Question: Were both Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education and Abington School District v. Schempp based on racial questions?

Context articles: Henry W. Sawyer
Ellery Schempp
Abington School District v. Schempp
Abington Heights School District
Abington Heights High School
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools
Abington School District
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Solomon Grayzel
State College Area School District

Henry Washington Sawyer III (December 23, 1918 – July 31, 1999) was an American lawyer, civil rights activist, and Democratic politician.
 Born in Philadelphia, he served in World War II and attended the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
 Sawyer worked as a corporate lawyer but is best known for his advocacy of civil liberties, especially in First Amendment cases.
 In "Abington School District v. Schempp" and "Lemon v. Kurtzman", he successfully argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United States that became the basis for all modern Establishment Clause jurisprudence.
 He pursued civil rights causes in Philadelphia and in the South during the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s.
 He also served a four-year term on Philadelphia City Council, where he worked for civil service reform and to increase the amount of public art in the city.
Ellery Schempp (born Ellory Schempp, August 5, 1940) is a physicist and is known for being the primary student involved in the landmark 1963 United States Supreme Court decision of "Abington School District v. Schempp" which declared that required public school sanctioned Bible readings were unconstitutional.
Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court decided 8–1 in favor of the respondent, Edward Schempp, and declared school-sponsored Bible reading in public schools in the United States to be unconstitutional.
 The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during this case was Earl Warren.
The Abington Heights School District is a midsized public school district.
 It serves: the boroughs of: Clarks Green and Clarks Summit and the townships of Waverly Township, Glenburn Township, Newton Township, North Abington Township, Ransom Township and South Abington Township in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania.
 Abington Heights School District encompasses approximately 69 sqmi .
 According to 2000 federal census data, it served a resident population of 29,222 residents.
 By 2010, the District's population declined to 23,615 people.
 The educational attainment levels for the School District population (25 years old and over) were 94.7% high school graduates and 47.5% college graduates.
 The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania and one of twelve public school districts in Lackawanna County.
Abington Heights High School is a small public high school.
 It serves: the boroughs of: Clarks Green and Clarks Summit and the townships of Waverly Township, Glenburn Township, Newton Township, North Abington Township, Ransom Township and South Abington Township in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania.
 It is the sole high school operated by the Abington Heights School District.
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (abbreviated CMS) is a local education agency headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina and is the public school system for Mecklenburg County.
 With over 135,600 students enrolled, it is the second-largest school district in North Carolina and the eighteenth-largest in the nation.
 The system is best known nationally for its role as the respondent in the landmark 1971 Supreme Court decision "Swann" v. "Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools".
The Abington School District is a medium-sized, suburban, public school district that serves: the Borough of Rockledge and Abington Township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
 The district operates one high School, one middle school, and seven elementary schools.
 Abington School District encompasses approximately 16 square miles.
 According to the 2000 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 58,680.
 In 2009, the district residents' per capita income was $29,932 a year, while the median family income was $70,226.
 In the Commonwealth, the median family income was
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 402 U.S. 1 (1971) was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.
 The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race.
 This was done to ensure the schools would be "properly" integrated and that all students would receive equal educational opportunities regardless of their race.
Solomon Grayzel (1896–1980) was an American Jewish historian who authored "A History of the Jews" and testified as an expert witness in "Abington School District v. Schempp", the case that declared school-sponsored Bible reading in American public schools to be unconstitutional.
 Among other topics, his scholarly research focused on the relationship between the Vatican and the Jews, including "The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century" and many other scholarly essays and books on the topic.
The State College Area School District (SCASD) is a large, suburban/rural public school district based in State College, Pennsylvania that serves students and includes public schools in the Borough of State College, Pennsylvania, and the surrounding townships of College, Ferguson, Halfmoon, Harris, and Patton.
 State College Area School District encompasses approximately 150 sqmi .
 According to 2008 local census data, the district served a resident population of 86,106.
 Per District officials, the State College Area School District provided basic educational services to 6,750 pupils as of June 2016 (down from 7,096 pupils in 2010).
 The district employs about 634 teachers, 720 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 40 administrators.
 State College Area School District received more than $16.9 million in state funding (15 percent of budget) in school year 2007-08.
 The State College Area School District provides schooling for approximately 6,750 students in the 2015-16 school year.
 The District is the third largest employer in Centre County.
 It is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of nine members.
 Each board member is elected for a four-year term of office.
 The SCASD is a member of seven demographically similar school districts in Pennsylvania.
 The cohort includes: Abington, Cumberland Valley, Lower Merion, North Allegheny, Parkland, State College Area, and Tredyffrin-Easttown school districts.
 About 20 percent (569 students) of the district's 8,100 school age K-12 student base are now enrolled in alternative (private, parochial, and charter) schools.