Question: Samavati was one of the queens of King Udena of Kosambi, Samavati became so gladdened by Khujjuttara's discourse, she invited which ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded, and his monks regularly to the palace to preach the Dharma to her and her 500 ladies in waiting?

Context articles: Buddhism and science
Maya (mother of the Buddha)
Samavati
Tettsū Gikai
Buddhism and Jainism
Lanxi Daolong
Gautama Buddha
Śramaṇa
Relic of the tooth of the Buddha
Anagarika Dharmapala

Buddhism and science have increasingly been discussed as compatible, and Buddhism has entered into the science and religion dialogue.
 The case is made that the philosophic and psychological teachings within Buddhism share commonalities with modern scientific and philosophic thought.
 For example, Buddhism encourages the impartial investigation of Nature (an activity referred to as "Dhamma-Vicaya" in the Pali Canon) — the principal object of study being oneself.
 Some popular conceptions of Buddhism connect it to discourse regarding evolution, quantum theory, and cosmology, though most scientists see a separation between the religious and metaphysical statements of Buddhism and the methodology of science.
 In 1993 a model deduced from Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development was published arguing that Buddhism is a fourth mode of thought beyond magic, science and religion.
Queen Māyā of Sakya (Māyādevī) was the birth mother of Gautama Buddha, the sage on whose teachings Buddhism was founded, and the sister of Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī, the first Buddhist nun ordained by the Buddha.
Samavati was one of the queens of King Udena of Kosambi.
 Her servant Khujjuttara became a foremost female lay disciple when she sent her to hear the Buddha's teachings and tell her about the teachings.
 Samavati became so gladdened by Khujjuttara's discourse, she invited Buddha and his monks regularly to the palace to preach the Dharma to her and her 500 ladies in waiting.
 She became the foremost disciple in loving kindness and compassion.
Tettsū Gikai (徹通義介 ) is the third spiritual leader of the Sōtō Zen school of Buddhism in Japan.
 He began his Buddhist life as a student of the Darumashū's Ekan, but later both became students of Eihei Dōgen's newly established Sōtō school.
 Gikai received dharma transmission from Koun Ejō, Dōgen's successor, and later became the third abbot of the school's head temple, Eihei-ji.
 Shortly thereafter, he became embroiled in a leadership crisis known as the "sandai sōron".
 Other monks contended that other students, namely Jakuen, Gien or Giin, had stronger claims to the abbacy.
 The controversy remained unresolved at the time of his death.
 His abbacy was unpopular with some monks because he introduced innovative practices aimed at making Sōtō more palatable with the Japanese laity, which some claimed Dōgen would have frowned upon.
 However, he also had many followers, and eventually his innovations became the standard form of Sōtō Zen.
 His leadership marked the first geographical expansion of the Sōtō school when he moved with his followers to Kaga Province.
 Most notably, his disciple Keizan Jōkin became the second most famous figure in the school's history after Dōgen by generating mass appeal for Sōtō Zen and ultimately spreading the teachings to all corners of Japan.
Buddhism and Jainism are two ancient Indian religions that developed in Magadha (Bihar region) and continue to thrive in the modern times.
 Mahavira and Gautama Buddha are generally accepted as contemporaries (circa 5th century BCE).
 Jainism and Buddhism share many features, terminology and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently.
 Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that believe it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths (samsara) through spiritual and ethical disciplines.
 They differ in some core doctrines such as those on asceticism, Middle Way versus "Anekantavada", self versus no-self ("jiva", "atta, anatta").
Lanxi Daolong (;Japanese: Rankei Dōryū ) (c. 1213-1278), born in Sichuan Province, China in 1213 A.D. (Southern Song Dynasty), was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, idealist philosopher, and is the founder of the Kenchō-ji sect, which is a branch of the Rinzai school.
 He entered temple life at the age of thirteen.
 Due to the Mongol Conquest of the Song Dynasty in China in 1246, also driven by the new trend that Zen monks of the Southern Song Dynasty increasingly tended to voluntarily go to Japan to preach Zen Buddhism, plus the influences of his teachers and friends, he sailed to Japan to preach Zen Buddhism, and later moved to Kamakura, where he took charge of Kenchō-ji (建長寺).
 after having accepted the invitation of Hōjō Tokiyori (北条時頼) in 1253.
 His calligraphy was famous in Japan, especially "Rule of Zen" (法语规则).
 Daolong died in Kenchō-ji, and was given the Posthumous Name as Dajue Zen Master (大覚禅師, Daikaku Zenji in Japanese) by Emperor Go-Uda (後宇多天皇).
 Throughout his lifetime, he made great contributions to promote Sino-Japanese cultural interactions.
Gautama Buddha (c. 563 BCE/480 BCE – c. 483 BCE/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama ] , Shakyamuni Buddha ] , or simply the Buddha, after the title of "Buddha", was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.
 He is believed to have lived and taught mostly in the eastern part of ancient India sometime between the sixth and fourth centuries BCE.
Śramaṇa (Sanskrit; Pali samana) means "seeker, one who performs acts of austerity, ascetic".
 The term refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic religion.
 The śramaṇa tradition includes Jainism, Buddhism, and others such as the Ājīvikas, Ajñanas and Cārvākas.
The Sacred Relic of the tooth of Buddha (Pali "danta dhātuya") is venerated in Sri Lanka as a cetiya "relic" of Gautama Buddha, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.
Anagārika Dharmapāla (Pali: "Anagārika", ] ; Sinhalese: Anagarika, lit., Sinhalese: ධර්මපාල ; 17 September 1864 – 29 April 1933) was a Sri Lankan (Sinhalese) Buddhist revivalist and writer.
 He was one of the founding contributors of non-violent Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism and Buddhism.
 He was also a pioneer in the revival of Buddhism in India after it had been virtually extinct there for several centuries, and he was the first Buddhist in modern times to preach the Dharma in three continents: Asia, North America, and Europe.
 Along with Henry Steel Olcott and Helena Blavatsky, the creators of the Theosophical Society, he was a major reformer and revivalist of Ceylonese Buddhism and an important figure in its western transmission.
 He also inspired a mass movement of South Indian Dalits including Tamils to embrace Buddhism, half a century before B. R. Ambedkar.
 At the latter stages of his life, he entered the order of Buddhist monks as Venerable Sri Devamitta Dharmapala.