sarnsrun/medquadmini huggingface dataset:
Question:
How to diagnose 21-hydroxylase deficiency ?

Answer:
Is genetic testing for 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia available? Yes. Genetic testing of 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia is available. In most people with this condition, the genetic test result can be used to predict disease severity. Click here to view a list of laboratories offering CYP21A2 testing.
Question:
What are the treatments for 21-hydroxylase deficiency ?

Answer:
What is the goal for treating 21-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia? The objectives for treating 21-hydroxylase deficiency differ with age. In childhood, the overall goal is to replace cortisol. Obtaining hormonal balance is important and patients growth velocity and bone age is monitored. Routine analysis of blood, urine, and/or saliva may also be necessary. Corrective surgery is frequently required for females born with abnormal genitalia. In late childhood and adolescence, maintaining hormonal balance is equally important. Overtreatment may result in obesity and delayed menarche/puberty, whereas under-replacement will result in sexual precocity. Also, it is important that teens and young adults with 21-hydroxylase deficiency be successfully transitioned to adult care facilities. Follow-up of adult patients should involve multidisciplinary clinics. Problems in adult women include fertility concerns, excessive hair growth, and menstrual irregularity; obesity and impact of short stature; sexual dysfunction and psychological problems. Counseling may be helpful. Adult males may develop enlargement of the testes and if so, should work with an endocrinologist familiar with the management of patients with this deficiency.
Question:
What is (are) Urachal cancer ?

Answer:
Urachal cancer is a rare type of bladder cancer, making up less than 1% of all bladder cancers. Only about 350 cases have been described in the medical literature to date. The urachus is a primitive structure which before birth connected the bellybutton and the bladder. This connection normally disappears before birth, but in some people remains.  Urachal cancers are classified as such based on location at the dome or anterior wall of the bladder and discovery of remnants of the urachus. Most urachal cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that develop from gland cells). Others may be sarcomas (which develop from connective tissue - such as leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma), small cell carcinomas, transitional cell cancer, and mixed neoplasias. Most individuals with urachal cancer present with hematuria (blood in urine). Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, a palpable abdominal mass, mucinuria, and bacteriuria. Patients who present with early disease confined to the urachus have a good prognosis when treated with partial cystectomy, umbilicotomy, and urachal resection. The prognosis for those with advanced disease is less promising.
Question:
What are the treatments for Urachal cancer ?

Answer:
How might urachal cancer be treated? Surgical resection in the form of partial (segmental) or radical cystoprostatectomy is the main form of treatment. However, similar results are seen with a conservative surgery that involves partial cystectomy with umbilicotomy and removal of the urachus. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for the treatment of urachal cancer is unclear, although some studies show that chemotherapy can induce objective response in some cases. Chemotherapy regimens that may be used include: single-agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-FU and cisplatin, 5-FU, lomustine and vincristine, taxol and cisplatin, platinum and etoposide, and MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, cisplatin) alone or in conjunction with radiation therapy.
Question:
What is (are) 22q11.2 duplication syndrome ?

Answer:
22q11.2 duplication syndrome is a condition caused by an extra copy of a small piece of chromosome 22 which contains about 30 to 40 genes. The features of this condition vary widely, even among members of the same family (intrafamilial variability). Affected individuals may have intellectual or learning disability, developmental delay, slow growth leading to short stature, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). Many people with the condition have no apparent physical or intellectual disabilities. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with about 70% genes of affected individuals inheriting the condition from a parent. In other cases it occurs as a de novo mutation (new genetic change) in an individual; however, individuals with a de novo mutation can can pass the duplication to their children. Researchers are working to determine which duplicated genes may contribute to the developmental delay and other problems that sometimes affect people with this condition. Duplication is not detectable by karyotype and most of the people with 22q11.2 duplication syndrome are identified by a special technique known as chromosomal microarray. Treatment depends on the symptoms and includes an individualized educational program. Read more out chromosome 22.
Question:
What are the symptoms of 22q11.2 duplication syndrome ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of 22q11.2 duplication syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for 22q11.2 duplication syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of chromosome segregation 90% Abnormal nasal morphology 50% Abnormality of the pharynx 50% Abnormality of the voice 50% Cleft palate 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Epicanthus 50% High forehead 50% Hypertelorism 50% Malar flattening 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Narrow face 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Abnormality of immune system physiology 7.5% Abnormality of the aorta 7.5% Abnormality of the philtrum 7.5% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 7.5% Anterior creases of earlobe 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the thymus 7.5% Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 7.5% Autism 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypoplastic left heart 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Obsessive-compulsive behavior 7.5% Ptosis 7.5% Scoliosis 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Stereotypic behavior 7.5% Tetralogy of Fallot 7.5% Transposition of the great arteries 7.5% Ventricular septal defect 7.5% Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology - Abnormality of the pinna - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Delayed speech and language development - Depressed nasal ridge - Growth delay - High palate - Intellectual disability - Low-set ears - Nasal speech - Specific learning disability - Sporadic - Velopharyngeal insufficiency - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Treacher Collins syndrome 3 ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Treacher Collins syndrome 3? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Treacher Collins syndrome 3. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the outer ear - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Cleft palate - Lower eyelid coloboma - Malar flattening - Mandibulofacial dysostosis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) Carbon baby syndrome ?

Answer:
Carbon baby syndrome, also known as universal acquired melanosis, is a rare form of hyperpigmentation. The skin of affected infants progressively darkens over the first years of life in the absence of other symptoms. The cause of the condition is unknown.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Corpus callosum agenesis double urinary collecting ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Corpus callosum agenesis double urinary collecting? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Corpus callosum agenesis double urinary collecting. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract 90% Abnormality of the palate 90% Abnormality of the ureter 90% Abnormality of the voice 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Cubitus valgus 90% Deep philtrum 90% Deviation of finger 90% Low posterior hairline 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Sacral dimple 90% Trigonocephaly 90% Upslanted palpebral fissure 90% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) Microgastria limb reduction defect ?

Answer:
Microgastria limb reduction defect is a rare disorder with less than 60 previously reported cases. Children born with this condition have a small stomach (microgastria) and limb abnormalities. Symptoms may include vomiting, aspiration pneumonia and growth problems. Abnormalities involving the heart, lungs, kidney and gastrointestinal system are also symptoms of this condition. This condition is caused by an error that occurs during the development of the embryo. Treatment may involve reconstructive surgery (Hunt-Lawrence pouch) to help improve the child's feeding abilities.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Microgastria limb reduction defect ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Microgastria limb reduction defect? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Microgastria limb reduction defect. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the spleen 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the radius 90% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the thumb 90% Microgastria 90% Abnormality of the humerus 50% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 50% Abnormality of the ulna 50% Congenital muscular torticollis 50% Frontal bossing 50% Multicystic kidney dysplasia 50% Plagiocephaly 50% Abnormal localization of kidney 7.5% Abnormal lung lobation 7.5% Abnormality of neuronal migration 7.5% Abnormality of the clavicle 7.5% Absent hand 7.5% Amelia 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia affecting the eye 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum 7.5% Atria septal defect 7.5% Elbow dislocation 7.5% Hepatomegaly 7.5% Holoprosencephaly 7.5% Intestinal malrotation 7.5% Phocomelia 7.5% Renal hypoplasia/aplasia 7.5% Split hand 7.5% Tracheoesophageal fistula 7.5% Truncus arteriosus 7.5% Urogenital fistula 7.5% Absent gallbladder - Absent thumb - Aganglionic megacolon - Agenesis of corpus callosum - Anophthalmia - Arrhinencephaly - Asplenia - Bicornuate uterus - Biliary tract abnormality - Cryptorchidism - Cystic renal dysplasia - Failure to thrive - Fusion of the left and right thalami - Gastroesophageal reflux - Horseshoe kidney - Hypoplasia of the radius - Hypoplasia of the ulna - Oligodactyly (hands) - Pelvic kidney - Polymicrogyria - Secundum atrial septal defect - Sporadic - Type I truncus arteriosus - Unilateral renal agenesis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 22 ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 22? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Deafness, autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural 22. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Sensorineural hearing impairment - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What is (are) Arginase deficiency ?

Answer:
Arginase deficiency is an inherited metabolic condition in which the body is unable to process the amino acid (a building block of protein), arginine. Consequently, people affected by the condition have high levels of arginine in the blood and may also experience episodes of hyperammonemia (an accumulation of ammonia in the blood). Although most affected people appear healthy at birth, features of arginase deficiency generally develop between ages one and three years. Signs and symptoms may include growth deficiency, spasticity (abnormal tensing of the muscles), developmental delay, loss of developmental milestones, intellectual disability, seizures, and microcephaly. Arginase deficiency is caused by changes (mutations) in the ARG1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Management is generally focused on lowering arginine levels and preventing hyperammonemia. This may be accomplished through restriction of dietary protein and use of certain medications (called nitrogen-scavenging drugs) under the supervision of a medical team with experience treating metabolic conditions.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Arginase deficiency ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Arginase deficiency? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Arginase deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aminoaciduria 90% Behavioral abnormality 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Neurological speech impairment 90% EEG abnormality 50% Hemiplegia/hemiparesis 50% Hyperammonemia 50% Seizures 50% Anorexia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Diaminoaciduria - Hyperactivity - Intellectual disability - Irritability - Oroticaciduria - Postnatal growth retardation - Progressive spastic quadriplegia - Vomiting - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What are the treatments for Arginase deficiency ?

Answer:
How might arginase deficiency be treated? The treatment and management of arginase deficiency is generally focused on lowering arginine levels and preventing hyperammonemia (an accumulation of ammonia in the blood). This may be accomplished through dietary modifications and the use of certain medications (called nitrogen-scavenging drugs) under the supervision of a medical team with experience treating metabolic conditions. More specifically, people affected by arginase deficiency must restrict dietary protein and arginine. This is often achieved with the use of specialized formulas, which may account for half or more of protein intake. Although people with arginase deficiency are less prone to episodes of severe hyperammonemia than people affected by other urea cycle disorders, special treatment is needed should these episodes occur. During an episode, affected people are generally treated in the hospital and may require dialysis, nitrogen-scavenging medications, intravenous (IV) fluids/feeds and/or other treatments. These treatments are administered with the goal of rapidly reducing blood ammonia levels and preventing neurological damage. GeneReviews offers more specific information on the treatment of arginase deficiency and urea cycle disorders, in general. Please click on the links to access these resources.
Question:
What are the symptoms of His bundle tachycardia ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of His bundle tachycardia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for His bundle tachycardia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Arrhythmia 90% Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 50% Neoplasm of the heart 7.5% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:
What are the symptoms of Al Gazali Sabrinathan Nair syndrome ?

Answer:
What are the signs and symptoms of Al Gazali Sabrinathan Nair syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Al Gazali Sabrinathan Nair syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Cognitive impairment 90% Optic atrophy 90% Recurrent fractures 90% Seizures 90% Wormian bones 90% The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.