sarnsrun/medquad huggingface dataset:
Topic: Proctitis
Question: What are the treatments for Proctitis ?
Answer: Proctitis that is not treated or does not respond to treatment may lead to complications, including
                
- severe bleeding and anemiaa condition in which red blood cells are fewer or smaller than normal, which means less oxygen is carried to the bodys cells  - abscessespainful, swollen, pus-filled areas caused by infection  - ulcers on the intestinal lining  - fistulasabnormal connections between two parts inside the body
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Proctitis
Question: How to prevent Proctitis ?
Answer: People who receive anal sex can avoid getting STD-related proctitis by having their partner use a condom. If anorectal trauma caused proctitis, stopping the activity that triggered inflammation often will stop the inflammation and prevent recurrence.
                
Other causes of proctitis cannot always be prevented. However, their symptoms can be treated by a doctor.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Proctitis
Question: What to do for Proctitis ?
Answer: - Proctitis is inflammation of the lining of the rectum, the lower end of the large intestine leading to the anus.  - Common causes of proctitis are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), non-STD infections, anorectal trauma, ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease, radiation therapy, and antibiotic use.  - Treatment of proctitis depends on its cause; the goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and eliminate infection, if present.  - With proper medical attention, proctitis can be successfully treated.  - If infection is present with proctitis, antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria and antiviral medications can treat viral infections.  - People who receive anal sex can avoid getting STD-related proctitis by having their partner use a condom.  - If anorectal trauma caused proctitis, stopping the activity that triggered inflammation often will stop the inflammation and prevent recurrence.  - Some causes of proctitis cannot always be prevented, but their symptoms can be treated by a doctor.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: Short bowel syndrome is a group of problems related to poor absorption of nutrients. Short bowel syndrome typically occurs in people who have
                
- had at least half of their small intestine removed and sometimes all or part of their large intestine removed  - significant damage of the small intestine  - poor motility, or movement, inside the intestines
                
Short bowel syndrome may be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how well the small intestine is working.
                
People with short bowel syndrome cannot absorb enough water, vitamins, minerals, protein, fat, calories, and other nutrients from food. What nutrients the small intestine has trouble absorbing depends on which section of the small intestine has been damaged or removed.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: The small intestine is the tube-shaped organ between the stomach and large intestine. Most food digestion and nutrient absorption take place in the small intestine. The small intestine is about 20 feet long and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum:
                
duodenumthe first part of the small intestine, where iron and other minerals are absorbed
                
jejunumthe middle section of the small intestine, where carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and most vitamins are absorbed
                
ileumthe lower end of the small intestine, where bile acids and vitamin B12 are absorbed
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: The large intestine is about 5 feet long in adults and absorbs water and any remaining nutrients from partially digested food passed from the small intestine. The large intestine then changes waste from liquid to a solid matter called stool.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What causes Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: The main cause of short bowel syndrome is surgery to remove a portion of the small intestine. This surgery can treat intestinal diseases, injuries, or birth defects.
                
Some children are born with an abnormally short small intestine or with part of their bowel missing, which can cause short bowel syndrome. In infants, short bowel syndrome most commonly occurs following surgery to treat necrotizing enterocolitis, a condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed.1
                
Short bowel syndrome may also occur following surgery to treat conditions such as
                
- cancer and damage to the intestines caused by cancer treatment  - Crohn's disease, a disorder that causes inflammation, or swelling, and irritation of any part of the digestive tract  - gastroschisis, which occurs when the intestines stick out of the body through one side of the umbilical cord  - internal hernia, which occurs when the small intestine is displaced into pockets in the abdominal lining  - intestinal atresia, which occurs when a part of the intestines doesn't form completely  - intestinal injury from loss of blood flow due to a blocked blood vessel  - intestinal injury from trauma  - intussusception, in which one section of either the large or small intestine folds into itself, much like a collapsible telescope  - meconium ileus, which occurs when the meconium, a newborn's first stool, is thicker and stickier than normal and blocks the ileum  - midgut volvulus, which occurs when blood supply to the middle of the small intestine is completely cut off  - omphalocele, which occurs when the intestines, liver, or other organs stick out through the navel, or belly button
                
Even if a person does not have surgery, disease or injury can damage the small intestine.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: How many people are affected by Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: Short bowel syndrome is a rare condition. Each year, short bowel syndrome affects about three out of every million people.1
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What are the symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: The main symptom of short bowel syndrome is diarrhealoose, watery stools. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss. Dehydration means the body lacks enough fluid and electrolyteschemicals in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chlorideto work properly. Malnutrition is a condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function. Loose stools contain more fluid and electrolytes than solid stools. These problems can be severe and can be life threatening without proper treatment.
                
Other signs and symptoms may include
                
- bloating  - cramping  - fatigue, or feeling tired  - foul-smelling stool  - heartburn  - too much gas  - vomiting  - weakness
                
People with short bowel syndrome are also more likely to develop food allergies and sensitivities, such as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which people have digestive symptomssuch as bloating, diarrhea, and gasafter eating or drinking milk or milk products.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Lactose Intolerance.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What are the complications of Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: The complications of short bowel syndrome may include
                
- malnutrition  - peptic ulcerssores on the lining of the stomach or duodenum caused by too much gastric acid  - kidney stonessolid pieces of material that form in the kidneys  - small intestinal bacterial overgrowtha condition in which abnormally large numbers of bacteria grow in the small intestine
                

                
Seek Help for Signs or Symptoms of Severe Dehydration   People who have any signs or symptoms of severe dehydration should call or see a health care provider right away:   - excessive thirst   - dark-colored urine   - infrequent urination   - lethargy, dizziness, or faintness   - dry skin    Infants and children are most likely to become dehydrated. Parents or caretakers should watch for the following signs and symptoms of dehydration:   - dry mouth and tongue   - lack of tears when crying   - infants with no wet diapers for 3 hours or more   - infants with a sunken soft spot   - unusually cranky or drowsy behavior   - sunken eyes or cheeks   - fever    If left untreated, severe dehydration can cause serious health problems:   - organ damage   - shockwhen low blood pressure prevents blood and oxygen from getting to organs   - comaa sleeplike state in which a person is not conscious
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What are the symptoms of Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: People who have any signs or symptoms of severe dehydration should call or see a health care provider right away:
                
- excessive thirst  - dark-colored urine  - infrequent urination  - lethargy, dizziness, or faintness  - dry skin
                
Infants and children are most likely to become dehydrated. Parents or caretakers should watch for the following signs and symptoms of dehydration:
                
- dry mouth and tongue  - lack of tears when crying  - infants with no wet diapers for 3 hours or more  - infants with a sunken soft spot  - unusually cranky or drowsy behavior  - sunken eyes or cheeks  - fever
                
If left untreated, severe dehydration can cause serious health problems:
                
- organ damage  - shockwhen low blood pressure prevents blood and oxygen from getting to organs  - comaa sleeplike state in which a person is not conscious
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: How to prevent Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: People can ask their health care providers about surgical techniques that minimize scar tissue. Scientists have not yet found a way to prevent short bowel syndrome that is present at birth, as its cause is unknown.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What is (are) Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: Intestinal adaptation is a process that usually occurs in children after removal of a large portion of their small intestine. The remaining small intestine goes through a period of adaptation and grows to increase its ability to absorb nutrients. Intestinal adaptation can take up to 2 years to occur, and during this time a person may be heavily dependent on parenteral or enteral nutrition.1
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What to do for Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: Researchers have not found that eating, diet, and nutrition play a role in causing or preventing short bowel syndrome.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Short Bowel Syndrome
Question: What to do for Short Bowel Syndrome ?
Answer: - Short bowel syndrome is a group of problems related to poor absorption of nutrients.  - People with short bowel syndrome cannot absorb enough water, vitamins, minerals, protein, fat, calories, and other nutrients from food.  - The main symptom of short bowel syndrome is diarrhealoose, watery stools. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss.  - A health care provider will recommend treatment for short bowel syndrome based on a patient's nutritional needs. Treatment may include      - nutritional support    - medications    - surgery    - intestinal transplant
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What is (are) Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: Acquired cystic kidney disease happens when a person's kidneys develop fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, over time. Acquired cystic kidney disease is not the same as polycystic kidney disease (PKD), another disease that causes the kidneys to develop multiple cysts.
                
Acquired cystic kidney disease occurs in children and adults who have
                
- chronic kidney disease (CKD)a condition that develops over many years and may lead to end-stage kidney disease, or ESRD. The kidneys of people with CKD gradually lose their ability to filter wastes, extra salt, and fluid from the blood properly.  - end-stage kidney diseasetotal and permanent kidney failure that requires a kidney transplant or blood-filtering treatments called dialysis.
                
The cysts are more likely to develop in people who are on kidney dialysis. The chance of developing acquired cystic kidney disease increases with the number of years a person is on dialysis. However, the cysts are caused by CKD or kidney failure, not dialysis treatments.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topics, kidney failureand dialysis.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What is (are) Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: Acquired cystic kidney disease differs from PKD in several ways. Unlike acquired cystic kidney disease, PKD is a genetic, or inherited, disorder that can cause complications such as high blood pressure and problems with blood vessels in the brain and heart.
                
The following chart lists the differences:
                
People with Polycystic Kidney Disease   - are born with a gene that causes the disease   - have enlarged kidneys   - develop cysts in the liver and other parts of the body   People with Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease   - do not have a disease-causing gene   - have kidneys that are normal-sized or smaller   - do not form cysts in other parts of the body
                
In addition, for people with PKD, the presence of cysts marks the onset of their disease, while people with acquired cystic kidney disease already have CKD when they develop cysts.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topic, Polycystic Kidney Disease.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: How many people are affected by Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: Acquired cystic kidney disease becomes more common the longer a person has CKD.
                
- About 7 to 22 percent of people with CKD already have acquired cystic kidney disease before starting dialysis treatments.  - Almost 60 percent of people on dialysis for 2 to 4 years develop acquired cystic kidney disease.1  - About 90 percent of people on dialysis for 8 years develop acquired cystic kidney disease.1
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What causes Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: Researchers do not fully understand what causes cysts to grow in the kidneys of people with CKD. The fact that these cysts occur only in the kidneys and not in other parts of the body, as in PKD, indicates that the processes that lead to cyst formation take place primarily inside the kidneys.2
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What are the symptoms of Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: A person with acquired cystic kidney disease often has no symptoms. However, the complications of acquired cystic kidney disease can have signs and symptoms.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What are the complications of Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: People with acquired cystic kidney disease may develop the following complications:
                
- an infected cyst, which can cause fever and back pain.  - blood in the urine, which can signal that a cyst in the kidney is bleeding.  - tumors in the kidneys. People with acquired cystic kidney disease are more likely than people in the general population to have cancerous kidney tumors. However, the chance of cancer spreading is lower in people with acquired cystic kidney disease than that of other kidney cancers not associated with acquired cystic kidney disease, and the long-term outlook is better.1
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: How to diagnose Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: A health care provider may diagnose a person with acquired cystic kidney disease based on
                
- medical history  - imaging tests
                
Medical History
                
Taking a medical history may help a health care provider diagnose acquired cystic kidney disease. A health care provider may suspect acquired cystic kidney disease if a person who has been on dialysis for several years develops symptoms such as fever, back pain, or blood in the urine.
                
Imaging Tests
                
To confirm the diagnosis, the health care provider may order one or more imaging tests. A radiologista doctor who specializes in medical imaginginterprets the images from these tests, and the patient does not need anesthesia.
                
- Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in a health care provider's office, an outpatient center, or a hospital. The images can show cysts in the kidneys as well as the kidneys' size and shape.  - Computerized tomography (CT) scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create images. For a CT scan, a nurse or technician may give the patient a solution to drink and an injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. CT scans require the patient to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where an x-ray technician takes the x-rays. An x-ray technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital. CT scans can show cysts and tumors in the kidneys.  - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that takes pictures of the body's internal organs and soft tissues without using x-rays. A specially trained technician performs the procedure in an outpatient center or a hospital. Although the patient does not need anesthesia, a health care provider may give people with a fear of confined spaces light sedation, taken by mouth. An MRI may include the injection of contrast medium. With most MRI machines, the patient will lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may be open-ended or closed at one end. Some machines allow the patient to lie in a more open space. During an MRI, the patient, although usually awake, must remain perfectly still while the technician takes the images, which usually takes only a few minutes. The technician will take a sequence of images from different angles to create a detailed picture of the kidneys. During the test, the patient will hear loud mechanical knocking and humming noises from the machine.
                
Sometimes a health care provider may discover acquired cystic kidney disease during an imaging exam for another condition. Images of the kidneys may help the health care provider distinguish acquired cystic kidney disease from PKD.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What are the treatments for Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: If acquired cystic kidney disease is not causing complications, a person does not need treatment. A health care provider will treat infections with antibioticsmedications that kill bacteria. If large cysts are causing pain, a health care provider may drain the cyst using a long needle inserted into the cyst through the skin.
                
When a surgeon transplants a new kidney into a patient's body to treat kidney failure, acquired cystic kidney disease in the damaged kidneys, which usually remain in place after a transplant, often disappears.
                
A surgeon may perform an operation to remove tumors or suspected tumors. In rare cases, a surgeon performs an operation to stop cysts from bleeding.
                
Have Regular Screenings to Look for Cyst or Tumor Growth   Some health care providers recommend all people with end-stage kidney disease get screened for kidney cancer using CT scans or MRIs after 3 years of dialysis. People with acquired cystic kidney disease should talk with their health care provider about when to begin screening.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What to do for Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: No specific diet will prevent or delay acquired cystic kidney disease. In general, a diet designed for people on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis reduces the amount of wastes that accumulate in the body between dialysis sessions.
                
More information is provided in the NIDDK health topics, Eat Right to Feel Right on Hemodialysis and Nutrition for Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Question: What to do for Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease ?
Answer: - Acquired cystic kidney disease happens when a person's kidneys develop fluid-filled sacs, called cysts, over time.  - Acquired cystic kidney disease occurs in children and adults who have      - chronic kidney disease (CKD)    - end-stage kidney disease (ESRD)    - People with acquired cystic kidney disease may develop the following complications:      - an infected cyst, which can cause fever and back pain    - blood in the urine, which can signal that a cyst in the kidney is bleeding    - tumors in the kidneys    - To confirm the diagnosis, the health care provider may order one or more imaging tests:      - Ultrasound    - Computerized tomography (CT) scan    - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)    - If acquired cystic kidney disease is not causing complications, a person does not need treatment.  - A health care provider will treat infections with antibioticsmedications that kill bacteria.  - If large cysts are causing pain, a health care provider may drain the cyst using a long needle inserted into the cyst through the skin.  - A surgeon may perform an operation to remove tumors or suspected tumors. In rare cases, a surgeon performs an operation to stop cysts from bleeding.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Human Growth Hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Resource List
Question: What is (are) Human Growth Hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Resource List ?
Answer: MAGIC (Major Aspects of Growth in Children) Foundation is a national, nonprofit organization that provides support and education about growth disorders in children and growth hormone deficiency in adults. Staff will help connect people who have similar interests or concerns.
                
The Human Growth Foundation (HGF) is a nonprofit organization concerned with childrens growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency. The HGF offers a brochure about adult growth hormone deficiency. The foundation also sponsors adult and pediatric Internet discussion forums to support the exchange of information about growth hormone deficiency and growth hormone replacement therapy. To subscribe, follow the instructions at www.hgfound.org.
                
The Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) Foundation, Inc. was created in 1993 by two families who lost relatives to CJD and the neurologist who treated the patients. This nonprofit corporation seeks to promote awareness of CJD through research and education and to reach out to people who have lost loved ones to this illness.
Source: NIDDK
Topic: Human Growth Hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Resource List
Question: What is (are) Human Growth Hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Resource List ?
Answer: Health Alert: Adrenal Crisis Causes Death in Some People Who Were Treated with Human Growth Hormone
                
National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP): Information for People Treated with Pituitary Human Growth Hormone (Summary)
                
National Hormone and Pituitary Program (NHPP): Information for People Treated with Pituitary Human Growth Hormone (Comprehensive Report)
                
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Fact sheet of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH)
                
NIH and Italian Scientists Develop Nasal Test for Human Prion Disease
                
What is a prion?from Scientific American: Ask the Experts
Source: NIDDK