Question: André Jardin (1912 – 1996) was a French biographer and historian, best known for his studies of Alexis de Tocqueville and 19th century French history, translated into English as "Tocqueville: A Biography" in 1988 by Lydia Davis and Robert Hemenway—was acclaimed as the definitive account of the life and career of the author of "Democracy in America"/De La Démocratie en Amérique, is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville, published in how many volumes?

Context articles: The Old Regime and the Revolution
Mutual liberty
The Spirit of the Laws
Soft tyranny
Stuart Gilbert
Democracy in America
André Jardin
Gustave de Beaumont
Alexis de Tocqueville
Alexis de Tocqueville Award

L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856) is a work by the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville translated in English as either The Old Regime and the Revolution or The Old Regime and the French Revolution.
 The book analyzes French society before the French Revolution—the so-called "Ancien Régime"—and investigates the forces that caused the Revolution.
 It is one of the major early historical works on the French Revolution.
 In this book, de Tocqueville develops his main theory about the French revolution, the theory of continuity, in which he states that even though the French tried to dissociate themselves from the past and from the autocratic old regime, they eventually reverted to a powerful central government.
Mutual liberty is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work "Democracy in America".
 In effect, Tocqueville was referring to the general nature of American society during the 19th century.
 It appeared to him, at least on the surface, that every citizen in the United States had the opportunity to participate in the civic activities of the country.
 Another way to look at mutual liberty is by accounting for the collective free wills of every rational being in a community.
 Even though the notion of mutual liberty was introduced by Tocqueville, it was John Stuart Mill who greatly expanded it.
 Mill believed that the most proper occasion for mutual liberty was in a community governed by the consent of the governed, i.e., a republic.
 And according to Mill, it is only in a republic where members of all political factions can participate.
 It has been said that a republic is the form of government that divides people least.
 This statement pertains greatly to mutual liberty.
 Unlike positive and negative liberty, mutual liberty encompasses all citizens.
 It makes no distinction between political preference and social status.
 Mutual liberty pervades all sectors of society, from the homeless man on the street to the premier of the state.
 It is the process through which a general sense of morality gets exerted on the widest range of people in any given communal setting.
The Spirit of the Laws (French: "De l'esprit des lois", originally spelled "De l'esprit des loix"; also sometimes translated The Spirit of Laws) is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.
 Originally published anonymously, partly because Montesquieu's works were subject to censorship, its influence outside France was aided by its rapid translation into other languages.
 In 1750 Thomas Nugent published the first English translation.
 In 1751 the Roman Catholic Church added "De l'esprit des lois" to its "Index Librorum Prohibitorum" ("List of Prohibited Books").
 Yet Montesquieu's treatise had an enormous influence on the work of many others, most notably: Catherine the Great, who produced "Nakaz" ("Instruction"); the Founding Fathers of the United States Constitution; and Alexis de Tocqueville, who applied Montesquieu's methods to a study of American society, in "Democracy in America".
 Macaulay offers us a hint of Montesquieu's importance when he writes in his 1827 essay entitled "Machiavelli" that "Montesquieu enjoys, perhaps, a wider celebrity than any political writer of modern Europe."
Soft tyranny is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work titled "Democracy in America".
 In effect, soft tyranny occurs whenever the social conditions of a particular community hinder any prospect of hope among its members.
 For Tocqueville, hope is the driving force behind all democratic institutions.
 As such, whenever this all-encompassing hope is taken away from the people, liberal democracy fails.
Stuart Gilbert (25 October 1883 – 5 January 1969) was an English literary scholar and translator.
 Among his translations into English are works by Alexis de Tocqueville, Édouard Dujardin, André Malraux, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Georges Simenon, Jean Cocteau, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre.
 He also assisted in the translation of James Joyce's "Ulysses" into French.
De La Démocratie en Amérique (] ; published in two volumes, the first in 1835 and the second in 1840) is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville.
 Its title translates as On Democracy in America, but English translations are usually simply entitled Democracy in America.
 In the book, Tocqueville examines the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the previous several hundred years.
André Jardin (1912 – 1996) was a French biographer and historian, best known for his studies of Alexis de Tocqueville and 19th century French history.
 His 1984 biography of Tocqueville, "Alexis de Tocqueville: 1805-1859"—translated into English as "Tocqueville: A Biography" in 1988 by Lydia Davis and Robert Hemenway—was acclaimed as the definitive account of the life and career of the author of "Democracy in America".
Comte Gustave Auguste Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (16 February 1802 in Beaumont-la-Chartre, Sarthe – 30 March 1866, Tours) was a French magistrate, prison reformer, and travel companion to the famed philosopher and politician Alexis de Tocqueville.
 While he was very successful in his lifetime, he is often overlooked and his name is synonymous with Tocqueville's achievements.
Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, Viscount de Tocqueville ( ; ] ; 29 July 180516 April 1859) was a French diplomat, political scientist, and historian.
 He was best known for his works "Democracy in America" (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and "The Old Regime and the Revolution" (1856).
 In both he analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies.
 "Democracy in America" was published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.
The Alexis de Tocqueville Award may refer to a number of awards named after the prominent Frenchman who wrote "Democracy in America".
 The current known awards include: