// Contract: TroveManager
// Target function: function _removeStake(address _borrower) internal
defaultPool.sendETHToActivePool(_ETH);
    }

    // --- Redemption functions ---

    // Redeem as much collateral as possible from _borrower's Trove in exchange for RUBC up to _maxRUBCamount
    function _redeemCollateralFromTrove(
        ContractsCache memory _contractsCache,
        address _borrower,
        uint _maxRUBCamount,
        uint _price,
        address _upperPartialRedemptionHint,
        address _lowerPartialRedemptionHint,
        uint _partialRedemptionHintNICR
    )
        internal returns (SingleRedemptionValues memory singleRedemption)
    {
        // Determine the remaining amount (lot) to be redeemed, capped by the entire debt of the Trove minus the liquidation reserve
        singleRedemption.RUBCLot = LiquityMath._min(_maxRUBCamount, Troves[_borrower].debt.sub(RUBC_GAS_COMPENSATION));

        // Get the ETHLot of equivalent value in USD
        singleRedemption.ETHLot = singleRedemption.RUBCLot.mul(DECIMAL_PRECISION).div(_price);

        // Decrease the debt and collateral of the current Trove according to the RUBC lot and corresponding ETH to send
        uint newDebt = (Troves[_borrower].debt).sub(singleRedemption.RUBCLot);
        uint newColl = (Troves[_borrower].coll).sub(singleRedemption.ETHLot);

        if (newDebt == RUBC_GAS_COMPENSATION) {
            // No debt left in the Trove (except for the liquidation reserve), therefore the trove gets closed
            _removeStake(_borrower);
            _closeTrove(_borrower, Status.closedByRedemption);
            _redeemCloseTrove(_contractsCache, _borrower, RUBC_GAS_COMPENSATION, newColl);
            emit TroveUpdated(_borrower, 0, 0, 0, TroveManagerOperation.redeemCollateral);

        } else {
            uint newNICR = LiquityMath._computeNominalCR(newColl, newDebt);

            /*
            * If the provided hint is out of date, we bail since trying to reinsert without a good hint will almost
            * certainly result in running out of gas. 
            *
            * If the resultant net debt of the partial is less than the minimum, net debt we bail.
            */
            if (newNICR != _partialRedemptionHintNICR || _getNetDebt(newDebt) < MIN_NET_DEBT) {
                singleRedemption.cancelledPartial = true;
                return singleRedemption;
            }

            _contractsCache.sortedTroves.reInsert(_borrower, newNICR, _upperPartialRedemptionHint, _lowerPartialRedemptionHint);

            Troves[_borrower].debt = newDebt;
            Troves[_borrower].coll = newColl;
            _updateStakeAndTotalStakes(_borrower);

            emit TroveUpdated(
                _borrower,
                newDebt, newColl,
                Troves[_borrower].stake,
                TroveManagerOperation.redeemCollateral
            );
        }

        return singleRedemption;
    }

    /*
    * Called when a full redemption occurs, and closes the trove.
    * The redeemer swaps (debt - liquidation reserve) RUBC for (debt - liquidation reserve) worth of ETH, so the RUBC liquidation reserve left corresponds to the remaining debt.
    * In order to close the trove, the RUBC liquidation reserve is burned, and the corresponding debt is removed from the active pool.
    * The debt recorded on the trove's struct is zero'd elswhere, in _closeTrove.
    * Any surplus ETH left in the trove, is sent to the Coll surplus pool, and can be later claimed by the borrower.
    */
    function _redeemCloseTrove(ContractsCache memory _contractsCache, address _borrower, uint _RUBC, uint _ETH) internal {
        _contractsCache.rubc.burn(gasPoolAddress, _RUBC);
        // Update Active Pool RUBC, and send ETH to account
        _contractsCache.activePool.decreaseRUBCDebt(_RUBC);

        // send ETH from Active Pool to CollSurplus Pool
        _contractsCache.collSurplusPool.accountSurplus(_borrower, _ETH);
        _contractsCache.activePool.sendETH(address(_contractsCache.collSurplusPool), _ETH);
    }

    function _isValidFirstRedemptionHint(ISortedTroves _sortedTroves, address _firstRedemptionHint, uint _price) internal view returns (bool) {
        if (_firstRedemptionHint == address(0) ||
            !_sortedTroves.contains(_firstRedemptionHint) ||
            getCurrentICR(_firstRedemptionHint, _price) < MCR
        ) {
            return false;
        }

        address nextTrove = _sortedTroves.getNext(_firstRedemptionHint);
        return nextTrove == address(0) || getCurrentICR(nextTrove, _price) < MCR;
    }

    /* Send _RUBCamount RUBC to the system and redeem the corresponding amount of collateral from as many Troves as are needed to fill the redemption
    * request.  Applies pending rewards to a Trove before reducing its debt and coll.
    *
    * Note that if _amount is very large, this function can run out of gas, specially if traversed troves are small. This can be easily avoided by
    * splitting the total _amount in appropriate chunks and calling the function multiple times.
    *
    * Param `_maxIterations` can also be provided, so the loop through Troves is capped (if it’s zero, it will be ignored).This makes it easier to
    * avoid OOG for the frontend, as only knowing approximately the average cost of an iteration is enough, without needing to know the “topology”
    * of the trove list. It also avoids the need to set the cap in stone in the contract, nor doing gas calculations, as both gas price and opcode
    * costs can vary.
    *
    * All Troves that are redeemed from -- with the likely exception of the last one -- will end up with no debt left, therefore they will be closed.
    * If the last Trove does have some remaining debt, it has a finite ICR, and the reinsertion could be anywhere in the list, therefore it requires a hint.
    * A frontend should use getRedemptionHints() to calculate what the ICR of this Trove will be after redemption, and pass a hint for its position
    * in the sortedTroves list along with the ICR value that the hint was found for.
    *
    * If another transaction modifies the list between calling getRedemptionHints() and passing the hints to redeemCollateral(), it
    * is very likely that the last (partially) redeemed Trove would end up with a different ICR than what the hint is for. In this case the
    * redemption will stop after the last completely redeemed Trove and the sender will keep the remaining RUBC amount, which they can attempt
    * to redeem later.
    */
    function redeemCollateral(
        uint _RUBCamount,
        address _firstRedemptionHint,
        address _upperPartialRedemptionHint,
        address _lowerPartialRedemptionHint,
        uint _partialRedemptionHintNICR,
        uint _maxIterations,
        uint _maxFeePercentage
    )
        external
        override
    {
        ContractsCache memory contractsCache = ContractsCache(
            activePool,
            defaultPool,
            rubc,
            rbstStaking,
            sortedTroves,
            collSurplusPool,
            gasPoolAddress
        );
        RedemptionTotals memory totals;

        _requireValidMaxFeePercentage(_maxFeePercentage);
        _requireAfterBootstrapPeriod();
        {
            //new scope to prevent stack too deep
            IPriceFeed _priceFeed = priceFeed;
            totals.price = _priceFeed.fetchPrice();
            require(_priceFeed.fetchRUBPriceFeedUpdateTimestamp() < block.timestamp + REDEMPTION_WINDOW_SECONDS);
        }
        _requireTCRoverMCR(totals.price);
        _requireAmountGreaterThanZero(_RUBCamount);
        _requireRUBCBalanceCoversRedemption(contractsCache.rubc, msg.sender, _RUBCamount);

        totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart = getEntireSystemDebt();
        // Confirm redeemer's balance is less than total RUBC supply
        assert(contractsCache.rubc.balanceOf(msg.sender) <= totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart);

        totals.remainingRUBC = _RUBCamount;
        address currentBorrower;

        if (_isValidFirstRedemptionHint(contractsCache.sortedTroves, _firstRedemptionHint, totals.price)) {
            currentBorrower = _firstRedemptionHint;
        } else {
            currentBorrower = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getLast();
            // Find the first trove with ICR >= MCR
            while (currentBorrower != address(0) && getCurrentICR(currentBorrower, totals.price) < MCR) {
                currentBorrower = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getPrev(currentBorrower);
            }
        }

        // Loop through the Troves starting from the one with lowest collateral ratio until _amount of RUBC is exchanged for collateral
        if (_maxIterations == 0) { _maxIterations = uint(-1); }
        while (currentBorrower != address(0) && totals.remainingRUBC > 0 && _maxIterations > 0) {
            _maxIterations--;
            // Save the address of the Trove preceding the current one, before potentially modifying the list
            address nextUserToCheck = contractsCache.sortedTroves.getPrev(currentBorrower);

            _applyPendingRewards(contractsCache.activePool, contractsCache.defaultPool, currentBorrower);

            SingleRedemptionValues memory singleRedemption = _redeemCollateralFromTrove(
                contractsCache,
                currentBorrower,
                totals.remainingRUBC,
                totals.price,
                _upperPartialRedemptionHint,
                _lowerPartialRedemptionHint,
                _partialRedemptionHintNICR
            );

            if (singleRedemption.cancelledPartial) break; // Partial redemption was cancelled (out-of-date hint, or new net debt < minimum), therefore we could not redeem from the last Trove

            totals.totalRUBCToRedeem  = totals.totalRUBCToRedeem.add(singleRedemption.RUBCLot);
            totals.totalETHDrawn = totals.totalETHDrawn.add(singleRedemption.ETHLot);

            totals.remainingRUBC = totals.remainingRUBC.sub(singleRedemption.RUBCLot);
            currentBorrower = nextUserToCheck;
        }
        require(totals.totalETHDrawn > 0, "TroveManager: Unable to redeem any amount");

        // Decay the baseRate due to time passed, and then increase it according to the size of this redemption.
        // Use the saved total RUBC supply value, from before it was reduced by the redemption.
        _updateBaseRateFromRedemption(totals.totalETHDrawn, totals.price, totals.totalRUBCSupplyAtStart);

        // Calculate the ETH fee
        totals.ETHFee = _getRedemptionFee(totals.totalETHDrawn);

        _requireUserAcceptsFee(totals.ETHFee, totals.totalETHDrawn, _maxFeePercentage);

        // Send the ETH fee to the RBST staking contract
        contractsCache.activePool.sendETH(address(contractsCache.rbstStaking), totals.ETHFee);
        contractsCache.rbstStaking.increaseF_ETH(totals.ETHFee);

        totals.ETHToSendToRedeemer = totals.totalETHDrawn.sub(totals.ETHFee);

        emit Redemption(_RUBCamount, totals.totalRUBCToRedeem, totals.totalETHDrawn, totals.ETHFee);

        // Burn the total RUBC that is cancelled with debt, and send the redeemed ETH to msg.sender
        contractsCache.rubc.burn(msg.sender, totals.totalRUBCToRedeem);
        // Update Active Pool RUBC, and send ETH to account
        contractsCache.activePool.decreaseRUBCDebt(totals.totalRUBCToRedeem);
        contractsCache.activePool.sendETH(msg.sender, totals.ETHToSendToRedeemer);
    }

    // --- Helper functions ---

    // Return the nominal collateral ratio (ICR) of a given Trove, without the price. Takes a trove's pending coll and debt rewards from redistributions into account.
    function getNominalICR(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        (uint currentETH, uint currentRUBCDebt) = _getCurrentTroveAmounts(_borrower);

        uint NICR = LiquityMath._computeNominalCR(currentETH, currentRUBCDebt);
        return NICR;
    }

    // Return the current collateral ratio (ICR) of a given Trove. Takes a trove's pending coll and debt rewards from redistributions into account.
    function getCurrentICR(address _borrower, uint _price) public view override returns (uint) {
        (uint currentETH, uint currentRUBCDebt) = _getCurrentTroveAmounts(_borrower);

        uint ICR = LiquityMath._computeCR(currentETH, currentRUBCDebt, _price);
        return ICR;
    }

    function _getCurrentTroveAmounts(address _borrower) internal view returns (uint, uint) {
        uint pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);
        uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);

        uint currentETH = Troves[_borrower].coll.add(pendingETHReward);
        uint currentRUBCDebt = Troves[_borrower].debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);

        return (currentETH, currentRUBCDebt);
    }

    function applyPendingRewards(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _applyPendingRewards(activePool, defaultPool, _borrower);
    }

    // Add the borrowers's coll and debt rewards earned from redistributions, to their Trove
    function _applyPendingRewards(IActivePool _activePool, IDefaultPool _defaultPool, address _borrower) internal {
        if (hasPendingRewards(_borrower)) {
            _requireTroveIsActive(_borrower);

            // Compute pending rewards
            uint pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);
            uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);

            // Apply pending rewards to trove's state
            Troves[_borrower].coll = Troves[_borrower].coll.add(pendingETHReward);
            Troves[_borrower].debt = Troves[_borrower].debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);

            _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(_borrower);

            // Transfer from DefaultPool to ActivePool
            _movePendingTroveRewardsToActivePool(_activePool, _defaultPool, pendingRUBCDebtReward, pendingETHReward);

            emit TroveUpdated(
                _borrower,
                Troves[_borrower].debt,
                Troves[_borrower].coll,
                Troves[_borrower].stake,
                TroveManagerOperation.applyPendingRewards
            );
        }
    }

    // Update borrower's snapshots of L_ETH and L_RUBCDebt to reflect the current values
    function updateTroveRewardSnapshots(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
       return _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(_borrower);
    }

    function _updateTroveRewardSnapshots(address _borrower) internal {
        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH = L_ETH;
        rewardSnapshots[_borrower].RUBCDebt = L_RUBCDebt;
        emit TroveSnapshotsUpdated(L_ETH, L_RUBCDebt);
    }

    // Get the borrower's pending accumulated ETH reward, earned by their stake
    function getPendingETHReward(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        uint snapshotETH = rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH;
        uint rewardPerUnitStaked = L_ETH.sub(snapshotETH);

        if ( rewardPerUnitStaked == 0 || Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) { return 0; }

        uint stake = Troves[_borrower].stake;

        uint pendingETHReward = stake.mul(rewardPerUnitStaked).div(DECIMAL_PRECISION);

        return pendingETHReward;
    }
    
    // Get the borrower's pending accumulated RUBC reward, earned by their stake
    function getPendingRUBCDebtReward(address _borrower) public view override returns (uint) {
        uint snapshotRUBCDebt = rewardSnapshots[_borrower].RUBCDebt;
        uint rewardPerUnitStaked = L_RUBCDebt.sub(snapshotRUBCDebt);

        if ( rewardPerUnitStaked == 0 || Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) { return 0; }

        uint stake =  Troves[_borrower].stake;

        uint pendingRUBCDebtReward = stake.mul(rewardPerUnitStaked).div(DECIMAL_PRECISION);

        return pendingRUBCDebtReward;
    }

    function hasPendingRewards(address _borrower) public view override returns (bool) {
        /*
        * A Trove has pending rewards if its snapshot is less than the current rewards per-unit-staked sum:
        * this indicates that rewards have occured since the snapshot was made, and the user therefore has
        * pending rewards
        */
        if (Troves[_borrower].status != Status.active) {return false;}
       
        return (rewardSnapshots[_borrower].ETH < L_ETH);
    }

    // Return the Troves entire debt and coll, including pending rewards from redistributions.
    function getEntireDebtAndColl(
        address _borrower
    )
        public
        view
        override
        returns (uint debt, uint coll, uint pendingRUBCDebtReward, uint pendingETHReward)
    {
        debt = Troves[_borrower].debt;
        coll = Troves[_borrower].coll;

        pendingRUBCDebtReward = getPendingRUBCDebtReward(_borrower);
        pendingETHReward = getPendingETHReward(_borrower);

        debt = debt.add(pendingRUBCDebtReward);
        coll = coll.add(pendingETHReward);
    }

    function removeStake(address _borrower) external override {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        return _removeStake(_borrower);
    }