sarnsrun/medquadmini huggingface dataset:
Question:
What are the symptoms of Beta-thalassemia ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Beta-thalassemia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Beta-thalassemia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the heme biosynthetic pathway 90% Hypersplenism 90% Pallor 90% Splenomegaly 90% Abnormality of iron homeostasis 50% Abnormality of temperature regulation 50% Abnormality of the genital system 50% Abnormality of the teeth 50% Behavioral abnormality 50% Biliary tract abnormality 50% Depressed nasal bridge 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Genu valgum 50% Hepatomegaly 50% Malabsorption 50% Malar prominence 50% Muscle weakness 50% Paresthesia 50% Reduced bone mineral density 50% Respiratory insufficiency 50% Upslanted palpebral fissure 50% Abnormality of color vision 7.5% Abnormality of the thorax 7.5% Anterior hypopituitarism 7.5% Arthralgia 7.5% Bone marrow hypocellularity 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Cirrhosis 7.5% Diabetes mellitus 7.5% Elevated hepatic transaminases 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7.5% Hypoparathyroidism 7.5% Hypothyroidism 7.5% Neoplasm of the liver 7.5% Nyctalopia 7.5% Primary adrenal insufficiency 7.5% Pulmonary hypertension 7.5% Skeletal dysplasia 7.5% Skin ulcer 7.5% Sudden cardiac death 7.5% Thrombocytopenia 7.5% Thrombophlebitis 7.5% Visual impairment 7.5% Hypochromic microcytic anemia - Reduced beta/alpha synthesis ratio - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
Is Beta-thalassemia inherited ?

Answer:
How is beta-thalassemia inherited? Beta-thalassemia major and beta-thalassemia intermedia are usually inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means both copies of the HBB gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of a person with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene and are referred to as carriers. When two carriers have children, each child has a 25% (1 in 4) chance to be affected, a 50% (1 in 2) chance to be a carrier like each parent, and a 25% (1 in 4) chance to be unaffected and not be a carrier. Sometimes, people with only one HBB gene mutation in each cell (carriers) do have mild anemia. These people are said to have 'beta-thalassemia minor' or 'beta-thalassemia trait.'  In a small percentage of families, the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. In these cases, one mutated copy of the gene in each cell is enough to cause the signs and symptoms of beta-thalassemia.
Question:
What is (are) Genoa syndrome ?

Answer:
Genoa syndrome is a rare condition that primarily affects the brain and skull. Babies with this condition are generally born with semilobar holoprosencephaly, a disorder caused by failure of the developing brain to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemispheres. They later develop craniosynostosis (the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull before brain growth is complete). Genoa syndrome also appears to be associated with other skeletal abnormalities, including those of the hands, and distinctive facial features. The underlying genetic cause of the condition is currently unknown. Some reports suggest that Genoa syndrome may be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Treatment is supportive and based on the signs and symptoms present in each person.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Genoa syndrome ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Genoa syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Genoa syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal form of the vertebral bodies 90% Abnormality of retinal pigmentation 90% Abnormality of the hip bone 90% Blepharophimosis 90% Brachydactyly syndrome 90% Clinodactyly of the 5th finger 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Craniosynostosis 90% Delayed skeletal maturation 90% Epicanthus 90% Facial asymmetry 90% Holoprosencephaly 90% Hypotelorism 90% Microcephaly 90% Muscular hypotonia 90% Plagiocephaly 90% Short distal phalanx of finger 90% Short stature 90% Skeletal muscle atrophy 90% Strabismus 90% Upslanted palpebral fissure 90% Coronal craniosynostosis - Coxa valga - Hypoplastic vertebral bodies - Lambdoidal craniosynostosis - Semilobar holoprosencephaly - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) Fibrolamellar carcinoma ?

Answer:
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a rare form of liver cancer which is generally diagnosed in adolescents and young adults (before age 40). Many people with early FLC have no signs or symptoms of the condition. When present, symptoms are often nonspecific (i.e. abdominal pain, weight loss, malaise) and blamed on other, more common conditions. The exact underlying cause of FLC is poorly understood. Unlike other forms of liver cancer, FLC typically occurs in the absence of underlying liver inflammation or scarring; thus, specific risk factors for this condition remain unidentified. FLC is typically treated with surgical resection.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Fibrolamellar carcinoma ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Fibrolamellar carcinoma? Many people with early fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) have no signs or symptoms of the condition. When present, symptoms are often nonspecific and blamed on other, more common conditions. Some people affected by FLC may experience the following: Abdominal pain Weight loss Malaise Abdominal mass Hepatomegaly    The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Fibrolamellar carcinoma. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Hepatocellular carcinoma - Micronodular cirrhosis - Somatic mutation - Subacute progressive viral hepatitis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What causes Fibrolamellar carcinoma ?

Answer:
What causes fibrolamellar carcinoma? The exact underlying cause of fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is poorly understood. Other forms of liver cancer are often associated with liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) which may be caused by alcohol abuse; autoimmune diseases of the liver; Hepatitis B or C viral infections; chronic inflammation of the liver; and/or hemochromatosis. However, FLC typically occurs in the absence of underlying liver inflammation or scarring; thus, specific risk factors for this condition remain unidentified. Recent research suggests that a deletion on chromosome 19 may play a key role in the formation of FLC. This deletion is called a "somatic mutation" since it is only present in the cells of the liver. Somatic mutations accumulate during a person's lifetime and are not inherited or passed on to future generations.
Question:
How to diagnose Fibrolamellar carcinoma ?

Answer:
How is fibrolamellar carcinoma diagnosed? If fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is suspected based on the presence of certain signs and symptoms, imaging studies such as ultrasound, MRI scan and/or CT scan are typically recommended for diagnosis and staging. Unlike other forms of liver cancer, serum alpha fetoprotein is typically not elevated in FLC. Medscape Reference's Web site offers more specific information on the diagnosis of FLC. Please click on the link to access this resource.
Question:
What are the treatments for Fibrolamellar carcinoma ?

Answer:
How might fibrolamellar carcinoma be treated? The standard treatment for fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is surgical resection. Due to the rarity of the condition, there is limited information to support the use of other treatment options and there is no standard chemotherapy regimen. However, other treatments may be considered if surgical resection isn't an option. For example, liver transplantation may be considered in patients who are not candidates for partial resection (removing a portion of the liver). Medscape Reference's Web site offers more specific information on the treatment and management of FLC. Please click the link to access this resource.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Leber congenital amaurosis 16 ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Leber congenital amaurosis 16? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Leber congenital amaurosis 16. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Strabismus 5% Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cataract - Nyctalopia - Nystagmus - Reduced visual acuity - Visual impairment - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 ?

Answer:
GM1 gangliosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. The condition may be classified into three major types based on the general age that signs and symptoms first appear: classic infantile (type 1); juvenile (type 2); and adult onset or chronic (type 3). Although the types differ in severity, their features may overlap significantly. GM1 gangliosidosis is caused by mutations in the GLB1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Treatment is currently symptomatic and supportive.
Question:
What are the symptoms of GM1 gangliosidosis type 1 ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of GM1 gangliosidosis type 1? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for GM1 gangliosidosis type 1. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cherry red spot of the macula 50% Abnormality of the heart valves - Abnormality of the urinary system - Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Beaking of vertebral bodies - Cerebral degeneration - Coarse facial features - Congestive heart failure - Death in infancy - Decreased beta-galactosidase activity - Depressed nasal ridge - Dilated cardiomyopathy - Frontal bossing - Gingival overgrowth - Hepatomegaly - Hypertelorism - Hypertrichosis - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Hypoplastic vertebral bodies - Inguinal hernia - Intellectual disability - Joint stiffness - Kyphosis - Scoliosis - Severe short stature - Short neck - Splenomegaly - Thickened ribs - Vacuolated lymphocytes - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) Sjogren syndrome ?

Answer:
Sjgren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjgren syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The hallmark symptoms of the disorder are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness, and may affect other organs of the body including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive and may include moisture replacement therapies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and, in severe cases, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Sjogren syndrome ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Sjogren syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Sjogren syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Arthralgia 90% Arthritis 90% Autoimmunity 90% Dry skin 90% Increased antibody level in blood 90% Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 90% Xerostomia 90% Abnormality of temperature regulation 50% Abnormality of the gastric mucosa 50% Abnormality of the pharynx 50% Acrocyanosis 50% Carious teeth 50% Corneal erosion 50% Diplopia 50% Feeding difficulties in infancy 50% Furrowed tongue 50% Myalgia 50% Opacification of the corneal stroma 50% Paresthesia 50% Pulmonary fibrosis 50% Pulmonary infiltrates 50% Recurrent respiratory infections 50% Sinusitis 50% Sleep disturbance 50% Visual impairment 50% Abnormal tendon morphology 7.5% Abnormality of the pleura 7.5% Abnormality of the renal tubule 7.5% Abnormality of the sense of smell 7.5% Alopecia 7.5% Arrhythmia 7.5% Asthma 7.5% Atelectasis 7.5% Cerebral ischemia 7.5% Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 7.5% Conductive hearing impairment 7.5% Cryoglobulinemia 7.5% Cutis marmorata 7.5% Diabetes insipidus 7.5% Epistaxis 7.5% Facial palsy 7.5% Glomerulopathy 7.5% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 7.5% Hepatomegaly 7.5% Hypercalciuria 7.5% Hypokalemia 7.5% Leukopenia 7.5% Lymphoma 7.5% Malabsorption 7.5% Meningitis 7.5% Microcytic anemia 7.5% Myositis 7.5% Nephrolithiasis 7.5% Nephrotic syndrome 7.5% Neurological speech impairment 7.5% Ophthalmoparesis 7.5% Otitis media 7.5% Pancreatitis 7.5% Photophobia 7.5% Proteinuria 7.5% Ptosis 7.5% Pulmonary hypertension 7.5% Reduced bone mineral density 7.5% Renal insufficiency 7.5% Respiratory insufficiency 7.5% Salivary gland neoplasm 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Splenomegaly 7.5% Subcutaneous hemorrhage 7.5% Thrombocytopenia 7.5% Thyroiditis 7.5% Urticaria 7.5% Vasculitis 7.5% Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Rheumatoid arthritis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What causes Sjogren syndrome ?

Answer:
What causes Sjogren syndrome? Sjogren syndrome likely results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors (multifactorial). Several different genes appear to affect the risk of developing the condition, however, specific genes have yet to be confirmed. Simply having one of these genes does not cause a person to develop the disease; some sort of trigger is also needed. That trigger may be a viral or bacterial infection. The genetic variations that increase susceptibility may reduce the body's ability to turn off the immune response when it is no longer needed. The possibility that the endocrine and nervous systems may play a role in the disease is also under investigation.
Question:
Is Sjogren syndrome inherited ?

Answer:
Is Sjogren syndrome inherited? A genetic predisposition to Sjogren syndrome has been suggested. Familial clustering of different autoimmune diseases as well as co-association of multiple autoimmune diseases in individuals have frequently been reported. Some studies have shown up to 30% of people with Sjogren syndrome have relatives with autoimmune diseases. While the relatives of people with Sjogren syndrome are at an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases in general, they are not necessarily more likely to develop Sjogren syndrome.
Question:
What is (are) Olmsted syndrome ?

Answer:
Olmsted syndrome is a rare congenital (present from birth) disorder characterized by symmetrical, well-defined palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) surrounded by reddened skin and deformities of the joints that lead to constriction and spontaneous amputation; horny growths around the eyes and mouth, nail abnormalities, white thickened patches around the anus and mouth; and sparse hair. It may be complicated by multiple infections and squamous cell carcinoma. Olmstead syndrome is caused by mutations in the TRPV3 gene. It is transmitted through autosomal dominant inheritance. Treatment includes oral and topical retinoids, such as acetretin.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Olmsted syndrome ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Olmsted syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Olmsted syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the fingernails 90% Hypohidrosis 90% Limitation of joint mobility 90% Palmoplantar keratoderma 90% Abnormality of bone mineral density 50% Carious teeth 50% Reduced number of teeth 50% Sensorineural hearing impairment 50% Skin ulcer 50% Alopecia 7.5% Melanoma 7.5% Neoplasm of the lung 7.5% Neoplasm of the skin 7.5% Osteolysis 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Alopecia universalis 5% Corneal opacity 5% Hyperhidrosis 5% Opacification of the corneal stroma 5% Sparse hair 5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Flexion contracture - Nail dysplasia - Nail dystrophy - Parakeratosis - Pruritus - Subungual hyperkeratosis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.