Question: Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau began as a unit of which capital goods group based in Austria?

Context articles: Wicksell effect
Roundaboutness
Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau
Capital services
Land (economics)
Net investment
Ludwig von Bogdandy
Voestalpine
Value added
VAE Nortrak North America, Inc.

The Wicksell effect (Wicksell (1893, 1934)) is the combination of a price effect and a real effect on the valuation of changes in the capital stock.
 Knut Wicksell (1954, 1934) used the Austrian analytic framework to discuss the effect.
 An important implication of the effect is that the valuation of the capital stock is extremely problematic in all realistic situations.
 The price effect involves a reevalutaion of the inventory of capital goods due to new prices.
 The real effect due to the price weighted sum of changes in the physical quantities of different capital goods.
 The term itself was introduced by Uhr (1951) and its importance noted by both Joan Robinson (1956) and Trevor Swan (1956).
Roundaboutness, or roundabout methods of production, is the process whereby capital goods are produced first and then, with the help of the capital goods, the desired consumer goods are produced.
Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau Gmbh & Co. (VAI) was an engineering, equipment and construction company based in Linz, Austria and had its American headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
 The company began as a unit of VÖEST (later Voest-Alpine) in 1956 and was taken over by Siemens AG in 2005; the unit is now Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH.
In economics, capital services refer to a chain-type index of service flows derived from the stock of physical assets and software.
 These assets are coordination, equipment, software, structures, land, and inventories.
 Capital services are estimated as a capital-income weighted average of the growth rates of each asset.
 Capital services differ from capital stocks because short-lived assets such as equipment and software provide more services per unit of stock than long-lived assets such as land.
 Unlike capital goods, capital services are owned by the person or group of people providing them.
In economics, land comprises all naturally occurring resources whose supply is inherently fixed.
 Examples are any and all particular geographical locations, mineral deposits, forests, fish stocks, atmospheric quality, geostationary orbits, and portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
 Natural resources are fundamental to the production of all goods, including capital goods.
 Location values must not be confused with values imparted by fixed capital improvements.
 In classical economics, land is considered one of the three factors of production (also sometimes called the three producer goods) along with capital, and labor.
 Land is sometimes merged with capital to simplify micro-economics.
 However, a common mistake is combining land and capital in macro-analysis.
 Income derived from ownership or control of natural resources is referred to as rent.
In economics, net investment is spending which increases the availability of fixed capital goods or means of production and goods inventories.
 It is the total spending on newly produced physical capital (fixed investment) and on inventories (inventory investment)—that is, gross investment—minus replacement investment, which simply replaces depreciated capital goods.
Ludwig von Bogdandy (born 10 February 1930 in Berlin, died 5 May 1996 in Linz) (Hungarian: "Bogdándy Lajos" ) was a German metallurgist and industrial executive.
 He was a leading researcher on iron and steel production, and served as CEO of Voestalpine, an international steel based technology and capital goods group based in Linz.
 He also served as the honorary Hungarian Consul-General in Linz.
Voestalpine AG is an international steel based technology and capital goods group based in Linz, Austria.
 The company is active in steel, automotive, railway systems, profilform and tool steel industries.
In business, the difference between the sale price and the production cost of a product is the unit profit.
 In economics, the sum of the unit profit, the unit depreciation cost, and the unit labor cost is the unit value added.
 Summing value added per unit over all units sold is total value added.
 Total value added is equivalent to revenue less intermediate consumption.
 Value added is a higher portion of revenue for integrated companies, e.g., manufacturing companies, and a lower portion of revenue for less integrated companies, e.g., retail companies.
 Total value added is very closely approximated by compensation of employees plus earnings before taxes.
 The first component is a return to labor and the second component is a return to capital.
 In national accounts used in macroeconomics, it refers to the contribution of the factors of production, i.e., capital (e.g., land and capital goods) and labor, to raising the value of a product and corresponds to the incomes received by the owners of these factors.
 The national value added is shared between capital and labor (as the factors of production), and this sharing gives rise to issues of distribution.
Voestalpine Nortrak,Inc VAE Nortrak is a manufacturer of railroad track components.
 It started in October 1981 as Nortrak Railway Supply Ltd., an industrial supplier of new and used railroad track components.
 In November 1983, the company began manufacturing trackwork in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada.
 In 1990, Voest-Alpine Eisenbahnsysteme of Austria, which had been in the trackwork manufacturing business for over 140 years and became independent of Voest-Alpine AG that same year, formed a joint venture with Nortrak Ltd. and the company became known as VAE Nortrak Ltd.
 Voest-Alpine Eisenbahnsysteme became known as VAE Group, 90 percent owned by a joint venture between Voest-Alpine and Vossloh AG starting in 1998, and a subsidiary of voestalpine AG since 2003.