Question: What profession does E. G. Swain and M. R. James have in common?

Context articles: M. R. James
R v Swain
Graduate school
Peer review
Burnett Island
Green Rocks
Sandra Stotsky
Sensory preconditioning
E. G. Swain
Identification (biology)

Montague Rhodes James (1 August 1862 – 12 June 1936), who published under the name M. R. James , was an English author, medievalist scholar and provost of King's College, Cambridge (1905–18), and of Eton College (1918–36).
R v Swain, [1991] 1 S.C.R. 933 is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on certain rights of the mentally ill in their criminal defence.
 The case concerned a constitutional challenge of the common law rule permitting the Crown to adduce evidence of an accused's insanity and section 542(2) of the "Criminal Code", which allowed for the indeterminate detention of an accused who is found not guilty by reason of "insanity".
 The Court held that both the common law rule and the Code provision were unconstitutional.
 As a result, the Court created a new common law rule that was constitutional, and Parliament created new laws of what to do with individuals who were found not criminally responsible by reason of a mental disorder.
 The parties to the case were the appellant, Swain, the respondent, the Crown, and the following interveners: the Attorney General of Canada, the Lieutenant Governor's Board of Review of Ontario, the Canadian Disability Rights Council, the Canadian Mental Health Association, and the Canadian Association for Community Living.
A graduate school (sometimes shortened as grad school) is a school that awards advanced academic degrees (i.e. master's and doctoral degrees) with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate (bachelor's) degree with a high grade point average.
 A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profession) and professional schools, which offer specialized advanced degrees in professional fields such as medicine, nursing, business, engineering, or law.
 The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees (e.g., some nursing schools offer a master's degree in nursing).
 Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession (e.g. an MSc or a PhD in epidemiology trains a person to be an epidemiologist).
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work (peers).
 It constitutes a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field.
 Peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility.
 In academia, scholarly peer review is often used to determine an academic paper's suitability for publication.
 Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, e.g., medical peer review.
Burnett Island in the Antarctic ( ) is a rocky island, 1 nmi long in an east-west direction, which lies north of Honkala Island and is the central feature in the Swain Islands.
 First photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, it was included in a 1957 survey of the Swain Islands by Wilkes Station personnel under Carl R. Eklund.
 It was named by Eklund for Lieutenant (j.g.) Donald Burnett, U.S. Navy, Military Support Unit Commander of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the International Geophysical Year.
The Green Rocks ( ) are a small cluster of rocks, 0.25 nmi east of Honkala Island and an equal distance offshore, in the eastern part of the Swain Islands of Antarctica.
 They were first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and are included in a 1957 survey of the Swain Islands by Wilkes Station personnel under Carl R. Eklund.
 They were named by Eklund for Construction Driver Sydney E. Green, a U.S. Navy support force member of the 1957 wintering party at Wilkes Station during the International Geophysical Year.
Sandra Stotsky is Professor emerita in the Department of Education Reform  at the University of Arkansas, and held the 21st Century Chair in Teacher Quality.
 Her research ranges from teacher licensure tests, e.g., (1), coherence in the literature and reading curriculum, e.g., (2), and academic achievement in single-sex classrooms, e.g., (3) to critiques of Common Core’s standards in English language arts, e.g., (4) mathematics.
(5), and US History and civic education (6), and other aspects of the Common Core project, e.g., (7), and to reviews of books in education, e.g., (8) She is an advocate of standards-based reform and strong academic standards and assessments for students and teachers.
Sensory preconditioning is a phenomenon discussed using terms common in classical conditioning.
 Procedurally, sensory preconditioning involves first identifying two different neutral stimuli (NS; see neutral stimulus) in relation to a specific unconditioned response (UR) of interest.
 For example, a light (NS1) and a tone (NS2) are common stimuli used in respondent conditioning examples involving salivation; they are not unconditioned stimuli (US) for salivation.
 Next, these two neutral stimuli are paired together repeatedly (e.g., the tone and light are presented simultaneously for a period of time, such as 10 seconds, multiple times).
 The pairing of these two NS constitutes sensory preconditioning.
 However, sensory preconditioning itself is usually followed by repeatedly pairing one of the NS (e.g., the light) with an US (e.g., lemon juice on the tongue to produce salivation) until the light alone elicits salivation.
 To accomplish this, delayed conditioning (see classical conditioning) is generally most effective.
 At this point the light is no longer classified as a NS in relation to salivation; it has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) for salivation.
 Salivation that occurs following the CS is called a conditioned response (CR).
 At this point, the second NS (i.e., the tone noted above) will also elicit salivation even though it has never been paired with the US.
 In short, sensory preconditioning in conjunction with classical conditioning resulted in the tone becoming a CS for salivation (CR).
Edmund Gill Swain (1861 – 29 January 1938) was an English cleric and author.
 As a chaplain of King's College, Cambridge, he was a colleague and contemporary of the scholar and author M. R. James, and a regular member of the select group to whom James delivered his famous annual Christmas Eve reading of a ghost story composed specially for the occasion.
<ref name="james/cox"> </ref> Swain collaborated with James on topical skits for amateur performance in Cambridge, but he is known best for the collection of ghost stories he published during 1912, entitled "The Stoneground Ghost Tales".
 He also wrote a history of Peterborough Cathedral.
Identification in biology is the process of assigning a pre-existing taxon name to an individual organism.
 Identification of organisms to individual scientific names (or codes) may be based on individualistic natural body features (e. g.), experimentally created individual markers (e.g., color dot patterns), or natural individualistic molecular markers (similar to those used in maternity or paternity identification tests).
 Individual identification is used, e.g., in ecology, wildlife management or conservation biology.
 The more common form of identification is the identification of organisms to common names (e. g., "lion") or scientific name (e. g., ""Panthera leo"").
 By necessity this is based on inherited features ("characters") of the sexual organisms, the inheritance forming the basis of defining a class.
 The features may, e. g., be morphological, anatomical, physiological, behavioral, or molecular.