Question: Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or in purely ? collectives, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market, integral to the scheme is the establishment of a mutual-credit bank, is a financial institution chartered by a central or regional government, without capital stock, that is owned by its members who subscribe to a common fund? 

Context articles: Mutualism (economic theory)
Physical capital
Financial history of the Dutch Republic
Bowel management
International trade and water
Depreciation (economics)
Bank run
Common good
Economy of Taiwan
Mutual savings bank

Mutualism is an economic theory and anarchist school of thought that advocates a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or in purely voluntary collectives, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market.
 Integral to the scheme is the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration.
 Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility".
 Mutualism originated from the writings of philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.
In economics, physical capital or just capital is a factor of production (or input into the process of production), consisting of machinery, buildings, computers, and the like.
 The production function takes the general form "Y"=f("K, L"), where "Y" is the amount of output produced, "K" is the amount of capital stock used and "L" is the amount of labor used.
 In economic theory, physical capital is one of the three primary factors of production, also known as inputs in the production function.
 The others are natural resources (including land), and labor—the stock of competences embodied in the labor force.
 "Physical" is used to distinguish physical capital from human capital (a result of investment in the human agent), circulating capital, and financial capital.
 "Physical capital" is fixed capital, any kind of real physical asset that is not used up in the production of a product.
 Usually the value of "land" is not included in physical capital as it is not a reproducible product of human activity.
The financial history of the Dutch Republic involves the interrelated development of financial institutions in the Dutch Republic.
 The rapid economic development of the country after the Dutch Revolt in the years 1585 - 1620 accompanied by an equally rapid accumulation of a large fund of savings, created the need to invest those savings profitably.
 The Dutch financial sector, both in its public and private components, came to provide a wide range of modern investment products beside the possibility of (re-)investment in trade and industry, and in infrastructure projects.
 Such products were the public bonds, floated by the Dutch governments on a national, provincial, and municipal level; acceptance credit and commission trade; marine and other insurance products; and shares of publicly traded companies like the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and their derivatives.
 Institutions like the Amsterdam stock exchange, the Bank of Amsterdam, and the merchant bankers helped to mediate this investment.
 In the course of time the invested capital stock generated its own income stream that (because of the high propensity to save of the Dutch capitalists) caused the capital stock to assume enormous proportions.
 As by the end of the 17th century structural problems in the Dutch economy precluded profitable investment of this capital in domestic Dutch sectors, the stream of investments was redirected more and more to investment abroad, both in sovereign debt and foreign stocks, bonds and infrastructure.
 The Netherlands came to dominate the international capital market up to the crises of the end of the 18th century that caused the demise of the Dutch Republic.
Bowel management is the process which a person with a bowel disability uses to manage fecal incontinence or constipation.
 People who have a medical condition which impairs control of their defecation use bowel management techniques to choose a place and time to use a toilet.
 A simple bowel management technique might include diet control and establishing a toilet routine.
 As a more involved practice a person might use an enema to relieve themselves.
 Without bowel management, the person might either suffer from the feeling of not getting relief, or they might soil themselves.
International trade and water is a term that is used to describe the relationship between international trade and the water being used by humans.
 The substantial increase in human population during the 20th century combined with rapid increases in overall global economic development has resulted in rising challenges for the future of public water management.
 The developing world has been particularly impacted by the lack of access to clean water.
 Each year, millions of people die due to illnesses, diseases, and lack the capital to create the infrastructure necessary to combat the problem.
 These conditions have increased the global demand for clean water and in turn, have pressured free market economists to suggest that wealthy market players are the most efficient solution to addressing water issues.
 Several nations can benefit from international trade in water.
 Particularly nations with excess fresh water and abundant capital are looking forward to making healthy profits from either the export of water to other nations, or are interested in the investment returns they will earn from participation in foreign markets.
 However, not everyone agrees that market forces are best capable of solving water issues.
 NGO’s, human rights organizations, and various stakeholders oppose viewing water in economic terms.
 These individuals accuse international trade agreements and international economic institutions including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of attempting to privatize a resource that they consider a basic human right.
 The lack of a common understanding of whether or not water should be viewed as a commodity or a basic human right has resulted in heated debates among legal professionals and leading members of the academia.
In economics, depreciation is the gradual decrease in the economic value of the capital stock of a firm, nation or other entity, either through physical depreciation, obsolescence or changes in the demand for the services of the capital in question.
 If the capital stock is formula_1 in one period formula_2, gross (total) investment spending on newly produced capital is formula_3 and depreciation is formula_4, the capital stock in the next period, formula_5, is formula_6.
 The net increment to the capital stock is the difference between gross investment and depreciation, and is called net investment.
A bank run (also known as a run on the bank) occurs when in a fractional-reserve banking system (where banks normally only keep a small proportion of their assets as cash), a large number of customers withdraw cash from deposit accounts with a financial institution at the same time because they believe that the financial institution is, or might become, insolvent; and keep the cash or transfer it into other assets, such as government bonds, precious metals or gemstones.
 When they transfer funds to another institution it may be characterised as a capital flight.
 As a bank run progresses, it generates its own momentum: as more people withdraw cash, the likelihood of default increases, triggering further withdrawals.
 This can destabilize the bank to the point where it runs out of cash and thus faces sudden bankruptcy.
 To combat a bank run, a bank may limit how much cash each customer may withdraw, suspend withdrawals altogether, or promptly acquire more cash from other banks or from the central bank, besides other measures.
In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, common weal or general welfare) is a term of art, referring to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service.
 The concept of the common good differs significantly among philosophical doctrines.
 Early conceptions of the common good were set out by Ancient Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato.
 One understanding of the common good rooted in Aristotle's philosophy remains in common usage today, referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the "good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members."
 The concept of common good developed through the work of political theorists, moral philosophers, and public economists, including Thomas Aquinas, Niccolò Machiavelli, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, James Madison, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, and many other thinkers.
 In contemporary economic theory, "a" common good is any good which is rivalrous yet non-excludable, while "the" common good, by contrast, arises in the subfield of welfare economics and refers to the outcome of a social welfare function.
 Such a social welfare function, in turn, would be rooted in a moral theory of the good (such as utilitarianism).
 Social choice theory aims to understand processes by which the common good may or may not be realized in societies through the study of collective decision rules.
 And public choice theory applies microeconomic methodology to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests affect political activities and outcomes.
The economy of the Republic of China (Taiwan), simply called Taiwan, is the 7th largest economy in Asia, and is included in the advanced economies group by the International Monetary Fund and gauged in the high-income economies group by the World Bank, and ranked 15th in the world by the Global Competitiveness Report of World Economic Forum, has a developed capitalist economy that ranks as the 22th-largest in the world by purchasing power parity (PPP), ranks as 18th in the world by gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity per capita (person), and 24th in nominal GDP of investment and foreign trade by the Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan.
 The economy of Taiwan ranks the highest in Asia for 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) for specific strengths.
 Most large government-owned banks and industrial firms have been privatized.
 With the technocracy-centered economic planning under martial law until 1987, real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades.
 Exports have grown even faster and since World War II, have provided the primary impetus for industrialization.
 Inflation and unemployment are low; the trade surplus is substantial; and foreign reserves are the world's fourth largest.
 Agriculture contributes 3% to GDP, down from 35% in 1952, and the service sector makes up 73% of the economy.
 Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved off-shore and replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries.
 Economy of Taiwan is an indispensable partner in the Global Value Chains of Electronics Industry.
 Electronic components and personal computer are two areas of international strength of Taiwan's Information Technology industry, which means the economy of Taiwan has the competitive edge on having the learning curve from advanced foreign technologies with lower cost to be produced and sold abroad.
 Institute for Information Industry with its international recognitions is responsible for the development of IT industry and ICT industry in Taiwan.
 Industrial Technology Research Institute with its global partners is the advanced research center for applied technology for the economy of Taiwan.
 Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics and Ministry of Economic Affairs release major economic indicators of the economy of Taiwan.
 Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research provides economic forecast at the forefront for the economy of Taiwan and authoritatively researches on the bilateral economic relations with ASEAN by The Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center (TASC).
 Taiwan Stock Exchange is the host to the listed companies of local industries in Taiwan with weighted financial exposures to the FTSE Taiwan Index and MSCI Taiwan Index.
A mutual savings bank is a financial institution chartered by a central or regional government, without capital stock, that is owned by its members who subscribe to a common fund.
 From this fund claims, loans, etc., are paid.
 Profits after deductions are shared among the members.
 The institution is intended to provide a safe place for individual members to save and to invest those savings in mortgages, loans, stocks, bonds and other securities and to share in any profits or losses that result.
 The members own the business.