Question: The recovery of cash from a business that has been issued a bill relating to a sale transaction is called what? 

Context articles: Savepoint
Information-transfer transaction
Business transaction management
Cash collection
Kernel Transaction Manager
Invoice
PIN pad
Point of sale
Cash and cash equivalents
Forfaiting

A savepoint is a way of implementing subtransactions (also known as nested transactions) within a relational database management system by indicating a point within a transaction that can be "rolled back to" without affecting any work done in the transaction before the savepoint was created.
 Multiple savepoints can exist within a single transaction.
 Savepoints are useful for implementing complex error recovery in database applications.
 If an error occurs in the midst of a multiple-statement transaction, the application may be able to recover from the error (by rolling back to a savepoint) without needing to abort the entire transaction.
A transaction is a change of state, an information-transfer transaction is a transaction in which one of the following changes occurs: content, ownership, location, format, etc.
 An information-transfer transaction usually consists of three consecutive phases called the access phase, the information transfer phase, and the disengagement phase.
 Examples of these consecutive phases are the copying and transporting of information.
 Once a transaction occurs there are also costs to consider, which are associated with that certain transaction.
 When it comes to the transfer of information some transaction costs include time and means (money).
Business transaction management (BTM), also known as business transaction monitoring, application transaction profiling or user defined transaction profiling, is the practice of managing information technology (IT) from a business transaction perspective.
 It provides a tool for tracking the flow of transactions across IT infrastructure, in addition to detection, alerting, and correction of unexpected changes in business or technical conditions.
 BTM provides visibility into the flow of transactions across infrastructure tiers, including a dynamic mapping of the application topology.
Cash collection Accounts receivable.
 It is the recovery of cash from a business or individual with which you have issued an Invoice.
Kernel Transaction Manager (KTM) is a component of the Windows operating system kernel in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 that enables applications to use atomic transactions on resources by making them available as kernel objects.
 The transaction engine, which operates in kernel mode, allows for transactions on both kernel mode and user mode resources, as well as among distributed resources.
 The Kernel Transaction Manager intends to make it easy for application developers to do a lot of error recovery, virtually transparently, with KTM acting as a transaction manager that transaction clients can plug into.
 Those transaction clients can be third-party clients that want to initiate transactions on resources that are managed by Transaction Resource Manager.
 The resource managers can also be third-party or built into the system.
An invoice, bill or tab is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, relating to a sale transaction and indicating the products, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller had provided the buyer.
A PIN pad or PIN entry device is an electronic device used in a debit, credit or smart card-based transaction to accept and encrypt the cardholder's personal identification number (PIN).
 PIN pads are normally used with automated teller machines and integrated point of sale devices in which an electronic cash register is responsible for taking the sale amount and initiating/handling the transaction.
 The PIN pad is required so that the customer card can be accessed (in the case of chip cards) and the PIN can be securely entered and encrypted before it is sent to the transaction manager of the switch or the bank.
 In some cases, with chip cards, the PIN is only transferred from the PIN pad to the chip (within the PIN pad itself) and it is verified by the chip card.
 In this case the PIN does not need to be sent to the bank or card scheme for verification.
 (This is known as "offline PIN verification".)
The point of sale (POS) or point of purchase (POP) is the time and place where a retail transaction is completed.
 At the point of sale, the merchant calculates the amount owed by the customer, indicates that amount, may prepare an invoice for the customer (which may be a cash register printout), and indicates the options for the customer to make payment.
 It is also the point at which a customer makes a payment to the merchant in exchange for goods or after provision of a service.
 After receiving payment, the merchant may issue a receipt for the transaction, which is usually printed but is increasingly being dispensed with or sent electronically.
Cash and cash equivalents (CCE) are the most liquid current assets found on a business's balance sheet.
 Cash equivalents are short-term commitments "with temporarily idle cash and easily convertible into a known cash amount".
 An investment normally counts to be a cash equivalent when it has a short maturity period of 90 days or less, (any more than 90 days the asset is not considered as cash and cash equivalents) and can be included in the cash and cash equivalents balance from the date of acquisition when it carries an insignificant risk of changes in the asset value.
 Equity investments mostly are excluded from cash equivalents, unless they are essentially cash equivalents, for instance, if the preferred shares acquired within a short maturity period and with specified recovery date.
In trade finance, forfaiting is a financial transaction involving the purchase of receivables from exporters by a forfaiter.
 The forfaiter takes on all the risks associated with the receivables but earns a margin.
 The forfaiter may also be immunized from certain risks if the transaction involves payment by negotiable instrument.
 The forfaiting is a transaction involving the sale of one of the firm's transactions.
 Factoring is also a financial transaction involving the purchase of financial assets, but factoring involves the "sale" of any portion of a firm's receivables.