// Contract: TroveManager
// Target function: function getTCR(uint _price) external view override returns (uint)
        _requireRUBCBalanceCoversRedemption(contractsCache.rubc, msg.sender, _RUBCamount);

        totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart = getEntireSystemDebt();
        // Confirm redeemer's balance is less than total RUBC supply
        assert(contractsCache.rubc.balanceOf(msg.sender) <= totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart);

        totals.remainingRUBC = _RUBCamount;
        address currentBorrower;

        if (_isValidFirstRedemptionHint(contractsCache.sortedTroves, _firstRedemptionHint, totals.price)) {
            currentBorrower = _firstRedemptionHint;
        } else {
            currentBorrower = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getLast();
            // Find the first trove with ICR >= MCR
            while (currentBorrower != address(0) && getCurrentICR(currentBorrower, totals.price) < MCR) {
                currentBorrower = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getPrev(currentBorrower);
            }
        }

        // Loop through the Troves starting from the one with lowest collateral ratio until _amount of RUBC is exchanged for collateral
        if (_maxIterations == 0) { _maxIterations = uint(-1); }
        while (currentBorrower != address(0) && totals.remainingRUBC > 0 && _maxIterations > 0) {
            _maxIterations--;
            // Save the address of the Trove preceding the current one, before potentially modifying the list
            address nextUserToCheck = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getPrev(currentBorrower);

            _applyPendingRewards(contractsCache.activePool, contractsCache.defaultPool, currentBorrower);

            SingleRedemptionValues memory singleRedemption = _redeemCollateralFromTrove(
                contractsCache,
                currentBorrower,
                totals.remainingRUBC,
                totals.price,
                _upperPartialRedemptionHint,
                _lowerPartialRedemptionHint,
                _partialRedemptionHintNICR
            );

            if (singleRedemption.cancelledPartial) break; // Partial redemption was cancelled (out-of-date hint, or new net debt < minimum), therefore we could not redeem from the last Trove

            totals.totalRUBCToRedeem  = totals.totalRUBCToRedeem.add(singleRedemption.RUBCLot);
            totals.totalETHDrawn = totals.totalETHDrawn.add(singleRedemption.ETHLot);

            totals.remainingRUBC = totals.remainingRUBC.sub(singleRedemption.RUBCLot);
            currentBorrower = nextUserToCheck;
        }
        require(totals.totalETHDrawn > 0, "TroveManager: Unable to redeem any amount");

        // Decay the baseRate due to time passed, and then increase it according to the size of this redemption.
        // Use the saved total RUBC supply value, from before it was reduced by the redemption.
        _updateBaseRateFromRedemption(totals.totalETHDrawn, totals.price, totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart);

        // Calculate the ETH fee
        totals.ETHFee = _getRedemptionFee(totals.totalETHDrawn);

        _requireUserAcceptsFee(totals.ETHFee, totals.totalETHDrawn, _maxFeePercentage);

        // Send the ETH fee to the RBST staking contract
        contractsCache.activePool.sendETH(address(contractsCache.rbstStaking), totals.ETHFee);
        contractsCache.rbstStaking.increaseF_ETH(totals.ETHFee);

        totals.ETHToSendToRedeemer = totals.totalETHDrawn.sub(totals.ETHFee);

        emit Redemption(_RUBCamount, totals.totalRUBCToRedeem, totals.totalETHDrawn, totals.ETHFee);

        // Burn the total RUBC that is cancelled with debt, and send the redeemed ETH to msg.sender
        contractsCache.rubc.burn(msg.sender, totals.totalRUBCToRedeem);
        // Update Active Pool RUBC, and send ETH to account
        contractsCache.activePool.decreaseRUBCDebt(totals.totalRUBCToRedeem);
        contractsCache.activePool.sendETH(msg.sender, totals.ETHToSendToRedeemer);
    }

    // --- Helper functions ---

    // Return the nominal collateral ratio (ICR) of a given Trove, without the price. Takes a trove's pending coll and debt rewards from redistributions into account.
    function getNominalICR(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        (uint currentETH, uint currentRUBCDebt) = _getCurrentTroveAmounts(_borrower);

        uint NICR = LiquityMath._computeNominalCR(currentETH, currentRUBCDebt);
        return NICR;
    }

    // Return the current collateral ratio (ICR) of a given Trove. Takes a trove's pending coll and debt rewards from redistributions into account.
    function getCurrentICR(address _borrower, uint _price) public view override returns (uint) {
        (uint currentETH, uint currentRUBCDebt) = _getCurrentTroveAmounts(_borrower);

        uint ICR = LiquityMath._computeCR(currentETH, currentRUBCDebt, _price);
        return ICR;
    }

    function _getCurrentTroveAmounts(address _borrower) internal view returns (uint, uint) {
        uint pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);
        uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);

        uint currentETH = Troves[_borrower].coll.add(pendingETHReward);
        uint currentRUBCDebt = Troves[_borrower].debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);

        return (currentETH, currentRUBCDebt);
    }

    function applyPendingRewards(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _applyPendingRewards(activePool, defaultPool, _borrower);
    }

    // Add the borrowers's coll and debt rewards earned from redistributions, to their Trove
    function _applyPendingRewards(IActivePool _activePool, IDefaultPool _defaultPool, address _borrower) internal {
        if (hasPendingRewards(_borrower)) {
            _requireTroveIsActive(_borrower);

            // Compute pending rewards
            uint pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);
            uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);

            // Apply pending rewards to trove's state
            Troves[_borrower].coll = Troves[_borrower].coll.add(pendingETHReward);
            Troves[_borrower].debt = Troves[_borrower].debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);

            _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(_borrower);

            // Transfer from DefaultPool to ActivePool
            _movePendingTroveRewardsToActivePool(_activePool, _defaultPool, pendingRUBCDebtReward, pendingETHReward);

            emit TroveUpdated(
                _borrower,
                Troves[_borrower].debt,
                Troves[_borrower].coll,
                Troves[_borrower].stake,
                TroveManagerOperation.applyPendingRewards
            );
        }
    }

    // Update borrower's snapshots of L_ETH and L_RUBCDebt to reflect the current values
    function updateTroveRewardSnapshots(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
       return _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(_borrower);
    }

    function _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(address _borrower) internal {
        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH = L_ETH;
        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].RUBCDebt = L_RUBCDebt;
        emit TroveSnapshotsUpdated(L_ETH, L_RUBCDebt);
    }

    // Get the borrower's pending accumulated ETH reward, earned by their stake
    function getPendingETHReward(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        uint snapshotETH = rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH;
        uint rewardPerUnitStaked = L_ETH.sub(snapshotETH);

        if ( rewardPerUnitStaked == 0 || Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) { return 0; }

        uint stake = Troves[_borrower].stake;

        uint pendingETHReward = stake.mul(rewardPerUnitStaked).div(DECIMAL_PRECISION);

        return pendingETHReward;
    }
    
    // Get the borrower's pending accumulated RUBC reward, earned by their stake
    function getPendingRUBCDebtReward(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        uint snapshotRUBCDebt = rewardSnapshots[_borrower].RUBCDebt;
        uint rewardPerUnitStaked = L_RUBCDebt.sub(snapshotRUBCDebt);

        if ( rewardPerUnitStaked == 0 || Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) { return 0; }

        uint stake =  Troves[_borrower].stake;

        uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = stake.mul(rewardPerUnitStaked).div(DECIMAL_PRECISION);

        return pendingRUBCDebtReward;
    }

    function hasPendingRewards(address _borrower) public view override returns (bool) {
        /*
        * A Trove has pending rewards if its snapshot is less than the current rewards per-unit-staked sum:
        * this indicates that rewards have occured since the snapshot was made, and the user therefore has
        * pending rewards
        */
        if (Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) {return false;}
       
        return (rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH < L_ETH);
    }

    // Return the Troves entire debt and coll, including pending rewards from redistributions.
    function getEntireDebtAndColl(
        address _borrower
    )
        public
        view
        override
        returns (uint debt, uint coll, uint pendingRUBCDebtReward, uint pendingETHReward)
    {
        debt = Troves[_borrower].debt;
        coll = Troves[_borrower].coll;

        pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);
        pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);

        debt = debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);
        coll = coll.add(pendingETHReward);
    }

    function removeStake(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _removeStake(_borrower);
    }

    // Remove borrower's stake from the totalStakes sum, and set their stake to 0
    function _removeStake(address _borrower) internal {
        uint stake = Troves[_borrower].stake;
        totalStakes = totalStakes.sub(stake);
        Troves[_borrower].stake = 0;
    }

    function updateStakeAndTotalStakes(address _borrower) external override returns (uint) {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _updateStakeAndTotalStakes(_borrower);
    }

    // Update borrower's stake based on their latest collateral value
    function _updateStakeAndTotalStakes(address _borrower) internal returns (uint) {
        uint newStake = _computeNewStake(Troves[_borrower].coll);
        uint oldStake = Troves[_borrower].stake;
        Troves[_borrower].stake = newStake;

        totalStakes = totalStakes.sub(oldStake).add(newStake);
        emit TotalStakesUpdated(totalStakes);

        return newStake;
    }

    // Calculate a new stake based on the snapshots of the totalStakes and totalCollateral taken at the last liquidation
    function _computeNewStake(uint _coll) internal view returns (uint) {
        uint stake;
        if (totalCollateralSnapshot == 0) {
            stake = _coll;
        } else {
            /*
            * The following assert() holds true because:
            * - The system always contains >= 1 trove
            * - When we close or liquidate a trove, we redistribute the pending rewards, so if all troves were closed/liquidated,
            * rewards would’ve been emptied and totalCollateralSnapshot would be zero too.
            */
            assert(totalStakesSnapshot > 0);
            stake = _coll.mul(totalStakesSnapshot).div(totalCollateralSnapshot);
        }
        return stake;
    }

    function _redistributeDebtAndColl(IActivePool _activePool, IDefaultPool _defaultPool, uint _debt, uint _coll) internal {
        if (_debt == 0) { return; }

        /*
        * Add distributed coll and debt rewards-per-unit-staked to the running totals. Division uses a "feedback"
        * error correction, to keep the cumulative error low in the running totals L_ETH and L_RUBCDebt:
        *
        * 1) Form numerators which compensate for the floor division errors that occurred the last time this
        * function was called.
        * 2) Calculate "per-unit-staked" ratios.
        * 3) Multiply each ratio back by its denominator, to reveal the current floor division error.
        * 4) Store these errors for use in the next correction when this function is called.
        * 5) Note: static analysis tools complain about this "division before multiplication", however, it is intended.
        */
        uint ETHNumerator = _coll.mul(DECIMAL_PRECISION).add(lastETHError_Redistribution);
        uint RUBCDebtNumerator = _debt.mul(DECIMAL_PRECISION).add(lastRUBCDebtError_Redistribution);

        // Get the per-unit-staked terms
        uint ETHRewardPerUnitStaked = ETHNumerator.div(totalStakes);
        uint RUBCDebtRewardPerUnitStaked = RUBCDebtNumerator.div(totalStakes);

        lastETHError_Redistribution = ETHNumerator.sub(ETHRewardPerUnitStaked.mul(totalStakes));
        lastRUBCDebtError_Redistribution = RUBCDebtNumerator.sub(RUBCDebtRewardPerUnitStaked.mul(totalStakes));

        // Add per-unit-staked terms to the running totals
        L_ETH = L_ETH.add(ETHRewardPerUnitStaked);
        L_RUBCDebt = L_RUBCDebt.add(RUBCDebtRewardPerUnitStaked);

        emit LTermsUpdated(L_ETH, L_RUBCDebt);

        // Transfer coll and debt from ActivePool to DefaultPool
        _activePool.decreaseRUBCDebt(_debt);
        _defaultPool.increaseRUBCDebt(_debt);
        _activePool.sendETH(address(_defaultPool), _coll);
    }

    function closeTrove(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _closeTrove(_borrower, Status.closedByOwner);
    }

    function _closeTrove(address _borrower, Status closedStatus) internal {
        assert(closedStatus != Status.nonExistent && closedStatus != Status.active);

        uint TroveOwnersArrayLength = TroveOwners.length;
        _requireMoreThanOneTroveInSystem(TroveOwnersArrayLength);

        Troves[_borrower].status = closedStatus;
        Troves[_borrower].coll = 0;
        Troves[_borrower].debt = 0;

        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH = 0;
        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].RUBCDebt = 0;

        _removeTroveOwner(_borrower, TroveOwnersArrayLength);
        sortedTroves.remove(_borrower);
    }

    /*
    * Updates snapshots of system total stakes and total collateral, excluding a given collateral remainder from the calculation.
    * Used in a liquidation sequence.
    *
    * The calculation excludes a portion of collateral that is in the ActivePool:
    *
    * the total ETH gas compensation from the liquidation sequence
    *
    * The ETH as compensation must be excluded as it is always sent out at the very end of the liquidation sequence.
    */
    function _updateSystemSnapshots_excludeCollRemainder(IActivePool _activePool, uint _collRemainder) internal {
        totalStakesSnapshot = totalStakes;

        uint activeColl = _activePool.getETH();
        uint liquidatedColl = defaultPool.getETH();
        totalCollateralSnapshot = activeColl.sub(_collRemainder).add(liquidatedColl);

        emit SystemSnapshotsUpdated(totalStakesSnapshot, totalCollateralSnapshot);
    }

    // Push the owner's address to the Trove owners list, and record the corresponding array index on the Trove struct
    function addTroveOwnerToArray(address _borrower) external override returns (uint index) {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _addTroveOwnerToArray(_borrower);
    }

    function _addTroveOwnerToArray(address _borrower) internal returns (uint128 index) {
        /* Max array size is 2**128 - 1, i.e. ~3e30 troves. No risk of overflow, since troves have minimum RUBC
        debt of liquidation reserve plus MIN_NET_DEBT. 3e30 RUBC dwarfs the value of all wealth in the world ( which is < 1e15 USD). */

        // Push the Troveowner to the array
        TroveOwners.push(_borrower);

        // Record the index of the new Troveowner on their Trove struct
        index = uint128(TroveOwners.length.sub(1));
        Troves[_borrower].arrayIndex = index;

        return index;
    }

    /*
    * Remove a Trove owner from the TroveOwners array, not preserving array order. Removing owner 'B' does the following:
    * [A B C D E] => [A E C D], and updates E's Trove struct to point to its new array index.
    */
    function _removeTroveOwner(address _borrower, uint TroveOwnersArrayLength) internal {
        Status troveStatus = Troves[_borrower].status;
        // It’s set in caller function `_closeTrove`
        assert(troveStatus != Status.nonExistent && troveStatus != Status.active);

        uint128 index = Troves[_borrower].arrayIndex;
        uint length = TroveOwnersArrayLength;
        uint idxLast = length.sub(1);

        assert(index <= idxLast);

        address addressToMove = TroveOwners[idxLast];

        TroveOwners[index] = addressToMove;
        Troves[addressToMove].arrayIndex = index;
        emit TroveIndexUpdated(addressToMove, index);

        TroveOwners.pop();
    }