Question: What is the study of the properties of this mechanism which is used by Smart insulin to control the glucose level?

Context articles: Chronic Somogyi rebound
Pulsatile insulin
Insulin resistance
Brockmann body
Circulatory system
Low-glycemic diet
Glucose meter
Hyperinsulinism
Insulin glargine
Smart insulin

Chronic Somogyi rebound is a contested explanation of phenomena of elevated blood sugars in the morning.
 Also called the Somogyi effect and posthypoglycemic hyperglycemia, it is a rebounding high blood sugar that is a response to low blood sugar.
 When managing the blood glucose level with insulin injections, this effect is counter-intuitive to insulin users who experience high blood sugar in the morning as a result of an overabundance of insulin at night.
Pulsatile intravenous insulin therapy, sometimes called metabolic activation therapy, or cellular activation therapy describes in a literal sense the intravenous injection of insulin in pulses versus continuous infusions.
 Injection of insulin in pulses mimics the physiological secretions of insulin by the pancreas into the portal vein which then drains into the liver.
 In healthy, non-diabetic individuals, pancreatic secretions of insulin correspond to the intake of food.
 The pancreas will secrete variable amounts of insulin based upon the amount of food consumed (basically speaking, the more food that is consumed, the more insulin the pancreas will secrete) among other factors.
 Continuous exposure to insulin and glucagon is known to decrease the hormones’ metabolic effectiveness on glucose production in humans due to the body developing an increased tolerance to the hormones.
 Down-regulation at the cellular level may partially explain the decreased action of steady-state levels of insulin, while pulsatile hormone secretion may allow recovery of receptor affinity and numbers for insulin.
 Intermittent intravenous insulin administration with peaks of insulin concentrations may enhance suppression of gluconeogenesis and reduce hepatic glucose production.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.
 The body produces insulin when glucose starts to be released into the bloodstream from the digestion of carbohydrates in the diet.
 Normally this insulin response triggers glucose being taken into body cells, to be used for energy, and inhibits the body from using fat for energy.
 The concentration of glucose in the blood decreases as a result, staying within the normal range even when a large amount of carbohydrates is consumed.
 When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it as effectively, leading to high blood sugar.
 Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin, further contributing to a high blood insulin level.
 This often remains undetected and can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults.
 Although this type of chronic insulin resistance is harmful, during acute illness it is actually a well-evolved protective mechanism.
 Recent investigations have revealed that insulin resistance helps to conserve the brain's glucose supply by preventing muscles from taking up excessive glucose.
 In theory, insulin resistance should even be strengthened under harsh metabolic conditions such as pregnancy, during which the expanding fetal brain demands more glucose.
Brockmann body is an endocrine organ in some teleost fish, and is composed of a collection of islet tissues.
 The islet tissues are in turn composed of endocrine cells which are the principal sites of insulin synthesis.
 They are distributed around the spleen and the large intestine.
 They also secrete other hormones such as glucagon and somatostatin.
 Hence, Brochmann body is the centre of control of blood glucose level in these fishes.
 Glucagon is also produced from the intestine, but Brockmann body is the major source.
 Increased level of glucose stimulate the Brockmann body to release insulin, while inhibiting glucagon.
 Somatostatin released from Brockmann body inhibits cells to produce insulin and glucagon.
 In addition it inhibits release of growth hormone from the pituitary.
 It is named after a German physician Heinrich Brochmann who discovered it in 1848.
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
 The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics.
 The study of the properties of the blood flow is called hemorheology.
A low-glycemic diet is one that selects foods on the basis of minimal alteration of circulating glucose levels.
 Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are measures of the effect on blood glucose level after a food containing carbohydrates is consumed.
 Glucose is one of the body's main sources of energy; it is the fuel used by the brain, muscles, and other organs.
 Glucose is set at 100, and all foods are indexed against that number.
 Low GI foods affect blood glucose and insulin levels less and have a slower rate of digestion and absorption.
A glucose meter (or glucometer) is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood.
 It can also be a strip of glucose paper dipped into a substance and measured to the glucose chart.
 It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia.
 A small drop of blood, obtained by pricking the skin with a lancet, is placed on a disposable test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level.
 The meter then displays the level in units of mg/dl or mmol/l.
Hyperinsulinism refers to an above normal level of insulin in the blood of a person or animal.
 Normal insulin secretion and blood levels are closely related to the level of glucose in the blood, so that a given level of insulin can be normal for one blood glucose level but low or high for another.
 Hyperinsulinism can be associated with several types of medical problems, which can be roughly divided into two broad and largely non-overlapping categories: those tending toward reduced sensitivity to insulin and high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), and those tending toward excessive insulin secretion and low glucose levels (hypoglycemia).
Insulin glargine, marketed under the names Lantus, among others, is a long-acting basal insulin analogue, given once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes.
 It consists of microcrystals that slowly release insulin, giving a long duration of action of 18 to 26 hours, with a "peakless" profile (according to the insulin glargine package insert).
 Pharmacokinetically, it resembles basal insulin secretion of non-diabetic pancreatic beta cells.
 Sometimes, in type 2 diabetes and in combination with a short acting sulfonylurea (drugs which stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin), it can offer moderate control of serum glucose levels.
 In the absence of endogenous insulin—type 1 diabetes, depleted type 2 (in some cases) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults in late stage—insulin glargine needs the support of fast acting insulin taken with food to reduce the effect of prandially derived glucose.
Smart insulin (also known as glucose responsive insulin, adaptive insulin, smart insulin patch, or MK-2640-001 (Merck)) is a promising and experimental type of insulin that automatically manages blood sugars and keeps them in the normal range in diabetics.
 Its purpose is to treat and prevent hyperglycemia.
 Smart insulin is supposed to adapt by releasing either less or more insulin relative to the level of glucose in the bloodstream to keep it stable.