Question: What type of plants are Desfontainia and Tithonia?

Context articles: Simsia
Stellacyanin
Flora of Saskatchewan
Chalcone synthase
Spinoside
Biocommunication (science)
Tithonia
Binary cycle
List of poisonous plants
Desfontainia

Simsia is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family.
 It includes annuals, herbaceous perennials, and shrubs.
 They range from the western United States south through Central and South America to Argentina, with the center of diversity occurring in Mexico.
 The genus is named for British physician and botanist John Sims (1749–1831).
 Although some species are relatively rare, others have become common weeds that line the roadsides and fields of Mexico, often forming dense stands mixed with "Tithonia" and other Asteraceae.
 Some species are known by the common name bushsunflower.
Stellacyanin is a member of the blue or type I copper protein family.
 This family of copper proteins is generally involved in electron transfer reactions with the Cu center transitioning between the oxidized Cu(II) form and the reduced Cu(I) form.
 Stellacyanin is ubiquitous among vascular seed plants.
 It is a 20kDa protein whose structure is made up of beta strands forming 2 beta sheets to form a Greek key beta barrel with variable alpha helical structure.
 The copper binding domain of the protein is located at the amino-terminal end, while the carboxyl-terminal end is rich in hydroxyproline and serine residues, typical of proteins associated with cell walls of plants.
 In addition, it is also heavily glycosylated.
 The copper is tetrahedrally coordinated by a cysteine, 2 histidines, and a glutamine residue.
 The glutamine residue takes place of a methione ligand typically found in other blue copper proteins.
 In addition, electron transfer rates for stellacyanin are faster than for other type I copper proteins suggesting stellacyanin is more solvent accessible at the active site.
 The exact function of stellacyanin is unknown.
 However, given the fact that type I copper proteins are involved in electron transfer and stellacyanin appears to be associated with the plant cell wall, it is suggested that it is involved in oxidative cross-linking reactions to build polymeric material making up the cell wall.
The native flora of the Saskatchewan includes vascular plants, plus additional species of other plants and plant-like organisms such as algae, lichens and other fungi, and mosses.
 Non-native species of plants are recorded as established outside of cultivation in Saskatchewan, of these some non-native species remain beneficial for gardening, and agriculture, where others have become invasive, noxious weeds.
 Saskatchewan is committed to protecting species at risk in Canada.
 The growing season has been studied and classified into plant hardiness zones depending on length of growing season and climatic conditions.
 Biogeographic factors have also been divided into vegetative zones, floristic kingdoms, hardiness zones and ecoregions across Saskatchewan, and natural vegetation varies depending on elevation, moisture, soil type landforms, and weather.
 The study of ethnobotany uncovers the interrelation between humans and plants and the various ways people have used plants for economic reasons, food, medicine and technological developments.
 The Government of Saskatchewan has declared 3 indigenous plants as provincial symbols.
Chalcone synthase or naringenin-chalcone synthase (CHS) is an enzyme ubiquitous to higher plants and belongs to a family of polyketide synthase enzymes (PKS) known as type III PKS.
 Type III PKSs are associated with the production of chalcones, a class of organic compounds found mainly in plants as natural defense mechanisms and as synthetic intermediates.
 CHS was the first type III PKS to be discovered.
 It is the first committed enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis.
Spinoside is any one of several chemical compounds isolated from certain plants, notably "Desfontainia spinosa".
 They can be seen as derivatives of the triterpene hydrocarbon cucurbitane (C30H54 ), more specifically from cucurbitacin H.
In the study of the biological sciences, biocommunication is any specific type of communication within (intraspecific) or between (interspecific) species of plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and microorganisms.
 Communication basically means sign-mediated interactions following three levels of (syntactic, pragmatic and semantic) rules.
 Signs in most cases are chemical molecules (semiochemicals, but also tactile, or as in animals also visual and auditive.
 Biocommunication of animals may include vocalizations (as between competing bird species), or pheromone production (as between various species of insects), chemical signals between plants and animals (as in tannin production used by vascular plants to warn away insects), and chemically mediated communication between plants and within plants.
 Biocommunication of fungi demonstrates that mycelia communication integrates interspecific sign-mediated interactions between fungal organisms soil bacteria and plant root cells without which plant nutrition could not be organized.
Tithonia is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower tribe within the Asteraceae family.
A binary cycle power plant is a type of geothermal power plant that allows cooler geothermal reservoirs to be used than is necessary for dry steam and flash steam plants.
 As of 2010, flash steam plants are the most common type of geothermal power generation plants in operation today, which use water at temperatures greater than 182 C that is pumped under high pressure to the generation equipment at the surface.
 With binary cycle geothermal power plants, pumps are used to pump hot water from a geothermal well, through a heat exchanger, and the cooled water is returned to the underground reservoir.
 A second "working" or "binary" fluid with a low boiling point, typically a butane or pentane hydrocarbon, is pumped at fairly high pressure (500 psi ) through the heat exchanger, where it is vaporized and then directed through a turbine.
 The vapor exiting the turbine is then condensed by cold air radiators or cold water and cycled back through the heat exchanger.
Plants cannot move to escape their predators, so they must have other means of protecting themselves from herbivorous animals.
 Some plants have physical defenses such as thorns, spines and prickles, but by far the most common type of protection is chemical.
 Over millennia, through the process of natural selection, plants have evolved the means to produce a vast and complicated array of chemical compounds in order to deter herbivores.
 Tannin, for example, is a defensive compound that emerged relatively early in the evolutionary history of plants, while more complex molecules such as polyacetylenes are found in younger groups of plants such as the Asterales.
 Many of the known plant defense compounds primarily defend against consumption by insects, though other animals, including humans, that consume such plants may also experience negative effects, ranging from mild discomfort to death.
Desfontainia is a genus of flowering plants placed currently in the family Columelliaceae, though formerly in Loganiaceae, Potaliaceae (now subsumed in Gentianaceae), or a family of its own, Desfontainiaceae.