Palmela"}, {"question": "What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?", "answer": "Alverca, Covilh\u00e3, \u00c9vora, and Ponte de Sor"}, {"question": "Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?", "answer": "Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro"}, {"question": "Portuguese tourist numbers are expected to do what in the future?", "answer": "increase"}, {"question": "With what area does Portugal compete with for tourists?", "answer": "Eastern European destinations"}, {"question": "How does Portugal compete with other areas for tourists?", "answer": "focus upon its niche attractions"}, {"question": "What attractions does Portugal have to offer tourists?", "answer": "health, nature and rural tourism"}, {"question": "What magazine described Portugal as \"a new sick man of Europe?\"", "answer": "The Economist"}, {"question": "Between 2002 and 2007, by what percentage did the rate of unemployment change?", "answer": "65%"}, {"question": "What percentage did the unemployment rate reach in December, 2009?", "answer": "10.2%"}, {"question": "In 2009, what rating did Standard & Poor's assign to Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "answer": "negative"}, {"question": "In which year did Moody's downgrade Portugal's long-term credit assessment?", "answer": "2011"}, {"question": "What did Prime Minister Jose Socrates announce on April 6, 2011?", "answer": "that the country would request financial assistance from the IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility"}, {"question": "How many times has Portugal requested external financial support?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What provoked the first request from Portugal for financial support?", "answer": "Carnation's Revolution"}, {"question": "For what reason did Moody's Investor Services downgrade nine Portuguese banks in 2011?", "answer": "financial weakness"}, {"question": "In 2005, how many public employees did Portugal have for every thousand inhabitants?", "answer": "70.8"}, {"question": "What was the average number of public employees per every thousand inhabitants for the European Union in 2005?", "answer": "62.4"}, {"question": "In comparison to EU and USA standards, how was Portugal's justice system regarded?", "answer": "slow and inefficient"}, {"question": "Which country had the slowest criminal justice system in Western Europe in 2005?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "How many judges and prosecutors does Portugal have per 100,000 inhabitants?", "answer": "over 30"}, {"question": "Who was the Portugal Prime Minister in 2013?", "answer": "Passos Coelho"}, {"question": "What did the Prime Minister announce during the first week of May in 2013?", "answer": "significant government plan for the public sector, whereby 30,000 jobs will be cut and the number of weekly working hours will be increased from 35 to 40 hours"}, {"question": "For what reason did Prime Minister Passos Coelho justify cutting 30000 jobs?", "answer": "austerity measures are necessary if Portugal seeks to avoid another monetary bailout grant"}, {"question": "From which entities did Portugal seek a monetary bailout from?", "answer": "European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund"}, {"question": "To what age did Passos Coelho increase the retirement age?", "answer": "66"}, {"question": "To what did Passos Coelho announce cuts to?", "answer": "pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses"}, {"question": "Which obligatory class was abolished from Basic Education?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What did the instituting of these policies lead to?", "answer": "social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions"}, {"question": "Since when has the Portugal unemployment rate been in a falling trend?", "answer": "third quarter of 2014"}, {"question": "To what percentage did the unemployment rate peak at?", "answer": "17.7%"}, {"question": "In the second quarter of 2008, what was the Portuguese unemployment rate?", "answer": "7.3%"}, {"question": "By when did the Portuguese unemployment rate pass the 10% mark?", "answer": "December 2009"}, {"question": "What are the tourist hotspots in Portugal?", "answer": "Lisbon, Algarve, Madeira, Porto and the city of Coimbra"}, {"question": "Where do 4-5 million religious pilgrims visit in Portugal every year?", "answer": "F\u00e1tima"}, {"question": "What apparitions reportedly took place in 1917?", "answer": "Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children"}, {"question": "What tourist destinations are the Portuguese government continuing to promote and develop?", "answer": "Douro Valley, the island of Porto Santo, and Alentejo"}, {"question": "What is the 16th European city to attract the most tourists?", "answer": "Lisbon"}, {"question": "What prompted transportation improvements in Portugal in the 1970's?", "answer": "fast economic growth with increasing consumption and purchase of new automobiles"}, {"question": "After joining the European Economic Community in the 90's, what did Portugal begin building?", "answer": "new motorways"}, {"question": "How long is Portugal's total road network?", "answer": "68,732 km (42,708 mi)"}, {"question": "In which year was the first motorway opened in Portugal?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?", "answer": "89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)"}, {"question": "How many national airports does Portugal have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?", "answer": "Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja"}, {"question": "Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?", "answer": "geographical position"}, {"question": "What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?", "answer": "TAP Portugal"}, {"question": "Into what country does Portugal's railway system expand?", "answer": "Spain"}, {"question": "What entity supports and administrates Portugal's railway system?", "answer": "Comboios de Portugal"}, {"question": "How long is the total railway system in Portugal?", "answer": "2,791 km (1,734 mi)"}, {"question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that are electrified?", "answer": "1,430 km (889 mi)"}, {"question": "How long is the amount of railway lines that permit speeds greater than 120 km/h?", "answer": "900 km (559 mi)"}, {"question": "What are the two subway systems in Portugal?", "answer": "Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and Porto Metro in the Porto Metropolitan Area"}, {"question": "How long are each of the subway systems?", "answer": "more than 35 km (22 mi)"}, {"question": "By what company have the Lisbon tram services been supplies by?", "answer": "Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)"}, {"question": "For how long has the Libon tram service existed?", "answer": "over a century"}, {"question": "In what type of network are most scientific research studies conducted in Portugal?", "answer": "R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions"}, {"question": "What is one example of a state-managed autonomous research institution?", "answer": "INETI \u2013 Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o"}, {"question": "By which ministry is authority granted for funding and managing Portugal's research system?", "answer": "Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES)"}, {"question": "What are two of the large non-state run research institutions in Portugal?", "answer": "Instituto Gulbenkian de Ci\u00eancia and the Champalimaud Foundation"}, {"question": "What is the Champalimaud Foundation?", "answer": "neuroscience and oncology research centre"}, {"question": "What does the Champalimaud Foundation award every year?", "answer": "one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world"}, {"question": "In what year was the Sciences Academy of Lisbon founded?", "answer": "1779"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest European aquarium?", "answer": "Lisbon Oceanarium"}, {"question": "What does the state agency Ciencia Viva promote?", "answer": "scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population"}, {"question": "What are some examples of notable organizations focused on scientific exhibitions?", "answer": "Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium"}, {"question": "What was responsible for creating thousands of scientific, technological, and knowledge-based businesses?", "answer": "the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world"}, {"question": "What are some examples of the science parks being built in Portugal?", "answer": "Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)"}, {"question": "For what reason to companies locate in the Portuguese science parks?", "answer": "take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support"}, {"question": "What are the two most considerable sources of renewable energy in Portugal?", "answer": "wind and river power"}, {"question": "Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?", "answer": "Moura, in the south"}, {"question": "Where was the Agucadoura Wave Farm located?", "answer": "Norte region"}, {"question": "By the end of 2006, what percentage of Portugal's energy production was from renewable sources?", "answer": "29%"}, {"question": "What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?", "answer": "Redes Energ\u00e9ticas Nacionais (REN)"}, {"question": "What does REN do?", "answer": "uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants"}, {"question": "Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?", "answer": "hydropower plants on its rivers"}, {"question": "What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?", "answer": "wind-driven turbines"}, {"question": "How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?", "answer": "setting a premium price"}, {"question": "What was the Portuguese population in 2011?", "answer": "10,562,178"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was female?", "answer": "52%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population in 2011 was male?", "answer": "48%"}, {"question": "What is the dominant religion in Portugal?", "answer": "Catholicism"}, {"question": "What were the Moors who converted to Catholicism known as?", "answer": "Mouriscos"}, {"question": "In what group of people do the Portuguese have their origin?", "answer": "Paleolithic peoples"}, {"question": "When did people first start arriving in the European continent?", "answer": "45,000 years ago"}, {"question": "What is the main population source of the Portuguese people?", "answer": "Paleolithic"}, {"question": "What is the cornerstone of Portugal's national identity?", "answer": "colonial history"}, {"question": "Which ocean does Portugal border?", "answer": "Atlantic Ocean"}, {"question": "What were two of the last territories Portugal gave up?", "answer": "Angola and Mozambique"}, {"question": "The vast majority of Brazilians have what ancestry in common?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "How many inhabitants did Portugal have by 2007?", "answer": "10,617,575"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people are Roman Catholic?", "answer": "81.0%"}, {"question": "What other religious communities exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Portuguese people identify as non-religious?", "answer": "6.8%"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Portuguese population did not give an answer for their religion in the 2011 census?", "answer": "8.3%"}, {"question": "In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?", "answer": "Christian"}, {"question": "In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?", "answer": "13th and 14th"}, {"question": "What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?", "answer": "formation of the First Portuguese Republic"}, {"question": "During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?", "answer": "1910\u201326"}, {"question": "On what date did the Battle of Ourique take place?", "answer": "25 July 1139"}, {"question": "Afonso heard Jesus promising what?", "answer": "victories for the coming battles, as well as God's wish to act through Afonso"}, {"question": "Why did God want to act through Afonso?", "answer": "in order to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands"}, {"question": "What is the official name of Portugal?", "answer": "Portuguese"}, {"question": "What type of language is Portuguese?", "answer": "Romance"}, {"question": "Where did Portuguese originate?", "answer": "Galicia and Northern Portugal"}, {"question": "What was the common name of the Galician and Portuguese people?", "answer": "Galician-Portuguese"}, {"question": "From what language is Portuguese derived?", "answer": "Latin"}, {"question": "By what group of people is Portuguese derived?", "answer": "Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula"}, {"question": "Between what years did Portugal establish a colonial and commercial empire?", "answer": "1415 and 1999"}, {"question": "In how many continents is Portuguese spoken as a native language?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What country has the largest number of native Portuguese speakers?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "What is the adult literacy rate in Portugal?", "answer": "99 percent"}, {"question": "Portuguese primary school enrollment is close to what percent?", "answer": "100 percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in Portugal?", "answer": "Over 35%"}, {"question": "What percentage of college-age citizens attend a higher education institution in the United States?", "answer": "50%"}, {"question": "Since when have Portuguese universities existed?", "answer": "1290"}, {"question": "Where was the oldest Portuguese university established?", "answer": "Lisbon"}, {"question": "Where did the oldest Portuguese university relocate to?", "answer": "Coimbra"}, {"question": "What is the oldest engineering school of the Americas?", "answer": "the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro"}, {"question": "What is the oldest medical college in Asia?", "answer": "the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica of Goa"}, {"question": "When was the Bologna process adopted?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "What are most higher education student costs supported with?", "answer": "public money"}, {"question": "Over what age are higher education applicants considered mature?", "answer": "over 23 years old"}, {"question": "What is the Ministry of Health responsible for?", "answer": "developing health policy as well as managing the SNS"}, {"question": "How many regional health administrations exist in Portugal?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What are the regional health administrations in charge of?", "answer": "implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery"}, {"question": "What do most Portuguese people die from?", "answer": "noncommunicable diseases"}, {"question": "What are the two main components of cardiovascular disease?", "answer": "ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease"}, {"question": "What is the biggest killer in Portugal?", "answer": "cerebrovascular disease"}, {"question": "What percentage of Portuguese people die less often from cancer than in the Eur-A?", "answer": "12%"}, {"question": "Who is cancer more common among in Portugal?", "answer": "children as well as among women younger than 44 years"}, {"question": "What survey results complement on data on health status?", "answer": "self-reporting at the household level"}, {"question": "What number of Portuguese adults rated their health as good or very good?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities during what two decades?", "answer": "1990s and 2000s"}, {"question": "In what year was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "Where was the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established?", "answer": "Lisbon"}, {"question": "What are some examples of Portugal's public cultural facilities?", "answer": "Bel\u00e9m Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da M\u00fasica"}, {"question": "How many UNESCO World Heritage Sites is Portugal home to?", "answer": "fifteen"}, {"question": "What is the Manueline style also known as?", "answer": "Portuguese late Gothic"}, {"question": "What is the Manueline style?", "answer": "a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century"}, {"question": "What is Soft Portuguese style?", "answer": "A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture"}, {"question": "Who are some of the most renowned architects to come from Portugal?", "answer": "Eduardo Souto de Moura, \u00c1lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gon\u00e7alo Byrne"}, {"question": "For what is Tomas Taveira particularly noteworthy for in Portugal?", "answer": "stadium design"}, {"question": "In which period was cinema born?", "answer": "late 19th century"}, {"question": "Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?", "answer": "Arthur Duarte, Ant\u00f3nio Lopes Ribeiro, Ant\u00f3nio Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, Jo\u00e3o C\u00e9sar Monteiro, Ant\u00f3nio-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes"}, {"question": "Who are some noted Portuguese actors?", "answer": "Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, L\u00facia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado"}, {"question": "Who was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es?", "answer": "Adventurer and poet"}, {"question": "What epic poem did Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es write?", "answer": "\"Os Lus\u00edadas\" (The Lusiads)"}, {"question": "What was Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es main influence?", "answer": "Virgil's Aeneid"}, {"question": "What styles are modern Portuguese poetry rooted in?", "answer": "neoclassic and contemporary styles"}, {"question": "Who are some modern Portuguese authors?", "answer": "Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, E\u00e7a de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Ant\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga"}, {"question": "What is dry cod known as in Portuguese?", "answer": "bacalhau"}, {"question": "Other than bacalhau, what are two other popular fish recipes in Portugal?", "answer": "grilled sardines and caldeirada"}, {"question": "What is caldeirada?", "answer": "a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish"}, {"question": "What meats are often used in Portuguese recipes?", "answer": "beef, pork, lamb, or chicken"}, {"question": "What are two popular Northern Portugal dishes?", "answer": "arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)"}, {"question": "What are three examples of fast food dishes in Portugal?", "answer": "Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches"}, {"question": "Where does the Portuguese art of pastry have its origins?", "answer": "in the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country"}, {"question": "What are the main ingredients used to make pastries in the monasteries?", "answer": "almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor"}, {"question": "What are two examples of Portuguese pastries?", "answer": "past\u00e9is de Bel\u00e9m (or past\u00e9is de nata) originally from Lisbon, and ovos moles from Aveiro"}, {"question": "Since when have Portuguese wines garnished international recognition?", "answer": "since the times of the Romans"}, {"question": "With which Roman God was Portugal associated with?", "answer": "Bacchus"}, {"question": "What are some of the best Portuguese wines?", "answer": "Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do D\u00e3o, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira Wine"}, {"question": "Which two Portuguese wines are especially enjoyed around the world?", "answer": "Port and Madeira"}, {"question": "What are a couple examples of Summer music festivals held in Portugal?", "answer": "Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha,"}, {"question": "What are a couple examples of non-Summer music festivals in Portugal?", "answer": "Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto"}, {"question": "What is the Boom Festival?", "answer": "one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years"}, {"question": "What international awards have been won by the Boom Festival?", "answer": "European Festival Award 2010 \u2013 Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010"}, {"question": "In which year did Portugal hold the MTV Europe Music Awards?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "What are some examples of classical pianists from Portugal?", "answer": "Artur Pizarro, Maria Jo\u00e3o Pires, Sequeira Costa"}, {"question": "What are some examples of classical violinists from Portugal?", "answer": "Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro"}, {"question": "Who are some notable musical composers from Portugal?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Vianna da Motta, Carlos Seixas, Jo\u00e3o Domingos Bomtempo, Jo\u00e3o de Sousa Carvalho, Lu\u00eds de Freitas Branco and his student Joly Braga Santos"}, {"question": "Who are some contemporary composers from Portugal?", "answer": "Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira"}, {"question": "In which century did Portugal see the arrival of Modernism?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "By what group was Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso most heavily influenced by?", "answer": "French painters, particularly by the Delaunays"}, {"question": "What is one of Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso's best known works?", "answer": "Can\u00e7\u00e3o Popular a Russa e o F\u00edgaro"}, {"question": "Who are some of the most prominent modern visual artists in Portugal?", "answer": "Vieira da Silva, J\u00falio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Juli\u00e3o Sarmento and Paula Rego"}, {"question": "What is the most popular sport in Portugal?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What is still a major symbol of Portuguese football history?", "answer": "Eus\u00e9bio"}, {"question": "Who are two examples of the top football players born in Portugal?", "answer": "Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo"}, {"question": "What award did both Lu\u00eds Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo win?", "answer": "FIFA World Player of the Year"}, {"question": "Who are some of the most renowned football managers in Portugal?", "answer": "Jos\u00e9 Mourinho, Andr\u00e9 Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel Jos\u00e9"}, {"question": "What are the three largest sports clubs by popularity in Portugal?", "answer": "SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP"}, {"question": "What are the three largest sports club by popularity in Portugal known as?", "answer": "\"os tr\u00eas grandes\" (\"the big three\")"}, {"question": "How many titles in the European UEFA club competitions have \"the big three\" won?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Other than football, what other sports are popular in Portugal?", "answer": "roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball"}, {"question": "By what entity is the Algarve Cup hosted?", "answer": "Portuguese Football Federation (FPF)  \u2013 Federa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa de Futebol"}, {"question": "What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?", "answer": "human beings"}, {"question": "What is a common tenant of humanism?", "answer": "freedom and progress"}, {"question": "These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?", "answer": "secularism"}, {"question": " What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? ", "answer": "intellectual movements"}, {"question": "Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?", "answer": "science"}, {"question": "What was humanism once considered the same as?", "answer": "philanthropy"}, {"question": "Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?", "answer": "Gellius"}, {"question": "In which period did Gellius gain fame?", "answer": "Italian Renaissance"}, {"question": "Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": "What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?", "answer": "speech"}, {"question": " At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?", "answer": "supernatural"}, {"question": "Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?", "answer": "supernatural"}, {"question": "What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?", "answer": "18th-century Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?", "answer": "Religious Humanism"}, {"question": " In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?", "answer": "1808"}, {"question": "Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?", "answer": "Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?", "answer": "Georg Voigt"}, {"question": "What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?", "answer": "Italy"}, {"question": "During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?", "answer": "French Enlightenment"}, {"question": "What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?", "answer": "idolatry of humanity"}, {"question": "Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?", "answer": "liberal reformers and radicals"}, {"question": "Who felt that humanism would surely be a major \"religion\" today?", "answer": "Ernest Renan"}, {"question": "What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?", "answer": "centred on humankind"}, {"question": "What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?", "answer": "Karl Marx"}, {"question": "Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?", "answer": "Greek philosophers"}, {"question": "Where did the learned believers place their focus?", "answer": "linguistic and cultural disciplines"}, {"question": "Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?", "answer": "Gathas of Zarathustra"}, {"question": "When was this writing penned?", "answer": "afterlife"}, {"question": "What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?", "answer": "Voltaire"}, {"question": "Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?", "answer": "Yellow Emperor"}, {"question": "What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?", "answer": "Book of History"}, {"question": "Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?", "answer": "Wu of Zhou"}, {"question": "When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?", "answer": "6th century BCE"}, {"question": "What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?", "answer": "Silver Rule of Confucianism"}, {"question": "Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?", "answer": "Ji Liang"}, {"question": "Where could you read this information?", "answer": "Zuo Zhuan"}, {"question": "Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?", "answer": "Thales of Miletus"}, {"question": "Where did this type of thinking next travel to?", "answer": "Athens"}, {"question": "Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?", "answer": "Democritus"}, {"question": "Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?", "answer": "Epicurus"}, {"question": "When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?", "answer": "Middle Ages and the Early Modern period"}, {"question": "Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?", "answer": "Petrarch"}, {"question": "The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?", "answer": "Cicero"}, {"question": " What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?", "answer": "the Jewish Kabbalah"}, {"question": "Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?", "answer": "era of universal agreement"}, {"question": "What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?", "answer": "Florence, Venice, and Rome"}, {"question": "How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?", "answer": "Latin literary texts"}, {"question": "What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?", "answer": "Patristic literature"}, {"question": "If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?", "answer": "philology"}, {"question": "What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?", "answer": "Greek manuscripts"}, {"question": "When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?", "answer": "Erasmus"}, {"question": " Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?", "answer": "Lef\u00e8vre d'\u00c9taples"}, {"question": "What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?", "answer": "the Bible"}, {"question": " What author had a great impact in Rome?", "answer": "P. Terentius Afer"}, {"question": "Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?", "answer": "Terence"}, {"question": "From where did this school of thought emerge?", "answer": "the Greeks"}, {"question": "Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later", "answer": "Seneca"}, {"question": "What was the name of the main belief Terence offered", "answer": "universalism"}, {"question": " Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?", "answer": "technical writings"}, {"question": "Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?", "answer": "A. C. Crombie"}, {"question": "What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? ", "answer": "Renaissance humanists"}, {"question": " When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?", "answer": "16th century,"}, {"question": "Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?", "answer": "Leonardo da Vinci"}, {"question": "Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?", "answer": "Juan Luis Vives"}, {"question": "Where did this initiate?", "answer": "universities"}, {"question": "What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?", "answer": "Aristotelian"}, {"question": "Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?", "answer": "Early humanists"}, {"question": "What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?", "answer": "secular"}, {"question": "During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?", "answer": "Renaissance"}, {"question": "Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?", "answer": "Gherardo"}, {"question": "What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?", "answer": "Harriet Martineau"}, {"question": "What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?", "answer": "atheistic"}, {"question": "What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?", "answer": "religion of humanity"}, {"question": "What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?", "answer": "altruism"}, {"question": "What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?", "answer": "F.C.S. Schiller"}, {"question": "When was the first public group for Humanist founded?", "answer": "1929"}, {"question": "Who created this group?", "answer": "Charles Francis Potter"}, {"question": "When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?", "answer": "1930"}, {"question": "Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?", "answer": "Abraham Maslow"}, {"question": "What is human phycology?", "answer": "psychological perspective"}, {"question": "In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "They introduced it in response to what?", "answer": "psychoanalysis"}, {"question": "Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?", "answer": "Raymond B. Bragg,"}, {"question": "What groups thoughts did he seek to include?", "answer": "Western Unitarian Conference"}, {"question": "What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others?", "answer": "Humanist Manifesto"}, {"question": "How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented>", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>", "answer": "cultural and educational reform"}, {"question": "When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?", "answer": "late fifteenth century"}, {"question": "What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?", "answer": "umanisti"}, {"question": "Where was one main concentration of Humanism?", "answer": "Naples"}, {"question": "What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?", "answer": "narrow pedantry"}, {"question": "What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?", "answer": "women"}, {"question": "What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?", "answer": "humanities"}, {"question": "Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?", "answer": "pervasive cultural mode"}, {"question": "What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?", "answer": "capacity of people"}, {"question": "What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?", "answer": "human flourishing"}, {"question": "What is human flourishing?", "answer": "making life better"}, {"question": "What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?", "answer": "purely good"}, {"question": "What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?", "answer": "religious rituals"}, {"question": "When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?", "answer": "19th and early 20th centuries"}, {"question": "Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?", "answer": "Jacques H\u00e9bert"}, {"question": "During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?", "answer": "1793"}, {"question": "Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?", "answer": "Ezra Pound"}, {"question": "What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?", "answer": "sentimental"}, {"question": "Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?", "answer": "Timothy Laurie"}, {"question": "Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?", "answer": "Kate Soper"}, {"question": "In what year was the book humanism published?", "answer": "1997"}, {"question": "In what century was the horrific wars?", "answer": "20th century"}, {"question": "What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?", "answer": "humanism"}, {"question": "Who wrote the book humanism?", "answer": "Tony Davies"}, {"question": "What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?", "answer": "ancient manuscripts"}, {"question": "Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?", "answer": "Church fathers"}, {"question": "Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?", "answer": "Saint Augustine"}, {"question": "Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?", "answer": "Seneca"}, {"question": "What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?", "answer": "The Age of Reason"}, {"question": "Which century was the first writing from?", "answer": "18th-century"}, {"question": "Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?", "answer": "Feuerbach"}, {"question": "What was the origin of the second writing?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "The initial state of earth was what?", "answer": "molten"}, {"question": "What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?", "answer": "a solid crust"}, {"question": "How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?", "answer": "about 10% of the Earth's mass"}, {"question": "What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?", "answer": "Outgassing and volcanic activity"}, {"question": "Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?", "answer": "comets"}, {"question": "Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?", "answer": "molten"}, {"question": "What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?", "answer": "water began accumulating"}, {"question": "What size of object may have created the moon?", "answer": "Mars"}, {"question": "When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?", "answer": "Condensing"}, {"question": "During what time period was the Archean era?", "answer": "4,000 to 2,500 million years ago"}, {"question": "During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?", "answer": "Archean"}, {"question": "It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?", "answer": "crustal material"}, {"question": "What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?", "answer": "cratonisation and continent formation"}, {"question": "What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?", "answer": "erosion and subsequent tectonic events"}, {"question": "What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?", "answer": "metamorphized deep-water sediments"}, {"question": "What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?", "answer": "Greenstone"}, {"question": "From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?", "answer": "volcanic island arcs"}, {"question": "Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?", "answer": "deep-sea sediments"}, {"question": "What is a greenstone belt?", "answer": "sutured protocontinents"}, {"question": "During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?", "answer": "2,500 to 541 million years ago"}, {"question": "What era came before the Proterozoic era?", "answer": "Archean"}, {"question": "In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?", "answer": "shallow epicontinental seas"}, {"question": "What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?", "answer": "rapid continental accretion"}, {"question": "What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?", "answer": "Rodinia"}, {"question": "During what period was the Paleozoic era?", "answer": "541 to 252 million years ago"}, {"question": "How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "The Permian is an example of what?", "answer": "geologic periods"}, {"question": "After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?", "answer": "breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia"}, {"question": "What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?", "answer": "541.0 \u00b1 1.0 Ma."}, {"question": "What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?", "answer": "Pannotia"}, {"question": "What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?", "answer": "Gondwana"}, {"question": "What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?", "answer": "Panthalassa"}, {"question": "Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?", "answer": "independent continents"}, {"question": "How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?", "answer": "485.4 \u00b1 1.9 Ma."}, {"question": "Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?", "answer": "the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction"}, {"question": "What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?", "answer": "Gondwana"}, {"question": "Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?", "answer": "Iapetus Ocean"}, {"question": "What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?", "answer": "Avalonia"}, {"question": "What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?", "answer": "stable greenhouse conditions"}, {"question": "What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?", "answer": "the Hirnantian faunal stage"}, {"question": "Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?", "answer": "brachiopods"}, {"question": "How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?", "answer": "0.5 to 1.5 million years"}, {"question": "What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?", "answer": "ice caps"}, {"question": "When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?", "answer": "443.8 \u00b1 1.5 Ma."}, {"question": "Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?", "answer": "less extensive"}, {"question": "What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?", "answer": "a rise in sea levels"}, {"question": "Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?", "answer": "Euramerica"}, {"question": "Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?", "answer": "Panthalassa"}, {"question": "During what time period was the Devonian era?", "answer": "419 to 359 Ma."}, {"question": "Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?", "answer": "Euramerica (or Laurussia)"}, {"question": "Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?", "answer": "Old Red Sandstone"}, {"question": "Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?", "answer": "the northern Appalachian Mountains"}, {"question": "What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?", "answer": "Panthalassa"}, {"question": "What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?", "answer": "A global drop"}, {"question": "During which period were epicontinental seas created?", "answer": "Carboniferous"}, {"question": "What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?", "answer": "lush coal swamps"}, {"question": "What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?", "answer": "a major marine extinction"}, {"question": "The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?", "answer": "Mississippian Period"}, {"question": "What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?", "answer": "mountain building"}, {"question": "What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?", "answer": "Laurussia"}, {"question": "What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?", "answer": "the Alleghenian orogeny"}, {"question": "The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?", "answer": "the Ouachita Mountains"}, {"question": "Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?", "answer": "the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys"}, {"question": "What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?", "answer": "Panthalassa"}, {"question": "There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?", "answer": "Paleo-Tethys Ocean"}, {"question": "The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?", "answer": "Cimmeria"}, {"question": "During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?", "answer": "the Mesozoic Era"}, {"question": "Which ocean name is translated to mean \"all the sea?\"", "answer": "Panthalassa"}, {"question": "What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?", "answer": "subduction of oceanic plates"}, {"question": "What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?", "answer": "Pangaea was rifting"}, {"question": "Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?", "answer": "Newark Supergroup"}, {"question": "What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?", "answer": "terrestrial vertebrates"}, {"question": "During what years was the Jurassic period?", "answer": "201.3 \u00b1 0.2 to 145.0 Ma."}, {"question": "Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?", "answer": "Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula"}, {"question": "At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?", "answer": "Cretaceous Period"}, {"question": "Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?", "answer": "lagerst\u00e4tten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen"}, {"question": "The current continents were formerly known as what continent?", "answer": "Pangaea"}, {"question": "Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?", "answer": "Sevier and Laramide"}, {"question": "South America was formerly which continent?", "answer": "Gondwana"}, {"question": "The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?", "answer": "raising eustatic sea levels"}, {"question": "Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?", "answer": "Gondwana"}, {"question": "During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?", "answer": "one-third"}, {"question": "What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?", "answer": "Phanerozoic"}, {"question": "The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?", "answer": "Phanerozoic"}, {"question": "Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?", "answer": "North America"}, {"question": "Where are the Deccan Traps?", "answer": "India"}, {"question": "How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?", "answer": "66 million years"}, {"question": "Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?", "answer": "Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event"}, {"question": "What geologic period are we in currently?", "answer": "Cenozoic Era"}, {"question": "At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?", "answer": "Mesozoic"}, {"question": "The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?", "answer": "the Himalayas"}, {"question": "How many continents did Laurasia break into?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?", "answer": "North America"}, {"question": "What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?", "answer": "the Rocky Mountains"}, {"question": "In which period did North and South america join?", "answer": "Neogene"}, {"question": "Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?", "answer": "Tethys"}, {"question": "During what years did the Eocene period take place?", "answer": "56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago"}, {"question": "Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?", "answer": "around 45 Ma"}, {"question": "Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?", "answer": "40 million years"}, {"question": "The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?", "answer": "keeping global temperatures high"}, {"question": "during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?", "answer": "Eocene"}, {"question": "What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?", "answer": "huge lakes"}, {"question": "In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?", "answer": "Tethys Sea"}, {"question": "The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?", "answer": "Tethys Sea"}, {"question": "Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?", "answer": "the Himalayan orogeny"}, {"question": "What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?", "answer": "ice cap"}, {"question": "The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?", "answer": "the Alps"}, {"question": "During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?", "answer": "Oligocene"}, {"question": "In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?", "answer": "Antarctica"}, {"question": "Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?", "answer": "the Antarctic Circumpolar Current"}, {"question": "The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?", "answer": "the Andes"}, {"question": "Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?", "answer": "Asia"}, {"question": "When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?", "answer": "The Tethys Seaway"}, {"question": "Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?", "answer": "19 and 12 Ma"}, {"question": "Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?", "answer": "Messinian salinity crisis"}, {"question": "What is the link between North and South America called?", "answer": "the Isthmus of Panama"}, {"question": "In which period did North and South America become linked?", "answer": "Pliocene"}, {"question": "The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?", "answer": "marsupial faunas"}, {"question": "The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "What period came after the Pliocene?", "answer": "the Quaternary Period"}, {"question": "How long ago did the last glacial period end?", "answer": "about 10,000 years ago"}, {"question": "By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?", "answer": "35 metres (115 ft)"}, {"question": "During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?", "answer": "Holocene"}, {"question": "Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?", "answer": "Pleistocene"}, {"question": "What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?", "answer": "Tyrrell Sea"}, {"question": "What does the state want a police force to do?", "answer": "enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder"}, {"question": "What are gendarmerie?", "answer": "military units charged with civil policing"}, {"question": "What are police usually separate from?", "answer": "military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors"}, {"question": "How are police usually paid?", "answer": "through taxes"}, {"question": "What kind of service are police?", "answer": "public sector"}, {"question": "When were police used to protect the class system?", "answer": "late 18th and early 19th centuries"}, {"question": "What problem do many police forces have?", "answer": "corruption"}, {"question": "Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?", "answer": "Chu and Jin"}, {"question": "What period was the Chu kingdom in?", "answer": "Spring"}, {"question": "What period was the Jin kingdom in?", "answer": "Autumn"}, {"question": "Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?", "answer": "Korea and Japan"}, {"question": "What did ancient China call its police?", "answer": "prefects"}, {"question": "What war ended in 1479?", "answer": "War of the Castilian Succession"}, {"question": "Who formed Spain's first national police force?", "answer": "Ferdinand and Isabella"}, {"question": "What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?", "answer": "Santa Hermandad"}, {"question": "What does Santa Hermandad mean?", "answer": "Holy Brotherhood"}, {"question": "When did Spain suppress local police units?", "answer": "1835"}, {"question": "Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?", "answer": "The Marshal of France and the Constable of France"}, {"question": "How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?", "answer": "Great Officers of the Crown of France"}, {"question": "What was the Marshal's force called?", "answer": "the Marshalcy"}, {"question": "What was the Constable's force called, in English?", "answer": "the Constabulary"}, {"question": "What was the Constable's force called, in French?", "answer": "Conn\u00e9tablie"}, {"question": "In what year did Paris get a police force?", "answer": "1667"}, {"question": "Who created Paris's police force?", "answer": "King Louis XIV"}, {"question": "What was the largest European city in 1667?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?", "answer": "lieutenant general of police"}, {"question": "What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?", "answer": "lieutenant g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de police"}, {"question": "Who was Paris's first head of police?", "answer": "Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie"}, {"question": "How many commissioners worked under Reynie?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "How many policing districts was Paris divided into?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?", "answer": "October 1699"}, {"question": "When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?", "answer": "1709"}, {"question": "When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?", "answer": "in the 18th century"}, {"question": "What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?", "answer": "Britannica 1911"}, {"question": "When were the Marine Police created in the UK?", "answer": "1798"}, {"question": "What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?", "answer": "the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714"}, {"question": "Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?", "answer": "Patrick Colquhoun"}, {"question": "When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?", "answer": "1797"}, {"question": "Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?", "answer": "docks"}, {"question": "How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?", "answer": "\u00a3500,000"}, {"question": "How did Colquhoun praise the French police?", "answer": "\"the greatest degree of perfection\""}, {"question": "What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?", "answer": "33,000"}, {"question": "How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?", "answer": "11,000"}, {"question": "How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?", "answer": "\u00a3122,000"}, {"question": "When was the Thames River Police made a public service?", "answer": "28 July 180"}, {"question": "Who started the Bow Street detectives?", "answer": "Henry and John Fielding"}, {"question": "How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?", "answer": "stipendiary system"}, {"question": "How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?", "answer": "full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees"}, {"question": "Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?", "answer": "Robert Peel"}, {"question": "What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?", "answer": "full-time"}, {"question": "Which law established Glasgow's police?", "answer": "Glasgow Police Act"}, {"question": "When was Glasgow's police force established?", "answer": "1800"}, {"question": "Which law established Ireland's police?", "answer": "Irish Constabulary Act"}, {"question": "When was Ireland's police force established?", "answer": "1822"}, {"question": "What was Ireland's police force called?", "answer": "Royal Irish Constabulary"}, {"question": "Who was the 'father of modern policing'?", "answer": "Peel"}, {"question": "Whose philosophy influenced Peel?", "answer": "Jeremy Bentham"}, {"question": "What political position did Bentham think police should have?", "answer": "neutral"}, {"question": "How did Peel standardize police?", "answer": "as an official paid profession"}, {"question": "How did Peel organize police?", "answer": "in a civilian fashion"}, {"question": "When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?", "answer": "the judicial system"}, {"question": "Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What part of the government did French police work under?", "answer": "the authority of the monarch"}, {"question": "When did Rio get its first police investigator?", "answer": "1566"}, {"question": "How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?", "answer": "most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions"}, {"question": "When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?", "answer": "July 9, 1775"}, {"question": "Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "Who invaded Portugal in 1808?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "When did Canada get its first police?", "answer": "1729"}, {"question": "What was Canada's first police force?", "answer": "Royal Newfoundland Constabulary"}, {"question": "When was the Toronto police created?", "answer": "1834"}, {"question": "When was the Montreal police created?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "When were the first Mounties created?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "What were the Old West's local police options?", "answer": "poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses"}, {"question": "Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?", "answer": "The Army"}, {"question": "Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?", "answer": "Pinkerton National Detective Agency"}, {"question": "Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?", "answer": "Army"}, {"question": "Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?", "answer": "German and French"}, {"question": "Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?", "answer": "Nicolas Delamare"}, {"question": "What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?", "answer": "Trait\u00e9 de la Police"}, {"question": "When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?", "answer": "1705"}, {"question": "What was von Hornigk's career?", "answer": "Political economist and civil servant"}, {"question": "Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?", "answer": "Foucault"}, {"question": "How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?", "answer": "procuring abundance"}, {"question": "Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?", "answer": "mercantilist theory"}, {"question": "Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?", "answer": "because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc."}, {"question": "Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?", "answer": "Edwin Chadwick"}, {"question": "When was 'Preventive Police' published?", "answer": "1829"}, {"question": "Where was 'Preventive Police' published?", "answer": "London Review"}, {"question": "What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?", "answer": "prevention"}, {"question": "What was the alternative to prevention?", "answer": "a deterrent of punishment"}, {"question": "What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?", "answer": "patrol duties"}, {"question": "Where do some think the most important police work happens?", "answer": "on patrol"}, {"question": "How do patrol officers affect crime?", "answer": "prevent crime by their presence"}, {"question": "When did Nadelmann write about global policing?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "When did Sheptycki write about global policing?", "answer": "1995"}, {"question": "What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?", "answer": "international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing"}, {"question": "When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?", "answer": "anarchist agitators and other political radicals"}, {"question": "Which police force monitored Karl Marx?", "answer": "Prussian"}, {"question": "What international police agency was created before WW2?", "answer": "Interpol"}, {"question": "In what era did cross-border policing increase?", "answer": "post\u2013Cold War"}, {"question": "Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?", "answer": "the English Channel region"}, {"question": "When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?", "answer": "2002"}, {"question": "When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "When was the Schengen Treaty signed?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?", "answer": "formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union"}, {"question": "Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?", "answer": "outside of Europe"}, {"question": "Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?", "answer": "Alain"}, {"question": "What kind of policing has become common practice?", "answer": "Intelligence-led"}, {"question": "What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?", "answer": "make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic"}, {"question": "What paradox did Sheptycki point out?", "answer": "the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity"}, {"question": "Where has transnational policing become more important?", "answer": "in United Nations peacekeeping"}, {"question": "What kind of countries get assistance with policing?", "answer": "weak, failed or failing states"}, {"question": "Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?", "answer": "Goldsmith and Sheptycki"}, {"question": "What concern did Hills raise about police models?", "answer": "there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions"}, {"question": "What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?", "answer": "With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark"}, {"question": "Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?", "answer": "Lloyd, et al."}, {"question": "What is the least-accountable IGO?", "answer": "Interpol"}, {"question": "How accountable is Interpol?", "answer": "22%"}, {"question": "Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?", "answer": "this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement"}, {"question": "What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?", "answer": "\"less than lethal\" or \"less-lethal\""}, {"question": "What are common less-lethal weapons?", "answer": "batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons"}, {"question": "What is supposed to be the last resort for police?", "answer": "The use of firearms or deadly force"}, {"question": "What is South Africa's \"shoot-to-kill\" policy?", "answer": "allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians"}, {"question": "Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?", "answer": "Brazil"}, {"question": "How do modern police often communicate?", "answer": "radio"}, {"question": "Where do police have radios?", "answer": "carried both on the person and installed in vehicles"}, {"question": "Why do police use radios?", "answer": "to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly"}, {"question": "What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?", "answer": "criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds"}, {"question": "What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?", "answer": "updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis"}, {"question": "When do police often use unmarked cars?", "answer": "primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence"}, {"question": "What use of unmarked cars is controversial?", "answer": "for traffic law enforcement"}, {"question": "When did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "Why did New York State ban unmarked cars for traffic cops?", "answer": "it endangered motorists who might be pulled over by people impersonating police officers"}, {"question": "Why do some cops use bicycles to patrol?", "answer": "they allow for more open interaction with the public"}, {"question": "How do bicycles help catch some suspects?", "answer": "their quieter operation can facilitate approaching suspects unawares and can help in pursuing them attempting to escape on foot"}, {"question": "What do police use to control motorcyclist events?", "answer": "Motorcycles"}, {"question": "Who introduced education requirements for US police?", "answer": "August Vollmer"}, {"question": "Who was O.W. Wilson a student of?", "answer": "August Vollmer"}, {"question": "Where did Wilson reduce police corruption?", "answer": "Wichita, Kansas, and later in the Chicago Police Department"}, {"question": "Why did Wilson rotate officers between communities?", "answer": "to reduce their vulnerability to corruption"}, {"question": "How did Wilson recruit more qualified police?", "answer": "an aggressive recruiting drive with higher police salaries"}, {"question": "What does Miranda provide?", "answer": "safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest"}, {"question": "What does the 5th Amendment protect against?", "answer": "self-incrimination"}, {"question": "Which amendment prevents self-incrimination?", "answer": "Fifth"}, {"question": "When was the Terry v. Ohio case?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "Which two parts did Terry v. Ohio divide seizure into?", "answer": "investigatory stop and arrest"}, {"question": "What is an investigatory stop's search limited to?", "answer": "what [is] minimally necessary to determine whether [a suspect] is armed"}, {"question": "What is the legal status of UK police officers?", "answer": "constables"}, {"question": "What can only Inspector-ranked UK officers do?", "answer": "authorize a search of a suspect's house"}, {"question": "What can only Superintendent-ranked UK officers do?", "answer": "authorize a suspect's detention beyond 24 hours"}, {"question": "What powers of a new UK police officer are the same as a Commissioner's?", "answer": "arrest"}, {"question": "Why do some police acts limit when police can interfere without court orders?", "answer": "To ensure that the police would not interfere in the regular competencies of the courts of law"}, {"question": "What could be impeded without police interference?", "answer": "the realization of the private right"}, {"question": "How could police help the owner when a restaurant guest doesn't pay because their wallet got stolen?", "answer": "establish a restaurant guest's identity and forward it to the innkeeper"}, {"question": "The word \"genocide\" was unknown until what year?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?", "answer": "as \"a crime without a name\""}, {"question": "What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as \"genocide?\" ", "answer": "Raphael Lemkin"}, {"question": "What is the etymological basis of the word \"genocide?\"", "answer": "Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)"}, {"question": "As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?", "answer": "to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them"}, {"question": "Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word \"genocide\" used in an indictment scenario?", "answer": "as a descriptive term"}, {"question": "Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?", "answer": "Lemming"}, {"question": "Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?", "answer": "international relations and community"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?", "answer": "Australian"}, {"question": "What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?", "answer": "\"ritualcide\""}, {"question": "What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?", "answer": "legal aspect of the term"}, {"question": "In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?", "answer": "a crime"}, {"question": "In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?", "answer": "the deliberate killing of a certain group"}, {"question": "In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? ", "answer": "officials in power of a state or area"}, {"question": "Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?", "answer": "the Peace of Westphalia"}, {"question": "In which war-era country was the Holocaust immortalized? ", "answer": "Nazi Germany"}, {"question": "Following World War II, whose bid was successful in establishing the worldwide acceptance and the nascent legal definition of genocide?", "answer": "Lemkin"}, {"question": "Which group convened officially for the first time in 1946?", "answer": "United Nations General Assembly"}, {"question": "While recognizing genocide, what did the UN General Assembly fail to do in its resolution?", "answer": "provide a legal definition of the crime"}, {"question": "In 1948, what general assembly resolution established genocide as a prosecutable act? ", "answer": "the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}, {"question": "Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?", "answer": "political killings"}, {"question": "What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?", "answer": "USSR"}, {"question": "What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?", "answer": "its own Great Purge"}, {"question": "What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?", "answer": "international intervention in domestic politics"}, {"question": "Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?", "answer": "William Schabas"}, {"question": "In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?", "answer": "Jorgic v. Germany"}, {"question": "Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?", "answer": "majority of legal scholars"}, {"question": "What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?", "answer": "biological-physical"}, {"question": "What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?", "answer": "national, racial, religious or ethnic"}, {"question": "In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?", "answer": "the judgements of several international and municipal courts"}, {"question": "Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?", "answer": "that biological-physical destruction was necessary"}, {"question": "Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?", "answer": "Convention States municipal laws"}, {"question": "A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?", "answer": "the type of group destruction"}, {"question": "Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?", "answer": "\"in whole or in part\""}, {"question": "What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?", "answer": "Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic"}, {"question": "In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?", "answer": "entire human groups"}, {"question": "In addressing the issue of \"in part,\" the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?", "answer": "that group"}, {"question": "Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?", "answer": "opinions of respected commentators"}, {"question": "Several considerations were involved in meeting the requirement to determine what?  ", "answer": "when the targeted part is substantial enough"}, {"question": "What is the key aspect of the targeted part of the group at the starting point of the inquiry? ", "answer": "The numeric size"}, {"question": "The number of people targeted in a genocide should not be solely evaluated by what?", "answer": "absolute terms"}, {"question": "In addition to the numeric size of a targeted group, what other consideration was useful to the ICTY?", "answer": "prominence within the group"}, {"question": "The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? ", "answer": "perpetrators' access to the victims"}, {"question": "What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? ", "answer": "historical examples of genocide"}, {"question": "The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?", "answer": "possible extent of their reach"}, {"question": "What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?", "answer": "the opportunity presented to him"}, {"question": "While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?", "answer": "inform the analysis"}, {"question": "On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?", "answer": "12 January 1951"}, {"question": "What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? ", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?", "answer": "only two"}, {"question": "What member ratified in 1970?", "answer": "the United Kingdom"}, {"question": "The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?", "answer": "a diplomatic compromise"}, {"question": "Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?", "answer": "a research tool"}, {"question": "What does the treaty possess that others lack?", "answer": "international legal credibility"}, {"question": "The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?", "answer": "alternative definitions"}, {"question": "What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?", "answer": "Jonassohn and Bj\u00f6rnson"}, {"question": "The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? ", "answer": "their focus"}, {"question": "What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?", "answer": "Frank Chalk"}, {"question": "With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?", "answer": "R. J. Rummel"}, {"question": "Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?", "answer": "Ted Gurr"}, {"question": "Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?", "answer": "social and political groups"}, {"question": "In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?", "answer": "The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response"}, {"question": "Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?", "answer": "political groups"}, {"question": "In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?", "answer": "Genocide"}, {"question": "In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? ", "answer": "intends to destroy a group"}, {"question": "Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?", "answer": "policies"}, {"question": "Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?", "answer": "victimized groups"}, {"question": "What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?", "answer": "politicides"}, {"question": "Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?", "answer": "nationality"}, {"question": "What did Harff define as \"short-lived outbursts by mobs...?\"", "answer": "pogroms"}, {"question": "In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?", "answer": "murder by government"}, {"question": "Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?", "answer": "religious group"}, {"question": "The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?", "answer": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}, {"question": "Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?", "answer": "eliminate the group"}, {"question": "In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?", "answer": "preventing births"}, {"question": "In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?", "answer": "Adrian Gallagher"}, {"question": "In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? ", "answer": "collective power"}, {"question": "Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?", "answer": "intent"}, {"question": "The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?", "answer": "group identity"}, {"question": "In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?", "answer": "destroyed"}, {"question": "Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?", "answer": "acts of genocide"}, {"question": "During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?", "answer": "both in peace and wartime"}, {"question": "In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?", "answer": "no claim of genocide could be brought against them"}, {"question": "What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?", "answer": "Norway"}, {"question": "In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?", "answer": "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"}, {"question": "Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?", "answer": "humanity"}, {"question": "An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?", "answer": "crimes like murder"}, {"question": "After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?", "answer": "the Holocaust"}, {"question": "Who is notable for coining the term \"Holocaust?\"", "answer": "Raphael Lemkin"}, {"question": "Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?", "answer": "European Court of Human Rights"}, {"question": "In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?", "answer": "wider interpretation of genocide"}, {"question": "The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?", "answer": "ethnic cleansing"}, {"question": "The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?", "answer": "expel Muslims and Croats from their homes"}, {"question": "Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?", "answer": "the ICTY"}, {"question": "In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?", "answer": "About 30"}, {"question": "Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?", "answer": "several plea bargains"}, {"question": "Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?", "answer": "conspiracy to commit genocide"}, {"question": "Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?", "answer": "aiding and abetting genocide"}, {"question": "Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?", "answer": "German courts"}, {"question": "Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?", "answer": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107"}, {"question": "What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?", "answer": "He died"}, {"question": "Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?", "answer": "genocide or complicity in genocide"}, {"question": "With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?", "answer": "Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107"}, {"question": "Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?", "answer": "Belgrade"}, {"question": "What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?", "answer": "International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)"}, {"question": "The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?", "answer": "April 1994"}, {"question": "the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?", "answer": "the Security Council of the United Nations"}, {"question": "The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?", "answer": "serious violations of the international law"}, {"question": "The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?", "answer": "Rwandan citizens"}, {"question": "What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?", "answer": "situation in Darfur"}, {"question": "In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?", "answer": "Colin Powell"}, {"question": "In front of which committee did Powell testify?", "answer": "the Senate Foreign Relations Committee"}, {"question": "What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?", "answer": "an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur"}, {"question": "Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?", "answer": "genocidal policy"}, {"question": "To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?", "answer": "Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court"}, {"question": "What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?", "answer": "the Commission report"}, {"question": "China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?", "answer": "his fourth report"}, {"question": "In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?", "answer": "structural conditions"}, {"question": "What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?", "answer": "psychological and social"}, {"question": "Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?", "answer": "Ervin Staub"}, {"question": "A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?", "answer": "devaluation of the group"}, {"question": "What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?", "answer": "humanizing a devalued group"}, {"question": "What country is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy a collectivity of?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "answer": "Saint-Barth"}, {"question": "In what language is Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy abbreviate St. Barts?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What did the native peoples of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy call the island?", "answer": "Ouanalao"}, {"question": "In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "What kind of island is St. Barts?", "answer": "volcanic"}, {"question": "What is the population of St. Barts?", "answer": "9,035"}, {"question": "What is the capital of St. Barts?", "answer": "Gustavia"}, {"question": "What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?", "answer": "Swedish"}, {"question": "When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?", "answer": "the winter holiday season"}, {"question": "St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?", "answer": "Guadeloupe"}, {"question": "When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "When did St. Barts finally received its independence?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?", "answer": "Hotel de la Collectivit\u00e9"}, {"question": "Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? ", "answer": "A senator"}, {"question": "How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?", "answer": "160"}, {"question": "St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?", "answer": "the Renaissance"}, {"question": "What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?", "answer": "the Saint-Barth\u00e9lemy Channel"}, {"question": "What is \u00cele Fr\u00e9gate in relation to St Barts?", "answer": "satellite islets"}, {"question": "What does \"Roques\" mean in English?", "answer": "little Turtle rocks"}, {"question": "What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?", "answer": "Colombier Bay"}, {"question": "Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?", "answer": "small"}, {"question": "The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?", "answer": "visible coral reef"}, {"question": "Reefs are almost always in what type of water?", "answer": "shallow"}, {"question": "Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?", "answer": "a marine reserve"}, {"question": "How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?", "answer": "leeward"}, {"question": "What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?", "answer": "windward"}, {"question": "The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?", "answer": "windsurfing"}, {"question": "What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?", "answer": "arid"}, {"question": "How many hectares does the island have in total?", "answer": "2,500"}, {"question": "How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?", "answer": "1000 mm"}, {"question": "When does summer end in St. Barts?", "answer": "November"}, {"question": "What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?", "answer": "13 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What are the people of St. Barts called?", "answer": "Saint-Barth\u00e9lemoise"}, {"question": "Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "What is the native language of St. Barts?", "answer": "French"}, {"question": "How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?", "answer": "racially"}, {"question": "About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?", "answer": "500\u2013700"}, {"question": "What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?", "answer": "Saint Martin"}, {"question": "When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?", "answer": "15 July 2007"}, {"question": "How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many people are on the Territorial Council?", "answer": "nineteen"}, {"question": "When was the last election held for the executive council positions?", "answer": "in March 2012"}, {"question": "How many senators represent St. Barts in France?", "answer": "One"}, {"question": "What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "When was the last senate election in St. Barts?", "answer": "September 2014"}, {"question": "What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?", "answer": "the European Union"}, {"question": "How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?", "answer": "thirteen"}, {"question": "What is often difficult on the island?", "answer": "Agricultural production"}, {"question": "What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?", "answer": "fishing"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?", "answer": "Gustavia"}, {"question": "What is grown in patches on the island?", "answer": "Sweet potato"}, {"question": "What seasoning is found naturally on the island?", "answer": "salt"}, {"question": "What besides investment is responsible for the high standard of living on the island?", "answer": "wealth generated by wealthy tourists"}, {"question": "St. Barts is considered a playground for whom?", "answer": "the rich and famous"}, {"question": "Besides boats how does St. Barts import most of its food?", "answer": "by airplane"}, {"question": "How many tourists visit St. Barts each year?", "answer": "200,000"}, {"question": "What is the highest propoerty value recorded in St. Barts?", "answer": "\u20ac61,200,000"}, {"question": "About how many hotels does St. Barts have?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "How many rooms does the largest hotel in St. Barts have?", "answer": "58"}, {"question": "How many rooms does the most expensive hotel on the island have?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "About how many villas are available for rent in St. Barts?", "answer": "400"}, {"question": "Which country besides Brazil does St. Barts import its labor force from?", "answer": "Portugal"}, {"question": "What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?", "answer": "succulent"}, {"question": "Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?", "answer": "The eastern part"}, {"question": "A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?", "answer": "several hundred"}, {"question": "What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?", "answer": "Sea grapes"}, {"question": "Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?", "answer": "the Pacific islands"}, {"question": "What plant was brought to St. Barts from the Mediterranean?", "answer": "aloe or aloe vera"}, {"question": "What is the name of the night blooming flower on St. Barts?", "answer": "cereus"}, {"question": "Where was the plant yellow bell brought from?", "answer": "South America"}, {"question": "When did the british army invade the island?", "answer": "1773"}, {"question": "What type of fig grows on the island?", "answer": "barbary"}, {"question": "When is the end of the dolphin migration period in St. Barts?", "answer": "May"}, {"question": "When is the beggining of the whale migration season?", "answer": "December"}, {"question": "What protected species is a common sight along the beaches of St. Barts?", "answer": "Turtles"}, {"question": "What is the favorite prey of leatherback sea turtles?", "answer": "jellyfish"}, {"question": "Where do green turtles live?", "answer": "amidst tall sea grasses"}, {"question": "What color are conch shells?", "answer": "pearly-pink"}, {"question": "What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?", "answer": "conch"}, {"question": "Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?", "answer": "shallow waters"}, {"question": "What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?", "answer": "ghost"}, {"question": "What do hermit crabs eat?", "answer": "garbage and sewerage"}, {"question": "What is the sea life reserve named at St. Barts?", "answer": "Reserve Naturelle"}, {"question": "How many hectares does the marine preserve cover?", "answer": "1.200"}, {"question": "What general species of animal was the marine reserve designed to protect?", "answer": "sea turtles"}, {"question": "What is prohibited in all zones of the marine reserve at St. Barts?", "answer": "Anchoring"}, {"question": "Colombier Bay has what type of helpful structures placed in the water?", "answer": "mooring buoys"}, {"question": "When did the British invade the harbour town in St. Barts?", "answer": "1744"}, {"question": "What year did the Swedes add more buildings to the harbour town?", "answer": "1785"}, {"question": "What was the port known as prior to the Swedish occupation of St. Barts?", "answer": "Car\u00e9nage"}, {"question": "What was the name of the port changed to after the Swedish occupation?", "answer": "Gustavia"}, {"question": "What war occurred in the 18th century?", "answer": "the Caribbean war"}, {"question": "What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?", "answer": "St. Barts Municipal Museum"}, {"question": "What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?", "answer": "Mus\u00e9e Territorial de St.-Barth\u00e9lemy"}, {"question": "What town is the Museum located in?", "answer": "Gustavia"}, {"question": "Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?", "answer": "British"}, {"question": "What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?", "answer": "Creole"}, {"question": "Who built the three forts on St. Barts?", "answer": "the Swedes"}, {"question": "What was the former name of Fort Oscar?", "answer": "Gustav Adolph"}, {"question": "When was Fort Gustav built?", "answer": "1787"}, {"question": "On what part of the island is Fort Oscar located on the far side of?", "answer": "La Pointe"}, {"question": "Most of the Forts in St. Barts are now all what?", "answer": "ruins"}, {"question": "How many restaurants does the island have?", "answer": "over 70"}, {"question": "Where are most of the nice restaurants located?", "answer": "in the hotels"}, {"question": "What do the French call snack restaurants besides les snacks?", "answer": "les petits creux"}, {"question": "Creole food is often what?", "answer": "spicier"}, {"question": "What type of cuisine related events does the island host each year?", "answer": "gastronomic"}, {"question": "How often is the AG2R Race held?", "answer": "every alternate year"}, {"question": "Where does the AG2R originate from?", "answer": "Concarneau"}, {"question": "What type of vehicles participate in the AG2R Race?", "answer": "boats"}, {"question": "What is the size requirement for entry into the AG2R Race?", "answer": "10 m"}, {"question": "How many people are in the vehicle for the AG2R Race?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What is the name of the airport in St. Barts?", "answer": "Gustaf III"}, {"question": "Where is the airport located on the island?", "answer": "the north coast"}, {"question": "What is the name of the nearest large commercial airport?", "answer": "Princess Juliana International Airport"}, {"question": "What Island is the nearest major airport located on?", "answer": "Sint Maarten"}, {"question": "What other than small commercial aircraft can land at the airport on St. Barts?", "answer": "charters"}, {"question": "Where is Tajikistan located?", "answer": "in Central Asia"}, {"question": "How many people are living in Tajikistan?", "answer": "8 million people"}, {"question": "What is the area of Tajikistan?", "answer": "area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)"}, {"question": "What country lies to Tajikistans east?", "answer": "China"}, {"question": "What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?", "answer": "Wakhan Corridor"}, {"question": "What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?", "answer": "city of Sarazm"}, {"question": "What other culutres has ruled the area?", "answer": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}, {"question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?", "answer": "Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"}, {"question": "When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What years did the civil war take place?", "answer": "1992 to 1997"}, {"question": "What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?", "answer": "Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}, {"question": "What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire"}, {"question": "What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?", "answer": "1991"}, {"question": "What years did the war last through?", "answer": "1992 to 1997"}, {"question": "What does Tajikistan mean?", "answer": "\"Land of the Tajiks\""}, {"question": "What does the suffix -stan mean?", "answer": "\"place of\" or \"country\""}, {"question": "Where did the word Tajik come from?", "answer": "the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe"}, {"question": "Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?", "answer": "because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\""}, {"question": "What was the first recorded history of this region?", "answer": "about 500 BCE"}, {"question": "What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?", "answer": "the Achaemenid Empire"}, {"question": "Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?", "answer": "Alexander the Great"}, {"question": "What religions were practiced in the region from first centry CE to 4th centry CE?", "answer": "Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism"}, {"question": "What tribes took control of the region in first centry CE?", "answer": "Yuezhi tribes"}, {"question": "When was Islam brought to the region?", "answer": "in the early eighth century"}, {"question": "What empire brought Islam practices with them?", "answer": "Hephthalite Empire,"}, {"question": "When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680"}, {"question": "Who took control of the regin in 710?", "answer": "Umayyads"}, {"question": "Who restored Persian control of the region?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire,"}, {"question": "What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?", "answer": "Khorasan"}, {"question": "When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?", "answer": "650\u2013680"}, {"question": "When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?", "answer": "710"}, {"question": "Who conquered Tansaxania?", "answer": "The Kara-Khanid Khanate"}, {"question": "When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?", "answer": "The Samanid Empire"}, {"question": "When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?", "answer": "during the late 19th century's Imperial Era"}, {"question": "What did Russia do between 1864-1885?", "answer": "Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan"}, {"question": "Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?", "answer": "the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand"}, {"question": "What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?", "answer": "gaining access to a supply of cotton"}, {"question": "In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?", "answer": "the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara"}, {"question": "What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?", "answer": "an Islamic social movement throughout the region"}, {"question": "Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?", "answer": "Russians"}, {"question": "When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?", "answer": "between 1910 and 1913"}, {"question": "Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?", "answer": "the threat of forced conscription during World War I"}, {"question": "Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?", "answer": "guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi"}, {"question": "What did they go to war against Bolshevick?", "answer": "to maintain independence"}, {"question": "Who won the war?", "answer": "The Bolsheviks"}, {"question": "What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?", "answer": "Islam, Judaism, and Christianity"}, {"question": "In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?", "answer": "Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"}, {"question": "What happeded between 1927-1934?", "answer": "collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place"}, {"question": "Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?", "answer": "in the southern region"}, {"question": "What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?", "answer": "Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement"}, {"question": "Who directed the purges of Soviets?", "answer": "Moscow"}, {"question": "How many people were expelled??", "answer": "nearly 10,000 people"}, {"question": "Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?", "answer": "Ethnic Russians"}, {"question": "What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?", "answer": "subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary"}, {"question": "What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?", "answer": "grew from less than 1% to 13%"}, {"question": "When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?", "answer": "1939"}, {"question": "How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?", "answer": "260,000 Tajik"}, {"question": "What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?", "answer": "Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)"}, {"question": "What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?", "answer": "living conditions, education and industry"}, {"question": "How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?", "answer": "by clan loyalties"}, {"question": "Why did more than half a million people flee?", "answer": "because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities"}, {"question": "Who came into power in 1992?", "answer": "Emomali Rahmon"}, {"question": "What did the ceasefire guaranteed?", "answer": "30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition"}, {"question": "Who was stationed along the boarder?", "answer": "Russian border troops"}, {"question": "Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?", "answer": "at the Dushanbe Airport"}, {"question": "Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?", "answer": "to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration."}, {"question": "Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?", "answer": "t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe"}, {"question": "Why was there concerns in 2010?", "answer": "that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August"}, {"question": "How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?", "answer": "28 Tajik soldiers"}, {"question": "When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?", "answer": "November 2010"}, {"question": "When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "What type of government does Tajikistan have?", "answer": "a republic"}, {"question": "What kind of system is a dominant-party system?", "answer": "where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament"}, {"question": "When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?", "answer": "November 1994"}, {"question": "Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?", "answer": "Kokhir Rasulzoda"}, {"question": "Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?", "answer": "Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova"}, {"question": "Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?", "answer": "accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment"}, {"question": "What happened in the Feb 2010 election?", "answer": "PDPT lose four seats in Parliament"}, {"question": "What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?", "answer": "\"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments\" and that \"these elections failed on many basic democratic standards.\""}, {"question": "What was the Tajikistan governments response?", "answer": "The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people"}, {"question": "Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?", "answer": "independent press outlets remain restricted"}, {"question": "What access is blocked?", "answer": "access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru"}, {"question": "What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?", "answer": "no public criticism of the regime is tolerated"}, {"question": "What is not covered by local media?", "answer": "all direct protest is severely suppressed"}, {"question": "What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?", "answer": "Tajikistan"}, {"question": "Where exactly is Tajikistan?", "answer": "between latitudes 36\u00b0 and 41\u00b0 N (a small area is north of 41\u00b0), and longitudes 67\u00b0 and 75\u00b0 E (a small area is east of 75\u00b0)"}, {"question": "What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?", "answer": "the Pamir range"}, {"question": "What area is under sea level?", "answer": "in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys"}, {"question": "Where is Dushanbe located?", "answer": "on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley"}, {"question": "What was the rate that the GDP expanded?", "answer": "an average rate of 9.6%"}, {"question": "What is the primary source of income in Tajikistan?", "answer": "aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers"}, {"question": "What accounts for 60% of the agricultural output?", "answer": "60%"}, {"question": "What is the name of the state owned company that produces aluminium?", "answer": "Tajik Aluminum Company"}, {"question": "What is something that the rivers in Tajikistan are good for?", "answer": "hydropower potential"}, {"question": "Who is trying to attract investments for hydropower in Tajikistan?", "answer": "the government"}, {"question": "What is the highest dam in the world?", "answer": "Nurek Dam"}, {"question": "What will the project named CASA 1000 do?", "answer": "CASA 1000, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What is the average amount lived on per day?", "answer": "US$1.25 per day"}, {"question": "What was the total for the remittances from Tajik migrans?", "answer": "estimated $2.1 billion US dollars"}, {"question": "How did Tajikistan change their economy?", "answer": "by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage \u2014 cheap labor"}, {"question": "What has been one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth?", "answer": "remittances"}, {"question": "What is raised locally for the domestic market?", "answer": "opium poppy"}, {"question": "What all has helped with the fight against drugs?", "answer": "with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities"}, {"question": "Tajikistan is thrid in the world for what type of confiscations?", "answer": "heroin and raw opium confiscations"}, {"question": "What is UNODC helping Tajikistan with to help the war on drugs?", "answer": "strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency"}, {"question": "What are the majority of transportation options?", "answer": "via roads, air, and rail."}, {"question": "What countries had Tajikistan been working with to use ports?", "answer": "Iran and Pakistan"}, {"question": "What countries did Tajikistan agree with to build a highway and a rail way?", "answer": "Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What year was the agreement signed?", "answer": "2012"}, {"question": "How many airports does Tajikistan have?", "answer": "26 airports"}, {"question": "What is the country's main airport?", "answer": "Dushanbe International Airport"}, {"question": "Where are the international flights maining going to?", "answer": "Russia"}, {"question": "What is the name of the airport in the eastern half of the country?", "answer": "Khorog Airport"}, {"question": "What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?", "answer": "7,349,145"}, {"question": "What percent of the population is under 30 years old?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?", "answer": "35%"}, {"question": "What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?", "answer": "Tajik"}, {"question": "What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?", "answer": "Tajikistanis"}, {"question": "What people live in the southeast area of the country?", "answer": "The Pamiri people"}, {"question": "How are they different than most Tajiks?", "answer": "distinct linguistically and culturally"}, {"question": "What mountians do the Pamiri people call home?", "answer": "Pamir Mountains"}, {"question": "What school has been recognized by the government?", "answer": "Sunni Islam of the Hanafi"}, {"question": "What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?", "answer": "a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion"}, {"question": "What are the two national Islamic holidays?", "answer": "Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon"}, {"question": "What percent of the population is muslim?", "answer": "98%"}, {"question": "What type of religions concerns are there?", "answer": "minority religious groups undermine national unity"}, {"question": "What concerns for the religions institutions are there?", "answer": "a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere"}, {"question": "What is the name of the militant Islamic party in Tajikistan?", "answer": "Hizb ut-Tahrir"}, {"question": "What does the Hizb ut-Tahrir aim for?", "answer": "aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state"}, {"question": "What do religions communities have to register with?", "answer": "State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities"}, {"question": "What does the SCRA require?", "answer": "a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location"}, {"question": "What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?", "answer": "a physical structure"}, {"question": "What can happen if you do not register?", "answer": "can result in large fines and closure of place of worship"}, {"question": "What is wrong with the health care system in Tajikistan?", "answer": ", the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies"}, {"question": "How many disabled people are registered in Tajikistan?", "answer": "104,272"}, {"question": "What percent of the GDP was spent on health?", "answer": "1%"}, {"question": "What was the name of the paper that the World Bank and Tajikistan came up with?", "answer": "World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper"}, {"question": "How many years of school are there in the Tajikistan school system?", "answer": "11 years of primary and secondary education"}, {"question": "What do they want to impliment in 2016?", "answer": "a 12-year system"}, {"question": "What is the name of one of the tertiary education institutions?", "answer": "Khujand State University"}, {"question": "What is the percent of tertiary education enrollment?", "answer": "17%"}, {"question": "The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?", "answer": "University of Notre Dame du"}, {"question": "What type of institution is the Notre Dame?", "answer": "Catholic research university"}, {"question": "The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?", "answer": "Our Lady of the Lake"}, {"question": "Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?", "answer": "the Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "How large is Notre Dame in acres?", "answer": "1,250"}, {"question": "What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?", "answer": "its Fighting Irish football team"}, {"question": "Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?", "answer": "Knute Rockne"}, {"question": "Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?", "answer": "NCAA Division I"}, {"question": "How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?", "answer": "among the top twenty"}, {"question": "How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?", "answer": "Driehaus Architecture Prize"}, {"question": "How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?", "answer": "more than 50"}, {"question": "Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?", "answer": "Snite Museum of Art"}, {"question": "In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?", "answer": "C\u00e9lestine Guynemer de la Hailandi\u00e8re"}, {"question": "Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?", "answer": "the Congregation of the Holy Cross"}, {"question": "On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?", "answer": "November 26, 1842"}, {"question": "Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?", "answer": "Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel"}, {"question": "In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Father Lemonnier"}, {"question": "In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?", "answer": "1873"}, {"question": "In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?", "answer": "1879"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?", "answer": "Rev. William Corby"}, {"question": "On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?", "answer": "17th of May"}, {"question": "What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?", "answer": "Washington Hall"}, {"question": "What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?", "answer": "LaFortune Student Center"}, {"question": "In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?", "answer": "Father James Burns"}, {"question": "Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?", "answer": "three years"}, {"question": "What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?", "answer": "scholastic and classical"}, {"question": "Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?", "answer": "Harvard Law School"}, {"question": "Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?", "answer": "College of Commerce"}, {"question": "The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?", "answer": "Knute Rockne"}, {"question": "What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?", "answer": "105"}, {"question": "How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?", "answer": "1925"}, {"question": "Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?", "answer": "the Protestant establishment"}, {"question": "Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?", "answer": "the Ku Klux Klan"}, {"question": "What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?", "answer": "a week-long Klavern"}, {"question": "Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?", "answer": "South Bend"}, {"question": "Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?", "answer": "Fr. Matthew Walsh"}, {"question": "Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?", "answer": "Father John Francis O'Hara"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?", "answer": "Father John Francis O'Hara"}, {"question": "Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?", "answer": "Laetare Medal"}, {"question": "Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?", "answer": "God"}, {"question": "Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?", "answer": "Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C."}, {"question": "Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?", "answer": "more than half"}, {"question": "Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Lobund Institute for Animal Studies"}, {"question": "Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Medieval Institute"}, {"question": "What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?", "answer": "Hall of Liberal Arts"}, {"question": "What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?", "answer": "1917\u20132015"}, {"question": "During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "1952\u201387"}, {"question": "In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?", "answer": "18"}, {"question": "What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?", "answer": "$9 million"}, {"question": "How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?", "answer": "950"}, {"question": "What type of educational institute is Hesburgh given credit for creating at Notre Dame?", "answer": "coeducational"}, {"question": "With what institute did Notre Dame agree to an exchange program in the 1960s?", "answer": "Saint Mary's College"}, {"question": "Which role did Charles Sheedy have at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Dean of Arts and Letters"}, {"question": "What title did Thomas Blantz have at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Vice President of Student Affairs"}, {"question": "In what year did Notre Dame have its earliest undergraduate that was female?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "During what years was Edward Malloy president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "1987\u20132005"}, {"question": "The amount of professors at Notre Dame increased by what amount under Malloy?", "answer": "500"}, {"question": "What was the SAT score, on average, at Notre Dame when Edward Malloy became president?", "answer": "1240"}, {"question": "When Malloy became president of Notre Dame what was the size of the endowment?", "answer": "$350 million"}, {"question": "When Malloy reached the end of his time as president how much annuals funding for research did Notre Dame have?", "answer": "more than $70 million"}, {"question": "When did John Jenkins become the president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "In terms of the amount of presidents Notre Dame has had, where is John Jenkins on the list?", "answer": "17th"}, {"question": "Who was the Notre Dame president that preceded John Jenkins?", "answer": "Malloy"}, {"question": "Which arena was constructed under Jenkins at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Compton Family Ice Arena"}, {"question": "How much money was spent on enhancing Notre Dame Stadium under John Jenkins?", "answer": "$400m"}, {"question": "Which congregation is in charge of the Old College at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Congregation of Holy Cross"}, {"question": "What structure is found on the location of the original church of Father Sorin at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Basilica of the Sacred Heart"}, {"question": "In which architectural style is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame made?", "answer": "French Revival"}, {"question": "Which individual painted the inside of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Luigi Gregori"}, {"question": "In what year was the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes at Notre Dame constructed?", "answer": "1896"}, {"question": "Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?", "answer": "Fr. Zahm"}, {"question": "In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?", "answer": "Joseph LaFortune"}, {"question": "How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?", "answer": "83,000 square feet"}, {"question": "What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?", "answer": "$1.2 million"}, {"question": "How many halls are at Notre Dame that house students?", "answer": "29"}, {"question": "Which library was built at Notre Dame in 1963?", "answer": "Theodore Hesburgh Library"}, {"question": "How many books are housed at the Theodore Hesburgh Library?", "answer": "almost 4 million"}, {"question": "Construction for which hall started on March 8th 2007 at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Duncan Hall"}, {"question": "Which baseball stadium is found at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Frank Eck Stadium"}, {"question": "In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?", "answer": "2008"}, {"question": "What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?", "answer": "40%"}, {"question": "Notre Dame got a \"B\" for its sustainability practices from which entity?", "answer": "Sustainable Endowments Institute"}, {"question": "Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?", "answer": "Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"}, {"question": "In what year did Notre Dame first have a facility in England?", "answer": "1968"}, {"question": "At which location is the London Center operated by Notre Dame found?", "answer": "1 Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square"}, {"question": "Notre Dame has a center in Beijing, what is it referred to as?", "answer": "Global Gateways"}, {"question": "In what year did the Suffolk Street location start to house a Notre Dame facility?", "answer": "1998"}, {"question": "What was Notre Dame's first college?", "answer": "The College of Arts and Letters"}, {"question": "In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?", "answer": "1842"}, {"question": "In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on?", "answer": "Saint Louis University"}, {"question": "How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer?", "answer": "33"}, {"question": "Which president at Notre Dame created the College of Science?", "answer": "Father Patrick Dillon"}, {"question": "In what year was the Notre Dame College of Science formed?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "How many years long was a scientific course under Patrick Dillon at Notre Dame?", "answer": "six years"}, {"question": "Which hall at Notre Dame contains the current College of Science?", "answer": "Jordan Hall of Science"}, {"question": "How many undergrad students attend the College of Science at Notre Dame today?", "answer": "over 1,200"}, {"question": "In 1899 Notre Dame formed which college?", "answer": "School of Architecture"}, {"question": "In what building is the current School of Architecture housed at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Bond Hall"}, {"question": "What length is the course of study at the Notre Dame School of Architecture?", "answer": "five-year"}, {"question": "In which location do students of the School of Architecture of Notre Dame spend their 3rd year?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "Which prestigious prize does the School of Architecture at Notre Dame give out?", "answer": "Driehaus Architecture Prize"}, {"question": "In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?", "answer": "the College of Science"}, {"question": "How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the 1870s"}, {"question": "How many colleges for undergraduates are at Notre Dame?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What was created at Notre Dame in 1962 to assist first year students?", "answer": "The First Year of Studies program"}, {"question": "What entity provides help with the management of time for new students at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Learning Resource Center"}, {"question": "Which organization declared the First Year of Studies program at Notre Dame \"outstanding?\"", "answer": "U.S. News & World Report"}, {"question": "In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1854"}, {"question": "The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1924"}, {"question": "What type of degree is an M.Div.?", "answer": "Master of Divinity"}, {"question": "Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?", "answer": "Department of Pre-Professional Studies"}, {"question": "Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?", "answer": "Alliance for Catholic Education"}, {"question": "What institute at Notre Dame studies  the reasons for violent conflict?", "answer": "Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies"}, {"question": "In what year was the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies founded?", "answer": "1986"}, {"question": "To whom was John B. Kroc married?", "answer": "Ray Kroc"}, {"question": "What is the title of Notre Dame's Theodore Hesburgh?", "answer": "President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame"}, {"question": "What company did Ray Kroc own?", "answer": "McDonald's"}, {"question": "How many stories tall is the main library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is the name of the main library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Theodore M. Hesburgh Library"}, {"question": "In what year was the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library at Notre Dame finished?", "answer": "1963"}, {"question": "Which artist created the mural on the Theodore M. Hesburgh Library?", "answer": "Millard Sheets"}, {"question": "What is a common name to reference the mural created by Millard Sheets at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Touchdown Jesus"}, {"question": "In what year did the opening of a theology library at Notre Dame occur?", "answer": "2015"}, {"question": "Where is the theology library at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the first floor of Stanford Hall"}, {"question": "How many books are held by the Notre Dame libraries?", "answer": "over three million volumes"}, {"question": "Currently where does Notre Dame's library rank in the nation?", "answer": "one of the 100 largest"}, {"question": "What percentage of students were admitted to Notre Dame in fall 2015?", "answer": "19.7%"}, {"question": "How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?", "answer": "3,577"}, {"question": "Where does Notre Dame rank in terms of academic profile among research universities in the US?", "answer": "the top 10 to 15 in the nation"}, {"question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame participated in the Early Action program?", "answer": "39.1%"}, {"question": "How many miles does the average student at Notre Dame travel to study there?", "answer": "more than 750 miles"}, {"question": "Where did U.S. News & World Report rank Notre Dame in its 2015-2016 university rankings?", "answer": "18th overall"}, {"question": "In 2014 what entity named Notre Dame 10th best of all American universities?", "answer": "USA Today"}, {"question": "Forbes.com placed Notre Dame at what position compared to other US research universities?", "answer": "8th"}, {"question": "The undergrad school at the Mendoza College of Business was ranked where according to BusinessWeek?", "answer": "1st overall"}, {"question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students decide to study abroad?", "answer": "57.6%"}, {"question": "What person was the Director of the Science Museum at Notre Dame in the late 19th century?", "answer": "Father Joseph Carrier, C.S.C."}, {"question": "What professorship did Father Josh Carrier hold at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Professor of Chemistry and Physics"}, {"question": "What was the lifespan of John Augustine Zahm?", "answer": "1851\u20131921"}, {"question": "What program did John Augustine Zahm come to co-direct at Nore Dame?", "answer": "the Science Department"}, {"question": "What book did John Zahm write in 1896?", "answer": "Evolution and Dogma"}, {"question": "What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?", "answer": "an early wind tunnel"}, {"question": "In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?", "answer": "Professor Jerome Green"}, {"question": "In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?", "answer": "Around 1899"}, {"question": "Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?", "answer": "Father Julius Nieuwland"}, {"question": "Work on a germ-free-life ended up in the creation of which Notre Dame institute?", "answer": "The Lobund Institute"}, {"question": "When did study of a germ-free-life begin at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "Around what time did Lobund of Notre Dame become independent?", "answer": "the 1940s"}, {"question": "In what year did Lobund at Notre Dame become an Institute?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "The Lobund Institute was merged into the Department of Biology at Notre Dame in what year?", "answer": "1958"}, {"question": "Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?", "answer": "The Review of Politics"}, {"question": "What was the Review of Politics inspired by?", "answer": "German Catholic journals"}, {"question": "Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?", "answer": "Review of Politics"}, {"question": "What caused many intellectual Catholics to leave europe in the 1930s?", "answer": "The rise of Hitler and other dictators"}, {"question": "From where did Anton-Hermann Chroust come to reach Notre Dame?", "answer": "Germany"}, {"question": "What field of study did Anton-Hermann Chroust specialize in?", "answer": "classics and law"}, {"question": "Who did Waldemar Gurian receive his tutelage under while seeking his doctorate?", "answer": "Max Scheler"}, {"question": "What was Ivan Me\u0161trovi\u0107 known for being?", "answer": "a renowned sculptor"}, {"question": "Who was the president of Notre Dame in 2012?", "answer": "John Jenkins"}, {"question": "The Kellogg Institute for International Studies is part of which university?", "answer": "Notre Dame"}, {"question": "What does the Kroc Institute at Notre Dame focus on?", "answer": "International Peace studies"}, {"question": "In what year did Notre Dame begin to host the Global Adaptation Index?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What threat does the Global Adaptation Index study?", "answer": "climate change"}, {"question": "How many undergrads were attending Notre Dame in 2014?", "answer": "8,448"}, {"question": "What percentage of students at Notre Dame are the children of former Notre Dame students?", "answer": "21\u201324%"}, {"question": "How many teams participate in the Notre Dame Bookstore Basketball tournament?", "answer": "over 700"}, {"question": "For what cause is money raised at the Bengal Bouts tournament at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh"}, {"question": "How many students in total were at Notre Dame in 2014?", "answer": "12,179"}, {"question": "What percentage of undergrads live on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "80%"}, {"question": "How many student housing areas are reserved for Notre Dame's graduate students?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How many dorms for males are on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "15"}, {"question": "What amount of the graduate student body at Notre Dame live on the campus?", "answer": "20%"}, {"question": "There are how many dorms for females at Notre Dame?", "answer": "14"}, {"question": "What is Congregation of Holy Cross in Latin?", "answer": "Congregatio a Sancta Cruce"}, {"question": "What percentage of Notre Dame students feel they are Christian?", "answer": "more than 93%"}, {"question": "How often is Catholic mass held at Notre Dame in a week?", "answer": "over 100 times"}, {"question": "How many chapels are on the Notre Dame campus?", "answer": "Fifty-seven"}, {"question": "What amount of the student body of Notre Dame identifies as Catholic?", "answer": "over 80%"}, {"question": "What sits on top of the Main Building at Notre Dame?", "answer": "a golden statue of the Virgin Mary"}, {"question": "What is in front of the Notre Dame Main Building?", "answer": "a copper statue of Christ"}, {"question": "The Basilica of the Sacred heart at Notre Dame is beside to which structure?", "answer": "the Main Building"}, {"question": "What is the Grotto at Notre Dame?", "answer": "a Marian place of prayer and reflection"}, {"question": "To whom did the Virgin Mary allegedly appear in 1858 in Lourdes France?", "answer": "Saint Bernadette Soubirous"}, {"question": "Where is the headquarters of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "answer": "Rome"}, {"question": "What is the primary seminary of the Congregation of the Holy Cross?", "answer": "Moreau Seminary"}, {"question": "What is the oldest structure at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Old College"}, {"question": "What individuals live at Fatima House at Notre Dame?", "answer": "Retired priests and brothers"}, {"question": "Which prize did Frederick Buechner create?", "answer": "Buechner Prize for Preaching"}, {"question": "How many student news papers are found at Notre Dame?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "When did the Scholastic Magazine of Notre dame begin publishing?", "answer": "September 1876"}, {"question": "How often is Notre Dame's the Juggler published?", "answer": "twice"}, {"question": "What is the daily student paper at Notre Dame called?", "answer": "The Observer"}, {"question": "In what year did the student paper Common Sense begin publication at Notre Dame?", "answer": "1987"}, {"question": "Which television station finds its home at Notre Dame?", "answer": "NDtv"}, {"question": "How many programs did NDtv feature in 2002?", "answer": "one show"}, {"question": "Which radio station provides radio to the students of Notre Dame at 88.9 FM?", "answer": "WSND-FM"}, {"question": "Which internet radio station of Notre Dame is served as an internet stream?", "answer": "WVFI"}, {"question": "How much is Eddy Street Commons at Notre Dame expected to cost?", "answer": "$215 million"}, {"question": "When was ground broke on the Eddy Street Commons Project of Notre Dame?", "answer": "June 3, 2008"}, {"question": "Who is the developer of Eddy Street Commons?", "answer": "Kite Realty"}, {"question": "Which entity did Notre Dame hire to build a parking structure outside of Eddy Street Commons?", "answer": "the City of South Bend"}, {"question": "There were protested as a part of the construction at Eddy Street Commons, they came due tot he hiring of whom?", "answer": "non-union workers"}, {"question": "What does the acronym NCAA stand for?", "answer": "National Collegiate Athletic Association"}, {"question": "Which league did Notre Dame Fighting Irish teams participate in in 1982?", "answer": "Horizon League"}, {"question": "What when conference do the Notre Dame fencing teams take part in?", "answer": "Midwest Fencing Conference"}, {"question": "There is a conference that the male hockey team of Notre Dame competes in, what is it?", "answer": "Hockey East"}, {"question": "In what conference did the Fighting Irish take part in in 2012?", "answer": "Big East Conference"}, {"question": "To what conference did the Fighting Irish go after the Big East?", "answer": "the ACC"}, {"question": "How many teams in each season do the Fighting Irish commit to play against ACC opponents?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "Where did the Fighting Irish hockey team compete prior to a move to Hockey East, in terms of conference?", "answer": "Central Collegiate Hockey Association"}, {"question": "What colors are the official ones used by Notre Dame in sport competition?", "answer": "Navy Blue and Gold Rush"}, {"question": "What type of mascot do the Notre Dame sport teams have?", "answer": "Leprechaun"}, {"question": "Who currently provides uniforms to Notre Dame sport teams?", "answer": "Under Armour"}, {"question": "What is the value of the contract between Under Armour and Notre Dame?", "answer": "almost $100 million"}, {"question": "When did the Notre Dame marching band form?", "answer": "1846"}, {"question": "What is notable about the Notre Dame marching band?", "answer": "oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States"}, {"question": "What is the Notre Dame fight song?", "answer": "Notre Dame Victory March"}, {"question": "Which team did Notre Dame's football team find inspiration from?", "answer": "Michigan Wolverines football team"}, {"question": "In what year did Notre Dame football begin?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "What university is Notre Dame tied with in terms of most Heisman Trophy winners?", "answer": "Ohio State University"}, {"question": "Against which team does Notre Dame compete for the Jeweled Shillelagh?", "answer": "USC"}, {"question": "In terms of Notre Dame students in the College Football Hall of Fame the amount of students named is what ?", "answer": "the most"}, {"question": "What notable football player played at Notre Dame from 1916 to 1920?", "answer": "George Gipp"}, {"question": "Against which opponent did Knute Rockne tell his team to \"win one for the Gipper?\"", "answer": "the Army team"}, {"question": "Which person portrayed Knute Rockne in the 1940 movie \"Knute Rockne?\"", "answer": "Pat O'Brien"}, {"question": "Ronald Reagan played the role of whom in 1940's \"Knute Rockne?\"", "answer": "Gipp"}, {"question": "How many seats are in Notre Dame Stadium?", "answer": "80,795"}, {"question": "What is displayed at Zahm House for football home games at Notre Dame?", "answer": "two-story banner"}, {"question": "What occurs at midnight preceding a football home game at Notre Dame?", "answer": "the Drummers' Circle"}, {"question": "From where does the Band of the Fighting Irish lead a march to the Notre Dame Stadium for football home games?", "answer": "the steps of Bond Hall"}, {"question": "What songs does the trumpet section of the Band of the Fighting Irish play preceding home football games?", "answer": "the Notre Dame Victory March and the Notre Dame Alma Mater"}, {"question": "On what day do Notre Dame home football games occur?", "answer": "Saturday"}, {"question": "How many wins does the Notre Dame men's basketball team have?", "answer": "over 1,600"}, {"question": "How many schools have a similar men's basketball record to Notre Dame in terms of wins?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many NCAA tournaments did the Notre Dame men's basketball team take part in?", "answer": "28"}, {"question": "Which Notre Dame men's basketball player has the record for more points in one game?", "answer": "Austin Carr"}, {"question": "Who was the Notre Dame men's basketball coach in 2014?", "answer": "Mike Brey"}, {"question": "Who wrote the original lyrics to the Notre Dame Victory March?", "answer": "John F. Shea"}, {"question": "In what year did Michael J. Shea graduate from Notre Dame?", "answer": "1904"}, {"question": "Who is responsible for writing the music for \"Notre Dame Victory March?\"", "answer": "Rev. Michael J. Shea"}, {"question": "In what year did \"Notre Dame Victory March\" get copyrighted?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "To where are the loyal sons in \"Notre Dame Fight Song\" marching?", "answer": "onward to victory"}, {"question": "Ronald Reagan had a nickname, what was it?", "answer": "The Gipper"}, {"question": "In what film did a parody of the \"Win one for the Gipper\" speech appear?", "answer": "Airplane!"}, {"question": "Who starred as Daniel Ruettiger in the film Rudy?", "answer": "Sean Astin"}, {"question": "Which person was a former comrade to Ted Striker in the film Airplane!?", "answer": "George Zipp"}, {"question": "Pat O'Brien portrayed which person in the film Knute Rockne?", "answer": "Knute Rockne"}, {"question": "Which Secretary of State attended Notre Dame?", "answer": "Condoleezza Rice"}, {"question": "Which Notre Dame alum from the College of Science won a Nobel Prize?", "answer": "Eric F. Wieschaus"}, {"question": "Who is the current president of Notre Dame?", "answer": "Rev. John Jenkins"}, {"question": "Mariel Zagunis is notable for winning what?", "answer": "Olympic gold"}, {"question": "Which notable astronaut is known to have attended Notre Dame?", "answer": "Jim Wetherbee"}, {"question": "What is anthropology a study of?", "answer": "humans and their societies"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?", "answer": "social"}, {"question": "What investigates the influence of language in social life?", "answer": "linguistic anthropology"}, {"question": "What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?", "answer": "physical"}, {"question": "Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?", "answer": "United States"}, {"question": "Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?", "answer": "\u00c9tienne Serres"}, {"question": "When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?", "answer": "1838"}, {"question": "When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?", "answer": "1850"}, {"question": "Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?", "answer": "France"}, {"question": "What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?", "answer": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Ethnologique de Paris"}, {"question": "What is anthropology the intellectual results of?", "answer": "comparative methods"}, {"question": "What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?", "answer": "similarities"}, {"question": "What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?", "answer": "processes or laws unknown to them then"}, {"question": "What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?", "answer": "epiphany"}, {"question": "How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?", "answer": "comparison of species"}, {"question": "When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?", "answer": "late 1850s."}, {"question": "What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?", "answer": "bring it into the social sciences"}, {"question": "Where did Paul Broca reside?", "answer": "Paris"}, {"question": "What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?", "answer": "Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de biologie"}, {"question": "What did the French call evolutionism?", "answer": "Transformisme"}, {"question": "If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?", "answer": "neurosurgeon"}, {"question": "What particularly interested Broca?", "answer": "the pathology of speech"}, {"question": "What did Broca discover in the human brain?", "answer": "speech center"}, {"question": "What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?", "answer": "psychology"}, {"question": "How many volumes was Waitz work?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "How did Waitz define anthropology?", "answer": "the science of the nature of man"}, {"question": "What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?", "answer": "an animist"}, {"question": "What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?", "answer": "comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology"}, {"question": "What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?", "answer": "empirical"}, {"question": "What history was to be brought into the comparison?", "answer": "civilization"}, {"question": "Who was Waitz influential among?", "answer": "British ethnologists"}, {"question": "In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?", "answer": "1863"}, {"question": "What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?", "answer": "anthropology"}, {"question": "Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?", "answer": "French Soci\u00e9t\u00e9"}, {"question": "Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?", "answer": "Waitz"}, {"question": "When was the American Anthropological Association founded?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "Vienna created it's society in what year?", "answer": "1870"}, {"question": "When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?", "answer": "1869"}, {"question": "What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?", "answer": "empirical foundation"}, {"question": "What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?", "answer": "anthropological societies"}, {"question": "What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?", "answer": "international"}, {"question": "Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?", "answer": "The major theorists"}, {"question": "How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?", "answer": "majority of the world's higher educational institutions"}, {"question": "What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?", "answer": "subdivisions"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?", "answer": "Practical"}, {"question": "What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?", "answer": "recreate the final scene"}, {"question": "From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?", "answer": "about three dozen"}, {"question": "When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?", "answer": "late 19th and early 20th centuries"}, {"question": "What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?", "answer": "cross-cultural comparisons"}, {"question": "What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?", "answer": "cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques"}, {"question": "What did Boas' argue against?", "answer": "19th-century racial ideology"}, {"question": "What did Margaret Mead advocate for?", "answer": "gender equality and sexual liberation"}, {"question": "What type of discipline is anthropology?", "answer": "global"}, {"question": "What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?", "answer": "humanities, social, and natural sciences"}, {"question": "What builds upon natural and social sciences?", "answer": "Anthropology"}, {"question": "Where did early anthropology originate?", "answer": "Greece and Persia"}, {"question": "What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?", "answer": "cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies"}, {"question": "What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?", "answer": "structuralist and postmodern theories"}, {"question": "When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?", "answer": "During the 1970s and 1990s"}, {"question": "What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?", "answer": "nature and production of knowledge"}, {"question": "What two fields remained largely positivist? ", "answer": "archaeology and biological anthropology"}, {"question": "What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?", "answer": "cohesion"}, {"question": "What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?", "answer": "Sociocultural anthropology"}, {"question": "What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?", "answer": "Cultural anthropology"}, {"question": "Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?", "answer": "social"}, {"question": "What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?", "answer": "social structures,"}, {"question": "What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?", "answer": "hard-and-fast"}, {"question": "What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?", "answer": "cultural relativism"}, {"question": "What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?", "answer": "reductionism in cross-cultural comparison"}, {"question": "What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?", "answer": "Ethnography"}, {"question": "What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?", "answer": "Participant observation"}, {"question": "What is a needlessly complicated word which means \"conceptual\"?", "answer": "emic"}, {"question": "Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?", "answer": "Sociocultural"}, {"question": "Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?", "answer": "resolution"}, {"question": "What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?", "answer": "consumption and exchange"}, {"question": "What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?", "answer": "language"}, {"question": "What is a human universal?", "answer": "kinship"}, {"question": "What field studies human's past through material remains?", "answer": "Archaeology"}, {"question": "What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?", "answer": "cultural and material lives of past societies"}, {"question": "What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?", "answer": "human behavior and cultural practices"}, {"question": "What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?", "answer": "past human groups"}, {"question": "How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?", "answer": "in similar ways"}, {"question": "What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?", "answer": "Linguistic"}, {"question": "What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?", "answer": "anthropological"}, {"question": "What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?", "answer": "interpretation of sociocultural processes"}, {"question": "What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?", "answer": "sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis"}, {"question": "What is a cultural phenomenon? ", "answer": "art"}, {"question": "What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?", "answer": "do not exist"}, {"question": "What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?", "answer": "evident 'aesthetic' qualities"}, {"question": "When was Art as Cultural System penned?", "answer": "1983"}, {"question": "What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?", "answer": "culturally specific 'aesthetics'"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?", "answer": "Media anthropology"}, {"question": "Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?", "answer": "ethnographic"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?", "answer": "cyber"}, {"question": "Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?", "answer": "early 1990s"}, {"question": "Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?", "answer": "media reception"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?", "answer": "Visual"}, {"question": "What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?", "answer": "visual representation"}, {"question": "What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?", "answer": "ethnographic film"}, {"question": "Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?", "answer": "Economic"}, {"question": "Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?", "answer": "historic, geographic and cultural"}, {"question": "What is economic anthropology highly critical of?", "answer": "discipline of economics"}, {"question": "Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?", "answer": "Bronislaw Malinowski"}, {"question": "What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?", "answer": "exchange"}, {"question": "What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?", "answer": "traditional concerns"}, {"question": "What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?", "answer": "history and colonialism"}, {"question": "Who were the original affluent society?", "answer": "Hunter-gatherers"}, {"question": "What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?", "answer": "population"}, {"question": "What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?", "answer": "industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?", "answer": "Applied"}, {"question": "What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?", "answer": "change or stability"}, {"question": "What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?", "answer": "direct"}, {"question": "What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?", "answer": "the practical side"}, {"question": "Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?", "answer": "participating"}, {"question": "What perspective does development anthropology view development from?", "answer": "critical"}, {"question": "What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?", "answer": "pondering"}, {"question": "Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?", "answer": "increasing"}, {"question": "When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?", "answer": "gap"}, {"question": "What does a lot of planned development apparently do?", "answer": "fail"}, {"question": "What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?", "answer": "Kinship"}, {"question": "What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?", "answer": "anthropology"}, {"question": "When has anthropology developed related terms?", "answer": "Over its history"}, {"question": "What does it mean if people are related by descent?", "answer": "one's social relations during development"}, {"question": "Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?", "answer": "marriage"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?", "answer": "Feminist"}, {"question": "What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?", "answer": "male bias"}, {"question": "What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?", "answer": "systematic bias"}, {"question": "What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?", "answer": "gender"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?", "answer": "birth anthropology"}, {"question": "What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?", "answer": "Nutritional"}, {"question": "Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?", "answer": "food security"}, {"question": "If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?", "answer": "globalization"}, {"question": "What affects overall health status?", "answer": "Nutritional status"}, {"question": "What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?", "answer": "economic"}, {"question": "What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? ", "answer": "Psychological"}, {"question": "What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?", "answer": "humans' development and enculturation"}, {"question": "What aspects define a cultural group?", "answer": "its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories"}, {"question": "What shapes processes of human cognition?", "answer": "cultural group"}, {"question": "Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?", "answer": "understanding"}, {"question": "What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?", "answer": "Cognitive"}, {"question": "What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?", "answer": "cognitive sciences"}, {"question": "What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?", "answer": "experimental psychology and evolutionary biology"}, {"question": "Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?", "answer": "implicit knowledge"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?", "answer": "Political"}, {"question": "From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?", "answer": "structure of societies"}, {"question": "When did the new development of a stateless society come about?", "answer": "the 1960s"}, {"question": "The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?", "answer": "\"complex\""}, {"question": "Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?", "answer": "Geertz"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?", "answer": "Cyborg"}, {"question": "When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?", "answer": "1993"}, {"question": "What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?", "answer": "the Society for the Social Studies of Science"}, {"question": "Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?", "answer": "Donna Haraway"}, {"question": "What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?", "answer": "its relations"}, {"question": "Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?", "answer": "Environmental"}, {"question": "What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?", "answer": "political ecology"}, {"question": "What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?", "answer": "culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more."}, {"question": "The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?", "answer": "corporate"}, {"question": "Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?", "answer": "people of Hyde Park"}, {"question": "How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?", "answer": "by examining historical records"}, {"question": "Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?", "answer": "ethnic"}, {"question": "What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?", "answer": "its foundation"}, {"question": "What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?", "answer": "documents and manuscripts"}, {"question": "Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?", "answer": "Practitioners"}, {"question": "What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?", "answer": "Urban"}, {"question": "Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?", "answer": "Ulf Hannerz"}, {"question": "What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? ", "answer": "notoriously agoraphobic"}, {"question": "How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?", "answer": "social issues"}, {"question": "What is Anthrozoology also known as?", "answer": "human\u2013animal studies"}, {"question": "What is the study of interaction between living things?", "answer": "Anthrozoology"}, {"question": "What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?", "answer": "number of other disciplines"}, {"question": "What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?", "answer": "positive"}, {"question": "What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?", "answer": "anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy"}, {"question": "What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?", "answer": "Evolutionary"}, {"question": "What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?", "answer": "natural science and social science"}, {"question": "Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?", "answer": "past and present"}, {"question": "What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?", "answer": "many lines"}, {"question": "What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?", "answer": "Ethical"}, {"question": "What is the proper term for circumcision?", "answer": "mutilation"}, {"question": "What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?", "answer": "racism, slavery, and human sacrifice"}, {"question": "Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?", "answer": "man"}, {"question": "Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?", "answer": "depth of an anthropological approach"}, {"question": "What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?", "answer": "active in the allied war effort"}, {"question": "What groups formed the Axis forces?", "answer": "Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan"}, {"question": "What did many anthropologists serve in?", "answer": "the armed forces"}, {"question": "The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?", "answer": "intelligence"}, {"question": "Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?", "answer": "communist sympathies."}, {"question": "What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?", "answer": "the state"}, {"question": "What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?", "answer": "secret"}, {"question": "What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?", "answer": "certain scholarship"}, {"question": "Who penned a \"Statement of Professional Responsibility\"?", "answer": "The AAA"}, {"question": "Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?", "answer": "given"}, {"question": "Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? ", "answer": "the US military"}, {"question": "What are the anthropologists part of?", "answer": "US Army's strategy in Afghanistan"}, {"question": "What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?", "answer": "Counterinsurgency"}, {"question": "Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?", "answer": "Iraq"}, {"question": "What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?", "answer": "ethics"}, {"question": "What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?", "answer": "Biological"}, {"question": "What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?", "answer": "human universals"}, {"question": "Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?", "answer": "into the field"}, {"question": "To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?", "answer": "a community in its own setting"}, {"question": "Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?", "answer": "genetic"}, {"question": "How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?", "answer": "relevant time periods and geographic regions"}, {"question": "How has human time on Earth been divided up?", "answer": "cultural traditions based on material"}, {"question": "Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?", "answer": "tool"}, {"question": "Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?", "answer": "geographers"}, {"question": "What is a central part of the science of anthropology?", "answer": "comparative method"}, {"question": "What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?", "answer": "\"other cultures"}, {"question": "A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?", "answer": "time"}, {"question": "What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?", "answer": "non-European/non-Western societies"}, {"question": "Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, \"Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology\"?", "answer": "Ulf Hannerz"}, {"question": "When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to \"look across the tracks\"?", "answer": "only in late 1960s"}, {"question": "What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?", "answer": "set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region"}, {"question": "Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?", "answer": "research to a single locale"}, {"question": "What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?", "answer": "daily life of ordinary people"}, {"question": "What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?", "answer": "scientific laboratories"}, {"question": "Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?", "answer": "research"}, {"question": "What is the states rank in size?", "answer": "4th"}, {"question": "What is its rank in popularion?", "answer": "44th"}, {"question": "How many ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains?", "answer": "77"}, {"question": "Where does the state's name come from?", "answer": "from the Spanish word monta\u00f1a"}, {"question": "What year was the state tree selected?", "answer": "1908"}, {"question": "When was the state tree actually assigned?", "answer": "1949"}, {"question": "What year was the state animal selected?", "answer": "1981"}, {"question": "What is the state animal of Montana?", "answer": "grizzly bear"}, {"question": "What is the state fossil", "answer": "Maiasaura"}, {"question": "When was the state song composed?", "answer": "1910"}, {"question": "What is Montana's motto? ", "answer": "Oro y Plata"}, {"question": "What does Montana's motto mean?", "answer": "\"Gold and Silver\""}, {"question": "When was the motto adopted?", "answer": "1865"}, {"question": "WHen was the state flower adopted?", "answer": "1895"}, {"question": "What is the state flower for Montana?", "answer": "bitterroot"}, {"question": "How much of the states population does the \"Big 7\" have?", "answer": "35 percent"}, {"question": "How many counties does Montana have?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "What city in Montana has over 100,000 people?", "answer": "Billings"}, {"question": "What two cities have a population over 50,000?", "answer": "Missoula and Great Falls"}, {"question": "Where does the state's name mean?", "answer": "\"mountain\""}, {"question": "What did the Spanish call this region?", "answer": "Monta\u00f1a del Norte"}, {"question": "What is the total area of Montana?", "answer": "147,040 square miles"}, {"question": "What state does Montana border to the south?", "answer": "Wyoming"}, {"question": "What state does it border to the west?", "answer": "Idaho"}, {"question": "Where are most of the states mountain ranges?", "answer": "western half of the state"}, {"question": "How much of the state is prarie?", "answer": "About 60 percent"}, {"question": "Which direction do the rivers flow near the Triple Divide Peak?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Where does the Saskatchewan River empty into?", "answer": "Hudson Bay."}, {"question": "How high is the Beartooth Plateau?", "answer": "over 10,000 feet"}, {"question": "What is thie highest point in the state?", "answer": "Granite Peak"}, {"question": "How high is Granite Peak?", "answer": "12,799 feet"}, {"question": "How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "How long has the single congressional district been Republican?", "answer": "1996"}, {"question": "What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?", "answer": "29 to 21"}, {"question": "What is the split in the State House of Representatives?", "answer": "59 to 41."}, {"question": "In elections, what is Montana considered?", "answer": "a swing state"}, {"question": "What year was the last Democrat for president supported?", "answer": "1992"}, {"question": "How often has Montana voted for a Democratic governor?", "answer": "60 percent"}, {"question": "How often does Montana voted for a Democratic president?", "answer": "40 percent"}, {"question": "What is the name of the busiest airport in Montana?", "answer": "Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport"}, {"question": "When did Bozeman Airport surpass Billings Logan as the largest busiest in Montana?", "answer": "2013"}, {"question": "What is the states largest railway?", "answer": "BNSF Railway"}, {"question": "How long have railroads been important since in Montana", "answer": "1880s"}, {"question": "What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?", "answer": "Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation"}, {"question": "What season is black bear hunting allowed?", "answer": "spring"}, {"question": "What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?", "answer": "wolves and mountain lions"}, {"question": "Since when has Montana been a destination for trout fisheries?", "answer": "1930s"}, {"question": "What fishing organization has its home here?", "answer": "Federation of Fly Fishers"}, {"question": "What type of fisheries does the state have?", "answer": "trout and kokanee salmon fisheries"}, {"question": "What Robert Redford movie was shot here in 1002?", "answer": "A River Runs Through It"}, {"question": "When was the Montana Territory formed?", "answer": "April 26, 1864"}, {"question": "When was the first formal school on record?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "How much were students charged per week?", "answer": "$1.75"}, {"question": "When did the first public school in Virginia City formed?", "answer": "1886"}, {"question": "How many miles of rivers are known for high class trout?", "answer": "450"}, {"question": "What Bay do rivers from Montana feed?", "answer": "Hudson Bay"}, {"question": "Where do the watersheds divide at?", "answer": "Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park."}, {"question": "What ocean do rivers flow into from Montana?", "answer": "Pacific Ocean"}, {"question": "What rivers form the Missouri River?", "answer": "Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers"}, {"question": "Near where do the rivers form up for the Missouri river merging?", "answer": "Three Forks"}, {"question": "Which direction does the water flow in this area?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Which year was the Fort Peck Reservoir designated a National Scenic River?", "answer": "1976"}, {"question": "Which direction does the Yellowstone River flow through the national park?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "Where does the Yellowstone meet the Missouri river?", "answer": "North Dakota"}, {"question": "How many named lakes are there in Montana?", "answer": "at least 3,223"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest freshwater lake in western United States?", "answer": "Flathead Lake"}, {"question": "What is the name of the largest reservoir in the state?", "answer": "Fort Peck Reservoir"}, {"question": "What river is the Fort Peck Reservoir on?", "answer": "Missouri river"}, {"question": "About how much area do forests cover the state?", "answer": "approximately 25 percent"}, {"question": "How many different types of fish are diverse to Montana?", "answer": "90"}, {"question": "What type of bear does Montana have the highest population of?", "answer": "grizzly bear"}, {"question": "How many endangered species are in Montana?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "How many species of game fish have hunting seasons?", "answer": "at least 17"}, {"question": "What is the annual precipitation?", "answer": "15 inches"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does Heron recieve?", "answer": "34.70 inches"}, {"question": "How much precipitation does the  Grinnell Glacier recieve?", "answer": "105 inches"}, {"question": "How many tax brackets does Montana have?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "What is the highest tax bracket in Montana?", "answer": "6.9 percent"}, {"question": "Does Montana have a sales tax?", "answer": "no"}, {"question": "About how many Native Americans live in Montana?", "answer": "Approximately 66,000"}, {"question": "When was the Indian Appropriations Act passed?", "answer": "1851"}, {"question": "What year was the Dawes act passed?", "answer": "1887"}, {"question": "Where are the Little Shell Chippewa headquartered?", "answer": "Great Falls"}, {"question": "About what percentage of the Native Americans in Montana live off the reservation?", "answer": "63%"}, {"question": "What is the largest European-American race in Montana?", "answer": "German"}, {"question": "What was Helena originally founded as?", "answer": "a mining camp"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in Montana are Native peoples?", "answer": "6.5 percent"}, {"question": "What three counties are Native Americans a majority?", "answer": "Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt"}, {"question": "Between what years did the Native population increase by 27.9%", "answer": "1980 and 1990"}, {"question": "In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What month was the hottest ever recorded?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "What problem has substantially increased in its severity?", "answer": "forest fires"}, {"question": "What year was the Hellgate treaty formed?", "answer": "1855"}, {"question": "Who negotiated the Hellgate treaty?", "answer": "Isaac Stevens"}, {"question": "What year was the treaty ratified?", "answer": "1859"}, {"question": "What did the treaty establish?", "answer": "Flathead Indian Reservation"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first US Army post?", "answer": "Camp Cooke"}, {"question": "Where was Camp Cooke situated?", "answer": "on the Missouri River"}, {"question": "What year was the Great Sioux War?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "What is the official language of Montana?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?", "answer": "94.8 percent"}, {"question": "What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?", "answer": "Spanish"}, {"question": "How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?", "answer": "13,040"}, {"question": "ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?", "answer": "about 1,700"}, {"question": "What percent of the state is White?", "answer": "89.4 percent"}, {"question": "What percent of the state is Native American Indian?", "answer": "6.3 percent"}, {"question": "Hispanics account for what percentage of Monatanas population?", "answer": "2.9"}, {"question": "What was the population of the state in 2015?", "answer": "1,032,949"}, {"question": "How much did the population increase since 2010?", "answer": "4.40%"}, {"question": "What county saw the largest growth?", "answer": "Gallatin County"}, {"question": "What city saw the largest growth?", "answer": "Kalispell"}, {"question": "What year was Jeannette Rankin vote against war the first time?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "When did she vote a second time against war?", "answer": "1941"}, {"question": "What were conscientious objectors sent to Montana to do?", "answer": "smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties."}, {"question": "About how many bison were in Montana in 1870?", "answer": "over 13 million"}, {"question": "In 1884 about how many bison remained?", "answer": "about 325"}, {"question": "Who pleaded to Congress for slaughtering bison?", "answer": "General Philip Sheridan"}, {"question": "What year did General Sheridan approach Congress about killing bison?", "answer": "1875"}, {"question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?", "answer": "1881"}, {"question": "When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?", "answer": "1882"}, {"question": "What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?", "answer": "1871, 1872 and 1873"}, {"question": "What year was the Great White Sioux War?", "answer": "1876"}, {"question": "When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?", "answer": "1883"}, {"question": "When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?", "answer": "1866"}, {"question": "Why was this constitutional convention held?", "answer": "bid for statehood"}, {"question": "When was the second constitutional convention held?", "answer": "1884"}, {"question": "What year was Montana's statehood approved?", "answer": "1889"}, {"question": "What other three states were approved in the same year?", "answer": "North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington"}, {"question": "What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "How much land did the Homestead Act allow?", "answer": "160 acres"}, {"question": "What year was the first homestead claim claimed?", "answer": "1868"}, {"question": "When was the Desert Land Act passed?", "answer": "1877"}, {"question": "How much land did the Desert Land Act allot?", "answer": "640 acres"}, {"question": "How much was the charge per acre at first?", "answer": "$.25"}, {"question": "Who promoted settlement in Montana in the early 1900s", "answer": "James J. Hill"}, {"question": "In what year was the Reclamation Act passed?", "answer": "1902"}, {"question": "What year was the Enlarged Homestead Act passed?", "answer": "1909"}, {"question": "How much land was alloted in the new Enlarged Homestead Act?", "answer": "320 acres"}, {"question": "When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?", "answer": "1917"}, {"question": "When was the Sedition Act passed?", "answer": "1918"}, {"question": "What were these acts make do to laws?", "answer": "criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means"}, {"question": "How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?", "answer": "200"}, {"question": "How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?", "answer": "78"}, {"question": "How many Montanans entered the miltary in the first year of the war?", "answer": "40,000-plus"}, {"question": "How many Montanans joined the military in the war total?", "answer": "over 57,000"}, {"question": "About how many Montanans  died in the war?", "answer": "At least 1500"}, {"question": "Who trained at the military grounds in Montana?", "answer": "First Special Service Force or \"Devil's Brigade,\""}, {"question": "Where were air bases built in Montana?", "answer": "Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow"}, {"question": "What does Punjab mean?", "answer": "five waters"}, {"question": "How many provinces does Pakistan have?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "How large is Punjab?", "answer": "205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles)"}, {"question": "What is Punjab's population?", "answer": "91.379.615"}, {"question": "What is Punjab's biggest city?", "answer": "Lahore"}, {"question": "What plain is Punjab in?", "answer": "the alluvial plain of the Indus River"}, {"question": "What are the Indus River's tributaries?", "answer": "the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?", "answer": "39.2%"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?", "answer": "70%"}, {"question": "What crops does Punjab grow?", "answer": "wheat and cotton"}, {"question": "How large is Punjab compared to the other three provinces?", "answer": "second largest"}, {"question": "What is Pakistan's largest province?", "answer": "Balochistan"}, {"question": "How many square miles is Punjab?", "answer": "79,284"}, {"question": "What Indian states are on the east side of Punjab, Pakistan?", "answer": "Punjab and Rajasthan"}, {"question": "What Pakistani province is south of Punjab?", "answer": "Sindh"}, {"question": "Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?", "answer": "Punjab"}, {"question": "What is Pakistan's capital?", "answer": "Islamabad"}, {"question": "How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What is the easternmost river in Punjab?", "answer": "Sutlej"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?", "answer": "Nearly 60%"}, {"question": "How many departments does the Punjab administration have?", "answer": "48"}, {"question": "Who heads each government department?", "answer": "a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary"}, {"question": "Who do the Provincial Ministers report to?", "answer": "the Chief Minister"}, {"question": "Who do the Provincial Secretaries report to?", "answer": "the Chief Secretary of Punjab"}, {"question": "What rank is the Chief Secretary?", "answer": "usually a BPS-22 Civil Servant"}, {"question": "What was Punjab formerly known as?", "answer": "Panchanada"}, {"question": "What ancient civilization lived in Punjab?", "answer": "the Indus Valley Civilization"}, {"question": "When was Punjab part of the Indus Valley Civilization?", "answer": "more than 4000 years ago"}, {"question": "What was the major Indus city in Punjab?", "answer": "Harrapa"}, {"question": "What were bricks taken from Harrapa for the construction of?", "answer": "the Lahore-Multan railroad"}, {"question": "Who has invaded Punjab?", "answer": "Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans"}, {"question": "Who founded Taxila?", "answer": "son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram"}, {"question": "What is said to be the world's oldest university?", "answer": "Takshashila University"}, {"question": "What empire was Taxila a center of learning of?", "answer": "the Maurya Empire"}, {"question": "Who was Chanakya?", "answer": "great Vedic thinker and politician"}, {"question": "Where did Alexander the Great conquer in 10 days?", "answer": "Drangiana, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Seistan"}, {"question": "What wealth did Alexander hope to find?", "answer": "riches in gold, gems and pearls"}, {"question": "From which direction did Alexander enter Punjab?", "answer": "northeasterly"}, {"question": "Who were the Aspii?", "answer": "mountaineers"}, {"question": "Who were the Cathians?", "answer": "the people of Multan"}, {"question": "What religion did Punjab become?", "answer": "Muslim"}, {"question": "What did missionary Muslims build in Punjab?", "answer": "dargahs"}, {"question": "Who led the Umayyad army?", "answer": "Muhammad bin Qasim"}, {"question": "Where did the Umayyads conquer?", "answer": "Sindh and Southern Punjab"}, {"question": "Who did the Umayyads defeat?", "answer": "Raja Dahir"}, {"question": "Who was Raghunath Rao?", "answer": "the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire"}, {"question": "Who did Rao conquer in 1758?", "answer": "Lahore and Attock"}, {"question": "When was the Third Battle of Panipat?", "answer": "1761"}, {"question": "Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?", "answer": "Maratha"}, {"question": "Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?", "answer": "Ahmad Shah Abdali"}, {"question": "When did Sikhism begin?", "answer": "mid-fifteenth century"}, {"question": "In which empire did many Hindus become Sikhs?", "answer": "Mughal empire"}, {"question": "When did Ahmad fight at Akora Khattak?", "answer": "December 1826"}, {"question": "When did Ahmad fight at Balakot?", "answer": "1831"}, {"question": "Who won at Balakot?", "answer": "the professional Sikh Army"}, {"question": "When did Ranjit Singh die?", "answer": "summer of 1839"}, {"question": "What did Ranjit Singh's death cause?", "answer": "political chaos"}, {"question": "When was part of Punjab annexed into British India?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "When was the Second Anglo-Sikh War?", "answer": "1849"}, {"question": "What was the last territory added to British India?", "answer": "the Sikh Empire"}, {"question": "When did India and Pakistan fight in Punjab?", "answer": "1965 and 1971"}, {"question": "What is Kahuta an important location for?", "answer": "Pakistan's nuclear program"}, {"question": "Where does Punjab have major military bases?", "answer": "Sargodha and Rawalpindi"}, {"question": "When did India and Pakistan begin serious peace talks?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Who visits Nankana Sahib?", "answer": "Sikh pilgrims"}, {"question": "When do monsoons traditionally happen in Punjab?", "answer": "by May"}, {"question": "When did Punjab's weather pattern become unpredictable?", "answer": "since the early 1970s"}, {"question": "How hot do newspapers say it has gotten in Punjab?", "answer": "51 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "What was the record heat spike in Multan?", "answer": "54 \u00b0C"}, {"question": "When was the record heat spike in Multan?", "answer": "June 1993"}, {"question": "What is Punjab's major language?", "answer": "Punjabi"}, {"question": "How is Punjabi written?", "answer": "in a Shahmukhi script"}, {"question": "What is the largest ethnic group in Pakistan?", "answer": "Punjabis"}, {"question": "What minimum percent of each Punjab district speaks Punjabi natively?", "answer": "89%"}, {"question": "Where is Saraiki usually spoken?", "answer": "south Punjab"}, {"question": "Who elects the Chief Minister?", "answer": "the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab"}, {"question": "In what year did Sharif become CM?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "When was Sharif re-elected CM?", "answer": "11 May 2013"}, {"question": "What kind of legislature is the Provincial Assembly?", "answer": "unicameral"}, {"question": "How many seats are in the Provincial Assembly?", "answer": "371"}, {"question": "How much has Punjab's economy grown since 1972?", "answer": "quadrupled"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2000?", "answer": "54.7%"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's GDP came from Punjab in 2010?", "answer": "59%"}, {"question": "What manpower does Punjab provide?", "answer": "largest pool of professionals and highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan"}, {"question": "How much did Punjab's economy grow in 2008-09?", "answer": "6%"}, {"question": "What geographic feature does Punjab not have?", "answer": "coastline"}, {"question": "What medical product does Punjab manufacture?", "answer": "surgical instruments"}, {"question": "What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?", "answer": "bicycles and rickshaws"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?", "answer": "90%"}, {"question": "How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?", "answer": "69%"}, {"question": "What kind of climate does Punjab have?", "answer": "tropical wet and dry"}, {"question": "Who built Punjab's irrigation system?", "answer": "the British"}, {"question": "What are Punjab's largest crops?", "answer": "Wheat and cotton"}, {"question": "What are Punjab's secondary crops?", "answer": "rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo"}, {"question": "What calendar do Punjab's farmers use?", "answer": "the Hindu calendar"}, {"question": "What kind of problem caused riots in June 2012?", "answer": "electricity"}, {"question": "How long were cities without electricity in June 2012?", "answer": "20\u201322 hours a day"}, {"question": "Where were there riots in June 2012?", "answer": "Gujranwala, Toba Tek Singh, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Bahawalnagar and communities across Khanewal District"}, {"question": "Which energy companies' offices were attacked by rioters?", "answer": "Fesco, Gepco and Mepco"}, {"question": "What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?", "answer": "Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran"}, {"question": "When did Rukn-e-Alam die?", "answer": "1320 AD"}, {"question": "When did Gardezi die?", "answer": "1150 AD"}, {"question": "When was Ahangar's tomb built?", "answer": "sixteenth century"}, {"question": "What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?", "answer": "blue"}, {"question": "What are urs?", "answer": "fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints"}, {"question": "When are urs held?", "answer": "the death anniversary of the saint"}, {"question": "What genre of music is played at urs?", "answer": "folk"}, {"question": "Where is Buksh's shrine?", "answer": "Lahore"}, {"question": "Where is Zakria's shrine?", "answer": "Multan"}, {"question": "What is Punjab's biggest festival?", "answer": "The national horse and cattle show"}, {"question": "Where is the national horse and cattle show held?", "answer": "Lahore"}, {"question": "What happens at the national horse and cattle show?", "answer": "sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions"}, {"question": "What famous tomb is in Lahore?", "answer": "Jahangir's Tomb"}, {"question": "Where was Nanak born?", "answer": "Nankana Sahib"}, {"question": "Who was the first Sikh Guru?", "answer": "Guru Nanak"}, {"question": "What famous hill stations are in Punjab?", "answer": "Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro"}, {"question": "What famous mosque is in Punjab?", "answer": "Badshahi Mosque"}, {"question": "Who are some well-known Punjab poets?", "answer": "Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah"}, {"question": "What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career?", "answer": "folk singers"}, {"question": "Who is the 'Queen of Music'?", "answer": "Malika-i-Mauseequi"}, {"question": "When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer?", "answer": "from 1930 until 1979"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform?", "answer": "Ghazals and folk songs"}, {"question": "What do Punjab folk songs often reflect?", "answer": "the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons"}, {"question": "Who sings about the joy of living?", "answer": "Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi"}, {"question": "What does Heer Ranjha sing about?", "answer": "Love"}, {"question": "What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform?", "answer": "Ghazals and folk songs"}, {"question": "How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?", "answer": "44"}, {"question": "How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?", "answer": "106"}, {"question": "Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?", "answer": "Midlothian"}, {"question": "Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?", "answer": "1737"}, {"question": "What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?", "answer": "Give me liberty or give me death"}, {"question": "In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?", "answer": "St. John's Church"}, {"question": "Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?", "answer": "Fourth"}, {"question": "How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?", "answer": "Dominion Resources"}, {"question": "What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?", "answer": "First Continental Congress"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?", "answer": "Williamsburg"}, {"question": "What general led the troops that burned Richmond?", "answer": "Benedict Arnold"}, {"question": "Who led the militia that defended Richmond?", "answer": "Sampson Mathews"}, {"question": "Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson"}, {"question": "Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?", "answer": "Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau"}, {"question": "In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?", "answer": "1788"}, {"question": "What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?", "answer": "Richmond"}, {"question": "What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?", "answer": "Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom"}, {"question": "In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?", "answer": "1782"}, {"question": "What man-made body of water was designed in part by George Washington?", "answer": "James River and Kanawha Canal"}, {"question": "To where was the canal designed by Washington intended to ferry water?", "answer": "Kanawha River"}, {"question": "To what city was Henry Brown shipped as freight?", "answer": "Philadelphia"}, {"question": "What was Henry Brown's nickname?", "answer": "Box"}, {"question": "What sort of economic center was Richmond in the wake of the American Revolution?", "answer": "industrial"}, {"question": "On what date was Virginia's secession from the Union?", "answer": "17 April 1861"}, {"question": "After leaving the Union, what nation did Virginia join?", "answer": "Confederacy"}, {"question": "Along with 1864-5, what year notably saw US campaigns directed at Richmond?", "answer": "1862"}, {"question": "What was the name of the biggest factory in the Confederate States of America?", "answer": "Tredegar Iron Works"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first ironclad warship that saw combat?", "answer": "CSS Virginia"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Confederacy's executive mansion?", "answer": "White House of the Confederacy"}, {"question": "How far away from the Confederate executive mansion was the Virginia State Capitol?", "answer": "two blocks"}, {"question": "Who commanded the Union armies during the Seven Days Battles?", "answer": "McClellan"}, {"question": "Where was Petersburg located in relation to Ford Stedman?", "answer": "east"}, {"question": "5000 men represented what fraction of General Lee's army?", "answer": "tenth"}, {"question": "On what road did the US Army Sixth Corps shatter the Confederate line?", "answer": "Boydton Plank"}, {"question": "What general commanded the attack on Fort Stedman?", "answer": "John B. Gordon"}, {"question": "In what month of 1865 was Richmond judged to be no longer able to be defended?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What was contained in warehouses that were notably burned by Confederates when evacuating Richmond?", "answer": "tobacco"}, {"question": "What general received the surrender of Richmond?", "answer": "Godfrey Weitzel"}, {"question": "On what day did the Confederacy surrender Richmond to the Union?", "answer": "April 2, 1865"}, {"question": "By what means did Davis leave Richmond?", "answer": "train"}, {"question": "What percentage of Richmond was destroyed by fire after the Confederate evacuation?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "What was the date before the day Lincoln entered Richmond?", "answer": "April 3"}, {"question": "How many soldiers did Lee have remaining when he surrendered?", "answer": "10000"}, {"question": "To what state did Davis travel after Lee surrendered?", "answer": "North Carolina"}, {"question": "In what structure did Lee surrender to Grant?", "answer": "Appomattox Court House"}, {"question": "How many years did Davis spend in Fort Monroe?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What mode of transportation took over from the canals?", "answer": "railroads"}, {"question": "What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?", "answer": "triple"}, {"question": "Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?", "answer": "James Albert Bonsack"}, {"question": "From what city did James Bonsack originate?", "answer": "Roanoke"}, {"question": "What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?", "answer": "Richmond Union Passenger Railway"}, {"question": "When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?", "answer": "85,050"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?", "answer": "37.9"}, {"question": "What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?", "answer": "Wall Street of Black America"}, {"question": "Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?", "answer": "Maggie L. Walker"}, {"question": "When did the so-called downtown boom in Richmond end?", "answer": "1965"}, {"question": "About how many structures were built in Richmond during the downtown boom?", "answer": "700"}, {"question": "What combined with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University?", "answer": "Medical College of Virginia"}, {"question": "In what direction did Richmond's borders expand in 1970?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "People of what county did not want to join Richmond circa 1970?", "answer": "Chesterfield"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers is Richmond?", "answer": "160"}, {"question": "How many square miles of Richmond is water?", "answer": "2.7"}, {"question": "What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?", "answer": "4.3"}, {"question": "In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?", "answer": "Piedmont"}, {"question": "Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?", "answer": "Appomattox"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is located in between Church and Shockoe Hill?", "answer": "Shockoe Bottom"}, {"question": "What Richmond neighborhood is home to the Jefferson Hotel?", "answer": "Monroe Ward"}, {"question": "What neighborhood of Richmond contains St. John's Church?", "answer": "Church Hill"}, {"question": "What is Fairfield Court?", "answer": "public housing projects"}, {"question": "In what year was the Richmond street grid first developed?", "answer": "1737"}, {"question": "The neighborhood of Newtowne West is north of what street?", "answer": "Broad"}, {"question": "Along with Newtowne West, to what neighborhood is Carver regarded as having comparable demographics?", "answer": "Jackson Ward"}, {"question": "What Richmond street contains a notable amount of Victorian buildings?", "answer": "Monument Avenue"}, {"question": "In what part of Richmond is the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts found?", "answer": "Museum District"}, {"question": "What is the primary race of the population of the Randolph neighborhood?", "answer": "black"}, {"question": "What name is given to the part of Richmond located to the south of the James?", "answer": "Southside"}, {"question": "Along with the affluent, what is the socioeconomic class of the inhabitants of the Southside?", "answer": "middle class"}, {"question": "What notable public housing projects are present in the Southside?", "answer": "Hillside Court"}, {"question": "Prior to joining Richmond, what county was a significant portion of Southside part of?", "answer": "Chesterfield"}, {"question": "What is the economic status of the Manchester part of Richmond?", "answer": "impoverished"}, {"question": "What is Richmond's K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "answer": "Cfa"}, {"question": "How could one characterize the winters in Richmond?", "answer": "generally cool"}, {"question": "What geographic feature keeps some cold inland air from reaching Richmond?", "answer": "mountains"}, {"question": "In what month of the year does Richmond's chilliest weather typically end?", "answer": "February"}, {"question": "About how many days a year does the temperature in Richmond go above 32 degrees Celsius?", "answer": "43"}, {"question": "What season in Richmond is most likely to see periods of dryness?", "answer": "autumn"}, {"question": "How many times does Richmond receive 7.6 centimeters or more of snow in a 24 hour period annually?", "answer": "once"}, {"question": "About how many centimeters of snow does Richmond experience in the fall?", "answer": "27"}, {"question": "During what span of 2010 did snowfall remain for a significant amount of time on the ground in Richmond?", "answer": "January 30 to February 14"}, {"question": "What types of ice storms sometimes hit Richmond?", "answer": "freezing rain or glaze"}, {"question": "What is the most likely month for the James to flood Richmond?", "answer": "March"}, {"question": "What month sees the lowest likelihood of the James flooding?", "answer": "July"}, {"question": "In 1955, Richmond was hit with three hurricanes in how many weeks?", "answer": "six"}, {"question": "In 1955, what two hurricanes occurred within a week of one another?", "answer": "Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane"}, {"question": "What hurricane hit Richmond in 2004?", "answer": "Gaston"}, {"question": "In 2000, how many families lived in Richmond?", "answer": "43,627"}, {"question": "As of 2000, how many people lived in Richmond per square kilometer?", "answer": "1,271.3"}, {"question": "What percentage of the Richmond population of 2000 was Pacific Islander?", "answer": "0.1"}, {"question": "What was the largest racial group in Richmond as of 2000?", "answer": "African American"}, {"question": "In 2000, what percentage of Richmond residents were multiracial?", "answer": "1.5"}, {"question": "What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?", "answer": "murder"}, {"question": "In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?", "answer": "93"}, {"question": "How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?", "answer": "56.1"}, {"question": "How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?", "answer": "120"}, {"question": "What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?", "answer": "First Presbyterian Church"}, {"question": "Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?", "answer": "Stonewall Jackson"}, {"question": "What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?", "answer": "Gothic"}, {"question": "On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?", "answer": "May 25, 1834"}, {"question": "In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?", "answer": "1780"}, {"question": "Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?", "answer": "Keneseth Beth Israel"}, {"question": "What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?", "answer": "K\u201312"}, {"question": "What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?", "answer": "Orthodox"}, {"question": "What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?", "answer": "Beth El and Or Atid"}, {"question": "How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Where did Richmond's Nation of Islam members initially meet?", "answer": "Temple #24"}, {"question": "On what street is Masjid Bilal located?", "answer": "Chimbarazoo Boulevard"}, {"question": "What was Masjid Bilal previously known as?", "answer": "Masjid Muhammad #24"}, {"question": "What year saw the establishment of the Islamic Center of Virginia?", "answer": "1973"}, {"question": "On what street can Shabaaz Restaurant be found?", "answer": "Nine Mile Road"}, {"question": "How many Indian-descended families lived in or around Richmond in 2011?", "answer": "6,000"}, {"question": "What does CCI stand for?", "answer": "Cultural Center of India"}, {"question": "In what county can CCI be found?", "answer": "Chesterfield"}, {"question": "What road is CCI near?", "answer": "Iron Bridge"}, {"question": "Along with CCI, what is the other Hindu gathering place near Richmond?", "answer": "Hindu Center of Virginia"}, {"question": "What federal court is located in Richmond?", "answer": "United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"}, {"question": "Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?", "answer": "Genworth Financial"}, {"question": "What type of business is LeClairRyan?", "answer": "law firms"}, {"question": "When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?", "answer": "12"}, {"question": "How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?", "answer": "53,400"}, {"question": "What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?", "answer": "maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list"}, {"question": "What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?", "answer": "$350 million"}, {"question": "When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?", "answer": "2007"}, {"question": "What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?", "answer": "Medical College of Virginia"}, {"question": "What periodical called Richmond \"The Next Great American Food City\"?", "answer": "Departures magazine"}, {"question": "According to Southern Living, what are the three best restaurants in Richmond?", "answer": "Comfort, Heritage and The Roosevelt"}, {"question": "How many microbreweries exist in Richmond?", "answer": "twelve"}, {"question": "What was the first microbrewery to set up shop in Richmond?", "answer": "Legend Brewery"}, {"question": "When was James River Distillery founded?", "answer": "2014"}, {"question": "What movie, which filmed in Richmond, featured Daniel Day-Lewis?", "answer": "Lincoln"}, {"question": "Who notably appeared in Killing Kennedy?", "answer": "Rob Lowe"}, {"question": "On what television channel can the show Turn be seen?", "answer": "AMC"}, {"question": "When will Mercy Street first be shown on television?", "answer": "Winter 2016"}, {"question": "What channel is Killing Kennedy on?", "answer": "National Geographic Channel"}, {"question": "According to MarketWatch, where did Richmond rank among cities for business?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "What did MarketWatch think was the fourth best city for business?", "answer": "Boston"}, {"question": "What type of business is Dominion Resources?", "answer": "electric utility"}, {"question": "Prior to moving to the Richmond area, where was Altria's headquarters located?", "answer": "New York City"}, {"question": "What company moved to Richmond from Connecticut?", "answer": "MeadWestvaco"}, {"question": "Where is SunTrust Bank headquartered?", "answer": "Atlanta"}, {"question": "What city is the headquarters of McKesson located in?", "answer": "San Francisco"}, {"question": "Who owns Philip Morris USA?", "answer": "Altria"}, {"question": "What DuPont factory is located in the Richmond area?", "answer": "Spruance Plant"}, {"question": "What was the former name of UPS Freight?", "answer": "Overnite Transportation"}, {"question": "What architectural style was the 1919 Broad Street Union Station constructed in?", "answer": "neoclassical"}, {"question": "How far away from the Virginia Center for Architecture is the Children's Museum of Richmond?", "answer": "two blocks"}, {"question": "What district of Richmond is the Virginia Historical Society located in?", "answer": "Museum District"}, {"question": "What museum is next to the Science Museum of Virginia?", "answer": "Children's Museum of Richmond"}, {"question": "In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?", "answer": "Tredegar Iron Works"}, {"question": "What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?", "answer": "Virginia State Capitol"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Davis Mansion?", "answer": "White House of the Confederacy"}, {"question": "On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?", "answer": "Franklin"}, {"question": "Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?", "answer": "Liverpool and Benin"}, {"question": "What office was held by the inhabitant of the John Marshall House?", "answer": "Chief Justice of the United States"}, {"question": "How many United States presidents are interred in Hollywood Cemetery?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "Who gave a speech that contained the famous saying \"Give me liberty or give me death\"?", "answer": "Patrick Henry"}, {"question": "Where did Patrick Henry deliver his memorable speech?", "answer": "St. John's Church"}, {"question": "What was the nickname of Bill Robinson?", "answer": "Bojangles"}, {"question": "Near what park is the monument dedicated to the person traditionally regarded as discovering America?", "answer": "Byrd"}, {"question": "How many bells are contained in the World War I Memorial Carillon?", "answer": "56"}, {"question": "The dead of what war were the first to be commemorated by the Virginia War Memorial?", "answer": "World War II"}, {"question": "In what neighborhood is the monument to Bill Robinson located?", "answer": "Jackson Ward"}, {"question": "What notable project was funded by Richmond's \"admissions tax\"?", "answer": "CentreStage"}, {"question": "Along with blues and bluegrass, what is a type of folk music traditional to Virginia?", "answer": "country"}, {"question": "Along with busking and itinerant folk shows, what is an example of venueless art?", "answer": "house shows"}, {"question": "Along with Hamilton Glass and El Kamino, who is a mural artist local to Richmond?", "answer": "Nils Westergard"}, {"question": "What periodical has attempted to attract internationally known mural artists to Richmond?", "answer": "RVA"}, {"question": "What Richmond street art gathering has brought mural artists to the city?", "answer": "RVA Street Art Festival"}, {"question": "In what city did Lewis Hallam present Shakespeare's plays?", "answer": "Williamsburg"}, {"question": "What family of actors notably performed in 19th century Richmond?", "answer": "Booth"}, {"question": "What is Virginia Museum Theater known as today?", "answer": "Leslie Cheek"}, {"question": "During what decade did the Virginia Museum most significantly work to promote theater in Richmond?", "answer": "1970s"}, {"question": "What disaster destroyed many of the early buildings in Richmond?", "answer": "Evacuation Fire"}, {"question": "What percentage of Richmond's buildings were burned in a single fire in 1865?", "answer": "25"}, {"question": "Prior to what year was the Patterson-Schutte House built?", "answer": "1750"}, {"question": "What is the name of the era from which the building housing the Edgar Allan Poe Museum dates?", "answer": "colonial"}, {"question": "What state has the oldest capital building used continuously since it was built?", "answer": "Maryland"}, {"question": "What architectural style was used to design the Virginia State Capitol?", "answer": "neo-classical"}, {"question": "What notable federal government buildings were designed in the neoclassical style?", "answer": "White House and The Capitol"}, {"question": "What is the architectural style of the 1845 Egyptian Building?", "answer": "Egyptian Revival"}, {"question": "Who were the designers of the Virginia State Capitol?", "answer": "Thomas Jefferson and Charles-Louis Cl\u00e9risseau"}, {"question": "What architectural style was used to design Branch House?", "answer": "Tudor"}, {"question": "Who designed Branch House?", "answer": "John Russell Pope"}, {"question": "What is another name for Broad Street Station?", "answer": "Union Station"}, {"question": "What style of architecture was used in the design of Union Station?", "answer": "Beaux-Arts"}, {"question": "Who designed the Commonwealth Club?", "answer": "Carr\u00e8re and Hastings"}, {"question": "What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?", "answer": "New Orleans"}, {"question": "In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?", "answer": "1890"}, {"question": "How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?", "answer": "seven times"}, {"question": "Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?", "answer": "Church Hill"}, {"question": "Who was the designer of the Federal Reserve Building?", "answer": "Minoru Yamasaki"}, {"question": "Who designed the General Assembly Offices at the Eighth and Main Building?", "answer": "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill"}, {"question": "What architectural style was the Rice House designed in?", "answer": "International"}, {"question": "What university was Landis Gores associated with?", "answer": "Harvard"}, {"question": "Who did Landis Gores design a home for?", "answer": "W.G. Harris"}, {"question": "What Native American tribe at one time lived on Belle Isle?", "answer": "Powhatan"}, {"question": "During what conflict was Belle Isle used as a prison?", "answer": "Civil War"}, {"question": "Between Brown's Island and Belle Isle, which is bigger?", "answer": "Belle Isle"}, {"question": "On what island does the James River Beer and Seafood Festival take place?", "answer": "Brown's Island"}, {"question": "How often does Friday Cheers take place on Brown's Island?", "answer": "weekly"}, {"question": "What part of Richmond is Maymont close to?", "answer": "Fan District"}, {"question": "How many kilometers long is the track in Byrd Park?", "answer": "1.6"}, {"question": "How many monuments can be found in Byrd Park?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "In what year was the World War I Memorial Carillon constructed?", "answer": "1926"}, {"question": "What was previously located at the present location of Forest Hill Park?", "answer": "Forest Hill Amusement Park"}, {"question": "What sport do the Washington Redskins play?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What sport do the Richmond Kickers compete in?", "answer": "soccer"}, {"question": "With what Major League Baseball team are the Richmond Flying Squirrels associated?", "answer": "San Francisco Giants"}, {"question": "What is the home ground of the Richmond Kickers?", "answer": "City Stadium"}, {"question": "Where did the Richmond Braves move to?", "answer": "Georgia"}, {"question": "When did the RIR begin to host the Capital City 400?", "answer": "1962"}, {"question": "When did the Suntrust Indy Challenge stop being run at RIR?", "answer": "2009"}, {"question": "In what direction does one travel from Richmond to reach Southside Speedway?", "answer": "southwest"}, {"question": "What is the shape of Southside Speedway?", "answer": "oval"}, {"question": "Along with \"The Action Track,\" what is a nickname of Southside Speedway?", "answer": "Toughest Track in the South"}, {"question": "What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?", "answer": "Berkshire Hathaway"}, {"question": "How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday?", "answer": "120,000"}, {"question": "What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications?", "answer": "Style Weekly"}, {"question": "Before switching to its current publication schedule, how often was RVA Magazine published?", "answer": "monthly"}, {"question": "Along with the Voice, what is Richmond's black-oriented news publication?", "answer": "Richmond Free Press"}, {"question": "Per Nielsen, how many homes exist in the Richmond-Petersburg DMA?", "answer": "553,950"}, {"question": "Where does the Richmind-Petersburg DMA rank in the United States?", "answer": "58th"}, {"question": "With what network is WUPV 65 affiliated?", "answer": "CW"}, {"question": "What type of channel is WCVW 57?", "answer": "Public Broadcasting"}, {"question": "What Richmond-area station is affiliated with CBS?", "answer": "WTVR-TV 6"}, {"question": "How many representatives make up the Richmond city council?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What official is in charge of Richmond's executive branch?", "answer": "mayor"}, {"question": "How many years does the term of a Richmond city council representative last?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "On what day of the week does the city council meet?", "answer": "Mondays"}, {"question": "In what month does the city council not meet?", "answer": "August"}, {"question": "What is A. Carl Prince's religious affiliation?", "answer": "Baptist"}, {"question": "What is the current mayor of Richmond?", "answer": "Dwight C. Jones"}, {"question": "In what year was the first black Baptist minister elected to the city council?", "answer": "1990"}, {"question": "In what district did A. Carl Prince win election to the city council?", "answer": "Eighth"}, {"question": "What political organization supported the city council candidacy of A. Carl Prince?", "answer": "Richmond Crusade for Voters"}, {"question": "How many high schools are there in Richmond?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "How many primary and secondary school students attend school in Richmond?", "answer": "24,000"}, {"question": "For whom is the Governor's School in Richmond named?", "answer": "Maggie L. Walker"}, {"question": "Where was Richmond's Governor's School rated by Newsweek in 2012?", "answer": "16"}, {"question": "When did Patrick Henry School of Science and Arts open its doors?", "answer": "2010"}, {"question": "What type of university is the University of Richmond?", "answer": "private"}, {"question": "What is a for-profit university in Richmond?", "answer": "South University - Richmond"}, {"question": "What does BTSR stand for?", "answer": "Baptist Theological Seminary in Richmond"}, {"question": "Where is John Tyler Community College located?", "answer": "Chesterfield County"}, {"question": "What is Richmond's public university?", "answer": "Virginia Commonwealth"}, {"question": "How many kilometers away from Richmond is Richmond International Airport?", "answer": "11"}, {"question": "About how long does it take to drive from Richmond International Airport to Williamsburg?", "answer": "an hour"}, {"question": "How many airlines operate out of Richmond International?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What percentage increase in passenger traffic did Richmond International experience between 2005 and 2006?", "answer": "13"}, {"question": "What direction do you travel to get from Richmond to Sandston?", "answer": "southeast"}, {"question": "What is the street address if the Greyhound bus terminal in Richmond?", "answer": "2910 N Boulevard"}, {"question": "How long does a bus trip from Richmond to New York City take?", "answer": "7.5 hours"}, {"question": "What is the lowest fare on Megabus?", "answer": "$1"}, {"question": "How much did the Department of Transportation give to Richmond for its Rapid Transit System?", "answer": "$25 million"}, {"question": "What city in Maryland does Megabus travel to?", "answer": "Baltimore"}, {"question": "What counties does the GRTC link to Richmond?", "answer": "Henrico, and Chesterfield"}, {"question": "Along with Short Pump, what comprises the far part of the West End?", "answer": "Innsbrook"}, {"question": "According to a GRTC report, what is an example of what most of its riders lack?", "answer": "private vehicle"}, {"question": "What is GRTC an initialism of?", "answer": "Greater Richmond Transit Company"}, {"question": "What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond?", "answer": "Staples Mill Road Station"}, {"question": "What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper?", "answer": "Main Street Station"}, {"question": "In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated?", "answer": "2004"}, {"question": "Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station?", "answer": "Newport News"}, {"question": "Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg?", "answer": "track layout"}, {"question": "Who is Richmond's electricity supplier?", "answer": "Dominion Virginia Power"}, {"question": "How many states does Dominion Virginia Power operate in?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "Along with Surry Nuclear Generating Station, what is Richmond's main electricity generator?", "answer": "North Anna Nuclear Generating Station"}, {"question": "In what town is a coal-fired plant that provides power to Richmond located?", "answer": "Chester"}, {"question": "What type of power plant is Darbytown?", "answer": "natural gas"}, {"question": "How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond?", "answer": "61"}, {"question": "How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin?", "answer": "44-million-gallon"}, {"question": "How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant?", "answer": "62,000"}, {"question": "How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily?", "answer": "70 million gallons"}, {"question": "Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?", "answer": "relatively few"}, {"question": "Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?", "answer": "Infectious disease"}, {"question": "What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?", "answer": "ability of that pathogen to damage the host"}, {"question": "What can a host's immune system do to a host?", "answer": "cause damage"}, {"question": "What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?", "answer": "host defenses"}, {"question": "What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?", "answer": "satisfy Koch's postulates"}, {"question": "What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?", "answer": "patients and not in healthy controls"}, {"question": "What is Koch's second postulate?", "answer": "patients who contract the agent also develop the disease"}, {"question": "Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?", "answer": "because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual"}, {"question": "What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? ", "answer": "Treponema pallidum"}, {"question": "When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? ", "answer": "when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person"}, {"question": "What is a contagious disease a subset of?", "answer": "infectious disease"}, {"question": "What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?", "answer": "especially infective or easily transmitted"}, {"question": "Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?", "answer": "medical"}, {"question": "What is not always respected in popular use?", "answer": "specialized connotation of the word \"contagious\""}, {"question": "When does infection begin?", "answer": "when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies."}, {"question": "What group is not easily infected?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?", "answer": "weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic"}, {"question": "What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?", "answer": "Individuals who have a suppressed immune system"}, {"question": "What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?", "answer": "intracellular"}, {"question": "What does wound colonization refer to?", "answer": "nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound"}, {"question": "What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?", "answer": "replicating"}, {"question": "What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?", "answer": "extrinsic organisms"}, {"question": "What species colonizes the mammalian colon?", "answer": "anaerobic bacteria"}, {"question": "What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?", "answer": "only a matter of circumstance"}, {"question": "Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected?", "answer": "Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization"}, {"question": "What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice?", "answer": "symptoms and signs"}, {"question": "What is increased pain an indicator of?", "answer": "infection"}, {"question": "What does not rule out infection?", "answer": "absence of pain"}, {"question": "Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host?", "answer": "damage"}, {"question": "What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of?", "answer": "toxins"}, {"question": "What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?", "answer": "paralyzes muscles"}, {"question": "What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?", "answer": "staphylococcus"}, {"question": "What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?", "answer": "less than 5%"}, {"question": "Why do persistent infections occur?", "answer": "body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection"}, {"question": "What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?", "answer": "the infectious organism"}, {"question": "How can some viruses main a persistent infection?", "answer": "by infecting different cells of the body"}, {"question": "What never leave the body when acquired?", "answer": "Some viruses"}, {"question": "Where does the herpes virus hide?", "answer": "in nerves"}, {"question": "What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? ", "answer": "an infectious agent either directly or indirectly"}, {"question": "Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?", "answer": "clinical"}, {"question": "How are minor infectious diseases treated?", "answer": "without knowledge of the specific causative agent"}, {"question": "What can be identified given sufficient effort?", "answer": "all known infectious agents"}, {"question": "Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?", "answer": "greatly outweighed by the cost"}, {"question": "How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?", "answer": "by medical history and physical examination"}, {"question": "What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?", "answer": "detailed identification"}, {"question": "What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?", "answer": "microscopic features"}, {"question": "What can organisms be directly identified by?", "answer": "its genotype"}, {"question": "What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?", "answer": "X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR"}, {"question": "What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?", "answer": "Microbiological"}, {"question": "What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?", "answer": "growth"}, {"question": "What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?", "answer": "nutrient agar"}, {"question": "What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?", "answer": "a colony"}, {"question": "What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?", "answer": "a \"plaque\""}, {"question": "What are live animals required by?", "answer": "some microbes"}, {"question": "What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?", "answer": "animals"}, {"question": "What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?", "answer": "embryonated"}, {"question": "What is Xenodiagnosis?", "answer": "use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent"}, {"question": "What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?", "answer": "the causative agent"}, {"question": "What is microscopy used for?", "answer": "diagnosis of infectious disease"}, {"question": "What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?", "answer": "microscopic examination"}, {"question": "What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?", "answer": "light microscope"}, {"question": "When is microscopy exquisitely specific?", "answer": "when used in combination with antibody based techniques."}, {"question": "What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? ", "answer": "bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen"}, {"question": "What do almost all cells readily stain with?", "answer": "a number of basic dyes"}, {"question": "Why do cells easily stain with dyes?", "answer": "electrostatic attraction"}, {"question": "What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?", "answer": "negatively charged"}, {"question": "What is Geimsa stain?", "answer": "a dye"}, {"question": "How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?", "answer": "Two"}, {"question": "What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?", "answer": "enzymes"}, {"question": "What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?", "answer": "RNA replicases"}, {"question": "What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?", "answer": "red blood cells"}, {"question": "Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?", "answer": "humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase"}, {"question": "What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?", "answer": "Serological"}, {"question": "What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?", "answer": "bind specifically to an antigen"}, {"question": "What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?", "answer": "a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent"}, {"question": "What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?", "answer": "a chain of events"}, {"question": "What is the causative agent of \"strep throat\"?", "answer": "S. pyogenes"}, {"question": "What are immunoassays?", "answer": "Complex serological techniques"}, {"question": "What type of signal do immunoassays produce?", "answer": "electro - magnetic or particle radiation"}, {"question": "What allows quantitation of the target antigen?", "answer": "unknowns can be compared to that of standards"}, {"question": "Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?", "answer": "generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent"}, {"question": "What does the acronym PCR expand to?", "answer": "polymerase chain reaction"}, {"question": "What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?", "answer": "PCR"}, {"question": "What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?", "answer": "virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified"}, {"question": "What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?", "answer": "grow within the human body"}, {"question": "What are primers derived from the genomes of?", "answer": "infectious agents"}, {"question": "What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? ", "answer": "ability to detect any infectious agent"}, {"question": "What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?", "answer": "cost and application"}, {"question": "What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?", "answer": "clostridial diseases"}, {"question": "PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?", "answer": "significant proliferation of the infectious agent"}, {"question": "What is used in the treatment of AIDS?", "answer": "AZT"}, {"question": "How was the course of AIDS followed?", "answer": "monitoring the composition of patient blood samples"}, {"question": "What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?", "answer": "resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk"}, {"question": "What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?", "answer": "geographical origins of the virus"}, {"question": "What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?", "answer": "Molecular diagnostics"}, {"question": "What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?", "answer": "infections from being passed from one person to another"}, {"question": "What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?", "answer": "Frequent hand washing"}, {"question": "Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?", "answer": "prevention"}, {"question": "Why is it important to cook foods well?", "answer": "prevention"}, {"question": "What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?", "answer": "avoiding"}, {"question": "Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?", "answer": "prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases"}, {"question": "What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?", "answer": "virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness"}, {"question": "What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?", "answer": "Ebola"}, {"question": "Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?", "answer": "victims experience only internal hemorrhaging"}, {"question": "What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?", "answer": "travel long distances"}, {"question": "Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?", "answer": "transmission rate of infectious diseases"}, {"question": "What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?", "answer": "extensive interactions"}, {"question": "What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?", "answer": "focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps"}, {"question": "What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?", "answer": "needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users"}, {"question": "When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?", "answer": "2001"}, {"question": "What is resistance to infection known technically as?", "answer": "immunity"}, {"question": "When may immunity be acquired?", "answer": "following a disease"}, {"question": "What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?", "answer": "primary pathogens"}, {"question": "What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?", "answer": "a measure of protection"}, {"question": "Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?", "answer": "immunity"}, {"question": "What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?", "answer": "genetic variants"}, {"question": "What is the brand name Pegasys for?", "answer": "Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b"}, {"question": "What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?", "answer": "sustained virological response"}, {"question": "What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?", "answer": "anti-infective"}, {"question": "How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?", "answer": "Several"}, {"question": "What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?", "answer": "severity and the type of infection"}, {"question": "How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?", "answer": "with intravenous antibiotics"}, {"question": "How do antibiotics work?", "answer": "slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria"}, {"question": "What are the top three killer diseases?", "answer": "HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria"}, {"question": "How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?", "answer": "fourfold"}, {"question": "What are some popular childhood diseases?", "answer": "pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus"}, {"question": "Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?", "answer": "Children"}, {"question": "What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?", "answer": "lower respiratory infections"}, {"question": "What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?", "answer": "field of Infectious Disease"}, {"question": "Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?", "answer": "Epidemiology"}, {"question": "Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?", "answer": "primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists"}, {"question": "What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?", "answer": "lung physician"}, {"question": "Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?", "answer": "infectious diseases specialist"}, {"question": "What have a number of studies found a correlation between?", "answer": "pathogen load in an area and human behavior"}, {"question": "What is higher pathogen load associated with?", "answer": "decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area"}, {"question": "What does avoidance of other groups reduce?", "answer": "pathogen transmission"}, {"question": "What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?", "answer": "Higher pathogen load"}, {"question": "What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?", "answer": "high pathogen load preventing economic development."}, {"question": "What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?", "answer": "paleopathologists"}, {"question": "What do paleopathologists study?", "answer": "occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms"}, {"question": "What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?", "answer": "Signs of infection"}, {"question": "What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?", "answer": "Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"}, {"question": "How did tyrannosaurs become infected?", "answer": "being bitten during a fight"}, {"question": "What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?", "answer": "Hunting"}, {"question": "Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?", "answer": "food"}, {"question": "What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?", "answer": "poaching"}, {"question": "What is poaching?", "answer": "illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species"}, {"question": "What is the species which is hunted referred to as?", "answer": "prey"}, {"question": "What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?", "answer": "Hunting"}, {"question": "Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?", "answer": "poaching"}, {"question": "Hunted species are usually referred to as what?", "answer": "game or prey"}, {"question": "What animals are usually hunted?", "answer": "mammals and birds"}, {"question": "What is it called to kill or trap an animal?", "answer": "Hunting"}, {"question": "What species are usually hunted?", "answer": "mammals and birds"}, {"question": "Why do humans hunt?", "answer": "food, recreation, to remove predators"}, {"question": "When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?", "answer": "2010s"}, {"question": "Species hunted are referred to as what? ", "answer": "game or prey"}, {"question": "What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of?", "answer": "holocene megafauna"}, {"question": "What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with?", "answer": "Younger Dryas impact event"}, {"question": "What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia?", "answer": "extinction of the Australian megafauna"}, {"question": "When was Australian's megafauna widespread?", "answer": "prior to human occupation"}, {"question": "What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "What replaced the holocene megafauna?", "answer": "smaller herbivores"}, {"question": "What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction? ", "answer": "Younger Dryas impact event"}, {"question": "What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna?", "answer": "humans"}, {"question": "What is undisputed about early humans?", "answer": "were hunters"}, {"question": "Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what?", "answer": "earlier Australopithecines"}, {"question": "Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "What became a theme of stories and myths?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "Hunting allowed what type of rituals?", "answer": "dance and animal sacrifice"}, {"question": "What is undisputed about earlier humans?", "answer": "humans were hunters"}, {"question": "What did hunting become a theme of?", "answer": "stories and myths"}, {"question": "Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? ", "answer": "hunting hypothesis"}, {"question": "What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery?", "answer": "Hunter-gathering"}, {"question": "Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline?", "answer": "some tribal societies"}, {"question": "Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past?", "answer": "paleolithic hunting-gathering"}, {"question": "Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?", "answer": "the Hadza of Tanzania"}, {"question": "Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when?", "answer": "European Age of Discovery"}, {"question": "What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain?", "answer": "Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia"}, {"question": "Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?", "answer": "Hadza of Tanzania"}, {"question": "What is Louis Binford's profession?", "answer": "Archaeologist"}, {"question": "What idea did Binford take issue with?", "answer": "that early hominids and early humans were hunters"}, {"question": "What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters?", "answer": "scavengers"}, {"question": "What idea did Blumenschine propose?", "answer": "idea of confrontational scavenging"}, {"question": "What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill?", "answer": "challenging and scaring off"}, {"question": "Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters?", "answer": "Louis Binford"}, {"question": "Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals?", "answer": "hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers"}, {"question": "What did Robert Blumenschine propose?", "answer": "confrontational scavenging"}, {"question": "Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom?", "answer": "archaeologists and paleoanthropologists"}, {"question": "Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?", "answer": "challenging and scaring off"}, {"question": "What was a significant contributor to the human food supply?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "What did the supplementary meat from hunting include?", "answer": "protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather"}, {"question": "What was the leather from hunting used for?", "answer": "clothing"}, {"question": "Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what?", "answer": "hunting weapons"}, {"question": "Where is hunting still vital?", "answer": "marginal climates"}, {"question": "Hunt was a significant contributor to what?", "answer": "human food supply"}, {"question": "Where is hunting still vital?", "answer": "marginal climates"}, {"question": "Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates?", "answer": "unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture"}, {"question": "How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?", "answer": "make kayaks, clothing, and footwear"}, {"question": "What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs?", "answer": "hunters"}, {"question": "What are the kings portrayed as hunting?", "answer": "big game"}, {"question": "How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented?", "answer": "by deities"}, {"question": "What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of?", "answer": "hunting restrictions"}, {"question": "What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?", "answer": "disrespect of prey"}, {"question": "Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot?", "answer": "lions"}, {"question": "What is often related to hunting?", "answer": "Taboos"}, {"question": "Deities represent what importance?", "answer": "cultural and psychological"}, {"question": "What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting?", "answer": "Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon"}, {"question": "Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory?", "answer": "the upper class"}, {"question": "What was game in the  areas used by the upper class used as a source of?", "answer": "food and furs"}, {"question": "What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles?", "answer": "Robin Hood"}, {"question": "What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend?", "answer": "they \"hunt the King's deer"}, {"question": "What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in?", "answer": "democratically in hunting for all"}, {"question": "In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas?", "answer": "upper class"}, {"question": "What was the game in feudal territory was used as?", "answer": "food and furs"}, {"question": "Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory?", "answer": "professional huntsmen"}, {"question": "The importance of can be seen in what legends?", "answer": "Robin Hood"}, {"question": "Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?", "answer": "all"}, {"question": "What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being?", "answer": "acceptable"}, {"question": "What is one of the names of the god Shiva?", "answer": "Mrigavyadha"}, {"question": "What is the translation of Mrigavyadha?", "answer": "\"the deer hunter\""}, {"question": "What does Shiva destroy in human beings?", "answer": "animal instincts"}, {"question": "What talent does Dasharatha have?", "answer": "hunt in the dark"}, {"question": "What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "Godly figures have engaged in what activity?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "Mrigavyadha means what?", "answer": "deer hunter"}, {"question": "Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who?", "answer": "human beings"}, {"question": "What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?", "answer": "died"}, {"question": "Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church clerics"}, {"question": "Who forbid to all servants of God hunting?", "answer": "Corpus Juris Canonici"}, {"question": "What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under?", "answer": "Pope Innocent III"}, {"question": "What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply?", "answer": "not all hunting is illicit"}, {"question": "What type of hunting is unlawful?", "answer": "clamorosa"}, {"question": "Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time?", "answer": "Roman Catholic Church clerics"}, {"question": "What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons?", "answer": "Corpus Juris Canonici"}, {"question": "Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran?", "answer": "Pope Innocent III"}, {"question": "How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded?", "answer": "mildly"}, {"question": "Who stated quiet hunting is allowed?", "answer": "Council of Trent"}, {"question": "What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?", "answer": "between lawful and unlawful hunting"}, {"question": "What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?", "answer": "all hunting"}, {"question": "Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?", "answer": "Milan, Avignon, Li\u00e8ge, Cologne, and elsewhere"}, {"question": "What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?", "answer": "not too severe"}, {"question": "Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?", "answer": "bishop"}, {"question": "Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?", "answer": "Benedict XIV"}, {"question": "What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?", "answer": "prohibit all hunting to the clerics"}, {"question": "What does New Zealand have?", "answer": "strong hunting culture"}, {"question": "What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand?", "answer": "bats"}, {"question": "Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies?", "answer": "to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource"}, {"question": "Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand?", "answer": "no natural predators"}, {"question": "What do government agencies view the animals as?", "answer": "pests"}, {"question": "What country has a strong hunting culture?", "answer": "New Zealand"}, {"question": "What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand?", "answer": "bats"}, {"question": "What is New Zealand made up of?", "answer": "islands"}, {"question": "Game animals were introduced here by whom?", "answer": "acclimatisation societies"}, {"question": "What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced?", "answer": "their population exploded"}, {"question": "What was hunting regarded as in British India?", "answer": "regal sport"}, {"question": "What does the Indian word \"shikaris\" mean in English?", "answer": "big-game hunters"}, {"question": "What did British officers maintain whole corps of?", "answer": "shikaris"}, {"question": "Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting?", "answer": "because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques"}, {"question": "What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?", "answer": "an elephant"}, {"question": "Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport?", "answer": "British India"}, {"question": "What is hunted from the back of an elephant?", "answer": "Bengal tigers"}, {"question": "Who did British officers maintain?", "answer": "shikaris"}, {"question": "Who were the shikaris headed by?", "answer": "master of the hunt"}, {"question": "Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited?", "answer": "because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques"}, {"question": "What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting?", "answer": "Regional social"}, {"question": "What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species?", "answer": "Bishnoi"}, {"question": "What bans the killing of all wild animals in India?", "answer": "Wildlife Protection Act of 1972"}, {"question": "Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned?", "answer": "the Chief Wildlife Warden"}, {"question": "Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?", "answer": "government"}, {"question": "Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species?", "answer": "Bishnoi"}, {"question": "What bans the killing of all wild animals?", "answer": "India's Wildlife Protection Act"}, {"question": "What year was this protection act put into place?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals?", "answer": "Chief Wildlife Warden"}, {"question": "What happens to the body of the wild animal killed?", "answer": "becomes government property"}, {"question": "What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK?", "answer": "fox hunting"}, {"question": "How do the English hunt foxes?", "answer": "on horseback with hounds"}, {"question": "In England, what is hunted when \"shooting\" is called for?", "answer": "birds"}, {"question": "Why were foxes originally hunted?", "answer": "form of vermin control to protect livestock"}, {"question": "How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?", "answer": "on foot without hounds, using stealth"}, {"question": "What hunting is done on horseback with hounds?", "answer": "fox"}, {"question": "Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom?", "answer": "United Kingdom"}, {"question": "In Victorian times a popular social activity was?", "answer": "fox hunting"}, {"question": "What is carried out on foot without hounds?", "answer": "Deer stalking"}, {"question": "Hounds were used for what purpose?", "answer": "to pursue"}, {"question": "What does shooting in Britain require little questing for?", "answer": "game"}, {"question": "About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK?", "answer": "thirty-five million"}, {"question": "What kind of affairs can shoots be?", "answer": "elaborate"}, {"question": "Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out?", "answer": "\"beaters\""}, {"question": "What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK?", "answer": "open season for grouse"}, {"question": "About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year?", "answer": "thirty-five million"}, {"question": "Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out?", "answer": "beaters"}, {"question": "When does open season for grouse begin in the UK?", "answer": "12 August"}, {"question": "What is the UK definition of game is governed by?", "answer": "Game Act 1831"}, {"question": "Why are assistants used?", "answer": "help load shotguns"}, {"question": "What law primarily regulates hunting?", "answer": "state"}, {"question": "What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species?", "answer": "environmental"}, {"question": "What varies widely from state to state?", "answer": "Regulations"}, {"question": "What do some states make a distinction between?", "answer": "protected species and unprotected species"}, {"question": "What do hunters of protected species require in all states?", "answer": "a hunting license"}, {"question": "How is hunting regulated?", "answer": "by state law"}, {"question": "Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law?", "answer": "United States environmental law"}, {"question": "What hunters require a hunting license in all states?", "answer": "Hunters of protected species"}, {"question": "What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?", "answer": "hunting safety course"}, {"question": "What is required when hunting big game?", "answer": "a \"tag\" for each animal harvested"}, {"question": "Tags are purchased in addition to what?", "answer": "the hunting license"}, {"question": "What is typically limited to an individual?", "answer": "number of tags issued"}, {"question": "A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to?", "answer": "Tags"}, {"question": "What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl?", "answer": "duck"}, {"question": "When hunting big game what is typically required?", "answer": "tag"}, {"question": "What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number?", "answer": "Tags"}, {"question": "How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game?", "answer": "by lottery"}, {"question": "What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl?", "answer": "duck stamp"}, {"question": "Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?", "answer": "Fish and Wildlife Service"}, {"question": "How is gun usage typically regulated?", "answer": "game category, area within the state, and time period"}, {"question": "What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms?", "answer": "Regulations for big-game hunting"}, {"question": "Why is the use of rifles often banned?", "answer": "safety reasons"}, {"question": "Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition?", "answer": "environmental concerns"}, {"question": "Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?", "answer": "limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons"}, {"question": "Why are the use of rifles banned?", "answer": "safety reasons"}, {"question": "How is gun useage regulated?", "answer": "by game category"}, {"question": "What is specified in big-game hunting?", "answer": "minimum caliber"}, {"question": "What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with?", "answer": "any particular class or culture"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006?", "answer": "seventy-eight percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?", "answer": "just six percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of Midwesterners hunted?", "answer": "twelve percent"}, {"question": "How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?", "answer": "ten percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans support legal hunting?", "answer": "seventy-eight percent"}, {"question": "What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century?", "answer": "six percent"}, {"question": "South Easterners hunted at what rate?", "answer": "five percent"}, {"question": "Midwesterners hunted at what rate?", "answer": "twelve percent"}, {"question": "What years did hunting decline?", "answer": "1996\u20132006"}, {"question": "When do hunting regulations date from in the US?", "answer": "19th century"}, {"question": "What do some modern hunters see themselves as?", "answer": "conservationists and sportsmen"}, {"question": "What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport?", "answer": "Local hunting clubs and national organizations"}, {"question": "Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what?", "answer": "a specific hunting interest"}, {"question": "What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level?", "answer": "lobbying"}, {"question": "What do modern hunters see themselves as?", "answer": "conservationists and sportsmen"}, {"question": "Who provides hunter education?", "answer": "Local hunting clubs"}, {"question": "What do hunting groups also participate in?", "answer": "lobbying the federal government and state government"}, {"question": "What century is U.S. regulations dates from?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year?", "answer": "$200 million"}, {"question": "How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934?", "answer": "over $700 million"}, {"question": "How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase?", "answer": "5,200,000 acres"}, {"question": "What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with?", "answer": "management of game animals"}, {"question": "What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens?", "answer": "to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting"}, {"question": "Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to?", "answer": "state agencies"}, {"question": "What do the taxes support?", "answer": "wildlife management programs"}, {"question": "How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised?", "answer": "$700 million"}, {"question": "What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase?", "answer": "5,200,000 acres"}, {"question": "Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "What is varmint hunting an American phrase for?", "answer": "selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests"}, {"question": "What does varmint hunting achieve? ", "answer": "selective control of pests"}, {"question": "What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on?", "answer": "crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets."}, {"question": "Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive?", "answer": "Louisiana"}, {"question": "What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria?", "answer": "initiated a bounty program"}, {"question": "What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals.", "answer": "Varmint hunting"}, {"question": "What was once considered a varmint but is now protected?", "answer": "wolves"}, {"question": "What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana?", "answer": "nutria"}, {"question": "What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?", "answer": "bounty program"}, {"question": "When was internet hunting introduced?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt?", "answer": "using remotely controlled guns"}, {"question": "Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting?", "answer": "hunters"}, {"question": "What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?", "answer": "principles of fair chase"}, {"question": "What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?", "answer": "an important element of hunting tradition"}, {"question": "What allows people to hunt over the internet?", "answer": "Internet hunting"}, {"question": "When was this type of hunting introduced?", "answer": "2005"}, {"question": "How is this type of hunting done?", "answer": "hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns"}, {"question": "What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate?", "answer": "fair chase"}, {"question": "Who spoke on this violation?", "answer": "National Rifle Association (NRA)"}, {"question": "Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game?", "answer": "Trinidad and Tobago"}, {"question": "Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years?", "answer": "12,000"}, {"question": "What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for?", "answer": "poached wild game"}, {"question": "What is hunting pressure from?", "answer": "high"}, {"question": "What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have?", "answer": "hunting of small to medium-sized wild game"}, {"question": "What animal aids in the hunting?", "answer": "hounds"}, {"question": "What population has extirpated?", "answer": "red brocket deer"}, {"question": "What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?", "answer": "very small fees"}, {"question": "What does hunting give resource managers an important tool?", "answer": "managing populations"}, {"question": "What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by?", "answer": "combination habitat and food availability,"}, {"question": "What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?", "answer": "same end"}, {"question": "How is hunting an important tool for resource managers?", "answer": "managing populations"}, {"question": "What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat?", "answer": "threaten the well-being of other species"}, {"question": "How can hunting actually increase the population of predators?", "answer": "by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established"}, {"question": "What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced?", "answer": "mortality"}, {"question": "What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting?", "answer": "(re)introducing predators"}, {"question": "What is an important tool in managing populations?", "answer": "Hunting"}, {"question": "What is carrying capacity determined by?", "answer": "combination habitat and food availability"}, {"question": "What can it increase the population of?", "answer": "predators"}, {"question": "What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for?", "answer": "trophy"}, {"question": "What was the head of an animal displayed as?", "answer": "sign of prowess"}, {"question": "What happened to the rest of the animal?", "answer": "s typically discarded"}, {"question": "What did some churches disapprove of?", "answer": "such waste"}, {"question": "What countries frowned upon this hunting?", "answer": "Nordic"}, {"question": "What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century?", "answer": "a trophy"}, {"question": "What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess?", "answer": "the head or pelt of an animal"}, {"question": "In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times?", "answer": "Nordic"}, {"question": "What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? ", "answer": "food supplies"}, {"question": "What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?", "answer": "Africa, India and other places"}, {"question": "What century was game hunted as a trophy?", "answer": "19th"}, {"question": "What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon?", "answer": "Nordic"}, {"question": "What did North America primarily hunt for?", "answer": "food supplies"}, {"question": "What sport of hunting is in Africa?", "answer": "safari method"}, {"question": "What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?", "answer": "Africa"}, {"question": "What does hunting create economic incentives for?", "answer": "conservation"}, {"question": "What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?", "answer": "expenditures"}, {"question": "What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?", "answer": "scientific"}, {"question": "Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?", "answer": "creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas"}, {"question": "Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?", "answer": "photographic"}, {"question": "How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?", "answer": "less than 3%"}, {"question": "What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?", "answer": "minimal"}, {"question": "What is of major importance in Africa?", "answer": "trophy hunting"}, {"question": "What does trophy hunting create in Africa?", "answer": "economic incentives for conservation"}, {"question": "How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?", "answer": "less than 3%"}, {"question": "What do a variety of industries benefit from?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist?", "answer": "Tanzania"}, {"question": "Where does the average safari hunter stay in?", "answer": "tented camps"}, {"question": "Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities? ", "answer": "anti-poaching"}, {"question": "What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from?", "answer": "hunting"}, {"question": "In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does?", "answer": "Tanzania"}, {"question": "What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek?", "answer": "luxury"}, {"question": "Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night?", "answer": "in tented camps"}, {"question": "Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist?", "answer": "remote areas"}, {"question": "How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist?", "answer": "fifty to one hundred times"}, {"question": "What does the photo tourist seek?", "answer": "luxury accommodation"}, {"question": "Where does a safari hunter usually stay?", "answer": "tented camps"}, {"question": "What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities?", "answer": "Safari hunters"}, {"question": "Hunting has significant financial impact in what country?", "answer": "the United States"}, {"question": "What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting?", "answer": "equipment or speciality tourism"}, {"question": "\"There's an app for that!\",  what have been different technologies been created to do?", "answer": "assist hunters"}, {"question": "What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from?", "answer": "economic, social, and cultural"}, {"question": "How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001?", "answer": "over $20.5 billion"}, {"question": "What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.?", "answer": "significant financial impact"}, {"question": "What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters?", "answer": "different technologies"}, {"question": "One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is?", "answer": "iPhone applications"}, {"question": "How much did hunters spend in 2001?", "answer": "over $20.5 billion"}, {"question": "What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?", "answer": "preservation of wildlife habitat"}, {"question": "What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to?", "answer": "the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals"}, {"question": "What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common?", "answer": "extinction"}, {"question": "Why have poachers killed endangered animals?", "answer": "primarily for commercial sale or sport."}, {"question": "How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?", "answer": "to endangerment or extinction"}, {"question": "How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species?", "answer": "contributed heavily"}, {"question": "What contributes to endangerment?", "answer": "excessive hunting"}, {"question": "What have poachers contributed to hunting?", "answer": "endangerment"}, {"question": "Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?", "answer": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act?", "answer": "16 March 1934"}, {"question": "What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do?", "answer": "an annual stamp purchase"}, {"question": "What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to?", "answer": "the purchase or lease of wetland habitat"}, {"question": "How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "What act was signed in 1934?", "answer": "Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act"}, {"question": "What President signed this act?", "answer": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"}, {"question": "What is the requirement of the act?", "answer": "annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen"}, {"question": "What do the stamps depict?", "answer": "wildlife artwork"}, {"question": "What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934?", "answer": "$670 million"}, {"question": "How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934?", "answer": "5,200,000 acres"}, {"question": "What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do?", "answer": "hunt migratory birds"}, {"question": "Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps?", "answer": "hunters"}, {"question": "Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps?", "answer": "Migratory Bird Conservation Commission"}, {"question": "How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act?", "answer": "$670 million"}, {"question": "How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase?", "answer": "5,200,000 acres"}, {"question": "What do the Duck Stamps serve as?", "answer": "license to hunt migratory birds"}, {"question": "What percent of sales are contributed by hunters?", "answer": "eighty-seven"}, {"question": "Who manages distribution of funds?", "answer": "Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC)"}, {"question": "What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East?", "answer": "The Arabian oryx"}, {"question": "Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt?", "answer": "the species' striking appearance"}, {"question": "When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution?", "answer": "use of automobiles and high-powered rifles"}, {"question": "What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from \"extinct in the wild\" to \"vulnerable\"?", "answer": "Arabian oryx"}, {"question": "What is a species of large antelope?", "answer": "Arabian oryx"}, {"question": "What did the large antelope species once inhabit?", "answer": "much of the desert areas of the Middle East"}, {"question": "What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed.", "answer": "automobiles and high-powered rifles"}, {"question": "When did the Arabian oryx become extinct?", "answer": "1972"}, {"question": "What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?", "answer": "conservation efforts"}, {"question": "What type of creature is the American bison?", "answer": "a large bovid"}, {"question": "What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?", "answer": "western North America"}, {"question": "What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?", "answer": "rot"}, {"question": "What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?", "answer": "several million"}, {"question": "What is the current status of bison?", "answer": "near-threatened"}, {"question": "What did large herds of bison attract?", "answer": "market hunters"}, {"question": "What part of North America did the bison live?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "Why were the bison killed?", "answer": "for their hides"}, {"question": "What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?", "answer": "leaving the rest to rot"}, {"question": "What do bison still remain?", "answer": "near-threatened"}, {"question": "Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether?", "answer": "a precipitous wildlife decline"}, {"question": "What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers?", "answer": "antelope"}, {"question": "What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable?", "answer": "hippopotamus"}, {"question": "What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana?", "answer": "poaching, drought and habitat loss"}, {"question": "What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?", "answer": "Uganda"}, {"question": "What Botswana was resently forced to do?", "answer": "ban trophy hunting"}, {"question": "What animal declined across Botswana?", "answer": "antelope"}, {"question": "What animal numbers have increased in Botswana?", "answer": "hippopotamus"}, {"question": "What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana?", "answer": "elephant"}, {"question": "What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? ", "answer": "poaching"}, {"question": "What country is Kathmandu the capital of?", "answer": "Nepal"}, {"question": "What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English?", "answer": "Sub-Metropolitan City"}, {"question": "Along with \"KTM,\" what is another nickname of Kathmandu?", "answer": "tri-city"}, {"question": "How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011?", "answer": "975,453"}, {"question": "How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?", "answer": "49.45"}, {"question": "About how long has Kathmandu existed?", "answer": "2000"}, {"question": "What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is?", "answer": "inscriptions"}, {"question": "What is Kathmandu's majority religion?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "What do most Kathmandu residents speak?", "answer": "Nepali"}, {"question": "What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?", "answer": "English"}, {"question": "What does \u0915\u093e\u0937\u094d\u0920 mean in English?", "answer": "wood"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Mandap?", "answer": "covered shelter"}, {"question": "What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple?", "answer": "Maru Satal"}, {"question": "Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple?", "answer": "King Laxmi Narsingh Malla"}, {"question": "On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?", "answer": "25 April 2015"}, {"question": "What is the ancient name of Kathmandu?", "answer": "Kasthamandap Mahanagar"}, {"question": "How does \u0915\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092a\u0941\u0930 transliterate into English?", "answer": "Kantipur"}, {"question": "Who is also called Kanti?", "answer": "Lakshmi"}, {"question": "How do you say place in Sanskrit?", "answer": "pur"}, {"question": "What is the English translation of Mahanagar?", "answer": "great city"}, {"question": "According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?", "answer": "lake"}, {"question": "What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?", "answer": "snakes"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of Manjupattan?", "answer": "Bodhisatwa Manjusri"}, {"question": "What type of creature was Banasur?", "answer": "demon"}, {"question": "Who was Banasur's murderer?", "answer": "Krishna"}, {"question": "Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty?", "answer": "Yalamber"}, {"question": "What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy?", "answer": "northern"}, {"question": "Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu?", "answer": "Sino-Tibetan"}, {"question": "Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located?", "answer": "southern half"}, {"question": "What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas?", "answer": "Licchavis"}, {"question": "Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be?", "answer": "Koliyas"}, {"question": "What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit?", "answer": "Newar"}, {"question": "Who killed the Shakyas?", "answer": "Virudhaka"}, {"question": "Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?", "answer": "Dakshin Koligram"}, {"question": "Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements?", "answer": "Dakshin Koligram"}, {"question": "Who is Kathmandu's historical founder?", "answer": "Gunakamadeva"}, {"question": "Who did Chandrahrasa belong to?", "answer": "Manjushri"}, {"question": "How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?", "answer": "India and Tibet"}, {"question": "Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi?", "answer": "Malla"}, {"question": "Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period?", "answer": "Turk Muslims"}, {"question": "What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake?", "answer": "third"}, {"question": "Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?", "answer": "Kailashkut Bhawan"}, {"question": "What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake?", "answer": "Abhaya Malla"}, {"question": "How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley?", "answer": "Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur"}, {"question": "What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era?", "answer": "India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe"}, {"question": "What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period?", "answer": "Haramekhala"}, {"question": "When does Amarkosh date to?", "answer": "1381"}, {"question": "Who won the Battle of Kathmandu?", "answer": "Gorkha Kingdom"}, {"question": "What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha?", "answer": "Kirtipur"}, {"question": "How many stories high was the Basantapur tower?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose?", "answer": "Great Britain"}, {"question": "How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?", "answer": "nine"}, {"question": "What river is south of Kathmandu?", "answer": "Bagmati"}, {"question": "What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?", "answer": "northwestern"}, {"question": "About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?", "answer": "4,600"}, {"question": "How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?", "answer": "19.56"}, {"question": "Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?", "answer": "south"}, {"question": "How many rivers travel through Kathmandu?", "answer": "eight"}, {"question": "Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?", "answer": "Nagarjuna hill"}, {"question": "How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows?", "answer": "4,900\u20139,800"}, {"question": "How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?", "answer": "municipalities"}, {"question": "How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?", "answer": "1"}, {"question": "About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?", "answer": "20,000"}, {"question": "What is another term for VDCs?", "answer": "villages"}, {"question": "What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?", "answer": "50.2"}, {"question": "Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu?", "answer": "humid subtropical climate"}, {"question": "What is the K\u00f6ppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate?", "answer": "Cwa"}, {"question": "How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone?", "answer": "2,100\u20133,300"}, {"question": "How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal?", "answer": "Five"}, {"question": "What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning?", "answer": "cool"}, {"question": "About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months?", "answer": "65"}, {"question": "On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu?", "answer": "January 10"}, {"question": "In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal?", "answer": "June to August"}, {"question": "In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?", "answer": "2003"}, {"question": "What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade?", "answer": "India and China"}, {"question": "Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy?", "answer": "agriculture"}, {"question": "Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?", "answer": "one third"}, {"question": "What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?", "answer": "$2200"}, {"question": "What is the GDP of Kathmandu?", "answer": "6.5billion"}, {"question": "What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?", "answer": "21"}, {"question": "What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?", "answer": "9%"}, {"question": "Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?", "answer": "Raxaul"}, {"question": "When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin?", "answer": "1956"}, {"question": "What is the most significant industry in Nepal?", "answer": "tourism"}, {"question": "Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62?", "answer": "6,179"}, {"question": "What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009?", "answer": "end of the Maoist insurgency"}, {"question": "What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?", "answer": "Himalayas"}, {"question": "What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists?", "answer": "Thamel"}, {"question": "What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel?", "answer": "Jhamsikhel"}, {"question": "What is the traditional name for Freak Street?", "answer": "Jhochhen Tol"}, {"question": "What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?", "answer": "hippies"}, {"question": "How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What type of hotel is Aloha Inn?", "answer": "three-star"}, {"question": "De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel?", "answer": "five-star"}, {"question": "What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?", "answer": "casinos"}, {"question": "How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area?", "answer": "five"}, {"question": "What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name?", "answer": "City Core"}, {"question": "What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards?", "answer": "civic administration"}, {"question": "How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election?", "answer": "20"}, {"question": "How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?", "answer": "4"}, {"question": "What is Kathmandu's fire department called?", "answer": "Barun Yantra Karyalaya"}, {"question": "What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department?", "answer": "1937"}, {"question": "When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department?", "answer": "1944"}, {"question": "How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "What is the mission of FAN?", "answer": "raising public awareness about fire and improving safety"}, {"question": "What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?", "answer": "427,045"}, {"question": "About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?", "answer": "1,319,597"}, {"question": "How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?", "answer": "85"}, {"question": "How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?", "answer": "20,300"}, {"question": "What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris?", "answer": "18.5"}, {"question": "What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu?", "answer": "Khas Brahmins"}, {"question": "What are Kathmandu's primary religions?", "answer": "Hinduism and Buddhism"}, {"question": "What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers?", "answer": "service"}, {"question": "Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language?", "answer": "Nepal Bhasa"}, {"question": "What religion does Changunarayan belong to?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?", "answer": "stupas"}, {"question": "How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?", "answer": "466.9"}, {"question": "In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?", "answer": "239.34"}, {"question": "When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?", "answer": "2006"}, {"question": "Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?", "answer": "Kirtipur"}, {"question": "What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?", "answer": "Licchavi"}, {"question": "How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?", "answer": "50"}, {"question": "When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?", "answer": "April 2015"}, {"question": "How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "What is Durga called in Nepali?", "answer": "Taleju"}, {"question": "How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju?", "answer": "until she menstruates"}, {"question": "Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008?", "answer": "Matina Shakya"}, {"question": "What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?", "answer": "Maoist"}, {"question": "When was the Pashupatinath Temple built?", "answer": "5th century"}, {"question": "What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve?", "answer": "Hindu"}, {"question": "What is another name for Pashupati?", "answer": "Lord Shiva"}, {"question": "Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god?", "answer": "Lord Pashupatinath"}, {"question": "Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?", "answer": "Mughal invaders"}, {"question": "What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers?", "answer": "Hindus"}, {"question": "In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate?", "answer": "South"}, {"question": "What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to?", "answer": "Malla"}, {"question": "Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple?", "answer": "Adi Shankaracharya"}, {"question": "What is another term for Bharatam?", "answer": "Unified India"}, {"question": "To what religion is Boudhanath holy?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "What do the Newars call Boudhanath?", "answer": "Kh\u0101sti"}, {"question": "What is Boudhanath called in Nepali?", "answer": "Bauddha or Bodhn\u0101th"}, {"question": "How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles?", "answer": "7"}, {"question": "When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?", "answer": "1979"}, {"question": "Who is pictured on the stupa's base?", "answer": "Dhyani Buddha Amitabha"}, {"question": "What is Ajima the deity of?", "answer": "smallpox"}, {"question": "What are gompas?", "answer": "monasteries"}, {"question": "Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa?", "answer": "Tibetan Buddhist"}, {"question": "What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels?", "answer": "om mani padme hum"}, {"question": "In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?", "answer": "northwestern"}, {"question": "What faith does Swayambhu belong to?", "answer": "Buddhist"}, {"question": "Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?", "answer": "Hindus"}, {"question": "In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?", "answer": "four"}, {"question": "In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?", "answer": "gajur"}, {"question": "Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance?", "answer": "stone"}, {"question": "What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley?", "answer": "icons"}, {"question": "In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?", "answer": "1950"}, {"question": "What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?", "answer": "Mother Goddesses"}, {"question": "What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?", "answer": "wealth"}, {"question": "By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?", "answer": "Ashoka"}, {"question": "When did the Licchavi period end?", "answer": "900"}, {"question": "What is another name for the Licchavi period?", "answer": "classical"}, {"question": "Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu?", "answer": "Natural History Museum of Nepal"}, {"question": "From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?", "answer": "5th century"}, {"question": "Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal?", "answer": "Hinduism"}, {"question": "What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO?", "answer": "Monument Zones"}, {"question": "How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley?", "answer": "seven"}, {"question": "In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?", "answer": "western"}, {"question": "What stupa is close to the National Museum?", "answer": "Swayambhunath"}, {"question": "Who built the building that contains the National Museum?", "answer": "Bhimsen Thapa"}, {"question": "When was the National Museum founded?", "answer": "1928"}, {"question": "What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?", "answer": "the stone house of arms and ammunition"}, {"question": "When did Tribhuvan die?", "answer": "1955"}, {"question": "What was the birth year of King Mahendra?", "answer": "1920"}, {"question": "How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?", "answer": "Birendra"}, {"question": "During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located?", "answer": "north-central"}, {"question": "In what year was Narayanhity constructed?", "answer": "1970"}, {"question": "Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity?", "answer": "Birenda Bir Bikram Shah"}, {"question": "How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?", "answer": "74"}, {"question": "What god is Narayana?", "answer": "Vishnu"}, {"question": "What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to?", "answer": "modern history of the Kathmandu Valley"}, {"question": "Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum?", "answer": "Carl Pruscha"}, {"question": "In what year was the Taragaon Museum built?", "answer": "1971"}, {"question": "What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?", "answer": "Boudhnath"}, {"question": "What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum?", "answer": "hostel"}, {"question": "Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?", "answer": "modern"}, {"question": "How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?", "answer": "two"}, {"question": "What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?", "answer": "Thangkas"}, {"question": "What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?", "answer": "Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre"}, {"question": "What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?", "answer": "Paubhas"}, {"question": "Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery?", "answer": "Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds"}, {"question": "The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period?", "answer": "medieval"}, {"question": "What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace?", "answer": "J"}, {"question": "Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?", "answer": "Babar Mahal"}, {"question": "In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class?", "answer": "Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery"}, {"question": "How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library?", "answer": "70,000"}, {"question": "Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language?", "answer": "Nepal Bhasa"}, {"question": "What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library?", "answer": "Ministry of Education"}, {"question": "How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain?", "answer": "45,000"}, {"question": "Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to?", "answer": "Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana"}, {"question": "Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu?", "answer": "Kanti Path"}, {"question": "What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group?", "answer": "1982"}, {"question": "What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre?", "answer": "Kathmandu International Theater Festival"}, {"question": "Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?", "answer": "Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee"}, {"question": "What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu?", "answer": "beef"}, {"question": "What animal does buff come from?", "answer": "water buffalo"}, {"question": "What people are particularly known for eating buff?", "answer": "Newars"}, {"question": "What cuisine notably makes use of pork?", "answer": "Kirat"}, {"question": "What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?", "answer": "Momo or Chowmein"}, {"question": "How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955?", "answer": "one"}, {"question": "What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?", "answer": "Pizza Hut and KFC"}, {"question": "How is the egg in American chop suey prepared?", "answer": "fried"}, {"question": "Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants?", "answer": "expatriates"}, {"question": "Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants?", "answer": "Tibetan"}, {"question": "What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea?", "answer": "tea"}, {"question": "How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu?", "answer": "extremely weak"}, {"question": "What is used to make thwon?", "answer": "rice"}, {"question": "What are bhattis?", "answer": "alcohol serving eateries"}, {"question": "What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?", "answer": "millet or barley"}, {"question": "To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to?", "answer": "Malla"}, {"question": "Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals?", "answer": "Newars"}, {"question": "In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "What does Ghode mean?", "answer": "horse"}, {"question": "In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale?", "answer": "north"}, {"question": "In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred?", "answer": "Buddhists"}, {"question": "What is done with Hindus after they die?", "answer": "cremated"}, {"question": "What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death?", "answer": "buried"}, {"question": "In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?", "answer": "first son"}, {"question": "Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati?", "answer": "three"}, {"question": "In what century was Bhrikuti said to live?", "answer": "7th"}, {"question": "When did Araniko die?", "answer": "1306"}, {"question": "What religion did Araniko help to evangelize?", "answer": "Buddhism"}, {"question": "How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu?", "answer": "108"}, {"question": "Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?", "answer": "fifty"}, {"question": "What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum?", "answer": "animistic"}, {"question": "Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith?", "answer": "Kirat people"}, {"question": "Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?", "answer": "Kirats"}, {"question": "What is another name for ancestor worship?", "answer": "worship of Ajima"}, {"question": "Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found?", "answer": "Gyaneshwar"}, {"question": "Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i?", "answer": "300"}, {"question": "Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal?", "answer": "Shantinagar, Baneshwor"}, {"question": "About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam?", "answer": "4.2"}, {"question": "About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?", "answer": "170"}, {"question": "Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college?", "answer": "Tribhuwan"}, {"question": "In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found?", "answer": "Maharajgunj"}, {"question": "When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine?", "answer": "1978"}, {"question": "What does KUSMS stand for?", "answer": "Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences"}, {"question": "What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS?", "answer": "National Academy of Medical Sciences"}, {"question": "Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth?", "answer": "Football"}, {"question": "What body oversees soccer in Nepal?", "answer": "All Nepal Football Association"}, {"question": "How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?", "answer": "25,000"}, {"question": "In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located?", "answer": "Tripureshwor"}, {"question": "Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?", "answer": "Chinese"}, {"question": "As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal?", "answer": "17,182"}, {"question": "Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft?", "answer": "hilly terrain"}, {"question": "What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?", "answer": "BP"}, {"question": "In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel?", "answer": "west"}, {"question": "If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used?", "answer": "Araniko"}, {"question": "What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel?", "answer": "Tribhuvan International Airport"}, {"question": "Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport?", "answer": "6"}, {"question": "How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights?", "answer": "22"}, {"question": "From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu?", "answer": "Amsterdam"}, {"question": "Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul?", "answer": "Turkish Airlines"}, {"question": "In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship?", "answer": "Oregon"}, {"question": "What was Yangon previously known as?", "answer": "Rangoon"}, {"question": "With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?", "answer": "Minsk"}, {"question": "In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship?", "answer": "1975"}, {"question": "What is KMC an initialism of?", "answer": "Kathmandu Metropolitan City"}]