Question: Homogentisic acid is found in the what type of Irish tree in Europe?

Context articles: Tyrosinemia type III
Homogentisic acid
Alkaptonuria
Ucuhuba seed oil
Arbutus unedo
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
Ochronosis
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Pulvinic acid
Salicylic acid

Type III tyrosinemia is a rare disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27 ), encoded by the gene "HPD".
 This enzyme is abundant in the liver, and smaller amounts are found in the kidneys.
 It is one of a series of enzymes needed to break down tyrosine.
 Specifically, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase converts a tyrosine byproduct called 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisic acid.
 Characteristic features of type III tyrosinemia include mild mental retardation, seizures, and periodic loss of balance and coordination (intermittent ataxia).
 Type III tyrosinemia is very rare; only a few cases have been reported.
Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a phenolic acid usually found in "Arbutus unedo" (strawberry-tree) honey.
 It is also present in the bacterial plant pathogen "Xanthomonas campestris pv.
 phaseoli" as well as in the yeast "Yarrowia lipolytica" where it is associated with the production of brown pigments.
Alkaptonuria (black urine disease, black bone disease, or alcaptonuria) is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, which occur in protein.
 It is caused by a mutation in the "HGD" gene for the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.5 ); if a person inherits abnormal copies from each parent (it is a recessive condition) the body accumulates an intermediate substance called homogentisic acid in the blood and tissues.
 Homogentisic acid and its oxidized form "alkapton" are excreted in the urine, giving it an unusually dark color.
 The accumulating homogentisic acid causes damage to cartilage (ochronosis, leading to osteoarthritis) and heart valves as well as precipitating as kidney stones and stones in other organs.
 Symptoms usually develop in people over thirty years old, although the dark discoloration of the urine is present from birth.
Ucuhuba seed oil is the oil extracted from the seed of "Virola surinamensis" (ucuhuba).
 The ucuhuba tree is found in Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
 Its seeds provide oil rich in myristic acid.
 The ucuhuba oil contains 13% lauric acid, 69% myristic acid, 7% palmitic acid and traces of oleic acid and linoleic acid.
 Myristic and lauric acids comprised 91.3 mole % of the total fatty acids.
 Although additional saturated fatty acids were found (decanoic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid), they occurred only as minor components.
 Small amounts of several unsaturated fatty acids were found including 2.4% oleic acid and 0.4% linoleic acid.
Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe north to western France and Ireland.
 Due to its presence in southwest and northwest Ireland, it is known as either "Irish strawberry tree", or cain or cane apple (from the Gaelic name for the tree, "caithne"), or sometimes "Killarney strawberry tree".
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
 The aromatic side chain of phenylalanine is hydroxylated by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase to form tyrosine.
 The conversion from tyrosine to 4-HPPA is in turn catalyzed by tyrosine aminotransferase.
 Additionally, 4-HPPA can be converted to homogentisic acid which is one of the precursors to ochronotic pigment.
Ochronosis is a syndrome caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in connective tissues.
 It was first described by Rudolf Virchow in 1865.
 The condition was named after the yellowish (ocher-like) discoloration of the tissue seen on microscopic examination.
 However, macroscopically the affected tissues appear bluish grey because of a light-scattering phenomenon known as the Tyndall effect.
 The condition is most often associated with alkaptonuria but can occur from exogenous administration of phenol complexes like hydroquinone.
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (homogentisic acid oxidase, homogentisicase) is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to 4-maleylacetoacetate.
 Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase or HGD is involved in the catabolism of aromatic rings, more specifically in the breakdown of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine.
 HGD appears in the metabolic pathway of tyrosine and phenylalanine degradation once the molecule homogentisate is produced.
 Homogentisate reacts with HGD to produce maleylacetoacetate, which then is further used in the metabolic pathway.
 HGD requires the use of Fe and O in order to cleave the aromatic ring of homogentisate.
Pulvinic acid is a natural chemical pigment found in some lichens. Dimers of pulvinic acid have been found in the fungi "Scleroderma citrinum" and "Chalciporus piperatus".
.
 Hydroxypulvinic acid pigments (pulvinic acid type family of pigments) have been found in Boletus (e.g. Boletus erythropus (Fr.)
 Pers.)
, Boletinus , Chalciporus, Gyrodon, Leccinum, Pulveroboletus, Suillus (e.g. Suillus luteus, Suillus bovinus(Pers.)
 Kuntze, and Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer)), Paxillus (e.g Paxillus involutus), Serpula (e.g. Serpula lacrymans(Wulfen) Schröt), Xerocomus (e.g. Xerocomus chrysenteron (Bull.)
 Quél), Hygrophoropsis (e.g. Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca (Wulfen) Maire), Tylopilus (e.g. Tylopilus nigerrimus (Heim) Hongo & Endo), Pulveroboletus (e.g. Pulveroboletus auriflammeus (Berk.
 & Curt.)
 Sing), and are generally are characteristic of Boletales .
 Derivatives and similar pigments of this family include atromentic acid, xerocomic acid, isoxerocomic acid, variegatic acid, variegatorubin, xerocomorubin, chinomethide, methyl bovinate, pulvinone, badion A, norbadion A, bisnorbadiochinone A, pisochinone, and sclerocitrin .
Salicylic acid (from Latin "salix", "willow tree") is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA).
 It has the formula CHO.
 This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone.
 It is derived from the metabolism of salicin.
 In addition to serving as an important active metabolite of aspirin ("acetylsalicylic acid"), which acts in part as a prodrug to salicylic acid, it is probably best known for its use as a key ingredient in topical anti-acne products.
 The salts and esters of salicylic acid are known as salicylates.
 The medicinal part of the willow tree is the inner bark.