Question: AN/APQ-7 was a system whose research began in 1941 under the direction of the winner of what award in 1968?

Context articles: Luis Walter Alvarez
EFI system partition
Philosophy and religion of the Tlingit
Santosh Mehrotra
Contact binary
Olfactory bulb mitral cell
Park by wire
Nonholonomic system
Ol'ga Leonova
AN/APQ-7

Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968.
 The American Journal of Physics commented, "Luis Alvarez was one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century."
The EFI system partition (ESP) is a partition on a data storage device (usually a hard disk drive or solid-state drive) that is used by computers adhering to the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI).
 When a computer is booted, UEFI firmware loads files stored on the ESP to start installed operating systems and various utilities.
 An ESP needs to be formatted with a file system whose specification is based on the FAT file system and maintained as part of the UEFI specification; therefore, the file system specification is independent from the original FAT specification.
The philosophy and religion of the Tlingit, although never formally codified, was historically a fairly well organized philosophical and religious system whose basic axioms shaped the way all Tlingit people viewed and interacted with the world around them.
 Between 1886 and 1895, in the face of their shamans' inability to treat Old World diseases including smallpox, many Tlingit people converted to Orthodox Christianity.
 It has been argued that they saw Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a way of resisting assimilation to the "American way of life", which was associated with Presbyterianism.
 Russian Orthodox missionaries had translated their liturgy into the Tlingit language.
 After Christianization, the Tlingit belief system began to erode.
Santosh Mehrotra (Lucknow, present-day Delhi, India, 30 July 1955) is a human development economist, whose research and writings have had most influence in the areas of labour, employment, skill development, child poverty, and the economics of education.
 He was an economic adviser in the United Nations system in New York City, Italy, and Thailand (1991-2006), and technocrat in the government of India (2006-2014), apart from making contributions to academic research since the mid-1980s.
 He has also in recent years established a reputation as an institution-builder in the field of research in India, despite facing difficult odds.
 He brings a combination of professional experience: with the Indian government as a policy maker and adviser, with international organisations as a technical expert, having lived on three continents and travelled to 63 countries providing technical advice to governments; and as an academic whose research work has been translated into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and German.
In astronomy, a contact binary is a binary star system whose component stars are so close that they touch each other or have merged to share their gaseous envelopes.
 A binary system whose stars share an envelope may also be called an overcontact binary.
 Almost all known contact binary systems are eclipsing binaries; eclipsing contact binaries are known as W Ursae Majoris variables, after their type star, W Ursae Majoris.
Mitral cells are neurons that are part of the olfactory system.
 They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system.
 They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in neuropils called glomeruli.
 Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala.
 Mitral cells receive excitatory input from olfactory sensory neurons and external tufted cells on their primary dendrites, whereas inhibitory input arises either from granule cells onto their lateral dendrites and soma or from periglomerular cells onto their dendritic tuft.
 Mitral cells together with tufted cells form an obligatory relay for all olfactory information entering from the olfactory nerve.
 Mitral cell output is not a passive reflection of their input from the olfactory nerve.
 In mice, each mitral cell sends a single primary dendrite into a glomerulus receiving input from a population of olfactory sensory neurons expressing identical olfactory receptor proteins, yet the odor responsiveness of the 20-40 mitral cells connected to a single glomerulus (called sister mitral cells) is not identical to the tuning curve of the input cells, and also differs between sister mitral cells.
 The exact type of processing that mitral cells perform with their inputs still a matter of controversy.
 One prominent hypothesis is the notion that mitral cells transform the strength of olfactory input into a timing code, where odor concentration is encoded in the phase of mitral cell firing relative to the sniff cycle.
 A second (not necessarily exclusive) hypothesis is the idea of decorrelation in the olfactory bulb network, where the olfactory bulb network acts as a dynamical system whose action over time increases some (abstract) measure of distance between representations of highly similar odorants.
 Support for the second hypothesis comes primarily from research in zebrafish (where mitral and tufted cells cannot be distinguished).
A park by wire system engages the parking pawl of a transmission using electrical means.
 This can also be considered as part of a shift by wire system whose objective is to put the vehicle in Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive modes without the traditional mechanical system which involves linkages between the gear shifter and the transmission.
 The main components of a park by wire system include the driver interface which could be a lever, switch or knob as designed by the OEM (input), an electronic control unit to host the control system and actuators (one or two motors) which are capable of driving the parking pawl into and out of the locking position with the parking gear of the transmission.
A nonholonomic system in physics and mathematics is a system whose state depends on the path taken in order to achieve it.
 Such a system is described by a set of parameters subject to differential constraints, such that when the system evolves along a path in its parameter space (the parameters varying continuously in values) but finally returns to the original set of parameter values at the start of the path, the system itself may not have returned to its original state.
Ol'ga Vassilievna Leonova, later Leonova-von Lange (fl.
 1890–1910) was a Russian embryologist and physician known for her studies of congenital disorders, specifically those affecting the eyes and limbs.
 Along with Stanislawa Poplawska, a Polish neurobiologist, Leonova was the first woman to work in Constantin von Monakow's laboratory, which is now the Brain Research Institute of Zurich University.
 Leonova also researched at the Imperial University of Moscow's cutting-edge neurobiology laboratories, and in the United States.
 Her research began with studies of stillborn infants with congenital eye disease, discovering the connection between central nervous system damage and congenital eye disease.
 She earned her doctoral degree before 1904, but not much is known about her later career.
The AN/APQ-7, or Eagle, was a radar bombsight system developed by the US Army Air Force.
 Early studies started in late 1941 under the direction of Luis Alvarez at the MIT Radiation Laboratory, but full-scale development did not begin until April 1943.
 By this time US-built, higher frequency systems promising better performance over the existing British H2S radar were entering production.
 Eagle's even higher resolution was considered important to Air Force planners who preferred precision bombing but were failing to deliver it, and high hopes were put on the system's abilities to directly attack small targets like docks and bridges.