Question: The Dutch Mannlicher, also known as the M.95 (Model 1895), was the service rifle of the Armed forces of the Netherlands between 1895 and 1945, the M1893 was itself a somewhat modernized version, of which late 19th-century German bolt action rifle, adopted in 1888?

Context articles: Palmer carbine
M1870 Italian Vetterli
Mannlicher M1886
Gewehr 98
Gewehr 1888
MAS-49 rifle
Dutch Mannlicher
Lee–Metford
K31
6.5×53mmR

The Palmer model 1865 carbine is a single-shot bolt action rifle patented in 1863 by E. G. Lamson and Company.
 1000 Palmer carbines were delivered to Union forces in the American Civil War one month after the war ended.
 All rifles (designed to be carbines for cavalry soldiers) were subsequently sold to civilians after the war.
 The rifle was the first bolt action rifle to be accepted for use by the US Army Ordnance Department.
The M1870 Vetterli was the Italian service rifle from 1870-1887, when it was gradually replaced with the M1870/87 Italian Vetterli-Vitali variant.
 The M1870 was a single-shot bolt action rifle chambered for the 10.4mm Vetterli centrefire cartridge, at first loaded with black powder and later with smokeless powder.
 The M1870 was based upon the M1869 Swiss Vetterli but simplified for economy.
The Repeating Rifle Model 1886 commonly known as Mannlicher Model 1886 was a late 19th-century Austrian straight-pull bolt-action rifle, adopted in 1886.
 It used a wedge-lock straight pull action bolt.
 It was the first straight-pull bolt-action service rifle of any nation.
The Gewehr 98 (abbreviated G98, Gew 98 or M98) is a German bolt-action Mauser rifle firing cartridges from a 5-round internal clip-loaded magazine that was the German service rifle from 1898 to 1935, when it was replaced by the Karabiner 98k.
 The Gewehr 98 action, using stripper clip loading with the powerful 7.92×57mm Mauser cartridge, introduced advanced infantry weapon features rapidly adopted in the Anglo-American Pattern 1914 Enfield/M1917 Enfield and the Japanese Arisaka Type 38/Type 99.
 The Gewehr 98 replaced the earlier Gewehr 1888 rifle as the German service rifle, first saw combat in the Boxer Rebellion, and was the main German infantry service rifle of World War I.
 The Gewehr 98 saw further military use by the Ottoman Empire and Nationalist Spain.
 Many have been converted to sporting use.
The Gewehr 88 (commonly called the Model 1888 commission rifle) was a late 19th-century German bolt action rifle, adopted in 1888.
The MAS-49 is a French semi-automatic rifle that replaced various bolt action rifles as the French service rifle that was produced from 1949.
 It was designed and manufactured by the government-owned MAS arms factory.
 The French Army formal designation of the MAS-49 is Fusil Semi-automatique de 7,5mm Modele 1949 ("semi-automatic rifle of 7.5mm model 1949").
 The MAS-49 semi-automatic rifle was produced in limited quantities (20,600 units), whereas the shorter and lighter variant, the MAS-49/56, was mass manufactured (275,240 units) and issued to all branches of the French military.
 Overall, the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles gained the reputation of being accurate, reliable and easy to maintain in adverse environments.
 All the MAS-49 and 49/56 rifles feature a rail on the left side of their receivers to accommodate a designated rifle scope.
 The MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 were replaced as French service rifles by the FAMAS assault rifle in 1979.
The Dutch Mannlicher, also known as the M.95 (Model 1895), was the service rifle of the Armed forces of the Netherlands between 1895 and 1945 which replaced the obsolete Beaumont-Vitali M1871/88.
 At first it was produced by Steyr for the Dutch, but after 1904, production took place under license at Hembrug Zaandam in the Netherlands.
 It was based on the earlier Mannlicher 1893 Model that was submitted to and won the Romanian rifle trials.
 The M1893 was itself a somewhat modernized version of the German Gewehr 1888.
 Both Dutch and Romanian rifles fired the same rimmed 6.5×53 mmR cartridge often referred to as "Romanian" or "Dutch 6.5".
The Lee–Metford rifle (a.k.a. "Magazine Lee–Metford", abbreviated "MLM") was a bolt action British army service rifle, combining James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system and detachable magazine with an innovative seven groove rifled barrel designed by William Ellis Metford.
 It replaced the Martini–Henry rifle in 1888, following nine years of development and trials, but remained in service for only a short time until replaced by the similar Lee–Enfield.
The Karabiner Model 1931 (K31) is a magazine-fed, straight-pull bolt action rifle.
 It was the standard issue rifle of the Swiss armed forces from 1933 until 1958 though examples remained in service into the 1970s.
 It has a 6-round removable magazine, and is chambered for the 7.5×55mm Swiss "Gewehrpatrone 1911" or GP 11, a cartridge with ballistic qualities similar to the 7.62×51mm NATO/.308 Winchester cartridge.
 Each rifle included a 6-round detachable box magazine with matching stamped serial number.
 A charger is used to load the magazine from the top of the receiver.
The 6.5×53mmR or .256 Mannlicher is a late 19th-century rimmed centerfire military rifle cartridge similar to other early smokeless powder designs.
 It was the first of a series of 6.5 mm Mannlicher cartridges and became the standard Romanian service rifle cartridge from 1893 to 1938, and the standard Dutch service rifle cartridge from 1895 to 1945.