Question: What nationality are the composers Luigi Cherubini and Gaspare Spontini

Context articles: Agnes von Hohenstaufen
Pauline Duchambge
Gaspare Spontini
Maiolati Spontini
Milton (opera)
Olimpie
Luigi Cherubini
La vestale
List of operas by Gaspare Spontini
Fernand Cortez

Agnes von Hohenstaufen is an opera in three acts by the Italian composer Gaspare Spontini.
 The German libretto is by Ernst Benjamin Salomo Raupach.
 It was first staged at the Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin, on 12 June 1829.
 Raupach categorised "Agnes von Hohenstaufen" as a "historical-romantic" opera and it is one of a number of German works of the time set in the Middle Ages (others include Weber's "Euryanthe", Wagner's "Tannhäuser" and "Lohengrin" and Schumann's "Genoveva").
 "Agnes" also contains many of the features that would be characteristic of French Grand Opera.
 Spontini substantially reworked the piece for a revival in 1837.
Pauline Duchambge née de Montet (1778 – 23 April 1858) was a French Creole pianist, singer, and composer.
 Duchambdge (Montet) was born in Martinique, West Indies and was the daughter of a noble family.
 She was taken to Paris, where she received a convent education and studied the piano from composer and author Jean Baptiste Desormery, son of the famous comic opera actor and composer Léopold-Bastien Desormery.
 Pauline composed and performed as a singer and a pianist.
 She studied harmony and composition with Daniel Auber and with Luigi Cherubini, who wrote several compositions for her.
 She also studied piano and composition with Jan Ladislav Dussek.
 Pauline left the convent in 1792 and married Baron Duchambge in 1796.
 In 1798 at the age of 20, she lost both her parents and with them the family fortune.
 Soon afterwards she was later divorced.
 It was after these events that Duchamge musical education began in earnest.
 She studied church music with Jan Dussek, Luigi Cherubini and D.F.E Auber.
 In 1815, Duchambge met the French poet and novelist, Marceline Desbordes-Valmore beginning a lifelong friendship and collaboration.
 Their friendship is documented by a lengthy correspondence and a number of songs by Duchambge on Debordes-Valmore’s texts including L’adieu tout bas, La fiancée del marin, Je pense à lui, La jeune Châtelaine, Rêve du mousse, La sincère and La valse et l’automne.
 Duchambge also composed music to texts and romances of other female authors such as Mme Amble Tastu and Mme Emile De Girardin.
 Pauline Duchambge wrote over three hundred romances, a very popular genre in the nineteenth century.
 Auber deposited three hundred of Duchambge’s songs in the Bibliothèque du Conservatoire in Paris.
 Eleven of Duchambge's individual songs and albums of songs were published between 1827 and 1841 by some of the leading Parisian publishers: Jean Antoine Meissonnier, Jacques-Joseph Frey, A. Petibon, and Ignace Pleyel.
 Her works reached a German audience through the Berlin publisher Maurice Schlesinger and the Schott firm in Mainz.
 In addition to songs, Duchambge wrote a few piano pieces.
 Duchambge had a difficult life, struggling with poverty, delicate health, and the disenchantments of love; her music expresses her emotions.
 She commented: "Love, it is life!
 but a life full of troubles, illusions, deceptions, repentance, discouragements…. "
Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini (14 November 177424 January 1851) was an Italian opera composer and conductor.
Maiolati Spontini is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche, located about 35 km southwest of Ancona.
 It is the birthplace of musician Gaspare Spontini, whose name has been conjoined with the commune's ancient name, Maiolati.
Milton is an opéra comique in one act by Gaspare Spontini.
 The French libretto, by Victor-Joseph Étienne de Jouy and Armand-Michel Dieulafoy, is based on the life of the English poet John Milton.
 "Milton" was first performed on 27 November 1804 by the Opéra-Comique at the Salle Feydeau in Paris .
 It was Spontini's first major success in France.
 The composer planned a reworked version for performances in Germany, under the title "Das verlorene Paradies" ("Paradise Lost"), but in the event it was never staged.
Olimpie (also spelled Olympie) is an opera in three acts by Gaspare Spontini.
 The French libretto, by Armand-Michel Dieulafoy and Charles Brifaut (1781–1857), is based on the play of the same name by Voltaire (1761).
 "Olimpie" was first performed on 22 December 1819 by the Paris Opéra at the Salle Montansier.
 When sung in Italian or German, it is usually given the title Olimpia.
Luigi Cherubini (] ; 8 or 14 September 1760 – 15 March 1842) was an Italian composer who spent most of his working life in France.
 His most significant compositions are operas and sacred music.
 Beethoven regarded Cherubini as the greatest of his contemporaries.
La vestale ("The Vestal Virgin") is an opera composed by Gaspare Spontini to a French libretto by Étienne de Jouy.
 It takes the form of a "tragédie lyrique" in three acts.
 It was first performed on 15 December 1807 by the Académie Impériale de Musique (Paris Opera) at the Salle Montansier, and is regarded as Spontini's masterpiece.
 The musical style shows the influence of Gluck and looks forwards to the works of Berlioz, Wagner and French Grand Opera.
Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851) wrote operas from the last decade of the 18th century to the third decade of the 19th century.
Fernand Cortez, ou La conquête du Mexique ("Hernán Cortés, or The Conquest of Mexico") is an opéra in three acts by Gaspare Spontini with a French libretto by Etienne de Jouy and Joseph-Alphonse d’Esmenard.
 It was first performed on 28 November 1809 by the Académie Impériale de Musique (Paris Opera) at the Salle Montansier.