Question: UGENE is computer software for bioinformatics, it works on desktop computer operating systems such as this family of free and open-source software operating system, operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by ?

Context articles: UGENE
Linux
Usage share of desktop operating systems
Hybrid kernel
Help Desk (webcomic)
Linux kernel
Free and open-source graphics device driver
Multiboot Specification
XNU
Whitix

UGENE is computer software for bioinformatics.
 It works on desktop computer operating systems such as Windows, macOS, or Linux.
 It is released as free and open-source software, under a GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2.
Linux ( , ) is a name which broadly denotes a family of free and open-source software operating system distributions built around the Linux kernel.
 The defining component of a Linux distribution is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
 Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name.
 The Free Software Foundation uses the name "GNU/Linux" to refer to the operating system family, as well as specific distributions, to emphasize that most Linux distributions are not just the Linux kernel, and that they have in common not only the kernel, but also numerous utilities and libraries, a large proportion of which are from the GNU project.
 This has led to some controversy.
The usage share of desktop operating systems is the percentage of the operating systems (OS) used in computers (approximately market share) with so-called (retronym) desktop operating system, that also run on e.g. laptops. Originally the only computers running those operating systems, where desktop computers, while with the introduction of so-called new class of mobile operating systems, desktop got to be the part of the name of the former class of OSes.
 The computers running these OSes have the desktop metaphor style of GUI, unlike the mobile OSes.
 See also usage share of operating systems for breakdown of the share of desktop, mobile (and other styles of) operating systems, separately, and share of those all operating systems as part of across classes.
A hybrid kernel is an operating system kernel architecture that attempts to combine aspects and benefits of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures used in computer operating systems.
Help Desk was a webcomic by Christopher B. Wright which debuted on March 31, 1996, making it one of the older webcomics on the Internet.
 The comic was a satirical and cynical view of computer software companies and operating systems in general, and of the antics of Microsoft, Apple Computer, OS/2, and Linux in particular, however the first 2 comics were on the subject of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.
 This was done through the employees of Ubersoft, a fictional computer software company that markets a number of software products, including a computer operating system called Nifty Doorways.
 The comic draws heavily from real-life events in the computer software industry and lampoons those events through its cast of characters.
 It features a daily slogan on the title bar.
 Examples are "We code what angels fear and dread", "Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt", "Our lawyers are better", "It's not a bug... It's just really really bad", "Standing on the necks of giants", "Four out of five dentists reboot", and "We put the pain in painstaking".
The Linux kernel is a monolithic Unix-like computer operating system kernel.
 The Linux family of operating systems is based on this kernel and deployed on both traditional computer systems such as personal computers and servers, usually in the form of Linux distributions, and on various embedded devices such as routers, wireless access points, PBXes, set-top boxes, FTA receivers, smart TVs, PVRs, and NAS appliances.
 The Android operating system for tablet computers, smartphones, and smartwatches uses services provided by the Linux kernel to enable its functionality.
 While the adoption on desktop computers is low, Linux-based operating systems dominate nearly every other segment of computing, from mobile devices to mainframes.
 s of 2017 , 498 of the world's 500 most powerful supercomputers run Linux (The remaining two run AIX, a proprietary Unix operating system on IBM POWER7 hardware).
A free and open-source graphics device driver is a software stack that controls computer graphics hardware and supports graphics rendering APIs and is released under a free and open-source software license.
 Graphics device drivers are written for specific hardware to work within the context of a specific operating system kernel and to support a range of APIs used by applications to access the graphics hardware.
 They may also control output to the display, if the display driver is part of the graphics hardware.
 Most free and open-source graphics device drivers are developed via the Mesa project.
The Multiboot Specification is an open standard describing how a boot loader can load an x86 operating system kernel.
 The specification allows any compliant boot loader implementation to boot any compliant operating system kernel.
 Thus, it allows different operating systems and boot loaders to work together and interoperate, without the need for operating system–specific boot loaders.
 As a result, it also allows easier coexistence of different operating systems on a single computer, which is also known as multi-booting.
XNU is the computer operating system kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the macOS operating system and released as free and open-source software as part of the Darwin operating system.
 It is also used as the kernel for the iOS, tvOS, and watchOS operating systems.
 "XNU" is an abbreviation of "X is Not Unix".
Whitix is a desktop computer operating system written from scratch for the x86 architecture by Matthew Whitworth and others.
 The project aims to combine proven system technology (a Unix-like kernel), while "offering a consistent and clear interface and a new way to navigate the desktop."
 The operating system runs on a custom open source kernel written by Whitworth; new features include IcFs, a dynamic configuration filesystem that replaces ioctl.